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Genostar is a bioinformatics provider based in Grenoble, France. The company was founded in 2004 following the "Genostar consortium" that was created in 1999 as a public-private consortium by Genome Express, Hybrigenics, INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique / French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control) and The Pasteur Institute. Software Metabolic Pathway Builder is a bioinformatics environment dedicated to microbial research. This covers sequence assembly, mapping, annotation transfer and identification of protein domains, comparative genomics, structural searches, metabolic pathway analysis, modeling and simulation of biological networks. Genostar's software is platform independent and can thus be used for both Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux. Sequence assembly Mapping of an ensemble of sequences on a reference sequence between a reference sequence and contigs, between two sequences or between two sets of sequences finding of exact matches with minimum length using MUMmer detection of specific regions and SNPs creation of an assembled sequence relative to reference sequences Genomic annotation Gene prediction: ab-initio gene prediction using a Hidden Markov model based method BlastX Automatic annotation transfer using BlastP Proteic annotation Metabolic Pathway Builder integrates several methods dedicated to proteic annotation: Pfam domain prediction using HMMER Several EMBOSS methods (antigenic, 2D structure prediction) Expression Data Solution (EDS) Genostar's Expression Data Solution (EDS) connects microarray data to genes, gene products and biochemical reactions, based on keywords and annotations. This software allows to: Assign expression values to the gene names and IDs Identify co-expressed genes and visually analyze the reactions and metabolic pathways in which they are involved Identify and perform analysis on co-regulated genes in terms of genomic localization, functional annotation and metabolism Colorize CDSs of interest in genomic maps according to their expression values and highlight the corresponding reactions in interactive metabolic KEGG maps Analyze the significance of functional data of a collection or sub-collection of CDSs (GO, KEGG and more): Fisher test Collect and visualize all functional data in exportable tables and maps Database Genostar's MicroB database is constructed of perfectly integrated and rigorously cross-checked genomic, proteic, biochemical and metabolic data approximately 1100 bacterial and archaeal organisms. Industrial Partners ChemAxon Pathway Solutions KoriLog Academic Partners INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique / French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control) Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Notes and references External links Genostar Expands Deal with Biopharma Merial To Help Hunt Pathogenic Virulence Factors Genostar at Bio 2010 Category:Software companies of France Category:Software companies established in 2004 Category:Biotechnology companies of France Category:Bioinformatics companies Category:Privately held companies of France Category:Science and technology in Grenoble Category:Biotechnology companies established in 2004 Category:2004 establishments in France

Kim E. Rudd (born 1957) is a Canadian politician and entrepreneur elected to the House of Commons of Canada to represent the riding of Northumberland - Peterborough South in the 2015 Canadian federal election. She ran for reelection and was defeated in the 2019 Canadian federal election by more than 2,500 votes. Rudd is past president and owner of Willis College in Cobourg, co-founder of Cook School Day Care, and a past president of the Cobourg Chamber of Commerce. Political career Kim Rudd served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources alongside being MP for Northumberland-Peterborough South from 2015-2018 when she announced she chose to step down to better represent her riding. While stepping down from Parliamentary Secretary, Rudd declared she would not be ruling out future opportunities for more responsibility in future government. On October 1, 2019, Kim Rudd was named the chair of the Parliamentary Health Research Caucus and will serve as a member of the standing committee on finance. Personal life Rudd has stated that she faced several challenges during her childhood. She had to take on many household responsibilities while she was about 9–10 years old due to her mother taking on a demanding job after an accident caused Rudd's alcoholic father to have to quit his job. Her mother died in 1998 and had run for the New Democratic Party (NDP) in Ontario during the 1970s. Rudd is currently married to husband, Tom Rudd, with whom she has two daughters, Alison (adopted) and Stefanie. Before becoming involved in politics as a career, Rudd was a long-time advocate of childcare and previously worked on the creation of daycares in Cobourg. In 2011, Rudd was among six award recipients of the RBC Canadian Women Entrepreneur Award. Contributions to economies locally, nationally, and globally were among the criteria for winning the award. Electoral record References Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs Category:Living people Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Category:Women members of the House of Commons of Canada Category:21st-century Canadian politicians Category:21st-century Canadian women politicians Category:1957 births

Cytochrome P450 2A13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2A13 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Although its endogenous substrate has not been determined, it is known to metabolize 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a major nitrosamine specific to tobacco. This gene is part of a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q. References External links Further reading

Denseisha (電盛社) is a Japanese information technology Kabushiki gaisha founded by Takashi Mizawa (三澤 隆) in October 1920. Currently, the corporation headquartered in Kumamoto employs 271 workers at the seven main offices the headquarters, IT and ET administration in Kumamoto, the system engineering technology center in Kumamoto, a branch office in Fukuoka, the "solution center" in Fukuoka, the "mobile engineering office" in Fukuoka and a sales office in Urasoe. The service field comprises the development and installation of enterprise and hospital network as well as the design of electric, IT and personnel communication facilities. References Category:Technology companies of Japan Category:Technology companies established in 1920 Category:1920 establishments in Japan

The Battle of Anglon took place in 543 AD, during the Byzantine invasion of Sasanian-ruled Armenia ("Persarmenia") in the early phase of the Lazic War. After receiving information about a rebellion in Persia and an epidemic in the main Persian army, the Byzantine armies in the East under the orders of Emperor Justinian I initiated a hasty invasion of Persarmenia. The outnumbered Persian forces in the region successfully performed a meticulous ambush at Anglon, decisively ending the Byzantine campaign. Background The Sasanian ruler Khosrow I began an invasion of Commagene in 542, but retreated to Adurbadagan and halted at Adhur Gushnasp, intending to begin a campaign against Byzantine Armenia. The Byzantines approached Khosrow I to begin negotiations, but in the middle of this they received information about the epidemic of the so-called Plague of Justinian in Khosrow I's force and a rebellion in Persia by the prince Anoshazad. Seeing this as an opportunity, Emperor Justinian I commanded all Byzantine forces in the east to initiate an invasion of Persarmenia. Byzantine invasion Martin was the newly-appointed magister militum per Orientem at the time, but according to primary sources did not have much authority over other generals. The Byzantine invasion force, which numbered 30,000 in total, was initially scattered: Martin and his forces, stationed in Citharizum with Ildeger and Theoctistus Peter and Adolius and their forces Valerian, the magister militum per Armeniam, stationed near Theodosiopolis; joined by Narses (a Persarmenian) and his regiment of Herules (under Philemouth and Beros) and Armenians These forces united only after crossing the Persian border, in the plain of Dvin. Justus, Peranius, Domnentiolus, John, son of Nicetas, and John the Glutton stayed at Phison, near Martyropolis, performing minor incursions into Persia. Sasanian forces in Persarmenia numbered 4,000 and were under the command of Nabedes. They concentrated themselves at the mountainous village of Anglon (probably identical to Ankes, Dsakhgodn Canton, Ayrarat Province, Kingdom of Armenia) which featured a fortress and was located near the Dvin plain. They prepared a defensive position for an elaborate ambush by blocking the entrances to the village, digging trenches, and setting up ambushes in the houses of the village outside the fortress, while marshalling the army below. According to Procopius, the Byzantine generals lacked a proper union among themselves. The Byzantine forces proceeded into the rough terrain of Anglon, and hastily formed a single-line formation after the commanders were informed of the Persian presence, with Martin forming the center, Peter forming the right, and Valerian (probably joined by Narses) forming the left. Narses and his regulars and Herules were the first to engage. Apparently, part of the Persian army was defeated, and the Persian cavalry feigned retreat toward the fortress, and their flight was followed by Herules and others as koursores. The Persians, including their archers, then launched their ambush from the buildings outside the fortress, easily routing the lightly-armored Herules, while their commander Narses was mortally hit in the temple in close combat. A general Persian counter-attack then resulted in the routing of the Byzantines. The Persians did not pursue them beyond the rough terrain out of fear of an ambush. Adolius was among those killed in the retreat. Analysis The only source describing the battle is the Byzantine historian Procopius, whose account is especially critical of the Byzantine army's performance in the campaign. However, modern sources have disputed his assessments. The force in the battle is considered an example of the "inadequacy" of many of the recruited soldiers. Others note the lack of coordination between the Byzantine generals. According to J. B. Bury, Procopius (who was a companion of General Belisarius) has exaggerated the incompetence of the Byzantine generals in the battle and the severity of their defeat. Petersen also considered aspects of Procopius' description of the battle—including alleged poor organization and leadership of the force, and Byzantine soldiers marching in disarray and "mixed in with the baggage terrain"—to be a distorted description of what were actually intentional strategies and tactics. Others have emphasized the meticulous ambush by the defenders, describing it as "heroic". Anglon is an example of the less common form of defensive fortification in which settlements are outside of the defensive structures; this is sometimes seen in the Caucasus, another example is seen in the siege of Tzacher/Sideroun in 557. The outcome of the battle gave the Persians the momentum in the Lazic War. References Category:Lazic War Category:Sasanian Armenia Category:540s conflicts Category:6th century in Armenia Category:Invasions of Armenia Category:543 Anglon Category:Ambushes Category:6th century in Iran Category:540s in the Byzantine Empire

The Gust Laituri Homestead, in Valley County, Idaho near Lake Fork, Idaho, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was built by 1906 by Gust Laituri, who died in 1906. It is a Finnish Log Structure in Long Valley, Idaho. It is about in plan. It is located about northeast of Lakefork, Idaho off Pearson Road. References Category:National Register of Historic Places in Valley County, Idaho Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1905

Heliocheilus fervens is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, northern India, Pakistan and the Russian Far East (Primorye, southern Khabarovsk and the southern Amur region) External links Korean insects Category:Heliocheilus Category:Moths of Asia

Springwater may refer to one of these places: Springwater, New York, United States Springwater, Ontario, Canada Springwater (Barrie Airpark) Aerodrome, located near Springwater, Ontario, Canada Springwater, Oregon, United States Springwater Corridor, a bicycle and pedestrian trail named for Springwater, Oregon, United States Springwater, Wisconsin, United States Other Springwater, a pseudonym for the musician Phil Cordell

AD (Bud) Craig, Jr. (born August 31, 1951) is an American neuroanatomist and neuroscientist. Career Craig attended Michigan State University from which he earned the Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics in June 1973. He completed his doctorate degree at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY in neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and electrical engineering and received a Ph.D. in January 1978. He worked with Daniel N. Tapper, Ph.D. on electrophysiology of somatosensory processing in the spinal cord. The title of his thesis was "Anatomic and Electrophysiologic Studies on the Lateral Cervical Nucleus in Cat and Dog". Research Following graduate school, Craig spent two years in the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO as a post-doctoral fellow and one year in the Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology as Research Associate. In 1981 he moved to Germany to become "Wissenschaftlicher Assistent" (Research Associate) in the Department of Physiology at the University of Kiel and then in 1983 Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (Research Assistant Professor) at the University of Würzburg in the Department of Physiology. In 1986 Craig joined Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) to direct the Atkinson Pain Research Laboratory Recognition Craig is a recipient of the National Merit Scholarship Award (1968-1973). He was awarded with Doctor of Medicine (MD), honoris causa, from Linköping University in 2001. He received the Kenneth Craik Award in Experimental Psychology from the University of Cambridge in 2002. In 2011, Craig received the Frederic W.L. Kerr Award from the American Pain Society and was elected to be a foreign member of Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg. Craig holds appointments as Research Professor in the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy at the University of Arizona College of Medicine and in the Department of Psychology at Arizona State University. References Category:American neuroscientists Category:Living people Category:Cornell University alumni Category:1951 births

Canthon chalcites is a species of (formerly canthonini) in the beetle family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America. References Further reading Category:Deltochilini Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Beetles described in 1843

The Pallava dynasty was an Indian dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a portion of southern India. They gained prominence after the eclipse of the Satavahana dynasty, whom the Pallavas served as feudatories. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571–630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668 CE) and dominated the Telugu and northern parts of the Tamil region for about 600 years until the end of the 9th century. Throughout their reign they were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south. Pallava was finally defeated by the Chola ruler Aditya I in the 9th century CE. Pallavas are most noted for their patronage of architecture, the finest example being the Shore Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mamallapuram. The Pallavas, who left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, established the foundations of medieval South Indian architecture. They developed the Pallava script from which Grantha ultimately descended. The Pallava script gave rise to several other southeast Asian scripts. Chinese traveller Xuanzang visited Kanchipuram during Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule. Etymology The word Pallava means a creeper or branch in Sanskrit. They were also called Tondaiyar after the word Tondai, meaning creeper in Tamil. Origins The origins of the Pallavas have been debated by scholars. .The available historical materials include three copper-plate grants of Sivaskandavarman in the first quarter of the 4th century CE, all issued from Kanchipuram but found in various parts of Andhra Pradesh, and another inscription of Simhavarman half century earlier in the Palanadu area of the western Guntur district. All the early documents are in Prakrit, and scholars find similarities in paleography and language with the Satavahanas and the Mauryas. Their early coins are said to be similar to those of Satavahanas. Two main theories of the origins have emerged from this data: one that the Pallavas were former subsidiaries of Satavahanas in the Andhradesa (the region north of Penna River in modern Andhra Pradesh) and later expanded south up to Kanchi, and the other that they initially rose to power in Kanchi and expanded north up to the Krishna river. The proponents of the Andhra origin theory include S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar and K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. They believe that Pallavas were originally feudatories of the Satavahanas in the south-eastern part of their empire who became independent when the Satavahana power declined. They are seen to be "strangers to the Tamil country", unrelated to the ancient lines of Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas. Since Simhavarman's grant bears no regal titles, they believe that he might have been a subsidiary to the Andhra Ikshvakus who were in power in Andhradesa at that time. In the following half-century, the Pallavas became independent and expanded up to Kanchi. Another theory is propounded by historians R. Sathianathaier and D. C. Sircar, with endorsements by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund and Burton Stein. Sircar points out that the family legends of the Pallavas speak of an ancestor descending from Ashwatthama, the legendary Brahmin warrior of Mahabharata, and his union with a Naga princess. According Ptolemy, the Aruvanadu region between the northern and southern Penner rivers (Penna and Ponnaiyar) was ruled by a king Basaronaga around 140 CE. By marrying into this Naga family, the Pallavas would have acquired control of the region near kanchi. While Sircar allows that Pallavas might have been provincial rulers under the later Satavahanas with a partial northern lineage, Sathianathaier sees them as natives of Tondaimandalam (the core region of Aruvanadu). He argues that they could well have adopted north Indian practices under the Mauryan Asoka's rule. He relates the name "Pallava" to Pulindas, whose heritage is borne by names such as "Pulinadu" and "Puliyurkottam" in the region. According to C. V. Vaidya, the Pallavas were Maharashtrian Aryans who spoke Maharashtri Prakrit for centuries and hence retained it even in the midst of surrounding Dravidian languages. They may even be said to have been 'Marathas' for their name was said to be still preserved in the Maratha family name of 'Pālave' (which is just Prakrit form of Pallava). And a further corroboration is that the gotra of the Pālave Maratha family is Bharadwaja, same as the one which Pallavas have attributed to themselves in their records. Overlaid on these theories is another hypothesis of Sathianathaier which claims that "Pallava" is a derivative of Pahlava (the Sanskrit term for Parthians). According to him, partial support for the theory can be derived from a crown shaped like an elephant's scalp depicted on some sculptures, which seems to resemble the crown of Demetrius I. Rivalries With Cholas The Pallavas captured Kanchi from the Cholas as recorded in the Velurpalaiyam Plates, around the reign of the fifth king of the Pallava line Kumaravishnu I. Thereafter Kanchi figures in inscriptions as the capital of the Pallavas. The Cholas drove the Pallavas away from Kanchi in the mid-4th century, in the reign of Vishugopa, the tenth king of the Pallava line. The Pallavas re-captured Kanchi in the mid-6th century, possibly in the reign of Simhavishnu, the fourteenth king of the Pallava line, whom the Kasakudi plates state as "the lion of the earth". Thereafter the Pallavas held on to Kanchi until the 9th century, until the reign of their last king, Vijaya-Nripatungavarman. With Kadambas The Pallavas were in conflict with major kingdoms at various periods of time. A contest for political supremacy existed between the early Pallavas and the Kadambas. Numerous Kadamba inscriptions provide details of Pallava-Kadamba hostilities. Kadamba dynasty's founder Mayurasharma first succeeded in establishing himself in the forests of Sriparvatam (possibly modern Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh) by defeating the Antharapalas (guards) of the Pallavas and subduing the Banas of Kolar in 345 CE. The Pallavas under Skandavarman were unable to contain Mayurasharma and recognised him as a sovereign in the regions from the Amara Ocean (Western Ocean) to Prehara (Malaprabha River). Some historians feel that Mayurasharma was initially appointed as a commander (Dandanayaka) in the army of the Pallavas, as the inscription uses such terms as Senani and calls Mayurasharma Shadanana (six-faced god of war). After a period of time, due to the confusion caused by the defeat of Pallava Vishnugopa by Samudragupta (Allahabad inscriptions), Mayurasharma formed his kingdom with Banavasi (near Talagunda) as his capital. With Kalabhras During the reign of Vishnugopavarman II (approx. 500–525), political convulsion engulfed the Pallavas due to the Kalabhra invasion of the Tamil country. Towards the close of the 6th century, the Pallava Simhavishnu stuck a blow against the Kalabhras. The Pandyas followed suit. Thereafter the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas in the north with Kanchipuram as their capital, and Pandyas in the south with Madurai as their capital. Birudas The royal custom of using a series of descriptive honorific titles, Birudas, was particularly prevalent among the Pallavas. The birudas of Mahendravarman I are in Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. The Telugu birudas show Mahendravarman's involvement with the Andhra region continued to be strong at the time he was creating his cave-temples in the Tamil region. The suffix "Malla" was used by the Pallava rulers. Mahendravarman I used the biruda, Satrumalla, "a warrior who overthrows his enemies", and his grandson Paramesvara I was called Ekamalla "the sole warrior or wrestler". Pallava kings, presumably exalted ones, were known by the title Mahamalla ("great wrestler"). Languages used All early Pallava royal inscriptions were either in Sanskrit or Prakrit, considered the official languages of the dynasty while the official scripts were Pallava and later Grantha. Similarly, inscriptions found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka State are in Sanskrit and Prakrit. The phenomenon of using Prakrit as official languages in which rulers left their inscriptions and epigraphies continued till the 6th century. It would have been in the interest of the ruling elite to protect their privileges by perpetuating their hegemony of Prakrit in order to exclude the common people from sharing power (Mahadevan 1995a: 173–188). The Pallavas in their Tamil country used Tamil and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Tamil came to be the main language used by the Pallavas in their inscriptions, though a few records continued to be in Sanskrit. This language was first adopted by Mahendravarman I himself in a few records of his; but from the time of Paramesvaravarman I, the practice came into vogue of inscribing a part of the record in Sanskrit and the rest in Tamil. Almost all the copper plate records, viz., Kasakudi, Tandantottam, Pattattalmangalm, Udayendiram and Velurpalaiyam are composed both in Sanskrit and Tamil. Writing system Under the Pallava dynasty, a unique form of Grantha script, a descendant of Pallava script which is a type of Brahmic script, was used. Around the 6th century, it was exported eastwards and influenced the genesis of almost all Southeast Asian scripts. Religion Pallavas were followers of Hinduism and made gifts of land to gods and Brahmins. In line with the prevalent customs, some of the rulers performed the Aswamedha and other Vedic sacrifices. They were, however, tolerant of other faiths. The Chinese monk Xuanzang who visited Kanchipuram during the reign of Narasimhavarman I reported that there were 100 Buddhist monasteries, and 80 temples in Kanchipuram. Pallava architecture The Pallavas were instrumental in the transition from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. The earliest examples of Pallava constructions are rock-cut temples dating from 610–690 and structural temples between 690–900. A number of rock-cut cave temples bear the inscription of the Pallava king, Mahendravarman I and his successors. Among the accomplishments of the Pallava architecture are the rock-cut temples at Mamallapuram. There are excavated pillared halls and monolithic shrines known as Rathas in Mahabalipuram. Early temples were mostly dedicated to Shiva. The Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram and the Shore Temple built by Narasimhavarman II, rock cut temple in Mahendravadi by Mahendravarman are fine examples of the Pallava style temples. The temple of Nalanda Gedige in Kandy, Sri Lanka is another. The famous Tondeswaram temple of Tenavarai and the ancient Koneswaram temple of Trincomalee were patronised and structurally developed by the Pallavas in the 7th century. Pallava society The Pallava period beginning with Simhavishnu (575 AD900 AD) was a transitional stage in southern Indian society with monument building, foundation of devotional (bhakti) sects of Alvars and Nayanars, the flowering of rural brahmanical institutions of Sanskrit learning, and the establishment of chakravartin model of kingship over a territory of diverse people; which ended the pre-Pallavan era of territorially segmented people, each with their culture, under a tribal chieftain. While a system of ranked relationship among groups existed in the classical period, the Pallava period extolled ranked relationships based on ritual purity as enjoined by the shastras. Burton distinguishes between the chakravatin model and the kshatriya model, and likens kshatriyas to locally based warriors with ritual status sufficiently high enough to share with Brahmins; and states that in south India the kshatriya model did not emerge. As per Burton, south India was aware of the Indo-Aryan varna organised society in which decisive secular authority was vested in the kshatriyas; but apart from the Pallava, Chola and Vijayanagar line of warriors which claimed chakravartin status, only few locality warrior families achieved the prestigious kin-linked organisation of northern warrior groups. Chronology Sastri chronology The earliest documentation on the Pallavas is the three copper-plate grants, now referred to as the Mayidavolu, Hirehadagali and the British Museum plates (Durga Prasad, 1988) belonging to Skandavarman I and written in Prakrit. Skandavarman appears to have been the first great ruler of the early Pallavas, though there are references to other early Pallavas who were probably predecessors of Skandavarman. Skandavarman extended his dominions from the Krishna in the north to the Pennar in the south and to the Bellary district in the West. He performed the Aswamedha and other Vedic sacrifices and bore the title of "Supreme King of Kings devoted to dharma". The Hirahadagali copper plate (Bellary District) record in Prakrit is dated in the 8th year of Sivaskanda Varman to 283 CE and confirms the gift made by his father who is described merely as "Bappa-deva" (revered father) or Boppa. It will thus be clear that this dynasty of the Prakrit charters beginning with "Bappa-deva" were the historical founders of the Pallava dominion in South India. The Hirahadagalli Plates were found in Hirehadagali, Bellary district and is one of the earliest copper plates in Karnataka and belongs to the reign of early Pallava ruler Shivaskanda Varma. Pallava King Sivaskandavarman of Kanchi of the early Pallavas ruled from 275 to 300 CE, and issued the charter in 283 CE in the 8th year of his reign. Vijaya Skandavarman (Sivaskandavarman) was king of the Pallava kingdom at Bellary region in Andhra, and viceroy of Samudragupta at Kanchipuram. The writer of the grant was privy councillor Bhatti Sharman and was supposed to be valid for 100,000 years. As per the Hirahadagalli Plates of 283 CE, Pallava King Sivaskandavarman granted an immunity viz the garden of Chillarekakodumka, which was formerly given by Lord Bappa to the Brahmins, freeholders of Chillarekakodumka and inhabitants of Apitti. Chillarekakodumka has been identified by some as ancient village Chillarige in Bellary, Karnataka. In the reign of Simhavarman IV, who ascended the throne in 436, the territories lost to the Vishnukundins in the north up to the mouth of the Krishna were recovered. The early Pallava history from this period onwards is furnished by a dozen or so copper-plate grants in Sanskrit. They are all dated in the regnal years of the kings. The following chronology was composed from these charters by Nilakanta Sastri in his A History of South India: Early Pallavas Simhavarman I (275–300) Skandavarman (unknown) Visnugopa (350–355) Kumaravishnu I (350–370) Skandavarman II (370–385) Viravarman (385–400) Skandavarman III (400–436) Simhavarman II (436–460) Skandavarman IV (460–480) Nandivarman I (480–510) Kumaravishnu II (510–530) Buddhavarman (530–540) Kumaravishnu III (540–550) Simhavarman III (550–560) Later Pallavas The incursion of the Kalabhras and the confusion in the Tamil country was broken by the Pandya Kadungon and the Pallava Simhavishnu. Mahendravarman I extended the Pallava Kingdom and was one of the greatest sovereigns. Some of the most ornate monuments and temples in southern India, carved out of solid rock, were introduced under his rule. He also wrote the play Mattavilasa Prahasana. The Pallava kingdom began to gain both in territory and influence and were a regional power by the end of the 6th century, defeating kings of Ceylon and mainland Tamilakkam. Narasimhavarman I and Paramesvaravarman I stand out for their achievements in both military and architectural spheres. Narasimhavarman II built the Shore Temple. Simhavishnu (575–600) Mahendravarman I (600–630) Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) (630–668) Mahendravarman II (668–672) Paramesvaravarman I (670–695) Narasimhavarman II (Raja Simha) (695–722) Paramesvaravarman II (705–710) Later Pallavas of the Kadava Line The kings that came after Paramesvaravarman II belonged to the collateral line of Pallavas and were descendants of Bhimavarman, the brother of Simhavishnu. They called themselves as Kadavas, Kadavesa and Kaduvetti. Hiranyavarman, the father of Nandivarman Pallavamalla is said to have belonged to the Kadavakula in epigraphs. Nandivarman II himself is described as "one who was born to raise the prestige of the Kadava family". Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) (732–796) son of Hiranyavarman of Kadavakula Dantivarman (795–846) Nandivarman III (846–869) Aparajitavarman (879–897) Aiyangar chronology According to the available inscriptions of the Pallavas, historian S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar proposes the Pallavas could be divided into four separate families or dynasties; some of whose connections are known and some unknown. Aiyangar states We have a certain number of charters in Prakrit of which three are important ones. Then follows a dynasty which issued their charters in Sanskrit; following this came the family of the great Pallavas beginning with Simha Vishnu; this was followed by a dynasty of the usurper Nandi Varman, another great Pallava. We are overlooking for the present the dynasty of the Ganga-Pallavas postulated by the Epigraphists. The earliest of these Pallava charters is the one known as the Mayidavolu 1 (Guntur district) copper-plates. Based on a combination of dynastic plates and grants from the period, Aiyangar proposed their rule thus: Early Pallavas Bappadevan (250–275)married a Naga of Mavilanga (Kanchi) – The Great Founder of a Pallava lineage Shivaskandavarman I (275–300) Simhavarman (300–320) Bhuddavarman (320–335) Bhuddyankuran (335–340) Middle Pallavas Visnugopa (340–355) (Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopa) Kumaravisnu I (355–370) Skanda Varman II (370–385) Vira Varman (385–400) Skanda Varman III (400–435) Simha Varman II (435–460) Skanda Varman IV (460–480) Nandi Varman I (480–500) Kumaravisnu II ( 500–510) Buddha Varman ( 510–520) Kumaravisnu III ( 520–530) Simha Varman III ( 530–537) Later Pallavas Simhavishnu (537–570) Mahendravarman I (571–630) Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) (630–668) Mahendravarman II (668–672) Paramesvaravarman I (672–700) Narasimhavarman II (Raja Simha) (700–727) Paramesvaravarman II (705–710) Later Pallavas of the Kadava Line Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) (732–796) son of Hiranyavarman of Kadavakula Dantivarman (775–825) Nandivarman III (825–869) Nirupathungan (869–882) Aparajitavarman (882–896) Genealogy of Māmallapuram Praśasti The genealogy of Pallavas mentioned in the Māmallapuram Praśasti is as follows: Vishnu Brahma Unknown / undecipherable Unknown / undecipherable Bharadvaja Drona Ashvatthaman Pallava Unknown / undecipherable Unknown / undecipherable Simhavarman I ( 275) Unknown / undecipherable Unknown / undecipherable Simhavarman IV (436– 460) Unknown / undecipherable Unknown / undecipherable Skandashishya Unknown / undecipherable Unknown / undecipherable Simhavisnu ( 550–585) Mahendravarman I ( 571–630) Maha-malla Narasimhavarman I (630–668) Unknown / undecipherable Paramesvaravarman I (669–690) Rajasimha Narasimhavaram II (690–728) Unknown / undecipherable Pallavamalla Nandivarman II (731–796) Unknown / undecipherable Nandivarman III (846–869) Other relationships Pallava royal lineages were influential in the old kingdom of Kedah of the Malay Peninsula under Rudravarman I, Champa under Bhadravarman I and the Kingdom of the Funan in Cambodia. See also List of Tamil monarchs Kadava dynasty Notes References External links Category:Tamil monarchs Category:History of Tiruchirappalli Category:States and territories established in the 3rd century Category:States and territories disestablished in the 9th century Category:3rd-century establishments in India Category:9th-century disestablishments in India Category:Telugu monarchs

"And Then There Was Silence" is a song by the German power metal band Blind Guardian. It was released in November 2001 as the lead single from their album, A Night at the Opera. Written by singer Hansi Kürsch and composed by Kürsch and guitarist André Olbrich, the song is based on The Iliad by Homer and on the Aeneid by Virgil, and narrates the final days of Troy, as foreseen by Cassandra, daughter of the king of the destroyed city who foresaw the event. The song is so intricate and long with so many tracks that it alone required as much production time as the rest of the A Night at the Opera album. At over 14 minutes, it is the longest track recorded by Blind Guardian. It was re-recorded into a new version in 2012 as a part of the compilation album Memories of a Time to Come. Track listing "And Then There Was Silence" – 14:06 "Harvest of Sorrow" – 3:40 "Born in a Mourning Hall" (multimedia track) – 5:17 Lineup Hansi Kürsch – vocals and backing vocals André Olbrich – lead, rhythm and acoustic guitar Marcus Siepen – rhythm guitar Thomen Stauch – drums and percussion Charts Personnel Anry Nemo – cover art References Category:2001 singles Category:Blind Guardian songs Category:2001 songs Category:Virgin Records singles Category:Songs based on poems Category:Songs written by Hansi Kürsch Category:Songs written by André Olbrich Category:Works based on the Iliad Category:Works based on the Aeneid

Towong is a bounded rural locality of the Shire of Towong local government area in Victoria, Australia. Towong is on the Murray River close to Corryong. At the , Towong had a population of 281. History Towong Post Office opened on 10 January 1882 and closed in 1994. Towong Turf Club Towong is home to the historic Towong Turf Club, hosting thoroughbred horse racing since 1871. Currently Country Racing Victoria schedules two race meetings per year at the venue, the Towong Cup meeting (traditionally held in early March) and the Squizzy Taylor Dash meeting (traditionally held in late December). References External links Towong Turf Club Website Category:Towns in Victoria (Australia)

Sjur Johnsen (20 June 1891 – 2 October 1978) was a Norwegian wrestler. He was born in Vik. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp where he placed fourth in Greco-Roman middleweight, after losing the bronze match to Masa Perttilä. He was a national champion in 1920 and 1922. References Category:1891 births Category:1978 deaths Category:People from Vik Category:Olympic wrestlers of Norway Category:Wrestlers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Category:Norwegian male sport wrestlers

Domingo Cullen (1791 – 21 June 1839) was the governor of province of Santa Fe, Argentina during 1838. Biography Cullen was born in Tenerife, Canary Islands, but moved to Argentina in the 1820s after establishing commercial activities (linked with fluvial trade) in the area. He met Santa Fe's caudillo Estanislao López when serving as a deputy of the Cabildo of Montevideo. After being involved in activism related to the independence of Uruguay and the resistance against Brazil (see Cisplatine War), he returned to Santa Fe, settled in a ranch, and married Joaquina Rodríguez del Fresno, the young widow of Pedro Aldao and sister-in-law of López. In 1828 he became a counselor of López, and his Minister of Government in 1833. At the time of López's death on 15 June 1838, Cullen was in Buenos Aires as representative of Santa Fe, trying to find a peaceful solution to the ongoing French blockade of the port (caused by a law of 1821 that obligated resident foreign citizens of the province of Buenos Aires to serve in conscription). Cullen argued that the blockade was the result of a provincial law and therefore the other provinces were not bound to help Buenos Aires. Juan Manuel de Rosas, the powerful governor of Buenos Aires, contended that this violated the Federal Pact. When Cullen returned to Santa Fe, he became governor, but his election was not acknowledged by Rosas and by Pascual Echagüe, governor of the neighbouring Entre Ríos Province. Without López's support, he faced opposition from his personal enemies in the province and from those loyals to Rosas. In the end, all provinces including Santa Fe ended up supporting Buenos Aires against the French, and Cullen was forced to resign and go to exile. Accused of conspiring with the Unitarians (enemies of Rosas) and the French, he sought asylum in Santiago del Estero, but he was betrayed by his host and delivered to Rosas's men, to be tried in Buenos Aires. However, right after crossing the Arroyo del Medio and entering the territory of Buenos Aires Province, his captors announced they had orders to kill him. Cullen was assisted by a priest in San Nicolás de los Arroyos and wrote a letter to his wife; he was then killed by a firing squad, on 21 June 1839. He was buried in the spot. In 1840 the army of General Juan Lavalle passed by the place on its way to Santa Fe, and Cullen's body was exhumed at the request of Pedro Rodríguez del Fresno, an officer of Lavalle's and Cullen's brother-in-law. He was taken to the Convent of Saint Dominic in Santa Fe, where they remain today, next to the bodies of his son Patricio and several other important leaders. Descent Cullen's family was of Irish origin, descended from Thomas Cullen Maher, who emigrated from Kilkenny to the Canary Islands in 1793. Domingo Cullen (full name: Domingo Alejandro Lorenzo Cullen y Ferraz), born in Tenerife, was Cullen Maher's third grandson, the son of Guillermo Felipe Cullen and Ángela Isidra Ferraz de la Guardia. Cullen emigrated to the Río de la Plata region, first settling in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1811, and moving then to Santa Fe in 1823. This Argentine branch of the family has given Santa Fe many influential characters in the field of politics. Cullen had seven children. José María Cullen, his firstborn, and Patricio Cullen, his second son, both served as governors of Santa Fe (Tomás Cullen, his last son, was also ad interim governor). His third child, Joaquina, was the wife of Nicasio Oroño, governor and political chief of Rosario, and the fourth, Josefa, was married to Juan María Gutiérrez Granados, member of the Constitutional Assembly that crafted the Argentine Constitution of 1853. References Category:1791 births Category:1839 deaths Category:Governors of Santa Fe Province Category:Executed Spanish people Category:People executed by Argentina by firing squad Category:Extrajudicial killings Category:Executed politicians Category:19th-century executions by Argentina Category:Argentine people of Irish descent Category:Argentine people of Spanish descent Category:People from Tenerife Category:Executed Argentine people Category:People of the Spanish American wars of independence Category:People of the Latin American wars of independence Category:Río de la Plata

Rubinald Rofino Pronk (born 17 July ), born and raised in The Hague, is a danseur performing with the Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company. He trained at the Royal (Dutch) Conservatory of Dance and joined the Dutch National Ballet at age 16 and was promoted to soloist. Rubinald performed works by choreographers including Sir Frederick Ashton, George Balanchine, William Forsythe, Jacopo Godani, Martha Graham and Krzysztof Pastor. In 2006 he joined Dwight Rhoden and Desmond Richardson's Complexions Contemporary Ballet, performing works by Rhoden and Ulysses Dove. He is a guest artist with Dutch National Ballet and in 2009-2011 with Polish National Ballet. External links Facebook page Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch male ballet dancers Category:Morphoses dancers Category:People from The Hague

Mary Darling is the CEO and co-owner of WestWind Pictures, which she joined in 1999. She helped WestWind evolve from a minor to a major player in Canada's film and television industry. She conceived of the hit design show, Designer Guys, and its subsequent relaunch with new hosts. As well as providing WestWind Pictures overall management, creative and executive producer services on all of its series, Darling heads up WestWind Releasing which develops and distributes most of WestWind's diverse properties. In particular, she was the executive producer for the Canadian television comedy Little Mosque on the Prairie, which she later shopped to American broadcasters. Darling was the recipient of the 2007 Women in Film and Television International award for International Achievement - Excellence in Innovation (Television) an award she claims to share with her husband, Clark Donnelly, even though it sits on her desk. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Canadian television producers Category:Women television producers

Autotrichia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Prout in 1934. Species Autotrichia heterogynoides (Wehrli, 1927) Autotrichia lysimeles (Prout, 1924) Autotrichia pellucida (Staudinger, 1899) Autotrichia solanikovi (Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2001) References Category:Gnophini Category:Geometridae genera

Office of the Auditor General (OAGN) is a constitutional body and the supreme audit institution of Nepal. It derives its mandate from Article 241 of the Constitution of Nepal and Audit Act, 2075 (2019 A.D.). The Auditor General is empowered to undertake audits of Office of the President and Vice-President, Supreme Court, Federal Parliament, Provincial Assemblies, Provincial Governments, Constitutional bodies or their offices, courts, the Office of the Attorney General and the Nepal Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police as well as of all other government offices and courts with due consideration given to the regularity, economy, efficiency, effectiveness and the propriety of government expenditures. Auditor General According to Article 240 of the Constitution of Nepal, the Auditor General is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council for a single term of six years. The current Auditor General, Tanka Mani Sharma, was appointed on May 22, 2017. Organization and Structure In addition to the Auditor General, there are 614 staff members in the Office of the Auditor General. These staff members are 4 Deputy Auditor General, 14 Assistant Auditor Generals, Directors, Audit Officers, Audit superintendents, Audit Inspectors and support staff. The majority of the staff are members of the Audit Service of the Nepal Civil Service who are chosen through an open competitive exam of the Public Service Commission. The office is divided into four divisions each headed by a Deputy Auditor General. Under the divisions are 14 General Directorates which is further divided into 27 sector wise Directorates. Divisions Organization development and Management Division Economic and Social Services Division Infrastructure Development Division Constitutional Bodies, Security and Local Development Division Annual Report The Auditor General submits an annual report which includes an opinion regarding the financial statements of the Government of Nepal to the President as per Article 294 of the Constitution of Nepal. The President then presents the report for discussion to the Federal Parliament, through the Prime Minister. References Category:Government of Nepal Nepal Category:Supreme audit institutions

Kampung Baru LRT station is an underground rapid transit station, named after and serving Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia. The station is part of the Kelana Jaya Line (formerly known as PUTRA). The station was opened on June 1, 1999, as part of the line's second and latest extension, which includes the addition of 12 stations (not including Sri Rampai station), and an underground line that the Kampung Baru station is connected to. The Kampung Baru station is currently one of only five underground stations in the Kelana Jaya Line. Location Located on the southern edge of Kampung Baru, the Kampung Baru station is located directly beside the Ampang–Kuala Lumpur Elevated Highway and Klang River. The adjoining KLCC station, as is the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) itself, is situated across the Klang River, 700 metres away. The station is primarily intended to serve the Kampung Baru area. Layout and design The Kampung Baru station, like all other underground Kelana Jaya Line stations, is of a simplistic construction consisting of only three levels: the entrance level at street level, and the concourse and platform levels underground. All levels are linked via escalators and stairways, while elevators are additionally provided between the concourse level and the platform level. The station contains only one island platform for two tracks of opposite directions, with floor-to-ceiling platform screen doors sealing the platform from the tracks. The station has two access points from street level, of which one is larger than the other and is the primary entrance. The secondary access point to the concourse level, just 40 m east from the main entrance, is closed to the public. See also List of rail transit stations in Klang Valley Category:Kelana Jaya Line Category:Railway stations opened in 1999

In celestial mechanics, true anomaly is an angular parameter that defines the position of a body moving along a Keplerian orbit. It is the angle between the direction of periapsis and the current position of the body, as seen from the main focus of the ellipse (the point around which the object orbits). The true anomaly is usually denoted by the Greek letters or , or the Latin letter , and is usually restricted to the range 0–360° (0–2π). As shown in the image, the true anomaly is one of three angular parameters (anomalies) that defines a position along an orbit, the other two being the eccentric anomaly and the mean anomaly. Formulas From state vectors For elliptic orbits, the true anomaly can be calculated from orbital state vectors as: (if then replace by ) where: v is the orbital velocity vector of the orbiting body, e is the eccentricity vector, r is the orbital position vector (segment FP in the figure) of the orbiting body. Circular orbit For circular orbits the true anomaly is undefined, because circular orbits do not have a uniquely determined periapsis. Instead the argument of latitude u is used: (if then replace ) where: n is a vector pointing towards the ascending node (i.e. the z-component of n is zero). rz is the z-component of the orbital position vector r Circular orbit with zero inclination For circular orbits with zero inclination the argument of latitude is also undefined, because there is no uniquely determined line of nodes. One uses the true longitude instead: (if then replace by ) where: rx is the x-component of the orbital position vector r vx is the x-component of the orbital velocity vector v. From the eccentric anomaly The relation between the true anomaly and the eccentric anomaly E is: or using the sine and tangent: or equivalently: so An equivalent form avoids the singularity as e → 1, however it does not produce the correct value for : or, with the same problem as e → 1 , . In both of the above, the function arg(x, y) is the polar argument of the vector (x y), available in many programming languages as the library function named atan2(y,x) (note the reversed order of x and y). From the mean anomaly The true anomaly can be calculated directly from the mean anomaly via a Fourier expansion: where the "big-O" notation means that the omitted terms are all of order e4. The expression is known as the equation of the center. Radius from true anomaly The radius (distance from the focus of attraction and the orbiting body) is related to the true anomaly by the formula where a is the orbit's semi-major axis. See also Kepler's laws of planetary motion Eccentric anomaly Mean anomaly Ellipse Hyperbola References Further reading Murray, C. D. & Dermott, S. F., 1999, Solar System Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Plummer, H. C., 1960, An Introductory Treatise on Dynamical Astronomy, Dover Publications, New York. (Reprint of the 1918 Cambridge University Press edition.) External links Federal Aviation Administration - Describing Orbits Category:Orbits

Ethel Hudson (born 2 February 1970) is an Indonesian long-distance runner. He competed in the men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. References Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:Indonesian male long-distance runners Category:Indonesian male marathon runners Category:Olympic athletes of Indonesia Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Indonesian male cross country runners

Saint-Crespin-sur-Moine is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. History On 15 December 2015, Le Longeron, Montfaucon-Montigné, La Renaudière, Roussay, Saint-André-de-la-Marche, Saint-Crespin-sur-Moine, Saint-Germain-sur-Moine, Saint-Macaire-en-Mauges, Tillières and Torfou merged becoming one commune called Sèvremoine. See also Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department References INSEE commune file Saintcrespinsurmoine

Culbreath may refer to: People: Jim Culbreath (born 1952), former American football running back Jordan Culbreath, former running back Josh Culbreath (born 1932), American athlete Lynn Culbreath Noel (born 1926), African-American news reporter Oamo Culbreath (born 1987), professional Canadian football offensive lineman Places: Culbreath Bayou, neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida Culbreath Isles, neighborhood within the South Tampa district of Tampa Ships: SS Harry Culbreath SS Harry Culbreath (1942)

Drapetodes mitaria is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1857. It is found in Hong Kong and from India to Singapore and in Taiwan. Adults are on wing in June and July. The larvae feed on Hedychium species. References Category:Moths described in 1857 Category:Drepaninae

Buriti Bravo is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil. See also List of municipalities in Maranhão References Category:Municipalities in Maranhão

John of Alexandria () was a Byzantine medical writer who lived in Alexandria, in present-day Egypt. He is thought to be the author of a commentary on Galen's De sectis, a Latin version of which survives in several manuscripts. He wrote a commentary on Hippocrates' book about the foetus (In Hippocratis De natura pueri commentarium), which survives in one Greek manuscript and in a 13th-century Latin version made for King Manfred of Sicily. He also wrote a commentary on the sixth book of Hippocrates' Epidemics (In Hippocratis Epidemiarum librum VI commentarii fragmenta), known from an anonymous Latin translation and from extracts from the Greek original, entered in the margins of a Greek translation of an Arabic medical text. References Category:7th-century deaths Category:7th-century Byzantine people Category:Byzantine physicians Category:People from Alexandria Category:7th-century physicians Category:7th-century Byzantine scientists Category:7th-century Byzantine writers

Yachuli is a village in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Lower Subansiri is the name of the district that contains village Yachuli. Yachuli is located south of the district headquarters of Ziro. It is one of the 60 constituencies of Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh. The current Member of the Legislative Assembly for this constituency () is Likha Saaya. See also List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly References External links Category:Villages in Lower Subansiri district Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh

Sasamoto (written: 笹本) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: , Japanese artist , Japanese sport wrestler , Japanese photographer , Japanese writer , Japanese voice actress Category:Japanese-language surnames

African feminism is a type of feminism innovated by African women that specifically addresses the conditions and needs of continental African women (African women who reside on the African continent). African feminism includes many strains of its own, including Motherism, Femalism, Snail-sense Feminism, Womanism/women palavering, Nego-feminism, and African Womanism. Because Africa is not a monolith, these feminisms are not all reflective of the experiences African women have. Some of the feminisms are more specific to certain groups of African women. African feminism is sometimes aligned with, in dialogue, or in conflict with Black Feminism or African womanism (which is perceived as by and for African women in the diaspora, rather than African women on or recently from the continent) as well as other feminisms and feminist movements, including nationally based ones, such as feminism in Sweden, feminism in India, feminism in Mexico, feminism in Japan, feminism in Germany, feminism in South Africa, and so on. Need for an African feminism Some argue that African women are the first feminists, were already deeply engaged at the 1985 Women's' Conference, and have long been recognizing each other's contributions. Others feel African feminism became necessary in part due to white Western feminism's exclusion of the experiences of the black woman and the continental African woman. White Western feminisms does not take into account the particular issues black women face at the intersection of both their blackness and their womanhood. Currently, white feminism often classifies African women as "women of color," which groups and thereby represses the African woman's historical trajectory and specific experience. Hazel Carby in "White Women Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood" notes why white feminism is considered the normative experience of all women. She writes, "History has constructed our sexuality and our femininity as deviating from those qualities with which white women, as the prize of the Western world, have been endowed." However, white feminism cannot continue to erase Africa or African women from feminist theory or feminist advocacy, because as the Mother Continent of humanity, the narratives and experiences of Africa's women will always be relevant. African feminism was not wholly a reaction to being excluded from white feminists' vision of feminism, but also from their own ingenuity and desire to create a feminism that embraced their backgrounds and experiences. African feminism voices the realities of women in varying African countries. Women's needs, reality, oppression and empowerment are best addressed by having an inclusive and accommodating understanding of the generic and more general issues as well as the peculiarities and group attitude to self-definition as women. Naomi Nkealah writes that African feminism "strives to create a new, liberal, productive and self-reliant African woman within the heterogeneous cultures of Africa. Feminisms in Africa, ultimately, aim at modifying culture as it affects women in different societies." At the same time, Africa is not a monolith and so some have critiqued any idea of "African feminism." There exist differences regionally, ethnically, politically, and in religion, which all work to impact how women conceptualize what feminism and freedom looks like for them. While African women from, for example, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa and Senegal will have some commonalities, there will be variations in the way they understand gender and gender struggles. Therefore, these varying cultures alter the way these African women experience the world. Thus, one cannot simply merge all woman under an unrealistic expectation of sisterhood, but instead to recognize and respect the differences that exist as a result of these diversities. There is a commonality to the struggles women face across the world since the common factor is male privilege. The modern African woman is strong, smart, and resilient and has woken up to the options she has. She is no longer satisfied with the options created for her, but seeks to create new options and choices for the generation of other African women that will come after her. Ghanaian feminists, for example, contribute to this by using social media to change the public discourse around feminism. Some scholars have called for more attention in African feminist theory to sex work, the white savior complex and violence against African women, women in the military, fieldwork with African women, same-sex intimacies, contemporaneity, and activists' thought. African feminism has been divided around issues of sexuality: "African feminists are sharply divided, with the bulk of the majority resistant to challenging heterosexism and homophobia in their praxis against patriarchy. ... Only a few radical African feminists address heteronormativity, while a much smaller corpus of individual queer African feminists incorporate non-essentialist fluid and dynamic understandings of gender that digress the fixed binary opposition of men and women, male and female." Principles of African feminism African feminisms address cultural issues that they feel pertain to the complex experiences faced by all women of all cultures on the African continent. In regards to feminist theorizing, many of the authors of such theories originate from West Africa and Nigeria in particular.[1] In her article, "West African Feminisms and Their Challenges", Naomi Nkealah discusses the various forms of African feminisms. First, she points to womanism, which she argues is not part of African feminism, as it pertains to African women of the diaspora and not continental African women. Second, she looks at stiwanism, which, on the contrary, places African women at the center of the discourse because stiwanism is deeply rooted in the experiences and realities African women face. Third, she looks at Motherism, a maternal form of feminism that sees rural women as performing the necessary task of nurturing society. Fourth, she looks at femalism, which puts the woman's body at the center of feminist conversations. Finally, she looks at nego-feminism and snail-sense feminism, which urge the inclusion of men in discussions and advocacy for feminism and both argue that the inclusion of men is necessary to the freedom of women. These modes of feminisms share several commonalities. First, they all challenge the term "feminism," both its Western term and roots, because they bring to the forefront the experiences of the African woman. Second, because they are dependent on indigenous blueprints, they take from the histories and cultures of African peoples in order to create the necessary tools needed to embolden women and educate men. Third, they incorporate "gender inclusion, collaboration and accommodation to ensure that both women and men contribute (even if not equally) to improving the material conditions of women." The variety in feminisms displays the African woman's active engagement with gender relations. Variants of African feminism Womanism Catherine Acholonu notes that feminism is useful. "Feminism, has as its ultimate goal the triumphal emancipation of the woman as a unique, distinct individual with a mind uncluttered by patriarchal beliefs and abusive submission to tradition." However, though the general notion of feminism aims to provide women with political, social, and economical freedoms, it has been criticized as excluding the narratives and experiences of women of color, especially black women. Because of this exclusion in feminism, womanism has emerged as the African-American and African variant. African Womanism addresses feminism from (1) an African perspective; (2) an African geopolitical location; (3) and an African ideological viewpoint. Womanism is important because it places the feminist vision within black women's experiences with culture, colonialism and many other forms of domination and subjugation that impact African women's lives. Womanism "aims at identifying the problems relating to male dominance in society while seeking solutions to women’s marginalization by looking inward and outward." A variant of Womanism put forth by Clenora Hudson-Weems is Africana Womanism, terminology which she coined in the mid-1980s. Her use of the term "Africana" indicates that women-focused activism should be inclusive of women on the African continent and women in the African Diaspora. She argues a complete break from white feminism, a movement which was created by and for white women without any incorporation of the African experience. She also argues that Africana men and women have more in common than Africana women do with white women, further reason to develop a new kind of activism. Stiwanism Founded by Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie, Stiwanism focuses more on the structures that oppress women and the way women react to these institutionalized structures. Ogundipe-Leslie argues that the struggle for African women is a result of colonial and neo-colonial structure that often place African males at the apex of social stratification. Furthermore, the struggle African women face are also impart to the way they have internalized the patriarchy and have come to endorse the system themselves. Nego-feminism African feminist, writer, and scholar Obioma Nnaemeka discusses and defines the term "Nego-feminism" in her article Nego-Feminism: Theorizing, Practicing, and Pruning Africa's Way." She writes, "Nego-feminism is the feminism of negotiation; second, nego-feminism stands for 'no ego' feminism and is structured by cultural imperatives and modulated by evershifting local and global exigencies." Most African cultures have a culture of negotiation and compromise when it comes to reaching agreements. In Nego-feminism, negotiations play the role of giving and taking. For African feminism, in order to win challenges, feminists must negotiate and sometimes compromise enough in order to gain freedoms. Nnaemeka writes that African feminism works by knowing "when, where, and how to detonate and go around patriarchal land mines." This means that nego-feminism knows how to utilize the culture of negotiation in order to deconstruct the patriarchy for the woman's benefit. Motherism In her book, Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism, Catherine Obianuju Acholonu writes that Africa's alternative to Western feminism is Motherism and Motherism is composed of motherhood, nature, and nurture. When defined, Motherism is a multidimensional theory that involves the "dynamics of ordering, reordering, creating structures, building and rebuilding in cooperation with mother nature at all levels of human endeavor." A motherist is someone who is committed to the survival and maintenance of Mother Earth and someone who embraces the human struggle. Acholonu makes it clear, though, that a motherist can be a woman or a man. Motherism has no sex barriers because at the core of motherism is partnership, cooperation, tolerance, love, understanding, and patience. In order for motherism to work, there must be a male-female complementarity that ensures the wholeness of human existence in a balanced ecosystem. Femalism The femalist model was developed by Chioma Opara. Opara describes femalism as "A hue of African feminism, is a softer tone than liberal feminism and highly polarized from radical feminism." At its core, femalism is African and it accentuates the African woman's body. Snail-sense feminism Snail-sense feminism is a theory proposed by Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo. This feminism encourages Nigerian woman to work slowly like a snail's movement in her dealings with men in the "tough and very difficult patriarchal [Nigerian] society they live in." Ezeigbo proposes that women "must learn survival strategies to be able to overcome the impediments placed before her and live a good life." Misovirism feminism Misovirism is a theory Invented by Cameroonian thinker Werewere Liking. Cultural feminism Cultural feminism is a theory invented by Nigerian author Buchi Emecheta, which she called "feminism with a small f." Examples of African feminism Feminism in Nigeria Although noteworthy feminist movements have sprouted across the African continent, the feminist movement in Nigeria serves as a prime example of African feminism. Following the 1982 national conference, the inauguration of the organization Women in Nigeria (WIN) presented feminism in its present form - consistent, organized, with clear objectives and ideology. In spite of rough beginnings, many scholars pay tribute to WIN for acting as training grounds for the emergence of organized feminist struggles in Nigeria. During its first ten years, WIN facilitated the development of many of the self-identified feminists in Nigeria today. WIN adopted an open membership policy of ‘come one - come all’, where anyone, male or female, was accepted as long as such a person accepted the provisions of WIN's Constitution. WIN's open membership policy allowed the entry of many persons who had no clue about the core values of feminism and principles of gender justice. From its inception, Women in Nigeria sponsored research projects while engaging in policy advocacy and activism that holistically aimed towards enhancing the socioeconomic conditions under which many women in Nigeria experienced. Furthermore, the uniqueness of WIN derives from its consciousness of both class and gender in relation to the struggle for the emancipation of Nigerian women. Therefore, WIN recognized the Nigerian female experience as essentially as “double jeopardy,” where exploitation and oppression of women marked as dual forms of injustices, both as members of the subordinate class and as women. WIN to NFF In January 2008, the Nigerian feminist movement inaugurated the Nigerian Feminist Forum (NFF) - which established a larger and more coherent coalition than WIN. In the early 2000s, the NFF was created after an incubation period that started with the launching of the African Feminist Forum (AFF) in Accra, Ghana. The AFF published the Charter of the Feminist Principles which serves as an informative guide for African Feminists that clearly states how African feminists define themselves, it delivers the understanding of Feminism and Patriarchy, and amplifies the identity, ethics and proper knowledge of feminist leadership across the continent of Africa. After much success at the grassroots level, the NFF effectively expanded and replaced Women in Nigeria (WIN) as the official Nigerian Feminist Movement. Furthermore, these newly evolved Nigerian feminist movements took part of the continental (Pan African) feminist movement, where thousands of feminist activists from all over the region were brought together to fight against the Patriarchy. Challenges The socio-economic impacts of inequity and injustice towards African feminist movements serve as detrimental stressors that inhibit women's rights, which tampers with their overall political movement. Overall, most women are unemployed, where in most cases even if they are employed, women are often employed as casuals, or temps. This ultimately hampers women's ability to organize, mobilize and collectively advocate. Another difficulty is how strong the patriarchy is in both urban and rural African communities. This influences domestic politics within the household and ultimately in every community, which sways women to act against their own beliefs and against other women as well. South Sudanese Feminism Background History of Sudanese Feminism In Sudan, religion is an integral part of how the lives of women are governed (Halim 389). Since most of the population in Sudan follows the Islamic faith, they adhere to Sharia, the religious law enforced through the lens of the Quran (Hale 90). The Sharia law was implemented by President Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiry as a way to gain support in a time of instability (Halim 392). It creates rules for the Sudanese people that would silence the unrest, especially concerning the control over women's conduct. Although this regime was ended by a brief democracy, it did nothing to combat the Sharia laws (Halim 390). Many regimes have stated the equality of sexes in their constitutions, still, women's rights are targets during times of instability (Halim 390). Sudanese Feminist Groups The Sudanese Women's Union (SWU) was one of the most influential organizations during the 1940s when Sudan was under Anglo-European rule (Halim 391). The creation of the SWU occurred simultaneously with the national movement, both combined their efforts to separate from Anglo-Egyptian rule (Halim 391). The founders of the SWU, Al Amin and Ahmed Abdel Mageid explained that due to prejudices about women's participation in public activities, they were not allowed to join the Graduates congress (Halim 391). The union was seen as a social organization that was concerned with women in the domestic sphere (Halim 391). Progress was made through a restricted right to vote under the pretense, the women were educated. They also created a magazine called the “Women’s Voice” which was a political outlet encouragement of democracy and women's rights (Halim 392). Still, women part of the SWU denied any involvement with The Sudanese Communist party, regardless of their political activity (Halim 392). The SCP was the first to allow women to join, attracting educated women (Halim 392). The idea of political membership is what divided the SWU, and created the Patriotic women's front (Halim 392). The SWU women were left very susceptible to imprisonment and harassment because of their involvement in politics (Badri 9). The Nimeri regime, even covered up the SWU's effort by putting out their successes like first woman minister and woman judges. Then he implemented the September laws that made women inferior to men. In the late 1980s, women's feminist movement was at a halt due to the military government, still the Women's voice continued to highlight the injustices of the regime (Halim 393). The Republican Sisters This women's organization was based on the Republican party of brothers based on the battle against the first military regime in Sudan (Halim 393). They were supported by their male counterparts, and together campaigned for equal rights. The brothers were a huge part of the struggle for equality and supports women during their speeches and distribute their publications (Halim 395). They traveled around cities and held campaigns and debates to question attitudes against women (Halim 394). Their objective was to spread their theories and encourage a new perspective about women's rights. The Republican women faced grave injustices by the security bureau and ultimately ended in the leader's death (Halim 395). Usatdh Mahmoud started the party in 1945 and started to publicize his book The Second Message of Islam, he wrote about the rules of Islam and the implementation of equality of sexes (Halim 393). Ustadh published motivation for women's rights through lectures, discussions, and pushing women to be part of intellectual spaces (Halim 395). Goals of the Sudanese Feminist Groups Women groups were seen as a method of westernizing Muslim life (Halim 395). Women in the Union fought hard for equal pay pension and the accessibility to work (Halim 395). They argued it was the traditions in place that restricted women's rights and wanted to separate religion and traditional practices (Halim 396). The main demands of the SWU were the emancipation of women, higher status through education, night-schools to teach literacy, equal pay, and fighting against traditionalist practices. The Republican Sisters believed equality was a part of religion that was a natural right (Halim 396). They took their goals further and also fought against laws that oppressed women. The women's union work was focused on creating change through politics and Republication strived for legal action (Halim 396). Issues and Feminist Actions in Response: Marriage & Divorce Originally, women did not have some control over who got married and it was a contract between the father and husband. This caused many women to be in forced marriages, the Women's union made it aware of people the overwhelming number of suicides caused by this and consent was enforced (Halim 398). Dowry is central to marriage, yet many men could not afford to pay them, so the Women's Union and they campaigned for a lower amount (Halim 399). Their main concern was to make sure women would marry who they wanted to marry without the expensive dowries (Halim 399). They also published less spending, education for girls, and the reinstatement of marriage as a peaceful agreement (Halim 399). Many women were subjected to the dangers of abusive husbands because of the law that women had to be returned by police if disobedient and ran away (Halim 400). The Women's Union made sure that the idea of forcing a return on a women was repealed (Halim 400). The Republican Sisters took a different pathway by reshaping the perspective on women about respect and gender roles. They released the book called Focus on Personal Status law, it talked about creating change from Shar’ia laws (Halim 401). They supported a return to simple and inexpensive weddings and a focus on no guardianship in marriage. They also reimplanted the basic right to divorce women and handling divorces outside of court (Halim 402). Last, they campaigned for the deduction of dowry to be put into value as dignity for women (Halim 402). Present Activism Protests Currently in Sudan, Sudanese women are uniting to protest against the Sudan government in hopes of achieving justice and equality for women (Sarai). There are large groups of protest that have taken place in the streets of Sudan where women are chanting and holding up signs demanding for a new government. The protesting women are fighting for a 50% representation of women in the government. However, currently the quota rate is 30%, which shows the lack of female representation in the government, resulting in a large toll on the lives of the Sudanese women. Although the Sudanese women are fighting to create change, the protests have brought great danger to the safety of women (Bhalla). The government's response to the protests have been several cases of rape on the protesting women that were committed by security forces (Bhalla). However, there has not been justice done for the cases, which has further driven the Sudanese women to protest and fight for their rights. Even with the dangers the protests bring on the women, the women continue to strive and fight for an equal representation of women in the Sudan government and to achieve equal rights and justice (Bhalla). Facebook Groups In addition to protests, Sudanese women have made private Facebook groups to find police officers who are actively punishing the women in the protests (Griffin). Their goal is to publicly expose the police officers in order for people to find the officer's home and physically attack them. Only women are allowed in the groups, in which they upload pictures of the officers and people can respond with his information so that people can locate him. The Facebook groups have posed such a threat to the officers, that it has made it difficult for them to show their faces in public without covering them (Griffin) . It is evident that the groups have given the Sudanese women a form of power over the government and have become crucial in their attempts to push for women representation in the government. Sovereign Council In attempts to female representation in Sudan's government, on August 21, 2019, there was a solemn ceremony that took place in Khartoum, Sudan where 11 people were sworn in to lead the country (Solomon). The 11 people sworn in were a part of a group named the sovereign council, in which two of them were women. This is significant in bringing more female representation in the government, which will allow for more rights given to the women and an opportunity for the women to voice their opinions more freely. Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh, a female member of the sovereign council, states, “We shall try to rebuild our country, we shall try to rebuild our economy, we shall begin to stop all the armed movements and work for peace and justice for all Sudanese on an equal basis regardless of race or religion or any political opinion or any affiliation” (Solomon). The two female members in the sovereign council are striving to bring more equality and justice for women in Sudan. Prominent Nigerian feminists Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti (1900 - 1978) Serving as a teacher, an educationist, and a women's rights activist, Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti is widely well known as one of Nigeria's earliest and foremost champions of women's rights during the colonial period. At a time where most girls were not granted access to Western education, Olufunmilayo had the distinction of being the first female student of St. John Primary School, Abeokuta, from 1906 to 1913. Being one of the first set of girls to attend school in Nigeria, Olufunmilayo was then sent to study abroad in England to finish her higher education at Wincham Hall College in Yorkshire. She studied Music, Education, Domestic Science and French, where in 1923, she returned to Nigeria fully equipped for a teaching career. Although she participated in numerous domestic improvements in Nigeria, Olufunmilayo manifested remarkable contributions to the African women's movement that credited her the most fame. In 1944, Olufunmilayo, along with a few peers, founded the Abeokuta Ladies Club (ALC), essentially “designed as a social club made up of educated women like her who felt compelled to help other less privileged women.” In this club, these women would learn some vocational skills, where the ALC would encourage them to read and write. With other feminist organizations gradually merging with the Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) in 1946, Mrs. Olufunmilayo was chosen as president of a coalition that became a formidable instrument for combating against all forms of discrimination towards African women. During the colonial era, the Sole Native Authority (SNA), the system of government introduced by the colonial administration in Abeokuta, were the main proponents behind all oppression towards African women. All power resided at the hands of the traditional ruler and local elites. Where women were entirely excluded from Nigerian governance, which meant no female participation in communal affairs or Nigerian politics. Under colonialism, the women of Abeokuta naturally believed that their economic and communal roles were declining, while their taxes were steadily increasing. In 1949, Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti led a protest against the Sole Native Authority in Abeokuta, where the AWU argued for representation in local government and advocated for the abolition of the separate tax rate for women. As a result, the Egba Interim Council was formed, which included four (4) women representing the four sections of Abeokuta town. Lady Kofoworola Aina Ademola (1913 - 2002) An active volunteer and energetic social worker, Lady Kofoworola Aina Ademola has notably been recognized as a distinguished women's rights activist and remarkable educationist. Coming from a rather privileged background, Lady Kofoworola traveled to England and completed her secondary school education at Portway College. Soon after, she was granted admission to University of Oxford, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in English. Lady Kofoworola has the honor of being the first African woman to be admitted to the University of Oxford, in 1933. The most educated, elite women coming from Lagos were members of prominent Christian families of nineteenth and twentieth-century Nigeria. Nigerian pioneers like Charlotte Olajumoke Obasa, Oyinkan Abayomi, and Kofoworola Ademola, among others, completed a Western education in an array of subjects ranging from music, law, social science, to education, nursing and journalism in both Nigeria and abroad. Collectively, these women broke notable barriers and certain taboos that were social norms within the Victorian and post-Victorian era. With a Western education from Oxford, Lady Kofoworola returned to Nigeria and briefly taught at Queen's College, Lagos. As a teacher, Kofoworola encouraged many of the girls to work hard in order to become achievers; her famous slogan was “brains have no gender”. With her passion towards girls’ education, Lady Kofoworola encouraged her communities to establish non-governmental organizations that stimulate the education of women. With gradual pace, she became one of the founding members of the Nigerian Association of University Women, whose sole aim was the ultimate encouragement of girls’ education in Nigeria. In order to increase the rather limited opportunities for Nigerian girls in secondary education, Lady Kofoworola was heavily involved in founding new secondary schools for girls. An example could be the New Era Girls’ College, a secondary school where she served as the Headmistress. Lady Kofoworola was a prominent volunteer for the Red Cross Society where she served as the first Nigerian Director of the Western Region branch. In recognition of her contribution in several respected fields, Lady Kofoworola was bestowed with many honors. In 1959, she became a Member of the British Empire (MBE), where she was later granted, Officer of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (OFR). Role of men in African feminism The goal of feminism is to empower women so as to ensure equality to men. For some people, the term feminism incorrectly came to mean a movement that was anti-male, anti-culture and anti-religion. For purposes of inclusion, some women prefer to engage themselves in gender theory and activism by including men into the discussion because it promotes the idea that feminism is about equality among all genders and it is important to note that they also face hardships as males. Because the majority of policy-makers in many African countries are men, some believe that inclusivity is important if women are to gain ground in policy changes that impact them. The importance that many women place on communalism and family results in their desire to work with men to develop an inclusive approach to solving gender issues. In order to eradicate the oppression women face because of their gender, working with men has become a necessity. The role of African men in feminism is nuanced and depends on location, environment, and personal ideology. Notable African feminist critics Molara Ogundipe Naomi Nkealah Akachi Ezeigbo Catherine Acholonu Mary Modupe Kolawole Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi Obioma Nnaemeka Amede Obiora Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Sylvia Tamale Josina Machel Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti References *

The Christianization of Poland () refers to the introduction and subsequent spread of Christianity in Poland. The impetus to the process was the Baptism of Poland (), the personal baptism of Mieszko I, the first ruler of the future Polish state, and much of his court. The ceremony took place on the Holy Saturday of 14 April 966, although the exact location is still disputed by historians, with the cities of Poznań and Gniezno being the most likely sites. Mieszko's wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia, is often credited as a major influence on Mieszko's decision to accept Christianity. While the spread of Christianity in Poland took centuries to finish, the process was ultimately successful, as within several decades Poland joined the rank of established European states recognised by the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. According to historians, the baptism of Poland marks the beginning of Polish statehood. Nevertheless, the Christianization was a long and arduous process, as most of the Polish population remained pagan until the pagan reaction during the 1030s. Background Before the adoption of Christianity in modern-day Poland, there were a number of different pagan tribes. Svetovid was among the most widespread pagan gods worshiped in Poland. Christianity arrived around the late 9th century, most likely around the time when the Vistulan tribe encountered the Christian rite in dealings with their neighbors, the Great Moravia (Bohemian) state. The Moravian cultural influence played a significant role in the spread of Christianity onto the Polish lands and the subsequent adoption of that religion. In the opinion of Davies, the Christianization of Poland through the Czech–Polish alliance represented a conscious choice on the part of Polish rulers to ally themselves with the Czech state rather than the German one. In a similar fashion, some of the later political struggles involved the Polish Church refusing to subordinate itself to the German hierarchy and instead being directly subordinate to the Vatican. Baptism The "Baptism of Poland" refers to the ceremony when the first ruler of the Polish state, Mieszko I and much of his court, converted to the Christian religion. Mieszko's wife Dobrawa of Bohemia, a zealous Christian, played a significant role in promoting Christianity in Poland, and might have had significant influence on converting Mieszko himself. The exact place of Mieszko's baptism is disputed; Most historians argue that Gniezno or Poznań are the most likely sites. However, other historians have suggested alternative locations, such as Ostrów Lednicki, or even in German Regensburg. The date of Mieszko's baptism was on the Holy Saturday of 14 April 966. The ceremony was preceded by a week of oral catechism and several days of fasting. The actual ceremony involved pouring water over the segregated groups of men and women, although it is possible that their heads were immersed instead, and anointed with the chrism. Christianization of Poland The baptismal mission which began in the two major cities of Gniezno and Poznań with the baptism of Mieszko and his court spread throughout the country. During the 10th and 11th centuries various ecclesiastical organs were established in Poland. This included the building of churches and the appointment of clergy. The first Bishop of Poland, Jordan, was appointed by Pope John XIII in 968. Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry supported Christianization missions to neighboring lands, notably the mission of future Saint Adalbert of Prague to Old Prussians, and established the Archbishopric of Gniezno in the year 1000. Although at first the Christian religion was "unpopular and alien", Mieszko's baptism was highly influential but needed to be enforced by the state, and ran into some popular opposition, including an uprising in the 1030s (particularly intense in the years of 1035–1037). Nonetheless, by that time Poland had won recognition as a proper European state, both from the papacy and from the Holy Roman Empire. Out of various provinces of today's Poland, Christianity's spread was slowest in Pomerania, where it gained a significant following only around the 12th century. Initially, the clergy came from the Western Christian European countries; native Polish clergy took three or four generations to emerge, and were supported by the monasteries and friars that grew increasingly common in the 12th century. By the 13th century Roman Catholicism had become the dominant religion throughout Poland. In adopting Christianity as the state religion, Mieszko sought to achieve several personal goals. He saw Poland's baptism as a way of strengthening his hold on power, as well as using it as a unifying force for the Polish people. It replaced several smaller cults with a single, central one, clearly associated with the royal court. It would also improve the position and respectability of the Polish state on the international, European scene. The Church also helped to strengthen the monarch's authority, and brought to Poland much experience with regard to state administration. Thus, the Church organisation supported the state, and in return, bishops received important government titles (in the later era, they were members of the Senate of Poland). Millennial celebrations of 1966 The preparations for the millennial celebrations begun with the Great Novena of 1957, which marked a nine years period of fast and prayer. In 1966, the People's Republic of Poland witnessed large festivities on the 1,000-year anniversary of those events, with the Church celebrating the 1,000 years of Christianity in Poland, while the Communist government celebrated the secular 1,000 years of the Polish State, culminated in twice denying Pope Paul VI permission to visit Poland that year. The desire of the Communist party to separate religion from the state made the festivities a culture clash between the state and the Church. While the Church was focusing on the religious, ecclesiastical aspects of the baptism, with slogans (in Latin) like Sacrum Poloniae Millenium (Poland's Sacred Millennium), the Communist Party was framing the celebrations as a secular, political anniversary of the creation of the Polish state, with slogans (in Polish) like Tysiąclecie Państwa Polskiego (A Thousand Years of the Polish State). As Norman Davies noted, both the Church and the Party had "rival, and mutually exclusive, interpretations of [Poland's baptism] significance." On 30 July 1966, the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing issued 128,475,000 commemorative stamps honoring the millennium anniversary of the adoption of Christianity in Poland. An anniversary parade was held in front of the Palace of Culture and Science on Parade Square on 22 July to coincide with the annual National Day of the Rebirth of Poland celebrations (set on the anniversary of the signing of the PKWN Manifesto). It was attended by Władysław Gomułka, the then First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, as well as members of the PUWP and the Polish Council of State. The parade inspector was Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski while it was commanded by the commander of the Warsaw Military District Major General Czesław Waryszak (1919-1979). Troops of the Polish People's Army were on parade, featuring units such as the Representative Honor Guard of the LWP, the Band of the LWP (led by Colonel Lisztok), as well as cadets of military academies and other ceremonial units dressed in Polish historical military uniforms dating back to the Piast dynasty. The parade is today regarded as the largest military parade in the history of Poland. See also Lech, Czech, and Rus Christianization of Bohemia Christianization of Kievan Rus' Dagome Iudex History of Poland (966–1385) List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland Northern Crusades Notes Category:History of Christianity in Poland Category:Baptism Category:10th-century Christianity Category:966 Category:10th century in Poland Category:Christianization of Europe

Ulla Miilmann (born 1972) is a Danish flautist. Since 1994, she has been the principal flautist of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra. In 2006, she was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Soloist Performance with Orchestra. Biography Miilmann was brought up in Vemmedrup near Køge in the south of Zealand. Her interest in the flute started at the age of eight when she the saw instrument being played on a television programme. Two years later, her parents gave her a flute for her birthday. When they saw how interested she had become in playing it, they arranged for her to have music lessons in Hillerød, driving her there every Saturday. Her parents' interest in her progress encouraged her, motivating her to practice for several hours a day. She progressed quickly, winning the Berlingske Music Competition in 1988 and playing as a soloist with the Copenhagen Philharmonic in 1990. In the 1980s, it became fashionable for teenagers to go to America as exchange students. Miilmann received a place at the School of the Arts in North Carolina. She quickly adapted to the school's intensive curriculum, practising every day from 5 a.m., then following classes until late in the afternoon. She remained at the school until she was 20, successfully completing her education with a bachelor's degree in 1992. The years she had spent there had however been quite a strain. As a result, when she returned to Denmark at the age of 20, she took on a job as a postman. But when she saw an advertisement for a post with the Royal Danish Orchestra, she immediately started to practise again, gaining admission when she was just 21. The following year, she became solo flautist with the Danish National Symphony Orchestra attached to Danmarks Radio, a position she still holds today. Miilmann also plays in the Danish Radio Woodwind Quintet which she helped to establish in 1999. She has appeared as a soloist with all the major orchestras in Copenhagen and has played with other notable soloists including the pianist Katrine Gislinge and the violinist Gidon Kremer. In 2002, she appeared with the Philharmonia Moment Musical at a Danish music event in Taipei. In February 2006, Miilmann received a Grammy nomination for "Best Soloist Performance with Orchestra" for her recording of Ole Schmidt's Concerto for Flute and Orchestra. Although she did not win the award, the nomination and her treatment at the event in Los Angeles encouraged her to stick to playing the flute at a time when she had been considering moving into another profession. In January 2014, Miilmann was the soloist in Carl Nielsen's Flute Concerto which she first played when she was about 13 years old. "It's only over the past four or five years that I have really begun to understand it... The older I get, the more I am ready to follow my inner feelings, even though they may not be in line with the accepted traditions. In this way, for the first time I can see I am beginning to understand Carl Nielsen's Flute Concerto." References External links Ulla Miilmann's website Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Danish flautists Category:Women flautists Category:21st-century women musicians

The top end firetail skink (Morethia storri) is a species of skink found in Northern Territory and Western Australia. Etymology The specific name, storri, is in honor of herpetologist Glen Milton Storr. References Category:Morethia Category:Reptiles described in 1981 Category:Skinks of Australia Category:Endemic fauna of Australia Category:Taxa named by Allen Eddy Greer

5lo is a computer virus that increases file size and does little more than replicate. Size: 1,032 bytes Infection 5lo infects resident .EXE files only. When it infects a file, it increases the file size by about 1000-1100 bytes (though a typical value is 1032 bytes.) At the file's direct end, this message can be found (resulting in the virus's name): 92.05.24.5lo.2.23MZ Other strings can be found in the virus's code: ????????.EXE and *.EXE 5lo stays resident. Whenever a .EXE file is run, 5lo will infect it (and another .EXE file). The virus also changes the file's timestamp to the date and time of infection. After these infections, a counter within the virus starts. However, this counter is never checked, so the virus doesn't activate. 5lo appends its code into infected files. It also changes the field 0Ch in the .EXE file's header to FFAAh. The virus identifies itself from memory by using the interrupt INT 21, AX=3521h which it has hooked. All the checks work correctly and the virus won't infect files multiple times and it installs itself to memory only once. When 5lo is running in memory, it isn't discoverable by typing in MEM /C. This is because when the virus installs, it ties itself to the operating system. Free memory decreases by about 2 KB. References External links Symantec's page on 5lo Category:DOS file viruses

A geometric lathe was used for making ornamental patterns on the plates used in printing bank notes and postage stamps. It is sometimes called a guilloché lathe. It was developed early in the nineteenth century when efforts were introduced to combat forgery, and is an adaptation of an ornamental turning lathe. The lathe was able to generate intersecting and interlacing patterns of fine lines in various shapes, which were almost impossible to forge by hand-engraving. They were used by many national mints. Further reading Peter Bower, 'Economic warfare: Banknote Forgery as a deliberate weapon', and Maureen Greenland, 'Compound plate printing and nineteenth-century bank notes, in Virginia Hewitt, ed. The Banker's Art: Studies in paper money, pp 46–63, and pp 84–87, The British Museum Press, 1995, () See also Security printing Spirograph Gear Tusi couple Guilloché References External links Ornamental Turning Category:Money forgery Category:Automatic lathes (mechanically automated)

Dave Brown was a member of the Montana House of Representatives. Biography Brown was born on November 20, 1948 in Pompey's Pillar, Montana. He pled guilty in 1994 to five counts of failing to file federal income tax returns. He died on October 23, 1998 in Madison, Wisconsin. Career Brown was a member of the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1993. References Category:Members of the Montana House of Representatives Category:1948 births Category:1998 deaths Category:People from Yellowstone County, Montana Category:20th-century American politicians

Barry Railway Class K were 0-6-2T steam tank engines of the Barry Railway in South Wales. They were designed by J. H. Hosgood and built by an American company, Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works of Paterson, New Jersey. At the time the Barry wanted to order these locomotives, British manufacturers already had a full order book. In order not to face an indefinite wait, invitations to tender were advertised in the United States. Hosgood's aim was to have a tank engine equivalent to the “Class B1”. However, because of his desire for a speedy delivery, he agreed to certain compromises in the design. The order was placed in April 1899 and was delivered later that year. Traffic duties Although originally intended for hauling main line mineral traffic, they proved to be very heavy on coal and water and therefore not a feasible prospect for this kind of work. They were therefore assigned other duties. Two of the class were sent to Hafod shed for banking duties on trains on the gradients between Trehafod Junction and Pontypridd and between Treforest Junction and Tonteg. The other three were assigned to hauling coal trains between Cadoxton Yard and Barry Docks. Later on, two of these were assigned to Hafod, joining the first two, for banking duties and the fifth was retained at Barry as shed pilot. Heavy on coal and water When tests were originally carried out, it was found necessary to stop two or three times while taking empty wagons up to the Rhondda. According to one driver, it was not advisable to pass a single water column for fear of running short before the next one. Special train Every year, on Good Friday, the Directors would organise an orchestral concert in Barry and arrange a special train from Trehafod to carry the company's employees and their families to the concert. As the “K Class” was vacuum fitted, they were the only engines stationed at Hafod shed suitably equipped to haul a passenger train. This tradition took place in the early 1900s. Withdrawal The locomotives passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 but were withdrawn between 1927 and 1932. None survived into British Railways ownership and none have been preserved. Numbering References K Category:0-6-2T locomotives Category:Cooke locomotives Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1899 Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain Category:Scrapped locomotives

The Ultimate Collection is the third "best-of" compilation album and by Bosnian rock band Zabranjeno Pušenje, released on March 18, 2009. The double-full-length album is released through Croatia Records. Track listing Source: Croatia Records, Discogs Personnel Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. Production Klaudija Čular – editing (Sony DADC in Salzburg, Austria) Želimir Babogredac – production Design Igor Kelčec – design References Category:2009 compilation albums Category:2009 greatest hits albums Category:Zabranjeno Pušenje albums

Being Ian is a Canadian animated series produced by Studio B Productions and Nelvana Limited for YTV, focusing on 12-year-old Ian Kelley, who aspires to become a filmmaker. It originally aired from April 26, 2005, to October 11, 2008. The series is created by and based on the early life of creator Ian James Corlett. It is set in the city of Burnaby, British Columbia. Produced in 2004, it debuted on April 26, 2005, on YTV. The series first aired in the United States on Jetix along with Carl² on September 15, 2005 until November 14, 2007. The series also aired on Qubo from September 19 to October 24, 2009, and continued to air on Qubo's Night Owl block until March 25, 2018. However it returned to Qubo on May 29, 2018 as part of the network's Night Owl Block until September 29, 2018. In 2012, YTV stopped airing reruns in Canada. Nickelodeon Canada aired reruns of the show from September 5, 2011 to September 2, 2013. Reruns continued to air on BBC Kids in Canada until the network's closure on December 31, 2018. Characters Kelley family Ian Kelley: Voiced by Richard Ian Cox. The protagonist of the series, Ian Kelley aspires to become a filmmaker. Unfortunately, his family is mostly indifferent towards his creative streak, which is a constant source of frustration for him. Ian is intelligent, if somewhat naive, he has a very large imagination, and often gets lost in daydreams (many of which are parodies of famous films). His ultimate dream is to win an Academy Award, to the point that he constantly practices his acceptance speech, just so he will not be caught speechless if and when it ever does happen. Aside from this, Ian is a typical sitcom child; most plots involve him either failing at an elaborate scheme or trying desperately to survive in a world that does not seem to fit his ideals. According to the episode "Being Principal Bill", Ian's middle name is James, a reference to Ian James Corlett, whom he is based on. He has a crush on Sandi as seen in various animated thoughts. Kenneth "Ken" Kelley: Voiced by Louis Chirillo. Kenneth is Ian's father; he owns Kelley's Keyboards, a local music store. Ken, while a loving husband and father, is somewhat clueless, easily distracted, and chronically uncool. While he tries his best to keep his household in check, every member of his family knows exactly how to get their way with him. Ken is chronically dependent on his wife to keep his life in check; when she temporarily left him, it only took a few days for him to regress to a neanderthal. When he was younger, Ken dreamed of becoming a recording star and showing up to all of the "cool" kids who snubbed him. However, his recording career ended the same day it began, as the only song he played was "I's the B'y". While often used for comic relief, Ken can be a sympathetic character, especially when he seems aware of how uncool he is. Ken is a workaholic and has a very gung-ho attitude towards volunteer service, seemingly oblivious to the fact that his sons do not share his attitude. His catchphrase is "Holy Moli, Ravioli!". Victoria "Vicky" Kelley (née Menske): Voiced by Patricia Drake. Victoria is Ian's mother from Poland. She divides her time as a homemaker and helping Ken run the music store. While she loves her husband and sons very dearly, they all have a good reason to fear her wrath. While she usually is the most level-headed member of the family, Vicki can be surprisingly petty and selfish when she does not get her own way. She also constantly annoys her family with odd obsessions she develops (collector's spoons, organic food, deformed animals, etc.), to the point of being oblivious to anything else. Usually her husband and sons are at her wrath, while she is proud of their achievements and they care about each other. Kyle Kelley: Voiced by Ty Olsson. Kyle is Ian's brother and the oldest of the family. A laid-back, somewhat doltish teenager, Kyle is not stupid so much as lazy; he knows how to get his way around the house, and sees no reason to put any real effort into anything. Unknown to most, he is actually very intelligent; he is able to spell highly difficult words with ease, can perform complex mathematical equations in his head, and can memorize entire science textbooks. The only thing that Kyle is really interested in is the opposite sex; he readily will take chase after any attractive female that catches his eye, but his pursuits seldom lead to anything other than rejection. As with Korey, Kyle has a playfully antagonistic relationship with the well-behaved Ian; while he probably cares for the "doofus" deep down, the temptations to play off of Ian's gullibility and sensitivity are too much for him to resist most of the time. Korey Kelley: Voiced by Matt Hill. Korey is Ian's brother and the middle child of the three. Korey is a rather idiosyncratic individual - not even his own family understands him most of the time. Most of the time Korey seems lost in his own world. Despite this, Korey actually has a sharp mind and is often very observant - it seems he simply chooses not to be aware of his surroundings most of the time. Caught in the middle between his two brothers, as being the middle child Korey combines the niceness and sensitiveness of the youngest child and the laziness of the oldest to form his own personality. Although it's not shown as much, Korey (sometimes openly) shows affection and kindness for Ian and his other family members; however, this is overlooked quite a lot as he is often playing pranks with Kyle and is very lazy at times. A running gag is that Korey never removes his cap, even when he sleeps. Chopin: Voiced by David Kaye. Chopin is the Kelley family dog, a lap dog of indeterminate breed who is missing one of his hind legs. Ian received him as a gift when he was young, and it has since come out that Vicky, who cares deeply for deformed animals, told him that all dogs have three legs at the time. Chopin's role is mostly limited to physical comedy - an often-used gag is the fact that Chopin is unable to stay upright when he lifts a leg to urinate. Friends and relatives Tyrone "Ty" Washington: Voiced by Dexter Bell. Tyrone is Ian's best friend from the United States. Considerably more together than Ian, Tyrone often attempts to act as the voice of reason, although he is usually willing to go along with whatever schemes his friend cooks up. Tyrone is usually the one to pull Ian back to reality when one of his fantasies goes too far. His father is a 6'8" African-American basketball player. His mother is a 4'3" Asian nurse. Sandra "Sandi" Crocker: Voiced by Tabitha St. Germain. Sandi is Ian's other best friend. She is an athletic, short-tempered tomboy, and can physically dominate Ian and Tyrone easily. Together with Tyrone, Sandi often acts as a bemused sort of Greek chorus to Ian's antics. Her relationship with the boys is completely platonic, although she once accidentally admitted that she expects Ian and Tyrone's friendship to be strained by fighting for her affections when they become older. There is, however, a slight romance hinted between Ian and Sandi. Grandma Eleanor Kelley: Voiced by Patricia Drake. Grandma Kelley is Ken's patriotic mother from Scotland. She speaks in a thick brogue and can terrorize her entire family with little effort - no member of her family is willing to cross her. A clever joke is made of this in the opening theme at one point; Ian fantasizes his family as movie monsters, but Grandma Kelley stays exactly the same. Grandma Mary Menske: Voiced by Christina Jastrzembska. Grandma Menske is Vicky's mother; being a doting grandmother, she is constantly pampering her family with hearty meals and tacky hand-made clothing. She never approved of Ken's marriage to Vicky; she rather sees it as a result of a Gypsy curse on her family. Even after Ken and Vicky had been married for two decades, she still held out on hope for Vicky to get back with her ex-boyfriend Lubomir Wormchuk. She only gave her blessing to the marriage when she discovered that Lubomir had lost his teeth (what had attracted her attention in the first place). Odbald: Voiced by Ian James Corlett. Odbald is Ken's assistant at Kelley's Keyboards. A rural immigrant from the Netherlands, he moved to Canada to escape a life of "polishing cheeses and carving wooden shoes". Odbald, despite being an adult, is very immature - leaving him in charge of the Kelley boys always results in disaster. Odbald is an expert in keyboards of all kinds, to the point that he becomes emotionally attached to them. Odbald is utterly devoted to Ken - or "Mishter Kelley", as he calls him - and often goes out of his way to aid Ken in tasks far beyond his duties in Kelley's Keyboards. Whenever Ken accidentally damages something, his stock response is to say "Odbald, could you take care of that for me?" Odbald lives in the back room of Kelley's Keyboards and has a proclivity for nodding off at inappropriate times and eating messily. Supporting Principal Bill McCammon: Voiced by Richard Newman. Mr. McCammon is Ian's school principal at Celine Dion Middle School. He does not trust Ian sometimes due to his imagination, as well as his family. Nevertheless, he does his best to set forward a proper education for the entire school. Mr. Greeble: Voiced by Peter Kelamis, and Ty Olsson on his first appearance. Mr. Greeble is one of Ian's teachers at Celine Dion Middle School. Like Mr. McCammon, he does not trust Ian sometimes due to his imagination. Ronald Fleeman: Voiced by: Ian James Corlett. He is the owner of a smoothie shop next door to Kelley's Keyboards (and Spa). Episodes Season 1 (2005) Directed By: Andy Bartlett, Josh Mepham Season 2 (2005–06) Directed By: Josh Mepham Season 3 (2007-2008) Directed By: Chad Van De Keere International broadcast References External links The Being Ian website on YTV.com Ian James Corlett (see Being Ian in the Original Projects section) Category:2005 Canadian television series debuts Category:2007 Canadian television series endings Category:Canadian children's animated comedy television series Category:Television shows set in British Columbia Category:Television series produced in Vancouver Category:YTV shows Category:Qubo Category:Television series by Nelvana Category:Television series by DHX Media Category:Canadian flash animated television series Category:2000s Canadian animated television series Category:Canadian television series with live action and animation Category:Animated television series about children Category:Animated television series about families

Paul Volpe may refer to: Paul Volpe (mobster), Italian-Canadian mobster Paul Volpe (poker player), American poker player

Francisco de Toral, O.F.M. (1502–1571) was a Franciscan missionary in New Spain, and the first Bishop of Yucatán. Biography De Toral was ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor. On November 19, 1561, Francisco de Toral was appointed by Pope Pius IV the first bishop of the Diocese of Yucatán and consecrated bishop on May 24, 1562 by Sancho Díaz de Trujillo, Auxiliary Bishop of Plasencia, with Fernando de Villagómez, Bishop of Tlaxcala, and Juan de Vaca, Bishop of Panamá, serving as co-consecrators. As part of his effort to Christianize the Indians of New Spain, Toral learned to speak the Nahuatl and Popoloca languages, and compiled a dictionary and grammar of the latter. He also charged Bernardino de Sahagún with the creation of the Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España. In Yucatán he led an investigation into the alleged abuses of the Maya by Diego de Landa, employing Gaspar Antonio Chi as his interpreter; Landa would eventually be acquitted, and follow Toral as Bishop of Yucatán. He claimed that crosses were being burned, and human sacrifices were made in church. In the end, Mayans were considered innocent, based on the lack of proof. Francisco de Toral requested his permission be terminated, but his request was denied. Following this denial, he moved to Mexico City and lived there until his death on April 20, 1571. Experiences in Yucatán Before Toral arrived in the Yucatán, Landa arrived in 1549 and ordered the destruction of more than 20,000 Mayan artifacts that were determined to be cult images over his time in the region. In addition to his overseeing of these artifacts’ destruction, he actively tortured Mayans in order to produce confessions of idolatry. Mayans that confessed to idol worship faced severe penalties, ranging from flogging to ten years of forced labor for minor offenses. Toral arrived in 1562 to a province that was in a great state of unrest. There was a large controversy among Mayans and secular government officials with regards to Landa’s treatment of allegedly idolatrous Indians. Toral was shocked by the violent behavior of the Franciscan friars. He believed that the clergy had both a right and duty to physically punish Mayans resisting conversion, but Toral was skeptical that the confessions Landa elicited were legitimate and the resulting punishments were an overreaction to the situation. In Toral’s eyes, Landa was doing work outside of the position he had been designated. With this conflict began a period of distrust between Toral and the Franciscans of the Yucatán. In response to these events, Toral forced Landa’s return to Spain in 1563 in order to answer the accusations that were being drawn against him. As Toral began to exercise his authority, he freed hundreds of Mayans that Landa had imprisoned. Under his supervision only the most extreme cases of idolatry were investigated, and even those resulted in fairly light sentences. In addition to this, Toral began to cooperate more with local secular authorities in order for his religious order to be as effective as possible. He removed Franciscan missionary clergy from the administration of ecclesiastical justice, urging his secular clergy to use verbal persuasion to draw Mayans away from idolatry. Toral’s distrust of Franciscans and his inability to control the friars still holding authority resulted in a large amount of tension between himself, the Franciscan order, and local government authorities, namely Governor Luis de Céspedes y Oviedo. Charges were brought against him by Governor Céspedes for usurping royal jurisdiction as animosity towards him as a religious leader began to grow. Landa was eventually absolved of his charges in 1569. Following this and his ongoing dilemmas in Yucatán, Toral requested he be relocated to serve in Mexico City before ultimately abdicating his position in 1570 and dying in Mexico. References External links and additional sources (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) Category:1502 births Category:1571 deaths Category:Mexican Franciscans Category:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:Missionary linguists Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius IV Category:Franciscan bishops

Esmailabad or Esmaeelabad () may refer to: Alborz Province Esmailabad, Alborz Esmailabad Shur Qaleh-ye Bala, Alborz Esmailabad Shur Qaleh-ye Pain, Alborz Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province Esmailabad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a village in Kuhrang County East Azerbaijan Province Esmailabad, East Azerbaijan, a village in Sarab County Fars Province Esmailabad, Bavanat, a village in Bavanat County Esmailabad, Darab, a village in Darab County Esmailabad, Jahrom, a village in Jahrom County Esmailabad, Kharameh, a village in Kharameh County Esmailabad, Marvdasht, a village in Marvdasht County Esmailabad (30°01′ N 52°36′ E), Dorudzan, a village in Marvdasht County Esmailabad (30°07′ N 52°35′ E), Dorudzan, a village in Marvdasht County Esmailabad, Seyyedan, a village in Marvdasht County Esmailabad, Shiraz, a village in Shiraz County Esmailabad, Zarqan, a village in Shiraz County Gilan Province Esmailabad, Gilan, a village in Rasht County Golestan Province Esmailabad, Golestan Kerman Province Esmailabad, Arzuiyeh, a village in Arzuiyeh County Esmailabad-e Olya, a village in Baft County Esmailabad, Bam, a village in Bam County Esmailabad, Bardsir, a village in Bardsir County Esmailabad, Fahraj, a village in Fahraj County Esmailabad, Kerman, a village in Kerman County Esmailabad, Mahan, a village in Kerman County Esmailabad, Rafsanjan, a village in Rafsanjan County Esmailabad, Ferdows, a village in Rafsanjan County Esmailabad, Ravar, a village in Ravar County Esmailabad, Zarand, a village in Zarand County Kermanshah Province Esmailabad, Kermanshah, a village in Sarpol-e Zahab County Khuzestan Province Esmailabad, Khuzestan, a village in Gotvand County Lorestan Province Esmailabad, Lorestan Markazi Province Esmailabad, Saveh, a village in Saveh County Esmailabad, Zarandieh, a village in Zarandieh County North Khorasan Province Esmailabad, North Khorasan Qazvin Province Esmailabad, Qazvin Esmailabad, Buin Zahra, Qazvin Razavi Khorasan Province Esmailabad, Bardaskan, a village in Bardaskan County Esmailabad, Chenaran, a village in Chenaran County Esmailabad, Jowayin, a village in Jowayin County Esmailabad (36°21′ N 59°36′ E), Mashhad, a village in Mashhad County Esmailabad (36°26′ N 59°31′ E), Mashhad, a village in Mashhad County Esmailabad, Ahmadabad, a village in Mashhad County Esmailabad, Torbat-e Jam, a village in Torbat-e Jam County Esmailabad, Pain Jam, a village in Torbat-e Jam County Esmailabad-e Gorji, a village in Torbat-e Jam County Esmailabad, Zaveh, a village in Zaveh County Sistan and Baluchestan Province Esmailabad (28°20′ N 60°27′ E), Gowhar Kuh, a village in Khash County Esmailabad (28°37′ N 60°25′ E), Gowhar Kuh, a village in Khash County Esmailabad Rural District (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) South Khorasan Province Esmailabad, Darmian, a village in Darmian County Esmailabad, Nehbandan, a village in Nehbandan County Esmailabad, Qaen, a village in Qaen County Esmailabad, Tabas, a village in Tabas County Tehran Province Esmailabad, Rey, a village in Rey County Esmailabad, Varamin, a village in Varamin County Esmailabad-e Moin Esmailabad Rural District (Tehran Province) West Azerbaijan Province Esmailabad, West Azerbaijan, a village in Poldasht County

Francke is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), German Protestant theologian Arne Francke (1904–1973), Swedish horse rider Gloria Niemeyer Francke (1922–2008), American pharmacist and science writer Kuno Francke (1855–1930), educator and historian Malcolm Francke (born 1939), Australian cricketer Master Francke (c.1380–1440), German painter Michael Francke (1946–1989), Director of the Oregon Department of Corrections Paul Francke (architect) (c.1537-1615), German architect and master builder Paul Francke (footballer) († 1914-1918), German football player and founder member of Bayern Munich Paul Francke (geologist) (1897-1957), German geologist Paul Francke (musician) (born 1979), American musician Rend al-Rahim Francke (born 1949), Iraqi political activist and ambassador to the United States See also Franke Francken Franck (disambiguation) Category:German-language surnames

Christopher Shank (born June 30, 1972) is an American politician from Hagerstown, Maryland who has served as the Executive Director of the Maryland Governor's Office of Crime Control and Prevention since 2015. He has previously served in the Maryland Senate representing the 2nd District in Washington County. Education Shank graduated from South Hagerstown High School in Hagerstown, Maryland and later attended Johns Hopkins University where he received his B.A. (history) in 1994. He graduated a Phi Beta Kappa. He later attained his M.A. (political management) from The Graduate School of Political Management at the George Washington University in 1998. He was the valedictorian and received the Howard Paley Academic Excellence Award. Career After college, Shank was a legislative assistant to the Washington County Delegation. He served in this role from 1994-98. Along with being a delegate he is also an adjunct professor at the Graduate School of Political Management at George Washington University. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee of the Cold Weather Homeless Shelter of Washington County, serving since 1997. He was formerly on the Board of Directors for the Washington County Chapter of the American Cancer Society. Shank is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), serving as Maryland state leader. From 2001 to 2005, Shank served as on the staff of the House Science Committee. His focus topics were human spaceflight and Earth science. During the Bush presidency, Shank served as special assistant to NASA administrator Mike Griffin. Following that role, he took the position of Director of Strategic Investments at NASA. There, he resolved budgeting with Congress and the White House. He briefly served as Chief of Strategic Communications at NASA as well. In 2008, Shank was given a teaching post in George Washington University's Summer Scholars Program. Shank taught a course on election politics. During the 10-day program he lectured on his experience in campaigning as well as worked with students to simulate a mock campaign. In January 2010, Shank announced his intention to challenge long-serving state senator Donald Munson based on charges that Munson was "too liberal." On September 14, 2010, Shank defeated Munson in the Republican primary election, winning the party's nomination. Shank received 57.05% of the vote compared to Munson's 42.05%. On January 13, 2015, Shank was appointed as director of the Governor's Office of Crime Control and Prevention and resigned his state senate seat eight days later. In 2016, Shank was promoted to the Deputy Chief of Staff of Maryland. President Trump presented Shank as his first choice to head the NASA transition team in 2016. Legislative notes 2005 - voted for slots (HB1361) Positions Shank disputes the climate consensus that climate change is occurring and that it is influenced in large part by human behavior. At a 2015 panel on science communication, Shank critiqued the goals of climate policy and the accuracy of scientific measurements, despite rules for the discussion that basic facts of science were not up for debate. He also compared climate skeptics to Galileo, a trope widely derided by science historians. Election results 2006 Race for Maryland House Of Delegates– District 2B Voters to choose one: {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Votes !Percent !Outcome |- |- |Christopher B. Shank, Rep. |9,606 |  99% |   Won |- |- |Other Write-Ins |101 |  1.0% |   Lost |} 2002 Race for Maryland Maryland House Of Delegates – District 2B Voters to choose one: {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Votes !Percent !Outcome |- |- |Christopher B. Shank, Rep. |7,749 |  72.33% |   Won |- |- |David M. Russo |2,954 |  27.57% |   Lost |- |- |Other Write-Ins |11 |  0.10% |   Lost |} 1998 Race for Maryland Maryland House Of Delegates – District 2B Voters to choose one: {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Votes !Percent !Outcome |- |- |Christopher B. Shank, Rep. |4,873 |  51% |   Won |- |- |D. Bruce Poole |4,626 |  49% |   Lost |- |} References External links Official biography Category:1972 births Category:Maryland state senators Category:Members of the Maryland House of Delegates Category:Politicians from Hagerstown, Maryland Category:People from Washington County, Maryland Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni Category:Living people Category:The Graduate School of Political Management alumni Category:Maryland Republicans Category:21st-century American politicians

Tephrinops is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database Category:Calpinae

, sometimes referred to with or without subtitle as , is a 1993 turn-based traditional game developed and published by Irem exclusively in Japan for the Nintendo Game Boy on December 10, 1993. It is a spin-off of Irem's 1992 beat 'em up arcade game simply titled Undercover Cops. It is also the second-to-last game Irem released for the Game Boy, with Daiku no Gen-san - Robot Teikoku no Yabō being the last. Gameplay The player starts by choosing one of the three Undercover Cops: Zan Takahara (known outside Japan as Claude), Matt Gables (known outside Japan as Bubba) and Rosa Felmonde (known outside Japan as Flame). After that the player will move through the map in a board game pattern. During this part, the player will select one of two options: "SLOT" or "ITEM". To move through the pattern, the player must select "SLOT", then choose one out of five numbers he or she has. If the player selects a "2" or higher, the player will play a slot machine game (influenced by the ones seen during the "Assessment Day" segments after each stage before the final one in the Undercover Cops arcade game) that will randomly select either the number the player selected or any other number lower. For instance, if the highest number "10" was chosen, the slot machine will select between "10" and "1". However, if the player chooses a "1", the slot machine will not be played, while the player will move to one square. If the player selects "ITEM", he or she can use items they obtained throughout the game. There are several different kinds of squares to step on. White squares do nothing, brown squares give money, black squares start either a battle or a minigame, "SHOP" squares allow players to buy items, "INN" squares allow players to rest and gain more hearts (or health), "777" squares will allow players to play a casino-like game to gamble, squares with magicians give something special, squares with fighting stick figures will start a boss battle, squares with a giant man on them will start a battle that costs money to learn a new normal attack move that will be randomly used along with the one the player already has, and squares with pictures of either city buildings, valleys or other environmental areas have civilians that will either give an advice, money, items or other stuff. During a battle after stepping either on a black square, a square with a giant man (after spending money) or a square with a fighting stick figure, the player must choose the highest number he or she has while the CPU-controlled enemy randomly chooses a number. Whoever has the higher number than the other will "ATTACK", while the other will be in "DEFENSE". If both have an equal number, they'll have to select another number. In "DEFENSE" mode, the player must select one of three actions: "GUARD", "ITEM" or "RUN AWAY". "GUARD" allows the player to choose one of two parts of his or her chosen Undercover Cop's body part to make him or her protect, before choosing a number. The higher the number, the greater the player's chance at blocking or dodging the enemy's attack becomes if the enemy attacks anywhere in the body part the player defends. In "ATTACK" mode, while the enemy will randomly select a number, the player will first select one of three actions: "ATTACK", "ITEM" or "SP" (abbr. for "SPECIAL"). "ATTACK" allows the player to choose one of five of the enemy's body parts to attack at. After that, the player will select a number, the higher the easier he or she will successfully hit the enemy. In both "DEFENSE" and "ATTACK" mode, "ITEM" allows the player to use an item for support. "SP" (or "SPECIAL") allows the player to send a special move that will hit the opponent with greater damage than normal attacks without selecting the enemy's body part to attack at, but will drain the player's hearts (or health). "RUN AWAY" allows the player to either successfully flee from the enemy or be attacked by the enemy. After selecting a number in each part of each battle, a new number will randomly be drawn and added to both the player's and enemy's hands. If the player wins, he or she will earn a certain money and experiment (pr "EXP") points and return to the map screen. If the player loses, the game is over. In battles after stepping on a square with a giant man on it, the player only can select one of the enemy's body parts when in "ATTACK" mode, which means no "ITEM" or "SP" allowed. Plot Reception Famitsu review rated it 18 out of 40. References External links Undercover Cops: Hakaishin Garumaa at GameFAQs Category:1993 video games Category:Game Boy games Category:Game Boy-only games Category:Irem games Category:Japan-exclusive video games Category:Board game-style video games Category:Video game spin-offs Category:Video games scored by Kenji Yamazaki Category:Video games developed in Japan Category:Video games featuring female protagonists Category:Video games set in the 2040s Category:Video games set in New York City

Ron Dowling (27 June 1913 – 5 March 2005) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Dowling, an engineer by profession, played as an amateur during his league career. He was on the wing for Collingwood in both the 1937 and 1938 VFL Grand Finals, which they lost. A suspension cost an appearance in a third successive grand final in 1939, having been found guilty of striking Melbourne player Keith Truscott in the semi final. Before he died, at the age of 91 in 2005, he was the oldest living Collingwood player. References Category:1913 births Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:Collingwood Football Club players Category:Ivanhoe Amateurs Football Club players Category:2005 deaths

Panama Sugar is a 1990 Italian comedy film directed by Marcello Avallone and starring by Scott Plank and Oliver Reed. Plot On an idyllic Caribbean island, Panama Sugar and his friends, engage a battle with Fox Perry, the wealthy American boss who would like to purchase the island to make a Las Vegas exotic. Cast Scott Plank as Panama Sugar Oliver Reed as General Lucrezia Lante della Rovere as Liza Vittorio Amandola as Fox Perry Duilio Del Prete as Blue Ball Memè Perlini as Lt. Garcia Francesco Scimemi as Mozart Massimiliano Ubaldi as Bad twin Josette Martial See also List of Italian films of 1990 Notes External links Category:1990 films Category:Italian films Category:1990s comedy films Category:Italian comedy films Category:Films set in the Caribbean

Midnight University is a Thai virtual university for free public education. It contains over 1,500 scholarly articles. In 2006 it received more than 2.5 million visits per month from users around the world. Besides providing scholarly articles, the Midnight University website provides space for the public to discuss social and political issues. It is based in Chiang Mai. Following the 2006 Thai coup d'état, Midnight University's website was shut down after Chiang Mai University management and staff protested the junta's draft interim charter. Kasian Tejapira of Thammasat University claimed the website was "the foremost free and critical educational and public intellectual website in Thailand. The shutdown was not only a huge loss to academic and intellectual freedom in Thai society, but also the closure of a free forum for the contention of ideas so as to find a peaceful alternative to violent conflict in Thailand." Kraisorn Pornsuthee, Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT) Permanent Secretary claimed ignorance of the shutdown of the website and declined to give his rationale or opinion about the matter. References External links Midnight University (archived copy) Category:Thai educational websites Category:Politics of Thailand

Empress Dowager Guo (郭太后, personal name unknown) (died June 25, 848), formally Empress Yi'an (懿安皇后, "the benevolent and peaceful empress"), was an empress dowager of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. During the reign of her husband Emperor Xianzong, she was commonly regarded as his wife and the proper empress even though she never received the title from him, and she subsequently served as empress dowager during the reign of their son Emperor Muzong, their grandsons Emperor Jingzong, Emperor Wenzong, Emperor Wuzong, and his son (by a concubine) Emperor Xuānzong. Background It is not known exactly when the future Empress Dowager Guo was born. Her father was the official Guo Ai (郭曖), one of the sons of the great general Guo Ziyi, and her mother was Princess Shengping, a daughter of Emperor Daizong. In 793—by which time her father Guo Ai was described to be deceased—she married Li Chun the Prince of Guangling, the oldest son of Li Song the Crown Prince, son of then-reigning Emperor Dezong (Emperor Daizong's son). (She was therefore marrying her cousin's son.) She thus became the Princess of Guangling. It was said that because her mother was a princess and her grandfather and father both had great contributions to the state, she was much favored by her father-in-law Li Song. In 795, she gave birth to Li Chun's third son Li You. Later she gave birth to Li Chun's sixth son Li Wu and a daughter Princess Qiyang. As imperial consort In 805, Emperor Dezong died, and Li Song became emperor (as Emperor Shunzong), but as Emperor Shunzong was seriously ill himself, he yielded the throne to Li Chun later that year, and Li Chun took the throne (as Emperor Xianzong). Shortly after Emperor Xianzong took the throne, Princess Guo's mother Princess Shengping offered a tribute of 50 women to Emperor Xianzong, but Emperor Xianzong declined on the rationale that if Emperor Shunzong was not accepting tributes, neither could he. In 806, Emperor Xianzong created Princess Guo Guifei (貴妃) — the highest rank for imperial consorts — but did not create her empress. He also did not create Li You crown prince; rather, he only created Li You the Prince of Sui, instead creating Li You's older brother Li Ning, the son of his concubine Consort Ji, crown prince. Only after Li Ning died in 811 was Li You (who was renamed Li Heng) created crown prince, bypassing another older brother, Li Kuan (李寬) the Prince of Li. Before doing so, Emperor Xianzong had the imperial scholar Cui Qun draft a petition offering to yield on Li Kuan's behalf, but Cui pointed out that Li Heng was born of a wife — and in doing so, recognized Consort Guo as Emperor Xianzong's wife rather than concubine — whereas Li Kuan was born of a concubine, and argued that such a petition would be unnecessary. Emperor Xianzong agreed and did not insist on such a petition. It was said that the officials, throughout the years, submitted repeated petitions that Consort Guo be created empress, and the efforts became particularly intense in 813. However, Emperor Xianzong, who had many favorite concubines, was concerned that due to Consort Guo's honored lineage, if he created her empress, the other concubines would not be able to have sexual relations with him. He therefore declined on the basis that the times were not fortunate times. In 820, Emperor Xianzong died suddenly — a death that was commonly believed to have been a murder carried out by the eunuch Chen Hongzhi (陳弘志). After some confusion, in which the powerful eunuch Tutu Chengcui apparently tried to have Li Kuan (whose name had been changed to Li Yun (李惲) by this point) made emperor, several other key eunuchs — Liang Shouqian (梁守謙), Ma Jintan (馬進潭), Liu Chengjie (劉承偕), Wei Yuansu (韋元素), and Wang Shoucheng — had Tutu and Li Yun killed, and they supported Li Heng to be emperor (as Emperor Muzong). Emperor Muzong honored Consort Guo as empress dowager. (Another son of Emperor Xianzong's, Li Yi, would later suspect Consort Guo and Li Heng of being complicit in Emperor Xianzong's murder, although there was no particular evidence linking either to the murder.) As empress dowager and grand empress dowager During Emperor Muzong's reign After Emperor Muzong took the throne, he took much effort to posthumously honor Empress Dowager Guo's male ancestors and her mother, as well as give her older brothers Guo Zhao (郭釗) and Guo Cong (郭鏦) high honors. She took up residence at Xingqing Palace (興慶宮), and he visited her twice a month. Whenever it was her birthday or a particularly special day, he would greet her along with officials in grand ceremonies, and he was exuberant in providing supplies to her palace, to the point of being excessive and wasteful. In 821, a daughter of Empress Dowager Guo's, Princess Taihe, was sent to Huigu to marry its Chongde Khan. On an occasion in 822, when Empress Dowager Guo visited Huaqing Palace (華清宮, known for its hot springs), Emperor Muzong joined her there, although he returned to the capital Chang'an after just one day and she spent several days there before returning to Chang'an. In 824, Emperor Muzong became seriously ill, and by his orders, his son and crown prince Li Zhan was made regent. The eunuchs suggested that Empress Dowager Guo should herself assume the regency — to which she responded: Empress Dowager Guo took the proposed edict in which she is named regent and tore it up herself. Her brother Guo Zhao also opposed the proposal, and the proposal was not carried out. That evening, Emperor Muzong died, and Li Zhan took the throne (as Emperor Jingzong). During Emperor Jingzong's reign Emperor Jingzong honored Empress Dowager Guo as grand empress dowager, while honoring his mother Consort Wang as empress dowager. Later that year, when a disturbance led by two commoners, Su Xuanming (蘇玄明) and Zhang Shao (張韶), caused him to flee the palace briefly and flee to the Shence Army (神策軍) camps, he was concerned about the safety of the two empresses dowager and had the soldiers escort them to the Shence Army camps as well. Only after the disturbance was suppressed did he (and presumably they) return to the palace. In 826, Emperor Jingzong was assassinated by a group of eunuchs led by Su Zuoming (蘇佐明). Another eunuch, Liu Keming (劉克明), wanted to support Emperor Jingzong's brother Li Wu the Prince of Jiàng as emperor, but Wang Shoucheng, Yang Chenghe (楊承和), Wei Congjian (魏從簡), and Liang Shouqian instead supported another brother of Emperor Jingzong's, Li Han the Prince of Jiāng (note different tone). Their troops battled Liu's and prevailed, killing Liu and Li Wu. An edict was issued in Grand Empress Dowager Guo's name, naming Li Han emperor (as Emperor Wenzong). During Emperor Wenzong's reign Emperor Wenzong honored his mother Consort Xiao as an empress dowager as well — so there were three empresses dowager. It was said that he was filially pious toward all three, and that whenever he received precious things, he would first offer them to the three empresses dowager. In 838, there was an incident that shortly after two daughters of Grand Empress Dowager Guo's uncle Guo Min (郭旼) arrived at the palace to visit her, Guo Min was made the military governor (Jiedushi) of Binning Circuit (邠寧, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). The imperial scholar Liu Gongquan pointed out to Emperor Wenzong that the people came to believe that Guo Min had offered his two daughters to be Emperor Wenzong's concubines, and in exchange was made a military governor. At Liu's suggestion, that same day, Grand Empress Dowager Guo had her two cousins leave the palace and return to Guo Min's house. During Emperor Wuzong's reign In 840, Emperor Wenzong died, and his younger brother Li Chan became emperor (as Emperor Wuzong). It was said that Emperor Wuzong favored hunting and martial games, and that the imperial servants known as the Wufang Boys (五坊小兒) were allowed to enter and leave the palace at will due to his favors for them. In 841, on an occasion when he went to greet Grand Empress Dowager Guo and asked her for advice on governing the state, she suggested that he listen to the advice of the officials. Once he left her presence, he reviewed the petitions from the officials, and many of them advised him against hunting and games. Thereafter, he reduced those activities and the awards that he was giving the Wufang Boys. During Emperor Xuānzong's reign In 846, Emperor Wuzong died, and his uncle Li Yi (whose name was then changed to Li Chen)—Emperor Xianzong's son by his concubine Consort Zheng—became emperor (as Emperor Xuānzong). Grand Empress Dowager Guo continued to be grand empress dowager, but Emperor Xuānzong's mother Consort Zheng was honored as empress dowager. Emperor Xuānzong’s brother, the late Emperor Muzong, was the son of then crown prince Li Chun’s Main Consort (Lady Guo); thus in the hereditary monarchy, he inherited the most legitimate right to the Tang Dynasty throne. Although Emperor Muzong’s three sons (Emperor Jingzong, Emperor Wenzong and Emperor Wuzong) had all produced male heirs, Xuānzong still ascended to the throne with the support of the powerful group of eunuchs. As a consequence, all Grand Empress Dowager Guo's descendants lost the right to claim the Tang’s crown. To add insult to injury, Consort Zheng, who had previously been a servant girl of Grand Empress Dowager Guo's before she became an imperial consort, resented Grand Empress Dowager Guo, Emperor Xuānzong did not treat Grand Empress Dowager Guo with great respect. On June 25, in year 848 a.d., Grand Empress Dowager Guo attempted to commit suicide when visiting Qinzheng Tower (勤政樓), by throwing herself off the high tower; only to be stopped by her attendants. Emperor Xuānzong was furious when he learned about the incident. Grand Empress Dowager Guo died that very night, no cause of death was recorded. As Emperor Xuānzong wanted to reserve for his mother Empress Dowager Zheng the honor of being buried with Emperor Xianzong, he did not want Grand Empress Dowager Guo to be buried with Emperor Xianzong. The officials thus suggested that she be buried in the outer perimeters of his tomb Jingling (景陵) and that her spirit tablet not be placed inside his temple. When the official Wang Hao (王皞) earnestly opposed the proposal and suggested that she be buried with Emperor Xianzong and be worshipped in his temple, Wang offended both Emperor Xuānzong and the chancellor Bai Minzhong, and was exiled. Still, in the aftermaths of the dispute, she was buried with Emperor Xianzong, although she was still not worshipped at his temple. Only during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son Emperor Yizong, when Wang had been recalled and again advocated for her enshrinement, was she enshrined at Emperor Xianzong's temple. Styles Lady Guo Princess Consort of Guangling 廣陵王妃 Noble Consort Guo 郭貴妃 (806–820) Empress Dowager Guo (820–824) Grand Empress Dowager Guo (824–848) In fiction Played by Susan Tse, a fictionalized version of Empress Dowager Guo was portrayed in 2009 Hong Kong's TVB television series, Beyond the Realm of Conscience. Notes and references Old Book of Tang, vol. 52. New Book of Tang, vol. 77. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 234, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 243, 246, 248, 250. Category:8th-century births Category:848 deaths Category:Tang dynasty empresses dowager Category:Chinese grand empresses dowager

Karczowice may refer to the following places in Poland: Karczowice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) Karczowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)

Martha Violet Ball (May 17, 1811 – December 22, 1894) was an American educator, philanthropist, activist, writer, and editor. In 1833, Ball and her sister, Lucy, undertook the unpopular work of opening a school for young African American girls in the West End of Boston. In the same year, she assisted in the organization of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, of which she and her sister, Lucy, held leadership roles. Her work among unfortunate women and girls led to the formation of the New England Female Moral Reform Society, with which she was from its beginning connected as Secretary and Manager. For twenty-five years, she was joint-editor of its organ, the Home Guardian, and was also affiliated in its department, "The Children's Fireside". She was a constituent member of the Ladies' Baptist Bethel Society, first as its Secretary and for thirty years its President. Ball was the first President of the Woman's Union Missionary Society of America for Heathen Lands, and a charter member of the New England Woman's Press Association. She was the author of several small, popular books. Early life and education Martha Violet Ball was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 17, 1811. Her parents were Joseph T. Ball (born, Jamaica, West Indies) and Mary Montgomery Drew Ball. There were at least five siblings, Mary (1800–1829), Joseph (1805–1861), Lucy (1807–1891), Hannah (1813–1888), and Thomas (1819–1819). She was educated in the public schools and by private tutors. Career Ball was a school teacher for thirty years and a Sunday school teacher for forty years. From 1833 to 1839, Ball and her sister operated a school for young African American girls in West End, Boston. In 1838, under the auspices of the New England Female Moral Reform Society, she started providing services for fallen, intemperate women and unfortunate young girls. In this regard, Ball served on The Home Guardian, a monthly periodical published by the society, for twenty-seven years, ten years, beginning in 1837, as assistant and seventeen years as editor. She resigned in 1890, on account of the illness of her sister, Lucy. Ball was one of the women who in 1833 assisted in forming the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society in the parlor of Mrs. J. N. Barbour. She served as recording secretary in 1837–38. She continued to labor for the overthrow of slavery until it was abolished. In 1836, assisted by a few friends, she opened an evening school for young African American girls in the west part of Boston. In 1840, after the dissolution of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, Ball and her sister, Lucy, helped found the Massachusetts Female Emancipation Society. In 1842, Ball was sent as a delegate to an anti-slavery convention of women held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall, where the convention met, was attacked by a mob of several thousands, the women were driven out and pelted with stones, mud and missiles of various kinds, and Ball was struck in her chest by a piece of brick. The hall was shortly after burned to the ground by the mob. Ball aided in forming the Ladies' Baptist Bethel Society and was secretary for a time. She was then elected president, and retained that office for thirty years. The society became a large and influential body, laboring under the auspices of the Boston Baptist Bethel Society. In 1860, Ball, with a few other women, organized the Woman's Union Missionary Society of America for Heathen Lands. A charter member of the New England Woman's Press Association, she was the author of several small, popular books. Personal life In religion, Ball was a Baptist. She was a member of the Rowe Street Baptist Church in Boston, where she was prominent in social and religious work, and was long interested in Home and Foreign Missions. She died in Boston on December 22, 1894. References Citations Attribution Bibliography Category:1811 births Category:1894 deaths Category:People from Boston Category:Educators from Massachusetts Category:Philanthropists from Massachusetts Category:Activists from Massachusetts Category:Writers from Boston Category:American editors Category:19th-century American women writers Category:Baptists from the United States Category:School founders Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century

Arun Krishnamurthy (born 1986) is an Indian environmental activist who has initiated the campaign of cleaning various lakes across India. He is known for founding the NGO, Environmentalist Foundation of India (EFI) in 2011 based in Chennai which has its branches in other cities such as Hyderabad, Delhi and Coimbatore. Arun with the organisation has been successful in cleaning at least 39 lakes in the country and having worked in Google before quitting the job to dedicate voluntarily. He was chosen as among the five people for prestigious Rolex Awards for Enterprise award in 2012 for scientific lake restoration in Chennai. Early life and education Arun spent his childhood in Mudichur, a village 29 km from Chennai. He studied in Good Earth School located in Naduveerapattu. He has said that he was inspired by a village panchayat head, Dhamodharan who had encouraged people to collect the garbage from the pond to keep it clean. Arun's friend Karthik Shivasundaram was also his inspiration. He enjoys film-making, photography and cycling. Krishnamurthy completed his bachelor's in microbiology from Madras Christian College and worked at Google, Hyderabad for over three years. Arun then went to study in The Indian Institute of Mass Communication in Delhi. He then joined Goodall's Roots & Shoots in India in 2008, an organisation that helps young people to resolve problems within the communities. TedX Talks As a strong environment public speaker, Arun is known for his riveting speeches. His TedX talks at Bangalore, NIT Trichy, XLRI-Jamshedpur, VSSUT-Sambalpur, GCT-Coimbatore, IIM-Kashipur and others were well received. His speeches focus on India's rivers, lakes, wildlife. Rolex Laureate Arun Krishnamurthy was chosen to receive the prestigious Rolex Awards for enterprise. Arun was awarded in the year 2012 at Geneva. He was the youngest to win the award. The award was in recognition of Arun's work towards lake restoration in India. Career Arun worked at Google but later quit to start his own company. Arun has stated that environment and wildlife has always attracted him, but the degradation of the urban greenery had motivated him to protect it. Krishnamurthy had founded an internationally recognised organisation, EFI which was founded in 2007 , self-funded and was registered as a trust in 2012. The organisation recruits volunteers mainly through school programmes including seminars and workshops. Their main projects include lake restoration, beach clean ups, herbs restoration, stray animal care and eco bags introduction. Arun owns his company Business Krish Info Media, which works in the area of digital media marketing, corporate training, business development and election results predictions. Documentary Films Arun Krishnamurthy is known for directing several environmental documentary films. This includes a television series titled 'Neerum Nilamum' which was telecasted for 8 months on Thanthi TV. The travel documentary on rivers of Tamil Nadu scripted and shot by Arun and team Environmental Film Association was well received. The documentaries were on the Cauvery, Thamirabharani, Vaigai, Adyar, Cooum, Kosasthalayar, Palar and Thenpennaiyaar. Lake restoration Arun started with cleaning the Gurunadham Lake in Hyderabad and a lake in Delhi and included several other programmes such as 'Green Gramam', which is a development plan for establishing eco-friendly villages, 'AniPal' which is stray animal care programme and 'Waste Not' which offers waste management solutions. They have set up 19 biodiversity parks in schools. Krishnamurthy is involved in a 16-month project which not only provides physical garbage removal but also puts fencing in the lakes to protect them from human activities as in the case of cleaning beach from Injambakkam to Besant Nagar in Chennai. Arun has further told that they have introduced animal ambulance for street animals and on establishing one animal rescue and a rehabilitation centre in Chennai and Hyderabad by 2015. He as a team follows a scientific approach towards cleaning and saving aquatic species. On wildlife conservation, the team is currently focusing on freshwater life forms, birds that are dependent on the lakes where many turtles live. Arun plans blocking access to any lake once cleaning is completed so that the aquatic plants and species would be protected. Krishnamurthy had won Google Alumni Impact Award in 2011 for restoring lakes in Hyderabad. He had directed documentary films such as ‘Caught By’, which focuses on land and sea connection and fishes in the lakes Kurma (2010), for which he received a British Council International Climate Champion Excellence Award for showing the poor condition of sea turtles and Elixir Poisoned (2011) which highlights the need to protect the aquatic environment. As of May 2017, 39 lakes and 48 ponds have been restored in states such as Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Gujarat. Restoration in Tamil Nadu Arun along with his team EFI is credited in cleaning many lakes in Tamil Nadu with majority of them in Chennai district. Different methods were employed for scientific restoration such as including "G" shaped central island for aquatic species, percolation trenches for effective water harvesting, reef bed for growing plankton and installation of decentralised water treatment plant in case of Selvachintamani Kulam lake in Coimbatore. It had also included entire lake division into patches and removal of wastes such as glass, plastic, poultry waste and construction debris from Madambakkam lake, repeated clean up of physical garbage with study of the soil pattern and the quality of water in Keezhkattalai lake along with the awareness and mass sensitisation campaign created among the people. The funding for the restoration had also been done through crowdsourcing with support from the local corporation as well. Similar efforts have been done for cleaning other lakes in 2016 as well. Present Scenario Arun's organisation EFI has 212 volunteers in Chennai and membership of over 1000 in India by July 2013. Krishnamurthy is credited in cleaning 17 lakes in the country including five in Chennai by May 2013. Arun had mentioned that his NGO plans to clean over 20 lakes by 2016. Arun wants to initiate conservation projects for the corporate and start activities in neighbour countries such as Nepal and Bhutan. He had said that he does not see personal success in winning Rolex award but as a team effort and had stated that people think that without going on the ground the lakes would be free from garbage and dirt, with laying stress on public support through awareness campaigns. The Arun and EFI has received voluntary support from celebrities of film industry as well, including Kamal Hasan and Trisha Krishnan. During the 2015 floods in Chennai and areas of Tamil Nadu, Arun and EFI was involved in relief work in Chennai and several villages in Cuddalore District. Recognition British Council International Climate Champion Excellence Award in 2010. Google Alumni Impact Award in 2011. Rolex Awards for Enterprise award in 2012 for Lake Restoration efforts in Chennai. Jane Goodall Institute Global Youth Leadership Award in 2010. Youth Action Net Fellow. Puthiya Thalaimurai Tamilan Award Arun was chosen as one of the 40 under 40 young leaders by The New Indian Express Arun Krishnamurthy was chosen as one of the brand ambassadors for the Oxemberg brand in 2018 part of their #MakeYourMove campaign. References External links EFI Volunteer in Environmentalist Foundation of India Krish Info Media Category:Indian environmentalists Category:People from Chennai district Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:Madras Christian College alumni Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni

Casa Aramara is a private, seaside estate in Punta Mita, Mexico. The property was built by media entrepreneur, Joe Francis. Casa Aramara is in Punta Mita, a 1,500-acre beachfront village on the north end of Banderas Bay in the Mexican state of Nayarit, about 10 miles (16 km) north of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. History and residence The estate was named after Aramara, the Huichol Indian goddess of life, from the natives who lived on the land where the resort is now located. The 40,000-square-foot property was commissioned by Joe Francis and designed by Martyn-Lawrence Bullard. The home was featured on Bravo's hit television show, Million Dollar Decorators, and E!'s mega franchise, Keeping Up with the Kardashians. The estate has been a private getaway for Jennifer Aniston, Eva Longoria, Demi Moore, and the Kardashian family. In 2013, Kourtney Kardashian and boyfriend Scott Disick took their children to Casa Aramara. In December 2012, Extra and The X Factor host Mario Lopez used the property as the site for his wedding to Courtney Mazza, which was filmed by the cable network TLC in Mario and Courtney's Wedding Fiesta. Kourtney Kardashian revisited the resort in April 2014 with her partner, Scott Disick, and their children, Mason and Penelope Disick to celebrate her 35th Birthday. Kim Kardashian and Kanye West celebrated their honeymoon in June 2014 in Casa Aramara. External links Casa Aramara Official Website References Category:Hotels in Mexico Category:Buildings and structures in Nayarit Category:Hotels established in 2013 Category:2013 establishments in Mexico

Black Mass is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film produced and directed by Scott Cooper and written by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth, based on Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill's 2001 book Black Mass: The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob. The film has an ensemble cast including Johnny Depp, Joel Edgerton, Benedict Cumberbatch, Kevin Bacon, Jesse Plemons, Peter Sarsgaard, Rory Cochrane, Adam Scott, Julianne Nicholson, Dakota Johnson, and Corey Stoll. The film follows the criminal career of infamous American mobster James "Whitey" Bulger (Depp). Principal photography of the film began on May 19, 2014 in Boston and wrapped on August 1, 2014. It had its world premiere at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival and was released by Warner Bros. worldwide on September 18, 2015. It received generally positive reviews and grossed $99 million. Plot In 1975, James "Whitey" Bulger, leader of the Winter Hill Gang, controls most organized crime within South Boston, along with his right-hand man Stephen Flemmi, newcomer Kevin Weeks, and callous hitman Johnny Martorano. Bulger lives with his common-law wife Lindsey Cyr and their young son Douglas. Bulger's supremacy is challenged by the North End-based Angiulo Brothers, a rival gang that is part of the New England Mafia family. FBI agent John Connolly returns to the area, having grown up in South Boston as a friend of Whitey and his brother William "Billy" Bulger's; Billy is now the Massachusetts Senate President. Connolly tries infiltrating the Angiulo Brothers and attempts to get Whitey to work with the FBI. Although Whitey hates the idea of being a rat, he understands the protection doing so would afford him, his gang, and his family. Douglas suffers from Reye syndrome, leading the devastated Lindsey to remove him from life support over Whitey's furious objections. When the Angiulo Brothers murder a Winter Hill soldier, Whitey becomes an informant. Although Connolly is supported by his co-worker John Morris, their boss, Charles McGuire, is suspicious. Whitey increasingly exploits his status as an informant, using Connolly's "protection" as a cover for his crimes. When Connolly demands information on the Angiulos' racketeering locations, Whitey gets pictures of the rival gang's hideouts, allowing the FBI to plant wiretaps. The FBI arrests the Angiulos, thus eliminating the remaining opposition to Whitey's power. Connolly, blinded by his past, grows closer to Whitey and the gang, and even invites them to his house for a cookout. His wife, Marianne, sees negative changes in her husband as his agent-informant relationship with Whitey grows, including accepting expensive gifts and money from the gang. An associate, Brian Halloran, goes to the FBI to report Whitey's involvement, much to Connolly's displeasure. Connolly then tells Whitey of Halloran's accusation, thereby resulting in the murders of Halloran and an unnamed accomplice. Following his mother's death, Whitey's behavior becomes increasingly violent and unpredictable, deteriorating his informant relationship. When "bulldog" prosecutor Fred Wyshak is appointed the new assistant U. S. Attorney in Boston, Connolly attempts to make friends and to perhaps divert his attention from Whitey, but Wyshak bluntly refuses and demands the FBI arrest him. John McIntyre, an informant within the Winter Hill Gang, informs on an attempt by Whitey to smuggle weapons for the IRA. The shipment is seized, but Whitey kills McIntyre after Connolly tips him off. Wyshak and McGuire investigate Connolly's management of Whitey's informant role and realize that most of the "tips" provided by Whitey were already obtained from other sources. Morris, disillusioned and fearing prosecution for his association with Connolly's activities, anonymously divulges Connolly's and Whitey's relationship to The Boston Globe, and a front-page story exposes the FBI's links to organized crime. Connolly, Flemmi, Weeks, and Martorano are arrested. Whitey goes on the run, but not before giving Billy a final goodbye from a pay phone. Morris turns state's evidence and testifies against Connolly in return for immunity. Connolly's and the other characters' sentences are listed, and a concluding sequence shows the now-elderly Whitey being caught by the FBI in 2011. Cast Johnny Depp as James "Whitey" Bulger Joel Edgerton as John Connolly Benedict Cumberbatch as William "Billy" Bulger Rory Cochrane as Stephen "The Rifleman" Flemmi Kevin Bacon as Charles McGuire Jesse Plemons as Kevin Weeks Peter Sarsgaard as Brian Halloran Dakota Johnson as Lindsey Cyr Corey Stoll as Fred Wyshak David Harbour as John Morris Julianne Nicholson as Marianne Connolly (née Lockary) Adam Scott as Robert Fitzpatrick Brad Carter as John McIntyre W. Earl Brown as Johnny Martorano Mark Mahoney as Mickey Maloney Juno Temple as Deborah Hussey Erica McDermott as Mary Bulger Bill Camp as John Callahan Scott Anderson as Tommy King David DeBeck as Roger Wheeler Jamie Donnelly as Ms. Cody Patrick M. Walsh as Michael Donahue Jeremy Strong as Josh Bond (uncredited) James Russo as Scott Garriola (uncredited) Production Development An idea for a film adaptation of Black Mass: The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob garnered interest intermittently since 2000. Even before its published release, the book's film rights had already been sold to Miramax, when Harvey Weinstein was still part of the company. According to co-author Dick Lehr, Weinstein had never exercised the film option for unknown reasons, and the rights expired. At one point afterwards, in 2002, filmmaker Robert Greenwald had planned to adapt Black Mass into a 4-hour miniseries for USA Network, but the project was never developed. Eventually in 2006, film producer Brian Oliver acquired the film rights for Black Mass, and was set to produce the adaptation with CP Production partners Michael Cerenzie and Christine Peters. After Oliver's acquisition, Jim Sheridan was attached to direct the film. In 2009, Sheridan had finished writing a draft of the adapted screenplay with Nye Heron, and principal photography was reportedly scheduled to begin in April 2010. However, in December 2010, while discussing the troubled production of his 2011 film Dream House, Sheridan hinted at his detachment from the Black Mass project. Oliver's then-newly founded Cross Creek Pictures film production company took over financing for Black Mass, and Sheridan's exit was confirmed when Russell Gewirtz was hired in 2011 to write another draft for the adaptation, and Barry Levinson was attached to direct instead. The finished version of Black Mass was scripted by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth, and has been billed as the "true story of Whitey Bulger, FBI agent John Connolly and the FBI's witness protection program that was created by J. Edgar Hoover." Later in January 2014, Scott Cooper was attached to re-write and direct the film. On February 27, 2014, Warner Bros. picked up the film's worldwide distribution rights, eyeing an October 2015 release, and the studio co-financed the film with Cross Creek. Casting Johnny Depp's involvement with Black Mass dates back to February 2013, when he was attached to star in the film, while Barry Levinson was still slated to direct and principal photography was scheduled to begin in May 2013. Depp briefly exited the project shortly after its sale at the 66th annual Cannes Film Festival, because of a salary dispute with Cross Creek Pictures. He later rejoined at around the same time Scott Cooper was attached to replace Levinson as director, and his signing for the film was made official in February 2014. Jesse Plemons and Juno Temple joined the cast to play as Kevin Weeks (a cohort of Bulger) and Deborah Hussey, one of Bulger's victims, respectively, around April 2014. Plemons reportedly prepared for his role by hiring a dialect coach and studying video of the actual Kevin Weeks. Benedict Cumberbatch replaced Guy Pearce as William "Billy" Bulger on May 22, 2014. On June 10, it was announced that Jeremy Strong would co-star in the film. On June 14, James Russo joined the cast of the film to play Scott Garriola, one of the FBI agents who took down Bulger. On June 26, Kevin Bacon was added to the cast to play Charles McGuire, the FBI Special Agent in charge of the Boston field office and John Connolly's boss. On July 1, David Harbour was added to the cast of the film to star as John Morris, a corrupt FBI agent along with Connolly. The roles of Connolly – who was Whitey Bulger's FBI handler – and his first wife Marianne, were filled by Joel Edgerton and Julianne Nicholson, respectively. Cooper chose Nicholson for the part after her performance as Sally in Sam Shepard's off-Broadway play Heartless (before Claire van der Boom succeeded her for the play's two-week extension). Edgerton developed his portrayal of Connolly by studying past footage of the FBI agent before his imprisonment, some of which include his appearances on talk shows and in courtrooms. In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Edgerton stated that he declined trying to meet with the actual Connolly, reasoning that Connolly "has one version of events and the film has a different version". Edgerton originally dropped out of the project when Depp agreed to return, and Tom Hardy was in early talks for the role. However, Edgerton returned in the role. In preparing for his role, Depp similarly studied surveillance and police audio footage involving Bulger. The actor was adamant in depicting the Boston gang leader's criminal and personal life as would be ultimately portrayed in the film. To achieve that, Depp attempted to meet with Bulger himself, but was declined a meeting and instead consulted Jay Carney, Bulger's attorney. Carney appeared on set a few times, to provide feedback on Depp's performance. Filming Principal photography commenced on May 19, 2014 in Boston; actors were seen filming scenes in Dorchester. On May 23, some shots were also filmed at Polish American Club (altered to recreate West Broadway's Triple O's Lounge, Whitey's infamous South Boston hangout), on Cambridge Street in Cambridge. On May 27, filming was taking place in East Boston, where Johnny Depp and Jesse Plemons were seen together on the set. Next day on May 28, Joel Edgerton was seen during filming of a scene on Silver Street in South Boston. On June 4, Depp was spotted in Lynn during a recreation of the 1982 murders of Brian Halloran and Michael Donahue by Bulger. On June 6–7, Depp was seen filming scenes at Copley Square in Boston. On June 9, Depp's 51st birthday, he was filming scenes on location in Quincy, where actress Dakota Johnson was in Back Bay, playing Whitey Bulger's longtime former girlfriend, Lindsey Cyr. On June 11, shooting was underway in Lynn, where the crew was filming scenes in which Bulger and Stephen Flemmi pick up a prostitute named Deborah Hussey (played by Juno Temple) from the police station. Temple was seen on the set. On June 16, Depp and Plemons were spotted on the set of the film in South Boston. On June 20, news posted some photos from the set of the film, which features classic cars from the film set in South Boston. On June 23, Cumberbatch and Depp were spotted during a re-creation of Saint Patrick's Day parade scenes in Lynn. On June 24, scenes were shot at the Harvard Club in Boston. On June 26, Cumberbatch was spotted with crew while filming around Ashmont Grill in Dorchester. On June 29, the pavement outside South Boston High School had graffiti readings of "Stop Forced Busing" and "Press Print the Truth." On July 2, Depp and Cumberbatch were together filming some scenes in Boston. On July 7–8, filming was set to take place on Gilson Road in Quincy. A four-story building on 6 Gilson Road was transformed to resemble the Princess Eugenia apartments in Santa Monica, California, where FBI agents arrested Bulger on June 22, 2011. Arrest scenes were filmed there on July 7 and 8, and Sienna Miller was spotted dressed as Catherine Greig. From July 8–10, scenes were filmed on Revere Beach, so that a portion of Revere Beach remained closed. Between July 11–12, Revere Beach Boulevard remained closed for shooting. Revere Beach was transformed into Miami Beach, Florida, as live palm trees had been planted in the sand and a pizza restaurant was transformed into a Cuban cafe on Revere Beach Boulevard across the street from Beach. Depp as Whitey Bulger and Miller as Catherine Greig were spotted on the Black Mass set on the Revere Beach on July 10, 2014. On July 15, Cumberbatch wrapped filming for his part in Boston. On July 21, Depp filmed some scenes at the former Anthony's Hawthorne restaurant, located at Oxford Street and Central Avenue in Lynn. Depp's wife Amber Heard visited Depp on the set of the film on July 21, the last day of filming for Depp's role. In July, director Cooper told The Boston Globe that filming had to take place for two more weeks in Boston, focusing on the FBI's role in the Bulger story. On July 25, Kevin Bacon was in Boston, filming some remaining scenes for the film. According to The Boston Globe, filming for Black Mass wrapped up on Friday, August 1, 2014, in Boston. Post-production Sienna Miller was cast and filmed scenes as Catherine Greig, Bulger's companion while a fugitive, but her scenes ended up getting cut from the film due to "narrative choices". Erica McDermott was cast as Mary Bulger, wife of Billy Bulger, but the majority of her scenes were cut out. Release On June 30, 2014, Warner Bros. set the film for a September 18, 2015 worldwide release. It was selected to be shown in the "Fuori Concorso" section of the Venice Film Festival. It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival the next day, and in the Special Presentation section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. Marketing On April 23, 2015, the first trailer for the film was released, followed by a second trailer on May 22. A third trailer was released on July 30. Home media Black Mass was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 16, 2016. Reception Box office Black Mass grossed $62.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $37.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $99.8 million, against a production budget of $53 million. In its opening weekend, the film was projected to earn around $26 million from 3,188 theaters. It grossed $8.8 million on its first day, including $1.4 million from its early Thursday showings. It ended up debuting to $22.6 million, finishing second at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials ($30.3 million). It dropped 51% in its second weekend, making $11 million and finishing 5th. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 73% based on 284 reviews and an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Black Mass spins a gripping yarn out of its fact-based story – and leaves audiences with one of Johnny Depp's most compelling performances in years." On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 68 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Depp's portrayal of Bulger received critical acclaim. Critics from The Hollywood Reporter, Variety, and TheWrap called it one of his best performances to date. The Hollywood Reporters Todd McCarthy, in addition to praising the film, called Depp's performance "fully convincing and frightening", saying it is "very welcome at this point in his career and one of his best." Similarly, Indie Wires Eric Kohn praised the cast and highlighted Depp's performance and Cooper's directorial efforts to depict "the haunting legacy of Bulger's criminal deeds, and the lingering sense that no justice can erase their impact." Admiring Black Mass as an "elegantly understated crime drama", Varietys Scott Foundas positively compared Depp's performance in the film to his earlier roles with Tim Burton. TheWraps Alonso Duralde praised Depp's performance, but was less positive towards the film's pacing and short onscreen appearances of some supporting characters. BBC Culture's Nicolas Barber found some of the subplots to be unnecessary (specifically mentioning Benedict Cumberbatch as Billy Bulger), and argued that "the film is never bad, but, given the gob-smacking true story, it's disappointing that it's not great". In a negative review, CraveOnline's Fred Topel labeled Black Mass as a "black mess". He criticized the screenwriting and argued that the film borrows too heavily from Goodfellas, writing: "...it's clear that the filmmakers wanted to turn this into Goodfellas and tried to shoehorn this story into a similar kind of seductive, funny, shocking gangster tale. ...Several scenes seem to want to be like the 'how am I funny?' scene in Goodfellas, but it's blatant". Response by the subjects Whitey Bulger himself disapproved of the film and refused to see it, while his associate Kevin Weeks, while admitting the killings took place, otherwise called the movie "pure fiction", comprehensively disputing most of the film's depiction of events.</blockquote> Most crucially he also disavowed the characterisations of the key figures: The only resemblance to Whitey's character was the hairline. [...] The mannerisms — the way that Whitey talked to us — he never swore at us. In all the years I was with that man, he never swore at me once. We never yelled at each other. [...] The language is all wrong [...] and Whitey never would've berated Stevie, either. Stevie was a psychopath. Stevie would've killed him. [...] Stevie wasn't all sympathetic, mourning, and sorrowful like he is in the movie. Stevie enjoyed murder. Weeks also disagrees completely with his portrayal in the film, for instance, the suggestion the loss of his son had any impact on his behavior, or that Bulger ever once discussed business at home or with his brother. Accolades Many people believed Depp deserved an Academy Award nomination for his performance as Bulger and were surprised when his name was left off the list of nominees. Soundtrack The soundtrack, written and composed by Tom Holkenborg, was released on September 11, 2015 at WaterTower Music Track listing "Black Mass Opening Title" "Boston Crime Lord" "John Connolly" "Bulger Burial Ground" "My Boy" "Don't Wake Him Up" "You Got Two Minutes" "Aspirin" "No Drugs, No Murder" "I Will Pull the Plug Myself" "When You Wake Up In the Morning" "It's Just the Beginning" "Martorano" "Did You Ever See Whitey Bulger Murder Anyone?" "Thanks to Whitey" "Jimmy and Marianne" "You'll Be Sorry" "Boston Globe" "Valhalla" "Strictly Criminal" "Take Care Kid" 2015 Watertower Music (61:26) References External links Category:2015 films Category:2010s biographical drama films Category:2010s crime drama films Category:2010s crime thriller films Category:American films Category:American biographical drama films Category:American crime drama films Category:American crime thriller films Category:Crime films based on actual events Category:Cross Creek Pictures films Category:Infinitum Nihil films Category:Warner Bros. films Category:Drama films based on actual events Category:English-language films Category:Films scored by Junkie XL Category:Films about the Irish Mob Category:Films about organized crime in the United States Category:Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime Category:Films directed by Scott Cooper Category:Films produced by Brian Oliver Category:Films set in 1975 Category:Films set in Boston Category:Films set in California Category:Films set in Florida Category:Films set in Massachusetts Category:Films set in Miami Category:Films set on beaches Category:Films shot in Boston Category:Films shot in Massachusetts Category:Thriller films based on actual events Category:Winter Hill Gang Category:Films with screenplays by Jez Butterworth

Robert Flynn (né Robert Lopez Flynn; born 12 April 1932, in Chillicothe, Texas) is an author and professor emeritus at Trinity University. Styles and themes Flynn's early fame came with the novel, North to Yesterday, which was a national bestseller. In Don Quixote fashion, it mocked the legend of the cowboy in Western novels while paying homage to it at the same time (anticipating Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove). Later works focused on more modern themes: rural life, going to war, religion in modern times and conflicts between "small town morality" and mass media/pop culture. Novels like In the House of the Lord explored more religious/spiritual themes. Wanderer Springs adopted the gently satirical tone of his earlier works while also examining the interconnectedness between people and families in a small Texas town (inviting comparison to writers like Elmer Kelton or Garrison Keillor). The Last Klick touches upon themes of his service in the Vietnam War (reminiscent of novelist Tim O'Brien). In his latest novel Tie-Fast Country, Flynn returns to earlier themes, depicting a grandmother rancher with a checkered past who is out of sync with contemporary life. (The narrator, on the other hand, is a TV news producer who has to confront her). Flynn's short stories touch upon more serious themes and are written perhaps with a more lyrical style. In 2010 and 2011, Flynn published two novels through JoSara MeDia, Jade:Outlaw and its sequel, Jade: the Law. Both novels portray the grim realities of living in west Texas in the late 19th century where settlers/Indians/Mexicans frequently clash. Jade, the protagonist, is hired as an escort for cattle, guarding property and chasing after rustlers. He quickly discovers that just to do his job means getting involved in brutal situations that trouble his conscience. Jade ends up falling in love with Crow Poison, an Indian woman whose husband he had killed. Eventually he realizes that both sides have culpability. His outrage translates into a desire to fight for the sake of justice (even if it results in tragedy). At the end of the novel, Jade (with the support of his wife) agrees to serve as sheriff for his town (which becomes the basis for the sequel, Jade: The Law). Of this ebook, San Antonio Express News book reviewer Ed Conroy writes: "Flynn brilliantly employs a directly simple, subtle and at times sardonic narrative voice to tell this tale. It is alternately tough and tender, succinct and sweet, cadenced to the clip-clop of a horse trotting down Main Street, the hullabaloo of a steam locomotive triumphantly making its way into town amid a jubilant crowd's hoopla, and, of course, to the shots of guns of many kinds fired in self-defense, anger, treachery and haste....Through chronicling Jade's struggles to bring some ordinary order into what eventually becomes Jade Town, Flynn makes clear that the cost of many of our male ancestors' genocidal policies toward Indians, systematic abuse of women and fears of the "mongrelization" of the "white race" was massive social trauma of immensely tragic proportions." Flynn was inducted into the Texas Literary Hall of Fame in October 2012. Flynn taught writing to college students over four decades. In a 2007 audio interview, he said, "You can read any book on writing fiction for example, and they will tell you the same thing. Someone may say it in a different way that gives you better insight, but there are no secrets in writing; it's just a matter of doing it." Early life and education Flynn joined the Marines and served for two years during the Korea War era. In 1954, he received drama degree from Baylor University. In 1970, during the Vietnam War, Flynn embedded with Golf Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines as a civilian war correspondent for two months. Bibliography Novels North To Yesterday In the House of the Lord The Sounds of Rescue, The Signs of Hope Wanderer Springs The Last Klick The Devil's Tiger, with Dan Klepper Tie-Fast Country Jade: The Outlaw (ebook + pb) JoSara MeDia (September 1, 2010) Jade: The Law (ebook + pb) JoSara MeDia (October 2011) Vietnam Memoir A Personal War In Vietnam Short story collections Living with the Hyenas Seasonal Rain Slouching towards Zion Essays When I was Just Your Age, oral histories, edited with Susan Russell Growing Up a Sullen Baptist Paul Baker and the Integration of Abilities Religious/social essays The Most Famous Christian of the 20th century? For the love of Agape References Further reading Art at Our Doorstep: San Antonio Writers and Artists featuring Robert Flynn. Edited by Nan Cuba and Riley Robinson (Trinity University Press, 2008). External links Interview with Robert Flynn(about his book Growing Up a Sullen Baptist). The Door: The World's Pretty Much Only Magazine of Religious Satire. Essay by Robert Flynn. Robert Flynn's Author Website 2007 Interview with Texas Author Robert Flynn (audio) 2019 humorous reading at PechaKucha San Antonio Vol. 36. Subject was growing up as a Southern Baptist from the small town of Chillicothe, Texas. (video) Category:1932 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American novelists Category:21st-century American novelists Category:American male novelists Category:American war correspondents of the Vietnam War Category:Western (genre) writers Category:Writers from San Antonio Category:Novelists from Texas Category:People from Chillicothe, Texas Category:United States Marines

Ortolanus (fl. 1300), also known as Hortulanus, was a medieval alchemist. Little information exists about his life and identity. He is best known for his influential commentary on The Emerald Tablet entitled Liber super textum Hermetis. It was composed before 1325, and the original work has two sections. The first is entitled Spiritus quinte essentie et in quo elemento habitat. It is dedicated to making a prodigious substance, the quintessence, from a mysterious material called argento vivo, which happens to be wine. Ortholan is the first author to relate alcohol and quintessence, half a century before Jean de Roquetaillade. According to his view, the quintessence would have a universal presence, but is best obtained of some substances; ideally the wine. The second part is a theoretical text. It is written as a comment to the Emerald Tablet attributed to Hermes. Its theme revolves around the primordial heat, praised by Hermes as a universal substrate that gives dynamism to the whole cosmos. Ortolanus believes alcohol or quintessence is the hidden primordial heat in all material things. This second part was published in the alchemical compilation In hoc volumine de alchemia continentur hæc (1541). It was printed again in 1545. A 1560 edition appeared under the name Compendium alchimiae and was attributed to Johannes de Garlandia (philologist). Another edition followed in 1571. With this widespread publishing, the second section became very popular among alchemists of the Early modern period. The first part, which was never published, was forgotten and no one related Ortolanus to the development of the concept of quintaessencia. Identity The true identity of Ortolanus is unknown. His works have been falsely attributed to Johannes de Garlandia (philologist) (fl. 1205-1255), and more probably to Jakob Ortlein of Nördlingen (fl. 1275-1325), who may have been a Dominican friar. He has also been given the names Martin Ortolan or Lortholain in later sources. The preface of his famous commentary gives a hint to his identity: "I Hortulanus, so called from the Gardens bordering upon the sea coast, wrapped in a Iacobin skinne, unworthy to be called a Disciple of Philosophie...". Works Rosarius minor. Can be found in the Mellon Collection, ppYale University Library]] MS. 5. Textus alkimie. Liber super textum Hermetis or Commentary on the emerald tablet of Hermes. Ortolanus interpreted the text of the Emerald Tablet as an allegorical physico-chemical recipe for the Philosopher's Stone. There is a later commentary by an alchemist called John Bumbles or Dombelay: Practica vera alchemica. It was completed in 1386 and dedicated to Kuno II von Falkenstein. This work claims to be based on a practice done by the author himself or someone else in 1358. References Category:Medieval alchemists Category:14th-century people

In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic with respect to the excluded subgroups. The arrangement of the members of a paraphyletic group is called a paraphyly. The term is commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in linguistics. The term was coined to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor, including all extant reptiles as well as the extinct synapsids, except for mammals and birds. Other commonly recognized paraphyletic groups include fish, monkeys, and lizards. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. A paraphyletic group cannot be a clade, or monophyletic group, which is any group of species that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Formally, a paraphyletic group is the relative complement of one or more subclades within a clade: removing one or more subclades leaves a paraphyletic group. Etymology The term paraphyly, or paraphyletic, derives from the two Ancient Greek words (), meaning "beside, near", and (), meaning "genus, species", and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups of organisms (e.g., genera, species) are left apart from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor. Conversely, the term monophyly, or monophyletic, builds on the Ancient Greek prefix (), meaning "alone, only, unique", and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms consisting of all the descendants of a unique common ancestor. By comparison, the term polyphyly, or polyphyletic, uses the Ancient Greek prefix (), meaning "many, a lot of", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from multiple ancestral sources. Phylogenetics In cladistics Groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor are said to be monophyletic. A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary clades (monophyletic groups) are excluded to form a separate group. Ereshefsky has argued that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis in the excluded group or groups. A group whose identifying features evolved convergently in two or more lineages is polyphyletic (Greek πολύς [polys], "many"). More broadly, any taxon that is not paraphyletic or monophyletic can be called polyphyletic. These terms were developed during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of cladistics. Paraphyletic groupings are considered problematic by many taxonomists, as it is not possible to talk precisely about their phylogenetic relationships, their characteristic traits and literal extinction. Related terminology that may be encountered are stem group, chronospecies, budding cladogenesis, anagenesis, or 'grade' groupings. Paraphyletic groups are often a relic from previous erroneous assessments about phylogenic relationships, or from before the rise of cladistics. Examples The prokaryotes (single-celled life forms without cell nuclei), because they exclude the eukaryotes, a descendant group. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, but archaea and eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is not ancestral to the bacteria. The prokaryote/eukaryote distinction was proposed by Edouard Chatton in 1937 and was generally accepted after being adopted by Roger Stanier and C.B. van Niel in 1962. The botanical code (the ICBN, now the ICN) abandoned consideration of bacterial nomenclature in 1975; currently, prokaryotic nomenclature is regulated under the ICNB with a starting date of 1 January 1980 (in contrast to a 1753 start date under the ICBN/ICN). Among plants, dicotyledons (in the traditional sense) are paraphyletic because the group excludes monocotyledons. "Dicotyledon" has not been used as a botanic classification for decades, but is allowed as a synonym of Magnoliopsida. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the monocots are a development from a dicot ancestor. Excluding monocots from the dicots makes the latter a paraphyletic group. Among animals, several familiar groups are not, in fact, clades. The order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) is paraphyletic because it excludes Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, etc.). In the ICZN Code, the two taxa are orders of equal rank. Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain. Without the Cetacean descendants the Artiodactyls must be paraphyletic. The class Reptilia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because it excludes birds (class Aves) and mammals. In the ICZN Code, the three taxa are classes of equal rank. However, mammals hail from the synapsids (which were once described as "mammal-like reptiles") and birds are descended from the dinosaurs (a group of Diapsida), both of which are reptiles. Alternatively, reptiles are paraphyletic because they gave rise to (only) birds. Birds and reptiles together make Sauropsids. Osteichthyes, bony fish, are paraphyletic when they include only Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lungfish, etc.), excluding tetrapods; more recently, Osteichthyes is treated as a clade, including the tetrapods. The wasps are paraphyletic, consisting of the narrow-waisted Apocrita without the ants and bees. The sawflies (Symphyta) are similarly paraphyletic, forming all of the Hymenoptera except for the Apocrita, a clade deep within the sawfly tree. Crustaceans are not a clade because the Hexapoda (insects) are excluded. The modern clade that spans all of them is the Tetraconata. Paraphyly in species Species have a special status in systematics as being an observable feature of nature itself and as the basic unit of classification. The phylogenetic species concept requires species to be monophyletic, but paraphyletic species are common in nature. Paraphyly is common in speciation, whereby a mother species (a paraspecies) gives rise to a daughter species without itself becoming extinct. Research indicates as many as 20 percent of all animal species and between 20 and 50 percent of plant species are paraphyletic. Accounting for these facts, some taxonomists argue that paraphyly is a trait of nature that should be acknowledged at higher taxonomic levels. Uses for paraphyletic groups When the appearance of significant traits has led a subclade on an evolutionary path very divergent from that of a more inclusive clade, it often makes sense to study the paraphyletic group that remains without considering the larger clade. For example, the Neogene evolution of the Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates, like deer) has taken place in an environment so different from that of the Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) that the Artiodactyla are often studied in isolation even though the cetaceans are a descendant group. The prokaryote group is another example; it is paraphyletic because it excludes many of its descendant organisms (the eukaryotes), but it is very useful because it has a clearly defined and significant distinction (absence of a cell nucleus, a plesiomorphy) from its excluded descendants. Also, paraphyletic groups are involved in evolutionary transitions, the development of the first tetrapods from their ancestors for example. Any name given to these ancestors to distinguish them from tetrapods—"fish", for example—necessarily picks out a paraphyletic group, because the descendant tetrapods are not included. The term "evolutionary grade" is sometimes used for paraphyletic groups. Moreover, the concepts of monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly have been used in deducing key genes for barcoding of diverse group of species. Independently evolved traits Viviparity, the production of offspring without the laying of a fertilized egg, developed independently in the lineages that led to humans (Homo sapiens) and southern water skinks (Eulampus tympanum, a kind of lizard). Put another way, at least one of the lineages that led to these species from their last common ancestor contains nonviviparous animals, the pelycosaurs ancestral to mammals; vivipary appeared subsequently in the mammal lineage. Independently-developed traits like these cannot be used to distinguish paraphyletic groups because paraphyly requires the excluded groups to be monophyletic. Pelycosaurs were descended from the last common ancestor of skinks and humans, so vivipary could be paraphyletic only if the pelycosaurs were part of an excluded monophyletic group. Because this group is monophyletic, it contains all descendants of the pelycosaurs; because it is excluded, it contains no viviparous animals. This does not work, because humans are among these descendants. Vivipary in a group that includes humans and skinks cannot be paraphyletic. Not paraphyly Amphibious fish are polyphyletic, not paraphyletic. Although they appear similar, several different groups of amphibious fishes such as mudskippers and lungfishes evolved independently in a process of convergent evolution in distant relatives faced with similar ecological circumstances. Flightless birds are polyphyletic because they independently (in parallel) lost the ability to fly. Animals with a dorsal fin are not paraphyletic, even though their last common ancestor may have had such a fin, because the Mesozoic ancestors of porpoises did not have such a fin, whereas pre-Mesozoic fish did have one. Quadrupedal archosaurs are not a paraphyletic group. Bipedal dinosaurs like Eoraptor, ancestral to quadrupedal ones, were descendants of the last common ancestor of quadrupedal dinosaurs and other quadrupedal archosaurs like the crocodilians. Non-exhaustive list of paraphyletic groups The following list recapitulates a number of paraphyletic groups proposed in the literature, and provides the corresponding monophyletic taxa. Linguistics The concept of paraphyly has also been applied to historical linguistics, where the methods of cladistics have found some utility in comparing languages. For instance, the Formosan languages form a paraphyletic group of the Austronesian languages because they consist of the nine branches of the Austronesian family that are not Malayo-Polynesian and are restricted to the island of Taiwan. See also Glossary of scientific naming Notes References Bibliography Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification External links Category:Phylogenetics Category:Paraphyletic groups

Puigaudeau is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ferdinand du Puigaudeau (1864–1930), French painter Odette du Puigaudeau (1894–1991), French ethnologist

Jeff Hart and the Ruins were a four-piece Americana and alt.country-styled power pop band composed of Jeff Hart (musician), Brian Yamamoto, Symen Blumenfeld and John Flowers. After 23 years under that name, they became Jefferson Hart & The Ghosts of the Old North State in January 2013. Career Jeff Hart and the Ruins was formed in January 1990 by Jeff Hart, along with bassist Chip Robinson and drummer John Flowers. As with musical predecessors The Byrds, Tom Petty, and The Kinks (Muswell Hillbillies era) and contemporaries like Paul Westerberg and The Jayhawks, the music of the band strays into both the "alt.country" and power pop styles of rock and roll. Don Bailey later joined the original three to round out the first era of the band. Jeff Hart: The Singles 1960-1990 Their debut CD was released in November 1990 and entitled Jeff Hart: The Singles 1960-1990 (Bombay Records ABR-001). Though Jeff Hart and the Ruins played live in support of the CD, the recordings were essentially a solo anthology of studio material that Hart wrote and sang from his previous bands. This consisted of selections from the North Carolina alt.country pioneers The Hanks, The Ragdads and some acoustic sessions at Duck Kee Studio with Jerry Kee, Ron Bartholomew, Chip Robinson, Danny Moses and Steve Howell. Glances From a Nervous Groom Following the departure of Robinson, Bailey and Flowers in 1991, numerous members (notably Dave Bartholomew of Tres Chicas and Danny Kurtz of Whiskeytown and The Backsliders) and bassist Thomas Wilson filled their roles in the short term. Beginning in 1994, a core lineup of Brian Yamamoto on guitar and vocals, Glenn Jones on bass and vocals and Bryan Sodemann on drums and vocals held steady until 1996. The next CD, Glances From a Nervous Groom (Bombay Records ABR-002), was released in December 1995 and recorded with this new lineup. It was the first (and to date only) CD credited to Jeff Hart and the Ruins. Eric Midkiff replaced Glenn Jones in the band in 1996 and played guitar while Hart moved to bass. After Midkiff's departure in 1996, Steve Hisada replaced him on guitar and occasional bass while Hart split bass and guitar duties with Hisada. Jeff Hart and the Ruins disbanded in July 1998. Reunion After a five-year hiatus, Midkiff rejoined the band for their reunion in April 2003 with Symen Blumenfeld on bass along with previous members Hart, Yamamoto and Sodemann. Midkiff took time off again in 2008. Original drummer John Flowers rejoined briefly in 2010 and upon his departure, he was replaced by Jim McPhail. McPhail departed in July 2012 and Flowers re-joined. The Ruins also appear on 7 of the 14 songs (Goodbye Anne Shore Goodbye, All Along the Wallflower, View Ye Living, Love in Return, Better Days, Margarite and Walking Between Raindrops)on Hart's December 2011 CD release "Ghosts of the Old North State". The Hart, Yamamoto, Blumenfeld and Flowers lineup continues to be active today. "You and Your Kind", a song Hart wrote while with The Hanks, but played for the better part of a decade with The Ruins, was featured in the "Betty and Veronica" episode in the first season of the WB Network show Veronica Mars. The recording used was from a 2003 live CD by The Brown Mountain Lights, Late Show at the Cave (ABR-003). Jeff Hart's songs "Love In Return" and "So Old" have also been covered live by Chris Stamey and Chip Robinson in the Vibekillers respectively. Jefferson Hart & The Ghosts of the Old North State The band renamed itself after 23 years as Jeff Hart and the Ruins to Jefferson Hart and The Ghosts of the Old North State (after the album of the same name) in February 2013. Jeff has also been playing solo under the name Jefferson Hart since early in 2013. In 2014, Jefferson Hart and The Ghosts of the Old North State released, Corolla Ponies In The Snow, which was the culmination of a 12-week song writing project in which Jeff wrote a song a week for 12 weeks and posted them to SoundCloud. The title track was inspired by a YouTube video of ponies running on the North Carolina Outer Banks during a snow storm. References Sources No Depression issue Another No Depression issue [ Allmusic.com] Paisleypop.com Indyweek.com 5 January 2005 Indyweek.com 12 February 2003 Indyweek.com 13 February 2002 Drivemagazine.net Indyweek.com 16 January 2002 Veronica Music TV.com Veronica Mars UPN.com Veronica Mars SmirkingChimp.com Mebtel.net (Studio) Mebtel.net iPass.net Compilation of print-only reviews from 1995 - 2006 from No Depression, Jem (Japan), Big Takeover (NYC), Circus (Britain), Midwestern Skies (Sweden), Not Lame (Denver, Co.), Paisley Pop (Portland, OR), News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), The Independent (Durham, NC). Jeff Hart, The Brown Mountain Lights, The Frosted Sugar Bombs, Chris Stamey, Arrogance, Veronica Mars. Category:American alternative country groups

"Those Sexy Saucer Gals (WeHaveLove Remix)" is the fourth single by The Superions, a side project of Fred Schneider of The B-52s. From April–June 2010, The Superions held a remix contest for their song "Those Sexy Saucer Gals", the Swedish band WeHaveLove was chosen as the winner and "Those Sexy Saucer Gals (WeHaveLove Remix)" was released as a digital single on iTunes on August 24, 2010. The song was later included on the digital "Bonus Track Version" of The Superions EP released on March 1, 2011. Track listing "Those Sexy Saucer Gals (WeHaveLove Remix)" 3:56 Personnel Production Additional Remix and Production by WeHaveLove Artwork: Dan Marshall Music video A music video by Tom Yaz starring the burlesque group The Atomic Bombshells was released on YouTube on August 27, 2010. External links Those Sexy Saucer Gals (WeHaveLove Remix) - Single on iTunes References Category:The Superions songs Category:Songs written by Fred Schneider Category:2010 songs

The Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP) is an interagency plan by the United States government, combining efforts by both civil and military agencies, "to combat terrorism in Trans-Saharan Africa. The military component of TSCTI comprises the U.S. efforts of Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara. The goal of TSCTI is to counter terrorist influences in the region and assist governments to better control their territory and to prevent huge tracts of largely deserted African territory from becoming a safe haven for terrorist groups." The first partner nations in the program included Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria and Tunisia. Current membership includes eleven African countries: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal. The goal of the alliance is not to fight in hot spots, but to provide preventive training and engagement with governments to help prevent the growth of terrorist organizations in the partner countries. Exercise Flintlock 2005, a joint military exercise first held in June 2005, was the first result of the new program. The Congress approved $500 million for the TSCTI over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against threats of Al Qaeda operating in central African countries. In February 2007, President George W. Bush also authorized the creation of a new Africa Command to be established by September 2007, under which future African continental operations would be conducted. TSCTI followed the Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which began in 2002 by training soldiers from Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Chad and concluded operations in December 2004. Critics of the initiative have questioned of the extent and presence of Islamic-extremist terrorism in the region and the actions and past behavior of some of the partner governments, who may be using the program to gain training, equipment and funds in order to effectively control and repress legitimate democratic movements in member states, or to fuel wars between neighboring African countries. Similar questions were raised about the TSCTI's predecessor, the Pan Sahel Initiative. Transfer to Africom On October 1, 2008, responsibility was transferred from the United States Central Command (CENTCOM) and the United States European Command (EUCOM) to the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) as it assumed authority over the African theater of operations. References Further reading (14-Aug-2009) Category:War on Terror Category:Counter-terrorism in the United States Category:Counter-terrorism

"What's New Pussycat?" is the theme song for the eponymous movie, sung by Welsh singer Tom Jones, and written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1966, it lost to "The Shadow of Your Smile". It was Jones' third UK top 30 record, and peaked at number 11. In the US, "What's New Pussycat?" peaked at number 3, and was Jones' second entry on the Top 40. The original single included a 13-second instrumental introduction, ending in the sound of shattering glass, but later issues omitted this introduction. It has also been performed by Bobby Darin, Steve Lawrence, Anita Kerr, The Wailers and The Four Seasons. Barbra Streisand performed several lines in her "Color Me Barbra Medley" from the TV special and album Color Me Barbra. In popular culture and cover versions The song was covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks in their 1965 album Chipmunks à Go-Go. The song was used in the films Paulie (1998) and the end credits of Cats & Dogs (2001) and Flushed Away (2006). It has also been referenced in John Mulaney’s popular segment “The Salt and Pepper Diner,” the last segment in his stand up routine The Top Part. A metal version of the song was recorded by Leo Moracchioli for his YouTube channel, Frog Leap Studios. The song was also heard at the end of the 2006 British computer-animated DreamWorks Animation film Flushed Away and at the episode of The Simpsons where Milo (voiced by Jack Black) plays the Korean-language version. References Category:Barbra Streisand songs Category:Songs about cats Category:Tom Jones (singer) songs Category:1965 singles Category:Songs written for films Category:Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Category:Songs with lyrics by Hal David Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles Category:1965 songs Category:Decca Records singles

Nikola Mandić (born 19 March 1995) is a Croatian professional footballer currently plays for FK Krupa as a forward. Club career A native of Drenovci, Mandić started his career at the local NK Borac, before moving on early to the better-known NK Graničar in the nearby Županja. He joined the NK Osijek academy aged 13, and progressed through the ranks and through Croatian youth football national team categories. He made his first team debut in the 89th minute of the 2–1 home win against GNK Dinamo Zagreb on 10 February 2013, aged 17. After alternating between the U19 and the senior side for the following year and a half, Mandić was loaned to the Druga HNL side HNK Cibalia. He returned to Osijek during the winter break, but was loaned back again to Cibalia in late February. References External links Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Association football forwards Category:Croatian footballers Category:NK Osijek players Category:HNK Cibalia players Category:NK Dugopolje players Category:NK Krško players Category:FK Krupa players Category:Slovenian PrvaLiga players Category:Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players Category:Croatian First Football League players Category:Croatian Second Football League players Category:Croatian expatriate footballers Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovenia Category:Croatia youth international footballers

Valeriya Sergeevna Kozlova (Russian: Валерия Сергеевна Козлова) (born January 22, 1988 in Moscow) better known as Lera Kozlova is a Russian musician most famous for her work with the pop-rock band Ranetki where she provided the vocals and played the drums. After a three year stint in the band with one full album and a live album, she was forced to leave the band during the recording of the second album by the band's producer Sergey Milnichenko. She then started a solo career under the name LeRa (ЛеPа). She is currently working on her first album which has been given the tentative title "My Summer Rain". Ranetki Girls Lera formed the band Ranetki girls with school friends Anna Rudneva, Evgeniya Ogurtsova, Natalya Schelkova and the first bass player Alina Zubitska. Alina quickly left, to be replaced by Elena Tretyakova. The first album "Ranetki" was released in 2006. The song "O Tebe" found its way to the world as a part of Vladivostok FM, a mock Russian radiostation in Grand Theft Auto IV. This gave the band initial worldwide recognition. In November 2008, it was revealed that Lera had left Ranetki, under pressure of former boyfriend, producer Sergey Milnichenko. In 2011, after performing 3 songs for the magazine OOPS, Lera announced the closure of project LERA and her departure from the scene. Rumors circled in June about the resumption of concerts, however Lera herself denied the statements, the girl wants a personal life. Television Since 2006, Lera has starred in the TV show Ranetki on the Russian channel STS (CTC) following a fictional story on the formation of Ranetki. After her departure from the band, it was noted that she would also slowly leave the TV show. A storyline was written about Lera being invited to study overseas in London, which she would accept. Recently, Lera has returned to the show. References On some sites the last name of actress is indicated as Vodnikova. However on confession of actress, it did not change the last name is simply error, which is often circulated in the internet at pointing of list of actors, playing in a serial. External links Official website of Lera Kozlova (Russian) Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:Russian female singers Category:Russian pop singers Category:Singers from Moscow Category:21st-century Russian singers Category:21st-century women singers

Dried shredded squid is a dried, shredded, seasoned, seafood product, made from squid or cuttlefish, commonly found in coastal Asian countries, Russia, and Hawaii. The snack is also referred to as dried shredded cuttlefish. History and origins Historically, squid is common in Pacific coastal regions of East Asia and Southeast Asia. After the packaged form began shipping to English-speaking regions, the Japanese word surume and yóu yú sī in Chinese for this form of seafood was translated as "dried shredded squid" and imprinted on packages. The snack was popularized, sold, and consumed regularly in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Shredded squid began being sold in Macau as an addition to their almond biscuit. In China, it is usually considered to be a light snack, sold in bags in many department stores in major cities. In Japan, dried shredded squid is popularly served as an otsumami (snack consumed while drinking alcohol). In Korean cuisine, dried shredded squid is eaten as anju (food to eat while drinking) and as banchan (small side dishes), such as the dish ojingeochae bokkeum, which is made by stir-frying dried shredded squid seasoned with a mixture of gochujang (chili pepper paste), garlics, and mullyeot (corn syrup-like condiment). In Singapore, it was also popular amongst the older generation when it was sold in a Mama shop. It was marketed as the Chewing gum of the Orientals by the food manufacturing company Ken Ken in the 1970s, way before the chewing gum ban in Singapore in 1992. Preparation Northern Pacific squid is separated into different parts and skinned; cooked at 65–80 °C for 3–5 minutes; and cooled, grated and seasoned at a temperature below 20 °C for more than four hours. Sugar, salt, sorbitol, sweeteners, organic acid, and MSG are typical additives. They are then dried at 40–45 °C for 12–20 hours until it reaches a moisture level of 40%. It is then aged in a cold room for two weeks or longer and dried at a higher temperature of 110–120 °C for 3–5 minutes. It is then machine shredded and seasoned for a second time and dried again to a reduced moisture level of 25–27%. At this phase, the color is yellow or brownish. The amino acids on the squid are revealed by the increase in brown color over prolonged storage time. Vacuum packaging or nitrogen-filled packaging also increase browning. Consumers generally do not want excessive browning. Packaging The most common distribution method in today's Asian countries is the prepackaged format. The bags are usually sealed airtight to keep the squid chewy and tough. Depending on the company doing the packaging or preparation, each brand usually has its own ratio of MSG added. Unpackaged versions are much rarer than traditionally available in certain specialty shops, usually sold next to beef jerky. Cultural significance "Chewing gum of the Orientals" is the tagline for a Singaporean snack, Pon Pon, seasoned and prepared dried shredded squid. It was sold in the early 1960s in Singapore as Pon Pon, and later as Ken Ken, before the ban on chewing gum in Singapore in 1992. The concept stuck with Singaporeans. Many older Singaporeans grew up eating this cuttlefish snack before the advent of modern-day snacks such as chocolates and chips. Ken Ken Cuttlefish is still available in all the major supermarkets in Singapore. The Ken Ken prepared cuttlefish “Chewing gum of the Orientals” is one of the nostalgic snacks which older Singaporeans remember, like White Rabbit (candy) and haw flakes. The snack was sold in mamak shops along the streets in Singapore. These were little provision stores that provided daily amenities and snacks to the community in olden Singapore. This was before the entrance of large chain supermarkets that caused rising competition towards the mamak shop's survival. Snacks like prepared cuttlefish that were popular amongst the older generation are slowly being phased out. The younger generation of Singaporeans is more westernised and less likely to form a taste for the traditional snack. The snack with its iconic green and white packaging was showcased in the Images of Singapore museum in Sentosa. Taste and texture Joe Distefano from The Village Voice describes it as “The fibrous bits are just chewy enough to give your jaws a slight work out. A goodly amount of sugar, chili pepper, and salt help round out the funky fishiness.” Contamination News reports have claimed that arsenic and other toxic metals have been found in DSS packaged in Hong Kong. See also Jerky List of dried foods List of seafood dishes Rousong Salted squid References Category:Dried fish Category:Snack foods Category:Squid dishes Category:Chinese cuisine Category:Japanese cuisine Category:Korean cuisine Category:Taiwanese cuisine Category:Macau cuisine Category:Hong Kong cuisine

John Barron (1934–2008) was an Irish sportsman. He played hurling with his local club De La Salle and with the Waterford senior inter-county team from 1954 until 1964. Playing career Club Barron played his club hurling with his local De La Salle club. He never won a senior county title. Inter-county Barron first came to prominence on the inter-county scene in the late 1950s as a member of the Waterford senior hurling team. At this time, however, Tipperary and Cork were the kingpins of Munster hurling, with all the other counties only providing a supporting role. All this changed in 1957 when Barron won his first Munster title following a victory over reigning champions Cork. Waterford later played Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final, however, victory went to the men from Leinster on that occasion. Waterford were leading by six points with fifteen minutes left, however, the game ended 4–10 to 3–12. Two years later in 1959 Barron won a second provincial title. Once again Waterford lined out in the championship decider and once again Kilkenny provided the opposition. The game ended in a draw, however, when the two sides met for the replay the men from Waterford made no mistake in defeating their near rivals and Barron collected an All-Ireland medal. In 1963 he added a National Hurling League medal to his collection before winning a third Munster title. For the third successive time Kilkenny were Waterford's opponents in the All-Ireland final, however, the men from the Déise came back from an 11-point deficit but were still beaten by 'the Cats'. Barron retired from inter-county hurling in 1964. Inter-provincial Barron also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial hurling competition. He captured four successive Railway Cup medals in 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961. Post-playing career John Barron died on 28 April 2008 aged 74. Teams References John Barron's obituary on Hoganstand.com Munster final winning teams Waterford GAA honours Category:1934 births Category:2008 deaths Category:Dual players Category:De La Salle hurlers Category:De La Salle Gaelic footballers Category:Waterford inter-county hurlers Category:Munster inter-provincial hurlers Category:Hurling goalkeepers Category:All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

Chase Koepka (born January 30, 1994) is an American professional golfer. He is the younger brother of Brooks Koepka, who is also a professional golfer. His great uncle is Major League Baseball player Dick Groat. Koepka attended the University of South Florida from 2012 to 2016, winning four tournaments in his college career. Koepka turned professional in the middle of 2016 and played on the Challenge Tour in the latter part of the year with little success. He played on the tour again in 2017 and had much more success. He finished in the top-10 on five occasions, including being runner-up in the Italian Challenge and the Kazakhstan Open, and finished the season 9th in the Order of Merit to earn a place on the European Tour for 2018. He teamed with his brother Brooks in the 2017 Zurich Classic of New Orleans, the pair finishing tied for 5th. Koepka started 2018 well, finishing tied for 7th place in the BMW SA Open but thereafter failed to finish in the top 20 of any European Tour event and finished 182nd in the Order of Merit. In 2019, Koepka played on the Challenge Tour but only made the cut three times in 12 events. He also made an attempt to qualify for the 2020 Korn Ferry Tour. Amateur wins 2013 Rees Jones Invitational, AutoTrader.com Collegiate 2014 Invitational at the Ocean Course 2016 Mission Inn Spring Spectacular Playoff record Challenge Tour playoff record (0–1) See also 2017 Challenge Tour graduates References External links Category:American male golfers Category:European Tour golfers Category:Golfers from Florida Category:University of South Florida alumni Category:People from West Palm Beach, Florida Category:People from Jupiter, Florida Category:1994 births Category:Living people

Sivuch (Russian - Сивуч; "sealion") was a Gilyak-class gunboat of the Imperial Russian Navy. During World War I, she was sunk in the Gulf of Riga during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga on 19 August 1915 by the German battleships Nassau and Posen. References Bibliography Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, eds., Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships 1860-1905, New York: Mayflower Books, 1979, . Gray, Randal, ed., Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985, External links Мореходная канонерская лодка "Сивуч" (Russian) Category:Gunboats of the Imperial Russian Navy Category:World War I gunboats Category:World War I naval ships of Russia Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea Category:Maritime incidents in 1915 Category:1907 ships

Sophia College for Women is an undergraduate women's college established in 1941 by Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. It is affiliated to the University of Mumbai. The governing body of The Society for the Higher Education of Women in India runs the college. The Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and lay staff form the staff of the college. Sophia, as the name suggests, stands for Wisdom in Greek Σοφία. History The Society of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic religious order was founded in France in 1800, by St. Madeleine Sophie Barat, a young Frenchwoman. Mother Catherine Andersson brought the Society to India in 1939. The Sophia College campus area and the land in the vicinity belonged to the British East India Company, and was later subdivided and sold. The property changed several hands before it was acquired by the Society of the Sacred Heart in 1940 from the Maharaja of Bhavnagar. A part of the property was given to the Parsi family of Ashburner in the early 19th century. The bungalow which is now the main building was named Somerset House after Sir Henry Somerset, one of the commanders-in-chief of the Bombay Presidency. In 1882, the property was acquired by the Honourable Badruddin Tyabi. He built Somerset Annexe, the nucleus of the present science building. In 1917, Hormusji Nosherwanjee Vakeel bought the property and added the east-west wing. In 1923, the house was occupied by the Maharaja of Indore before the Maharaja of Bhavnagar bought the house in 1937. In 1939, Archbishop Thomas Roberts S. J. of Bombay invited the Sacred Heart nuns to start a women's college in Bombay and in 1940, The Society bought the property. The Home and Social Culture centre was formally opened by Archbishop Roberts and the name adopted; Mother Andersson became the first principal. In 1941, the Arts Faculty was started. The University of Bombay granted temporary affiliation to the college for first year and intermediate classes. In 1942 the extension of affiliation was granted for Bachelor of Arts classes. In 1945, the Sophia motto, crest and colours were adopted. In 1950, the University of Bombay granted permanent affiliation to the college. In 1952, the Science Faculty was started with classes up to the Intermediate Science level. Karuna Mary Braganza, who would later receive the Indian civilian honour of the Padma Shri, took over as the Principal of the college in 1965. In 1966, the Intermediate Science course was extended into a Bachelor of Science degree. In 1970, Sophia Polytechnic was introduced. In 1975, the Junior college was introduced. In 1978, the postgraduate Diploma Course in Clinical Analysis was started. In 1993, the post graduate diploma course in Quality Assurance in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries was introduced. At the start of the 21st century, the Sophia Centre for Women's Studies and Development and Sophia Andersson Annexe was inaugurated. Later in 2003, the Bachelor of Mass Media was introduced. In July 2018, the University Grants Commission (UGC) granted the status of autonomy to Sophia College for Women. Sophia Polytechnic Sophia Polytechnic is a further education college in Mumbai, India. It is predominantly a women’s polytechnic, but male students are admitted to the courses of the Hospitality Studies (HAFT) Department as well as in the Social Communications Media (SCM) course. Since its inception in 1970, Sophia Polytechnic has been committed to women’s education, which is perceived by the institution to be the means for both personal and societal transformation. Through the ‘Sophia Cooverji Hormusji Programme in Ethics and Spirituality’, Sophia Polytechnic provides the opportunity for students to focus on values, ethical living and concern for the underprivileged. The institution considers itself fortunate in having a highly qualified and motivated teaching faculty and dedicated non-teaching and support staff. Departments Departments include Hospitality Studies (HAFT), Art and Design, Dress Designing and Garment Manufacturing, and Social Communications Media. Hospitality Studies HAFT The HAFT programme is one of the oldest and most prestigious courses in hospitality in the city. This Degree is recognized by all deluxe hotel chains in India. HAFT provides 3 state-of-the-art kitchens and a bakery with the latest equipment, as well as two training restaurants to facilitate learning in a professional environment. The HAFT tradition of 'learning to look after' continues beyond the academic horizons. Art & Design The Department of Art and Design, which is recognised by the Directorate of Art, Government of Maharashtra, conducts the following courses: Foundation Art, Diploma in Applied Art, and Diploma in Textile Designing Department of Dress Designing and Garment Manufacturing The Dress Designing & Garment Manufacturing courses covers virtually the entire gamut of the fashion business. The aim of these courses is to prepare students for the industry. Several alumni are highly placed professionals. Social Communications Media The Social Communications Media Department (SCM Sophia), conducts a one-year, full-time, integrated post-graduate diploma course in social communications media that is open to forty bright young women and men. The course is affiliated to the University of Mumbai’s Garware Institute of Career Education and Development. The course offers documentary film production, photography, journalism, corporate communication and advertising. Alumni of this degree include Deepa Bhatia, Reema Kagti, Richa Chadha, Anubha Bhosle College crest and motto The design of the crest draws upon Indian artistic traditions. On the outer edge is a row of pearls; inside, a lotus blossom design. In the centre is a tree, a traditional Indian symbol. The lotus symbolises purity and goodness. The lotus flower, which has its roots in stagnant water and mud, presses up through the water towards the light and emerges in full bloom above the refuse and muck beneath. It represents a seeker of wisdom, who conquers the problems surrounding them. The tree is a symbol of life and unity, growth and expansion, strength and shelter. Notable people Karuna Mary Braganza, Padma Shri for social contributions Vasundhara Raje, 13th Chief Minister of Rajasthan Shraddha Shashidhar, Miss Diva - 2017 Amrita Rao, Bollywood Actress Rashmi Bansal, Author Kiran Rao, Filmmaker Niti Taylor, Indian television actress Priya Dutt Reema Kagti, Indian film director Shweta Salve, Indian television actress Anita Rau Badami, writer Preetika Rao, Indian model, actress Shahana Goswami, Indian actress Manjiri Prabhu, Indian author Karisma Kapoor, Bollywood Actress Nishita Nirmal Mhatre, Acting chief justice of High Court Kartika Rane, Indian television Dhruvi Acharya, Indian Painter / Artist Vinita Coelho, Indian Writer, Director and Artist Richa Chadda, Indian actress Victoria D'Souza, Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University See also Sophia College, Mumbai alumni References External links Sophia College for Women, Mumbai, website Category:Sacred Heart universities and colleges Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India Category:Colleges in India Category:Women's universities and colleges in Maharashtra Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai Category:Educational institutions established in 1941 Category:1941 establishments in India

Zoothamnium niveum is a species of ciliate protozoan which forms feather-shaped colonies in marine coastal environments. The ciliates form a symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic bacteria of the species "Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli", which live on the surface of the colonies and give them their unusual white color. Characteristics The conspicuously white and feather-shaped colonies are composed of individual bell-shaped cells known as zooids. The stalks of individual cells grow from a single central stalk. Colonies can reach a length of up to 15 mm, formed from hundreds of single zooids, each with a length of only 120 µm. An entire colony can contract into a ball-shaped bunch through the contraction of myonemes in their stalks. The white color is produced by chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which cover the entire surface of the Z. niveum colony. In most other species of Zoothamnium, bacteria are only known to cover the stalks. The bacteria contain elemental sulfur, which appear white. Z. niveum appears colorless when the bacteria are absent. Like in other ciliates, a contractile vacuole maintains osmotic balance for the cell, and allows it to survive the salt concentrations in both marine and brackish water. The vacuole is located in Z. niveum directly below the lip of the peristome. Polymorphism Most ciliates live as single-celled organisms in aquatic environments, and the single cell carries out all functions of life, such as nutrition, metabolism, and reproduction. Colonies of Z. niveum are composed of numerous individual cells that form a feather-like colonial unit, with several different cell types. Old branches of the colony illustrate the polymorphism of the zooids when viewed under the microscope. Three different forms of the individual ciliate cells are present, which are distinct in both form and function. The large macrozooids can transform into swarmers and leave the colony. They settle on suitable surfaces and develop into new colonies. The microzooids are small cells specialized for feeding, which the colony does by consumption of their symbiotic bacteria and other organic particles. At the terminal ends of the colony are specialized zooids that can elongate and facilitate the asexual reproduction of the colony. The bacteria on different parts of a host have different shapes despite belonging to the same species (polymorphism). Those on the stalks are shaped like rods, but those in the region of the ciliated oral apparatus of the microzooids are shaped like small spheres (coccoid). Intermediate forms are also found in between. Distribution and habitat The sessile colonies of Z. niveum were first described from the shallow waters of the Red Sea. They were later also found in the Florida Keys in the Gulf of Mexico, and at the Belize Barrier Reef in the Caribbean Sea. The colonies settle in environments that contain sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide, sulfide, and related sulfur-containing compounds like thiosulfate are produced during the decomposition and remineralization of organic material. For example, plant material like the torn-off leaves of Posidonia oceanica in seagrass meadows of the Mediterranean accumulate in depressions of rocky ledges and decompose. In mangrove forests of the Caribbean, organic material can form peat and release sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide can also originate from geological phenomena such as at underwater hydrothermal vents, e.g. off the Canary Islands. Ecological conditions Extreme ecological conditions prevail at these sources of sulfide close to which colonies of Z. niveum settle. Because there is little water current under mangrove roots and at seagrass deposits under rock ledges, these decomposition hot-spots are extremely poor in oxygen and rich in sulfide. In mangrove forests off the coast of Belize, they have been found around small holes in the mangrove peat which form when the mangrove rootlets decompose. These openings have been called sulfide "microvent[s]", because they resemble in miniature the hydrothermal vents of the deep sea, the so-called black smokers, although the temperatures in shallow waters are much lower (28 °C in the Caribbean, 21 °C-25 °C in the Mediterranean (summer)), compared to the gradient between >300 °C and 2 °C in the deep sea because of volcanic activity. The Zoothamnium colonies do not settle directly over the decomposing material, but nearby e.g. on overhanging rocks, leaves of seagrass or seaweed, or mangrove roots. Symbiosis The symbiotic benefits provided by the colonies of Z. niveum for its attached bacteria Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli (a member of the Gammaproteobacteria) are its active alternation between oxygen-rich and sulfide-rich conditions. This alternation can occur through the regular contraction and extension of the colonies and through the water currents set up by the beating of the cilia in the region of the oral opening of the ciliates. The rapid contraction and slow re-extension of the colonies causes a flow of both sulfide-rich water for the feeding of the bacteria and normal oxygenated seawater for the respiration of Z. niveum. Through the beating of its cilia at the oral apparatus of Zoothamnium is the mixing regulated. When there is a low supply of sulfur compounds, the bacteria use the sulfur that is stored inside their cells. They eventually appear pale and transparent after four hours because the stored sulfur has been consumed. However, if the sulfide concentration is too high, it can be toxic to the Zoothamnium colonies and kill the ciliates despite the bacteria. Bacteria close to the oral end of the microzooids have a coccoid form, a larger volume, and a higher division rate than the rod-shaped bacteria on the stalks, despite both belonging to the same species. This is because the mixing of water by the beating of the oral cilia result in a more optimal concentration of both oxygen and sulfide in the water there. The bacteria at the oral region can thus be used as a food source and are swirled into the mouth (cytostome) of the ciliate and digested. References Literature Christian Rinke, Jörg A. Ott und Monika Bright: "Nutritional processes in the chemoautotrophic Zoothamnium niveum symbioses", Symposium of the Biology of Tropical Shallow Water Habitats, Lunz, Österreich, Oktober 2001, S. 19-21 External links Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce - Zoothamnium niveum Category:Chemosynthetic symbiosis Category:Oligohymenophorea

Amos Pieper (born 17 January 1998) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for Arminia Bielefeld. Career On 28 January 2019, Pieper moved from Borussia Dortmund II to 2. Bundesliga club Arminia Bielefeld. He made his professional debut for Bielefeld in the 2. Bundesliga on 8 February 2019, coming on as a half-time substitute for Brian Behrendt in the 3–0 away win against Jahn Regensburg. References External links Profile at DFB.de Profile at kicker.de Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:People from Lüdinghausen Category:Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia Category:German footballers Category:Germany youth international footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Borussia Dortmund II players Category:Arminia Bielefeld players Category:2. Bundesliga players Category:Regionalliga players

The Moon has been the subject of many works of art and literature and the inspiration for numerous others. It is a motif in the visual arts, the performing arts, poetry, prose, and music. Fantasy In the 2000 video game The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask (as well as its 2015 3DS remake), the Moon possesses a face with an ominous expression, and is set to crash into Termina and end the world after 3 days. The player controls Link as he races to prevent this. Literary The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, a 10th-century Japanese folktale, tells of a mysterious Moon Princess growing up on Earth as the adopted daughter of a bamboo cutter and his wife, dazzling human Princes and the Emperor himself with her beauty, and finally going back to her people at "The Capital of the Moon" (Tsuki-no-Miyako 月の都), leaving many broken hearts on Earth. It is among the first texts of any culture assuming the Moon to be an inhabited world and describing travel between it and the Earth. John Heywood's Proverbes (1546) coined the famous phrase that "The moon is made of a greene cheese", "greene" meaning "not aged", but Heywood was probably being sarcastic. One of the earliest fictional flights to the Moon took place on the pages of Ludovico Ariosto's well-known Italian epic poem Orlando Furioso (1516). The protagonist Orlando, having been thwarted in love, goes mad with despair and rampages through Europe and Africa, destroying everything in his path. The English knight Astolfo, seeking to find a cure for Orlando's madness, flies up to the Moon in Elijah's flaming chariot. In this depiction, the Moon is where everything lost on Earth is to be found, including Orlando's wits, and Astolfo brings them back in a bottle and makes Orlando sniff them, thus restoring him to sanity. Pan Twardowski, a sorcerer who made a deal with the Devil in Polish folklore and literature, is depicted as having escaped from the Devil who was taking him to Hell and ending up living on the Moon, his only companion being a spider; from time to time Twardowski lets the spider descend to Earth on a thread and bring him news from the world below. Edward Young's poem entitled The Complaint, and the Consolation; or, Night Thoughts (1742-1745), was a favorite of poets and painters of Romanticism including William Blake and Samuel Palmer. "The Galoshes of Fortune" (1838) by Hans Christian Andersen. A watchman unknowingly fits on a pair of magic galoshes that can grant people's wishes. As he wishes he could visit the Moon the shoes send him flying there. There he meets several Moon men who all wonder whether Earth is inhabited and decide this must be impossible. Back on Earth the lifeless body of the watchman is found and he is brought to a hospital, where they take his shoes off, breaking the spell again. He awakens and declares it to have been the most terrible night he had ever experienced. The Princess of the Moon: A Confederate Fairy Story (1869) by "A Lady of Warrenton, Va" (Cora Semmes Ives) has the "Fairy of the Moon" descend to Earth to save a Confederate soldier from his grief after the U.S. Civil War. She gifts him with a Pegasus steed that can fly him anywhere. After surveying the South and the Union, he flies to the Moon, meets the king of the Moon and his people, falls in love with the princess, and helps their kingdom fight off an invasion of Union soldiers arriving in balloons. In Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska's Living Grave: A Ukrainian Legend [Zhyva Mohyla: Ukrainska Lehenda], first published in 1889, the Moon is often referred as the 'kozak (cossack) sun'. Johnny Gruelle's 1922 children's book, The Magical Land of Noom, relates the adventures of two Earth children among the inhabitants of the far side of the Moon. Roverandom by J. R. R. Tolkien was written in 1925 to console his son Michael, then four years old, for the loss of a beloved toy dog. In the story, the dog has flown to the Moon and had a whole series of amusing adventures there. The story was only published posthumously. In addition, Isil and the guidesman Tilion in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth cosmology are based in Tolkien's familiarity with Norse and Gaelic myths of the Moon. Doctor Dolittle in the Moon (1928) was intended to be the last of Hugh Lofting's Doctor Dolittle books. The Doctor, with his unique ability to communicate with animals, arrived in the Moon on the back of a giant moth and finds a considerably different kind of fauna (for example, Moon insects are far bigger than the local birds), and more startlingly, intelligent plants whose language he learns (as he never did with earthly plants). He also meets the Moon's single human inhabitant, a prehistoric man who has grown into an enormous giant due to lunar foods and conditions (which soon happens to the doctor himself). But it is doubtful whether he would ever be allowed to return to Earth. Goodnight Moon (1947) by Margaret Wise Brown, illustrated by Clement Hurd. Winter Moon, a poem by Langston Hughes. Rabbit and the Moon (1998) by Douglas Wood, how Rabbit reached the Moon. Cloud Atlas. In a future Korea, a projector on Mount Fuji beams projections of advertisements onto the Moon's face. The Boy Who Climbed Into the Moon (2010) by David Almond, about a boy who climbs a ladder to the Moon and goes inside. Theater Frau Luna, an 1899 operetta by Paul Lincke, depicts a fantastic Moon which the protagonist, amateur inventor Steppke, comes to visit. The End of the Moon by Laurie Anderson is a 90-minute monologue created as part of Anderson's two years as NASA artist-in-residence. It premiered in a two-week run at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Harvey Theater in March 2005. Far Side of the Moon by Robert Lepage, a theatre creator/performer from Québec. Science fiction Literature Early stories Lucian's Icaromenippus and True History, written in the 2nd century AD, deal with imaginary voyages to the Moon such as on a fountain after going past the Pillars of Hercules. The theme did not become popular until the 17th century, however, when the invention of the telescope hastened the popular acceptance of the concept of "a world in the Moon", that is, that the Moon was an inhabitable planet, which might be reached via some sort of aërial carriage. The concept of another world, close to our own and capable of looking down at it from a distance, provided ample scope for satirical comments on the manners of the Earthly world. Among the early stories dealing with this concept are: Somnium (1541) by Juan Maldonado The Dream (Somnium) (1634) by Johannes Kepler (written before 1610, but not published during Kepler's life). An Icelandic voyager is transported to the Moon by aërial demons; an occasion for Kepler to offer some of his astronomical theories in the guise of fiction. The Man in the Moone (1638) by Francis Godwin. A Spaniard flies to the Moon using a contraption pulled by geese. The Discovery of a World in the Moone, or a discourse tending to prove that 'tis probable there may be another habitable world in that planet. (1638) by John Wilkins. Voyage dans la Lune (1657) by Cyrano de Bergerac, inspired by Godwin. Cyrano is launched toward the Moon by fireworks. The Consolidator (1705) by Daniel Defoe. Travels between China and the Moon on an engine called The Consolidator (a satire on the Parliament of England). A Voyage to Cacklogallinia (1727) by Samuel Brunt Acajou et Zirphile (1744) by Charles Pinot Duclos. In this satirical fairy tale, the prince Acajou travels to the Moon to retrieve the severed head of the princess Zirphile and restore it to her body. Syzygies and Lunar Quadratures Aligned to the Meridian of Mérida of the Yucatán by an Anctitone or Inhabitant of the Moon (1775), by Franciscan friar Manuel Antonio de Rivas Newest Voyage (1784) by Vasily Levshin. A protagonist flies in a self-constructed winged apparatus. The improbable adventures of Baron Munchausen (1786) included two voyages to the Moon, and a description of its flora and fauna. A Voyage to the Moon (1793) by Aratus (the penname of an anonymous British author, not the original Greek scientist) The Conquest by the Moon (1809) by Washington Irving. An invasion story meant as an allegory about treatment of Native Americans by European settlers in America. A Flight to the Moon (1813) by George Fowler. Land of Acephals (1824) by Wilhelm Küchelbecker. Flight in a balloon. A Voyage to the Moon (1827) by George Tucker. "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835) by Edgar Allan Poe features a repairer of bellows in Rotterdam who creates a giant balloon and an 'air compressor' to allow him to travel to the Moon. In the Great Moon Hoax of 1835, a newspaper reporter concocted a series of stories purporting to describe the discovery of life on the Moon, talking of such creatures as winged humanoids and goats. "Recollections of Six Days' Journey in the Moon. By An Aerio-Nautical Man" (1844). Published in the July and August issues of the Southern Literary Messenger. The Hopkins Manuscript (1939) is a social-political dystopian novel written by R. C. Sherriff. It describes how the nations of the world, bent on destroying each other, band together to meet a common disaster-- the imminent threat of the Moon itself landing on Earth. First voyage The first flight to the Moon was a popular topic of science fiction before the actual landing in 1969. From the Earth to the Moon (1865) and its sequel Around the Moon (1870) by Jules Verne, in which a projectile is launched from Florida and lands in the Pacific Ocean, not unlike in the Apollo program lunar orbit rendezvous. In Les Exilés de la Terre (Exiled from Earth, 1887), by Paschal Grousset (writing as André Laurie), a Sudanese mountain composed of pure iron ore is converted into a huge electro-magnet and catapulted to the Moon where the protagonists have various adventures. The First Men in the Moon (1901) by H. G. Wells in which a spaceship gets to the Moon with the aid of Cavorite -a material which shields out gravity. It is inhabited by insect-like Selenites who are ruled by a Grand Lunar, and who prevent Cavor from returning to Earth after learning of humanity's warlike nature. Na srebrnym globie [The Silver Globe] (1903), by Polish writer Jerzy Żuławski in which a first expedition from Earth gives birth to a lunar society. The story was continued in Zwycięzca [The Conqueror] (1910) and Stara Ziemia [The Old Earth] (1911). This so-called Lunar Trilogy was the first modern Polish SF story. It was adapted to the screen as On the Silver Globe by Andrzej Żuławski. "Trends" is a 1939 short story by Isaac Asimov in which religious fanatics oppose a fictional first flight to the Moon in the 1970s. Prelude to Space is a 1951 novel by Arthur C. Clarke recounting the events leading up to a fictional first flight to the Moon in 1978. Robert A. Heinlein Robert A. Heinlein wrote extensively, prolifically, and inter-connectedly about first voyages and colonization of the Moon, which he most often called Luna. Heinlein was also involved with the films Destination Moon and Project Moonbase. "Requiem" 1940. A lyrical story about Harriman, the man who financed the first Moon landing (see also "The Man Who Sold the Moon", below). Rocket Ship Galileo 1947. A physicist and several prodigy teenagers convert a sub-orbital rocket ship to reach the Moon where they are profoundly surprised and have to act quickly to deal with a malignant menace. "Columbus Was a Dope", as Lyle Monroe, 1947. In a bar on the Moon, a chance encounter reveals both deep and practical attitudes about space exploration. "The Long Watch" (aka "Rebellion on the Moon", 1948). An officer in charge of a nuclear arsenal on the Moon makes tough decisions. "Gentlemen, Be Seated!", 1948. A dangerous leak develops in a lunar tunnel and the men devise a unique way to deal with it until a repair can be made. "The Black Pits of Luna", 1948. A Boy Scout visits cities on the Moon. "The Man Who Sold the Moon", a 1949 short story, first published in 1951. In this story, a prequel to "Requiem" (above), events revolve around a fictional first Moon landing in 1978. "Nothing Ever Happens on the Moon", 1949. A 21st-century Boy Scout on the Moon encounters numerous hazards and predicaments in a bid to earn Eagle Scout (Moon). The Rolling Stones 1952. The exceptional Stone family lives on the Moon and after extensive background and preparation of their own ship they depart to tour and live in the Solar System. "The Menace From Earth", 1957. A lunar teenage girl's romance is disrupted by a newcomer. Extensive descriptions, most noteworthy is the muscle-power flying in a huge sealed cavern. "Searchlight", 1962. A short-short piece about a rescue on the Moon. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966). In this Hugo Award winning novel, the Moon is a penal colony, especially for political prisoners and their descendants. They revolt for independence from Earth-based control. The novel discusses issues of sustainability, health, transportation, family organization, artificial intelligence, and political governance. The Cat Who Walks Through Walls 1985. About a third of the book takes place on a Free Luna that is a continuation of the Luna in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (TMiaHM above). Free-enterprise is rampant; Luna City is called L-City. Hazel Stone from The Rolling Stones and TMiaHM appears. Inhabited Moon The Moon is sometimes imagined as having, now or in the distant past, indigenous life and civilization. The First Men in the Moon (1901) by H. G. Wells, the Moon is inhabited by insectoid "Selenites." Lost Paradise (1936) by C. L. Moore. This Northwest Smith story tells how the once-fertile Moon became an airless wasteland. In C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength (1945), the Moon (Sulva) is described as being home to a race of extreme eugenicists. On the near side, the elite caste seems to have dispensed with organic existence altogether, by some means never clearly described; the only holdouts against this trend are an embattled minority on the far side. The response of the characters to this state of affairs varies according to their status: Professor Filostrato, of the wicked N.I.C.E., considers the Sulvans "[a] great race, further advanced than we", while the Christian champion Elwin Ransom describes them as "an accursed people, full of pride and lust." In Badger's Moon (1949) by Elleston Trevor, four animals travel to the Moon by rocket ship and meet the inhabitants. Moon Man (1966) by Tomi Ungerer features the Man from the Moon coming to Earth, where he is imprisoned because he's different. The ″Lomokome″ Papers (1968) by Herman Wouk. Lt. Daniel Butler is left marooned on the Moon. A rescue ship finds a manuscript written by Lt. Butler where he tells a story of how he was held captive by people who live beneath the Moon's surface and how they conduct their lives, introducing various social and political commentaries by Wouk. For example, since wars are won by the possessor of the greatest industrial potential, the city states of the Moon have replaced war by intensive drives to produce consumer goods, the highest producer being declared the winner without needing to mobilize soldiers to kill each other. The Matthew Looney series of children's books by Jerome Beatty Jr (written 1961 - 1978) is an amusing set of stories about an inhabited Moon whose government is intent on invading the Earth. Colonization Human settlements on the Moon are found in many science fiction novels, short stories and films. Not all have the Moon colony itself as central to the plot. Menace from the Moon (1925), by English writer Bohun Lynch. A lunar colony, founded in 1654 by a Dutchman, an Englishman, an Italian, and "their women", threatens Earth with heat-ray doom unless it helps them escape their dying world. Earthlight (1955) by Arthur C. Clarke. A settlement on the Moon becomes caught in the crossfire of a war between Earth and a federation of Mars and Venus. The Trouble With Tycho (1960) by Clifford D. Simak. A young lunar prospector seeks to find a lost expedition to the Moon. A Fall of Moondust (1961) by Arthur C. Clarke. A lunar dust boat full of tourists sinks into a sea of Moon dust. The Lathe of Heaven (1971) by Ursula K. Le Guin. In one of the alternate realities in the novel lunar bases are established by 2002, only to be attacked by aliens from Aldebaran (who in another reality turn out to be benign). The Gods Themselves (1973) by Isaac Asimov. The third section of the novel takes place in a lunar settlement in the early 22nd Century. Dark, Dark Were the Tunnels (1974) by George R. R. Martin. This story takes place on Earth, devastated by nuclear war 500 years earlier and being explored by descendants of a small remnant of humanity that survived on a lunar colony. Inherit the Stars (1977) by James P. Hogan is the first book of the Giants series. The Moon turns out to have previously orbited Minerva, a planet that exploded to form the asteroid belt 50,000 years ago. The Lunatics (1988) by Kim Stanley Robinson. A group of enslaved miners forced to work under the lunar surface launch a rebellion. Lunar Descent by Allen Steele (1991) Set in 2024, the novel describes a base called Descartes Station. Transmigration of Souls (1996) by William Barton. An expedition from a Moon base discovers an alien base with technology that allows teleportation and time travel. . Ice (2002) by Shane Johnson. A fictional Apollo 19 mission takes a disastrous turn when the Apollo Lunar Module ascent engine fails to fire. The astronauts then set out on their own as far as their new heavy lunar rover will take them. Their exploration leads miraculously to an ancient—but still functioning—lunar base. People Came From Earth by Stephen Baxter, printed in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Seventeenth Annual Collection. In the novels A Fall of Moondust, Earthlight, Rendezvous with Rama, and 2001: A Space Odyssey,by Arthur C. Clarke, colonies of various sizes and functions exist on the Moon—some the size of cities The Moonrise and Moonwar books by Ben Bova tell the story of a lunar base built by an American corporation, which eventually rebels against Earth control. The books form part of the "Grand Tour" series. Moonfall (1998) by Jack McDevitt features a comet heading for a collision with the Moon just as the first base is being opened. . The short story "Byrd Land Six" (2010) by Alastair Reynolds includes a Moon colony centered around mining helium-3. In the Hyperion stories by Dan Simmons, the Moon is one of several hundred colonized celestial bodies; however, it is left almost entirely abandoned as 99% of the existing colonized planets are preferable to the Moon. Life as We Knew It (2006) by Susan Beth Pfeffer, a novel focusing on the effects of an asteroid colliding with the Moon and knocking its orbit closer to Earth. Learning the World by Ken MacLeod, a first contact novel. Humans trace their history from the Moon caves, the inference being failure of the primary. Luna is the capital of the Society and home of its Sovereign in Pierce Brown's Red Rising series of novels: Red Rising (2014), Golden Son (2015) and Morning Star (2016). Luna: New Moon (2015) by Ian McDonald, and its 2016 sequel Luna: Wolf Moon, are about several rival families which compete for helium-3 mining operations on the Moon. Limit (2013) by Frank Schätzing: a sf thriller concerning the mining of Helium-3 and tourism activities on the Moon. Artemis, a 2017 Andy Weir novel set in a fictional but scientifically plausible lunar city. The city's well developed economy (ultimately based on tourism) is described in considerable detail. Major resources include a nuclear power plant, aluminium smelter and oxygen production facility. Film Le Voyage dans la Lune (1902) written and directed by Georges Méliès. Released in the US as A Trip to the Moon. A French silent film loosely based upon the Jules Verne novel From the Earth to the Moon and the First Men in the Moon. Includes a famous scene where the rocket hits the Man of the Moon in the eye. Frau im Mond ("Woman in the Moon", 1929), written and directed by Fritz Lang. Based on the novel Die Frau im Mond (1928) by Lang's then-wife and collaborator Thea von Harbou, translated in English as The Rocket to the Moon (1930). The film was released in the US as By Rocket to the Moon, and in the UK as Woman in the Moon. A silent movie often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films, in which the basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time. Things to Come (1936) was an early science fiction film and featured a spacecraft sending two people on the first manned flight around the Moon launched into space by a space gun in the year 2036. Melody Time (1948). In the segment "Pecos Bill", Pecos Bill's fiancée Slue Foot Sue gets thrown to the Moon by Pecos' horse Widowmaker, where she stays for all time. Bill is so depressed by the loss of his love that he howls at the Moon, and coyotes join in out of sympathy. This is a tall tale of why coyotes howl at the Moon. Destination Moon (1950) was a groundbreaking science fiction film, based on a story treatment by Robert A. Heinlein and directed by George Pal. Project Moonbase (1953). A failed television pilot converted into a film. First Men in the Moon (1964) is a science fiction film loosely based on H. G. Wells' novel The First Men in the Moon. 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. Includes a scene at a lunar administrative base in the Clavius crater. Planet of the Apes (1968) by Franklin J. Schaffner. Dodge observes that there is no moon in the sky, implying that the Moon was destroyed during the wars that turned the Earth into the Planet of the Apes. Moon Zero Two (1969). Billed as a 'space western', this Hammer Films production followed shortly after 2001: A Space Odyssey. In the year 2021 the Moon is in the process of being colonized, and this new frontier is attracting a diverse group of people. Flash Gordon (1980). Emperor Ming the Merciless plans to destroy the Earth by pushing the Moon on a collision course; at the beginning of the film he showers the Earth with lunar rocks. Superman II (1980) Three supervillains from the Phantom Zone (Ursa, General Zod, and Non) kill all the astronauts on a mission on the Moon before heading to Earth. Airplane II: The Sequel (1982) A spaceplane is launched on a voyage to a colonized settlement on the Moon, encountering many difficulties on the way. Nothing Lasts Forever (1984) A comedy in which the New York Port Authority takes tourists on bus trips to the Moon. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman and Nuclear Man fight on the Moon, eventually causing a solar eclipse. Moontrap (1989). Astronauts find ancient woman and alien robots on the Moon. The Dark Side of the Moon (1990). It is revealed that the Bermuda Triangle opens a gateway to Hell when it aligns with another triangular zone on the far side of the Moon, allowing the Devil to haunt and kill the crews of any vessell or spaceship that goes between the two triangles. Star Trek: First Contact (1996). By the 24th century there were approximately 50 million people living on the Moon, and on a clear day, at least two cities and man-made Lake Armstrong were visible from Earth - as such, time-traveler William Riker, sitting in the cockpit of the first warp prototype, marvels at the sight of the "unspoiled" Moon in 2063. Starship Troopers (1997). In the 23rd century, the Moon has been colonized with many military bases on it, and has a huge space station orbiting it, from which starships launch on voyages. The Fifth Element (1997) the Moon is implied to be colonized as the protagonist receives angry calls from his mother complaining about being left there instead of being brought along to a rigged vacation he won. The ball of fire directed by the "Great Evil" is turned into a second moon that orbits the Earth; the film's novelization confirms that our current Moon was the previous attempt of the Great Evil to destroy the Earth. Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999). Dr. Evil attempts to destroy Washington D.C. with a giant laser from his Moon base, but Austin Powers is able to stop him. Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000). In a dream, Sherman Klump accidentally blows up the Moon while trying to prevent an asteroid hitting Earth, which it does. Titan A.E. (2000). When an evil alien race called the Drej destroys Earth, huge chunks of debris from Earth collide with the Moon and break it in half, destroying it. Space Cowboys (2000). An astronaut rides a disused Russian satellite with nuclear missiles to the Moon to prevent it from hitting Earth. Millennium Actress (2001). One of the films that the actress Chiyoko Fujiwara stars in is a sci-fi one, in which a spaceship launches from a base on the Moon on an interstellar voyage. Recess: School's Out (2001). A tractor beam is used in a school in an attempt to move the Moon into a different orbit around Earth, which would end summer and cause a new ice age. The Adventures of Pluto Nash (2002) is set on an extensively colonized Moon in the 2080s. The Time Machine (2002). The Moon is accidentally destroyed by human efforts at colonization in 2037. The film is not specific as to how exactly it occurs, but the use of nuclear weapons for creating caverns is cited as a cause. The destruction causes humanity to divide into Morlocks and Eloi. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005). The Moon is shown being rebuilt by the Magrathian construction crew in orbit around the new Earth Mark II, implying that it was also destroyed when the Vogons destroyed the first Earth. WALL-E (2008) One scene in this film seems to reference an abandoned human colonization attempt on the Moon in the early 22nd century; a holographic sign is seen next to the Apollo 11 landing site advertising a proposal for an outlet mall on the Moon. Impact (2009) In this TV miniseries, the Moon is hit by a meteor shower, sending it on a collision course with Earth. Watchmen (2009) During the title sequence of this alternate history superhero film, Doctor Manhattan is shown assisting the Apollo 11 mission, filming Neil Armstrong as he walks on the Moon. Moon (2009) Film about a solitary lunar employee mining for new energy resources who experiences a personal crisis as the end of his three-year contract nears. It is the feature debut of director Duncan Jones starring Sam Rockwell. Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) The Apollo 11 mission to the Moon in 1969 turned out to be a top secret mission to examine the remains of an ancient Transformer Spacecraft containing deceased alien robots. Apollo 18 (2011) follows a fictional top-secret Apollo 18 mission and its discovery on the Moon. Iron Sky (2012) Nazis attack the Earth from a base on the dark side of the Moon while a coalition, led by president Sarah Palin attempts to defeat them. Men in Black 3 (2012) opens with the alien antagonist escaping from LunarMax, a maximum security prison on the Moon. Oblivion (2013) An alien race destroys the Moon, causing massive earthquakes and tsunamis that cause great damage to the Earth. Stranded (2013) Astronauts working at a lunar mining base are harassed by an aggressive alien life form. Independence Day: Resurgence (2016) A defense base is on the Moon. Beyond Skyline (2017) The film ends with an alien spaceship battle next to the Moon. Ad Astra (2019) In this film, the Moon has various bases and colonies for tourism, with countries competing to gain more lunar territory for their mining companies and pirates attacking those who cross the satellite's "no man's land". The protagonist is appalled by humanity making life on the Moon similar to Earth's. Television Men into Space (1959 – 1960) is a science-fiction television series produced by Ziv Television Programs, Inc. and broadcast on CBS. The series depicted the efforts of the U.S. Air Force to send American astronauts into space. Several episodes depicted the first lunar landing, additional flights to the Moon, building and working on Moon bases, and using the Moon as a staging area to launch a mission to Mars. Several episodes of the long-running British television series Doctor Who feature the Moon: The Moonbase (1967). A four-part serial set in the year 2070, where a moonbase has been established to use a gravity-control device called the Gravitron to control the weather on Earth. "The Seeds of Death" (1969). A base on the Moon is used as a relay station for T-Mat a powerful teleportation technology that has replaced all conventional forms of transport. "Silver Nemesis" (1988). The Cybermen's Cyber-Fleet is in orbit around the Moon when it is destroyed by the Nemesis statue. "Frontier in Space" (1973). Features a penal colony on the Moon in the year 2540. "Smith and Jones" (2007). The Judoon take London Hope Hospital to the Moon as they have no rights over the Earth to arrest a Plasmavore. "Kill the Moon" (2014). The episode reveals that the Moon is in fact a giant egg, and is set mainly on the Moon's surface, or in a Moon-based structure. Moonbase 3 (1973). Another British science fiction television show about a lunar base; aired only six episodes. Two Gerry Anderson's series featured moonbases: UFO (1970). The SHADO Moonbase is used as the launch site for SHADO Interceptors sent to destroy invading alien spaceships. Are also seen a Dalotek Corporation outpost and a Sovatek Corporation base. Space: 1999 (ITC Entertainment, 1975–1977). Featured Moonbase Alpha on a Moon that had been blasted out of its orbit by a nuclear explosion at phenomenal velocity. The opening episode indicates that the base coordinated nuclear waste disposal, spaceflight operations and training, and subsequent episodes suggest mining, surface surveys and exploration, indicating a versatile base for multiple use, overseen by an international organization on Earth, the International Lunar Finance Commission, division of the World Space Commission. Star Cops (1987). The titular police force has its base of operations on the Moon. * Masks (Star Trek: The Next Generation) in which the relationship between Masaka and Korgano is described as similar to the relationship between the Sun and the Moon Colonization of the Moon is mentioned several times in the Star Trek franchise. Star Trek: Enterprise. The Moon has already been colonized in this series. The Next Generation. The character Dr. Beverly Crusher was born in Copernicus City on the surface of the Moon. Deep Space Nine mentions settlements on the Moon called Tycho City, New Berlin, and Lunaport. It is also revealed that Earth's Moon is referred to by its Latin name, Luna, probably to distinguish it from the thousands of moons throughout the universe. It is also revealed that living on the Moon is seen by many humans as something of a novelty, as Jake Sisko uses the slang term "Lunar schooner" somewhat affectionately when he meets a girl from there. H2O: Just Add Water (2006-2010). The Moon influences the life of the mermaids and transform normal people in this creatures and reverse. Mako: Island of Secrets (2013-2016) and H2O: Mermaid Adventures (2015–present). Two spin-off series. Three Moons Over Milford (2006) was a short-lived ABC Family science fiction dramedy television series in which a giant asteroid collides with the Moon, fracturing it into three large pieces (hence the “three moons” of the series’ title). The pieces are now in a doomsday spiral that will, in just a few years, send them crashing to Earth and obliterating all life on the planet. Knowing that they are doomed soon to die, people cast aside all social, cultural, and moral conventions and begin to live their lives to the fullest, totally without inhibitions, in what little time they have left. Nightflyers (2018). As the spaceship leaves the Earth in the first episode, the roads and the lights of a colony can be seen on the Moon. The Umbrella Academy (2019). One of the main characters, Luther, has been sent to the Moon on a mission assigned by his adoptive father. After returning to Earth four years later due to his father's death, Luther discovers that the mission was just an excuse to be exiled. The Moon is also involved in the apocalypse that Number Five is trying to prevent. Animation Space Brothers is a Japanese anime based on the manga of the same name. Two young brothers see a UFO, inspiring them to become astronauts and go to the Moon. While the younger brother (Hibito) eventually becomes a JAXA astronaut, the older brother (Nanba) loses his motivation and becomes wrapped in mundane life. The story follows each brother as Nanba finds his inspiration, struggles through the JAXA tests and NASA training, while Hibito becomes the first Japanese astronaut to walk on the Moon but afterward wrestles with his unwanted fame and his crippling fears from a close brush with death. Sailor Moon. In this Japanese anime and manga series, the Moon was once home to the kingdom known as Silver Millennium, until a conflict between it and the Earth caused the Moon to take its current form. The titular heroine, the reincarnation of the princess of the aforementioned kingdom, is based on aspects of the Greek goddess Selene and Princess Kaguya. Her civilian name, Usagi Tsukino, is a play on words for Moon Rabbit "tsuki no usagi". Mr Moon is a 2010 children's TV series in which the main character is anthropomorphism of the Moon exploring the Solar System which his friends. In the manga and anime series Naruto, the Moon was method in the series mythos to have been created by Hagoromo Otsutsuki to contain the transformed and powerless husk of his mother Kaguya with the dwindling descendants of his brother Hamura safe guarding the Gedo Statue until was stolen by Madara Uchiha for his Project Tsuki no Me agenda. Planetes (2003). A Japanese anime television series set at a time when travel to the Moon has become an everyday occurrence. Mobile Suit Gundam. Throughout most of this anime saga, the Moon has been extensively colonised, with underground cities built inside of the larger craters. Exosquad. In this American military science fiction series, the Moon is the site of the fiercest battle between Terran and Neosapien forces. The victory achieved by the Terrans on the Moon soon leads to the liberation of Earth. A Grand Day Out (1989) the first Wallace and Gromit short film is about the two building a rocket to get to the Moon, which is made of cheese. Futurama. By the year 3000, a theme park has been constructed on the Moon inside a giant dome with an artificial atmosphere, and an artificial gravity. First seen in the second episode The Series Has Landed. Megas XLR. on one episode the Glorft attempt to convert the Moon into a Missile. Coop also ends up blowing up half the Moon (in the credits he's seen putting the Moon back together). Codename: Kids Next Door. The headquarters of the KND organization is a treehouse built on the Moon. Aqua Teen Hunger Force. Among the recurring characters are The Mooninites, which hail from the Moon. Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann. The Moon is used by the Anti-Spirals as the "Human Extermination System", and is designed to fall on the Earth once a million humans live on the surface. It is later discovered that the Moon is actually one of Lord Genome's battleships. Origin: Spirits of the Past. An anime movie set in Japan 300 years in the future. An apocalypse was brought about by extensive genetic engineering on trees, conducted at a research facility on the Moon, in order to produce trees capable of growing in harsh, arid conditions. The trees became conscious and spread to Earth in a fiery holocaust, wiping out most of modern civilization and fragmenting the Moon. The Tick. Supervillain Chairface Chippendale attempts to create the ultimate act of vandalism by writing his name on the Moon's surface with a powerful laser. He is only able to write "CHA" before being thwarted by The Tick. Some time later a mission to the Moon is mounted with the intent of repairing this damage. The Tick is given a backpack full of explosives and told to wait in the carved-out "C". When the backpack explodes, The Tick is hurled out of the Solar System, but the "C" is repaired, leaving "HA" still visible from Earth. In Despicable Me the world's #1 super villain, Gru, decides to steal the Moon in an attempt to prove himself better than his arch-rival (#1 super villain), Vector. Avatar: The Last Airbender: In this Nickelodeon cartoon series the Moon is a major part of the lore and spirituality of the Water Tribes. According to legend the first waterbenders learned how to bend water by watching the Moon push and pull the water and were eventually able to do so themselves. In Space Jam, Mr. Swackhammer, the villain of the film gets sent there at the end of the game by the Monstars. In Transformers: Armada, The Mini-Con ship Exodus crash-landed on the Moon, scattering its stasis-locked passengers all over Earth. Later, the Decepticons would set up a base inside the derelict ship, from where they would teleport to various locations on Earth to search for the Mini-Cons. In official supplemental materials for Neon Genesis Evangelion, the impact that created the Moon - known in-universe as First Impact - is revealed to have been caused by the "Black Moon", an artificial construct carrying the Angel Lilith; as an allusion, Rei Ayanami is frequently depicted in the series and in official artwork with a full moon motif. During Third Impact as depicted in The End of Evangelion, Lilith's blood is shown to splatter onto the Moon from low Earth orbit. In the Rebuild of Evangelion movies, the existence of NERV's Tabgha Lunar Base is revealed. Various features depicted on the surface in the first film include a large red stain not unlike the one created by Lilith in The End of Evangelion, a series of coffin-like objects - one of which is revealed to contain Kaworu Nagisa - and a large humanoid entity resembling Lilith's original depiction. In the second film, Gendo Ikari and Kozou Fuyutsuki travel to the base in a large spacecraft but are denied entry; they subsequently observe the giant entity from above, revealing it as the under-construction Evangelion Mark.06. In the popular animation show My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, the Moon and the Sun are raised each day and night by two alicorn princesses called Luna and Celestia, respectively. A thousand years prior to the first episode, Luna grew jealous that the ponies living in the world slept during her night, and tried to make the night last forever, taking the name 'Nightmare Moon'. Celestia subsequently banished her to the Moon, and arranged for the show's main characters to assist in redeeming her. In Steven Universe the Moon has an ancient base that belonged to Pink Diamond. In the anime series Inazuma Eleven GO, antagonist Bitway Ozrock seals the Moon away to demonstrate his true strength, and uses the effects of its absence on the Earth to coerce the World's joint governments to agree to his demands. At the end of the Arthur episode "The Boy Who Cried Comet", Arthur and his friends are shown unmasking themselves, showing them as aliens who live in a city on the far side of the Moon. In the Teen Titans Go! episode "Starfire the Terrible," Starfire says she has rigged the Moon to explode, which Cyborg dismisses. Cut to the Moon covered in dynamite seconds before it explodes, shocking the other Titans Starfire laughs/gargles before she really does down the milk carton, telling them that she only did it because Robin loved the Moon so much. SpongeBob SquarePants. In "Sandy's Rocket," SpongeBob and Patrick take Sandy's rocket to what they think is the Moon, but they're still in Bikini Bottom. Trouble endues when they capture all the citizens, thinking they're aliens. In "Mooncation," Sandy goes to the moon for a vacation with SpongeBob. Hanazuki: Full of Treasures. In this series, the moonflowers are species that plant Treasure Trees to protect their moons from the Big Bad. Mixels. In the episode "Mixel Moon Madness," it is revealed that there are Mixels that live on the Moon. There are Oribitons which are space-themed Mixels and Glowkies which are nocturnal-based creatures. Legends of Chima. In the episode "The Hundred Year Moon," It is said that once every hundred years for two nights the Moon makes the Wolf Tribe go to their barbaric side. Kido Senkan Nadeshiko. Earth comes under attack from the descendants of exiled Lunar separatists. United Earth is shown to have a base on the Moon. Aldnoah.Zero. The Moon was the site of a hypergate built by an ancient civilization that enabled transport between it and Mars. Due to the hypergate going out of control due to fighting on the Moon's surface during the First Earth-Mars War, part of the Moon was destroyed. Land of the Lustrous. The Moon people (also called “lunarians”) are a race of humanoid beings who are the villains and capture the gems (lustrous) and use them as jewelry. Computer and video games Battlezone - Set during the 1960s with an alternative history plot, in which the space race is used to cover up the military deployment of US and USSR into space, the Moon is set a stage as the first mission in the NSDF Campaign. Call of Duty Black Ops - The Moon is one of the maps available through the Rezurection map pack. Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare - The Terminal map remake takes place on the Moon. Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge - In one of Soviet Campaign missions, the general was assigned to establish his base there in order to destroy Yuri's Lunar Command Center to prevent the Earth from falling under his psychic mind control. Darius II - The Moon is inhabited by enemy forces and underground bases players must confront on the fourth level. Dead Moon - Aliens crash land on the Moon and use it as their headquarters for invading Earth. Descent – the main character (the Material Defender) has to clean the Solar System of infected PTMC mines, starting from the Moon. Consequently, the first three levels of the game take place in an outpost, a sci-lab, and a military base on the Moon. Destiny - The Moon had previously been inhabited during humanity's "Golden Age", long before the events of the game. The majority of the gameplay on the surface is centered around Oceanus Procellarum (known by its English translation, "Ocean of Storms"), with a pair of maps in the Crucible (PvP) set in nearby Mare Cognitum. Destroy All Humans! 2 - The final area of the game takes place on a Russian moonbase called "Solaris". Donkey Kong Country Returns - After the final boss, Donkey Kong is blasted into space, as he falls, he powers up a punch and punches the Moon, causing to fall on the Volcano. Duke Nukem 3D - The second episode of the game, Lunar Apocalypse, takes place on a series of space stations that lead to the Moon's surface. Einhänder - The protagonist, a spacecraft fighter from Moon colony Selene. is sent to the Earth during the events of the Second Moon War. Final Fantasy IV/II (U.S SNES version)- in the last part of the game the characters travel to the Moon to confront the final boss. Infinite Undiscovery - The main antagonist has enchained the Moon in order to gain its power. The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask - Link, the protagonist, must prevent the Moon from crashing to Earth within three days. The Moon carries a face that dreads its inevitable destruction. Mass Effect - One of the sidemissions is set on the Moon. Metal Black (video game) - After a massive alien invasion on Earth, the Moon is overtaken by the aliens so as to involve it in their plot and its darkside sets the scene for the second level boss fight. Military Madness – Moon colonization wars exist between the Union and Xenon. Moonbase – add-on for SimCity Classic to build a lunar colony rather than an earthbound city. Moonbase Commander Moon Patrol (Irem) Moon Tycoon - A colony building game, claims to be the first 3-D Sim game. Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door - Mario must journey to the Moon to recover a Crystal Star. Portal 2 - Chell, having learned that Moon rocks are very good portal conductors, fires a portal at the Moon to save herself from death. Rebel Moon Rising, a PC game by Fenris Wolf and GT Interactive. Star Control 2 – features a now uninhabited moonbase. Star Ocean: Till the End of Time – features a moonbase. Sonic Adventure 2 - Dr. Eggman destroyed half the Moon with the ARK's Eclipse Cannon. Strikers 1945 - In the original Japanese release of the game, players are rocketed towards the enemy's real headquarters situated on the Moon's surface for the last two levels. Super Mario Odyssey - A family of wedding planner rabbits from the Moon's far side try to obstruct Mario as he rescues Peach from Bowser's attempt to forcibly marry her in a wedding hall which exists on the near side. The game contains many references to the Moon and has three playable areas which take place on the Moon—the Moon Kingdom, Dark Side, and Darker Side. Terra Diver - In the future, the Moon is one of many points of galactic resources utilised by companies on Earth and hosts a company owned outpost stationed on a nearby asteroid where the fourth boss awaits. Virtue's Last Reward - The ending of the game reveals that the events actually take place on the Moon in the year 2074 in a Moon base. Wolfenstein: The New Order - The game takes place on a secret Nazi moonbase near the end of the game. Comics In the DC Universe, the Moon is the location of the Justice League Watchtower until its destruction by Alexander Luthor and also a former home of Eclipso. In an early Ibis the Invincible story the Moon has members of a humanoid race composed of stone that competed with humanity over the Earth and were exiled to the Moon thousands of years ago where they are frozen. A Professor makes a rocket ship to go to the Moon with Taia, and Ibis follows them. Two of the creatures are taken on the ship, and revive on a journey back to Earth, but are killed when the spaceship crashes. De Avonturen van Pa Pinkelman (1945) by Godfried Bomans and drawn by Carol Voges has the characters set foot on the Moon, where they spent a long time and meet an entire society, even with his own national anthem. In Hergé's Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon (1953–1954), Tintin and his companions make the first voyage to the Moon and Tintin becomes the first explorer on the Moon. In The Adventures of Nero story "De Daverende Pitteleer" (1959) by Marc Sleen Nero and his friends accidentally land on the Moon. They meet a Moon man there too, before continuing their flight to their original destination on Earth. The Moon is depicted just like Earth, with the characters walking around without having to use a space helmet or undergoing any effect of gravity loss. In The Adventures of Nero story "De Paarse Futen" (1968) Nero and his friends travel at sea and pick up a pair of American astronauts who crash-landed in the ocean after their attempt to travel to the Moon once again failed. Adhemar uses a magic wand to send them to the Moon and says: "This time the Americans beat the Russians." Near the end of the story a US military official arrives to congratulate Adhemar for what he has done and awards him a medal. In the Marvel Universe, the Moon contains the Blue Area, the home of the Inhumans. It was built by the Skrull race, in events which led to their Inter-galactic war with the Kree race. The powerful Watcher, Uatu, watches the Solar System from a base on the Moon. In FF #13 the Fantastic Four make the first landing on the Moon (this was published before 1969), and battle the communist villain the Red Ghost and his Super-apes. In Judge Dredd the Moon is the site of a small colony named Luna City One. See also Colonization of the Moon Moon Moon landings in fiction The Moon is made of green cheese Lists of real astronomical locations in fiction References Davis, Peter G. 'Weird Science', New York Magazine (March 14, 2005) [A review of Laurie Anderson's The End of the Moon] James, Clive. Be Careful When They Offer You the Moon (1970) Retrieved May 12, 2005 Footnotes External links Popular Moon songs Reviews of Lunar Science Fiction Index on the Moon TV Tropes.com Category:Earth in fiction Category:Lists of astronomical locations in fiction

Central Asian pipeline may refer to: Central Asia–Center gas pipeline system Central Asia–China gas pipeline Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline

Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (January 7, 1890 – September 21, 1965) was an American pulp magazine writer and entrepreneur who pioneered the American comic book, publishing the first such periodical consisting solely of original material rather than reprints of newspaper comic strips. Long after his departure from the comic book company he founded, Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied Publications would evolve into DC Comics, one of the U.S.'s two largest comic book publishers along with rival Marvel Comics. He was a 2008 Judges' Choice inductee into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. Biography Early life and military career Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson was born in Greeneville, Tennessee. His father, whose surname was Strain, died in 1894, after the birth of his second son, Malcolm's brother Christopher. Another sibling, a sister, died in 1894, when Malcolm was four. Their mother, Antoinette Wheeler, afterward moved to New York City, became a journalist, and later joined a start-up women's magazine in Portland, Oregon. By this time she had changed her last name to "Straham", a variant of "Strain", and upon marrying teacher T. J. B. Nicholson, who would become the boys' stepfather, reverted to her maiden name and appended her new married name. The brothers were raised in "an iconoclastic, intellectual household" where his family entertained such guests as Theodore Roosevelt and Rudyard Kipling. Wheeler-Nicholson spent his boyhood both in Portland and on a horse ranch in Washington State. Raised riding horses, he went on to attend the military academy The Manlius School in DeWitt, New York, and in 1917 joined the U.S. Cavalry as a second lieutenant. According to differing sources, he rose to become either "the youngest major in the Army", the youngest in the Cavalry, or, as per the family, one of the youngest in the Cavalry, at age 27, By his own account, he "chased bandits on the Mexican border, fought fevers and played polo in the Philippines, led a battalion of infantry against the Bolsheviki in Siberia, helped straighten out the affairs of the army in France [and] commanded the headquarters cavalry of the American force in the Rhine". His outposts included Japan; London, England; and Germany. After World War I, Wheeler-Nicholson was sent to study at Saint-Cyr in Paris, France. The Major's public criticism of Army command in an open letter to President Warren G. Harding, and his accusations against senior officers, led to countercharges, hearings, and a lawsuit against West Point Superintendent General Fred W. Sladen. Wheeler-Nicholson also was a victim of a shooting that his family called an Army-sanctioned assassination attempt. It left him hospitalized with a bullet wound. Following this, Wheeler-Nicholson in June 1922 was convicted in a court-martial trial of violating the 96th Article of War in publishing the open letter. Although he was not demoted, his career was dead-ended. He resigned his commission in 1923. His $100,000 lawsuit against Sladen was dismissed by the New York State Supreme Court the following year. Writing career Wheeler-Nicholson wrote nonfiction about military topics, including the 1922 book Modern Cavalry. He also wrote fiction, including the Western hardcover novel Death at the Corral. By 1922 Wheeler-Nicholson had begun writing short stories for the pulps. The Major soon became a cover name, penning military and historical adventure fiction for such magazines as Adventure and Argosy. He additionally ghost wrote six adventure novels about air hero Bill Barnes for Street & Smith Publications. Concurrently, in 1925, he founded Wheeler-Nicholson, Inc. to syndicate his work, which included a daily comic-strip adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island, with art by N. Brewster Morse. New Fun In autumn 1934, having seen the emergence of Famous Funnies (1933) and other oversize magazines reprinting comic strips, Wheeler-Nicholson formed the comics publishing company National Allied Publications. While contemporary comics "consisted ... of reprints of old syndicate material", Wheeler-Nicholson found that the "rights to all the popular strips ... had been sewn up". While some existing publications had included small amounts of original material, generally as filler, and while Dell Publishing had put out a proto-comic book of all original strips, The Funnies, in 1929, Wheeler-Nicholson's premiere comic – New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935) – became the first comic book containing all-original material. As author Nicky Wright wrote, A tabloid-sized, 10-inch by 15-inch, 36-page magazine with a card-stock, non-glossy cover, New Fun #1 was an anthology of "humor and adventure strips, many of which [Wheeler-Nicholson] wrote himself". The features included the funny animal comic "Pelion and Ossa" and the college-set "Jigger and Ginger", mixed with such dramatic fare as the Western strip "Jack Woods" and the "yellow peril" adventure "Barry O'Neill", featuring a Fu Manchu-styled villain, Fang Gow. While all-original material was a risky venture, the book sold well enough that National Allied Publishing continued to fill books "with new strips every month". Golden Age comics creator Sheldon Mayer quipped years later of Wheeler-Nicholson: "Not only the first man to publish comic books but also the first to stiff an artist for his check". The first four issues were edited by future Funnies, Inc. founder Lloyd Jacquet, the fifth by Wheeler-Nicholson himself. Issue #6 (Oct. 1935) brought the comic-book debuts of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the future creators of Superman, who began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler "Henri Duval" (doing the first two installments before turning it over to others) and, under the pseudonyms "Leger and Reuths", the supernatural-crimefighter adventure Doctor Occult. They would remain on the latter title through issue #32 (June 1938), following the magazine's retitling as More Fun (issues #7–8, Jan.-Feb. 1936), and More Fun Comics (#9-on). Wheeler-Nicholson added a second magazine, New Comics, which premiered with a Dec. 1935 cover date and at close to what would become the standard size of Golden Age comic books, with slightly larger dimensions than today's. The title became New Adventure Comics with issue #12, and finally Adventure Comics with #32. Continuing for many decades, until issue #503 in 1983, it would become one of the longest-running comic books. In 2009, it was briefly revived with its original numbering, ultimately ending again in 2011 with issue #529, prior to DC Comics' New 52 reboot. Despite Wheeler-Nicholson's optimism, finding a place in the market was difficult. Newsstands were reluctant to stock a magazine of untested new material from an unknown publisher, particularly as other companies' comics titles were perceived as being "successful because they featured characters everyone knew and loved". Returns were high, and cash-flow difficulties made the interval between issues unpredictable. Artist Creig Flessel recalled that at the company's office on Fourth Avenue, "The major flashed in and out of the place, doing battles with the printers, the banks, and other enemies of the struggling comics". Later career Wheeler-Nicholson suffered from continual financial crises, both in his personal and professional lives. "Dick Woods" artist , whose Manhattan apartment Wheeler-Nicholson used as a rent-free pied-à-terre, said, "His wife would call [from home on Long Island] and be in tears ... and say she didn't have money and the milkman was going to cut off the milk for the kids. I'd send out 10 bucks, just because she needed it". The third and final title published under his aegis would be Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated Dec. 1936, but eventually premiering three months late, with a March 1937 cover date. Detective Comics would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27 (May 1939). By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson was gone. In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld – who was as well a pulp-magazine publisher and a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News – Wheeler-Nicholson was compelled to take Donenfeld on as a partner in order to publish Detective Comics #1. Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfeld's accountant, listed as owners. The major remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued. DC's 50th-anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great cites the Great Depression as "forc[ing] Wheeler-Nicholson to sell his publishing business to Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz in 1937". However, wrote comics historian Gerard Jones: Wheeler-Nicholson "gave up on the world of commerce thereafter and went back to writing war stories and critiques of the American military" in addition to straight "articles on politics and military history". Personal life While studying at the École Supérieure de Guerre in Paris, France, after World War I, Wheeler-Nicholson met Elsa Sachsenhausen Bjorkböm. They were married in Koblenz, Germany in 1920. Their first child, Antoinette, was born in Stockholm, Sweden, his wife's home, in February 1921. Antoinette married on April 11, 1945, when Wheeler-Nicholson and his wife lived in Great Neck, New York, on Long Island. In 1923, their second child, daughter Marianne, was born. Son Malcolm was born in November 1926, in Rye, New York, son Douglas in 1928, and daughter Diane in 1932. Douglas married on September 2, 1955, by which time Wheeler-Nicholson and his wife were living in Bayside, Queens, New York City. The Major died in 1965 in New York City. Actress Dana Wheeler-Nicholson (sometimes credited as Dana Wheeler Nicholson), who has appeared in movies including Fletch and Tombstone, such TV series as Sex and the City, Friday Night Lights and Law & Order: Criminal Intent  and the soap opera All My Children, is the daughter of Wheeler-Nicholson's son Douglas. Other works Modern Cavalry: Studies on Its Role in the Warfare of To-day with Notes on Training for War Service (Macmillan, 1922) Battle Shield of the Republic (Macmillan, 1940) America Can Win (Macmillan, 1941) Are We Winning the Hard Way? (Crowell Publishing, 1943) The Texas-Siberia Trail: Adventure stories of Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (Off-Trail Publications, 2014) edited by John Locke, introduction by Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson DC Comics Before Superman: Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's Pulp Comics (2018, ), Hermes Press, by Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson References External links Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson official family website. Archive (June 15, 2017) of previous version of Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson official family website. Profile at the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Profile at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database CBW Comic History: The Early Years...1896 to 1937, Part II Category:1890 births Category:1965 deaths Category:Comic book publishers (people) Category:Comic book company founders Category:Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees Category:Manlius Pebble Hill School alumni Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:DC Comics people

Kenston Forest School is a private school located in Blackstone, Virginia, which serves students from ten surrounding counties. In addition to educating grades pre-kindergarten through twelve, the school has an Early Learning Program that is licensed by the State of Virginia. The school is accredited through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Virginia Independent Schools Association. History Kenston Forest School was founded in 1966 as a segregation academy by the Lunenburg-Nottoway Educational Foundation. The school lost its status as a tax-deductible charity in the 1970s because of its discriminatory admissions policy. It regained its 501)c)(3) status in 1988. The name "Kenston" originates from a merging of the town names "Kenbridge" and "Blackstone." Kenston Forest School originally enrolled students in grades eight through twelve, acting as a high school for students from both the Kenbridge Day School and the Blackstone Day School, two private lower schools in the area. In 1981, after declining numbers of enrollment in all of these schools, the three decided to merge to form Kenston Forest School as it is today, one non-discriminatory, nonprofit school for grades pre-k through twelve. The school is still overseen by The Lunenburg – Nottoway Educational Foundation, which is governed by an appointed Board of Directors. Athletics Kenston Forest School is a part of the Virginia Commonwealth Conference. Member schools include Amelia Academy, Blessed Sacrament Huguenot, Brunswick Academy, Christchurch School, Fuqua School, Isle of Wight Academy, Richmond Christian School, Southampton Academy, the Steward School, and Tidewater Academy. Additional athletic competitions are held with non-conference schools. References External links Official Website Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Category:Schools in Nottoway County, Virginia Category:Private high schools in Virginia Category:Educational institutions established in 1966 Category:Private middle schools in Virginia Category:Private elementary schools in Virginia Category:Segregation academies in Virginia Category:1966 establishments in Virginia

Chris Haslam (born December 19, 1980) is a Canadian professional skateboarder whose natural stance is "Goofy". He is recognized as an innovative skateboarder whose skateboarding is defined by creativity and progression. Early life When he was 11 years of age, Haslam relocated to Singapore with his parents. Haslam's family returned to Canada for a year in 1996, living in Komoka, and Haslam attended St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Secondary School in London, Ontario. Haslam's interest in skateboarding began in November 1993, prior to his thirteenth birthday, and his first skateboard deck was from the Santa Cruz company. The first skateboard trick that Haslam learned was a 'kickflip'. While residing in Singapore, Haslam entered his first skateboard contest alongside his brother. The contest was a mini-ramp contest and Haslam eventually achieved fourth place after initially tying for third place with his brother. Haslam explained in an interview: "I think they couldn’t give the trophy out to two dudes though, so I guess they put me in fourth place, so I ended up with that." Career Haslam's first ever magazine cover photograph was for the publication, Concrete Powder—the photograph was taken at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Haslam head was shaved in the image, and he is executing an ollie, a trick in which the skateboard is elevated by manipulating the skateboard deck with the feet only. Following his promotion to professional status, Haslam received his first signature skateboard model and described the design process in a magazine interview with the SBC Skateboard magazine: I had two at the same time. One was the rocker dude, who was all white, with pink and blue and had spandex pants on and Van Halen tee ... Then there was another one—the Grizzly Haslam. My friend Mark Anderson wrote up this whole thing on why, for my first graphic, is should be the Grizzly Haslam. He made his own little graphic of this man with a bear and had all these photos of Grizzly Adams and a bear. We weren’t really feeling the board graphic on either of them so we just took one of the photos that he sent us, and it was five or 10 minutes before we had to send it in, so it was like "Shit, what are we going to do?" So we just put it on there, and we had this crazy photo of my face that we shot on there and it looked Photoshopy. I think that was one of my best boards that I ever had, it was pretty sick. By 1998, Chris rode for the Boarding House, a skate shop in Vancouver BC run by strong skating locals John Raimondo and Jeff Logan. Once it opened in October 1998, Chris spent a lot of time honing his many skills at the Richmond skatepark, just outside Vancouver near the airport, YVR. Essentially, this became his home park, and he quickly gained friends, fans (kids) and kudos, as he immediately became the dominant skater (and ambassador) at this half street and half transition park. Chris generously flowed product(s) new and used, to the Vancouver/Richmond locals and particularly to the younger kids. It only took Chris a couple of years to gain global respect and achieve a legitimate career; his stunning and technical skating at Vancouver's Slam City Jam (SCJ) contests won him the Best Trick at least once, with a one-footed BS Smith grind down a rail in 2001. Haslam was a team rider for Daewon Song's Deca brand (under the Dwindle Distribution company), and it was with this company that he photographed his first ad, in which he was executing a '360-flip' (similar to a kickflip, but the board spins on two axes) on the loading dock of a warehouse. Haslam was a flow rider for the DC Shoe Company at the time. Following the demise of Deca, Haslam, alongside Cooper Wilt, was asked by Song to join Song's short-lived, subsequent board company, Artafact (it existed between 2002 and 2003). Around 2003 he joined Almost Skateboards along with fellow pro skaters, Song (Thrasher magazine's 2006 Skater of the Year), Mullen and Wilt. Soon after joining the new company, Haslam appeared in an "Either/Or" feature for Skateboarder magazine, in which he is photographed by the editor of the publication, Jaime Owens, from mirror-image angles while performing the same trick (the skateboarder was therefore required to perform the trick in both regular and switch stance). Haslam performed a trick called a "Salad grind" on the same handrail that was used by Guy Mariano and Jason Lee in the Blind video, Video Days. Haslam gained attention and popularity after the debut of the Almost: Round Three video. This was followed in 2006 by the video Cheese and Crackers, in which Haslam and Song showcase their miniramp skills in an abandoned Long Beach, US, warehouse that was formerly a methamphetamine laboratory. It also features Haslam and his teammate Cooper Wilt skating an offroad skateboard. Song stated in 2011 that during the filming of the video, Haslam performed tricks that he had not yet seen (at that time) on a miniramp. Haslam joined the Globe shoes team in 2006 and was also the star of Globe's United By Fate Part 2 episodic video in August 2007. As of October 2012, Haslam has released two signature shoe models with Globe, "The Sabaton" and "The Odin". Together with Brandon Biebel and Jose Rojo, among others, Haslam joined the team of the Momentum skateboard wheel company. Professional skateboarder, Rick McCrank, is the owner of the brand, in addition to being a team member. Momentum is distributed by Blitz Distribution (Hook-Ups, Life Extension, Sk8 Mafia). In April 2007, Haslam had a video part in the Momentum wheel company's debut video Un Momentum (Por Favor). While on a 2008 Almost tour in Tasmania, Australia, Haslam was featured in an article in the Sunday Tasmanian newspaper, under the headline, "World's Most Unlikely Hero". In December 2011, Haslam left Momentum to join the Bones wheel team and a brief video segment was published on the Internet to coincide with the sponsor change—the video depicts Haslam first setting up his board, with the use of his first Bones signature wheels, and then Haslam is shown performing a series of tricks in street environments. Since being sponsored by Bones, Haslam's signature wheels have featured a comic-style caveman design, a chainsaw, and a "lagoon monster". Haslam received the final part in the 2012 Almost video 5 Incher; the concluding trick in the part is a "rock-to-kickflip-to-fakie" ("fakie" is when the skateboarder rides out of a trick backwards) on a transitional structure. Haslam filmed a video part that is featured in the second Bones full-length video New Ground that was released in February 2013 and featured other team members, such as Moose, Matt Berger, Kevin Romar, and Jordan Hoffart. Haslam is a playable character in Electronic Art (EA)'s skateboarding video game series skate. Sponsors As of August 2013, Haslam's sponsors are Almost, Independent Trucks, Bones Wheels, Bones Bearings, Turbokolor, Vestal, Dakine, Leftover Hardware, glassy sun haters and Globe. On 5 April 2017 Chris announced on his Facebook page he was parting ways with Almost Skateboards and Globe Shoes. ″It has come that time when I must part ways with my comrades at Almost Skateboards and Globe shoes. Can't really put 16 years of thank you's into a measly IG post but....thanks for all the sweet adventures over the years friends✌🏻✌🏻here's to new beginnings″ Setup Haslam revealed the skateboard hardware that he utilizes in a December 2012 interview: 8.25-inch Almost Double Impact skateboard deck ("It's hard for me to go back to normal plys after this, by the way.") Gypsy grip ("...just a small griptape company that me and my buddy started.") Leftover hardware ("My buddy started a hardware company called "Leftover Hardware".) 149 Independent trucks ("It doesn't matter about the forged baseplate or hollowed axle, kingpin, or any of that stuff—as long as they're high, 149 Independents, then they work for me.") Bones bushings ("I use the bones bushing; I think they're medium—whatever the yellow ones are. I use those, they seem to ... work in nicely.") 52mm Bones Street Tech Formula (STF) wheels ("The Jeremy Wray ones right now. And on the back heel edge, I usually put a different-colored wheel, just for flair points, but flair points that I can't see; otherwise, it would drive me nuts, you know?") Bones Swiss bearings ("I think these are Labyrinths, though, I think ... but, I don't know, Swiss, usually; and they seem to work okay. I don't really change them a lot—I try not to change anything very much.") Company owner In July 2012, Haslam released an online video commercial for Leftover Hardware, a company that his personal "buddy" founded. Haslam revealed in a December 2012 segment for Alli Sports that he has cofounded a griptape brand with a "buddy", entitled "Gypsy Grip". Haslam announced on his Facebook fan page that Leftover Hardware will release his signature hardware product in September 2013. Entitled "Haslam's Hardware", the product is packaged in a cardboard box and features a drawn image of Haslam in a Viking helmet eating skateboard hardware like breakfast cereal. Haslam started a deck company named brainchild in 2019 part of the proceeds from the boards and shirts sold gets donated to semicolon and the ben raemers foundation to help with mental health and to help prevent suicide. Haslam had started this company partially due to the sad events of Ben Raemers suicide in may of 2019. Awards and praise Haslam won the Reader's Choice Award at the 7th Annual Transworld Skateboarding Awards in 2005. In August 2006, he was voted the winner of the Vs 411VM competition. Song has stated in a voiceover for a "Classics" segment, produced by Thrasher magazine, in which Haslam's footage from the Cheese and Crackers mini-ramp video is featured: Chris is definitely one of the craziest mini-ramp skaters; I mean, one of the craziest skaters, is just as well ... Chris, always has just been, you know, skatin' with him all the time, just sometimes can't believe the things that he does. And we were skatin' ramps and stuff, so it was pretty fun to just do a project like this with him, 'cause I knew that he was definitely going to do some crazy stuff. Ah, it's weird too, 'cause he would, ah, he would have to leave and go to, like, different places ... I mean he would have to, like, go on trips and then go back home [Vancouver, Canada] for a while and he'd come back, so, he hammered out a lot of this stuff pretty quick. He had so much footage; he got so much stuff so fast ... ah, I don't know if it's, what it is out, people from out that way just seem to be able to do everything—and, ah, Chris is definitely one of those guys. So, like I said, it was insane. And it was fun ... Musical projects In 2008 Haslam joined the metal band Kobra Triangle as a bass guitar player, but the band later disbanded (date unknown). Professional skateboarder Jose Rojo revealed in an online interview that, as of July 2012, he is a member of a band that includes Haslam. Videography Skate Canada 6 (Unknown) Deca: Second to None (2001) Digital - Fajsha (2003) Thrasher: King Of The Road 2004 (2004) BARRIER KULT : HORDE I "2004" * Almost: Almost: Round Three (2004) 411VM: Volume 13, Issue 2 (2005) 411VM: Volume 14, Issue 4 (2006) Almost: Cheese and Crackers (2006) Strange Notes: Ozfest (2006) Strange Notes: NY To Shanghai (2006) Globe: United By Fate (UBF) (2007) Momentum: Uno Momentum Por Pavor (2007) Thrasher: Money For Blood (2007) Momentum: Japan Tour (2008) Transworld: Skate & Create (2008) Independent: 30th Anniversary Tour (2008) Fuel TV: Riding the Long White Cloud (2009) Dakine: Tiki Tour (2009) Independent: Euro Tour (2009) Momentum: Yo Llama! Llama! (2011) Thrasher: Double Rock: Almost (2011) Thrasher: Double Rock: Globe (2012) Almost: 5-Incher (2012) References External links Leftover Goods Tumblr page (''Carry On My Wayward Nephew) Active News interviews Chris Haslam Category:Canadian skateboarders Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Niagara Falls, Ontario

Gaġġa (Cage) is a 1971 film adaptation of a novel called 'Il-Gagga' written by Frans Sammut. The adaptation was written and directed by Mario Azzopardi, who was a film student at the time. The film was originally made as a thesis, but was released in 2007 due to its cultural importance, being the first feature film made with a script entirely in Maltese. External links Category:1971 films Category:Films based on Maltese novels Category:Films directed by Mario Philip Azzopardi Category:Maltese films Category:Maltese-language films

Todus is a genus of birds in the family Todidae, the todies, found in the Caribbean. It is the only extant genus with the family Todidae. The five species are small, near passerine birds of the forests of the Greater Antilles: Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba, with adjacent islands, have one species each, and Hispaniola has two, the broad-billed tody in the lowlands (including Gonâve Island) and the narrow-billed tody in the highlands. Taxonomy and systematics The genus Todus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Jamaican tody (Todus todus) as the type species. Todus is a Latin word for a small bird mentioned by the Roman playwright Plautus and the grammarian Sextus Pompeius Festus. This name had earlier been used for the Jamaican tody by the Irish physician Patrick Browne in his book The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica which was published in 1756. Extant species Five species are recognized: Former species Emperor fairywren (as Todus cyanocephalus) Leaden flycatcher (as Todus rubecula) Description Todies range in weight from 5 to 7 g and in length from 10 to 11.5 cm. They have colourful plumage and resemble kingfishers in their general shape. They have green heads, backs and wings, red throats (absent in immature Puerto Rican, broad-billed, and narrow-billed Todies) with a white and blue-grey stripe on each side, and yellow undertail coverts; the colour of the rest of the undersides is pale and varies according to species. The irises are pale grey. They have long, flattened bills (as do many flycatching birds) with serrated edges; the upper mandible is black and the lower is red with a little black. The legs, and especially the feet, are small. Todies are highly vocal, except that the Jamaican tody seldom calls in the non-breeding season (August to November); they give simple, unmusical buzzing notes, beeps, and guttural rattles, puffing their throats out with every call. Their wings produce a "strange, whirring rattle", though mostly when courting or defending territory in the Puerto Rican tody. Behaviour and ecology Todies are generally sedentary; the longest single flight known for the broad-billed tody is 40 m. Their activity is greatest in the morning when sunny weather follows rain, and in March and September. Breeding Like most of the Coraciiformes, todies nest in tunnels, which they dig with their beaks and feet in steep banks or rotten tree trunks. The tunnel is 30 cm long in the Cuban and narrow-billed Todies, 30 to 60 cm in the broad-billed tody, and ends in a nest chamber, generally not reused. They lay about four round white eggs in the chamber. Both parents incubate but are surprisingly inattentive to the eggs. The young are altricial and stay in the nest until they can fly. Both parents also care for the nestlings, much more attentively; they may feed each chick up to 140 times per day, the highest rate known among birds. Food and feeding Todies eat small prey such as insects and lizards. Insects, particularly grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, bugs, butterflies, bees, wasps, and ants, form the greater part of the diet. Spiders and millipedes may also be taken, as is a small amount of fruit (2% of the diet). Todies typically sit on a low, small branch, singly or in pairs, keeping still or stepping or hopping sideways. When they see prey moving on the lower surface of a leaf, they fly a short distance (averaging 2.2 m in the broad-billed tody and 1.0 m in the Puerto Rican tody), diagonally upward to glean it. They may also take prey from the ground, occasionally chasing it with a few hops. References External links Tody videos on the Internet Bird Collection Category:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the West Indies * Category:Bird genera

The 1875-76 Home Nations rugby union matches are a series of international friendlies held between the England, Ireland and Scotland national rugby union teams. These were the last international rugby games to field teams of twenty players a side, the teams reducing to fifteen a side in the 1876-77 season. Results Scoring system The matches for this season were decided on goals scored. A goal was awarded for a successful conversion after a try, for a dropped goal or for a goal from mark. If a game was drawn, any unconverted tries were tallied to give a winner. If there was still no clear winner, the match was declared a draw. The matches Ireland vs. England Ireland: RB Walkington (NIFC), H Moore (Windsor), BN Casement (Wanderers), EW Hobson (Dublin University), RJ Bell (NIFC) capt., AP Cronyn (Dublin University), G Andrews (NIFC), DT Arnott (Lansdowne), WH Ash (NIFC), HL Cox (Lansdowne), WA Cuscaden (Bray), W Finlay (Windsor), R Galbraith (Dublin University), R Greer (Kingstown), J Ireland (Windsor), JA McDonald (Methodist College), RM Maginess (Dublin University), EN McIlwaine (NIFC), HD Walsh (Dublin University), AJ Westby (Dublin University) England: SHM Login (Royal Naval College), Alec Pearson (Blackheath), CR Gunner (Marlborough Nomads), AT Michell (Oxford University), CWH Clark (Liverpool), WE Collins (St George's Hospital), J V Brewer (Gipsies), CC Bryden (Clapham Rovers), Andrew Bulteel (Manchester), James Bush (Clifton), HJ Graham (Wimbledon Hornets), JDG Graham (Wimbledon Hornets), W Greg (Manchester), WHH Hutchinson (Hull), Edward Kewley (Liverpool), Francis Luscombe (Gipsies) capt., EE Marriott (Manchester), Murray Marshall (Blackheath), Edward Beadon Turner (St George's Hospital), CL Verelst (Liverpool) England vs. Scotland England: Alec Pearson (Blackheath), AH Heath (Oxford University), Reg Birkett (Clapham Rovers), L Stokes (Blackheath), TS Tetley (Bradford), WE Collins (St George's Hospital), WC Hutchinson (RIE College), FR Adams (Richmond), James Bush (Clifton), EC Cheston (Richmond), HJ Graham (Wimbledon Hornets), W Greg (Manchester), WH Hunt (Preston Grasshoppers), Edward Kewley (Liverpool), Francis Luscombe (Gipsies) capt., Murray Marshall (Blackheath), WCW Rawlinson (Blackheath), GR Turner (St George's Hospital), Roger Walker (Manchester) Scotland: JS Carrick (Glasgow Academicals), T Chalmers (Glasgow Academicals), Malcolm Cross (Glasgow Academicals), Ninian Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), AK Stewart (Edinburgh University RFC), GQ Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), DH Watson (Glasgow Academicals), Allan Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), WH Bolton (West of Scotland), NT Brewis (Edinburgh Inst FP), CW Cathcart (Edinburgh University RFC), Daniel Drew (Glasgow Academicals), George Raphael Fleming (Glasgow Academicals), JHS Graham (Edinburgh Academicals), RW Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals) capt., JE Junor (Glasgow Academicals), D Lang (Paisley), AG Petrie (Royal HSFP), J Reid (Edinburgh Wanderers), Charles Villar (Edinburgh Wanderers) Bibliography References Category:History of rugby union matches between England and Scotland Category:History of rugby union matches between England and Ireland Category:England national rugby union team matches Category:Scotland national rugby union team matches Category:Ireland national rugby union team matches Category:1875–76 in British rugby union Category:1875 in English sport Category:1876 in English sport Category:1876 in Scottish sport rugby union

Margo McCaffery was an American registered nurse and pioneer of the field of pain management nursing. McCaffery's oft-quoted definition of pain as "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever and wherever the person says it does", stated as early as 1968, has become the prevailing conceptualization of pain for clinicians over the past few decades. McCaffery died on January 8, 2018. References Category:American nurses Category:American women nurses Category:2018 deaths Category:Year of birth missing

Francesco Barbaro may refer to: Francesco Barbaro (politician) (1390–1454), Italian politician, diplomat and humanist from Venice Francesco Barbaro (patriarch of Aquileia) (1546–1616), Venetian diplomat and Italian Catholic bishop Francesco Barbaro (Castanu) (1927–2018), boss of the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation based in Calabria, Italy

The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (, PSC–PSOE official acronym) is a social-democratic political party in Catalonia, Spain resulting from the merger of three parties: the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Regrouping, led by Josep Pallach i Carolà, the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress, and the Catalan Federation of the PSOE. It is the Catalan referent of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and its Aranese section is Unity of Aran. The party had also been allied with federalist and republican political platform Citizens for Change (Ciutadans pel Canvi) until the 2010 election. PSC–PSOE has its power base in the Barcelona metropolitan area and the comarques of Tarragonès, Montsià, and Val d'Aran. Party leaders First Secretaries Joan Reventós, 1978–1983 Raimon Obiols, 1983–1996 Narcís Serra, 1996–2000 José Montilla, 2000–2011 Pere Navarro, 2011–2014 Miquel Iceta, 2014–present Presidents Joan Reventós, 1983–1996 Raimon Obiols, 1996–2000 Pasqual Maragall, 2000–2007 José Montilla, 2007–2008 (acting) Isidre Molas, 2008–2011 Àngel Ros, 2014–present Electoral performance Parliament of Catalonia Cortes Generales European Parliament See also Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia Socialist Party of Catalonia-Congress List of political parties in Catalonia Notes References External links Category:1978 establishments in Spain Catalonia Category:Political parties established in 1978 Category:Social democratic parties in Spain Category:Socialist parties in Catalonia

For the administrative division, see Gadabay Rayon. Gədəbəy (also, Gädäbäy, Gadabay, Kedabek, Kedabeko, Kedalek, and Kyadabek) is an administrative center of Gedebey Rayon in Azerbaijan. The distance between Baku (the capital of Azerbaijan) and Gedebey is 444 km. The city has a population of 9161 according to 2010 census. History According to the 1989 census, about 5000 people lived in Gedebey. Gedebey, a city-type settlement, was given the status of the city in the same year. In the middle of the nineteenth century, copper ore deposits were discovered in the region and a copper plant was built by local entrepreneurs in 1855–1856. Later this plant was purchased by the German company "Siemens" and rebuilt in 1865. The Galakend copper plant was built by Siemens in 1883 and 1879. The Trans-Caucasus gas pipeline of 28 km was constructed between Gedebey -Galakend. There were 4 locomotives and 33 wagons on this railroad. In 1883, the first hydroelectric power plant was built in the village of Galakend in the territory of Tsarist Russia and copper was melted by electrolysis in Galakend copper plant.  Toponymy The name "Gedebey" comes from the name of a person named Gedebey, who settled in this region. Thus, in the Middle Ages, some of these lands were distributed among the father and sons: Atabey, Shekerbey, and Gedebey. Gedebey was the son of Atabey. There are currently villages in Atabey and Shekerbey such as Shekerbey village in Azerbaijan. According to another possibility, the myth is formed from the words "ket", "gedik" (hill) and "bek" (guard, guardian) in ancient Turkic languages, "observation station", "guard station". Geography and climate Gedebey lies at the northern foot of the Shahdagh Range, at an altitude of 1460 meters, on the coast of the Mis River. The city is located in the middle and high mountainous areas of the Lesser Caucasus (also called Little Caucasus). The air temperature in July is ranging from +10 C to +20 C, and in January to -2 C to -10 C. Prominent people Mikayil Khidirzadeh - the prominent mathematician scientist of Azerbaijan Izzat Rustamov - Deputy Prime Minister (1994-1999), Head of the Sociology Department of Baku State University Mirza Sadikhov - academician, USSR State Prize Laureate Zeki Vilayatoglu - a cultural and art figure, writer, singer Rauf Aliyev - entrepreneur See also Gadabay District References External links World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan – World-Gazetteer.com Category:Populated places in Gadabay District Category:Elisabethpol Governorate

Clara.io is a web-based freemium 3D computer graphics software developed by Exocortex, a Canadian software company. Clara.io was announced in July 2013 and first presented as part of the official SIGGRAPH 2013 program later that month. By November 2013 when the open beta period started, Clara.io had 14,000 registered users. Clara.io claimed to have 26,000 registered users in January 2014, which grew to 85,000 by December 2014. Features Polygonal modeling Constructive solid geometry Key frame animation Skeletal animation Hierarchical scene graph Texture mapping Photorealistic rendering (streaming cloud rendering using V-Ray Cloud) Scene publishing via HTML iframe embedding FBX, Collada, OBJ, STL and Three.js import/export Collaborative real-time editing Revision control (versioning & history) Scripting, Plugins & REST APIs 3D model library Technology Clara.io is developed using HTML5, JavaScript, WebGL and Three.js. Clara.io does not rely on any browser plugins and thus runs on any platform that has a modern standards compliant browser. Screenshots See also Sketchfab References External links Category:2013 software Category:3D animation software Category:3D graphics software Category:3D publishing Category:Internet properties established in 2013 Category:Video game development software Category:Web applications Category:WebGL

Trefoil (from Latin , "three-leaved plant") is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings used in architecture and Christian symbolism. The term is also applied to other symbols of three-fold shape. Architecture Ornamentation Trefoil is a term in Gothic architecture given to the ornamental foliation or cusping introduced in the heads of window-lights, tracery, and panellings, in which the centre takes the form of a three-lobed leaf (formed from three partially overlapping circles). One of the earliest examples is in the plate tracery at Winchester Cathedral (1222–1235). The fourfold version of an architectural trefoil is a quatrefoil. A simple trefoil shape in itself can be symbolic of the Trinity, while a trefoil combined with an equilateral triangle was also a moderately common symbol of the Christian Trinity during the late Middle Ages in some parts of Europe. Two forms of this are shown below: A dove, which symbolizes the Holy Spirit, is sometimes depicted within the outlined form of the trefoil combined with a triangle. Architectural layout In architecture and archaeology, trefoils describe a layout or floor plan consisting of three apses in clover-leaf shape, as for example in the Megalithic temples of Malta. Particularly in church architecture, such a layout may be called a "triconchos". Heraldry The heraldic trefoil is a stylized clover. It should not be confused with the figure named in French heraldry tiercefeuille, which is a stylized flower with three petals. It differs from the heraldic trefoil in being not slipped. It could be translated as threefoil. Symbols Symmetrical Trefoils are particularly popular as warning and informational symbols. If a box containing hazardous material is moved around and shifted into different positions, it is still easy to recognize the symbol, while the distinctive trefoil design of the recycling symbol makes it easy for a consumer to notice and identify the packaging the symbol has been printed on as recyclable. Easily stenciled symbols are also favored. While the green trefoil is considered by many to be the symbol of Ireland, the harp has much greater officially recognized status. Therefore, shamrocks generally do not appear on Irish coins or postage stamps. A trefoil is also part of the logo for Adidas Originals, which also includes three stripes. See also Fleur-de-Lys Foil (architecture) Trefoil domain Trefoil arch Trefoil knot Torus knot Quatrefoil References External links Explanation of Christian symbolism of Trefoil Category:Ornaments Category:Christian symbols Category:Symbols Category:Heraldic charges Category:Visual motifs

Bonita is an unincorporated community in north central Montague County, Texas, United States north of U.S. Route 82 on Farm to Market Road 1815. History Bonita was established in 1886 with the construction of the Gainesville, Henrietta and Western Railway through northern Montague County. In 1887, Bonita received a post office and a train station. A bank was chartered in 1906. Fires, flooding, and the construction of US highway 82 two miles south of town in the 1930s led to Bonita's demise. By the 1950s, the population had fallen to below 100, and the post office closed in 1967. In 1969 the railroad line was abandoned and the tracks removed in 1971. Education The Bonita area is serviced by the Nocona Independent School District and Saint Jo Independent School District. Notable People Myna Potts Preservationist Wilcy Moore Pitcher for the New York Yankees References Category:Unincorporated communities in Texas Category:Unincorporated communities in Montague County, Texas

Chauchina is a municipality in the province of Granada, in Spain. Category:Municipalities in the Province of Granada Category:Populated places in the Province of Granada

Karol Kisel (born 15 March 1977) is a retired Slovak footballer. Club career He previously played for Lokomotíva Košice, Ozeta Dukla Trenčín, Bohemians Praha, Sparta Prague and FC Slovan Liberec. Sydney FC In early 2009 he was linked with Australian A-League club Sydney FC for the 2009/10 season, where he would be reunited with former manager Vítězslav Lavička. On 3 April 2009, it was announced that Kisel had signed a one-year deal with the club. He scored his first goal for the Sky Blues at home against the Brisbane Roar, which Sydney won 2-1. He scored his second goal in Sydney's 2-0 win over the Melbourne Victory to help claim the A-League Premiership. Slavia Prague Despite Sydney FC offering a new contract, Kisel declined the offer and returned to the Czech Republic to continue his law studies. In June 2010 he signed a 1-year contract with Slavia Prague. Kisel played as captain for the 2010–11 Gambrinus liga. Kisel played his final game with Slavia Prague in their 3-1 win over Bohemians 1905. Return to Sydney FC On 8 February 2011, Kisel re-signed with Sydney FC for the upcoming 2011-12 A-League Season. He was not eligible to play in the AFC Champions League due to Sydney FC's foreign spots being full. Kisel's last game for Sydney FC was the away Elimination final against Wellington Phoenix on 30 March 2012. Return to Slavia Prague On 22 May 2012, Slavia Prague announced Kisel's return for 2012-13 season. The transfer officially went through on 1 July 2012 when the Gambrinus Liga transfer window started. He once again assumed the role of team captain soon after his arrival. He scored his first goal on his return to the club, on the opening match day's 3-3 draw with Vysočina Jihlava. Kisel confirmed on November 28, 2013 that he would retire after Slavia's match against Liberec on Monday 1 December. International career Kisel had been in and out of the Slovakian national squad ever since he made his debut in 2002. He had also played several games for the Slovakian U-21 squad. He played several games in Slovakia's attempt to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and he scored his first goal in qualifying Slovakia's 4-0 thumping of Luxembourg. International goal Score and result list Slovakia's goal tally first. Honours With Sparta Prague: Gambrinus Liga: 2006–2007 Czech Cup: 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2007–2008 With Sydney FC A-League: Premiers 2009–10 A-League: Champions 2009–10 References External links Profile at iDNES.cz Sydney FC profile Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Košice Category:Slovak footballers Category:Slovakia under-21 international footballers Category:Slovakia international footballers Category:AC Sparta Prague players Category:SK Slavia Prague players Category:FC Slovan Liberec players Category:Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic footballers of Slovakia Category:Czech First League players Category:Sydney FC players Category:A-League players Category:Expatriate footballers in the Czech Republic Category:Expatriate soccer players in Australia Category:Slovak expatriates in the Czech Republic Category:Slovak expatriates in Australia Category:University of West Bohemia alumni Category:Association football midfielders

Gozelo II (died 1097), presumed Count of Montaigu, son of Conon, Count of Montaigu, and Ida of Boulogne, sister of Godfrey, first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. As the eldest son of Conon, it is assumed that he became the count upon his father’s death in 1096. As reported by both Albert of Aix and William of Tyre, Gozelo and his brother Lambert (the heirs of the count of Mortagne) took a major role in the First Crusade, participating in the Siege of Nicaea in 1097. They then joined the army of Robert II, Count of Flanders, marching on Antioch. Gozelo never made it to the subsequent siege, dying of disease in Artah. Gozelo left no heirs and was succeeded by his brother Lambert as Count of Montaigu. References Bibliography Medieval Lands Project, Comtes de Montaigu Albert of Aix (Albertus Aquensis), Liber Christianae Expeditionis pro Ereptione, Emundatione et Restituitione Sanctae Hierosolymitanae Ecclesiae, in R.H.C.Occ., vol. iv William of Tyre, Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum, in R.H.C.Occ, vol. i, parts i and ii Murray, Alan V., The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099: Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade, Revue beige de philology et d'histoire, tome 70, fast. 2, 1992 Runciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1951 Category:Counts Category:1097 deaths Category:Christians of the First Crusade

Otyrba is an Abkhazian surname that may refer to Gueorgui Otyrba, Abkhazian politician and academic Rafik Otyrba, Minister for Agriculture of Abkhazia

The Conservative A-List or Priority List was a list of United Kingdom candidates drawn up by Conservative Central Office at the behest of David Cameron after his election as party leader in December 2005, aimed as a means of broadening the number of Conservative Members of Parliament, potential peers and MEPs from minority groups and women as well as other preferred candidates for candidature. Where the preferred forums for selection were held, at least two members from the list were put to every open primary, and where these were not held the A-list were recommended directly, particularly to the top target seats. History In April 2006, a Conservative Party committee on candidates set out to deliver a promise by David Cameron to transform the Conservative party at Westminster. The committee reduced 500 aspiring politicians on the party's list of approved parliamentary candidates to an "A-list" of between 100 and 150 priority candidates. Amid controversy, the "A-list" approach was endorsed by Michael Portillo, a Conservative MP until 2005, who in 2006 said that Conservative chairmen and activists in seats considered potentially winnable were in the run-up to the 2010 election urged by Conservative Central Office to select candidates from the new A-list and were in many cases included in open primaries, new and preferred open-to-all selection meetings. The 2010 general election saw failures as well as successes for the "A-listers" selected for 'winnable' seats. Success was epitomised by, for example, Zac Goldsmith in Richmond Park, but failure by Joanne Cash, Philippa Stroud and Shaun Bailey. Listed Those on the A-list included the following: '*' marks people chosen for seats that were Conservative before 2010 Dr. Amar Ahmed, GP in Cheshire and now Chairman Conservative Policy Forum, Public Sector and Infrastructure Tariq Ahmad, now a member of the House of Lords Louise Bagshawe (later Mensch), MP for Corby, 2010–2012 Shaun Bailey, social worker, PPC for Hammersmith, 2010 Harriett Baldwin, MP for West Worcestershire, 2010– * Stephen Barclay, MP for North East Cambridgeshire, 2010– * Gavin Barwell, MP for Croydon Central, 2010–2017 * James Bethell, a Founder of the Ministry of Sound (subsequently inherited his father's peerage) Nick Boles, MP for Grantham and Stamford, 2010–2019 * Karen Bradley, MP for Staffordshire Moorlands, 2010– Angie Bray, MP for Ealing Central and Acton, 2010–2015 Steve Brine, MP for Winchester, 2010– Fiona Bruce, MP for Congleton, 2010– Dr. David Bull, television presenter, PPC for Brighton Pavilion, 2010, Brexit Party MEP, 2019–2020 Conor Burns, MP for Bournemouth West, 2010– * Georgina Butler, former Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Costa Rica Martin Callanan, MEP for North East England Joanne Cash, barrister, PPC for Westminster North 2010 Pam Chesters London Assembly Advisor for Health and Youth Opportunities Damian Collins, MP for Folkestone and Hythe, 2010– * Tim Collins, former MP Charles Crawford, former Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Poland Iain Dale, blogger Caroline Dinenage, MP for Gosport, 2010– Jane Ellison, MP for Battersea, 2010–2017 Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones, Entrepreneur of the Year — the Black Enterprise Awards 2005, PPC Chippenham 2010 Howard Flight, former MP, now member of the House of Lords Vicky Ford, MEP for East of England, MP for Chelmsford, 2017– * Jacqueline Foster, MEP for North West England George Freeman, MP for Mid Norfolk, 2010– * David Gold PPC for Eltham 2010 Zac Goldsmith, MP for Richmond Park, 2010–2016, 2017–2019, member of the House of Lords, 2020– Francois Gordon, former High Commissioner to Uganda Helen Grant, MP for Maidstone and The Weald, 2010– Andrew Griffiths, MP for Burton, 2010–2019 * Sam Gyimah, MP for East Surrey, 2010–2019 * Rebecca Harris, MP for Castle Point, 2010– * Chris Heaton-Harris, MP for Daventry, 2010– Margot James, MP for Stourbridge, 2010–2019 Syed Kamall, MEP for London Pauline Latham, MP for Mid Derbyshire, 2010– * Andrea Leadsom, MP for South Northamptonshire, 2010– * Dr. Phillip Lee, MP for Bracknell, 2010–2019 * Brandon Lewis, MP for Great Yarmouth, 2010– Group Captain Al Lockwood Jack Lopresti, MP for Filton and Bradley Stoke, 2010– Kit Malthouse, Member of the London Assembly, MP for North West Hampshire 2015– Paul Maynard, MP for Blackpool North, 2010– Anne McIntosh, MP for Thirsk and Malton, 2010–2015 Esther McVey, MP for Wirral West, 2010–2015 and Tatton, 2017– Mark Menzies, MP for Fylde, 2010– * Priti Patel, MP for Witham, 2010– * Mark Pawsey, MP for Rugby, 2010– Andrew Percy, MP for Brigg and Goole, 2010– Kulveer Ranger, Director of Environment Annunziata Rees-Mogg, journalist, PPC for Somerton and Frome, 2010, Brexit Party MEP, 2019–2020 Adam Rickitt, actor and singer Caroline Righton, presenter, PPC for St Austell and Newquay, 2010 Murad Roberts, Member of the Society of Conservative Lawyers, 2015 Amber Rudd, MP for Hastings and Rye, 2010–2019 Laura Sandys, MP for Thanet South, 2010–2015 Jane Scott, Leader of Wiltshire Council, now member of the House of Lords Anna Soubry, MP for Broxtowe, 2010–2019 Andrew Stephenson, MP for Pendle, 2010– Mel Stride, MP for Central Devon, 2010– * Philippa Stroud, Director of the Centre for Social Justice, Elizabeth Truss, MP for South West Norfolk, 2010– Sayeeda Warsi, now member of the House of Lords Heather Wheeler, MP for South Derbyshire, 2010– Susan Williams, now member of the House of Lords Notes and references Notes References Category:History of the Conservative Party (UK) Category:David Cameron Category:Organisation of the Conservative Party (UK)

Walnut Township is a township in Cowley County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 626. Geography Walnut Township covers an area of and surrounds the northern and eastern sides of the city of Winfield. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Cowley. The streams of Black Crook Creek, Cedar Creek, East Badger Creek, Lone Elm Creek, Timber Creek and West Badger Creek run through this township. References USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) External links City-Data.com Category:Townships in Cowley County, Kansas Category:Townships in Kansas

Bryostroma is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). Species Bryostroma axillare Bryostroma bryi Bryostroma guttulatum Bryostroma halosporum Bryostroma necans Bryostroma rhacomitrii Bryostroma trichostomi See also List of Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis References External links 'Bryostroma'' at Index Fungorum Category:Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Category:Ascomycota genera

Judge Dredd: Dreddline is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the character Judge Dredd in British comic 2000 AD. Plot Judge Dredd is assigned to escort safecracker Bax Philo from Brit-Cit to Mega-City One, aboard a supersonic Transatlantic train. But shortly after the train exits the station, it is taken over by a terrorist group, led by an old acquaintance of Dredd seeking revenge on him and the whole city. Cast Toby Longworth - Judge Dredd Jeremy James - Bax Philo Kate Brown - Whyte Donovan Cary - Lomax Andrew Fettes - Trio Nicholas Briggs - Buzz Hannah Smith - Judge Dalton Jason Mitchell - Conductor Bot External links Big Finish Productions Category:2003 audio plays Category:Judge Dredd

Bad Branch Falls is a waterfall located in Rabun County, in the U.S State of Georgia. It is near Lake Rabun and Lake Seed. Category:Waterfalls of Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Waterfalls of Rabun County, Georgia

You Go Your Way may refer to: Music Albums You Go Your Way, album by Amy Correia 2009 Songs "You Go Your Way", song written by Bob Russell (songwriter), recorded Tina Mason You Go Your Way (Alan Jackson song) You Go Your Way, alternative title as Davy Jones 1967, and Eve (1960s singer) 1967, of Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine), song by Bob Dylan "You Go Your Way", song by Bristol band Shakane Adrian Castillo 1973 You Can Go Your Own Way, single by Chris Rea 1994 Books You Go Your Way, by Katharine Brush (1941)

The Mittelhorn (3,704 m) is a peak in the Swiss Alps close to the village of Grindelwald. It is the highest of the three composing the Wetterhorner massif. See also List of mountains of Switzerland References External links Mittelhorn on Hikr www.wetterhorn.ch Wetterhorn on Summitpost Wetterhorn from Grindelwald First Wetterhorn from Eiger Trail Category:Mountains of Switzerland Category:Mountains of the Alps Category:Alpine three-thousanders Category:Bernese Alps Category:Mountains of the canton of Bern

The Secret Tent is a 1956 crime film directed by Don Chaffey. It stars Donald Gray and Andrée Melly and was made at Shepperton Studios. Plot Respectable wife Ruth attempts to conceal her secret past as a criminal from neighbours and from her husband Chris. However, when a neighbour is burgled and Ruth mysteriously disappears, she becomes the police's prime suspect. Husband Chris searches the city for Ruth, in hopes of proving her innocence. Cast Donald Gray as Chris Martyn Andrée Melly as Ruth Martyn Jean Anderson as Mrs. Martyn Sonia Dresdel as Miss Mitchum-Browne Andrew Cruickshank as Inspector Thornton Dinah Ann Rogers as Sally Peter Hammond as Smith Conrad Phillips as Sergeant Gareth Tandy as Philip Critical reception Sky Movies wrote, "talented director Don Chaffey, who later made The Man Upstairs, Jason and the Argonauts and A Jolly Bad Fellow treats novelettish material with some flair in this story of a former `bad girl' whose past threatens her present happiness." References External links Category:1956 films Category:British films Category:Films directed by Don Chaffey Category:British crime drama films Category:1950s crime drama films

Melicope subunifoliolata is a plant of Borneo in the rue or citrus family Rutaceae. The specific epithet is from the Latin meaning "nearly one leaf", referring to the almost unifoliolate leaves. Description Melicope subunifoliolata grows up as a shrub or tree up to tall. The branchlets are hairy to velvety when young. The inflorescences are hairy to velvety and measure up to long. The ellipsoid fruits measure up to long. Distribution and habitat Melicope subunifoliolata is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah. Its habitat is montane forests mainly from to altitude, but sometimes as low as . References subunifoliolata Category:Endemic flora of Borneo Category:Flora of Sabah Category:Endemic flora of Malaysia Category:Vulnerable flora of Asia Category:Plants described in 1994 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot