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1 2 ) ▁– ▁Jenn ifer ▁H uz ur ▁S oka ğ ı ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 4 ) ▁– ▁F ey za ▁Me h met ▁Bir ▁C ih an ▁F ati hi ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁– ▁Hat un ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Ist an bul ▁Category : T urk ish ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : T urk ish ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : T urk ish ▁television ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁were ▁a ▁short - l ived ▁punk ▁rock ▁band ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁formed ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁Kim ▁F ow ley ▁after ▁he ▁sever ed ▁professional ▁relations ▁with ▁The ▁Run aw ays . ▁They ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁mixed - gender ▁American ▁punk ▁band . ▁The ▁band ▁included ▁guitar ist / sing er ▁R oni ▁Lee ▁( born ▁Rh onda ▁Lee ▁Ry ck man ), ▁who ▁had ▁co - written ▁the ▁song ▁" I ▁W anna ▁Be ▁Where ▁the ▁Boys ▁Are " ▁for ▁the ▁Run aw ays ; ▁guitar ist / sing er ▁Steven ▁T .; ▁bass ist ▁Daniel le ▁F aye ▁( former ly ▁of ▁At omic ▁Kid ); ▁drum mer ▁Nic key ▁Beat ▁( former ly ▁of ▁The ▁We ird os ▁and ▁the ▁Germ s ) ▁( who ▁was ▁soon ▁replaced ▁by ▁K yle ▁R aven

); ▁and ▁sing ers ▁D yan ▁Diam ond ▁and ▁V icki ▁Raz orb lade ▁( born ▁V icki ▁Arnold ). ▁When ▁the ▁band ▁formed , ▁Diam ond ▁and ▁Raz orb lade ▁were ▁only ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old ▁respectively . ▁Session ▁mus icians ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁record ings . ▁ ▁The ▁Woman ' s ▁International ▁Music ▁Network , ▁founded ▁by ▁Laura ▁B . ▁Whit more , ▁gives ▁credit ▁to ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Run aw ays , ▁for ▁performing ▁in ▁a ▁genre ▁that ▁was ▁domin ated ▁mostly ▁by ▁men . ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁played ▁a ▁memor able ▁concert ▁with ▁Van ▁Hal en ▁at ▁the ▁Wh is ky ▁a ▁Go ▁Go ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁Van ▁Hal en ▁sometimes ▁played ▁the ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁song ▁" You ng ▁and ▁Wild " ▁in ▁their ▁early ▁concert ▁performances . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁put ▁out ▁a ▁novel ty ▁single ▁called ▁" P unk - A - R ama " ▁on ▁the ▁independent ▁label ▁B omp ! ▁Records ▁to ▁capital ize ▁on ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁punk ▁rock ▁genre , ▁but ▁then ▁broke ▁up . ▁A ▁compilation ▁album ▁called ▁Songs ▁from ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁Jung le ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁on ▁Vis a ▁Records ; ▁it ▁is ▁extremely ▁rare ▁today . ▁After ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl

ades ▁dis band ed , ▁F ow ley ▁tried ▁to ▁make ▁D yan ▁Diam ond ▁into ▁a ▁star , ▁and ▁got ▁her ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁M CA ▁Records ; ▁her ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁album , ▁In ▁the ▁Dark ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁failure .. ▁R oni ▁Lee ▁collabor ated ▁and ▁performed ▁with ▁R andy ▁California ▁and ▁Ed ▁Cass id y ▁of ▁Spirit , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Mars ▁Bon fire ▁and ▁Jerry ▁Ed mont on ▁of ▁Ste ppen w olf , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Lee ▁was ▁granted ▁an ▁end ors ement ▁with ▁Paul ▁Re ed ▁Smith ▁gu it ars ▁for ▁her ▁distinct ive ▁style ▁of ▁playing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁place ▁in ▁punk ▁rock ' s ▁early ▁history . ▁Lee ▁released ▁the ▁album ▁Her os ▁of ▁Sun set ▁Bl vd . ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁[ ▁All music ] ▁ ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁ ▁Category : American ▁new ▁wave ▁musical ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed o ya ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Ale j andro ▁Bed o ya ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁American ▁s occer ▁player ▁Alfonso ▁Bed o ya ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 5 7 ), ▁Mexican ▁actor , ▁frequently ▁in ▁U . S . ▁films ▁Carlos ▁García - B edo ya ▁( 1 9 2 5 – 1 9

8 0 ), ▁Per uv ian ▁diplom at ▁F eli pe ▁Francisco ▁Mol ina ▁y ▁Bed o ya , ▁diplom at ▁from ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁Ger ardo ▁Bed o ya ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Colomb ian ▁footballer ▁Harold ▁Bed o ya ▁P izar ro ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ), ▁former ▁General ▁and ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Colomb ian ▁National ▁Army ▁Hern án ▁Bed o ya , ▁Colomb ian ▁land ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁J avier ▁Bed o ya , ▁Per uv ian ▁politician ▁and ▁a ▁Congress man ▁representing ▁Lima ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 1 ▁term ▁José ▁Dí az ▁de ▁Bed o ya , ▁member ▁in ▁Par agu ay an ▁Tri um vir ate ▁following ▁death ▁of ▁Francisco ▁Sol ano ▁López ▁from ▁Nov ▁to ▁Dec ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁José ▁Manuel ▁García ▁Bed o ya , ▁Per uv ian ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁Luis ▁Bed o ya ▁Re yes , ▁Per uv ian ▁Christian ▁Dem ocrat ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁María ▁Dol ores ▁Bed o ya ▁( 1 7 8 3 – 1 8 5 3 ), ▁Gu atem al an ▁independence ▁activ ist ▁Miguel ▁Har th - B edo ya , ▁Per uv ian ▁conduct or ▁Y hon atan ▁Bed o ya ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 6 ), ▁Colomb ian ▁footballer <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁W . ▁B uss

ard ▁( August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁– ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁phys ic ist ▁who ▁worked ▁primarily ▁in ▁nuclear ▁fusion ▁energy ▁research . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Sch rei ber - Sp ence ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁for ▁S TA IF - 2 0 0 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Academy ▁of ▁A str onaut ics ▁and ▁held ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁Pr inc eton ▁University . ▁ ▁Ki wi ▁( R over - A ) ▁ ▁In ▁June , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁B uss ard ▁moved ▁to ▁Los ▁Al amos ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Prop ulsion ▁Division ' s ▁Project ▁R over ▁design ing ▁ ▁nuclear ▁thermal ▁ro cket ▁engines . ▁B uss ard ▁and ▁R . D . ▁De L auer ▁wrote ▁two ▁important ▁mon ograph s ▁on ▁nuclear ▁prop ulsion , ▁N uc lear ▁Ro cket ▁Prop ulsion ▁and ▁Fund ament als ▁of ▁N uc lear ▁Fl ight . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁ram jet ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁B uss ard ▁conce ived ▁of ▁the ▁B uss ard ▁ram jet , ▁an ▁inter stell ar ▁space ▁drive ▁power ed ▁by ▁hydro gen ▁fusion ▁using ▁hydro gen ▁collected ▁with ▁a ▁magnetic ▁field ▁from ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁gas . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁high - energy ▁particles ▁throughout ▁space , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁hydro

gen ▁exists ▁in ▁an ▁ion ized ▁state ▁( H ▁II ▁regions ) ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁manip ulated ▁by ▁magnetic ▁or ▁electric ▁fields . ▁B uss ard ▁proposed ▁to ▁" s co op " ▁up ▁ion ized ▁hydro gen ▁and ▁fun nel ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁fusion ▁re actor , ▁using ▁the ▁exhaust ▁from ▁the ▁re actor ▁as ▁a ▁ro cket ▁engine . ▁ ▁It ▁appears ▁the ▁energy ▁gain ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁must ▁be ▁extremely ▁high ▁for ▁the ▁ram jet ▁to ▁work ▁at ▁all ; ▁any ▁hydro gen ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁sc oop ▁must ▁be ▁sp ed ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁speed ▁as ▁the ▁ship ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁provide ▁thrust , ▁and ▁the ▁energy ▁required ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁increases ▁with ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁speed . ▁H ydro gen ▁itself ▁does ▁not ▁f use ▁very ▁well ▁( un like ▁de uter ium , ▁which ▁is ▁rare ▁in ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁medium ), ▁and ▁so ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁directly ▁to ▁produce ▁energy , ▁a ▁fact ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁the ▁billion - year ▁scale ▁of ▁stell ar ▁lif et imes . ▁This ▁problem ▁was ▁solved , ▁in ▁principle , ▁according ▁to ▁B uss ard ▁by ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁stell ar ▁C NO ▁cycle ▁in ▁which ▁carbon ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁catal yst ▁to ▁burn ▁hydro gen ▁via ▁the ▁strong ▁nuclear ▁reaction . ▁ ▁In ▁science ▁fiction ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁Ram jets ▁are ▁common ▁plot ▁devices ▁in ▁science ▁fiction . ▁ ▁Larry ▁N iven ▁uses ▁them ▁in ▁his ▁Kn own ▁Space ▁setting ▁to ▁prop

el ▁inter stell ar ▁flight . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁standard ▁hi - tech ▁faster / che aper / bet ter ▁learning ▁curve , ▁he ▁started ▁with ▁robot ▁prob es ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁inter stell ar ▁colon ization ▁and ▁eventually ▁pl otted ▁them ▁as ▁afford able ▁to ▁wealth y ▁individuals ▁re loc ating ▁their ▁families ▁off ▁a ▁too - c row ded ▁Earth ▁( in ▁" The ▁Eth ics ▁of ▁Mad ness "). ▁ ▁N iven ▁also ▁employed ▁B uss ard ▁Ram jets ▁as ▁the ▁prop ulsion ▁/ ▁stabil izing ▁engine ▁of ▁the ▁Ring world ▁( four ▁nov els ), ▁which ▁were ▁also ▁set ▁in ▁Kn own ▁Space . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁universe , ▁a ▁variation ▁called ▁the ▁B uss ard ▁H ydro gen ▁Collect or ▁or ▁B uss ard ▁R ams co op ▁appears ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁matter / ant im atter ▁prop ulsion ▁system ▁that ▁allows ▁Star f le et ▁ships ▁to ▁travel ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁light . ▁The ▁r ams co ops ▁attach ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁war p ▁nac elles , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁internal ▁supply ▁of ▁de uter ium ▁runs ▁low , ▁they ▁collect ▁inter stell ar ▁hydro gen ▁and ▁convert ▁it ▁to ▁de uter ium ▁and ▁anti - de uter ium ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁the ▁primary ▁fuel ▁in ▁a ▁star ship ' s ▁war p ▁drive . ▁ ▁At omic ▁Energy ▁Commission ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁B uss ard ▁became

▁Ass istant ▁Director ▁under ▁Director ▁Robert ▁Hir sch ▁at ▁the ▁Control led ▁Th erm on uc lear ▁Re action ▁Division ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁At omic ▁Energy ▁Commission . ▁They ▁founded ▁the ▁main line ▁fusion ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States : ▁the ▁Tok am ak . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁B uss ard ▁claimed ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁all ▁fusion ▁labor ator ies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁key ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Congress , ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁program ▁supported ▁the ▁Tok am ak ▁not ▁out ▁of ▁conv iction ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁technical ▁approach ▁but ▁rather ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁generating ▁political ▁support , ▁thereby ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁purs ue ▁" all ▁the ▁hope ful ▁new ▁things ▁the ▁main line ▁l abs ▁would ▁not ▁try ". ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Anal og ▁magazine ▁article , ▁fellow ▁fusion ▁research er ▁Tom ▁Lig on ▁described ▁an ▁easily ▁ ▁built ▁demonstr ation ▁fus or ▁system ▁along ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁B uss ard ' s ▁ideas ▁for ▁fusion ▁react ors ▁and ▁incred ibly ▁powerful ▁space craft ▁prop ulsion ▁systems , ▁with ▁which ▁space craft ▁could ▁swift ly ▁move ▁throughout ▁the ▁solar ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁Pol yw ell ▁▁ ▁B uss ard ▁worked ▁on ▁a ▁prom ising ▁new ▁type ▁of ▁in ert ial ▁electro static ▁conf in ement ▁( IE C ) ▁fus or , ▁called ▁the ▁Pol yw ell , ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁magnet ically ▁shield ed

▁grid ▁( Ma Grid ). ▁He ▁founded ▁Energy / M atter ▁Con version ▁Corporation , ▁Inc . ▁( E MC 2 ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁validate ▁his ▁theory , ▁and ▁tested ▁several ▁( 1 5 ) ▁experimental ▁devices ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁through ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁contract ▁fund ing ▁that ▁supported ▁the ▁work ▁exp ired ▁while ▁experiments ▁were ▁still ▁small . ▁However , ▁the ▁final ▁tests ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁device , ▁W B - 6 , ▁re put edly ▁solved ▁the ▁last ▁remaining ▁physics ▁problem ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁fund ing ▁exp ired ▁and ▁the ▁E MC 2 ▁l abs ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁shut ▁down . ▁ ▁Further ▁fund ing ▁was ▁eventually ▁found , ▁the ▁work ▁continued ▁and ▁the ▁W B - 7 ▁prototype ▁was ▁constructed ▁and ▁tested , ▁and ▁the ▁research ▁is ▁on going . ▁ ▁App e al ▁for ▁fund ing ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁B uss ard ▁sought ▁the ▁large - scale ▁fund ing ▁necessary ▁to ▁design ▁and ▁construct ▁a ▁full - scale ▁Pol yw ell ▁fusion ▁power ▁plant . ▁His ▁fus or ▁design ▁is ▁feas ible ▁enough , ▁he ▁assert ed , ▁to ▁render ▁unnecessary ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁larger ▁and ▁larger ▁test ▁models ▁still ▁too ▁small ▁to ▁achieve ▁break - even . ▁Also , ▁the ▁scaling ▁of ▁power ▁with ▁size ▁goes ▁as ▁the ▁sevent h ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁machine ▁radius , ▁while ▁the ▁gain ▁scales

▁as ▁the ▁fifth ▁power , ▁so ▁there ▁is ▁little ▁in cent ive ▁to ▁build ▁half - scale ▁systems ; ▁one ▁might ▁as ▁well ▁build ▁the ▁real ▁thing . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁B uss ard ▁claimed ▁on ▁the ▁fus or . net ▁internet ▁forum ▁that ▁E MC ² ▁had ▁developed ▁an ▁in ert ial ▁electro static ▁conf in ement ▁fusion ▁process ▁that ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁times ▁more ▁efficient ▁than ▁previous ▁designs , ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁budget ▁line ▁item ▁that ▁supported ▁the ▁work ▁was ▁zero - fund ed ▁in ▁F Y 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁provided ▁more ▁details ▁of ▁his ▁break through ▁and ▁the ▁circumstances ▁surrounding ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁Navy ▁fund ing ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁James ▁Rand i ▁Edu c ational ▁Foundation ▁internet ▁forum ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 . ▁ ▁From ▁October ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁B uss ard ▁presented ▁an ▁inform al ▁over view ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁de cade ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁ 5 7 th ▁International ▁A str onaut ical ▁Congress . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁publication ▁of ▁this ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 1   year s , ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁had ▁put ▁an ▁embargo ▁on ▁publications ▁of ▁the ▁research , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁presented ▁further ▁details

▁of ▁his ▁IE C ▁fusion ▁research ▁at ▁a ▁Google ▁Te ch ▁T alk ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁of ▁which ▁a ▁video ▁was ▁widely ▁circul ated . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁presented ▁more ▁of ▁his ▁thoughts ▁on ▁the ▁potential ▁world ▁impact ▁of ▁fusion ▁power ▁at ▁a ▁Y ahoo ! ▁Te ch ▁T alk ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁( The ▁video ▁is ▁only ▁available ▁internally ▁for ▁Y ahoo ▁employees .) ▁He ▁also ▁spoke ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁talk ▁radio ▁show ▁The ▁Space ▁Show , ▁Broadcast ▁ 7 0 9 , ▁on ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁founded ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁to ▁solic it ▁tax - ded uct ible ▁don ations ▁to ▁restart ▁the ▁work ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁E MC 2 ▁F usion ▁Development ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁▁ ▁" Th us , ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁do ▁away ▁with ▁oil ▁( and ▁other ▁foss il ▁fu els ) ▁but ▁it ▁will ▁take ▁ 4 - 6 ▁years ▁and ▁ca . ▁$ 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 M ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁full - scale ▁plant ▁and ▁demonstrate ▁it ." ▁ ▁" Some body ▁will ▁build ▁it ; ▁and ▁when ▁it ' s ▁built , ▁it ▁will ▁work ; ▁and ▁when ▁it ▁works ▁people ▁will ▁begin ▁to ▁use ▁it , ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁begin ▁to ▁dis place ▁all ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁energy ." ▁ ▁Death

▁ ▁B uss ard ▁died ▁from ▁multiple ▁my el oma ▁on ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tok am ak ▁B uss ard ▁ram jet ▁Pol yw ell ▁Far ns worth ▁F us or ▁IE C ▁Project ▁R over ▁N uc lear ▁prop ulsion ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁In ert ial - E lect rod ynamic ▁F usion ▁( IE F ) ▁Device ▁- ▁Energy / M atter ▁Con version ▁Corporation ▁( E MC 2 ) ▁ ▁B uss ard ' s ▁website , ▁asking ▁for ▁don ations ▁to ▁fund ▁further ▁research ▁ ▁American ▁Scient ist ▁article ▁mention ing ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁E MC 2 ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁Imp act ▁of ▁Che ap ▁F usion ▁- ▁ 3 ▁minutes ▁of ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁B uss ard ' s ▁Google ▁Te ch ▁T alk ▁Video ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁documents ▁and ▁sources ▁ ▁" Ro bert ▁B uss ard ▁Inter view ," ▁by ▁K . C . ▁Cole , ▁Om ni ▁Magazine , ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 7 ▁( The ▁Entre pr ene urs ) ▁from ▁" The ▁Man - M ade ▁Sun ▁— ▁The ▁Qu est ▁for ▁F usion ▁Power ," ▁by ▁Thomas ▁A . ▁He ppen heimer , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁ ▁Robert ▁B uss ard ▁on ▁IE C ▁F usion ▁Power ▁& ▁The ▁Pol yw ell ▁Re actor ▁Trans cript ▁of ▁B uss ard ▁Pol yw ell

▁Inter view , ▁May ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Robert ▁B uss ard ▁on ▁F usion ▁D riv es , ▁N ER VA ▁& ▁the ▁B uss ard ▁Ram jet ▁Trans cript ▁of ▁B uss ard ▁Space ▁Prop ulsion ▁Inter view , ▁ ▁May ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Lat est ▁F usion ▁develop ments ▁( W B - 7 ▁- ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Robert ▁B uss ard ▁ ▁Category : American ▁nuclear ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁lung ▁cancer ▁Category : N uc lear ▁fusion ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁multiple ▁my el oma <0x0A> </s> ▁M aw la wi ▁Han if ▁Shah ▁al - H uss ain i ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁represent ▁K host ▁Province ▁in ▁Afghan istan ' s ▁W oles i ▁J ir ga , ▁the ▁lower ▁house ▁of ▁its ▁National ▁Legisl ature , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁A ▁report ▁on ▁K host ▁prepared ▁at ▁the ▁Navy ▁Post grad uate ▁School ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁associated ▁with ▁He z bi ▁Is l ami , ▁and ▁possibly ▁the ▁Q ano oni ▁fa ction ". ▁It ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pas ht un ▁eth nic ▁group . ▁It ▁stated ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ate . ▁It ▁stated

▁he ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁Justice ▁Committee . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁of ▁K host ▁Province ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁People ▁( A fg han istan ) ▁Category : He z bi ▁Is l ami ▁polit icians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁women ' s ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁metres ▁race ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁IS U ▁Speed ▁Sk ating ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 1 , ▁arranged ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁O val , ▁in ▁Cal g ary , ▁Al berta , ▁Canada , ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Mart ina ▁S á bl ík ová ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁won ▁the ▁race , ▁while ▁I rene ▁Sch out en ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁came ▁second , ▁and ▁Natal ya ▁Vor on ina ▁of ▁Russia ▁came ▁third . ▁Mis aki ▁O sh igi ri ▁of ▁Japan ▁won ▁the ▁Division ▁B ▁race . ▁ ▁Results ▁The ▁race ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁Friday , ▁ 1 3 ▁November , ▁with ▁Division ▁B ▁scheduled ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁session , ▁at ▁ 0 9 : 0 0 , ▁and ▁Division ▁A ▁scheduled ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁session , ▁at ▁ 1 2 : 3 0 . ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁ ▁Note : ▁NR ▁= ▁national ▁record . ▁ ▁Division ▁B ▁ ▁Note : ▁NR ▁= ▁national ▁record , ▁NR J ▁= ▁national ▁record ▁for

▁juni ors . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Women ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁# 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Milan , ▁Lomb ard y ▁Region , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Museum s ▁and ▁e com useum s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Cultural ▁observ atory ▁of ▁Lomb ard y ▁Region ▁ ▁Museum s ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Milan ▁ ▁Milan , ▁Province ▁Category : Met ropol itan ▁City ▁of ▁Milan ▁. ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Milan <0x0A> </s> ▁And rés ▁Paulo ▁Bo ira ▁Dí az ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁vision ▁imp a ired ▁B 3 ▁class ified ▁para - al pine ▁sk ier . ▁His ▁guide ▁ski ers ▁have ▁included ▁F éli x ▁A zn ar ▁and ▁Ale ix ▁Su ñ é . ▁He ▁has ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁IP C ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁World ▁Championships ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Bo ira ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Vil an ova ▁i ▁la ▁Gel tr ú , ▁Barcelona , ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁visual ▁imp air ment . ▁ ▁Ski ing ▁Bo ira ▁is ▁a ▁B 3 ▁class ified ▁sk ier . ▁His ▁guide ▁ski ers ▁included ▁F éli x ▁A zn ar ▁and ▁Ale ix ▁Su ñ é . ▁ ▁Bo ira

▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Par al ym pic ▁Winter ▁World ▁Cup , ▁he ▁earned ▁two ▁silver ▁med als ▁and ▁two ▁bron zes . ▁He ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 ▁European ▁Cup ▁season ▁in ▁second ▁place . ▁At ▁the ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Italian ▁National ▁Championships , ▁Bo ira ▁and ▁A zn ar ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁G , ▁were ▁dis qual ified ▁in ▁the ▁Gi ant ▁Sl alom ▁and ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Sl alom . ▁At ▁the ▁last ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Cup ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁La ▁Mol ina , ▁Spain , ▁Bo ira ▁and ▁A zn ar ▁were ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁ski ers ▁compet ing ▁at ▁the ▁event . ▁He ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 / 2 0 0 8 ▁European ▁Cup ▁season ▁in ▁e ighth ▁place ▁after ▁the ▁five ▁test ▁events . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁first ▁IP C ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁World ▁Cup ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 / 2 0 0 9 ▁ski ▁season , ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁La ▁Mol ina ▁in ▁Spain , ▁Bo ira ▁finished ▁fourth ▁overall . ▁At ▁the ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁IP C ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁World ▁Championships , ▁while ▁ski ing ▁with ▁An zar , ▁he ▁finished ▁sixth ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Com b ined ▁event

. ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁with ▁guide ▁A zn ar , ▁he ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Cup ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁for ▁the ▁Dis abled . ▁He ▁finished ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁sl alom ▁event . ▁He ▁finished ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁giant ▁sl alom , ▁sevent h ▁in ▁Super ▁G ▁and ▁e ighth ▁in ▁Super ▁Com b ined . ▁Over all , ▁the ▁pair ▁finished ▁fourth ▁with ▁ 4 7 5 ▁points . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁attended ▁an ▁event ▁in ▁Madrid ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Program a ▁de ▁Al to ▁R end imiento ▁Par al ímp ico ▁( Program a ▁AR PA ) ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁the ▁V ancouver ▁Games . ▁Following ▁this , ▁he ▁participated ▁in ▁additional ▁team ▁training ▁at ▁the ▁Centro ▁de ▁T ec n ificación ▁de ▁La ▁C erd anya ▁( G ir ona ). ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁for ▁Dis abled ▁in ▁Ab ten au , ▁Austria , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁guide ▁finished ▁sevent h ▁in ▁the ▁sl alom ▁following ▁a ▁first ▁run ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁sixth ▁position ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁run ▁where ▁they ▁in ▁the ▁sevent h ▁position . ▁He ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Com b ined ▁event ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁cancel led . ▁He ▁then ▁competed ▁with ▁guide ▁Su ñ é ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Cup ▁later ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁at ▁La ▁Mol

ina ▁in ▁Spain . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁sl alom ▁event . ▁At ▁the ▁final ▁event ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 / 2 0 1 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁season , ▁an ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Asp en , ▁Colorado , ▁he ▁finished ▁sixth ▁in ▁one ▁event ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 1 : 1 5 . 5 7 . ▁He ▁finished ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Com b ined . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁major ▁event ▁before ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Games . ▁He ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁Asp en ▁World ▁Cup ▁event ▁with ▁ 2 2 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁points , ▁ranking ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁with ▁Su ñ é ▁as ▁his ▁guide . ▁ ▁Before ▁depart ing ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics ▁in ▁V ancouver , ▁Bo ira ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁departure ▁ceremony ▁attended ▁by ▁State ▁Secretary ▁for ▁Sport ▁Ja ime ▁L iss av etz ky , ▁secretary ▁general ▁of ▁Social ▁Policy ▁Francisco ▁Mo za , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Par al ym pic ▁Committee ▁Miguel ▁Car b alled a , ▁and ▁man aging ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Par al ym pic ▁Committee ▁Alberto ▁J of re . ▁The ▁whole ▁Spanish ▁team ▁arrived ▁in ▁Wh ist ler ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Games ▁by ▁ 7 ▁February . ▁Sk ier ▁and ▁guide ▁shared ▁a ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁Par al ym pic ▁Village ▁during ▁the ▁Games . ▁F og

▁in ▁V ancouver ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁sched uling ▁for ▁his ▁ski ▁events . ▁He ▁finished ▁in ▁last ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁super ▁giant ▁race ▁after ▁he ▁fell ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁runs . ▁Following ▁the ▁Games , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Par al ym pic ▁team ▁attended ▁a ▁welcome ▁back ▁celebr ation ▁at ▁the ▁ON CE ▁Foundation ▁that ▁was ▁also ▁attended ▁by ▁Inf anta ▁El ena , ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁L ugo . ▁ ▁Bo ira ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁national ▁champion ships ▁from ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁which ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁Fed era ción ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Deport es ▁de ▁Person as ▁con ▁Dis cap ac idad ▁F ís ica , ▁Fed era ción ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Deport es ▁para ▁Par al ít icos ▁C ere br ales ▁and ▁Fed era ción ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Deport es ▁para ▁C ieg os . ▁The ▁Super ▁Gi ant ▁event ▁is ▁not ▁his ▁special ty . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C atal an ▁sports people ▁Category : Span ish ▁male ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁Category : Par al ym pic ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Light - on

- dark ▁color ▁scheme , ▁also ▁called ▁dark ▁mode , ▁dark ▁theme ▁or ▁night ▁mode , ▁is ▁a ▁color ▁scheme ▁that ▁uses ▁light - color ed ▁text , ▁icons , ▁and ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁elements ▁on ▁a ▁dark ▁background ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁discussed ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁computer ▁user ▁interface ▁design ▁and ▁web ▁design . ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁computer ▁user ▁interfaces ▁were ▁formed ▁on ▁C RT s . ▁The ▁ph osph or ▁was ▁normally ▁a ▁very ▁dark ▁color , ▁and ▁lit ▁up ▁bright ly ▁when ▁the ▁electron ▁beam ▁hit ▁it , ▁appearing ▁to ▁be ▁green ▁or ▁am ber ▁on ▁black , ▁depending ▁on ▁ph osph ors ▁applied ▁on ▁a ▁mon och rome ▁screen . ▁R GB ▁screens ▁continued ▁along ▁a ▁similar ▁ve in , ▁using ▁all ▁the ▁be ams ▁set ▁to ▁" on " ▁to ▁form ▁white . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁tele text , ▁research ▁was ▁done ▁into ▁which ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁light ▁colors ▁and ▁combinations ▁worked ▁best ▁for ▁this ▁new ▁medium . ▁ ▁Cy an ▁or ▁yellow ▁on ▁black ▁was ▁typically ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁optimal ▁from ▁a ▁p alette ▁of ▁black , ▁red , ▁green , ▁yellow , ▁blue , ▁mag enta , ▁cy an ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁The ▁opposite ▁color ▁scheme , ▁dark - on - light ▁color ▁scheme , ▁was ▁originally ▁introduced ▁in ▁W Y SI W Y G ▁word ▁process ors , ▁to ▁simulate ▁in k ▁on ▁paper ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁norm . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁debate ▁of ▁whether ▁it ▁is ▁easier ▁or ▁health ier

▁to ▁read ▁text ▁on ▁a ▁dark ▁background ▁was ▁disput ed ▁by ▁vision ▁and ▁per ception ▁research ers , ▁there ▁was ▁similar ▁dispute ▁between ▁users . ▁▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁article ▁by ▁Popular ▁Science ▁suggests ▁that ▁" D ark ▁mode ▁is ▁easier ▁on ▁the ▁eyes ▁and ▁battery " ▁and ▁displaying ▁white ▁on ▁full ▁bright ness ▁uses ▁roughly ▁six ▁times ▁as ▁much ▁power ▁as ▁pure ▁black ▁on ▁a ▁Google ▁P ixel , ▁which ▁has ▁an ▁O LED ▁display . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Dark ▁background s ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁Windows ▁Phone ▁ 7 ▁with ▁energy ▁consumption ▁in ▁mind ▁since ▁fully ▁black ▁pixels ▁emit ▁no ▁light ▁on ▁O LED ▁screens . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Google ▁confir ms ▁dark ▁mode ▁on ▁Android ▁saves ▁battery ▁life . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁YouTube ▁added ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁S amsung ▁released ▁One ▁UI , ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁dark ▁mode . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Apple ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁light - on - dark ▁mode ▁will ▁be ▁available ▁across ▁all ▁native ▁applications ▁in ▁iOS ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁i Pad OS . ▁It ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁possible ▁for ▁third - party ▁developers ▁to ▁implement ▁their ▁own ▁dark ▁them es . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Google ▁announced ▁an ▁official ▁shadow ▁mode ▁will ▁come ▁to ▁Android ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Android ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Red

dit ▁introduced ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme . ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁introduction ▁of ▁pre fers - color - sch eme ▁for ▁front end ▁web ▁developers : ▁property ▁that ▁signal ▁user ▁choice . ▁For ▁example ▁on ▁mac OS ▁if ▁user ▁use ▁dark ▁mode ▁- ▁webpage ▁may ▁read ▁this ▁information ▁and ▁adapt . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Facebook ▁introduced ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Firefox ▁and ▁Ch rom ium ▁( Google ▁Chrome ) ▁finally ▁implemented ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme ▁for ▁all ▁internal ▁screens , ▁adding ▁of ▁dark ▁theme ▁started ▁year ▁before . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Wh ats App ▁announced ▁dark ▁mode ▁for ▁iOS ▁and ▁Android . ▁ ▁Energy ▁usage ▁ ▁Light ▁on ▁dark ▁color ▁schemes ▁require ▁less ▁energy ▁to ▁display ▁on ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁display ▁techn ologies , ▁including ▁as ▁O LED , ▁C RT ▁and ▁L CD ▁displays . ▁This ▁posit ively ▁impact s ▁battery ▁life ▁and ▁energy ▁consumption . ▁ ▁While ▁an ▁O LED ▁will ▁consume ▁around ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁an ▁L CD ▁displaying ▁an ▁image ▁that ▁is ▁primarily ▁black , ▁it ▁can ▁use ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁times ▁as ▁much ▁power ▁to ▁display ▁an ▁image ▁with ▁a ▁white ▁background , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁document ▁or ▁web ▁site . ▁This ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁reduced ▁battery ▁life ▁and ▁energy ▁usage , ▁unless ▁a ▁light - on - dark ▁color ▁scheme ▁is ▁used . ▁The ▁long - term ▁reduced ▁power ▁usage ▁may ▁also ▁prolong ▁battery ▁life ▁or ▁the

▁useful ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁display ▁and ▁battery . ▁▁ ▁The ▁energy ▁sav ings ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁using ▁a ▁light - on - dark ▁color ▁scheme ▁are ▁because ▁of ▁how ▁O LED ▁screens ▁work : ▁in ▁an ▁O LED ▁screen , ▁each ▁sub p ixel ▁generates ▁its ▁own ▁light ▁and ▁it ▁only ▁cons umes ▁power ▁when ▁generating ▁light . ▁This ▁is ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁how ▁an ▁L CD ▁works : ▁in ▁an ▁L CD , ▁sub p ix els ▁either ▁block ▁or ▁allow ▁light ▁from ▁a ▁perman ently ▁lit ▁LED ▁back light ▁ ▁to ▁pass ▁through . ▁ ▁" AM O LED ▁Black " ▁color ▁schemes ▁( that ▁use ▁pure ▁black ▁instead ▁of ▁dark ▁gray ) ▁do ▁not ▁necessarily ▁save ▁more ▁energy ▁than ▁other ▁light - on - dark ▁color ▁schemes ▁that ▁use ▁dark ▁gray ▁instead ▁of ▁black , ▁as ▁the ▁power ▁consumption ▁on ▁an ▁A MO LED ▁screen ▁decre ases ▁proportion ately ▁to ▁the ▁average ▁bright ness ▁of ▁the ▁displayed ▁pixels . ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁true ▁that ▁A MO LED ▁black ▁does ▁save ▁more ▁energy ▁than ▁dark ▁gray , ▁the ▁energy ▁sav ings ▁are ▁often ▁neg lig ible ; ▁A MO LED ▁black ▁will ▁only ▁give ▁an ▁energy ▁saving ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 %, ▁for ▁instance , ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁dark ▁gray ▁that ' s ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁dark ▁theme ▁for ▁Google ' s ▁official ▁Android ▁apps . ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁with ▁the ▁web ▁ ▁Some ▁argue ▁that ▁a ▁color ▁scheme ▁with ▁light ▁text ▁on ▁a ▁dark ▁background ▁is ▁easier ▁to

▁read ▁on ▁the ▁screen , ▁because ▁the ▁lower ▁overall ▁bright ness ▁causes ▁less ▁e y est rain . ▁The ▁cave at ▁is ▁that ▁most ▁pages ▁on ▁the ▁web ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁white ▁background s ; ▁G IF ▁and ▁P NG ▁images ▁with ▁a ▁trans par ency ▁bit ▁instead ▁of ▁alpha ▁channels ▁tend ▁to ▁show ▁up ▁with ▁cho ppy ▁out lines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁causing ▁problems ▁with ▁other ▁graph ical ▁elements . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁necessary ▁that ▁a ▁web ▁design ▁work ▁well ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁color ▁scheme . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁mechan isms ▁of ▁web ▁architecture ▁that ▁allow ▁designs ▁to ▁work ▁well ▁with ▁any ▁color ▁scheme ▁a ▁user ▁might ▁prefer . ▁This ▁technical ▁flex ibility ▁is ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁web ▁architect ' s ▁concern ▁for ▁access ibility ▁and ▁user ▁preference ▁emp ower ment , ▁though ▁design ers ▁rarely ▁util ize ▁this ▁technical ▁flex ibility . ▁Wikipedia ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁this . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Black le ▁ ▁Sol ar ized ▁( color ▁scheme ) ▁ ▁O LED ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : User ▁interfaces ▁Category : Display ▁technology ▁Category : Color ▁schemes ▁Category : Comput er ▁graphics <0x0A> </s> ▁J erm ant own ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Fair f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia , ▁United ▁States . ▁Vari ous ▁parts ▁of ▁J erm ant own ▁are ▁included ▁within ▁the ▁independent ▁city ▁of ▁Fair f ax ▁to ▁its ▁south ▁and ▁east . ▁Today , ▁this ▁once ▁rural ▁community ▁is ▁centered ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁J

erm ant own ▁Road ▁and ▁Lee ▁Jackson ▁Memorial ▁Highway ▁( U . S . ▁Route ▁ 5 0 ). ▁The ▁Old ▁J erm ant own ▁School ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁site ▁of ▁Prov idence ▁Element ary ▁School . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁J erm ant own / G erm ant own , ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁critical ▁intersection ▁of ▁the ▁Little ▁River ▁Turn pi ke ▁( today ▁Route ▁ 5 0 ) ▁and ▁W arr ent on ▁Turn pi ke ▁( today ▁Route ▁ 2 9 ), ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ox ▁Hill ▁battle field ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁Union ▁troops ▁under ▁General ▁Joseph ▁Hook er . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Fair f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Category : W ashington ▁metropol itan ▁area ▁Category : F air f ax , ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁Ang lo ▁Pet role um ▁v ▁T FB ▁( M ort g ages ) ▁Ltd ▁[ 2 0 0 8 ] ▁ 1 ▁B CLC ▁ 1 8 5 ▁is ▁a ▁UK ▁company ▁law ▁case ▁concerning ▁financial ▁assistance . ▁ ▁Fact s ▁A ▁company ▁in ▁trouble , ▁under going ▁rest ruct uring , ▁under to ok ▁to ▁pay ▁back ▁money ▁after ▁its ▁ac quisition . ▁Re ps ol , ▁the ▁s eller ▁of ▁shares , ▁was ▁only ▁willing ▁to ▁sell ▁if ▁it ▁received ▁£ 1 5 m . ▁The ▁company ▁agreed

▁to ▁pay ▁£ 1 5 m ▁to ▁the ▁parent , ▁and ▁the ▁company ’ s ▁shares ▁were ▁then ▁sold ▁for ▁£ 1 . ▁ ▁Jud gment ▁The ▁court ▁held ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁financial ▁assistance , ▁because ▁the ▁agreed ▁payment ▁merely ▁reduced ▁the ▁shares ’ ▁value ▁to ▁£ 1 , ▁rather ▁than ▁assist ing ▁in ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁UK ▁company ▁law ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁company ▁case ▁law ▁Category : C ourt ▁of ▁App e al ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁cases ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁British ▁law ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁case ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁Marc in ów ka ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Sk ier b iesz ów , ▁within ▁Z amo ść ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Sk ier b iesz ów , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Z amo ść , ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Z amo ść ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Du an men , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gate ▁of ▁U pr ight ness , ▁or ▁U pr ight ▁Gate , ▁is ▁a ▁gate ▁in ▁Be ij ing ' s ▁Imperial ▁City , ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁For b idden ▁City . ▁Pro ceed ing ▁north ▁from

▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁City , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁next ▁gate ▁after ▁the ▁T ian ' an men , ▁or ▁Gate ▁of ▁Heaven ly ▁Peace , ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁similar ▁structure ▁to ▁that ▁gate . ▁The ▁next ▁gate ▁further ▁north ▁is ▁the ▁Mer id ian ▁Gate , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁southern ▁and ▁main ▁gate ▁to ▁the ▁For b idden ▁City ▁itself . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : For b idden ▁City ▁Category : G ates ▁of ▁Be ij ing <0x0A> </s> ▁O ny e abor ▁Ng w og u ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁s print ▁ath lete ▁who ▁compet es ▁intern ation ally ▁for ▁Niger ia . ▁ ▁Ng w og u ▁represented ▁Niger ia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Be ij ing . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 x 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay ▁together ▁with ▁O bin na ▁Met u , ▁Ch ined u ▁Ori ala ▁and ▁U chen na ▁E med olu . ▁In ▁their ▁qual ification ▁heat ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁finish ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁mistake ▁in ▁the ▁b aton ▁exchange ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁elimin ated . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N iger ian ▁male ▁spr inter s ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the

▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Roma ▁Open ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁out door ▁red ▁cl ay ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ATP ▁Ch allen ger ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Rome , ▁Italy ▁between ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁ATP ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁ ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Flor ian ▁May er ▁▁ ▁Alberto ▁B riz zi ▁▁ ▁Mario ▁An č ić ▁▁ ▁Mat te o ▁Tre vis an ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁special ▁ex empt ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁J esse ▁H uta ▁Gal ung ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Dan iele ▁B rac cial i ▁▁ ▁Andrea ▁Ar nab old i ▁▁ ▁R ainer ▁E itz inger ▁▁ ▁Aless io ▁di ▁Mau ro ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁the ▁luck y ▁los er ▁spot : ▁▁ ▁Francesco ▁Ald i ▁▁ ▁Lam ine ▁O u ah ab ▁▁ ▁Ar tem ▁Sm ir nov ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁Feder ico ▁del ▁Bon is ▁def . ▁ ▁Flor ian ▁May er , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁ ▁Mario ▁An č ić

▁/ ▁ ▁Ivan ▁D od ig ▁def . ▁ ▁Juan ▁Pablo ▁Br ze z icki ▁/ ▁ ▁Rub én ▁Ram í rez ▁H idal go , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 8 ), ▁[ 1 0 – 4 ] ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Italian ▁Tennis ▁Federation ▁official ▁website ▁I TF ▁search ▁ ▁Roma ▁Open ▁Category : R oma ▁Open <0x0A> </s> ▁Di eter ▁Frank ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁East ▁German ▁sl alom ▁can oe ist ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 5 0 s . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁fol ding ▁K - 1 ▁team ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁I CF ▁C ano e ▁Sl alom ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Mer an . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁can oe ists ▁Category : P oss ibly ▁living ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁I CF ▁C ano e ▁Sl alom ▁World ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁Julius ▁( I ) ▁from ▁the ▁kind red ▁K án ▁( ; ▁died ▁ 1 2 3 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁powerful ▁Hung arian ▁baron ▁and ▁land owner , ▁who ▁held ▁several ▁sec ular ▁positions ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁k ings ▁Emer ic , ▁Lad is laus ▁III ▁and ▁Andrew ▁II . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁gens ▁K án ▁which ▁origin ated ▁from ▁Bar anya ▁County . ▁ ▁Career ▁Julius ▁I ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁unknown ▁surname ▁Hel ena ▁( d ied ▁before ▁ 1

2 5 0 ). ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁sons , ▁by ▁name ▁Lad is laus ▁I , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁pal at ine ▁( 1 2 4 2 – 1 2 4 4 / 5 ), ▁and ▁Julius ▁II , ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁cup b ear ers ▁( 1 2 2 2 – 1 2 2 8 ). ▁ ▁His ▁name ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁by ▁records ▁as ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 1 . ▁Besides ▁vo iv odes hip ▁he ▁also ▁function ed ▁as ▁is p án ▁( comes ) ▁of ▁Fe h ér ▁County . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁judge ▁royal ▁between ▁ 1 2 0 2 ▁and ▁ 1 2 0 4 , ▁besides ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁is p án ▁of ▁Cs an ád ▁( 1 2 0 2 – 1 2 0 3 ) ▁and ▁Ny it ra ▁Count ies ▁( 1 2 0 4 ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Lad is laus ▁III , ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁ar dent ▁adm ir er ▁of ▁Andrew ▁II . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁S op ron ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 5 . ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁is p án ▁of ▁Bod rog ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 6 , ▁a ▁position ▁which ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁ 1 2 1 2 . ▁Between ▁ 1 2 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 2 1 3 , ▁he ▁again ▁became ▁judge ▁royal , ▁besides ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁man

or ▁of ▁B á cs ▁County ▁as ▁is p án . ▁In ▁ 1 2 1 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁ban ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁and ▁is p án ▁of ▁Vas ▁County . ▁One ▁year ▁later , ▁he ▁became ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁term , ▁besides ▁that ▁he ▁function ed ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁Sz ol n ok ▁County . ▁ ▁Julius ▁I ▁K án ▁was ▁appointed ▁pal at ine ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁the ▁second - high est ▁sec ular ▁office ▁after ▁the ▁king ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 ▁and ▁held ▁the ▁position ▁until ▁ 1 2 1 7 . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁non - authentic ▁char ter ▁he ▁also ▁function ed ▁as ▁pal at ine ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 8 . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁S op ron ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 . ▁During ▁Andrew ▁II ' s ▁Fif th ▁Cr us ade ▁( 1 2 1 7 – 1 2 1 8 ), ▁Julius ▁could ▁not ▁prevent ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁an arch ical ▁conditions , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁he ▁lost ▁his ▁political ▁influence ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁time . ▁ ▁He ▁reg ained ▁his ▁former ▁influence , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁ban ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁and ▁is p án ▁of ▁Som ogy ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 9 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁Sz ol n ok ▁and ▁Bod rog ▁Count ies ▁from ▁ 1 2 2 0

▁to ▁ 1 2 2 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 2 2 1 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁queen ' s ▁court , ▁as ▁the ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁tre as ury ▁and ▁judge ▁royal ▁for ▁Queen ▁Y ol anda ▁de ▁Cour ten ay . ▁One ▁year ▁later ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁pal at ine ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁( 1 2 2 2 – 1 2 2 6 ) ▁and ▁is p án ▁of ▁Bod rog ▁County ▁( 1 2 2 2 – 1 2 2 4 ). ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁S op ron ▁County ▁between ▁ 1 2 2 4 ▁and ▁ 1 2 2 6 . ▁This ▁latter ▁position ▁was ▁also ▁held ▁by ▁Julius ▁from ▁ 1 2 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 2 3 0 . ▁For ▁the ▁third ▁time , ▁he ▁function ed ▁as ▁ban ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁between ▁ 1 2 2 9 ▁and ▁ 1 2 3 5 . ▁Meanwhile , ▁he ▁held ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁judge ▁royal ▁for ▁the ▁queen , ▁second ly , ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Andrew ▁II ▁( 1 2 3 5 ), ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁dis g rac ed ▁and ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁king , ▁Bé la ▁IV ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 7 . ▁Julius ▁I ▁founded ▁the ▁N ek cs es zent m ár ton ▁( Martin , ▁Cro atia ) ▁estate ▁of ▁the

▁Kn ights ▁Tem pl ar . ▁ ▁Ident ification ▁The ▁above ▁career ▁is ▁consistent ▁and ▁gap less , ▁thus ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁person , ▁never theless ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁free ▁from ▁doub ts : ▁it ▁may ▁arise , ▁that ▁Julius ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁Emer ic ▁was ▁a ▁different ▁person ▁from ▁Julius , ▁baron ▁of ▁Andrew ▁II , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁political - histor ical ▁conditions ▁( pr ince ▁Andrew ▁re bel led ▁against ▁his ▁older ▁brother ' s ▁reign ). ▁However ▁this ▁theory ▁is ▁can ▁be ▁elimin ated ▁by ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁Julius ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁secret ▁supp orter ▁of ▁prince ▁Andrew , ▁as ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁neither ▁re ass uring ▁that ▁Julius ' ▁career ▁began ▁with ▁too ▁high ▁positions , ▁without ▁the ▁intro duct ory ▁section ▁of ▁smaller ▁offices . ▁Histor ian ▁M ór ▁W ert ner ▁identified ▁all ▁occurr ing ▁Julius ▁with ▁the ▁person ▁from ▁the ▁kind red ▁K án ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁dec ades ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁unless ▁he ▁had ▁no ▁reason ▁to ▁act ▁differently . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁J ános ▁Kar ác son yi ▁gave ▁an ▁over view ▁about ▁Julius ▁I ▁K án ' s ▁career ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 9 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁already ▁easily ▁distinguish able ▁from ▁Julius ▁I ▁R át ót , ▁judge ▁royal ▁( 1 2 1 9 – 1 2 2 1 ; ▁ 1 2 3 5 – 1 2 3 9 ) ▁and ▁vo iv ode

▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁( 1 2 2 9 – 1 2 3 1 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Engel , ▁P ál ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁The ▁Real m ▁of ▁St ▁Stephen : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Hung ary , ▁ 8 9 5 - 1 5 2 6 . ▁I . B . ▁T aur is ▁Publish ers . ▁. ▁▁ ▁Mark ó , ▁L ász ló ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁A ▁magyar ▁áll am ▁fő mé lt ós ág ai ▁Sz ent ▁Ist vá nt ól ▁nap j ain k ig   – ▁É let raj zi ▁Lexikon ▁(" The ▁High ▁Offic ers ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁State ▁from ▁Saint ▁Stephen ▁to ▁the ▁Pres ent ▁Days   – ▁A ▁Bi ographical ▁Encyclopedia ") ▁( 2 nd ▁edition ); ▁Hel ikon ▁Ki adó ▁K ft ., ▁Budapest ; ▁. ▁▁ ▁Z s old os , ▁Att ila ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Magyar ország ▁vil á gi ▁arch ont ol ó gi ája , ▁ 1 0 0 0 – 1 3 0 1 ▁(" Sec ular ▁Arch ont ology ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁ 1 0 0 0 – 1 3 0 1 "). ▁Hist ória , ▁M TA ▁T ör té nett ud omány i ▁Int é z ete . ▁Budapest . ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 2 3 7 ▁death s ▁Julius ▁I ▁Category : Pal at ines ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : V o iv odes ▁of

▁Trans ylvan ia ▁Category : B ans ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁Category : J ud ges ▁royal ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁and ▁d eta ine es ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : H ung arian ▁people ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁prison ▁cust ody ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people ▁Category : 1 3 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁P J SC ▁Gaz prom ▁( , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁mult in ational ▁energy ▁corpor ation ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁the ▁Lak ht a ▁Center ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg , ▁Russia . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁with ▁sales ▁over ▁US D $ 1 2 0 ▁billion , ▁it ▁s its ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁public ly - list ed ▁natural ▁gas ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁the ▁largest ▁company ▁in ▁Russia ▁by ▁re venue . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁For bes ▁Global ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁ 4 0 th ▁largest ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Gaz prom ▁name ▁is ▁a ▁port man te au ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁words ▁Gaz ov aya ▁Prom y sh l enn ost ▁( ▁- ▁gas ▁industry ). ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁and ▁is ▁active ▁in ▁every ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁industry , ▁including ▁expl oration ▁and ▁production , ▁ref ining , ▁transport , ▁distribution ▁and ▁market ing , ▁and ▁power ▁generation . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gaz prom

▁produced ▁twelve ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁output ▁of ▁natural ▁gas , ▁producing ▁ 4 9 7 . 6 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁natural ▁and ▁associated ▁gas ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 9 ▁million ▁t onnes ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁Gaz prom ▁then ▁exports ▁the ▁gas ▁through ▁pip elines ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁builds ▁and ▁own s ▁across ▁Russia ▁and ▁abroad ▁such ▁as ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁Turk Stream . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁proven ▁res erves ▁of ▁ 3 5 . 1 ▁tr ill ion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁gas ▁and ▁ 1 . 6 ▁billion ▁tons ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁large ▁oil ▁producer ▁through ▁its ▁subs idi ary ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft , ▁producing ▁about ▁ 4 1 ▁million ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁with ▁res erves ▁amount ing ▁to ▁ 2 ▁billion ▁tons . ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁has ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁industrial ▁se ctors ▁including ▁fin ance , ▁media ▁and ▁av iation , ▁and ▁majority ▁st akes ▁in ▁other ▁companies . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁when ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust ry ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁corpor ation , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁state - run ▁corpor ate ▁enter prise ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁After ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁dissol ution , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁priv at ized , ▁retain ing ▁its ▁Russia - based ▁assets . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁Gaz prom ▁ev aded ▁tax es ▁and ▁state ▁reg ulation

▁and ▁engaged ▁in ▁asset ▁stri pping . ▁The ▁company ▁later ▁returned ▁to ▁government ▁control ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁and ▁since ▁then , ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Government ' s ▁diplom atic ▁efforts , ▁setting ▁of ▁gas ▁prices , ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁pip elines . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁mostly ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁government , ▁via ▁the ▁Federal ▁Agency ▁for ▁State ▁Property ▁Management ▁and ▁Ros ne fte g az , ▁while ▁remaining ▁shares ▁are ▁trad ed ▁public ly . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁a ▁listing ▁in ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Exchange ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁market ▁capital ization ▁of ▁US $ 8 0 . 5 6 ▁billion ▁as ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁developed ▁a ▁domestic ▁gas ▁industry . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁it ▁central ized ▁gas ▁expl oration , ▁development , ▁and ▁distribution ▁within ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust ry . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust ry ▁found ▁large ▁natural ▁gas ▁res erves ▁in ▁Si ber ia , ▁the ▁U ral ▁region ▁and ▁the ▁Vol ga ▁region . ▁The ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁gas ▁producer . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Vik tor ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust

ry ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁State ▁Gas ▁Conc ern ▁Gaz prom , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁first ▁state ▁run ▁corpor ate ▁enter prise . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁when ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁dissol ved , ▁gas ▁industry ▁assets ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁newly ▁established ▁national ▁companies , ▁such ▁as ▁Uk rg az prom ▁and ▁Tur km eng az prom . ▁Gaz prom ▁kept ▁assets ▁located ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁secured ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁in ▁the ▁gas ▁sector . ▁ ▁Priv at ization ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁when ▁Bor is ▁Y el ts in , ▁the ▁Russian ▁President , ▁appointed ▁Vik tor ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Chair man , ▁his ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁the ▁company ' s ▁political ▁influence ▁increased . ▁Rem ▁Via k hire v ▁took ▁the ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁and ▁Man aging ▁Committee . ▁Following ▁the ▁Dec ree ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁of ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Resol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁joint - stock ▁company . ▁Gaz prom ▁began ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁shares ▁under ▁the ▁v ouch er ▁method . ▁( Each ▁Russian ▁citiz en ▁received ▁v ouch ers ▁to ▁purchase ▁shares ▁of ▁formerly ▁state - owned ▁companies ). ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 3 3 %

▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁shares ▁had ▁been ▁bought ▁by ▁ 7 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁public , ▁mostly ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁v ouch ers . ▁Fif teen ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁stock ▁was ▁allocated ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁employees . ▁The ▁state ▁retained ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁That ▁amount ▁was ▁gradually ▁lower ed ▁to ▁thirty - e ight ▁percent . ▁Tr ading ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁shares ▁was ▁heavily ▁reg ulated . ▁Foreign ers ▁were ▁prohib ited ▁from ▁ow ning ▁more ▁than ▁nine - percent ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁equ ity ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁sale ▁to ▁foreign ers ▁as ▁Global ▁De pository ▁Rece i pts . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁offered ▁a ▁bond ▁issue ▁of ▁US $ 2 . 5   b ill ion . ▁ ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁ens ured ▁Gaz prom ▁avoided ▁tight ▁state ▁reg ulation . ▁Gaz prom ▁ev aded ▁tax es , ▁and ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁received ▁little ▁in ▁divid ends . ▁Gaz prom ▁man agers ▁and ▁board ▁members , ▁such ▁as ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁and ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer , ▁Rem ▁Via k hire v , ▁engaged ▁in ▁asset - st ri pping . ▁Gaz prom ▁assets ▁were ▁shared ▁amongst ▁their ▁relatives . ▁I tera , ▁a ▁gas ▁trad ing ▁company ▁also ▁received ▁Gaz

prom ▁assets . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁for ▁reasons ▁un related ▁to ▁his ▁activities ▁at ▁Gaz prom , ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁was ▁fired ▁by ▁Y el ts in . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁was ▁made ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Gaz prom . ▁ ▁State ▁control ▁ ▁When , ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in ▁became ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Russia , ▁he ▁acted ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁over ▁Russia ' s ▁o lig arch s , ▁and ▁increase ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ' s ▁control ▁in ▁important ▁companies ▁through ▁a ▁program ▁of ▁national ▁champions . ▁Put in ▁fired ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁from ▁his ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁board . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Government ' s ▁stock ▁in ▁Gaz prom ▁gave ▁Put in ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁vote ▁out ▁V y ak hire v . ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁and ▁V y ak hire v ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev ▁and ▁Alex ei ▁Miller . ▁They ▁were ▁Put in ' s ▁prior ▁employees ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg . ▁Put in ' s ▁actions ▁were ▁a ided ▁by ▁the ▁share holder ▁activ ism ▁of ▁Herm itage ▁Capital ▁Management ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁William ▁Brow der , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁Russian ▁Fin ance ▁Minister ▁Bor is ▁F y odor ov . ▁Miller ▁and ▁Med ved ev ▁were ▁to ▁stop ▁asset ▁stri pping

▁at ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁to ▁recover ▁losses . ▁I tera ▁was ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁pip elines ▁and ▁came ▁close ▁to ▁bank rupt cy . ▁I tera ▁agreed ▁to ▁return ▁st olen ▁assets ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁for ▁a ▁fee . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Gaz prom ▁acquired ▁N TV , ▁Russia ' s ▁only ▁nation wide ▁state - in dependent ▁television ▁station ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁G us in sky ' s ▁company , ▁Media - M ost ▁hold ings . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁subs idi ary ▁Gaz prom ▁Media ▁acquired ▁all ▁of ▁G us in sky ' s ▁shares ▁in ▁companies ▁held ▁by ▁Media - M ost . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁Gaz prom iv est ▁Hold ing , ▁Gaz f ond ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁Fin ance ▁B . ▁V ., ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁Gaz prom , ▁sold ▁a ▁ 1 0 . 7 3 9 9 % ▁share ▁of ▁their ▁stock ▁for ▁$ 7   b ill ion ▁to ▁, ▁a ▁state ▁owned ▁company . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁said ▁the ▁amount ▁paid ▁by ▁Ros ne fte g az ▁for ▁the ▁stock ▁was ▁too ▁low . ▁The ▁sale ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁With ▁the ▁purchased ▁stock ▁and ▁the ▁thirty - e ight ▁percent ▁share ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Property ▁Committee , ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁gained ▁control ▁of

▁Gaz prom . ▁The ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁rev oked ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁twenty ▁percent ▁foreign ▁ownership ▁rule ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁open ▁to ▁foreign ▁invest ment . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom ▁bought ▁ 7 2 . 6 3 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁oil ▁company ▁Sib ne ft ▁for ▁$ 1 3 . 0 1   b ill ion . ▁Sib ne ft ▁was ▁renamed ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft . ▁The ▁purchase ▁was ▁a ided ▁by ▁a ▁$ 1 2   b ill ion ▁loan . ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁Russia ' s ▁largest ▁company . ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁deal ▁the ▁company ▁worth ▁was ▁val ued ▁at ▁£ 6 9 . 7   b ill ion ▁▁ ▁( US $ 1 2 3 . 2   b ill ion .) ▁ ▁On ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Law , ▁On ▁Gas ▁Ex port , ▁was ▁passed , ▁nearly ▁un anim ously , ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁D uma ▁and ▁on ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁by ▁the ▁Federation ▁Council . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁Put in ▁signed ▁the ▁new ▁legisl ation ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁law ▁was ▁published . ▁It ▁gave ▁Gaz prom ▁the ▁exclusive ▁right ▁to ▁export ▁natural ▁gas ▁from ▁Russia . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Royal ▁Dutch ▁Sh ell , ▁M its ui ▁and ▁M its

ub ishi , ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁fifty ▁percent ▁plus ▁one ▁share ▁of ▁Sak hal in ▁Energy . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁T N K - B P , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁B P ▁pl c , ▁agreed ▁to ▁sell ▁its ▁st ake ▁in ▁K ov yk ta ▁field ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁after ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁question ed ▁B P ' s ▁right ▁to ▁export ▁gas ▁from ▁Russia . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁govern ments ▁of ▁Russia ▁and ▁Italy ▁signed ▁a ▁memor and um ▁of ▁understanding ▁towards ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁En i ▁Sp A ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁ 5 5 8 - mile ▁( 9 0 0   km ) ▁gas ▁pipeline ▁to ▁carry ▁ ▁gas ▁per ▁year ▁from ▁Russia ▁to ▁Europe . ▁This ▁South ▁Stream ▁pipeline ▁would ▁extend ▁under ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁to ▁Bulg aria ▁with ▁a ▁south ▁fork ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁a ▁north ▁fork ▁to ▁Hung ary . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁Turkey , ▁Put in ▁said ▁the ▁project ▁would ▁not ▁proceed ▁and ▁ 6 3 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁per ▁year ▁( b cm / y ) ▁of ▁gas ▁would ▁be ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁Turkey ▁instead ▁of ▁Bulg aria . ▁Bulg aria ▁was ▁being ▁su ed ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁for ▁signing ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁Russia , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁aligned ▁with ▁European ▁Union ▁reg

ulations . The ▁president ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁Rosen ▁P lev nel iev , ▁press ured ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁and ▁Russia ▁to ▁quickly ▁resolve ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁Cont in ual ▁rise ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁announced ▁an ▁anti - tr ust ▁investigation ▁into ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁activities . ▁This ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁" con c ern s ▁that ▁Gaz prom ▁may ▁be ▁ab using ▁its ▁dominant ▁market ▁position ▁in ▁up stream ▁gas ▁supply ▁mark ets ." ▁In ▁late ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁expanded ▁its ▁media ▁interests ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁Prof media ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁Pot an in . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁Shang hai , ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁the ▁China ▁National ▁Pet role um ▁Corporation ▁made ▁a ▁contract ▁worth ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁billion ▁over ▁thirty ▁years . ▁The ▁contract ▁was ▁for ▁Gaz prom ▁to ▁deliver ▁ 3 8 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁per ▁year ▁to ▁China ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁construction ▁began ▁with ▁pip es ▁for ▁the ▁Power ▁of ▁Si ber ia ▁pipeline ▁delivered ▁to ▁L ensk , ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁Russia ▁will ▁start ▁supp lying ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁China ▁through ▁the ▁Power ▁of ▁Si ber ia ▁pipeline ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁countries ' ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁billion

▁energy ▁p act . ▁Be ij ing ▁and ▁Moscow ▁are ▁now ▁negoti ating ▁over ▁a ▁second ▁Far ▁Eastern ▁gas ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁negoti ated ▁with ▁the ▁International ▁Pet role um ▁In vest ment ▁Company ▁( I PI C ▁of ▁Ab u ▁D hab i ) ▁over ▁a ▁ 2 4 . 9 ▁percent ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁firm ▁O M V . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁acquired ▁Central ▁Part ners hip , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁film ▁distrib utors ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Supp ly ▁and ▁res erves ▁ ▁Production ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Gaz prom ▁produced ▁ ▁of ▁natural ▁gas , ▁which ▁was ▁ 1 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁world wide ▁production ▁and ▁ 8 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁Russian ▁production . ▁Of ▁this ▁amount , ▁the ▁Y amb urg ▁subs idi ary ▁produced ▁ 4 1 ▁percent , ▁Ur eng oy ▁ 2 3 . 6 ▁percent , ▁Nad ym ▁ 1 0 . 9 ▁percent , ▁No y ab r sk ▁ 9 . 3 ▁percent ▁and ▁others ▁ 1 5 . 2 ▁percent . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁company ▁produced ▁ 3 2 . 2 8   mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁ 1 2 . 0 7   mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁main ▁fields ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Nad ym - P ur -

T az ▁region ▁( near ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Ob ) ▁in ▁Yam alo - N en ets ▁Aut onom ous ▁Ok rug ▁in ▁Western ▁Si ber ia . ▁Histor ically , ▁the ▁three ▁largest ▁fields ▁are ▁Med vez he , ▁Ur eng oy ▁and ▁Y amb urg . ▁After ▁more ▁than ▁twenty ▁years ▁of ▁production , ▁the ▁fields ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁decl ine . ▁Production ▁from ▁the ▁fields ▁has ▁decre ased ▁by ▁twenty ▁to ▁twenty - five ▁b cm ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁production ▁at ▁Z apor li ar no e , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁fourth ▁largest ▁field , ▁increased ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁offset ting ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁fields . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁maintained ▁production ▁by ▁activ ating ▁new ▁smaller ▁fields ▁and ▁by ▁purch asing ▁production ▁assets ▁from ▁other ▁companies . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft ▁produces ▁cru de ▁oil . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom ▁purchased ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft ▁shares ▁for ▁$ 1 3 . 1   b ill ion . ▁ ▁Im ports ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁supply ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁domestic ▁market ▁and ▁for ▁re export ▁has ▁re lied ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent ▁on ▁imports ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁imported ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia : ▁ ▁from ▁Turk men istan , ▁ ▁from ▁Kaz

akh stan , ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁U z bek istan . ▁In ▁particular , ▁Gaz prom ▁purchased ▁sevent y - five ▁percent ▁of ▁Turk men istan ▁gas ▁exports ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁supply ▁gas ▁to ▁Ukraine . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁paid ▁$ 1 3 0 / m cm ▁to ▁$ 1 8 0 / m cm ▁for ▁gas ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁ ▁Res erves ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁proved ▁and ▁probable ▁res erves ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁were ▁, ▁a ▁ 3 . 8 % ▁increase ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁figure ▁which ▁represented ▁ 1 8 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁res erves . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁res erves ▁of ▁cru de ▁oil ▁were ▁ 1 . 3 5 5   b ill ion ▁tons ▁and ▁the ▁res erves ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate ▁were ▁ 9 3 3 . 3   b ill ion ▁tons . ▁ 5 9 . 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁natural ▁gas ▁res erves ▁( C ategories ▁A + B + C 1 ) ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ur als ▁Federal ▁District ▁( de cre asing ), ▁ 2 0 . 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁sh elf ▁( in cre asing ), ▁and ▁ 8 . 3 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Federal ▁District ▁and ▁North ▁C au cas us ▁Federal ▁District . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁expl oration ▁ ▁Gaz prom

▁has ▁inv ested ▁about ▁ 4 8 0   b ill ion ▁rub les ▁($ 2 0   b ill ion ) ▁in ▁new ▁major ▁projects ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁maintain ▁supply . ▁Near ly ▁ 3 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁res erves ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁major ▁projects ▁is ▁the ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline . ▁The ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁del ivers ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁Turkey ▁via ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁agreement ▁between ▁Turkey ▁and ▁Russia ▁was ▁signed . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁first ▁joint ▁was ▁w eld ed . ▁The ▁pipeline ▁has ▁transport ed ▁ 1 6 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula ▁ ▁Ex pl oration ▁of ▁the ▁Yam al ▁pen ins ula ▁has ▁found ▁res erves ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0   tr ill ion ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁and ▁over ▁ 5 0 0   mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁About ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁these ▁res erves ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁B ovan enk ovo , ▁K har as ave y ▁and ▁Nov oport ovo . ▁The ▁natural ▁gas ▁production ▁capacity ▁of ▁the ▁B ovan enk ovo ▁field ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁, ▁with ▁potential ▁to ▁increase ▁to ▁. ▁

▁S ht ok man ▁field ▁ ▁The ▁S ht ok man ▁field ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁natural ▁gas ▁fields . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea , ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mur m ansk ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁contain ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁of ▁gas . ▁Pot ential ▁production ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁phases , ▁with ▁a ▁potential ▁increase ▁to ▁. ▁Gaz prom , ▁Total ▁( France ) ▁and ▁Stato il ▁( N or way ) ▁created ▁a ▁joint ▁company ▁S ht ok man ▁Development ▁AG ▁for ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Kh ant y - M ans iy sk ▁autonom ous ▁area ▁( Ar ctic ▁sh elf ) ▁On ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁Alex ey ▁Miller , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Management ▁Committee ▁and ▁J orm a ▁O ll ila , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Royal ▁Dutch ▁Sh ell ▁signed ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Put in ▁and ▁Mark ▁R ut te ▁prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Netherlands ▁a ▁memor and um ▁out lin ing ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁co operation ▁within ▁hydro car b ons ▁expl oration ▁and ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁sh elf ▁and ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁deep - water ▁sh elf . ▁ ▁Ex pl oration ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁carried ▁out ▁ ▁of ▁expl

or ative ▁well ▁dr illing ; ▁ ▁of ▁ 2 D ▁se ism ic ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁se ism ic ▁survey . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁gas ▁res erves ▁grew ▁by ▁, ▁and ▁cru de ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁cond ens ate ▁res erves ▁grew ▁by ▁ 6 1   mill ion ▁tons . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁car ries ▁out ▁prospect ing ▁and ▁expl oration ▁in ▁foreign ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁India , ▁Pakistan , ▁Al ger ia , ▁Venezuela , ▁Vietnam , ▁Lib ya , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁U z bek istan , ▁K yr gy z stan ▁and ▁T aj ik istan . ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Un ified ▁Gas ▁Supp ly ▁System ▁( UG SS ) ▁includes ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁tr unk lines ▁and ▁branches ▁and ▁ 2 1 8   com press or ▁stations ▁with ▁a ▁ 4 1 . 4   G W ▁capacity . ▁The ▁U G SS ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁gas ▁transmission ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁transport ation ▁system ▁carried ▁ ▁of ▁gas . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁claimed ▁the ▁U G SS ▁has ▁reached ▁its ▁capacity . ▁Major ▁transmission ▁projects ▁include ▁the ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁South ▁Stream ▁pip elines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pip elines ▁inside ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Sales ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁sold ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁domestic ▁customers ; ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe ; ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁C IS ▁countries ▁and ▁the

▁Balt ic ▁states . ▁Gaz prom ▁receives ▁about ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁re venue ▁from ▁its ▁sales ▁to ▁European ▁customers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁average ▁gas ▁price ▁paid ▁by ▁Russian ▁industrial ▁customers ▁was ▁$ 7 1 / m cm , ▁while ▁households ▁paid ▁$ 5 4 / m cm . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Natural ▁gas ▁prices ▁have ▁fl uct u ated . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁NY ME X ▁was ▁. ▁At ▁a ▁conversion ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 4 ▁m ³ ▁per ▁million ▁B tu ▁it ▁would ▁correspond ▁to ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 2 8 5 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁respective ▁contract s ▁with ▁Gaz prom , ▁German ▁customers ▁paid ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁per ▁cub ic ▁met re ▁( m 3 ), ▁Polish ▁customers ▁$ 2 9 0 ▁per ▁m 3 , ▁Ukraine ▁customers ▁$ 1 3 0 ▁per ▁m 3 ▁and ▁Russian ▁customers ▁$ 4 9 ▁per ▁m 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ports ▁▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁del ivers ▁gas ▁to ▁ 2 5   Europe an ▁countries . ▁Its ▁main ▁export ▁arm ▁is ▁Gaz prom ▁Ex port ▁L LC , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁before ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁known ▁as ▁Gaz export , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁gas

▁exports ▁to ▁countries ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁Russian ▁gas ▁in ▁Europe ▁is ▁sold ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁year ▁contract s . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁the ▁sole ▁gas ▁supp lier ▁to ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina , ▁Est onia , ▁Finland , ▁Mac ed onia , ▁Lat via , ▁Lith u ania , ▁Mold ova , ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Slov ak ia . ▁It ▁provided ▁ 9 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁gas , ▁ 8 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁Hung ary ' s ▁gas , ▁ 8 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁Poland ' s ▁gas , ▁nearly ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ' s , ▁ 6 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Turkey ' s , ▁ 6 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁Austria ' s , ▁about ▁ 4 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁Roman ia ' s , ▁ 3 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁Germany ' s , ▁ 2 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Italy ' s , ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁France ' s ▁gas . ▁The ▁European ▁Union ▁receives ▁about ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁gas ▁supply ▁from ▁Gaz prom . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Europe ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁re venue . ▁The ▁proportion ▁of ▁Europe ’ s ▁gas ▁bought ▁in ▁the ▁spot ▁market ▁rose ▁from ▁ 1 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ▁percent ▁in

▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁G 2 0 ▁sum mit , ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁C N PC ▁that ▁the ▁Henry ▁Hub ▁index ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁sett le ▁prices ▁for ▁their ▁tr ades . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Put in ▁met ▁with ▁X i ▁Jin ping ▁and ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁ ▁$ 4 0 0 bn ▁deal ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁C N PC . ▁Under ▁the ▁contract , ▁Russia ▁was ▁to ▁supply ▁ 3 8 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁gas ▁ann ually ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁$ 3 5 0 ▁per ▁thousand ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁increased ▁its ▁export ▁about ▁ 8 . 7 %. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁average ▁price ▁of ▁Gaz prom ’ s ▁gas ▁in ▁Europe ▁was ▁about ▁$ 3 8 0 ▁per ▁thousand ▁cub ic ▁meters . ▁ ▁China ▁offered ▁a ▁loan ▁of ▁about ▁$ 5 0 bn ▁to ▁fin ance ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁fields ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁pipeline ▁by ▁Russia ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁border , ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁remaining ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁Price ▁disput es ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 ▁( M osc

ow ▁time ), ▁during ▁the ▁Russia - U k raine ▁gas ▁dispute , ▁Gaz prom ▁ceased ▁the ▁supply ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁market . ▁Gaz prom ▁called ▁on ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁to ▁increase ▁its ▁payment ▁for ▁natural ▁gas ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁increases ▁in ▁global ▁fuel ▁prices . ▁During ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁early ▁morning ▁of ▁ 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁N aft og as ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁deal ▁that ▁tempor arily ▁resolved ▁the ▁long - standing ▁gas ▁price ▁conflict ▁between ▁Russia ▁and ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁announced ▁it ▁would ▁triple ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁Bel arus ▁after ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁threatened ▁to ▁ce ase ▁supply ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁Bel arus ▁at ▁ 1 0   am ▁Moscow ▁time ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁unless ▁Bel arus ▁increased ▁pay ments ▁from ▁$ 4 7 ▁to ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0   c ub ic ▁metres ▁or ▁to ▁c ede ▁control ▁over ▁its ▁distribution ▁network . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁suggested ▁Moscow ▁was ▁pen alis ing ▁Alexander ▁L uk ash en ko , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Bel arus , ▁for ▁not ▁deliver ing ▁on ▁p led ges ▁of ▁closer ▁integration ▁with ▁Russia , ▁while

▁others ▁noted ▁that ▁other ▁countries ▁like ▁Armen ia ▁were ▁pay ing ▁as ▁much ▁for ▁their ▁gas ▁as ▁Bel arus ▁would ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁price ▁levels . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁later ▁requested ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 1 0 5 , ▁yet ▁Bel arus ▁still ▁refused ▁the ▁agreement . ▁Bel arus ▁respond ed ▁that ▁if ▁supplies ▁were ▁cut , ▁it ▁would ▁den y ▁Gaz prom ▁access ▁to ▁its ▁pip elines , ▁which ▁would ▁imp air ▁gas ▁transport ation ▁to ▁Europe . ▁However , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁dead line , ▁Bel arus ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁a ▁last - min ute ▁agreement . ▁Under ▁the ▁agreement , ▁Bel arus ▁under to ok ▁to ▁pay ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁met re ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁agreement ▁also ▁allowed ▁Gaz prom ▁to ▁purchase ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁in ▁Bel trans g az , ▁the ▁Bel arus ian ▁pipeline ▁network . ▁Im medi ately ▁following ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁this ▁agreement , ▁Bel arus ▁declared ▁a ▁$ 4 2 / ton ▁transport ation ▁tax ▁on ▁Russian ▁oil ▁trav elling ▁through ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁pip elines ▁crossing ▁its ▁territory . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁after ▁a ▁three - day ▁period ▁where ▁gas ▁supplies ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁were ▁hal ved , ▁Gaz prom ▁agreed ▁to ▁supply ▁ ▁Ukraine ▁with ▁gas ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁year

. ▁The ▁contract ▁removed ▁inter medi ary ▁companies . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁increased ▁the ▁gas ▁price ▁charged ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁from ▁$ 2 6 8 . 5 0 ▁to ▁$ 3 8 5 . 5 0 ▁( £ 2 3 1 . 0 0 ) ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres . ▁Ukraine ' s ▁un pa id ▁gas ▁b ills ▁to ▁Russia ▁stood ▁at ▁$ 1 . 7 bn ▁( £ 1 . 0 2 bn ). ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Russia ▁agreed ▁to ▁res ume ▁gas ▁supplies ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁over ▁the ▁winter ▁in ▁a ▁deal ▁bro ker ed ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁affairs ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁company , ▁one ▁which ▁own s ▁its ▁supply ▁and ▁distribution ▁activities . ▁Gaz prom ▁own s ▁all ▁its ▁main ▁gas ▁processing ▁facilities ▁in ▁Russia . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁Russia ' s ▁high ▁pressure ▁gas ▁pip elines ▁and ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁has ▁held ▁a ▁legal ▁export ▁mon opol y . ▁ ▁Other ▁natural ▁gas ▁produ cers , ▁such ▁as ▁Nov ate k , ▁Russia ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁gas ▁company , ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁use ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁facilities ▁for ▁processing ▁and ▁transport ▁of ▁natural ▁gas . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁had ▁ 2 2 1 , 3 0 0 ▁employees ▁in ▁its

▁major ▁gas ▁production , ▁transport ation , ▁under ground ▁storage ▁and ▁processing ▁subs idi aries . ▁Of ▁these ▁employees , ▁ 9 . 5 ▁percent ▁were ▁in ▁management , ▁ 2 2 . 9 ▁percent ▁were ▁special ists , ▁ 6 3 . 4 ▁percent ▁were ▁workers ▁and ▁ 4 . 2 ▁percent ▁were ▁other ▁employees . ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁headquarters ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ery om ush ki ▁District , ▁South - West ern ▁Administr ative ▁Ok rug , ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁champion , ▁a ▁concept ▁advoc ated ▁by ▁Put in , ▁in ▁which ▁large ▁companies ▁in ▁strateg ic ▁se ctors ▁are ▁expected ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁seek ▁profit , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁advance ▁Russia ' s ▁national ▁interests . ▁For ▁example , ▁Gaz prom ▁s ells ▁gas ▁to ▁its ▁domestic ▁market ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁less ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁market . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁activities ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁gross ▁domestic ▁product ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁large ▁projects , ▁including ▁international ▁pip es ▁like ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁Turkish ▁Stream , ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁substantial ▁source ▁of ▁re venue ▁for ▁several ▁domestic ▁supp liers ▁and ▁contract ors . ▁ ▁Share hold ers ▁ ▁, ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁main ▁share hold ers ▁were ▁the ▁Federal ▁Agency ▁for ▁State ▁Property ▁Management ▁with ▁ 3 8 . 3 7 % ▁and ▁Ros ne fte g az ▁with ▁ 1 0 . 9 7 %.

▁T ogether ▁with ▁a ▁ 0 . 8 9 ▁share ▁of ▁Ros g az ifik at si ya , ▁they ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁majority ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁government . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁were ▁held ▁by ▁invest ors , ▁including ▁ 2 5 . 2 0 % ▁by ▁A DR ▁hold ers ▁on ▁foreign ▁stock ▁mark ets , ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 5 7 % ▁by ▁other ▁legal ▁entities ▁and ▁individuals . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁mark ets ▁of ▁Moscow , ▁London , ▁Kar achi , ▁Berlin , ▁Frankfurt ▁and ▁Singapore . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁top ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁M IC EX ▁and ▁R TS ▁indices . ▁ ▁Sub s idi aries ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁several ▁hundred ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁abroad ▁which ▁are ▁owned ▁and ▁controlled ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Management ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁as ▁of ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁ ▁Vik tor ▁Z ub kov ▁( Ch air man , ▁Russian ▁Special ▁President ial ▁Represent ative ▁for ▁Co operation ▁with ▁Gas ▁Ex port ing ▁Count ries ▁Forum , ▁First ▁Deput y ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁former ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Alex ey ▁Miller ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee , ▁CE O , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁former ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁And rey ▁Ak

im ov ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank ) ▁ ▁Far it ▁Gaz iz ull in ▁( former ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁Property ▁of ▁Russia , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁Property ▁Rel ations ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K ul ib ae v ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Ent ities ▁Department ) ▁ ▁V ital y ▁Mark el ov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee ) ▁▁ ▁Vik tor ▁Mart yn ov ▁( R ector ▁of ▁G ub kin ▁Russian ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁O il ▁and ▁Gas , ▁Professor ) ▁ ▁Vladimir ▁Mau ▁( R ector ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁President ial ▁Academy ▁of ▁National ▁Econom y ▁and ▁Public ▁Administration ) ▁ ▁Val ery ▁Mus in ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁Pro cedure ▁Department , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law , ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁State ▁University ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Nov ak ▁( Min ister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Ser eda ▁( De put y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee ▁of ▁Gaz prom ) ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁management ▁committee ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁ ▁Alex ei ▁Miller ▁( Ch air man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁CE O , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁former ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁Russia , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁An an enk ov ▁( De put

y ▁Chair man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁Gaz prom ▁share holder , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Val ery ▁Gol ube v ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁In vest ment , ▁former ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Vas ile ost rov sky ▁District , ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁Council ▁of ▁Russia , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁K oz lov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁And rey ▁K rug lov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Fin ance ▁and ▁Econom ics , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Med ved ev ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁former ▁Director ▁General ▁of ▁Gaz prom ▁Ex port , ▁President ▁of ▁Kont inental ▁Hockey ▁League , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Co ord ination ▁Committee ▁of ▁Ros U kr E ner go , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Ser eda ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁Administration , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Serge i ▁U sh akov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁member

▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁El ena ▁Vas ily e va ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Chief ▁Account ant , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Bog dan ▁Bud z uly ak ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gas ▁Transport ation , ▁Under ground ▁Storage ▁and ▁Util ization , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Nikol ai ▁Dub ik ▁( Head ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Department , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Konst antin ▁Ch uy chen ko ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Control ▁Department ▁of ▁Russia , ▁president ial ▁a ide ▁to ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev , ▁former ▁chairman ▁of ▁Gaz prom ▁Media , ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁Ros U kr E ner go , ▁former ▁K GB ▁officer , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Vik tor ▁I ly ush in ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Rel ations hips ▁with ▁Regional ▁Author ities ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Ol ga ▁Pav lo va ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁As set ▁Management ▁and ▁Corpor ate ▁Rel ations , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Vas ili y ▁P ody uk ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gas , ▁Gas ▁Cond ens ate ▁and ▁O il ▁Production , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁V l ada ▁Rus ak ova ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department

▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁Development , ▁member ▁since ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Kir ill ▁Se lez ne v ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Mark eting ▁and ▁Process ing ▁of ▁Gas ▁and ▁Li qu id ▁H ydro car b ons , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Director - General ▁of ▁Me zh region g az ) ▁ ▁Sports ▁spons or ships ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁the ▁owner ▁and ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁football ▁club ▁FC ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁and ▁vol ley ball ▁club ▁V C ▁Z en it - K az an ▁and ▁Gaz prom - U gra ▁S urg ut ▁at ▁Russian ▁Super ▁League . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Bundes liga ▁club ▁FC ▁Sch al ke ▁ 0 4 ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁€ 2 5   mill ion ▁per ▁year . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁partners hip ▁was ▁extended ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁was ▁worth ▁$ 1 5 0 m ▁( US D ) ▁over ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁football ▁club ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁a ▁Gold

▁Part ner ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁professional ▁cy cling ▁team , ▁Team ▁Kat ush a , ▁together ▁with ▁I tera , ▁and ▁Russian ▁Techn ologies ▁( R ost ek hn olog ii ). ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁and ▁UEFA ▁Super ▁Cup . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁continued ▁for ▁three ▁seasons ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁the ▁official ▁Global ▁Energy ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁w inners ▁Ch else a . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁continued ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁an ▁official ▁partner ▁of ▁FIFA ▁tournament s ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁contract ▁includes ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁also ▁was ▁a ▁spons or ▁for ▁the ▁def unct - Min ardi ▁F 1 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁record ▁According ▁to ▁ge ograph er ▁Richard ▁He ede , ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁companies ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁CO 2 ▁em issions ▁glob ally ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁with ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁amount ing ▁to ▁almost ▁

3 . 4 % ▁of ▁world wide ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁em issions . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁been ▁ranked ▁as ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁best ▁of ▁ 9 2 ▁oil , ▁gas , ▁and ▁min ing ▁companies ▁on ▁u ph old ing ▁ind igen ous ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁ ▁Y uk os ▁O il ▁fra ud ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁was ▁the ▁core ▁production ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁Y uk os ▁O il ▁Company , ▁which ▁was ▁previously ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁Russian ▁business man , ▁Mik h ail ▁Kh od ork ov sky . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Russian ▁tax ▁authorities ▁charged ▁Y uk os ▁and ▁Kh od ork ov sky ▁with ▁tax ▁ev asion . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y uk os ▁was ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁bill ▁for ▁over ▁US ▁$ 3 5 ▁b n ▁in ▁back ▁tax es ▁and ▁a ▁demand ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁entire ▁bill ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁Request s ▁by ▁Y uk os ▁to ▁de fer ▁payment , ▁allow ▁payment ▁by ▁install ments ▁or ▁to ▁dis charge ▁the ▁deb t ▁by ▁sale ▁of ▁peri pher al ▁assets , ▁including ▁its ▁share hold ing ▁in ▁the ▁Sib ne ft ▁oil ▁company , ▁were ▁also ▁refused . ▁ ▁The ▁b ail iffs ▁fro ze ▁Y uk os ’ ▁shares ▁in ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁and ▁on ▁

1 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁they ▁placed ▁a ▁notice ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁government ▁newspaper ▁Ros si y sk aya ▁gaz eta . ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁would ▁be ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁au ction ▁thirty ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁conditions ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁au ction ▁included ▁an ▁advance ▁depos it ▁of ▁US ▁$ 1 . 7 ▁b n ▁and ▁prior ▁clear ance ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federal ▁Ant imon opol y ▁Service . ▁In ▁early ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁submitted ▁an ▁application ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁au ction ▁via ▁its ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary , ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y uk os ▁file d ▁for ▁a ▁bank rupt cy ▁protection ▁in ▁a ▁Houston ▁court , ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁temporary ▁inj unction ▁prohib iting ▁Gaz prom ▁from ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁au ction . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Western ▁banks ▁with d rew ▁their ▁financial ▁support ▁for ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁application . ▁On ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p , ▁a ▁previously ▁unknown ▁company , ▁applied ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁au ction . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁only ▁two ▁companies ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁au ction , ▁Gaz prom ne ft ▁and ▁Ba

ik alf in ans gru p . ▁Gaz prom ne ft ▁decl ined ▁to ▁place ▁any ▁offer . ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁acquired ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁bid . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Ros ne ft . ▁Ros ne ft ▁later ▁dis closed ▁in ▁its ▁annual ▁financial ▁statement ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁fin anced ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Serge y ▁Bog d anch ik ov ▁was ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁Ros ne ft ▁and ▁the ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁au ction , ▁the ▁planned ▁mer ger ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁Ros ne ft ▁was ▁abandoned , ▁and ▁Bog d anch ik ov ▁res igned ▁his ▁post ▁as ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁by ▁a ▁Spanish ▁journalist , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in ▁dis closed ▁that ▁Ros ne ft ▁had ▁used ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁to ▁ac quire ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁itself ▁against ▁lit ig ation . ▁ ▁Green pe ace ▁protest ▁against ▁ar ctic ▁dr illing ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁has ▁drawn ▁protest s ▁from ▁environmental ▁groups ,

▁particularly ▁Green pe ace . ▁Green pe ace ▁has ▁opposed ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁would ▁cause ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁e cos ystem ▁and ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁safety ▁plans ▁in ▁place ▁to ▁prevent ▁oil ▁sp ills . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Green pe ace ▁had ▁st aged ▁protest s ▁against ▁the ▁Pri raz l om n aya ▁oil ▁platform , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁off - sh ore ▁Ar ctic ▁dr ill ▁site . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁vessel ▁M V ▁Ar ctic ▁Sun r ise ▁st aged ▁a ▁protest ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁board ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Pri raz l om n aya ▁oil ▁platform , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁off - sh ore ▁Ar ctic ▁dr ill ▁site . ▁Green pe ace ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁dr ill ▁site ▁could ▁cause ▁massive ▁dis ruption ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁e cos ystem . ▁After ▁arrest ing ▁two ▁campaign ers ▁attempting ▁to ▁clim b ▁the ▁rig , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁seized ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁ship ▁by ▁making ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁drop , ▁and ▁arrested ▁thirty ▁Green pe ace ▁activ ists ▁from ▁six teen ▁different ▁national ities . ▁The ▁Ar ctic ▁Sun r ise ▁was ▁to wed ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁to ▁Mur m ansk . ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ▁intended ▁to ▁charge ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁campaign ers

▁with ▁pi racy ▁and ▁h ool igan ism , ▁which ▁carried ▁a ▁maximum ▁penalty ▁of ▁fifteen ▁years ▁imprison ment . ▁Green pe ace ▁argued ▁their ▁oper atives ▁were ▁in ▁international ▁waters . ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ' s ▁actions ▁generated ▁protest s ▁from ▁govern ments ▁and ▁environmental ists ▁world wide . ▁According ▁to ▁Phil ▁Rad ford , ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁Green pe ace ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁reaction ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁coast ▁guard ▁and ▁the ▁courts ▁were ▁the ▁" st iff est ▁response ▁that ▁Green pe ace ▁has ▁encountered ▁from ▁a ▁government ▁since ▁the ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁the ▁Rain bow ▁War rior ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ." ▁The ▁charges ▁of ▁pi racy ▁were ▁dropped ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁twenty - se ven ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ers ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁b ail . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁ship ment ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁oil ▁arrived ▁at ▁a ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁company , ▁Total . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁N aft og az ▁ ▁Cent G as ▁cons ort ium ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Russian ▁companies ▁ ▁Ener co ▁Energy ▁ ▁Lak ht a ▁Center ▁ ▁Ob sk aya – B ovan enk ovo ▁Line ▁ ▁Energy ▁Tri angle ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁production ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁exports ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁proven ▁res

erves ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Russia ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁pipeline ▁companies ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : G overn ment - owned ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : Mult in ational ▁companies ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Moscow ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : E ner gy ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Non - ren ew able ▁resource ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Exchange ▁Category : Russ ian ▁br ands <0x0A> </s> ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁highway ▁of ▁Japan ▁connecting ▁Ab ash iri , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁and ▁Rum oi , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁in ▁Japan , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁ 3 4 6 . 6   km ▁( 2 1 5 . 3 7   mi ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : National ▁high ways ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Ro ads ▁in ▁H ok ka ido <0x0A>

</s> ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Group ▁is ▁a ▁Catal an ▁hotel ▁group , ▁with ▁ ▁head ▁office ▁in ▁Barcelona . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁pres ided ▁by ▁the ▁Sol dev ila - C as als ▁family ▁since ▁its ▁foundation , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Currently ▁the ▁group ▁consists ▁of ▁five ▁hot els ▁and ▁two ▁a partment ▁buildings : ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁hot els ▁and ▁the ▁apart ments ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁hotel ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Pal ma ▁of ▁Major ca . ▁ ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona ▁The ▁principal ▁hotel ▁is ▁▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona , ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁the ▁first ▁hotel ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 - star ▁and ▁Gran ▁Lu jo ▁hotel ▁in ▁P asse ig ▁de ▁G rac ia . ▁It ▁was ▁first ly ▁opened ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Ingl aterra , ▁but ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁name ▁changed ... ▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁an ▁important ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Catal onia ▁and ▁Spain ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁“ M aj estic ▁P act ”. ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁p act ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁that ▁represented ▁an ▁accept ance ▁of ▁Catal an ▁national ism ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁government ▁and ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁this ▁happened . ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁journal ists ▁used

▁to ▁write ▁about ▁the ▁E bro ’ s ▁Battle , ▁the ▁longest ▁and ▁blo ody ▁battle ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁that ▁was ▁covered ▁from ▁distance ▁by ▁the ▁journal ists . ▁ ▁Through ▁the ▁years , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁many ▁artists ▁and ▁public ▁figures ▁have ▁chosen ▁to ▁stay . ▁One ▁of ▁them ▁was ▁the ▁poet ▁Feder ico ▁García ▁Lor ca , ▁who ▁in ▁his ▁last ▁time ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁Maj estic . ▁In ▁December ▁of ▁this ▁year , ▁intellect uals ▁and ▁Catal an ▁dedicated ▁to ▁him ▁a ▁dinner ▁because ▁of ▁ ▁his ▁prest ige . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁hotel , ▁the ▁writer ▁Antonio ▁Mach ado ▁and ▁León ▁Fil ipe ▁also ▁stayed ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁month ' s ▁alive . ▁They ▁were ▁both ▁sc aping ▁from ▁the ▁march ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Group ▁was ▁class ified ▁in ▁the ▁Top ▁ 2 0 ▁by ▁Service ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Small ▁Lux ury ▁Brand ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Top ▁Lux ury ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Brand ▁Report ▁by ▁Review Pro . ▁ ▁Other ▁properties ▁The ▁other ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁are : ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Mur m uri , ▁a ▁ 4 - star ▁superior ▁hotel ▁ ▁on ▁R amb la ▁Catalunya ; ▁Hotel ▁Mid most , ▁a ▁ 4 - star ▁ ▁bout ique ▁hotel ▁recently ▁opened ▁and ▁Hotel ▁Den it , ▁a

▁ 3 ▁star ▁located ▁nearby ▁Pla za ▁Catalunya . ▁The ▁two ▁apart ments ▁are : ▁the ▁Mur m uri ▁Res idence ▁and ▁the ▁Maj estic ▁Res idence , ▁ ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁Mur m uri ▁hotel ▁and ▁the ▁Maj estic ▁hotel ▁respectively . ▁In ▁Pal ma ▁of ▁Major ca , ▁the ▁group ▁has ▁the ▁hotel ▁Sant ▁Frances c , ▁a ▁ 5 - star ▁bout ique ▁hotel ▁located ▁on ▁ ▁Sant ▁Frances c ▁Square . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Review ▁at ▁Ye hot els ▁lux ury ▁hot els ▁guide ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁Category : Hot el ▁ch ains ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : Span ish ▁br ands ▁Category : H ospital ity ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁Statistics ▁of ▁Lat v ian ▁High er ▁League ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁Over view ▁It ▁was ▁cont ested ▁by ▁ 1 4 ▁teams , ▁and ▁Ele ktr ons ▁won ▁the ▁championship . ▁ ▁League ▁stand ings ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁R SS SF ▁ ▁Category : Lat v ian ▁SS R ▁High er ▁League ▁Football ▁ ▁Lat via <0x0A> </s> ▁Prince ▁M oul ay ▁Is mail ▁of ▁Mor oc co ▁() ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Prince ▁M oul ay ▁Ab dal lah ▁and ▁L alla ▁Lam ia ▁Sol h . ▁His ▁mother ▁is ▁daughter ▁of ▁Ri ad ▁Al

▁Sol h , ▁the ▁first ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Leb anon . ▁The ▁Prince ▁has ▁one ▁older ▁brother , ▁Prince ▁M oul ay ▁H ich am . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁married ▁An issa ▁Le hm ku hl , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁O mar ▁Le hm ku hl ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Am ina ▁( G erman ▁citizens ▁converted ▁to ▁Islam ic ▁faith ). ▁They ▁had ▁issue , ▁one ▁son ▁and ▁four ▁daughters : ▁▁ ▁Sh ar if ▁M oul ay ▁Ab dal lah , ▁( born ▁on ▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ), ▁ ▁Sh ar ifa ▁L alla ▁A ish a , ▁( born ▁on ▁▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ), ▁ ▁Sh ar ifa ▁L alla ▁H ala , ▁( born ▁on ▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ). ▁ ▁Sh ar ifa ▁L alla ▁Bah ia , ▁( born ▁on ▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ). ▁ ▁Business ▁Prince ▁Is mail ▁own s ▁The ora ▁holding , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁ 3 5 % ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁now - def unct ▁K IA ▁Mar oc ▁( ex clus ive ▁deal er ▁of ▁K IA ▁cars ▁in ▁Mor oc co ) ▁and ▁also ▁co - own s ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁food ▁& ▁restaur ants ▁franch ises ▁such ▁as ▁P izza ▁Del ▁Arte ▁( sub s idi ary ▁of ▁Gr oupe ▁Le ▁D uff ). ▁ ▁Pat ron ages ▁▁ ▁Honor ary ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Hand ▁in ▁Hand ▁Association . ▁ ▁References ▁

▁Category : Mor oc can ▁royal ty ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Rab at ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁people ▁of ▁Leb an ese ▁descent ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁people ▁of ▁Arab ▁descent ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁princes ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Be ir ut ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁business people <0x0A> </s> ▁Z odia q ▁is ▁an ▁engine ered ▁stone ▁made ▁by ▁Du P ont ▁composed ▁of ▁ 9 3 % ▁quart z ▁cry stal ▁and ▁ 7 % ▁ac ry lic ▁res in , ▁colors ▁and ▁bind ers . ▁The ▁product ▁is ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁Du P ont ' s ▁Gran ire x ▁plant ▁in ▁Th et ford ▁M ines , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁most ▁often ▁as ▁kitchen ▁counter top s ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁walls . ▁Its ▁primary ▁advantage ▁is ▁that ▁unlike ▁natural ▁stone ▁products ▁( mar ble , ▁gran ite , ▁lim estone , ▁wood ), ▁Z odia q ▁is ▁non - por ous ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁se al ant ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁period ically ▁re app lied . ▁Por ous ▁products , ▁like ▁gran ite , ▁are ▁pr one ▁to ▁growing ▁m olds ▁and ▁st aining . ▁The ▁color ▁of ▁Z odia q ▁is ▁consistent ▁throughout . ▁Du P ont ▁offers ▁a ▁ 1 0 - year ▁war rant y ▁on ▁the ▁installation , ▁( as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁product ▁itself ) ▁if ▁the ▁job ▁is ▁done ▁by

▁a ▁cert ified ▁fabric ator / install er . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Du P ont ' s ▁Z odia q ▁website ▁ ▁Z odia q ▁in ▁a ▁green ▁kitchen ▁rem odel ▁ ▁Category : B rand ▁name ▁materials ▁Category : D u P ont <0x0A> </s> ▁Ad rian ▁S util ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁racing ▁driver , ▁who ▁rac ed ▁in ▁Formula ▁One ▁for ▁seven ▁seasons : ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 1 1 , ▁then ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁drove ▁for ▁the ▁Sp y ker ▁F 1 ▁Team , ▁Force ▁India ▁F 1 ▁Team ▁and ▁the ▁Sa uber ▁F 1 ▁Team . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁reserve ▁driver ▁for ▁the ▁Williams ▁F 1 ▁Team ▁in ▁. ▁ ▁S util ▁started ▁k art ing ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁moved ▁into ▁single ▁se ater ▁racing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Formula ▁Ford ▁series ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁title . ▁He ▁moved ▁up ▁into ▁Formula ▁Masters ▁Austria ▁and ▁started ▁ 1 ▁race ▁before ▁ste pping ▁into ▁Formula ▁B MW ▁AD AC ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁S util ▁then ▁rac ed ▁in ▁the ▁Formula ▁ 3 ▁Euro series ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁runner - up ▁to ▁Lewis ▁Hamilton ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁race ▁in ▁the ▁All

- J apan ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Championship ▁and ▁also ▁finished ▁ 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁Mac au ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁ ▁Having ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Mid land ▁F 1 ▁test ▁team , ▁S util ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁a ▁race ▁seat ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Sp y ker ▁F 1 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁S util ▁continued ▁to ▁race ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁under ▁their ▁new ▁gu ise ▁Force ▁India ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Having ▁made ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁again ▁with ▁Force ▁India , ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Sa uber ▁team . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁St arn berg , ▁West ▁Germany , ▁S util ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁professional ▁mus icians ▁Mon ika , ▁a ▁German , ▁and ▁Jorge , ▁a ▁Uruguay an . ▁He ▁has ▁two ▁brothers , ▁named ▁Daniel ▁and ▁Rap ha el . ▁ ▁He ▁we igh s ▁ 7 5 ▁kil og rams ▁( 1 6 5 ▁pounds ) ▁and ▁is ▁ 1 8 3 ▁cent im eters ▁( 6 ▁feet ) ▁tall . ▁ ▁A ▁tal ented ▁pian ist , ▁S util ▁started ▁k art ing ▁at ▁ 1 4 ▁before ▁moving ▁up ▁to ▁Swiss ▁Formula ▁Ford ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁won ▁all ▁ten ▁r ounds ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁from ▁pole ▁and ▁added ▁five ▁wins ▁in ▁the ▁Formula ▁Masters

▁Austria ▁championship . ▁S util ▁speak s ▁fl uent ▁German , ▁English , ▁and ▁Spanish ▁and ▁a ▁little ▁Italian . ▁ ▁Formula ▁B MW ▁and ▁Formula ▁Three ▁When ▁S util ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Formula ▁B MW ▁AD AC ▁championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁he ▁finished ▁in ▁sixth ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁but ▁with ▁no ▁wins . ▁The ▁following ▁season ▁he ▁stepped ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Formula ▁ 3 ▁Euro series ▁with ▁Col in ▁Kol les ' ▁team . ▁Although ▁he ▁scored ▁only ▁twice , ▁the ▁connection ▁he ▁made ▁with ▁Kol les ▁would ▁prove ▁useful ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁AS M ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁final ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁S util ▁stayed ▁with ▁AS M ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁was ▁joined ▁by ▁British ▁driver ▁Lewis ▁Hamilton . ▁Hamilton ▁won ▁more ▁races ▁than ▁S util , ▁but ▁the ▁German ▁was ▁runner - up ▁to ▁Hamilton ▁and ▁the ▁Brit on ' s ▁only ▁serious ▁compet itor ▁in ▁the ▁championship ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Mar l bor o ▁Masters ▁of ▁Formula ▁Three ▁at ▁Z and vo ort . ▁ ▁S util ▁missed ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁r ounds ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Euro series ▁after ▁joining ▁A 1 ▁Team ▁Germany ▁for ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁A 1 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁series . ▁He ▁rac ed ▁for ▁them ▁at ▁three ▁events ▁in ▁Portugal , ▁Australia ▁and ▁Dub ai , ▁his ▁best ▁result ▁being ▁two ▁tw elf th ▁places . ▁ ▁He ▁spent ▁ 2 0 0 6

▁racing ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁All - J apan ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Championship . ▁He ▁showed ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁performance ▁all ▁season . ▁He ▁also ▁finished ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁Mac au ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁one - off ▁appearance ▁in ▁Japanese ▁Super ▁GT . ▁ ▁Formula ▁One ▁ ▁Mid land ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁That ▁year ▁also ▁saw ▁S util ▁enter ▁Formula ▁One . ▁In ▁January , ▁he ▁was ▁confirmed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁test ▁drivers ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Mid land ▁F 1 ▁Racing ▁team , ▁along ▁with ▁Mark us ▁W inkel ho ck ▁and ▁Giorg io ▁Mond ini . ▁This ▁came ▁thanks ▁to ▁his ▁connections ▁with ▁Col in ▁Kol les , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁running ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁S util ▁appeared ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁driver ▁at ▁the ▁European , ▁French ▁and ▁Japanese ▁Gr ands ▁Prix . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁third ▁appearance , ▁the ▁out fit ▁had ▁been ▁bought ▁by ▁Sp y ker ▁C ars . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁second ▁driver ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁season , ▁having ▁been ▁signed ▁on ▁a ▁multi - year ▁contract ▁by ▁the ▁Sp y ker ▁M F 1 ▁Team . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁Official ▁Formula ▁One ▁website , ▁S util ' s ▁first ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁team mate , ▁Christ ij an ▁Al bers , ▁commented ▁that ▁" Ad rian ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁driver ▁and ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁quick

▁this ▁year , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁driver ▁you ▁should ▁always ▁be ▁pushing ▁to ▁the ▁limits ▁without ▁thinking ▁what ▁the ▁gu y ▁in ▁the ▁car ▁next ▁to ▁you ▁is ▁doing . ▁But ▁Ad rian ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁team - mate ▁and ▁it ▁looks ▁as ▁though ▁he ' s ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁big ▁talent ▁[ for ▁the ▁future ] ". ▁ ▁Sp y ker ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁S util ▁out - qual ified ▁and ▁out - rac ed ▁his ▁team - mate ▁Al bers ▁at ▁all ▁Gr ands ▁Prix ▁before ▁the ▁Dutch man ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁S util ' s ▁coun tr yman ▁Mark us ▁W inkel ho ck , ▁test ▁driver ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁up ▁until ▁that ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁S util ▁out - qual ified ▁W inkel ho ck , ▁although ▁the ▁latter ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁race ▁and ▁restart ▁after ▁a ▁sudden ▁down p our . ▁W inkel ho ck ▁res umed ▁his ▁third ▁driver ▁role ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁grand ▁prix ▁at ▁Hung ary ▁when ▁Japanese ▁driver ▁Sak on ▁Yam am oto ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁second ▁team ▁seat . ▁S util ▁out - per formed ▁Yam am oto ▁in ▁the ▁race , ▁passing ▁H onda ▁drivers ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello ▁and ▁J enson ▁Button . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁S util ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Sp y ker ▁driver ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁beat ▁another ▁running ▁class

ified ▁finish er , ▁H onda ' s ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁a ▁B - spec ▁car ▁was ▁expected ▁for ▁the ▁Sp y ker ▁team ▁but ▁it ▁failed ▁a ▁rear ▁crash ▁test ▁and ▁S util ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁older ▁spec ▁car . ▁After ▁fuel ▁pressure ▁problems , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁race ▁from ▁the ▁p its ▁and ▁finished ▁five ▁la ps ▁behind . ▁At ▁Mon za , ▁despite ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁B - spec ▁Sp y ker ▁F 8 - V II ▁and ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁circuit , ▁the ▁Sp yk ers ▁were ▁largely ▁un comp et itive ▁once ▁again ▁and ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 9 th , ▁again ▁only ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁team - mate . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁the ▁strength s ▁of ▁the ▁B - spec ▁car ▁were ▁fully ▁evident ▁with ▁both ▁S util ▁and ▁Yam am oto ▁setting ▁compet itive ▁times ▁through ▁the ▁three ▁practice ▁sessions ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁S util ▁qual ifying ▁only ▁half ▁a ▁second ▁behind ▁ 1 6 th ▁placed ▁man ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz zi . ▁During ▁the ▁race , ▁S util ▁passed ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁of ▁Jar no ▁Tr ul li , ▁H ond as ▁of ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello ▁and ▁J enson ▁Button ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Red ▁Bull ' s ▁David ▁C oul th ard , ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ' s ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz

zi ▁and ▁Williams ▁driver ▁Alexander ▁W urz . ▁He ▁ran ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 1 2 th ▁before ▁finishing ▁ 1 4 th . ▁He ▁was ▁highly ▁pra ised ▁for ▁his ▁efforts ▁by ▁both ▁team ▁and ▁media . ▁ ▁Two ▁weeks ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁rain ▁at ▁Fu ji ▁Speed way , ▁Japan , ▁it ▁seemed ▁S util ▁had ▁narrow ly ▁missed ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁score ▁Sp y ker ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁point , ▁briefly ▁holding ▁ 8 th ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁pen ult imate ▁lap ▁of ▁the ▁high - attr ition ▁race ▁after ▁Nick ▁He id feld ▁retired ▁his ▁B MW , ▁but ▁was ▁almost ▁immediately ▁passed ▁by ▁fellow ▁back marker ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz zi ▁in ▁the ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ▁and ▁finished ▁ 9 th . ▁After ▁the ▁race ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁Li uz zi ▁had ▁over t aken ▁S util ▁under ▁yellow ▁flags , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 5 - second ▁penalty ▁for ▁the ▁Italian ▁promoted ▁S util ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁points ▁position . ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ▁appe aled ▁the ▁decision , ▁but ▁the ▁penalty ▁was ▁u ph eld . ▁ ▁Sp y ker ▁were ▁not ▁compet itive ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁neither ▁of ▁which ▁S util ▁finished . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁pra ised ▁by ▁many ▁for ▁his ▁performances ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Formula ▁One ▁Championship . ▁Despite ▁driving ▁the ▁most ▁un comp et itive ▁car ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁German ▁ro ok ie ▁im pressed ▁by

▁not ▁only ▁domin ating ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁team m ates ▁in ▁both ▁qual ifying ▁and ▁race ▁conditions , ▁but ▁also ▁by ▁challeng ing ▁other ▁drivers ▁with ▁superior ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Force ▁India ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁S util ▁continued ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁under ▁its ▁new ▁identity ▁as ▁Force ▁India , ▁after ▁briefly ▁entertain ing ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁a ▁drive ▁with ▁Mc L aren ▁or ▁Williams . ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁ended ▁with ▁mechanical ▁fail ures ▁ ▁While ▁running ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁fourth ▁position ▁in ▁Mon aco ▁with ▁six ▁la ps ▁remaining , ▁he ▁was ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁by ▁fifth ▁placed ▁K imi ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁who ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁car ▁while ▁bra king ▁for ▁the ▁har bour ▁ch icane . ▁A ▁crash ▁a ▁few ▁la ps ▁earlier ▁had ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁safety ▁car ▁being ▁deployed , ▁with ▁S util ▁losing ▁his ▁considerable ▁lead ▁over ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁driver . ▁S util ' s ▁car ▁suffered ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁diff user , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire . ▁Mike ▁Gas co y ne ▁called ▁for ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁to ▁be ▁pun ished ▁over ▁the ▁incident . ▁No ▁pun ishment , ▁however , ▁was ▁given . ▁However , ▁S util ▁had ▁over t aken ▁three ▁cars ▁under ▁yellow ▁flags ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁ste ward ▁Paul ▁Gut jahr

, ▁should ▁he ▁have ▁reached ▁the ▁che quer ed ▁flag , ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁given ▁a ▁ 2 5 - second ▁penalty ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁dropped ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁point - sc oring ▁positions . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁Force ▁India ▁announced ▁they ▁would ▁keep ▁S util ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁season . ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁S util ▁and ▁the ▁Force ▁India ▁team ▁started ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁real ▁optim ism ▁of ▁points ▁scoring ▁finish es ▁when ▁the ▁European ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁started ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁four ▁races . ▁BBC ▁comment ator ▁Martin ▁Bru nd le ▁expressed ▁his ▁personal ▁view ▁that : ▁ ▁In ▁Australia , ▁after ▁starting ▁from ▁ 1 6 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid , ▁S util ▁progress ed ▁stead ily ▁through ▁the ▁field ▁to ▁finish ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁points ▁in ▁ 9 th ▁place . ▁In ▁Malays ia , ▁he ▁qualified ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 5 th ▁when ▁the ▁race ▁was ▁stopped ▁on ▁lap ▁ 3 3 ▁due ▁to ▁tor r ential ▁rain . ▁ ▁In ▁China , ▁S util ▁was ▁running ▁in ▁ 6 th ▁place ▁with ▁ 6 ▁la ps ▁remaining ▁when ▁he ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁Force ▁India   – ▁due ▁to ▁aqu ap lan ing   – ▁resulting ▁in ▁him ▁crash ing ▁and ▁forcing ▁him ▁to ▁ret ire . ▁ ▁In ▁Bah rain , ▁S util ▁was ▁pen al ised ▁for ▁blocking ▁Mark ▁Web ber ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁qual ifying ▁session .

▁He ▁personally ▁walked ▁into ▁Mark ' s ▁room ▁to ▁apolog ise ▁for ▁the ▁incident . ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁after ▁running ▁wide ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁lap ▁S util ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁track ▁only ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁of ▁Jar no ▁Tr ul li . ▁The ▁Italian ▁had ▁also ▁run ▁wide ▁and ▁was ▁rejo ining ▁the ▁track . ▁ ▁This ▁forced ▁both ▁drivers ▁to ▁ret ire ▁and ▁caused ▁the ▁two ▁Tor o ▁Ross os ▁of ▁S éb ast ien ▁Bour da is ▁and ▁S éb ast ien ▁Bu emi ▁to ▁crash ▁into ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁In ▁Mon aco , ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 4 th ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 7 th ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁after ▁qual ifying ▁a ▁career - best ▁of ▁ 1 5 th . ▁ ▁In ▁qual ifying ▁in ▁Britain , ▁S util ▁went ▁off ▁at ▁Ab bey ▁corner ▁after ▁bra ke ▁failure ▁in ▁Q 1 . ▁Qual ifying ▁was ▁red ▁flag ged ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁no ▁one ▁else ▁could ▁post ▁a ▁lap ▁time . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁S util ▁was ▁to ▁start ▁from ▁ 1 8 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid , ▁although ▁the ▁team ▁had ▁hoped ▁that ▁both ▁S util ▁and ▁Gian car lo ▁F is ich ella ▁would ▁get ▁into ▁Q 2 . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁damage ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁accident ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁start ▁from ▁the ▁pit ▁l ane ▁because ▁he ▁needed ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁new ▁car ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁engine , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁finish ▁ 1 7

th ▁in ▁an ▁une vent ful ▁race . ▁ ▁In ▁Germany , ▁S util ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁un predict able ▁conditions ▁in ▁qual ifying , ▁and ▁secured ▁his ▁best - ever ▁qual ifying ▁position ▁of ▁sevent h . ▁In ▁the ▁race , ▁he ▁was ▁lying ▁in ▁second ▁place ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁before ▁his ▁first ▁pit ▁stop . ▁However , ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁K imi ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁after ▁coming ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁pit ▁l ane ▁meant ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁pit ▁again ▁to ▁replace ▁his ▁front ▁wing . ▁He ▁finished ▁ 1 5 th . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁that ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁cost ▁S util ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁score ▁points , ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁incident ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Mon aco ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁ ▁In ▁Hung ary , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁after ▁just ▁two ▁la ps ▁because ▁a ▁water ▁temperature ▁problem ▁caused ▁the ▁engine ▁to ▁over he at , ▁after ▁qual ifying ▁ 1 7 th . ▁ ▁In ▁Val encia , ▁new ▁aer od ynamic ▁up gr ades ▁for ▁the ▁V J M 0 2 ▁saw ▁him ▁qual ify ▁ 1 2 th , ▁and ▁he ▁then ▁rac ed ▁stead ily ▁to ▁finish ▁ 1 0 th , ▁demonstr ating ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁were ▁at ▁last ▁showing ▁signs ▁of ▁compet it iveness , ▁as ▁team mate ▁F is ich ella ▁finished ▁ 1 2 th ▁behind ▁He id feld ' s ▁B MW ▁Sa uber .

▁ ▁In ▁Belg ium , ▁he ▁qualified ▁ 1 1 th , ▁although ▁the ▁main ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁the ▁Force ▁India ▁pit ▁were ▁for ▁team mate ▁Gian car lo ▁F is ich ella ' s ▁excellent ▁pole ▁position . ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 1 th , ▁while ▁F is ich ella ▁finished ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁second ▁behind ▁K imi ▁R ä ikk ön en ' s ▁race - win ning ▁Ferr ari . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁, ▁S util ▁took ▁his ▁career ▁best ▁qual ifying ▁result ▁of ▁second ▁place ▁and ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁behind ▁R ä ikk ön en , ▁despite ▁accident ally ▁over sh oot ing ▁his ▁mechan ics ▁during ▁his ▁final ▁pit ▁stop , ▁but ▁they ▁suffered ▁only ▁minor ▁inj uries . ▁He ▁also ▁recorded ▁the ▁fast est ▁lap ▁of ▁the ▁race , ▁his ▁first ▁in ▁Formula ▁One ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁fast est ▁lap ▁recorded ▁for ▁Force ▁India . ▁This ▁finish ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁his ▁F 1 ▁career . ▁▁ ▁In ▁Singapore , ▁S util ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁after ▁he ▁coll ided ▁with ▁Nick ▁He id feld ▁of ▁B MW ▁Sa uber , ▁moving ▁into ▁his ▁path ▁as ▁he ▁recovered ▁from ▁a ▁spin . ▁After ▁the ▁race , ▁S util ▁was ▁repr im and ed ▁by ▁race ▁ste wards ▁and ▁f ined ▁$ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁causing ▁an ▁avoid able ▁accident . ▁ ▁In ▁Japan , ▁S util ▁took ▁his ▁second ▁best ▁career ▁qual ifying ▁result ▁of ▁fourth , ▁but

▁was ▁given ▁a ▁ 5 ▁grid ▁place ▁penalty ▁along ▁with ▁J enson ▁Button , ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello ▁and ▁Fernando ▁Al onso ▁for ▁not ▁slow ing ▁down ▁while ▁yellow ▁flags ▁were ▁w aved ▁( due ▁to ▁a ▁crash ▁by ▁Sebast ien ▁Bu emi , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁dem oted ▁five ▁places ▁for ▁attempting ▁to ▁drive ▁his ▁badly ▁dam aged ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁p its ) ▁and ▁started ▁the ▁race ▁from ▁e ighth ▁on ▁the ▁grid . ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 3 th . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁wet ▁qual ifying ▁session ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁S util ▁qualified ▁third , ▁but ▁retired ▁on ▁lap ▁one ▁following ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁of ▁Jar no ▁Tr ul li . ▁Out ▁of ▁control ▁on ▁the ▁wet ▁grass ▁outside ▁Turn ▁ 5 , ▁Tr ul li ▁hit ▁S util , ▁and ▁then ▁sl id ▁back ▁onto ▁the ▁track ▁and ▁struck ▁Al onso ' s ▁Ren ault , ▁resulting ▁in ▁all ▁three ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁race . ▁Tr ul li ▁bl amed ▁S util ▁for ▁pushing ▁him ▁outside ▁the ▁track ▁at ▁the ▁fifth ▁corner ▁and ▁thus ▁causing ▁the ▁accident , ▁and ▁fur iously ▁ber ated ▁the ▁German ▁at ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁in ▁full - view ▁of ▁world wide ▁TV ▁cam eras . ▁This ▁time ▁the ▁ste wards ▁took ▁no ▁action ▁against ▁S util ▁for ▁the ▁accident , ▁while ▁Tr ul li ▁was ▁f ined ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁his ▁un accept able ▁behaviour . ▁The

▁matter ▁was ▁not ▁resolved ▁however , ▁as ▁S util ▁and ▁Tr ul li ▁still ▁argued ▁about ▁the ▁accident ▁two ▁weeks ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁press ▁conference ▁for ▁the ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁Ab u ▁D hab i , ▁S util ▁was ▁unus ually ▁off ▁the ▁pace , ▁qual ifying ▁only ▁ 1 8 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid . ▁Although ▁he ▁over to ok ▁several ▁cars ▁during ▁the ▁race , ▁a ▁poor ▁pit ▁strategy ▁resulted ▁in ▁S util ▁finishing ▁the ▁race ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁scra pping ▁with ▁F is ich ella ▁( who ▁had ▁joined ▁Ferr ari ) ▁and ▁Ren ault ' s ▁Rom ain ▁Gros je an . ▁The ▁German ▁eventually ▁finished ▁ 1 7 th , ▁ 1 ▁lap ▁down ▁but ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁French man . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁S util ▁was ▁in ▁tal ks ▁with ▁Force ▁India ▁to ▁renew ▁his ▁contract , ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁team ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁German ' s ▁contract ▁had ▁been ▁renew ed , ▁while ▁test - driver ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz zi ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁full - time ▁race ▁seat . ▁S util ▁qualified ▁t enth ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁but ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁Robert ▁Kub ica ▁in ▁Bah rain ▁and ▁a ▁mechanical ▁failure ▁in ▁Australia ▁meant ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁score ▁points ▁in ▁either ▁race . ▁However , ▁S util ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁performances ▁proved ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁could ▁now

▁score ▁points ▁in ▁dry ▁races . ▁This ▁comment ▁was ▁back ed ▁up ▁by ▁S util ' s ▁fifth - place ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁race ▁in ▁Malays ia . ▁In ▁China ▁he ▁finished ▁ 1 1 th . ▁In ▁Spain ▁he ▁finished ▁ 7 th ▁and ▁in ▁Mon aco ▁he ▁finished ▁ 8 th . ▁S util ▁again ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁points ▁in ▁Turkey ▁with ▁a ▁ 9 th ▁place . ▁He ▁followed ▁this ▁result ▁with ▁points ▁scoring ▁finish es ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁three ▁r ounds ▁in ▁Canada , ▁Europe ▁and ▁Britain . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁S util ▁remained ▁with ▁Force ▁India ▁for ▁, ▁and ▁was ▁joined ▁by ▁D TM ▁champion ▁Paul ▁di ▁R esta . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁S util ▁was ▁out - qual ified ▁by ▁di ▁R esta . ▁S util ▁finished ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁, ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁Sa uber ▁cars ▁being ▁dis qual ified ▁from ▁the ▁race , ▁having ▁finished ▁ele vent h ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁In ▁Malays ia , ▁S util ▁finished ▁ele vent h , ▁just ▁behind ▁di ▁R esta , ▁and ▁in ▁China , ▁he ▁qualified ▁ele vent h . ▁In ▁Mon aco , ▁he ▁had ▁his ▁best ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁finishing ▁sevent h . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁Canada ▁after ▁hitting ▁a ▁wall , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁damage ▁to ▁his ▁car ' s ▁susp ension . ▁A ▁nin th - place ▁finish ▁in ▁Val encia ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁ele vent

h ▁at ▁the ▁, ▁missing ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁points - sc oring ▁position , ▁held ▁by ▁Ja ime ▁Al gu ers u ari , ▁by ▁just ▁ 0 . 6 ▁seconds . ▁At ▁his ▁home ▁race , ▁S util ▁took ▁a ▁season ▁best ▁finish ▁of ▁sixth ▁place , ▁after ▁implementing ▁a ▁different ▁strategy ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁drivers ▁around ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁grid , ▁making ▁just ▁two ▁pit ▁stops ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁made ▁by ▁his ▁riv als . ▁ ▁Despite ▁qual ifying ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁in ▁Hung ary , ▁S util ▁could ▁only ▁finish ▁ 1 4 th , ▁before ▁another ▁points - sc oring ▁finish   – ▁finishing ▁sevent h , ▁after ▁starting ▁ 1 5 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid ▁after ▁an ▁accident ▁in ▁qual ifying   – ▁at ▁the ▁. ▁He ▁retired ▁at ▁Mon za ▁after ▁his ▁car ▁suffered ▁a ▁hyd ra ul ics ▁problem , ▁before ▁an ▁e ighth - place ▁finish ▁in ▁Singapore , ▁holding ▁off ▁a ▁late - race ▁challenge ▁from ▁F eli pe ▁Mass a . ▁In ▁Japan , ▁S util ▁ran ▁inside ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁pla c ings ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁race , ▁but ▁finished ▁the ▁race ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁points ▁in ▁ele vent h ▁place , ▁having ▁been ▁passed ▁by ▁V ital y ▁Pet rov ▁and ▁N ico ▁Ros berg ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁race . ▁Another ▁ele vent h ▁place ▁followed ▁in ▁Korea , ▁before ▁a ▁nin th - place ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁race ▁in ▁India .

▁At ▁the ▁final ▁race ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁S util ▁matched ▁his ▁best ▁finish ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁sixth ▁place , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁moved ▁into ▁nin th ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁championship ▁stand ings . ▁ ▁Shang hai ▁night club ▁incident ▁and ▁assault ▁conv iction ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁following ▁the ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁, ▁S util ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁with ▁Gen ii ▁Capital ▁CE O ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁Lot us ▁F 1 ▁team ▁Eric ▁Lux ▁in ▁a ▁night club ▁in ▁Shang hai . ▁S util ▁struck ▁Lux ▁with ▁a ▁champ agne ▁glass , ▁causing ▁a ▁w ound ▁in ▁his ▁neck ▁which ▁required ▁ 2 4 ▁st itch es . ▁S util ▁apolog ised ▁for ▁the ▁incident , ▁which ▁he ▁described ▁as ▁un intent ional . ▁Lux ' s ▁law y ers ▁file d ▁a ▁criminal ▁compla int ▁for ▁physical ▁assault ▁and ▁gr iev ous ▁bod ily ▁harm ▁against ▁S util . ▁Force ▁India ▁owner ▁V ij ay ▁M ally a ▁refused ▁to ▁take ▁action ▁against ▁S util ▁until ▁the ▁case ▁proceeded ▁further , ▁but ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Force ▁India ▁announced ▁they ▁had ▁opt ed ▁not ▁to ▁renew ▁S util ' s ▁contract ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁would ▁field ▁reserve ▁driver ▁N ico ▁H ül ken berg ▁alongside ▁di ▁R esta . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁German ▁pro sec utors ▁announced ▁that ▁S util ▁would ▁stand ▁trial

▁over ▁the ▁incident , ▁charged ▁with ▁assault ▁occasion ing ▁gr iev ous ▁bod ily ▁harm . ▁S util ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁the ▁charge ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁received ▁an ▁ 1 8 - month ▁susp ended ▁prison ▁sentence , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁€ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁fine ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁don ated ▁to ▁char ities ▁" of ▁the ▁court ' s ▁choosing ." ▁S util ▁initially ▁had ▁planned ▁on ▁appe aling ▁his ▁conv iction ▁but ▁eventually ▁decided ▁not ▁to . ▁ ▁Lewis ▁Hamilton , ▁among ▁S util ' s ▁friends ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁also ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁night club ▁that ▁night . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁a ▁defence ▁witness ▁by ▁S util ' s ▁side , ▁but ▁Hamilton ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁in ▁court ▁because ▁the ▁trial ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁his ▁team ' s ▁car . ▁He ▁stated ▁he ▁could ▁attend ▁a ▁ret rial , ▁should ▁one ▁take ▁place , ▁as ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁occupied ▁on ▁the ▁scheduled ▁day , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁friendship ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁drivers ▁ended , ▁with ▁S util ▁brand ing ▁Hamilton ▁a ▁" cow ard ." ▁ ▁S util ▁remained ▁without ▁a ▁seat ▁throughout ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Force ▁India ▁announced ▁that ▁S util ▁would ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁complete ▁their ▁driver ▁line up ▁alongside ▁Paul

▁di ▁R esta . ▁He ▁finished ▁sevent h ▁at ▁the ▁season - open ing ▁, ▁impress ing ▁on ▁his ▁com eb ack ▁by ▁leading ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁la ps ▁throughout ▁the ▁race . ▁ ▁In ▁Malays ia , ▁he ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁race ▁following ▁problems ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁capt ive ▁wheel ▁nut ▁system ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁had ▁introduced ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁, ▁after ▁being ▁hit ▁by ▁Est eb an ▁G uti ér rez . ▁After ▁two ▁non - points ▁finish es ▁he ▁showed ▁a ▁respect able ▁performance ▁at ▁the ▁Mon aco ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁by ▁over t aking ▁the ▁world ▁champions ▁Fernando ▁Al onso ▁and ▁J enson ▁Button ▁to ▁finally ▁end ▁up ▁in ▁ 5 th ▁position . ▁ ▁Sa uber ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁that ▁S util ▁would ▁join ▁Sa uber ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁six ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁season ▁S util ▁strugg led ▁with ▁a ▁car ▁which ▁lack ed ▁pace ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁made ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁mistakes ▁which ▁lost ▁him ▁possible ▁points ▁finish es . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁dropped ▁and ▁replaced ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Formula ▁One ▁season . ▁ ▁Williams ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁S util ▁joined ▁Williams ▁as ▁a ▁reserve ▁driver ▁prior ▁to ▁the

▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Malays ian ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁S util ▁was ▁appointed ▁after ▁Williams ▁driver ▁V alt ter i ▁B ott as ▁was ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁, ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁wanting ▁an ▁experienced ▁race ▁driver ▁to ▁deput ise ▁for ▁either ▁B ott as ▁or ▁F eli pe ▁Mass a ▁to ▁maxim ise ▁their ▁construct ors ▁championship ▁points , ▁should ▁either ▁race ▁driver ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁particip ate . ▁ ▁Racing ▁record ▁ ▁Career ▁summary ▁ ▁Complete ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Euro series ▁results ▁( key ) ▁( R aces ▁in ▁bold ▁indicate ▁pole ▁position ; ▁races ▁in ▁ital ics ▁indicate ▁fast est ▁lap ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁A 1 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁results ▁( key ) ▁( R aces ▁in ▁bold ▁indicate ▁pole ▁position ; ▁races ▁in ▁ital ics ▁indicate ▁fast est ▁lap ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁All - J apan ▁Formula ▁Three ▁results ▁( key ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁Formula ▁One ▁results ▁( key ) ▁( R aces ▁in ▁bold ▁indicate ▁pole ▁position ; ▁races ▁in ▁ital ics ▁indicate ▁fast est ▁lap ) ▁▁ ▁Driver ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁race , ▁but ▁was ▁class ified ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁completed ▁> 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁distance . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁F 1 F an atic . co . uk   – ▁Who ' s ▁Who : ▁Ad rian ▁S util ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁St arn berg ▁Category : G erman ▁people ▁of ▁Uruguay an ▁descent ▁Category

: G erman ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : G erman ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : R acing ▁drivers ▁from ▁Bav aria ▁Category : G erman ▁racing ▁drivers ▁Category : G erman ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : S py ker ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : For ce ▁India ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : Sa uber ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : Form ula ▁B MW ▁AD AC ▁drivers ▁Category : Form ula ▁ 3 ▁Euro ▁Series ▁drivers ▁Category : J apan ese ▁Formula ▁ 3 ▁Championship ▁drivers ▁Category : Super ▁GT ▁drivers ▁Category : A 1 ▁Team ▁Germany ▁drivers <0x0A> </s> ▁Greg ▁Mc L ay ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁six ▁first - class ▁matches ▁for ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 / 9 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁representative ▁cr ick eters ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : New ▁South ▁Wales ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga <0x0A> </s> ▁H up ▁Pa ▁Tat ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁valley ▁located ▁in ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁Province ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁It ▁is ▁abund ant ▁with ▁lots ▁of ▁ex otic ▁plants ▁like ▁Ar eng a ▁P inn ata . ▁The ▁plants ▁expand ▁wild ly ▁in

▁the ▁cord on ▁of ▁stal ag mit es ▁and ▁stal act ites . ▁During ▁the ▁vis its , ▁rare ▁animals ▁like ▁el ong ated ▁tort o ises ▁and ▁p ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip ede ▁might ▁be ▁found . ▁The ▁valley ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁K ao ▁Hu ai ▁S ok , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁mountains ▁in ▁a ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range , ▁compr ising ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁about ▁ 4 8 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters . ▁A ▁long ▁time ▁ago , ▁this ▁was ▁an ▁enorm ous ▁cave ▁until ▁the ▁ce iling ▁col lapsed . ▁Major ▁lim estone ▁blocks ▁scattered ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁valley ▁confirm ▁this ▁theory . ▁S urr ounding ▁by ▁lim estone ▁mountains , ▁the ▁sun light ▁is ▁rest rained ▁from ▁reaching ▁the ▁ground ▁during ▁any ▁time ▁than ▁m idd ay . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁mon k ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁mountain ▁has ▁been ▁bl asted ▁to ▁make ▁convenient ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁valley . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁cave ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁by ▁S unt it um g os ol , ▁a ▁local ▁mon k ▁at ▁Th am ▁Th ong ▁Temple . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁he ▁clim bed ▁down ▁the ▁cl iff ▁and ▁found ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁Ar eng a ▁P inn ata ▁grow ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁Which ▁the ▁Ar eng a ▁P inn ata ▁is ▁categor ized ▁as ▁an ▁ancient ▁tree ▁in

▁the ▁same ▁family ▁as ▁pal m ▁trees . ▁He ▁has ▁d ug ▁off ▁and ▁bl asted ▁an ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁this ▁place ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁conservation ▁area ▁to ▁develop ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁as ▁an ▁ec ot our ism ▁place . ▁The ▁Department ▁of ▁National ▁Park s , ▁Wild life ▁and ▁Plant ▁Conserv ation ▁recognized ▁the ▁uniqu eness ▁and ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁valley ▁and ▁took ▁place ▁under ▁its ▁cust ody ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁well ▁preserved . ▁ ▁Geography ▁and ▁climate ▁▁ ▁H up ▁Pa ▁Tat ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Th am ▁Pr at un ▁Non - h un ting ▁area , ▁Lan ▁Sak ▁district , ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁city . ▁This ▁area ▁is ▁a ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range ▁that ▁exists ▁out standing ly ▁surrounded ▁by ▁flat ▁area ▁and ▁agricult ural ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁inhabitants . ▁This ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range ▁consists ▁of ▁ 5 ▁lim estone ▁mountains ▁which ▁are ▁K ao ▁Pla ▁Ra , ▁K ao ▁Ka ung ▁Ch ai , ▁K ao ▁No i , ▁K ao ▁Nam ▁Ch on , ▁and ▁K ao ▁Hu ai ▁S ok . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range ▁surrounding ▁the ▁valley ▁is ▁K ha o ▁Hu ai ▁S ok , ▁which ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁K ha o ▁Pl ara ▁mountain , ▁ 1 ▁kilometer ▁away . ▁The ▁surrounding ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁is ▁layer ed ▁with ▁high ▁cl iffs ▁that ▁restrict ▁sun light ▁from ▁reaching ▁the ▁ground ▁during ▁any ▁time ▁other

▁than ▁m idd ay . ▁These ▁lim estone ▁mountains ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁are ▁lim estone ▁in ▁the ▁Perm ian ▁era , ▁which ▁is ▁ 2 4 5 - 2 8 6 ▁million ▁years . ▁This ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁had ▁been ▁ra ined ▁on ▁for ▁years , ▁got ▁dissol ve ▁by ▁the ▁rain ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁m ild ▁acid . ▁The ▁m ild ▁acid ▁rain ▁flow ed ▁in ▁between ▁the ▁crack ▁inside ▁Hu ai ▁S ok ▁Mountain ▁until ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁vast ▁cave ▁hole ▁inside ▁the ▁mountain ; ▁the ▁process ▁takes ▁about ▁ten ▁to ▁a ▁hundred ▁thousand . ▁This ▁cave ▁is ▁a ▁closed ▁cave ▁inside ▁the ▁mountain ▁which ▁humans ▁cannot ▁enter . ▁While ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁range , ▁is ▁a ▁forest ▁ful led ▁of ▁plants ▁in ▁ancient ▁times . ▁Until ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁unexpected ▁ ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁earth ' s ▁cr ust ▁that ▁ ▁made ▁the ▁ce iling ▁of ▁the ▁cave ▁col lapsed . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁pit ▁inside ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁S ok ▁Mountain ▁which ▁the ▁high ▁of ▁the ▁edge ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 0 ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 ▁meters . ▁ ▁E col ogy ▁▁ ▁The ▁resulting ▁hum id ity ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁a ▁wealth ▁of ▁fl ora , ▁featuring ▁large ▁shr ubs ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Ex co ec aria ▁that ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁ancient ▁trees . ▁The ▁department ▁of ▁National ▁Park ▁stated ▁this ▁area ▁as ▁a ▁conservation ▁area ▁dual ▁to ▁its ▁ge ography ▁with ▁lots ▁of ▁ex otic ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁C ary ota ▁ur

ens , ▁ ▁Cro ton ▁ob long if ol ius ▁Ro x b ., ▁O xy cer os ▁hor rid us , ▁bal an op hor aceae . ▁Walk ing ▁along ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 ▁meters ▁path , ▁animal ▁foot print s ▁like ▁de er , ▁be ars , ▁bo ars , ▁or ▁t ig ers ▁cla w ▁marks ▁on ▁the ▁trees ▁can ▁be ▁seen . ▁El ong ated ▁tort o ises ▁and ▁p ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip ede ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁this ▁area . ▁The ▁P ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip edes ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁If ▁visited ▁during ▁the ▁ra iny ▁season , ▁around ▁August ▁- ▁November . ▁The ▁p ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip ede ▁has ▁a ▁bright ▁p ink ▁color , ▁looks ▁like ▁the ▁pol len ▁of ▁the ▁flower . ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁out standing ▁character ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁pattern ▁and ▁button ▁that ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁drag on . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁forest ▁with ▁high ▁hum id ity ▁and ▁abund ance . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁valley , ▁there ▁are ▁organized ▁walking ▁paths ▁along ▁the ▁way . ▁After ▁purch asing ▁the ▁ad mission ▁tick ets , ▁visitors ▁receive ▁flash light s . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁clean ▁and ▁well ▁maintained , ▁including ▁a ▁par king ▁lot , ▁bath room , ▁a ▁k ios k ▁offering ▁coffee , ▁and ▁sh ops ▁for ▁sn acks ▁and ▁drink s . ▁During ▁week ends ▁at ▁the ▁entrance , ▁young ▁gu ides ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁school ▁are ▁available

▁for ▁gu iding ▁and ▁tour ing ▁around ▁along ▁the ▁path . ▁ ▁Access ▁ ▁H up ▁Pa ▁Tat ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Th am ▁Pa ▁Th un ▁Non - H un ting ▁Area , ▁at ▁Mu ▁ 1 , ▁Th ung ▁Na ▁Ng am , ▁Lan ▁Sak ▁District , ▁U th ai ▁Th ani . ▁From ▁U th ai ▁Th ani , ▁take ▁Highway ▁ 3 3 3 , ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁– ▁N ong ▁Ch ang ▁route . ▁Then , ▁proceed ▁on ▁Highway ▁No . 3 4 3 8 , ▁N ong ▁Ch ang – L an ▁Sak ▁route . ▁It ▁is ▁ 5 0 . 6 ▁kilom eters ▁away ▁from ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁city . ▁A ▁ticket ▁for ▁Th ai ▁adult s ▁is ▁ 2 0 ▁ba ht , ▁while ▁for ▁children ▁it ▁is ▁ 1 0 ▁ba ht . ▁For ▁a ▁foreign er , ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁charg ing ▁at ▁ 2 0 0 ▁ba ht . ▁The ▁opening ▁hours ▁are ▁between ▁ 8 . 3 0 ▁a . m . ▁to ▁ 4 ▁p . m . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁Province ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ó nd ur ▁P atur sson ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁in ▁Kirk jub ø ur ) ▁is ▁a ▁Far o ese ▁painter , ▁sculpt or , ▁glass ▁artist ▁and ▁advent urer .