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Ashby Woulds is a civil parish in Leicestershire, England. The population (including Albert Village) at the 2011 census was 3,763. It is in the North West Leicestershire district, to the west of Ashby de la Zouch. The main settlements in the parish are Moira and Norris Hill. Until 1974 the parish was an urban district of Leicestershire. See also Ashby Woulds Heritage Trail Albert Village References External links Category:Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 Category:Civil parishes in Leicestershire Category:North West Leicestershire District

Little Salkeld is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Hunsonby, in the Eden district of Cumbria, England, a few miles to the north east of Penrith. In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 91. On the 1 April 1934 the civil parish was merged with Hunsonby and Winskill to create Hunsonby. History The manor at Little Salkeld was confirmed by King Edward I in 1292. It is believed to be the original home of the Salkeld family of landowners. Places of interest Little Salkeld Watermill, built in 1745, is a traditional English 18th century water mill. It is Cumbria's only watermill still in full operation. Its organic bread and all-purpose flours are available in specialist shops throughout the UK. It operates regular tours and has an award-winning organic vegetarian cafe. Salkeld Hall is the village's largest house; built in the 16th century incorporating earlier walls. It is privately owned. The village contains a vicarage but no church - it was built for Addingham parish church one mile to the north near Glassonby. Popular with walkers it is the closest village to Lacy's Caves and Long Meg and Her Daughters. Transport Little Salkeld can be reached by car 1½ miles from Langwathby off the A686, approximately 6 miles from M6 J40. It lies on the C2C Cycle Route. Little Salkeld railway station on the Settle-Carlisle Railway and branch line to the Long Meg Mine were both closed in the 1970s, although the disused platforms still remain and the station building is well maintained as a private house. The closest station is . In 1918 the Little Salkeld rail accident in nearby Long Meg Cutting killed seven people. A second accident occurred at the station in 1933, which resulted in the death of one railwayman and injuries to a further five members of railway staff and thirty passengers. The village is believed to have been connected at one time by a bridge over the River Eden to Great Salkeld. See also Listed buildings in Hunsonby References Category:Villages in Cumbria Category:Former civil parishes in Cumbria Category:Eden District Category:Watermills in Cumbria

Thihariya is a small town in Gampaha District. It is located nearly 9 km away from Gampaha town. Category:Settlements in Gampaha District

The 1986–87 NBA season was the Hawks' 38th season in the NBA and their 19th season in the city of Atlanta. The Hawks finished first place in the Central Division with a franchise-best record of 57–25. Dominique Wilkins made the All-NBA Second Team, and was selected for the 1987 NBA All-Star Game. In the first round of the playoffs, the Hawks defeated the Indiana Pacers in four games, but lost in five games to the 3rd-seeded Detroit Pistons in the semifinals. Draft picks Roster Regular season Season standings Notes z, y – division champions x – clinched playoff spot Record vs. opponents Game log Playoffs East First Round (2) Atlanta Hawks vs. (7) Indiana Pacers: Hawks win series 3-1 Game 1 @ The Omni, Atlanta (April 24): Atlanta 110, Indiana 94 Game 2 @ The Omni, Atlanta (April 26): Atlanta 94, Indiana 93 Game 3 @ Market Square Arena, Indianapolis (April 29): Indiana 96, Atlanta 87 Game 4 @ Market Square Arena, Indianapolis (May 1): Atlanta 101, Indiana 97 Last Playoff Meeting: Not available (first playoff series) East Conference Semifinals (2) Atlanta Hawks vs. (3) Detroit Pistons: ''Pistons win series 4-1 Game 1 @ The Omni, Atlanta (May 3): Detroit 112, Atlanta 111 Game 2 @ The Omni, Atlanta (May 5): Atlanta 115, Detroit 102 Game 3 @ Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac (May 8): Detroit 108, Atlanta 99 Game 4 @ Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac (May 10): Detroit 89, Atlanta 88 (Isiah Thomas makes the game-winning layup with 1 second left) Game 5 @ The Omni, Atlanta (May 13): Detroit 104, Atlanta 96 Last Playoff Meeting: 1986 Eastern Conference First Round (Atlanta won 3-1) Player statistics Season Playoffs Awards and records Stan Kasten, NBA Executive of the Year Award Dominique Wilkins, All-NBA Second Team Transactions References See also 1986-87 NBA season Category:Atlanta Hawks seasons Atlanta Haw Atlanta Haw Atlanta Hawks

Chargeback fraud, also known as friendly fraud, occurs when a consumer makes an online shopping purchase with their own credit card, and then requests a chargeback from the issuing bank after receiving the purchased goods or services. Once approved, the chargeback cancels the financial transaction, and the consumer receives a refund of the money they spent. When a chargeback occurs, the merchant is accountable, regardless of whatever measures they took to verify the transaction. History Friendly fraud has been widespread on the Internet, affecting both the sale of physical products and digital transactions. To combat digital transaction fraud, prepaid cards have been offered as an effective alternative to ensure customer payment. South Korean software developers such as Nexon implemented a prepaid system in 2007 to combat friendly fraud, selling prepaid cards in stores such as Target. MasterCard was sued in 2003 by an Internet vendor for having credit card policies and fees that have made Internet vendors especially vulnerable targets of friendly fraud. Internet vendors typically have to pay much of the losses when a fraudulent transaction like friendly fraud occurs. In recent years, a new variant of friendly fraud, involving bank transfers as opposed to credit card payments, has been documented in Europe. SEPA credit transfers can be recalled within 10 working days of settlement by the payer's bank. The lax handling of SEPA SCT Recall requests by some banks has allowed some payers to fraudulently recall bank transfers after having received goods or services from the payee. Overview Physical products Online merchants who sell physical products cannot fully protect themselves. The only way to have concrete protection is to take an imprint of the card (and even with card readers/makers this can easily be duped), along with photo ID. That signature, in addition to information gathered online, can help in the resolution of chargeback disputes but contractually is no guarantee. Also, the merchant can request the card security code on the credit card to fight "Card absent environment" or "Card Not Present" (CNP) chargebacks. These are the three digit codes on the backs of Visa, MasterCard, and Discover cards, and the four digit code on the front of American Express cards. Digital transactions Friendly fraud thrives in the digital products market where it is much easier for fraudsters to succeed. Common targets include pornography and gambling websites. Attempts by the merchant to prove that the consumer received the purchased goods or services are difficult. Again, the use of card security codes can show that the cardholder (or, in the case of the three-digit security codes written on the backs of U.S credit cards, someone with physical possession of the card or at least knowledge of the number and the code) was present, but even the entry of a security code at purchase does not by itself prove that delivery was made, especially for online or via-telephone purchases where shipping occurs after finalization of the contract. Proof of delivery is often difficult, and when it cannot be provided, the cardholder gets the product without paying for it. One method of combating friendly fraud is to create a feature in the product that checks in with the merchant's database. If a chargeback is issued, the merchant can tell the product to suspend service. This tactic will also work for digital subscription services or any other online product that requires updates or logins. The merchant will usually still be charged a fee for incurring a chargeback, so this is not a complete solution. Call center transactions Another common channel for chargebacks is mail order/telephone order (MOTO) payment processing through a call center. In this case, as with the two others listed here, the main problem is that this is a card not present transaction. To help eliminate call center purchase chargebacks, call centers are working to make the purchases more like "card present" purchases. When consumers walk into a store and buy something, they typically swipe their credit cards, confirm the purchase amount, enter a secret code (or sign their name) and leave with the merchandise. This is a "card is present" purchase and fraudulent chargebacks in these situations are almost non-existent. Agent-assisted automation technology is available for call centers that allows customers to enter their credit card information, including the card security code directly into the customer relationship management software without the agent ever seeing or hearing it. The agent remains on the phone, so there is no awkward transfer to an interactive voice response system. All the agent can hear is monotones. This is the "card present" equivalent of "swiping" the card. Before the purchase is submitted by the agent, the purchase amount is played back to the consumer along with the last four digits of the card. The consumer is asked to confirm their purchase by providing a verbal signature, which is recorded. Finally, an email is sent to the consumer with the purchase information and an attached audio file of their verbal signature. Cost to Merchants A 2016 study by LexisNexis stated that chargeback fraud costs merchants $2.40 for every $1 lost. This is because of product-loss, banking fines, penalties and administrative costs. A 2018 study by the Aite Group on charge back costs, stated that U.S. CNP fraud losses for 2017 were $4 billion and estimated that by 2020 they would rise to $6.4 billion. Prevention Methods The proliferation of online payment methods, including mobile apps, and the increasing sophistication of the fraudulent actors, including bots, have made the task of detecting and preventing CBF, particularly online CBF, more complex. According to a 2018 Gartner report on online fraud, retailers are increasingly turning to machine-learning based (or AI) fraud prevention system to make rapid, effective risk decisions. References Category:Credit card terminology

Family tradition, also called Family culture, is defined as an aggregate of attitudes, ideas and ideals, and environment, which a person inherits from his/her parents and ancestors. Modern studies of family traditions The study of Family tradition and personality has attracted attention of social scientists. Ernest W. Burgess, Professor of Sociology, University of Chicago, has defined the term in these words: “Whatever its biological inheritance from its parents and other ancestors, the child receives also from them a heritage of attitudes, sentiments, and ideals which may be termed the family tradition, or the family culture”. Sometimes, family traditions are associated with practices and beliefs which are handed over from one generation to the next generation, and during this process of transmission such family traditions also acquire an aura of spirituality. Transmission of any set of such family traditions, acquiring spiritual significance, is largely an intuitive phenomenon, and the flow of family traditions continue without any intention, and the same continue to move on from one generation to the next generation. Family traditions for most of the families remain largely confined within the family members, but some times, non-family members may also get associated with particular family's family traditions. Functioning of family traditions Halbwachs in his book On Collective Meare revealed only to its members. But these memories, as in the religious traditions of the family of antiquity, consist not only of a series of individual images of the past. They are at the same time models, examples, and elements of teaching. They express the general attitude of the group; they not only reproduce its history but also define its nature and its qualities and weaknesses”. Antiquity of family traditions Family traditions have their roots in distant past, to pre-historic times, when the concept and system of family as a unit of society was crystallized. In all ages and in all civilizations, since the ancient time to the present day, families have taken pride in their traditions. Before nuclear family systems became the order of the day, there used to be joint family system, consisting of all the family members of two or even three generations, living together. Then, as also now, several families like to identify a particular person as the keeper of the family traditions and assign a particular name to the keeper. Thus, a particular family, residing in the modern United Kingdom may assign a catchy name like “Keeper of the Flame” to the identified family member, entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring observance of that particular family’s family traditions. On the other side of the globe, in a country like India, the society has assigned a common nomenclature for the head of a Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), a form of joint family. Head of such a family is called “Karta” (literal meaning ‘One who does’), and for all practical purposes, “Karta” was entrusted with responsibilities, among other things, to ensure observance of family traditions. Even, modern India's legal system recognizes the concept of “Karta” as the head of a Hindu joint family. Classic examples of family traditions One of the classic examples of family traditions of the modern era is the family traditions of the present royal family of Great Britain. One of such family traditions enjoin upon male members of the present British royal family to serve in the armed forces. A BBC report has announced on 12 June 2003 that “Prince Harry’s decision to join the Army means he will follow a long family tradition of serving the military.” Before him, his uncle, Prince Andrew, had joined the Navy in 1979. Prince Harry’s other uncle, Prince Edward had joined the Royal Marines as a second lieutenant in 1983. Prince Harry’s father, the Prince of Wales, was appointed in 1969 as colonel-in-chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales. Harry’s grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, had joined the Navy in 1939, and had also served in the World War II. Family traditions in the modern context Meaningful family traditions have always been a valuable tool for parents and elders to carry out the responsibility of raising children and inculcating into them social values and ethos. Family traditions ensure that the warmth and closeness of family bondage grow. In the modern context, maintenance of and developing family traditions continue to be as significant as they were at the earliest times. Active family traditions and meaningful participation in them help families to avoid social entropy. In physical science, the term entropy means the tendency of the physical system to lose energy and coherence over a period of time, like a gas dissipating until it is all but gone. An "entropic family" is one that loses its sense of emotional closeness because members neglect the family’s inner life and community ties. Social scientists now agree that effective family traditions promote a sense of identity and a feeling of closeness, a sense of security and assurance in today’s fast, hectic, and ever-changing world. William Doherty, a social scientist has explained in his book "The Intentional Family''" that as family bonds are weakened by busy lifestyles, families can stay connected only by being intentional about maintaining important rituals and traditions. See also Family cookbooks Silva rerum – Polish "home chronicles" References Category:Family

The green turaco is a group of four taxa of turacos, which once were considered conspecific under the scientific name Tauraco persa, but now are treated as four separate species: Guinea (or green) turaco, Tauraco persa Schalow's turaco, Tauraco schalowi Livingstone's turaco, Tauraco livingstonii Knysna turaco, Tauraco corythaix Turacos Category:Birds by common name

The 2013 Vegalta Sendai season was Vegalta Sendai's fourth consecutive season and sixth season overall in J.League Division 1. As a result of their runner-up finish in the 2012 season, the team competed in the 2013 AFC Champions League. Sendai also competed in the 2013 Emperor's Cup and 2013 J.League Cup. It was manager Makoto Teguramori's last season with the club, having accepted a position as head coach of the Japan U-23 team. In mid-season Vegalta Sendai revealed that the A-League's Graham Arnold would manage the team beginning in 2014 season. Players As of March 5, 2013 Out on loan 2013 Season Transfers Competitions J.League League table Matches J.League Cup Quarterfinal Emperor's Cup Quarterfinal AFC Champions League Group stage References Vegalta Sendai Category:Vegalta Sendai seasons

The caper story is a subgenre of crime fiction. The typical caper story involves one or more crimes (especially thefts, swindles, or occasionally kidnappings) perpetrated by the main characters in full view of the reader. The actions of police or detectives attempting to prevent or solve the crimes may also be chronicled, but are not the main focus of the story. The caper story is distinguished from the straight crime story by elements of humor, adventure, or unusual cleverness or audacity. For instance, the Dortmunder stories of Donald E. Westlake are highly comic tales involving unusual thefts by a gang of offbeat characters — in different stories Dortmunder's gang steals the same gem several times, steals an entire branch bank, and kidnaps someone from an asylum by driving a stolen train onto the property. By contrast, the same author's Parker stories (published under the name Richard Stark) are grimly straightforward accounts of mundane crime — the criminal equivalent of the police procedural. Others, such as Lawrence Block's Bernie Rhodenbarr novels, feature a role reversal, an honest criminal and crooked cop, and the use of burglar Rhodenbarr's criminal talents to solve murders. A caper may appear as a subplot in a larger work. For example, Tom Sawyer's plot to steal Jim out of slavery in the last part of Huckleberry Finn is a classic caper. Etymology The verb to caper means to leap in a frolicsome way, and probably derives from capriole, which derives from the Latin for goat (Capra). The noun caper means a frolicsome leap, a capricious escapade or an illegal or questionable act. Examples Literature "The Ransom of Red Chief" (1910) by O. Henry: two kidnappers find that the little boy they are holding for ransom is more dangerous than the law early stories of "The Saint" (beginning in 1928) by Leslie Charteris The Asphalt Jungle (1949) by W. R. Burnett, adapted for film in 1950, 1958, 1963 and 1972 novels by John Boland such as The League of Gentlemen (1958) and The Golden Fleece (1961) The Light of Day (1962) by Eric Ambler (filmed as Topkapi) the Modesty Blaise stories (beginning in 1963) of Peter O'Donnell the John Dortmunder series (beginning in 1970) and other novels by Donald E. Westlake Sledgehammer (1971) by Walter Wager A Tough One to Lose (1972) by Tony Kenrick, who is often compared with Westlake — an entire airplane and hundreds of passengers go missing; how did this happen? The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1973) by John Godey— a subway car is hijacked and held for ransom The Great Train Robbery (1975) by Michael Crichton Stealing Lillian (1975) by Tony Kenrick — A con artist is enlisted to stage a kidnapping to capture some terrorists (film rights were purchased, according to the dust jacket, but the film was never made) The Seven Day Soldiers (1976) by Tony Kenrick — three suburbanites rob a bank by mail, then must battle the mafioso whom they robbed (film rights were purchased, to be directed by Robert Aldrich and to star Steve McQueen, according to the dust jacket, but the film was never made) Faraday's Flowers (1978) — adapted as Shanghai Surprise Two Lucky People (1981) by Tony Kenrick — A man and woman, both with only weeks to live, decide to spend their last days defeating a criminal ... in a farcical way. Glitterbug (1991) by Tony Kenrick — An amnesiac must deal with the many criminals who made him this way (film rights were purchased by TriStar Pictures to be a vehicle for Bruce Willis, but the film was never made) Swindle (2008) By Gordon Korman The Lies of Locke Lamora (2006) by Scott Lynch Heist Society (2010) by Ally Carter Caper film Television Now You See It, Now You Don't, a 1968 TV-movie about an art expert who is hired by an insurance company to protect a Rembrandt on loan from the Louvre and later hatches a scheme to steal it Hustle, a British series created by Tony Jordan (2004–2012). Leverage, a TNT series created by Dean Devlin (2008–2012). Olsen-banden, a Danish comedy series. See also Canadian Caper References Category:Crime fiction Category:Fiction by genre Category:Mystery fiction

John Dew (born 1944) is a British opera director. He was the artistic director of the Staatstheater Darmstadt. Biography Dew was born in 1944 in Santiago de Cuba, but later moved to England at age three. He studied at the Pratt Institute in New York City where he gained a Bachelor of Arts degree, after which he was apprenticed to Walter Felsenstein and Wieland Wagner. In 1969 to 1976 he worked as assistant producer in Osnabrück and Ulm, his first production being De Grandes's Eduward and Kenegunde in Ulm. His freelance work from 1977 to 1982 took him to Kiel, Mannheim, Hanover and Basel where he mounted several productions, as well as a Ring cycle and various Mozart operas in Krefeld. In 1982, he was appointed director of productions and artistic director of the Bielefeld Opera where he remained until 1995. His work there included a cycle of 40 so-called Entartete works - rediscovered works which had been banned by the Nazis. After 1986, he directed productions at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the Staatsoper Hamburg, the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, the Houston Grand Opera, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Badische Staatsoper, Oper Leipzig, the Opera Comique, the Zurich Opera, Teatro Real Madrid, Gothenburg Opera and the State Opera Prague. He was artistic director at the Theater Dortmund from 1995 to 2001. His work there included a cycle of French operas including Gustave Charpentier's Louise and Julien, Meyerbeer's Dinorah, Bloch's Macbeth, Berlioz' Les Troyens, Roussel's Padmâvatî, and Halévy's La Juive. In 2009, Dew staged Wagner's Lohengrin at the Stadttheater Minden, with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie conducted by Frank Beermann. Awards and honors In appreciation for his services to the French nation, he has been honored with the title ‘Officier dans l´ordre des Arts et des Lettres’. In 2012 he was awarded the Carl Orff prize for his dedication to producing the works of Carl Orff, in particular the opera Gisei, which was a world premiere, staged at the Staatstheater Darmstadt in 2010. References BOOK: Entartet Verdrängt Vergessen - Bielefelds Oper erhebt Einspruch 1980-1993 PUBLISHED BY: Westfalen Verlag DVD: John Dew, Opera Producer - A Portrait. John Dew, Opera Producer - A Portrait ... Run time: 00:44:00. Director: Hubert Ortkemper / John Dew. Producers: Unitel http://www.cmajor-entertainment.com/catalogue/show/id/711 External links Category:British opera directors Category:1944 births Category:Living people

"I Alone" is the second single from Live's album, Throwing Copper. The single was released to radio stations in Canada and the United States, but was only released commercially overseas. It reached #6 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song was ranked 62nd best song of the 1990s by VH1. Lead singer Ed Kowalczyk said of the song's lyrics, "People think 'I Alone' is a love song but it really wasn't. The lyrics were more abstract, encompassing a much larger message." He explained the line, "The greatest of teachers won't hesitate to leave you there by yourself chained to fate," by saying that a profound lesson he derived from studying spiritual teachings was that religion and truth must be found for oneself and practiced, rather than just accepting the word of others. Live performed "I Alone" at the Woodstock '99 festival on July 23, 1999 in Rome, New York. The song was featured in the TV shows Homicide: Life on the Street, Beavis and Butt-head, Hindsight, My So-Called Life, and Silicon Valley. Composition "I Alone" is written in the key of G major (recorded a half step lower in G♭ major). Kowalczyk's vocal range spans from C#3-G4. Charts Track listings All songs written by Live: Australian releases "I Alone" - 3:55 "Pain Lies on the Riverside" - 5:11 "Selling the Drama" (Acoustic) - 3:40 UK releases and German CD "I Alone" - 3:56 "I Alone" (Acoustic) - 3:48 "Pain Lies on the Riverside" - 5:13 References External links Official website "I Alone" Music Video via YouTube Category:Live (band) songs Category:1994 singles Category:Songs written by Ed Kowalczyk Category:Song recordings produced by Jerry Harrison Category:Radioactive Records singles Category:1994 songs Category:Rock ballads

Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira (June 13, 1899–October 23, 1939), was a Puerto Rican author and educator. Early years Pedreira (whose full name was Antonio Salvador Pedreira Pizarro) was born into a well-to-do family in San Juan. His father was a Spaniard, and his mother was Puerto Rican. Both died when he was quite young, and he was thereafter raised by his godparents in Caguas. He became interested in the art of writing stories as a child during his primary and secondary school years. He attended the University of Puerto Rico after graduating from high school and earned his teachers certificate. Nationalist In 1920, Pedreira traveled to New York City with the intention of becoming a medical doctor and enrolled in the school of medicine of Columbia University in that city. He was exposed to the realities of racial discrimination, which was rampant in the city at that time, during his brief stay. This was one of the many factors which influenced Pedreira decision to join the Puerto Rican Nationalist movement while at the same time becoming an open advocate for Puerto Rico's independence. He dropped out of medical school because of financial problems and returned to Puerto Rico. In Puerto Rico, he was granted a scholarship by the government and attended the University of Puerto Rico once again. In 1925, Pedreira earned a Bachelor of Arts degree. He continued his higher education and in 1928 earned a master's degree in Letters. Pedreria then moved to Spain to pursue a doctorate in Philosophy and Letters at the Central University of Madrid, which he earned in 1932. He returned to his homeland upon graduation. Author Pedreira held the position of professor of Spanish literature at both the University of Puerto Rico and Columbia University. Eventually, the University of Puerto Rico named him Director of the Department of Hispanic Studies. Pedreira believed that Puerto Rico was in danger of losing its cultural identity and expressed his beliefs in a daily column titled "Aclaraciones y críticas" (Clarification and criticism), published in El Mundo newspaper. He also founded and co-edited a magazine that went by the title "Indice". A handful of scholars have studied the work of Eugenio María de Hostos as he did. Insularismo In 1934, Pedreira authored his most important book, Insularismo, in which he explores the meaning of being Puerto Rican. This includes an in-depth study of the intertwining of the Spanish, Taino and African cultures. In his book he also talks about the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the island was invaded by the United States. Written works Other works by Pedreira are: Artistas (1930) Hostos, ciudadano de América (1932) La actualidad del jíbaro (1935) El año terrible del 87' (1937) Aftermath Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira died of pneumonia on October 23, 1939 in San Juan. Puerto Rico has honored his memory by naming a school and a main avenue with his name. He was an active member of Phi Eta Mu fraternity, besides that, other associations recognized his importance in the Puerto Rican culture. The best example is that starting in 1940, Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity gave the annual "Premio Antonio S. Pedreira" award to the most outstanding student in Puerto Rican Literature in the University of Puerto Rico. See also List of Puerto Rican writers List of Puerto Ricans Puerto Rican literature References Category:1899 births Category:1939 deaths Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico Category:Puerto Rican people of Galician descent Category:Puerto Rican writers Category:Puerto Rican nationalists Category:Puerto Rican independence activists

Johnnie is a populated place in Nye County, in the U.S. state of Nevada about 15 miles north of Pahrump. History The Johnnie Mine, located about 4 miles northeast of Johnnie, was established in 1890 when a group of five prospectors were exploring the area in search of the Lost Breyfogle mine. The Johnnie Mine produced between $382,681 and over a million dollars by 1913. Outcrops of gold were discovered in the nearby Spring Mountains, and the discovery led to a rush of miners to the area. The community was named after Indian Johnnie, an acquaintance of early prospectors. By May 1891, a hundred people were in the camp. Houses, stores and saloons were built. One source states that a post office was established later that year. Another source states that the post office was named Johny Post Office from June 1898 until April 1899. Availability of water was a problem for the bustling camp. Water was retrieved from a spring four miles away, packed in canvas bags and hauled back to town by donkeys. The camp started to decline after 1893. The settlement revived in 1898 when new investors bought the two largest mines in the district, the Johnnie and the Congress mines. After 1904, Johnnie was swept up in the rush to the area near Goldfield and Bullfrog. A post office was reopened in May 1905 and a new town site was established closer to the mines. In 1907, the town had a population of 300. The Johnnie Mine and mill continued production until 1914. The Johnnie Post Office closed in December 1914, reopening in April 1916 and closing again in November 1935. Placer gold was found in gulches every few years and the area was worked off and on for the next thirty years. The Johnny settlement had less than 10 people by the late 1930s. The Johnnie Post Office was closed in 1935. The Johnnie Mine Post Office operated from September 1937 until June 1942. In 2014, ownership of the abandoned April Fool, Johnnie, Teddys and the Teddys Terror were transferred to the Pahrump Valley Museum and Historical Society. References Category:Ghost towns in Nye County, Nevada Category:Gold mining in Nevada

The Maritime Museum of BC (MMBC) engages people with the maritime culture and history of the Pacific Northwest through rotating exhibits, educational and community-based programs, research services, and more. In 2015 the MMBC completed its relocation from its long-term home in Bastion Square to a Society Office in Nootka Court at 634 Humboldt St., with its collections being stored off-site in a climate-controlled facility. The Society Office houses exhibits that display artefacts from the collection, public research space, a gift shop, and staff offices. Collection and Exhibits The rich collection of some 35,000 artefacts includes 800 models of ships and items related to the maritime heritage of BC. There is a reference library of 6,000 volumes including a collection of 200 titles of historical significance, an archival collection of records of local ship-owning and shipbuilding firms, logbooks, naval records, ships' plans of 1800 vessels, maps and charts, an art collection, and approximately 36,000 photographs. The 634 Humboldt Street location is open to the public. Public outreach such as educational programming and talks are being offered. The exhibit space is used to interpret selected items from the permanent collection and travelling exhibits. The bulk of the collection is housed in climate-controlled space in the northern part of Victoria, while large items are stored at Ogden Point on the outer harbour. The reference room is used by researchers wishing to consult the library and archives, and volunteers and staff are available to assist with reference inquiries. The collection also includes three historic small vessels: Tilikum (boat), the 38-foot (11.6m) modified aboriginal cedar canoe sailed westabout from Vancouver Island starting in 1901 to London, UK; Trekka, a 20.5-foot (6.2m) sailboat sailed around the world by her Victoria builder starting in 1954 - at the time the smallest yacht to have circumnavigated the globe; and Dorothy, a locally built 1897 fantail cutter currently under restoration. History The Maritime Museum of BC was opened by naval officers in 1955 at Signal Hill in Esquimalt, B.C. and later went through name changes. The Maritime Museum of British Columbia Society was registered in 1957 as a non-profit society and would follow a broader Pacific coastal heritage mandate. The Museum moved in 1963-64 to 28 Bastion Square in downtown Victoria, British Columbia. The corresponding Maritime Museum of British Columbia Foundation was established sixteen years later to develop long-term support for the Society. In 1981 a separate group founded the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, which continues at Naden on Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt. The Museum’s Bastion Square venue closed in October 2014 because the provincially owned courthouse built in 1889 required seismic upgrading and other structural work. Packing and moving the collection required more than a year, and the Society completed its move to the new location on Humboldt Street in July 2015. Selected items from the collection are displayed along with travelling exhibits. Affiliations The Maritime Museum of BC is affiliated with the B.C. Museums Association, the Canadian Museums Association, the Virtual Museum of Canada and Canadian Heritage Information Network. The organization is under the patronage of the Hon. Judith Guichon, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. See also Vancouver Maritime Museum, Vancouver, British Columbia International Congress of Maritime Museums (ICMM) References External links Maritime Museum of BC - official site Category:Maritime museums in British Columbia Category:Museums in Victoria, British Columbia

Jamboree 2011 may refer to: Scout jamborees 22nd World Organization of the Scout Movement World Scout Jamboree, Rinkaby, Sweden, 3rd World Federation of Independent Scouts World Jamboree, Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico Other Jamboree in the Hills

Glena nigricaria is a species of moth in the family Geometridae first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913. It is found in Central and North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Glena nigricaria is 6448. References Further reading External links Category:Boarmiini Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Moths described in 1913

This is a list of listed buildings in the civil parish of Parton in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. List |} Key Notes References All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence Parton

Sjur Helge Torgersen (12 March 1946 – 7 September 2005) was a Norwegian diplomat and ambassador. He was a cand.jur. (jurist) by education. After first serving as local magistrate in Mandal, Norway he joined the Norwegian Foreign Service in 1979, after establishing Norway's consular visa office in Islamabad, Pakistan on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Justice in 1977. Before completing his admission to the diplomatic ranks he worked for Norwegian Refugee Council providing emergency aid for arriving Afghan refugees in Pakistan after the Russian invasion of Afghanistan. His first posting for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from 1981 to 1984, was as Secretary of Embassy at the Norwegian embassy in Jakarta. He was then transferred to West Berlin where he served as military attaché in the allied occupational forces in West Berlin between 1984-1987. In 1989 he returned to Islamabad, Pakistan where he served as charge d'affairs until 1995. Between 1995-1998 he was assistant secretary and sub-director in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1998 to 2003 he served as the Norway´s ambassador to Indonesia. When East Timor became independent in 2002, he received responsibility for that country too, after being heavily involved in supporting the fledgling nation and developing deep personal relationships with East Timor's leaders, Ramos Horta and Xanana Gusmão. In 1999 he was decorated as a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Torgersen was tasked with operating the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' crisis aid to Norwegian tourists in the area. Shortly thereafter he was diagnosed with cancer and died in September 2005. References Category:1940s births Category:2005 deaths Category:Norwegian civil servants Category:Ambassadors of Norway to Indonesia Category:Ambassadors of Norway to East Timor Category:Norwegian expatriates in Pakistan Category:Norwegian military attachés Category:Knights of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit

Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport is a public airport located southwest of Janesville and north of Beloit in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States. Formerly known as Rock County Airport, it is owned and operated by the Rock County government. The airport has no scheduled commercial passenger service. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019–2023, in which it is categorized as a national general aviation facility. Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport was once home to the annual "Southern Wisconsin AirFEST". History Several Rock County farms provided land for contract glider pilot training to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. Training was provided by Morey Airplane Company using three turf runway locations in three township sections. C-47 Skytrains and Waco CG-4 unpowered Gliders were not used. The production CG-4A gliders were not delivered until after these northern civilian schools were closed. Aircraft furnished by the Army were single engine L type Cessna, Aeronca and Piper. There were no gliders and there was no glider towing. These schools became known as dead stick training. The mission of the school was to train glider pilot students in approaches with the engine off, landing at a mark, night landing and strange field landing. Ground school instruction was in navigation, maintenance, meteorology, instruments, aircraft identification, chemical warfare defense, customs of service and physical training and drill. These schools were inactivated at the end of 1942 or sooner. The farm fields used in Rock County were turned back to the farmers when the schools were closed. None of this glider pilot training in Rock County occurred at or on the current Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport space.--> Facilities and aircraft Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 808 feet (246 m) above mean sea level. It contains three runways: Runway 14/32: 7,302 x 150 ft (2,226 x 46 m), surface: concrete, with approved ILS and GPS approaches. Runway 4/22: 6,701 x 150 ft (2,042 x 46 m), surface: asphalt, with approved ILS and GPS approaches. Runway 18/36: 5,004 x 75 ft (1,525 x 23 m), surface: asphalt. For the 12-month period ending April 30, 2018, the airport had 34,877 aircraft operations, an average of 96 per day: 82% general aviation, 16% air taxi and 2% military. In November 2018, there were 67 aircraft based at this airport: 37 single-engine, 4 multi-engine, 24 jet and 2 helicopters. Southern Wisconsin AirFest The Southern Wisconsin AirFest was an annual air show that hosted North American jet teams, such as the Blue Angels, the Thunderbirds and the Masters of Disaster. The event was discontinued following the 2012 season. Headliners 2003: The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds were scheduled to perform but due to an accident in late September they were unable to perform at the show. In their place was the CF-18 Hornet 2004: U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds 2005: U.S. Navy Blue Angels 2006: U.S. Air Force F-16 Viper East Demo Team 2007: U.S. Air Force F-16 Viper East Demo Team and Codename: Mary's Lamb 2008: Canadian Armed Forces Snowbirds 2009: U.S. Navy Blue Angels 2010: U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds and Canadian Armed Forces Snowbirds 2011: VFA-122 Super Hornet West Coast Demo Team 2012: United States Army Golden Knights Parachute Team and Black Diamond Jet Team Past scheduled airline service SWRA has in the past, had scheduled airline passenger service. In 1979 it had service to Chicago-O'Hare on Republic Airlines and Midstate Airlines. See also Wisconsin World War II Army Airfields 31st Flying Training Wing (World War II) References Other sources Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC, 2004. Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942-2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas ASIN: B000NYX3PC 1943 Glider Program Studies, USAF Historical Studies, Maxwell. External links Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport at Wisconsin Department of Transportation Southern Wisconsin AirFEST, official site Category:1942 establishments in Wisconsin Category:Airports established in 1942 Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Wisconsin Category:Airports in Wisconsin Category:Buildings and structures in Rock County, Wisconsin Category:USAAF Contract Flying School Airfields Category:Former Essential Air Service airports Category:USAAF Glider Training Airfields

Estigmene laglaizei is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Senegal. References Category:Moths described in 1910 Category:Spilosomina Category:Insects of West Africa Category:Moths of Africa

Engine Yard is a San Francisco, California based, privately held platform as a service company focused on Ruby on Rails, PHP and Node.js deployment and management. History Engine Yard, founded in 2006, offers a cloud application management platform. Engine Yard co-founders include Tom Mornini, Lance Walley and Ezra Zygmuntowicz. John Dillon joined Engine Yard as CEO in 2009, and previously held the position of CEO at Salesforce.com from 1999 through 2001. Engine Yard has sponsored a number of open-source projects since 2009. In August 2011, Engine Yard acquired Orchestra.io to add PHP expertise to the Engine Yard team and platform. In September 2011, the company launched a partner program that includes over 40 cloud technology companies. These partners provide add-on services such as application performance management, email deliverability, load testing and more, within the Engine Yard Platform. In November 2011, the company added the Node.js server-side framework into its PaaS. In early 2012, Engine Yard reported that its revenue doubled year over year to $28 million in 2011, and the number of paying customers rose 50 percent to 2,000 in that time. Engine Yard claims that with its $28 million in revenue for 2011 it is the leading open platform as a service. In June 2013, Engine Yard formed a strategic alliance with Microsoft and went live on Windows Azure marketplace on July 31, 2013. Developers can use this open source Platform-as-a-Service running on Microsoft cloud infrastructure to deploy web and mobile apps. In April 2015, Engine Yard announced the acquisition of OpDemand and their container PaaS Deis. In April 2017, Microsoft acquired container platform Deis from Engine Yard and Engine Yard announced it was being acquired by Crossover, a provider of cloud-based Ruby teams. Funding In January 2008, Engine Yard received an investment of $3.5 million from Benchmark Capital. Some industry commentators interpreted this as an investment in Ruby on Rails. In July 2008, Engine Yard secured an additional $15 million from a combination of Benchmark Capital, New Enterprise Associates, and Amazon. In October 2009, Engine Yard received an additional $19 million in funding from a combination of Benchmark Capital, New Enterprise Associates, Amazon, Bay Partners, Presidio Ventures and DAG Ventures, for a total of $37.5 million in funding. In November 2012, Oracle Corporation announced that it made a strategic minority investment in Engine Yard. Financial details of the investment were not disclosed. Engine Yard continues to operate as an independent company. See also Vertebra (software) References External links Category:Cloud platforms Category:Companies established in 2006 Category:Privately held companies based in California Category:Companies based in San Francisco

Karina Habšudová (; born 2 August 1973) is a Slovak former professional tennis player. She has been ranked as high as 10 in the world (1997). Together with Karol Kučera, she won the Hopman Cup in 1998. Her best performance at a Grand Slam tournament came when she got to the quarterfinals of the 1996 French Open, defeating Kristin Godridge, Nathalie Tauziat, Martina Hingis and Anke Huber before losing to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. She also had a successful junior career. She won the girls' singles at the 1991 US Open, and was junior No. 1 for some time. Biography Born in Bojnice, Czechoslovakia, Habšudová originally trained as a gymnast but at the age of ten, she switched to tennis under the encouragement of her mother, herself a former amateur tennis player. By the age of fourteen, she had already become the top junior player in Czechoslovakia. In 1990, she was crowned ITF Junior World Champion, and the following year she won the girls' singles title at the US Open. As a professional, she made the fourth round of the 1991 Australian Open while still a schoolgirl, but her early promise was curtailed by health problems and injuries, including a bout of pneumonia in 1993 and an ankle injury the following year. After suffering another injury just as she had made it to the top 30 in the spring of 1995, she bounced back to enjoy her most successful year in 1996, where she had results such as reaching the final of the German Open and the quarterfinals of the French Open. At the latter event, she beat Martina Hingis and Anke Huber and served for a place in the semifinals against Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, but ultimately lost 8–10 in the third set. Habšudová eventually broke the top 10 in early 1997 after reaching the final of the Generali Ladies Linz, becoming the first woman representing Slovakia to do so. Though she continued to play on the tour until 2003, she never again matched the same success of her breakthrough season, with later highlights including winning the Hopman Cup in 1998 and her only WTA singles title at the Austrian Open in 1999. In 2001, she reached the semifinals of the Wimbledon mixed doubles tournament partnering David Rikl. Following her retirement, she worked for several years as a sports editor. She married her husband Milan Cílek in 2003 and they have three children together. WTA career finals Singles: 5 (1–4) ITF Finals Singles (6–5) Doubles (3–0) Head-to-head record against other players in the top 10 Players who have been ranked world No. 1 are in boldface. Dominique Monami 4–1 Nadia Petrova 0–2 Venus Williams 0–1 Martina Hingis 4–3 Elena Dementieva 0–3 Steffi Graf 0–4 Monica Seles 0–2 Justine Henin 0–1 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1–6 Patty Schnyder 1–3 Ai Sugiyama 1–2 Amélie Mauresmo 0–1 Conchita Martínez 2–6 Kim Clijsters 1–0 References External links Category:1973 births Category:Hopman Cup competitors Category:Living people Category:People from Bojnice Category:Slovak female tennis players Category:Olympic tennis players of Slovakia Category:Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Wimbledon junior champions Category:US Open (tennis) junior champions Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles Category:Czechoslovak female tennis players

HMS Franklin (J84) was a (officially, "fleet minesweeping sloop") of the British Royal Navy, which was commissioned in 1938 as a survey ship. She served as such throughout World War II, continuing in that role until decommissioned in 1953. Service history The ship was built by the Ailsa Shipbuilding Company, Troon, with engines provided by Thornycroft of Woolston. She was laid down on 17 December 1936 and launched on 22 December 1937. As a survey ship she differed from the others in her class by having a larger bridge, and a surveying chartroom aft. During the war the ship was armed with a single 12-pounder anti-aircraft gun forward. Franklin was commissioned on 17 August 1938, and carried out surveys off the Thames Estuary. In June 1939 she was sent to survey St. Lewis Inlet, Newfoundland, but in August was ordered home in anticipation of the outbreak of World War II. During the war she carried out surveys around the coast of the UK, mostly in connection with the laying of minefields. In June 1944, under the command of Lt.Cdr. Edmund George Irving, she was deployed off the French coast, following the Normandy landings, surveying ports as they fell to Allied forces. By November she was surveying the entrance to the Scheldt. Following VE Day on 8 May 1945, she carried out wreck and mine clearance surveys in German ports, finally returning to the UK in October 1945. Franklin remained in service, mainly operating off the eastern coast of England, until decommissioned in January 1953. She was then placed in Reserve, until placed on the Disposal List, and sold for breaking up by Clayton and Davie, Dunston-on-Tyne. She was towed to the breaker's yard in February 1956. References Category:1937 ships Category:Ships built in Scotland Category:Survey vessels of the Royal Navy Category:Halcyon-class minesweepers

Galak (; also known as Kalāh and Kalak) is a village in Abtar Rural District, in the Central District of Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 12 families. References Category:Populated places in Iranshahr County

Informed Decision (foaled February 5, 2005 in Kentucky) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2009 Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint on her way to being named the American Champion Female Sprint Horse. Background Informed Decision is a gray mare who was bred by Charles Kidder and Nancy Cole in Kentucky. She is sired by Kentucky Derby winner Monarchos, becoming his first Grade I winner. Her dam is Palangana, by His Majesty. She was sold at the 2006 Keeneland yearling sale for $150,000, then was resold at the Fasig-Tipton sale as a two-year-old for $320,000. She was trained by Jonathan E. Sheppard and owned by George W. Strawbridge, Jr.'s Augustin Stable. Racing career Informed Decision did not start racing until age three, but won in her first start on January 3, 2008 at Gulfstream Park. She finished the year with five wins from seven starts, including the Grade II Raven Run Stakes. At age four, she won six of seven starts, including the Grade I Humana Distaff Handicap and Vinery Madison Stakes. Her only loss of the year came in the Ballerina Stakes on a sloppy track. On November 6, 2009, she entered the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint, where she was the second betting choice behind defending champion Ventura. Informed Decision got the early jump on her rival, then withstood Ventura's late charge to win by over a length. For her performances in 2009, Informed Decision was voted the Eclipse Award as the American Champion Female Sprint Horse. Informed Decision returned to racing at age five in 2010 but managed only three wins from eight starts. The highlights were wins in the Grade III Chicago Handicap and Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes. She finished seventh when attempting to defend her title in the Filly & Mare Sprint. Retirement Informed Decision became a broodmare in 2011, delivering her first foal, a bay colt by Street Cry, on March 11, 2012. References Informed Decision at the NTRA Informed Decision at Breeders' Cup.com with race video Category:2005 racehorse births Category:Thoroughbred family 1-l Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky Category:Racehorses trained in the United States Category:Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint winners Category:Eclipse Award winners

Holcombe Ward (November 23, 1878 – January 23, 1967) was an American tennis player who was active during the last years of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th. He won the US National Championships singles title in 1904 and additionally won six doubles titles at the Grand Slam event. Biography Ward is best remembered for winning the men's singles title at the US National Championships in 1904 after defeating William Clothier in straight sets in the all-comer's final. He graduated from Harvard University. In 1905 Ward won the London Grass Court Championships, now known as Queen's Club Championships, after a walkover in the final against compatriot Beals Wright. Ward was a member of the USA Davis Cup Team in 1900, 1902, 1905 and 1906. In 1900 and 1902 he played the doubles match in the challenge round which the US team won against the British Isles. In total Ward played 14 Davis Cup matches in seven ties and compiled a 7–7 win-loss record. After his active career Ward became President of the USLTA (U.S. Lawn Tennis Association) from 1937 to 1947. Grand Slam finals Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up) Doubles: 9 (6 titles, 3 runners-up) References External links Category:1878 births Category:1967 deaths Category:19th-century American people Category:19th-century male tennis players Category:American male tennis players Category:Sportspeople from New York City Category:International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees Category:Tennis people from New York (state) Category:United States National champions (tennis) Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles Category:Harvard Crimson men's tennis players

Ali Bozayeh (, also Romanized as ‘Alī Bozāyeh) is a village in Gafsheh-ye Lasht-e Nesha Rural District, Lasht-e Nesha District, Rasht County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 652, in 205 families. References Category:Populated places in Rasht County

Burramine South is a locality in the Shire of Moira. Burramine South post office opened on 1 February 1882, closed on 17 December 1910, reopened on the 19 September 1911 and closed on 1 August 1952. Burramine South Creamery post office opened on the 1 July 1905 and was closed on 1 January 1918. References

Rudenia immanis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Baja California, Mexico. References Category:Moths described in 1994 Category:Cochylini

The Waler is an Australian breed of riding horse developed from horses that were brought to the Australian colonies in the 19th century. The name comes from their breeding origins in New South Wales; they were originally known as "New South Walers". Origins and characteristics The Waler combined a variety of breeds; particularly the Thoroughbred, Arab, the Cape horse (from the Cape of Good Hope), Timor Pony and perhaps a little Clydesdale or Percheron. It was originally considered only a "type" of horse and not a distinct breed. However, as a landrace bred under the extreme climate and challenging working conditions of Australia, the Waler developed into a hardy horse with great endurance even when under extreme stress from lack of food and water. It was used as a stockman's horse and prized as a military remount. Walers were also used by bushrangers, troopers and exploration expeditions that traversed inland Australia. The preferred Walers for cavalry duties were 15 to 16 hands high (). Those over 16 hands were rejected for use in the South Australian Bushmen Corps. Unbroken horses, as well as those with grey and broken (spotted) coat colours were also rejected. The selected horses had to be of a good type that could carry sixteen or seventeen stone (102 to 108 kg (224 to 238 lbs)) day after day. The Walers carried the rider, saddle, saddle cloth, bridle, head collar, lead rope, a horseshoe case with one front and one hind shoe, nails, rations for the horse and rider, a bedroll, change of clothing, a rifle and about 90 rounds of .303 rifle ammunition. The gaits of the Waler were considered ideal for a cavalry mount; it could maintain a fast walk and could progress directly to a steady, level canter without resorting to a trot which was noisy, liable to dislodge gear and resulted in soreness in the horse's back. The cavalry horse required docility, courage, speed, and athletic ability, as it carried the rider into battle. The infantryman’s horse was used as a means of transport from one point to another, for example, from camp to a battle ground, where the horses were kept back from the fighting. Heavier animals were selected and used for draught and packhorse duties. Most of the early Walers carried a fair percentage of Thoroughbred blood, with some recorded as race winners and a few being registered in the Australian Stud Book. While in warfare service in North Africa, some Walers proved successful in races against local Egyptian horses and assorted Thoroughbreds. In 1919 horses from the ANZAC Mounted Division won five of the six events at Heliopolis, near Cairo. History Australian horses were sent overseas from the 1830s; between the 1840s and 1940s, there was a steady trade in Walers to the British Indian Army. In Australia's two wars of the early 20th century—the Second Boer War and World War I—the Waler was the backbone of the Australian Light Horse mounted forces. It was especially suited to working in the harsh climate of the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine, where it proved superior to the camel as a means of transporting large bodies of troops. During the Boer War, Australia dispatched 16,314 horses overseas for use by the Australian Infantry Forces. In the First World War, 121,324 Walers were sent overseas to the allied armies in Africa, Europe, India and Palestine. Of these, 39,348 served with the First Australian Imperial Force, mainly in the Middle East, while 81,976 were sent to India. Due to the costs said to be incurred for "returning horses home" with their mounts and perhaps to a lesser extent, quarantine restrictions, only one Waler is known to have been returned to Australia; "Sandy", the mount of Major-General W.T. Bridges, an officer who died at Gallipoli in May 1915. The English cavalry officer, Lt Col RMP Preston DSO, summed up the Australian Light Horses' performance in his book, The Desert Mounted Corps: "… (November 16th, 1917) The operations had now continued for 17 days practically without cessation, and a rest was absolutely necessary especially for the horses. Cavalry Division had covered nearly 170 miles…and their horses had been watered on an average of once in every 36 hours…. The heat, too, had been intense and the short rations, 9½ lb of grain per day without bulk food, had weakened them greatly. Indeed, the hardship endured by some horses was almost incredible. One of the batteries of the Australian Mounted Division had only been able to water its horses three times in the last nine days - the actual intervals being 68, 72 and 76 hours respectively. Yet this battery on its arrival had lost only eight horses from exhaustion, not counting those killed in action or evacuated wounded. … The majority of horses in the Corps were Walers and there is no doubt that these hardy Australian horses make the finest cavalry mounts in the world…. They (the Australians) have got types of compact, well-built, saddle and harness horses that no other part of the world can show. Rather on the light side according to our ideas, but hard as nails and with beautiful clean legs and feet. Their records in this war place them far above the Cavalry horse of any other nation. The Australians themselves can never understand our partiality for the half-bred weight-carrying hunter, which looks to them like a cart horse. Their contention has always been that good blood will carry more weight than big bone, and the experience of this war has converted the writer, for one, entirely to their point of view. It must be remembered that the Australian countrymen are bigger, heavier men than their English brothers. They formed just half the Corps and it probable that they averaged not far off 12 stone each stripped. To this weight must be added another 9-1/2 stone for saddle, ammunition, sword, rifle, clothes and accoutrements, so that each horse carried a weight of 21 stone, all day for every day for 17 days, - on less than half the normal ration of forage and with only one drink in every 36 hours! The weight-carrying English Hunter had to be nursed back to fitness after these operations and for a long period, while the little Australian horses without any special care, other than good food and plenty of water were soon fit to go through another campaign as arduous as the last one!…." One well-known Waler was Major Michael Shanahan’s mount, "Bill the Bastard", who bucked when asked to gallop. Yet, during World War I, when the major found four Australians outflanked by the Turks, "Bill the Bastard" carried all five men – three on his back and one on each stirrup – through soft sand at a lumbering gallop, without first bucking. At the end of the war, 11,000 surplus horses in the Middle East were sold to the British Army as remounts for Egypt and India. Some horses that were categorised as being unfit were destroyed. Also, some light horsemen chose to destroy their horses rather than part with them, but this was an exception, despite the popular myth that portrays it as the fate of all the war horses. Parting with their Walers was one of the hardest events the light horsemen had to endure. A poem by "Trooper Bluegum" sums up the men's sentiment: I don't think I could stand the thought of my old fancy hack    Just crawling round old Cairo with a 'Gyppo on his back. Perhaps some English tourist out in Palestine may find    My broken-hearted Waler with a wooden plough behind. No: I think I'd better shoot him and tell a little lie:--    "He floundered in a wombat hole and then lay down to die." May be I'll get court-martialled; but I'm damned if I'm inclined    To go back to Australia and leave my horse behind. From Australia in Palestine'', 1919 During World War II, 360 Australian Walers were assigned to the Texas National Guard 112th Cavalry in New Caledonia. The horses were eventually deemed unfit for jungle warfare. They were sent to India where they served with the Chinese Army before being assigned to the unit known as Merrill's Marauders. As demand for remounts declined in the 1940s, the Waler trade ended. When the Australian Stock Horse Society was formed in 1971, the majority of horses accepted into its studbook were Waler horses. The ASHS also accepted horses of other breeds, notably Quarter horses, which has always been controversial. While many stock horses do have Quarter horse genetics in their breeding, not all do, as there are still many breeders who only breed horses of the old heritage bloodlines. These heritage stock horses have extensive pedigrees, often back to the 19th century, and are direct descendants of Walers with no Quarter Horse or other modern breeds. In the 1980s efforts began to reestablish the breed using feral Walers descended from horses that had been set loose in rural regions after the commercial trade ceased. The Waler horse now has two breed associations interested in preserving it, the Waler Horse Owners and Breeders Association Australia Inc. (WHOBAA) and the Waler Horse Society of Australia Inc (WHSA). Only horses and their progeny derived from the old bloodlines, with no imported genetics since 1945, can be registered as Walers with the WHOBAA. A memorial statue to the Waler Light Horse was erected at Tamworth, New South Wales as a tribute to the men of the ANZAC Corps who served in the Boer, Sudan and First World Wars. This memorial was constructed at a cost of $150,000, funded by grants from Federal and State Governments, the Tamworth Regional Council, Joblink Plus and donations from business houses, property owners, RSL Members and the community. It was designed and created by sculptor Tanya Bartlett from Newcastle, New South Wales. The military equipment is identical to that used in the First World War. Forty-seven light horse re-enactment riders and the 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers took part in the unveiling by Major General William B. "Digger" James AC MBE MC (Retd) on 29 October 2005. Today’s Waler is a functional Australian horse, bred from bloodlines that came to Australia before 1945, that is free of imported genetics since that time. Waler conservation issues In May 2013, 10,000 Walers were culled at Tempe Downs Station near Kings Canyon, about south-west of Alice Springs, Northern Territory. See also Australian Light Horse Australian Stock Horse Battle of Beersheba Brumby List of horse breeds References External links Waler Horse Owners & Breeders Association Australia Inc. The Beersheba ANZAC Memoriaal Center Rare Breeds Trust of Australia Waler Horse Society of Australia Walers Waler Horse Information, breeds, genetics and more. Waler Memorial "The Waler" The Waler: Australia's Great War Horses (2014 documentary) Category:Horse breeds originating in Australia Category:Horse breeds Category:Horse monuments Category:World War I military equipment of Australia

A medal ribbon, service ribbon, or ribbon bar is a small ribbon, mounted on a small metal bar equipped with an attaching device, which is generally issued for wear in place of a medal when it is not appropriate to wear the actual medal. Each country's government has its own rules on what ribbons can be worn in what circumstances and in which order. This is usually defined in an official document and is called "the order of precedence" or "the order of wearing." In some countries (particularly in North America and Israel), some awards are "ribbon only," having no associated medal. Design According to the U.S. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), the U.S. military's standard size for a ribbon bar is wide, tall, with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The service ribbon for a specific medal is usually identical to the suspension ribbon on the medal. For example, the suspension and service ribbon for the U.S. government's Purple Heart medal is purple with a white vertical stripe at each end (see photo). However, there are some military awards that do not have a suspension ribbon, but have an authorized ribbon and unit award emblem. The Soviet Order of Victory is a badge that was worn on the military parade uniform. However, a ribbon bar representing the Order of Victory was worn on a military field uniform. Colors Ribbon bars come in a variety of colors. In the case of the U.S. government, it maintains a specific list of colors used on its ribbons, based on the Pantone Matching System and Federal Standard 595 color systems: Construction There is a variety of constructions of service ribbons. In some countries, service ribbons are mounted on a "pin backing", which can be pushed through the fabric of a uniform and secured, with fasteners, on the inside edge. These ribbons can be individually secured and then lined up, or they can be all mounted on to a single fastener. After the Second World War, it was common for all ribbons to be mounted on a single metal bar and worn in a manner similar to a brooch. Other methods of wearing have included physically sewing each service ribbon onto the uniform garments. Display "Orders of wearing" define which ribbons may be worn on which types of uniform in which positions under which circumstances. For example, miniature medals on dinner dress, full medals on parade dress, ribbons on dress shirts, but no decorations on combat dress and working clothing. Some countries (such as Cuba) maintain a standard practice of wearing full service ribbons on combat utility clothing. Others strictly prohibit this. These regulations are generally similar to the regulations regarding display of rank insignia and regulations regarding saluting of more senior ranks. The reasoning for such regulations is to prevent these displays from enabling opposing forces to easily identify persons of higher rank and therefore aid them in choosing targets which will have a larger impact on the battlefield. In times of war, it is not uncommon for commanders and other high value individuals to wear no markings on their uniforms and wear clothing and insignia of a lower ranking soldier. Service medals and ribbons are generally worn in rows on the left side of the chest. In certain commemorative or memorial circumstances, a relative may wear the medals or ribbons of a dead relative on the right side of the chest. Medals and ribbons not specifically mentioned in the "Order of wear" are also generally worn on the right side of the chest. Sequencing of the ribbons depends on each country's regulations. In the United States, for example, those with the highest status—typically awarded for heroism or distinguished service—are placed at the top of the display, while foreign decorations (when allowed) are last in the bottom rows. When medals are worn (typically on the left side of a shirt or jacket), ribbons with no corresponding medals are worn on the right side. Collecting The study, history and collection of ribbons, among other military decorations, is known as phaleristics (sometimes spelled faleristics by users of U.S. English). Notable examples Australia Keith Payne, VC, OAM His Excellency General The Honourable Sir Peter Cosgrove, AK, MC Canada Romeo Dallaire (1994) Denmark Sir Hans Jesper Helsø former General and Chief of Defence. Ecuador Ecuadorian General of the Army Paco Moncayo Germany Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel United Kingdom Admiral of the Fleet Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (incomplete) United States In the U.S. military, the different federal uniformed services have different methods of wearing ribbon bars on uniforms. In the U.S. Navy, they are worn in rows of three with no staggering or spacing between rows (with the exception of the top row, which may be staggered to the wearer's left if covered by a lapel). For U.S. Navy members who have three or more ribbons, they can elect to wear only their three highest-ranked ones instead of all of them and if their top three ribbons are obscured by a lapel, they can stagger the top row. In the U.S. Marine Corps, they can be worn in rows of three or four, with optional staggering and can be spaced between rows. In the U.S. Army, they can be worn staggered with spacing in between rows. A U.S. serviceman's complete ribbon display is known by a variety of nicknames. It can be referred to colloquially as a "ribbon rack" or "rack" for short, or a "fruit salad". General George S. Patton's ribbon bars India Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw See also Phaleristics Order List of military decorations Awards and decorations of the United States military References External links Danish service ribbons Category:Medals Category:Ribbon symbolism Category:Award items

Goala, Burkina Faso is a town in the Pella Department of Boulkiemdé Province in central western Burkina Faso. It has a population of 3,981. Goala is in the Sahara desert. It gets very hot. References External links Satellite map at Maplandia.com Category:Populated places in Boulkiemdé Province

Abel Fernando Moreira Ferreira (born 22 December 1978), known simply as Abel as a player, is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a right back, and the current manager of Greek club PAOK FC. Playing career Abel was born in Penafiel, Porto District. After emerging through hometown club F.C. Penafiel's youth ranks, he developed while at Vitória de Guimarães where he made his Primeira Liga debut. He then signed with another Minho Province-based team for the 2004–05 season, S.C. Braga. Abel transferred to Sporting CP in January 2006, in a two-way loan deal involving Wender, a Brazilian who already had represented the northerners. The move was made permanent before the 2006–07 campaign. On 27 November 2007 Abel scored a spectacular goal against Manchester United, in a UEFA Champions League group stage 1–2 away loss. During that season he was also called up for the Portuguese national side, but eventually did not earn any caps. From 2008–09 onwards, Abel began having stiff competition from Brazilian Pedro Silva. This situation was aggravated from January 2010 onwards, after the purchase of Braga's João Pereira. Veteran Abel was still relatively used by Sporting in the following seasons, as Pereira featured regularly as a midfielder. On 24 October 2010 he netted his first league goal for the Lisbon team, scoring in the 90th minute to defeat Rio Ave F.C. at home (1–0); he retired at the end of the 2010–11 campaign at the age of 32, amassing top division totals of 234 matches and three goals. Managerial career Ferreira started working as a manager immediately after retiring, being in charge of Sporting's juniors as well as their reserves in the Segunda Liga. In February 2015, he was appointed at Braga B who also competed at that level. On 26 April 2017, Ferreira succeeded Jorge Simão at the helm of Braga's first team. In his first full season in charge he led them to the fourth place, with the subsequent qualification to the UEFA Europa League's third qualifying round. PAOK FC paid a reported €2 million to acquire Ferreira's services on 30 June 2019, after former manager Răzvan Lucescu left for Al-Hilal FC of Saudi Arabia. Managerial statistics Honours Player Sporting Taça de Portugal: 2006–07, 2007–08 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2007, 2008 References External links Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:People from Penafiel Category:Portuguese footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Primeira Liga players Category:LigaPro players Category:F.C. Penafiel players Category:Vitória S.C. players Category:S.C. Braga players Category:Sporting CP footballers Category:Portuguese football managers Category:Primeira Liga managers Category:LigaPro managers Category:Sporting CP B managers Category:S.C. Braga managers Category:Super League Greece managers Category:PAOK FC managers Category:Portuguese expatriate football managers Category:Expatriate football managers in Greece

Javier Moscoso del Prado y Muñoz (born 7 October 1934) is a Spanish politician who served as Minister of the Presidency from December 1982 to July 1986 and as Attorney General of the State from September 1986 to January 1990. References Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:University of Zaragoza alumni Category:Government ministers of Spain Category:20th-century Spanish politicians Category:Attorney general of Spain

The Nokia 6600 is a smartphone introduced on June 16, 2003 by Nokia, costing approximately €600 when released in October 2003. It was Nokia's high-end model of the 6xxx Classic Business Series. At the time of release, it was the most advanced product ever launched by Nokia, and it runs on Symbian OS 7.0s (Series 60 2nd Edition). It also featured a VGA camera, a music player and video player, Bluetooth and extended storage by memory card, being the second non-Communicator to do so (after the Nokia 3650). The model is still in use in many parts of the world and has proved to be a durable product. By many users it is considered as the trend setter phone which proved to be a bright milestone for its manufacturer. The phone was intended to replace the popular 6310i as the predominant business class model in the Nokia range. It should not be confused with the newer Nokia 6600 fold, Nokia 6600 slide and Nokia 6600i phones which have little resemblance to the original 6600. A variant of the Nokia 6600 was launched in the U.S. market as the Nokia 6620. During its lifespan, the 6600 sold 150 million units (along with Nokia 1200, Nokia 5230, Samsung E1100), making it one of the most successful phones to date. Features Integrated (VGA 640x480) camera Video recorder with audio support (records up to 95 KB - from 9 to 27 seconds - with built-in recorder application) also Streaming video and audio Wireless connectivity with Bluetooth and IrDA 6 MB internal memory MMC card slot for additional user memory and applications Java MIDP 2.0 and Symbian(series 60) applications Data synchronization with PC via PC Suite and iSync Tri-band operation in GSM E900/1800/1900 networks Additional features: ARM compatible (ARM4T architecture) Symbian Operating System 7.0s CPU running at 104 MHz 176x208 (65,536 colours) TFT display 5-way joystick navigation HSCSD and GPRS, for internet/WAP access Although the initial batches of the Nokia 6600 were not stable, later system software upgrades corrected the situation. The phone has the capacity to support the installation of a wide range of third-party software such as mp3 and multimedia players, games, web browsers, office suites, and GUI themes, via Java and ePoc (*.sis) installers. GUI themes can be created using the free Nokia Symbian Theme Studio. The model was released to the general public in two color schemes: black and white and full black. Additional color schemes (blue and white, pink) were produced for promotional purposes. In the year 2007, Nokia stopped production of the 6600 handsets. Related handsets Nokia 6620 See also Cellular (2004 film) - The phone that Chris Evans uses during most of the movie is a Nokia 6600. References External links Forum Nokia 6600 device spec webpage Nokia 6600 black in Mobile Phone Museum Category:Smartphones Category:Symbian devices 6600 Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2003

Last Alliance may refer to: The Last Alliance (band), an American power metal band inspired by the J. R. R. Tolkien and George R R Martin Last Alliance (band), a Japanese rock band The Last Alliance (album), an album by the power metal band Battlelore

Pearson syndrome is a mitochondrial disease characterized by sideroblastic anemia and exocrine pancreas dysfunction. Other clinical features are failure to thrive, pancreatic fibrosis with insulin-dependent diabetes and exocrine pancreatic deficiency, muscle and neurologic impairment, and, frequently, early death. It is usually fatal in infancy. The few patients who survive into adulthood often develop symptoms of Kearns–Sayre syndrome. It is caused by a deletion in mitochondrial DNA. Pearson syndrome is very rare, less than a hundred cases have been reported in medical literature worldwide. The syndrome was first described by pediatric hematologist and oncologist Howard Pearson in 1979; the deletions causing it were discovered a decade later. Presentation Pearson syndrome is a very rare mitochondrial disorder that is characterized by health conditions such as sideroblastic anemia, liver disease, and exocrine pancreas deficiency. Genetics Pearson syndrome is a mitochondrial disease caused by a deletion in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An mtDNA is genetic material contained in the cellular organelle called the mitochondria. Depending on the tissue type, each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria. There are 2–10 mtDNA molecules in each mitochondrion. With mitochondrial disorders caused by defects in the mtDNA, the severity of the disease depends on the number of mutant mtDNA molecules present in the cells. Pearson syndrome consists of mtDNA deletions that differs in size and location compared to other mtDNA disorders such as chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). The deletions in these molecules are usually spontaneous and normally include one or more tRNA genes. Even though prenatal testing for Pearson syndrome is theoretically possible, analyzing and interpreting the results would be extremely difficult. With the use of molecular genetic testing, the deletions of mitochondrial DNA with Pearson syndrome ranges in size from 1.1 to 10 kilobases. A common mtDNA deletion associated with Pearson syndrome is the deletion of 4977 bp. This deletion has been labeled as m.8470_13446del4977. Diagnosing Pearson syndrome utilizes leukocyte DNA with the Southern Blot analysis. This type of mitochondrial DNA deletion are normally more abundant and easily isolated in the blood than in any other tissue type. Mitochondrial disease Pearson syndrome is classified as a mitochondrial disease because it consists of several overlapping syndromes that are caused by mutations of mitochondrial DNA. Specifically, Pearson syndrome is a combination of syndromes that involves the bone marrow and the exocrine pancreas. Pearson marrow-pancreas syndrome Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome (PMPS) is a condition that presents itself with severe reticulocyto-penic anemia. With the pancreas not functioning properly, this leads to high levels of fats in the liver. PMPS can also lead to diabetes and scarring of the pancreas. Pathophysiology Defining features Blood. With Pearson syndrome, the bone marrow fails to produce white blood cells called neutrophils. The syndrome also leads to anemia, low platelet count, and aplastic anemia. It may be confused with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood. Pancreas. Pearson syndrome causes the exocrine pancreas to not function properly because of scarring and atrophy. Individuals with this condition have difficulty absorbing nutrients from their diet which leads to malabsorption. Infants with this condition generally do not grow or gain weight. Diagnosis Treatment Currently there are no approved therapies for Pearson Syndrome and patients reply on supportive care. Minovia Therapeutics is the first company to conduct a designated clinical trial for treating patients affected by this disease History Pearson syndrome was initially characterized in 1979 as a fatal disorder that affects infants. It has now been identified as a rare condition that affects multiple systems. The symptoms of Pearson syndrome are mitochondrial cytopathy with anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. References External links Pearson Syndrome research study of Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes (IBMFS) GeneReviews: Pearson syndrome Category:Mitochondrial diseases Category:Rare syndromes Category:Syndromes affecting blood Category:Syndromes affecting the endocrine system

The 49ers–Cowboys rivalry is a National Football League (NFL) rivalry between the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys. The Cowboys lead the series 18-17-1. It is one of the great inter-division rivalry games in the NFL. The two teams do not play every year; instead, they play once every three years due to the NFL's rotating division schedules, or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions, they would play the ensuing season. Sports Illustrated ranked it as the eighth best rivalry while the NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the NFL. The rivalry was also the subject of two 2015 episodes of NFL Network's The Timeline series. History The rivalry between the Cowboys and 49ers has been going on since the 1970s, including seven postseason games. The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games, and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game. The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco, which saw the 49ers' Joe Montana complete a game-winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute (now known as The Catch) is one of the most famous games in NFL history. The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992–1994 seasons. San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three consecutive times. Dallas won the first two match-ups, and San Francisco won the third. In each of these pivotal match-ups, the game's victor went on to win the Super Bowl. The rivalry has gone cold in recent years due to the two teams’ inability to make the postseason in the same year since . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers are tied for third in Super Bowl victories with five each, trailing the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots who each have six. The Catch The Catch refers to the winning touchdown reception by Dwight Clark from a Joe Montana pass in the January 10, 1982, NFC Championship Game between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers. The Catch is widely regarded as one of the most memorable events in NFL history. Game results Category:San Francisco 49ers Category:Dallas Cowboys Category:National Football League rivalries

Grantley Hall is a Country house located in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated near Grantley, about to the west of Ripon, on the banks of the River Skell. It is listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England, and the Japanese garden at the hall is listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The house was built by Thomas Norton and his son Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley in the mid 18th century, apparently based on a Palladian design by Isaac Ware. Additions in the 1760s have been attributed to John Carr, who knew Fletcher Norton. The house was extended during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the house as it stands today. More recently the building was used as a convalescent home during World War II. Between 1947 and 1974, the house was under the ownership of West Riding County Council, who purchased the property to use as an adult education residential college before it passed to North Yorkshire County Council in 1974, to become a training and conference centre. In 2006 the property was sold to a private purchaser for residential use. It was sold again in 2010, and planning permission was granted for conversion of the building into a 50 bedroom hotel. Other buildings on the Grantley Estate include The Ellis Building and the East Lodge. The Norton Family Thomas Norton (1683–1719) built Grantley Hall in about 1710 shortly before his marriage. His father became the owner of the Grantley Estate in the previous century and he inherited it. In 1712 he married Elizabeth Serjeantson, the daughter of William Serjeantson of Hanlith. . There is an elaborate memorial to Elizabeth in Ripon Cathedral. Unfortunately he died in 1719 at the age of 36 leaving his wife with four small children, three sons and a daughter. His eldest son Fletcher Norton was only 3 years old when he inherited the Grantley estate. Lord Fletcher Norton (1716–1789) studied law and became a Member of Parliament In 1762 he received a knighthood and in the following year became Attorney-General and later Speaker of the House. In 1741 he married Grace Chapple (1711–1803) who was the daughter of Sir William Chapple, a Judge on the Kings Bench. It seems that in about 1760 he made substantial additions to Grantley Hall. In 1782 when he retired he was titled Lord Grantley, Baron of Markenfield. Markenfield Hall is a nearby property which he also owned. He died in 1789 and his son William Norton, 2nd Baron Grantley inherited Grantley Hall. Lord William Norton was born in 1742 and became a Member of Parliament. In 1791 he married Anna Margaretta Midgeley. They had 2 sons but both died in infancy. His wife also died several years after they were married. When William died in 1822 Grantley Hall was inherited by his nephew Fletcher Norton (1798–1875). Lord Fletcher Norton, 3rd Lord Grantley was born in 1798. In 1825 he married Charlotte Earle Beechey who was the daughter of Sir William Beechey, the famous portrait painter. Sir William painted a portrait of his daughter which is shown. Lord Fletcher Norton decided on a military career and was an officer in the Grenadier Guards. He fought at the Battle of Waterloo where he was wounded. He inherited Grantley Hall at the age of 24 and managed the Estate until his death in 1875. As he had no children his nephew Thomas Brindsley Norton (1831–1877) inherited the Estate. Thomas was the son of the famous social reformer and author Caroline Norton about whom many books have been written. Thomas died only two years after he inherited the property at the age of 47 and his son John Richard Brindsley Norton (1855–1943) became the owner in 1877. John Richard Brindsley Norton, 5th Lord Grantley was born in 1855. In 1879 he caused a public sensation by marrying Katherine the wife of his cousin after being named as co-respondent in a divorce case. Katherine was from New York and was the daughter of Commodore McVickar of the New York Yacht Club and founding member of the Knickerbocker Club. In 1900 John sold Grantley hall to Sir Christopher Furness. His son Richard, 6th Lord Grantley wrote a book called Silver Spoon. In it he records his memoirs and describes Grantley Hall as “a gargantuan edifice with sixty bedrooms, on the edge of sixteen thousand acres of wild moorland. This was the home of most of my own boyhood.” He describes his father John as “as a huge man — he was well over six feet — with blue eyes, a heavy moustache, and wavy hair which kept its wave and its thickness long after, in later life, it went white.” He says his mother Katherine “was far from being the typically useless rich woman of that particularly pretentious period. She was a charitable and generous friend and employer and while up at Grantley would herself see that no tenant was ever in distress without her giving help.” The Furness family Sir Christopher Furness, 1st Baron Furness (1852–1912) who bought Grantley Hall in 1900 was the owner of the shipping company called the Furness Line. He came from humble beginnings his father at one time being a coal miner. However he later founded a large grocery business in Hartlepool. Christopher went into the family business but later began to buy boats and started his own shipping line which was extremely successful. He became a multimillionaire and bought numerous properties. He was also a Member of Parliament representing Hartlepool. In 1876 he married Jane Annette Suggitt (1855–1930) and the couple had one son. In 1905 a reporter from the magazine “The Car Illustrated” visited the house and described the estate in detail in a feature article. They said. "The mansion is stone built, and charmingly situate on the River Skell, which is widened into a series of lakes skirting the drive through the park, which with its pleasure grounds covers about forty seven acres. The entrance hall on the east front of the mansion opens to a corridor forming a picture gallery, through which a passage issues north and south, giving access to the principal reception rooms. The southern end of the mansion contains a spacious hall, with fireplace, smoking-room, study." Lady Jane Furness was a keen gardener and created one of the earliest Japanese gardens in the country in about 1910. It is listed on the English Heritage Register The garden features two ponds linked by a stream with large, irregular stepping stones as well as a diverse variety of trees, mosses, ferns and bamboo. When Christopher died in 1912 his son Marmaduke inherited the house but Lady Jane retained a life interest in the property. Sir Marmaduke Furness (1883–1940) continued in the family business and succeeded in expanding it. He was married three times. His first wife was Ada Daisy Hogg (1880–1921) who was the daughter of George Hogg of “The Gables” Seaton Carew. Their marriage in 1904 was widely reported in the newspapers. The Couple had a son and a daughter. Unfortunately Daisy died in 1921 at the age of 41 on board their boat shortly after she had an operation. In 1926 Marmaduke married Thelma Morgan, the famous woman who was reputed to be the mistress of Prince Edward. They were divorced in 1933 and soon after he married Enid Maud Lindeman. In 1925 Marmaduke sold Grantley Hall to Sir William Henry Aykroyd. The Aykroyd family Sir William Henry Aykroyd (1865–1947) was a woollen carpet manufacturer. He entered the family business soon after leaving school and eventually became the Chairman. In 1890 he married Emma Louisa Hammond (1867–1946) daughter of Ezra Waugh Hammond of Horton Hall, Bradford. The couple had three sons and one daughter. The Aykroyd family continued to develop the garden and often opened it to the public. A newspaper of 1937 contained a detailed description of the grounds. Some of the report is as follows. "An air of immense well-being characterises the extensive grounds which surround Grantley Hall, the home of Sir William Aykroyd. The timber is well cared for; the lawns smooth, level, unmarred by weeds; the rock garden is full of rare and beautiful plants and even the Golden Orfe in its pools have an exceptionally sleek and prosperous look." Sir William and Lady Emma were personal friends of the Royal Family. In 1937 Queen Mary stayed at Grantley Hall accompanied by her daughter Princess Mary and her son in law Lord Harewood. The visit was widely reported in the newspapers and one of these reports is shown. During the Second World War, Grantley Hall was used as a convalescence home for injured soldiers. A hospital supply depot was formed in the Cathedral Hall in Ripon and Lady Aykroyd was the chairman. Sir William died in 1947 and Grantley Hall was sold to the West Riding County Council who ran the Hall as an adult training centre. The current owner bought the house in 2015. References External links Category:Grade II* listed houses Category:Grade II* listed buildings in North Yorkshire Category:Grade II listed parks and gardens in North Yorkshire Category:Country houses in North Yorkshire Category:Japanese gardens in England

David Steelman is an American politician from the state of Missouri. David Steelman earned a B.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, and graduated first in his class from the University of Missouri Law School in 1978. He is the son of the late Dorman L. Steelman, who served in the Missouri House of Representatives, as a circuit judge, and as chairman of the Missouri Republican Party. Steelman, a Republican, was elected to his first term in the Missouri House of Representatives in 1978 at the age of 25 (under the state constitution, the minimum age for a state representative is 24). He was re-elected in 1980 and 1982, and was chosen by his colleagues to serve as minority floor leader. Steelman did not seek re-election in 1984, returning to the practice of law in his native Rolla, Missouri. Steelman's House colleague William L. Webster was elected Attorney General in 1984 and re-elected in 1988, and Steelman eventually went to work for Webster as an Assistant Attorney General. Webster vacated the Attorney General's office to run unsuccessfully for governor in 1992, and Steelman ran to succeed him. In the Republican primary, Steelman faced Assistant United States Attorney John Hall, a moderate Republican who previously had worked for former U.S. Senator John C. Danforth and for then-Governor Kit Bond. Danforth campaigned aggressively for Hall, while Steelman attacked Hall's relative liberalism and his Harvard pedigree. Steelman won the Republican primary handily but lost the general election to Jay Nixon, 51% to 45%. The general election featured Nixon and Steelman both engaging in frequent personal attacks against one another, which surely contributed to the 4% of votes received by the Libertarian candidate. Steelman has not sought elective office since 1992, instead focusing on his law practice. His wife, Sarah Steelman served in the Missouri State Senate from 1999 to 2005, as state treasurer from 2005 to 2009, and was a candidate for Governor of Missouri in 2008, until she lost the Republican primary. In 2012 she lost a bid for the US Senate in the Republican primary against Representative Todd Akin. Sources Steelman biodata Category:1950s births Category:Living people Category:American lawyers Category:People from Rolla, Missouri Category:Members of the Missouri House of Representatives Category:Missouri Republicans Category:University of Missouri alumni

Asparagus litoralis, common name coastal asparagus, is an evergreen perennial plant species belonging to the genus Asparagus in the monocot family Asparagaceae. A. litoralis can be found in England, Ukraine (known as Kholodok pryberezhny), Russia (known as Sparzha pribrezhnaya), Bulgaria (known as Asperja) and Turkey (known as Kiyi asparagusu). It commonly grows on the coast of a country where it derives its name. Description Asparagus litoralis is an herbaceous perennial that grows up to of height. The top of the branches is where flowers normally bloom. In May and June the flowers bloom and in July and August it starts bearing fruit. The population has been declining and is not overly abundant. It is normally pollinated by bumble bees. References litoralis Category:Plants described in 1857

The Internazionali di Tennis di Manerbio – Trofeo Dimmidisì is a tennis tournament held in Manerbio, Italy since 1999. The event is part of the ''ATP challenger series and is played on outdoor clay courts. Past finals Singles Doubles External links Official website ITF Search Category:ATP Challenger Tour Category:Antonio Savoldi–Marco Cò – Trofeo Dimmidisì Category:Clay court tennis tournaments Category:Tennis tournaments in Italy

Kishkin can refer to Kaneshkin a village in Iran Nikolai Kishkin, (1864-1930) Russian politician

Stepnoye Ozero () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. Urban localities Stepnoye Ozero, Altai Krai, a work settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Stepnoozersky Settlement Council in Blagoveshchensky District of Altai Krai Rural localities Stepnoye Ozero, Republic of Tatarstan, a selo in Nurlatsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan

This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of Broadmeadows in Victorian state elections. Members for Broadmeadows Election results Elections in the 2010s Elections in the 2000s Elections in the 1990s Preferences were not distributed in this by-election. Elections in the 1980s The two party preferred vote was not counted between the Labor and Independent candidates for Broadmeadows. The two candidate preferred vote was not counted between the Labor and Democrat candidates for Broadmeadows. Elections in the 1970s Elections in the 1960s Elections in the 1950s References Category:Victoria (Australia) state electoral results by district

Zemo-Koshka is a settlement in the Java district of South Ossetia, a region of Georgia whose sovereignty is disputed. See also Dzau district References Category:Populated places in Dzau District

[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Untitled - Kawase Hasui.jpg|thumb|"The Pine Island in Night Rain" from The Mitsubishi Mansion in Fukagawa" by Hasui Kawase, 1920]] was a Japanese artist. He was one of the most prominent print designers of the shin-hanga ("new prints") movement. Life From youth Hasui dreamed of an art career, but his parents had him take on the family rope and thread wholesaling business. Its bankruptcy when he was 26 freed him to pursue art. He approached Kiyokata Kaburagi to teach him, but Kaburagi instead encouraged him to study Western-style painting, which he did with Okada Saburōsuke for two years. Two years later he again applied as a student to Kaburagi, who this time accepted him. After seeing an exhibition of Shinsui Itō's Eight Views of Lake Biwa Hasui approached Shinsui's publisher Shōzaburō Watanabe, who had Hasui make three experimental prints that Watanabe published in August 1918. The series Twelve Views of Tokyo, Eight Views of the Southeast, and the first Souvenirs of Travel of 16 prints followed in 1919, each issued two prints at a time. Hasui's twelve-print A Collection of Scenes of Japan begun in 1922 went unfinished when the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake destroyed Watanabe's workshop, including the finished woodblocks for the yet-undistributed prints and Hasui's sketchbooks. Hasui travelled the Hokuriku, San'in, and San'yō regions later in 1923 and upon his return in February 1924 developed his sketches into his third Souvenirs of Travel series. Kawase studied ukiyo-e and Japanese style painting at the studio of Kiyokata Kaburagi. He mainly concentrated on making watercolors of actors, everyday life and landscapes, many of them published as illustrations in books and magazines in the last few years of the Meiji period and early Taishō period. During the forty years of his artistic career, Hasui worked closely with Shōzaburō Watanabe, publisher and advocate of the shin-hanga movement. His works became widely known in the West through American connoisseur Robert O. Muller (1911–2003). In 1956, he was named a Living National Treasure in Japan. Hasui's younger brother Kasuke moved to London in 1916 to work as an accountant for Okura and Co, he married an English woman, Clara Greenfield, they have one surviving daughter Kathleen and grand daughter Karen Kawase. His maternal uncle was Kanagaki Robun (仮名垣 魯文?) with the pen name of Nozaki Bunzō (野崎 文蔵?) (1829–1894), a Japanese author and journalist, producing the first manga magazine. Style Kawase worked almost exclusively on landscape and townscape prints based on sketches he made in Tokyo and during travels around Japan. However, his prints are not merely meishō (famous places) prints that are typical of earlier ukiyo-e masters such as Hiroshige and Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849). Kawase's prints feature locales that are tranquil and obscure in urbanizing Japan. Hasui considered himself a realist and employed his training in Western painting in his compositions. Like Hiroshige he made travel and landscape prints, though his subjects were less known locations rendered with naturalistic light, shade, and texture, without the captions and titles that were standard in prints of Hiroshige's age. Kawase left a large body of woodblock prints and watercolors: many of the watercolors are linked to the woodblock prints. He also produced oil paintings, traditional hanging scrolls and a few byōbu (folding screens). In the West, Kawase is mainly known as a Japanese woodblock printmaker. He and Hiroshi Yoshida are widely regarded as two of the greatest artists of the shin-hanga style, and are known especially for their landscape prints. Important works Twelve Scenes of Tokyo (1919–1921) Selections of Scenes of Japan (1922–1926) Snow at Zojo Temple (1953) Hall of the Golden Hue, Hiraizumi (1957; Kawase's final work) About dating of the prints: Many of them are reprinted 1960 after Kawase's death. (In Japan, it is unusual to number the prints, e.g. "5th of 100".) Representation of work in Public Collections The Temple Honmonji, Ikegami (1931) woodblock print, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Early Summer Rain, Arakawa River (1932) woodblock print; ink and color on paper, Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minnesota References Works cited Further reading Brown, Kendall and Newland, Amy Reigle. Kawase Hasui: the Complete Woodblock Prints''. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2003. External links Kawase Hasui's works at Tokyo Digital museum Dream Worlds: Modern Japanese Prints and Paintings from the Robert O. Muller Collection Online Exhibition Kawase Hasui's works at Los Angeles County Museum of Art Category:Japanese printmakers Category:1883 births Category:1957 deaths Category:Living National Treasures of Japan Category:Shin hanga artists

e² is a greatest hits album by the Italian singer Eros Ramazzotti, released in Europe and Latin America on 26 October 2007. This is his fourteenth album (including live and compilation albums), and his second greatest hits album after Eros in 1997. The first single released from the album was "Non siamo soli", a vocal duet with the Latin singer Ricky Martin. Track listing Disc 1 The first disc has four new songs and fourteen remastered hits. Disc 2 The second disc has seventeen hits "revised" with popular international artists. DVD (limited edition only) A limited edition DVD was released in Italy, with an additional DVD with fourteen music videos. Chart positions and sales Peak positions Certifications References Category:Eros Ramazzotti compilation albums Category:Albums produced by John Shanks Category:2007 greatest hits albums Category:Sony BMG Norte compilation albums Category:Music video compilation albums Category:2007 video albums Category:Italian-language compilation albums Category:Spanish-language compilation albums Category:Albums produced by Michele Canova

The 2012 National Football League known for sponsorship reasons as the Allianz National Football League was the 81st staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland. The League began on Saturday 4 February 2012. Thirty-two Gaelic football county teams from the island of Ireland, plus London, participated. On 29 April, Cork defeated Mayo by 2-10 to 0-11 to win their eight league title and their third in a row. Format League structure The 2012 format of the National Football League was a system of four divisions. The top three divisions consisted of 8 teams, and Division 4 contained nine teams. Each team played every other team in its division once, either home or away. 2 points were awarded for a win and 1 for a draw. Tie-breaker If only two teams were level on points: The team that won the head-to-head match was ranked first If this game was a draw, points difference (total scored minus total conceded in all games) was used to rank the teams If points difference was identical, total scored was used to rank the teams If still identical, a play-off was required If three or more teams were level on points, points difference was used to rank the teams. Finals, promotions and relegations The top four teams in Division 1 contested the 2012 NFL semi-finals (first played fourth and second played third) and final. The top two teams in divisions 2, 3 and 4 were promoted, and contested the finals of their respective divisions. The bottom two teams in divisions 1, 2 and 3 were relegated. Division 1 Table 1Dublin are placed ahead of Donegal because they won the head-to-head game between the teams (2-16 to 0-13). Rounds 1 to 7 Division 1 Semi Finals 1Attendance figure is total of both semi-finals played consecutively Division 1 Final 2Attendance figure is total of the Division 1 and Division 2 finals played consecutively Division 2 Table 1Louth are placed ahead of Westmeath because they won the head-to-head game between the teams (0-12 to 1-06). 2Meath are placed ahead of Monaghan because they won the head-to-head game between the teams (1-15 to 1-09). Rounds 1 to 7 Division 2 Final 2Attendance figure is total of the Division 1 and Division 2 finals played consecutively Division 3 Table 1Sligo, Roscommon and Antrim are ranked by points difference. Rounds 1 to 7 Division 3 Final 3Attendance figure is total of the Division 3 and Division 4 finals played consecutively Division 4 Table 1Wicklow are placed ahead of Clare because they won the head-to-head game between the teams (1-15 to 1-12). Rounds 1 to 8 Division 4 Final 4Attendance figure is total of the Division 3 and Division 4 finals played consecutively Statistics All scores correct as of 26 March 2016 Scoring Widest winning margin: 46 Kilkenny 0-4 - 9-23 Fermanagh (Division 4) Most goals in a match: 9 Kilkenny 0-4 - 9-23 Fermanagh (Division 4) Most points in a match: 39 Monaghan 2-24 - 1-15 Louth (Division 2) Most goals by one team in a match: 9 Kilkenny 0-4 - 9-23 Fermanagh (Division 4) Highest aggregate score: 54 points Kilkenny 0-4 - 9-23 Fermanagh (Division 4) Lowest aggregate score: 16 points Donegal 1-7 - 0-6 Cork (Division 1) London 0-4 - 2-6 Carlow (Division 4) Top scorers Overall Single game References National Football League Category:National Football League (Ireland) seasons

Fabio Lefundes is a Brazilian football manager. He is currently assistant coach of Shandong Luneng Taishan FC in the Chinese Super League. Career Lefundes has extensive experience in professional football since 1995. He spent two seasons at Al Raed Sports Club in Saudi Arabia and one season at Al-Mesaimeer Sports Club in Qatar. At Al Raed, he was assistant coach and fitness coach, and was also interim coach for two months in the 2010-2011 season. Lefundes first came to Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors as a physical coach in January 2011. His influence on the physical aspect of the team resulted in their being crowned as 2011 K-League champion and Runner up of the 2011 AFC Champions League. The following year Lefundes was rewarded with a three-year contract and moved up to the assistant coach position whilst still co-ordinating the club's fitness program. During the first half of 2013, he was the interim coach, replacing the manager Choi Kang-Hee who was in the South Korea national football team. During his seven years at Jeonbuk Hyundai, Lefundes won four K-League Classics (2011, 2014, 2015, and 2017) and an Asia Champions League (2016). He was runner-up in two K-League Classics (2012 and 2016) and one Asian Champions League (2011). Lefundes then moved to China's Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C., where he will be working for the first time. References Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian football managers Category:Olaria Atlético Clube managers Category:Americano Futebol Clube managers Category:Al-Raed FC managers Category:Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC managers Category:Expatriate football managers in South Korea

Cameroon competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, from 22 to 30 August 2015. Results Women Field events References Category:Nations at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics World Championships in Athletics Category:Cameroon at the World Championships in Athletics

The term Down Under is a colloquialism which is variously construed to refer to Australia and New Zealand. The term comes from the fact that these countries are in the Southern Hemisphere, "below" many other countries, on the usual arrangement of a map or globe which places cardinal north at the top. The term has been in use since the late 19th century and the persistence of the media use of the term has led to its wide acceptance and usage. The Men at Work song "Down Under" became a patriotic rallying song for Australians. The Russian-Australian boxing champion Kostya Tszyu was nicknamed "The Thunder from Down Under", as is Australian snooker player Neil Robertson. When the then Miss Australia Jennifer Hawkins was crowned as Miss Universe 2004 in Quito, Ecuador, she was called by the same nickname by host Billy Bush. According to Roger Ebert's tongue-in-cheek Glossary of Movie Terms, the Down Under Rule: The Tour Down Under is a cycling race in and around Adelaide, South Australia, and since 2009 has been the inaugural event of the UCI World Tour Ranking calendar, which culminates in the Giro di Lombardia. References Further reading Category:Australian culture Category:New Zealand culture Category:English-language idioms

Michael Stich was the defending champion, but chose not to participate that year. Richard Krajicek won in the final 7–6(7–5), 6–4, against Paul Haarhuis. Seeds (withdrew) Yevgeny Kafelnikov (Semifinals) Wayne Ferreira (Second Round) Andrei Medvedev (Quarterfinals) Richard Krajicek (Champion) Jacco Eltingh (First Round) Slava Doseděl (Second Round) Karel Nováček (First Round) Draw Finals Top Half Bottom Half External links Draw Qualifying Draw Scores (with tie-breaks) Singles

Rivière des Envies (River of cravings, in a direct translation) is located in Canada, in the province of Quebec, in the Mauricie administrative region, in the Batiscanie. Rivière des Envies course from the outlet of Lac-de-la-Traverse, located in row St-Joseph, Sainte-Thècle. This lake is fed by the outlet of Lake Aylwin, which in turn is fed by the discharge of Lake Jesuit (and lakes of surrounding mountains). The watershed of the rivière des envies is , i.e. the second largest watershed of Batiscanie. The basin is shared by three regional county municipalities: • MRC of Mékinac (for Sainte-Thècle, Saint-Tite, Hérouxville and Saint-Séverin), • MRC of Shawinigan (for Lac-à-la-Tortue), • MRC des Chenaux (for Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux)). Although the territory of the municipality of Saint-Adelphe is in the center of the arc formed by the course of the "River des Envies", this place is excluded from this watershed but a little area at the south-west—at the boundary with Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux). Course The water of the river flows through municipalities of Sainte-Thècle, Saint-Tite, the boundary east of Hérouxville (about 4 km, along Row South, between the road Paquin and the road Lefebvre), Saint-Séverin and Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux). The river empties in Batiscan river at the southern edge of the village of Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux). The course of the river is especially cravings in agriculture. The river runs through a forest especially between Sainte-Thècle and Saint-Tite; downstream from Saint-Tite, the river passes through a few small areas of forest. The river also passes through the villages of Saint-Tite, Saint-Séverin and Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux). Spring floods generate significant flooding upstream of the railway bridge in the village of Saint-Tite. From the intersection of the road Marchand and road St-Joseph in Sainte-Thècle, up to the village of Saint-Tite, through the area of the large marshes (Grands marais, in French), Rivière des Envies is taking a very winding course. This area was conducive for beavers and moose that probably attracted aboriginals in prehistory. Major tributaries The main tributaries of the "Rivière des Envies" are (from the head): Left Bank: • Discharge of Lake-aux-Chicots (in Sainte-Thècle) which receives the waters of the "rivière en coeur" (river in heart) at the site of the former sawmill of Clement Saint-Amand. The head of this small river is the "Lac en coeur" (lake in heart) which flows successively in "Lac des tounnes" and "Lac Croche" (crooked lake). • Le Bourdais Creek (Saint-Tite) • Stream of Fools (ruisseau des fous) (Saint-Tite), • Second Dick Creek (Saint-Tite). Right bank: • Archange Creek (Saint-Tite), taking its source at Lake Archange, • Eric Creek (Saint-Tite), which flows into the "River des Envies" slightly upstream from the mouth of the Little Mekinac North River, • Little Mékinac North River (Saint-Tite), which flows into the "River des Envies" at about upstream of the town of Saint-Tite. Note: the river "small Mekinac South" empties into the "small Mekinac North River", from the mouth of the latter, • Dessureault creek(Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux)), • Turtle River (ou rivière à la tortue) at (Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux)). The most important tributaries of the "rivière des Envies" (carvings river) are the Little Mékinac North River and "Rivière à la tortue" (Tortoise river). Major lakes The main lakes flowing into the tributaries of the river (or directly) are grouped by municipality: Sainte-Thècle: Lake Jesuit (Lac du Jésuite), Lake de la Traverse, Lake Croche, Lake-aux-Chicots and "Lake-des-Tounes"; Saint-Tite: Lake Archange, lake-à-la-perchaude, lake Trottier, lake Éric and lake Roberge; Shawinigan (sector Lac-à-la-Tortue): Turtle Lake (Lac-à-la-Tortue, in French). On the south-west of the village of Saint-Tite, a bulge in the "rivière des envies" created the lake Kapibouska. Likely caused by a series of beaver dams, Lake Kapibouska is now gone. The watershed of the "River des Envies" also includes about half of the space covered by a large wetland located southeast of Lac-à-la-Tortue. Toponymy The first known mention of the name "Rivière des Envies" (Carvings River) is a document written in 1757 by the Jesuit brother Jean-Joseph Casot (1728-1880), even before the first settlers arrived at the sector of Rivière-des-Envies in Saint-Stanislas. Jean-Joseph Casot (born in Belgium in 1728) came from France in 1757 and was ordained a priest in 1766. In 1760, eleven families of pioneers are reported back stronghold of the manor of Batiscan, either on the sector "Rivière-des-Envies" in the territory of Saint-Stanislas. In 1776, Father Guay was on a mission in Settlers Township Saint-Stanislas-de-Koska-de-la-Rivière des Envies. In 1781, the Jesuits control the construction of a flour mill at the mouth of "Rivière des Envies". Although the civil registers were opened in 1787, the parish was canonically erected in 1833 under the name Saint-Stanislas-de-la-Rivière des Envies. The "School Corporation of Saint-Stanislas Rivière des Envies" was incorporated under the 1845 Act (8, Victoria, BC 40-18). The toponym "Rivière des Envies" appeared regularly in correspondence and legal acts of the Lordship of Batiscan since the implementation of the British regime. The term "Rivière des Envies" remained similar over its entire history. Several interpretations of the origin of the name have been set by various sources, but not supported by corroborating evidence. The designation "Rivière des Envies" was formalized December 5, 1968, at the "Commission de toponymie du Québec" (Geographical Names Board of Quebec). The major floods Every spring snowmelt in the watershed causes heavy floods, which have a greater impact in the meander upstream of the railway bridge in the village of Saint-Tite. Large floods can also be caused by prolonged heavy rains. Major floods have occurred: Fall between 1924 and 1926, when there were heavy rains for a week. Many of the bridges over the "river-des-Envies" were swept from Sainte-Thècle up to Saint-Stanislas. The village of Saint-Tite and area meander upstream, suffered flood; In 1936 when the dam of Lake Roberge (Grandes-Piles) was broken. Several bridges have been swept away by the current, the four bridges at Saint-Séverin and several docks bridge filled with stones. Some portion of the city of Saint-Tite was then flooded. Main bridges Note: Bridges listed in order from the mouth. Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux) 1. Road Bridge 352 (situated at the southern boundary of the village of Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux), at the mouth of the river. 2. Jesuit mill, near upstream of the existing bridge road 352. 3. Marchand Road Bridge, which connects the south shore to road 159 (on the north side). 4. Bridge of the road 159, about by water from the mouth. 5. Ex-railway bridge, upstream of the bridge near the road 159. Saint-Séverin (Mékinac) 6. Bridge road of Trefflé Veillette, connecting Road "Rivière des Envies" (south-east), with the "Chemin de la Rivière-des-Envies" (north-east). This bridge is about upstream by water from the bridge of Road 159. Marcel Veillette (Saint-Séverin (Mékinac)) said in 1994: "The wooden bridges that spanned the Rivière des Envies on this road were built by the Veillette owners of the surrounding land. Three times the torrential waters carried them (including 1936). The first bridge in the history of the area was built a little further upstream on the adjacent lot owned (at the time) by Majoric Brière. Today, this lot belongs to my brothers Denis and Marius Veillette." The concrete bridge was built in 1943. The three previous bridges were made of wood. 7. Mill Bridge, in the village of Saint-Séverin, in the fall, downstream of the existing bridge Blvd. St. Louis. 8. Bridge in the village of Saint-Séverin (Mékinac) (route 159), boul. St. Louis. This bridge is about by water upstream from the bridge Veillette. 9. Bridge connecting the road to the mill (north shore) to the road of Rivière des Envies (South-West). This bridge is about by water, upstream from the bridge in the village of Saint-Séverin (Mékinac). According to the 1861 census, the sawmill of Nicolas Vandal (originally from l'Ancienne-Lorette) was already in operation there. Located in the area of the falls, the mill was demolished in 1970 and its last owner was Albani Vandal. A flour mill Lafrance was built next. Saint-Tite 10. Bordeleau Bridge (covered bridge, built in wood) on the road Dessureault in Saint-Tite. This road connects Rang Sud (Row South) and Grand Rang (Grand Row) in Saint-Tite at Cossetteville. This covered bridge is about by water upstream from Mill Road Bridge in Saint-Séverin (Mékinac). 11. Railway Bridge "Canadian National", at the southern edge of the village of Saint-Tite. This bridge is about by water upstream of the bridge Bordeleau, or about in a direct line. The railway arrived in Saint-Tite in 1884. 12. Du Moulin Street Bridge (Mill Street Bridge) in the village of Saint-Tite. This bridge is about by water from the railway bridge, due to the sinuosity of the river (or 1.5 kilometres in a direct line). An iron bridge was built on Du Moulin Street in 1923 and replaced in 1984 by the current bridge. 13. Bridge of Le Bourdais Street (Road 153) in Saint-Tite. This bridge is about upstream by water from Du Moulin Street Bridge, due to the sinuosity of the river (or 1 kilometre in a direct line). 14. Road of North Upper Lake bridge (Haut du Lac Nord), at the North-West of Saint-Tite village. This bridge is in a direct line from Le Bourdais Street Bridge. The tributary Little Mékinac North River (Petite Rivière Mékinac Nord) taking its source at Lake Roberge in Saint-Tite, empties into the "Rivière des Envies" downstream of the Road of North Upper Lake Bridge (Haut du lac Nord). Pierre Lebrun published in the book "Histoire de Saint-Tite (History of Saint-Tite) - 1833 to 1984" as the first parish core was formed right in front of the mouth of the Little Mékinac North River. He noted: "And the first bridge over the Rivière des Envies at the top of the third portage, was more than two miles above the city center of Saint-Tite. And they built a bridge over the Little Mékinac North River before erecting one near at the first chapel of Saint-Tite." 15. Germain Road Bridge, in Saint-Tite. This bridge is about in a direct line upstream from the Upper North Lake road bridge in Saint-Tite. Sainte-Thècle 16. Sawmill Alfred Naud's bridge, located in row Saint-Joseph-South, in Sainte-Thècle, on the fifth lot of land (formerly known "land of the fall") from the boundary of Saint-Tite and Sainte-Thècle. Around 1878, Alfred Naud had built the mill "to the stilt" powered by water falls that turned a turbine. This private road allowed people of row Saint-Joseph-South to cross the bridge (fitted for the saw mill activities) to join the row St-Michel-South, by taking the path at the boundary of two lands (one of which belonged later to Armand St-Amand and Marguerite Tellier). This private road was used until about 1883 after the construction of the road Marchand (linking the St-Michel-South and St-Joseph-South Road). This sawmill was demolished between 1890 and 1898. 17. St-Joseph Road Bridge (intersection of Route Marchand) in Sainte-Thècle. This bridge is located 6.6 kilometers in direct line upstream from Germain bridge road, in Saint-Tite. 18. Bridge of the Rénovat Chouinard sawmill powered by steam, built circa 1903 in front of the residence of Octave Tellier, on the "rivière des Envies" on the riverside of the village. A bridge was built mainly for mill's activities. Previously, Rénovat Chouinard built in 1899 the first sawmill at the outlet of Lake of Traverse (Lac de la Traverse). He sold it in 1902 to Alfred St-Amand. 19. Various bridges on private lots between sawmill of Rénovat Chouinard the sawmill of Alfred St-Amand, including: Louis Toupin, Euclid Tellier, Georges Perron and Alfred Huot. 20. Bridge saw mill of St-Amand which belonged successively from father to son, Alfred, Adelard and Roland St-Amand. This private bridge downstream of the mill (on the old road of St-Amand) was mainly used for the mill activities. It was rebuilt in 1958 to allow the passage of heavy trucks. 21. Bridge of Lac of the Jesuit road, at the outlet of Lake-of-the-Traverse, at the head of the "rivière des Envies". This bridge is by water (and direct) of the Bridge of St Joseph road (intersection of Route Marchand). In the early 20th century, the first bridge was built over the old government road (which skirted the sawmill). Then the parish built a new wooden bridge in around 1933 of only one lane. This bridge was rebuilt in 1950 for two lane traffic. In 2010, the government rebuilt the cement bridge, the bridge deck is now higher than the former. See also Sainte-Thècle Saint-Tite Hérouxville Saint-Sévérin Saint-Stanislas (Les Chenaux) Lac-à-la-Tortue Batiscan River Batiscanie Jean-Joseph Casot Mekinac Regional County Municipality Lake Jesuit Lake Traverse (Mékinac) Notes Category:Rivers of Mauricie Category:Mékinac Regional County Municipality

Maharashtra College of Arts Science and Commerce, Mumbai, (informally Maharashtra College) is a college affiliated with the University of Mumbai offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Arts, Science and Commerce. Maharashtra College of Arts Science and Commerce is managed by Khairul Islam Higher Education Society, Mumbai. Society was founded by the able presidency of Dr.Rafiq Zakaria, Educationist. Maharashtra college located near Nagpada. Maharashtra college has become the first educational institute in south Mumbai and one of the first in the state to power its electricity requirements completely from solar energy. Maharashtra college offer a junior college and degree college courses.Maharashtra college also provides also some additional courses for degree college like Computer Science and Information technology. And there one legend student study, named as "Mr.Zulfekar Nasruddin Shaikh" References Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai

A photoresistor (acronymed LDR for Light Decreasing Resistance, or light-dependent resistor, or photo-conductive cell) is an active component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increase in incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits acting as a resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megaohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices, the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. Design considerations Photoresistors are less light-sensitive devices than photodiodes or phototransistors: the two latter components are true semiconductor devices, while a photoresistor is an active component that does not have a PN-junction. The photoresistivity of any photoresistor may vary widely depending on ambient temperature, making them unsuitable for applications requiring precise measurement of or sensitivity to light photons. Photoresistors also exhibit a certain degree of latency between exposure to light and the subsequent decrease in resistance, usually around 10 milliseconds. The lag time when going from lit to dark environments is even greater, often as long as one second. This property makes them unsuitable for sensing rapidly flashing lights, but is sometimes used to smooth the response of audio signal compression. Applications Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, clock radios, alarm devices (as the detector for a light beam), nightlights, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps, and solar road studs, etc. Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when the light is on. Ambient light falling on the photoresistor causes the streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is saved by ensuring the light is only on during hours of darkness. Photoresistors or LDRs are also used in laser-based security systems to detect the change in the light intensity when a person/object passes through the laser beam. They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to control gain reduction. A common usage of this application can be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate an onboard tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control the level of signal running through the amp circuit. The use of CdS and CdSe photoresistors is severely restricted in Europe due to the RoHS ban on cadmium. Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light-dependent resistors) are used for the mid-infrared spectral region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy. See also Optoelectronics Photodetector References External links Using a photoresistor to track light Connecting a photoresistor to a circuit Photoresistor overview - detailing operation, structure and circuit information Category:Resistive components Category:Optical devices Category:Sensors

The Broadkill River is a river flowing to Delaware Bay in southern Delaware in the United States. It is long and drains an area of on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Broadkill flows for its entire length in eastern Sussex County. It issues from Wagamons Pond in the town of Milton; the pond is fed by two tributaries known as Ingram Branch and Pemberton Branch. From Milton, the Broadkill River flows generally eastwardly, passing through wetlands and salt marshes in the Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge. After approaching to within of Delaware Bay, the river parallels the shoreline a short distance inland for approximately before flowing into the bay, approximately northwest of Lewes. The United States Coast Guard maintains a station near the mouth of the Broadkill. The mouth is connected to Rehoboth Bay by the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal, which forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. In the 19th century the river was the center of a regional shipbuilding industry, arising from the access it furnished to inland forests; the industry fell into decline in the 1890s. A footpath known as the Governors Walk follows the Broadkill in central Milton. The Nature Conservancy established a preserve along the river downstream of Milton in 1998. , an annual canoe and kayak race was being held on the river in Milton. Variant names and spellings The United States Board on Geographic Names issued an opinion clarifying "Broadkill River" as the stream's name in 1961. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as: Broad Creek Broad Kill Broad Kill Creek Broadkill Creek Broadkiln Creek Lewis Creek See also List of Delaware rivers Thomas Winsmore (schooner) References Category:Rivers of Delaware Category:Rivers of Sussex County, Delaware Category:Tributaries of Delaware Bay

The Men's -73 kg competition at the 2010 World Judo Championships was held at 11 September at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan. 82 competitors contested for the medals, being split in 4 Pools where the winner advanced to the medal round. Pool A Last 32 fights: Wang Ki-Chun 101 vs. Künter Rothberg 000 Krzysztof Wiłkomirski 100 vs. Edson Madeira 000 Kiyoshi Uematsu 001 vs. David Papaux 000 Nicholas Tritton 000 vs. Nicholas Delpopolo 110 Kristjan Jonsson 100 vs. Samuela Mateiyalona 000 Pool B Last 32 fights: Ali Maloumat 021 vs. Mirali Sharipov 000 Jean Bottieau 020 vs. Abner Waterhouse 000 Yasuhiro Awano 101 vs. Batradz Kaytmazov 000 Dmytro Sheretov 000 vs. Sandor Taraba 100 Emmanuel Nartey 110 vs. Khalifa Al Qubaisi 000 Pool C Last 32 fights: Bang Gui-Man 102 vs. Rinat Ibragimov 000 Volodymyr Soroka 100 vs. Daniel Williams 000 Jia Yitao 000 vs. Hussein Hafiz 100 Nyam Sainjargal 100 vs. Nikola Pejic 000 Pool D Last 32 fights: Dirk Van Tichelt 000 vs. Tomasz Adamiec 100 Sayed Hussaini 000 vs. Renat Mirzaliyev 100 Arslan Nurmuhammedov 000 vs. Michael Eldred 100 Fatos Tabaku 000 vs. Navruz Jurakobilov 101 Repechage Finals References Results External links Official Site Category:2010 World Judo Championships

The Maschsee is an artificial lake situated south of the city centre of Hanover in Germany. Spanning an area of 78 hectares, it is the largest body of water within the capital of Lower Saxony. The lake is a popular recreation area as well as a venue for numerous water sports. Name The name of the lake stems from the so-called “Leinemarsch“, or simply ”Marsch“, meaning swamp. This is the historical description for the area in which the lake was built, that was in a deep-lying floodplain of the River Leine. Construction Design It was first considered to create a lake in the wide river valley of the River Leine near Hanover during the late 19th century. This tied in with the by-then necessary dyking of the River Leine and the River Ihme, which would regularly flood the city after snow melted in the Harz Mountains in spring. The creation of a lake could reduce the threat of high water levels and put the Leine's river valley area to better use. In the course of the decades there were further, very different designs: Small solutions and larger ones, which envisaged the Schützenplatz (shooting range) as an island in the lake. In September 1925 the newly elected city mayor Arthur Menge commissioned Otto Franzius, a water engineer and professor at the Hanover Technical College (now Leibniz University Hannover), to work out the details of the construction of a lake together with the city's building authorities. Franzius was to be responsible for the designing of the hydro-engineering and hydrological elements of the project, while the city authorities, led by Karl Elkart, would handle the urban development aspects. In contrast to the original idea that the lake be dug down into swamp land and then be supplied with water by the Leine, a new proposal emerged to build the Maschsee atop the swamp in a bowl-like structure – raising it higher than the water level of the Leine – and having it be filled using a system of water pumps. This would eradicate the problem of a potential accumulation of mud through flood waters. Franzius created a final design that proved both effective and financially acceptable, whereupon the city authorities provided a grant of 14,000 Reichsmarks in January 1926 toward attempts to seal the basin of the proposed lake. Despite the plans being completed it nevertheless took roughly eight years until the beginning of the 1930s for work to commence. The three main factors behind the creation of an artificial lake in the River Leine’s river valley were: The embankment of the River Ihme’s flood channel The creation of a local recreation area close to the city that provided the opportunity for water sports The elimination of high unemployment levels (1932: 58,000 Hanoverians) through programmes of public works. One factor against construction of the lake was the nearly Bismarck Tower which stood in the centre of the proposed water feature. Here, paramilitary marches took place and it was the site of a book burning in 1933. The landmark was eventually demolished in 1935 during the course of the lake's construction. Job creation In the 1930s, the era of the Great Depression, the city of Hanover lacked the necessary finance for the commencement of the Maschsee project, even though the project had already been planned some ten years earlier. The project was favourable for the Nazi Party that came to power in January 1933 as it would help reduce unemployment levels, which was a central theme of their propaganda. On 28 November 1933 the project was approved at a meeting of the city council. On 21 March 1934 the first ground was broken in the Leine swamp. Despite the unsettled financing of the project, it provided many people with work. Driven by the harshness of the economic situation of the time, they took on tough working conditions and low pay which was barely much higher than unemployment support. During construction fourteen locomotive trains with 365 tipping wagons were used along a 15 km track as well as diggers and five crawler tractors. Many workers though had to supply their own tools. Initially there were 100 people working on the project, but by its completion 1,650 people had been involved to excavate roughly 780,000 square metres of earth to create the lake basin. With the Maschsee project fully completed by early 1936, the official opening took place on 21 May 1936. Hundreds of thousands of Hanoverians and guests looked on from the edge of the lake as the event began with the then-typical trooping of the Nazi Party. In addition some 6,000 sporting persons took part in a rally along with the armed forces and public officials. During World War II the lake was covered up with canvasses and fake landscapes created on floating islands created, in an attempt to confuse Allied bomber pilots of their whereabouts during air raids on Hanover. Water supply The water level loses a maximum of 1.3 centimetres per day through evaporation and water seepage, which equates to 10,000 cubic metres of water. In order to maintain a constant level, a pump station at a series of ponds in Ricklingen provides the Maschsee with a water supply. Its three pumps send water along an pipe to the "source" of the Maschsee. Depending on weather conditions, between 1-2 million m3 of water are required. From November until February no pumping is carried out, so the water level sinks on average 45 cm during this time. Until 1960 the Maschsee's water level was supplied by the "Maschsee Source" pump station. Its pumping and filtering houses were one of the first building projects at the site of the lake to be put into operation in November 1935. The plant is equipped with two pumps which are capable of raising 500 litres of water every second from the River Leine. As the Leine is strongly contaminated with suspended sediment, the usage of this water supply meant that the Maschsee quickly began to silt up. The Hanover city administration therefore decided in 1960 to build the new pump station at the Ricklingen Ponds, in order to supply the lake with groundwater. The old pumping house is only active today if the oxygen content of the water is too low, as this water is supplied to the lake through an open-air three-stage cascading system that raises oxygen levels. It is also put into use during the Maschseefest. Today the old pumping house is used as a club house by the Hanover Sport Club. Leisure activities Maschseefest Every summer the Maschseefest is held over several weeks beside the lake, which draws around two million visitors annually. The event was first staged in 1986 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Maschee's opening. It features musical performances, cabaret, cuisine and firework displays. Boats and ships During the summer months the Hanoverian transport company üstra operates boat trips on the lake using electrically powered vessels. Surrounding the Maschsee are numerous clubs for water sports (most popularly, rowing and sailing). During the year many diverse competitions are held on the lake, including the annual European Dragon Boat Race. Between 1952 and 1989 motor boat competitions were regularly staged on the lake, which saw four world championships contested and ten European champions crowned. Bathing The Maschsee Beach lies at the southern point of the lake. The former city open air pool was handed over by the city to a private investor in 2005. They began construction on an expensive commercial “wellness park“, whereupon the project stalled. In 2007 the investor group Aspria took over and continued the work. In spring 2009 Aspria Hannover opened a private spa and sport club in the buildings of the old public facilities and some newly built premises. Aspria also took over the running of the public bathing area though since 2009 over half of the bathing area is only accessible to members of the private Aspria club. Exercising With its proximity to the centre of Hanover, the Maschsee is a popular recreation area for the city's walkers and joggers. In 2005 a 6 km long route around the lake was mapped out by the German Athletics Association. This track runs along the footpath, closer to the water than the asphalt-coated cycle path. Since 2003 the cycle path has also been open for roller skating usage. Ice activities If the lake freezes in Winter with the thickness of the ice exceeding 13 cm, then the city authorities hoist a flag at the northern shore of the lake to indicate that it is permitted to go onto the ice. In periods of constant cold weather the lake can draw more than 10,000 visitors a day for activities such as ice skating and ice hockey. If the ice thickness reaches 20 cm then stalls can even be erected upon the ice too; this last occurred in 2003. Art works Notable works of art on the northern side of the lake are the red steel "Hellebardier" sculpture by Alexander Calder (1972) as well as the bronze Olympic torchbearer that stands atop an stone column and "Putto on the Fish" that were both created by Hermann Scheuernstuhl (1936). Other sculptures on the eastern side are the "Menschenpaar" by Georg Kolbe (1936–37) and two lion sculptures created by Arno Breker (1938). In 1948 Erich Haberland unveiled his piece "The Swimmer", which stands in the public bathing area. Spanish artist Santiago Sierra caused a sensation in 2005 when he remembered the fact that the Maschsee was built through a Nazi work programme by installing a walk-in room filled with mud at the Kestner Society Art Gallery. A light art project was held around the lake at the start of 2009 under the title "New Moon on the Lake". The display consisted of 22 illuminated pieces that had been created by international artists, which formed the opening of the 2009 Garden Project in Hanover. Accessibility The Maschsee lies close to such other notable places as the New City Hall, the Lower Saxony State Museum, the Sprengel Museum, the AWD-Arena (home of the football club Hannover 96), the main city indoor swimming pool as well as the Lower Saxony broadcasting houses of television channels NDR and ZDF. The lake is directly accessible by using the bus stops at the AWD Arena and the Sprengel Museum. Additional bus and tram stops such as the Aegidientorplatz, Schlägerstraße, Geibelstraße, Altenbekener Damm and Döhren Tower also lie in relatively close proximity to the lake. Numerous foot and cycle paths lead to the Maschsee and follow along its shoreline. The western side of the lake, where the club houses of numerous water sport clubs are situated, is only accessible by foot or cycle as vehicles are not permitted without official permission. References External links The Maschsee at Hanover Tourist Information Description in german, maps and images concerning the Maschsee-Lake Story of the Maschsee public bathing beach Category:Geography of Hanover Category:Lakes of Lower Saxony Category:Reservoirs in Lower Saxony Category:Artificial lakes Category:Rowing venues Category:1936 establishments in Germany Category:Tourist attractions in Hanover

Vič (; ) is a former village in the western part of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It was part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. Name Vič was attested in written sources in 1339 as ze Weyze (and as Veitsch in 1397 and Weitsch in 1406). The origin of the name is uncertain. Possibilities include derivation from the noun *vič 'willow switches' or 'young woods', or from the personal name *Vitъ, referring to an early inhabitant. Less likely possibilities include derivation from bič 'rushes' and Latin vicus 'village'. In the past the German name was Waitsch. History Vič was annexed by the City of Ljubljana in 1935, ending its existence as an independent settlement. In 2010, Vič was heavily affected by floods. Cultural heritage The Two Emperors Street Pavilion () stands at the west end of Two Emperors Street () in the southwest part of Vič. It was built at the initiative of the Ljubljana town hall as a gift by the town's residents to Emperor Francis I, who celebrated his birthday in Ljubljana in 1821 while attending the Congress of Laibach together with Alexander I of Russia. The pavilion is built in the Empire style and is one of the few surviving imperial structures in Ljubljana. The Robežnik Inn, also known as the Žabar Inn, is a U-shaped set of buildings at Vič Street (Viška cesta) nos. 48 and 50 in the historical village center. It consists of living quarters, an inn, and farm buildings. The structures have been adapted to modern use, but architectural elements from the 19th century are preserved. References External links Vič on Geopedia Category:Former settlements in Slovenia

Les Williams (14 September 1923 – 14 April 1998) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Category:1923 births Category:1998 deaths Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:Sydney Swans players

Patricia Fara is a historian of science at the University of Cambridge. She is a graduate of the University of Oxford and did her PhD at the University of London. She is a former Fellow of Darwin College and is an Emeritus Fellow of Clare College where she was previously Director of Studies in the History and Philosophy and Science. Fara was also a College Teaching Officer in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science. From 2016 to 2018 Fara was President of the British Society for the History of Science. In 2016 she became President of the Antiquarian Horological Society. Fara is author of numerous popular books on the history of science and has been a guest on BBC Radio 4's science and history discussion series, In Our Time. Early life and education Fara began her academic career as a physicist but returned to graduate studies as a mature student to specialise in History and Philosophy of Science, completing her PhD thesis at Imperial College, London in 1993. Research and writing Her areas of particular academic interest include the role of portraiture and art in the history of science, science in the 18th century England during the Enlightenment and the role of women in science. She has written about numerous women in science, mathematics, engineering, and medicine including: Hertha Ayrton, Lady Helen Gleichen, Mona Chalmers Watson, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Isabel Emslie Hutton, Flora Murray, Ida Maclean, Marie Stopes, and Martha Annie Whiteley. She has argued for expanded access to childcare as a means of increasing the retention of women in science. She has written and co-authored a number of books for children on science. Fara is also a reviewer of books on history of science. She has written the award-winning Science: A Four Thousand Year History (2009) and Erasmus Darwin: Sex, Science, and Serendipity (2012). Her most recent book is A Lab of One's Own: Science and Suffrage in the First World War" (2017).Bruton, Elizabeth (2018) 'When Suffragettes kicked open the lab door' Nature 10 January 2018 In 2013, Fara published an article in Nature (journal), stressing the fact that biographies of female scientists perpetuate stereotypes. Awards 2011 Dingle Prize, British Society for the History of Science for Science: A Four Thousand Year History (2009) Bibliography Fara, Patricia (2002) An Entertainment for Angels: Electricity in the Enlightenment Icon Books Fara, Patricia (2002) Newton: The Making of Genius Pan-MacMillan Fara, Patricia (2002) Scientists Anonymous: Great Stories of Women in Science. Totem Books. Fara, Patricia (2004) Pandora's Breeches: Women, Science and Power in the Enlightenment Pimlico Books Fara, Patricia (2005) Fatal Attraction: Magnetic Mysteries of the Enlightenment Icon Books Fara, Patricia (2009) Science: A Four Thousand Year History Oxford University Press Broadcasts BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Ada Lovelace' 6 March 2008 BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Vitalism' 28 October 2008. BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Baconian Science' 2 April 2009. BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Calculus' 24 September 2009 BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Women and Enlightenment Science' 4 November 2010. BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Robert Hooke' 18 February 2016. BBC Radio 4 The Forum 'Marie Curie - A Pioneering Life' 19 August 2017 BBC Radio 4 In Our Time 'Rosalind Franklin' 22 February 2018 BBC Radio 4 Science Stories 'Madame Lavoisier's Translation of Oxygen' 21 August 2019. References Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:Alumni of Imperial College London Category:Historians of science Category:British historians Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

South Main Street Historic District may refer to: South Main Street Apartments Historic District, Little Rock, Arkansas, listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Commercial Historic District (Little Rock, Arkansas) South Main Street Residential Historic District (Little Rock, Arkansas), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main and Washington Streets Historic District, Norwalk, Connecticut South Main-South Lee Streets Historic District, Fitzgerald, Georgia South Main Street Historic District (Statesboro, Georgia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Residential Historic District (Statesboro, Georgia) South Main Street Historic District (Watkinsville, Georgia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main and South Elm Streets Historic District, Henderson, Kentucky, listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Versailles, Kentucky), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Walton, Kentucky), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Historic District (Grenada, Mississippi), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Fayette, Missouri), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Joplin, Missouri), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Kernersville, North Carolina), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Geneva, New York) South Main Street Historic District (Mount Morris, New York) South Main Street District (Middletown, Ohio) South Main Street District (Poland, Ohio), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Commercial Historic District (Pendleton, Oregon), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Coventry, Rhode Island) South Main Street Historic District (Woonsocket, Rhode Island) South Main Historic District (Bishopville, South Carolina) South Main Street Historic District (Covington, Tennessee), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Pikeville, Tennessee) listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Fort Worth, Texas) listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Fond du Lac, Wisconsin), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Janesville, Wisconsin), listed on the National Register of Historic Places South Main Street Historic District (Oregon, Wisconsin), listed on the National Register of Historic Places See also South Main Street District (disambiguation) South Main Street Commercial Historic District (disambiguation) South Main Street Residential Historic District (disambiguation) Main Street Historic District (disambiguation) North Main Street Historic District (disambiguation) East Main Street Historic District (disambiguation) West Main Street Historic District (disambiguation)

Sergei Makarov (born June 19, 1964) is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman. Makarov played eight seasons playing with Krylya Sovetov Moscow in the Soviet Championship League. References Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Russian ice hockey defencemen Category:Detroit Falcons (CoHL) players

No Average Angel is the second studio album by American singer Tiffany Giardina. The album was released on January 20, 2009 through 785 Records and sold 2,400 copies in its first week. The singles, "Hurry Up and Save Me" and "No Average Angel" were also included on the Another Cinderella Story soundtrack. Composition Recording sessions began in 2008. When asked about her album, Giardina responded "It’s basically just about being yourself and not being afraid to be who you are." In an interview with "Artist Direct", she talked about the songs on the album, saying "Every song has a different story, experience and vibe to it. I'm so excited for this album to come out. I really got involved in every aspect, from the writing to the artwork. It's very personal for me, and I couldn't be happier with it." She stated that her role-model is Audrey Hepburn. The closest song from the album for Giardina is "Falling Down", stating "The song's about persevering. If you're having a bad day, keep moving forward. If you're falling down, pick yourself back up and move on." When asked why she chose to cover "Eternal Flame" she said "It's one of my favorite songs! I had to do a cover of it. I totally wanted to sing it on the record. The president of my label is really into rock music, and that's one of his favorite songs too. That was everyone's choice for a cover." She also stated that she gets excited when she hears her songs on the radio by saying "The first time I heard 'No Average Angel' on the radio I freaked out. I was driving around blasting it, It's about being yourself, not being afraid to be different. Critical reception "No Average Angel" gained mixed reviews. Amy Sciarretto, from Artist Direct, gave the album 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "On her debut album, the 15-year-old, New York City-reared songstress exudes bucketfuls of sass, tossing her long, curly tendrils and singing in a high pitch that will magnetically attract rebellious tweeners to her music." and "Giardina will certainly appeal to the pre-teen set in a way that Britney Spears no longer can. No Average Angel is a fluffy, frothy collection of bubblegum pop in a day and age where blowing bubbles is still fun!" Farnaz Youshei from Campus Circle gave the album a D- writing "The 16-year-old, whose music has been featured in Another Cinderella Story and Disney's Tinker Bell, sounds like any other Disney-produced teen pop star. It is true that Giardina is not signed to the Disney label, however, it is hard not to notice the similarities between her resonance and those of Disney productions like Miley Cyrus. No Average Angel is just a regular one." Promotion Giardina performed "No Average Angel" at the 2008 UBS Parade Spectacula in Stamford, Connecticut. On January 18, 2009, Giardina had a release party for her album at FYE in Port Chester, New York where she performed some of the songs off the album. A TV commercial aired on Nickelodeon and Disney Channel to promote the album which features a male announcer. She also performed songs from the album at the 2009 Bamboozle in New Jersey. Singles The first single off the album was "Hurry Up and Save Me" and the second was "No Average Angel". Both music videos was shot in New York City. The videos have Tiffany running around New York City. She's clumsy and she runs into people. She finds herself in these weird scenarios. She ends up in Times Square singing to her friends. Both videos were directed by Andrew Bennett. Both singles were also on a miniature EP, also called "No Average Angel". It was only available for a limited edition. It was released November 25, 2008 only at FYE. Track listing Notes Song lengths, writing credits and producing credits taken from the No Average Angel liner notes. The first 1,000 copies of the album includes a DVD with the music videos for "No Average Angel" and "Hurry Up and Save Me". Personnel Credits for No Average Angel adapted from Artist Direct. Tiffany Giardina - Lead Vocals Brian Malouf - Mixing Sean Hurley - Bass Dennis Leeflang - Drums on tracks 3, 7, 10, 13 Mark Eichner - Executive Producer, A&R Jeff Franzel - Composer Jason Lehning - Piano, Fender Rhodes, Engineer, Composer Mike Beck - Organ, Engineer, Producer Beverly "Ruby" Ross - Composer Cynthia Cochrane - Production Coordination Ralph Churchwell - Composer, Producer Antonina Armato - Composer Denise Rich - Composer Julius Edward Dixon - Composer John Deaderick - Piano, Organ (Hammond), Wurlitzer David Mead - Composer Tal Herzberg - Mixing Kathryn Raio - Vocals (Background) Tim Marks - Bass Jimmy Farkas - Guitar Jill Walsh - Composer, Vocals (Background), Producer Kyle Ford - Engineer Tiffany Giardina - Composer Chris Decocco - Engineer James Frazee - Assistant Engineer Anthony Battaglia - Composer David Katz - Composer Ted Jensen - Mastering Charts References External links Missoandfriends.com Blog.scholastic.com Teenmusic.com Category:2009 albums

Roopam Sharma, (born 24 May 1995) is an Indian scientist. He is best known for his work on Manovue, a technology which enables the visually impaired to read printed text. His research interests include Wearable Computing, Mobile Application Development, Human Centered Design, Computer Vision, AI and Cognitive Science. Roopam was recently awarded the Gifted Citizen Prize 2016 and has been listed as one of the top 8 Innovators Under 35 by the MIT Technology Review for the year 2016 in India. Roopam believes that people with passion can change the world for the better. In 2018, he was honoured as part of Asia's 21 Young Leaders Initiative in Manila. Early life, education and research Roopam was born on May 24, 1995 in Faridabad, Haryana, India to Nirmal and Krishna Dutt Sharma. He has a brother Rahul and a sister Priyanka. Roopam comes from a very humble, middle-class family. He is an alumnus of Ryan International School, Faridabad and Modern Vidya Niketan, Faridabad and went on to study Bachelors of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering at Manav Rachna University in Faridabad, Haryana. It wasn’t out of any of his creative desires that he chose Engineering. He and his parents thought that engineering was one career where he would not starve. Roopam began his research and innovation journey during his sophomore year of undergraduate school at Manav Rachna University with a belief that students who worked in research and development in college got better job opportunities but destiny had other plans for him. Roopam's contributions to the society proves that he innovates for the betterment of the society. Inventions Roopam's project Manovue, developed by Eyeluminati, which is the world's first intelligent personal assisting system for the visually impaired. It's an inexpensive technology that does 3 main things: It enables the user to read printed text by simply pointing over the text. It helps them to navigate freely outside well known environment through haptic feedback. It comes with a completely voice controlled mobile phone application and enables the user to use his phone only through his voice. Manovue brings employ ability, Independence and Empowerment to the visually impaired and is meant to replace the braille language, the cane and will open up the smartphone market to the visually impaired. Manovue was awarded as the winner of the Microsoft Imagine Cup 2015 and Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys season 4. He was listed on the MIT Tech Review 35 under 35 list in 2016. Awards and achievements Roopam was recently awarded the Gifted Citizen Prize 2016. Each year the Gifted Citizen Prize is given to the best social entrepreneurship project that has the ability to benefit 10 million people over the next six years. This international prize honors the passions of those that seek to develop real solutions to humanity's most pressing issues. He has also been listed as an innovator under 35 in 2016 by the Technology Review. Each year Technology Review discovers and presents new generations of Innovators Under 35, the young leaders developing hard technologies to solve the major global challenges of today in remarkably different ways and impacting the lives of millions of people around the globe. Roopam was also named as a judge for the Living Talent Masterpiece 2017 and Accenture Innovation Jockeys Season 6. The following is the list of notable awards and achievements received: References and notes External links Category:1995 births Category:Indian philanthropists Category:Inventors Category:Indian humanitarians Category:Living people Category:Indian computer scientists

Robert Patrick Armstrong (born March 7, 1938) is a Canadian lawyer and retired judge. He served on the Court of Appeal for Ontario from 2002 until his retirement in 2013. Before serving on the bench, Armstrong was a partner at Torys and was lead counsel in the Dubin Inquiry on steroid use in Canadian sports. After leaving the bench, Armstrong joined Arbitration Place, a Canadian group specializing in alternative dispute resolution. Early life and career Armstrong was born on March 7, 1938. He was a student at Carleton University, the University of Toronto, and the London School of Economics. He earned his LLB from the University of Toronto Faculty of Law in 1965 and was called to the bar two years later in 1967. Armstrong began practicing law with Kimber, Dubin in Toronto. Armstrong joined Torys in Toronto in 1972, where he would stay until his 2002 appointment to the Ontario Court of Appeal. Armstrong became a partner at Torys in 1973, and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1978. Armstrong was commission counsel in the 1981 Grange Commission on Railway Safety, which was formed to study the 1979 Mississauga train derailment. According to the Los Angeles Times, Armstrong's "tenacious grilling" of witnesses in the Grange Commission bolstered his reputation. Armstrong served as lead counsel for the 1989 Dubin Inquiry, a federal inquiry launched after Ben Johnson's doping scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Armstrong worked with his mentor Justice Charles Dubin, the chair of the inquiry, to guide the testimony of witnesses such as Ben Johnson, Angella Taylor-Issajenko, Charlie Francis about the extent of their anabolic steroid use and how they avoided discovery. The inquiry recommended random, unannounced drug-testing of athletes to deter the use of anabolic steroids. Armstrong has appeared in important cases including the 1995 case of Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto in the Supreme Court of Canada. Armstrong was a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada from 1995 to 2002 and the 56th Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada from 1999 to 2001. He is also a former member of the Board of Regents of the American College of Trial Lawyers, and the former president of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Legal Studies. Ontario Court of Appeal Armstrong was appointed to the Ontario Court of Appeal on January 25, 2002. He was one of the last judges on the Court of Appeal to not have previously held a judicial position, which was previously a widespread practice for federal appointments. In October 2002, Armstrong was awarded a Doctor of Law (LLD) honorary degree by the Law Society of Upper Canada for his contributions to Canadian law. In December 2008, Armstrong wrote the majority decision upholding a lower court's decision that unions cannot force courts to enforce fines it imposes on its members who cross picket lines. Armstrong, with Justice Paul Rouleau concurring, found that the union's constitution created a power imbalance with its members, making it unconscionable for the court to enforce the fines. Armstrong's colleague, Justice Russell G. Juriansz, dissented saying that the imbalance of power had not been abused and the workers were always free to leave the union. The union in the case applied for leave to appeal the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, but the application was dismissed with costs. In February 2009, Armstrong wrote a decision holding that a defendant had correctly been found guilty of criminal harassment even though there was no previous contact and there was only a single incident, unlike the repetitive nature of traditional stalking cases. Armstrong wrote that this was because the defendant's actions – jumping out of a bush at the complainant and chasing her down a street – were "highly threatening and persistent" and had caused the complainant to reasonably fear for her safety. The defendant's application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court was dismissed. In February 2013, Armstrong, supported by the other two Court of Appeal judges hearing the case, dismissed the appeal in R v Fearon. Armstrong wrote that Fearon's right to privacy was not violated because a cellphone without password protection can be searched by police during an arrest without a warrant. Armstrong's decision was appealed to the Supreme Court, which dismissed the appeal in a 4–3 decision in 2014. Armstrong became a supernumerary judge for the court in September 2012, and was replaced as a full-time judge by Peter Lauwers from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. Armstrong retired in March 2013 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Post-judicial career A year after retiring from the Court of Appeal in 2013, Armstrong joined Arbitration Place, a Canadian arbitration firm, as a resident arbitrator and mediator. Armstrong was also a  Distinguished Visiting Jurist for the 2013 – 2014 school year at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law. References External links Court of Appeal for Ontario biography Arbitration Place profile Category:Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada Category:Justices of the Court of Appeal for Ontario Category:Living people Category:1938 births Category:Canadian Queen's Counsel Category:Carleton University alumni Category:University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics

The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the final Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire. Since the Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized by Western Europeans as the legitimate continuation of the ancient Roman Empire due to its emperors having been proclaimed as Roman emperors by the Papacy. Through this Roman legacy, the Holy Roman Emperors claimed to be universal monarchs whose jurisdiction extended beyond their empire's formal borders to all of Christian Europe and beyond. The formation of the first modern sovereign territorial states in the 16th and 17th centuries, which brought with it the idea that jurisdiction corresponded to actual territory governed, threatened the universal nature of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire by the time of the 18th century was widely regarded by contemporaries, both inside and outside the empire, as a highly "irregular" monarchy and "sick", having a "unusual" form of government. The empire lacked both a central standing army and a central treasury and its monarchs, formally elective rather than hereditary, could not exercise effective central control. Even then, most contemporaries believed that the empire could be revived and restored to glory. The Holy Roman Empire did not experience its true terminal decline before its involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Although the empire defended itself quite well initially, war with France and Napoleon proved catastrophic. In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself as the Emperor of the French, which Francis II responded to by proclaiming himself the Emperor of Austria, in addition to already being the Holy Roman Emperor, an attempt at maintaining parity between France and Austria while also illustrating that the Holy Roman title outranked them both. Austria's defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805 and the secession of a large number of Francis II's German vassals in July 1806 to form the Confederation of the Rhine, a French satellite state, effectively meant the end of the Holy Roman Empire. The abdication in August 1806, combined with a dissolution of the entire imperial hierarchy and its institutions, was seen as necessary to prevent the possibility of Napoleon proclaiming himself as Holy Roman Emperor, something which would have reduced Francis II to Napoleon's vassal. Reactions to the empire's dissolution ranged from indifference to despair. The populace of Vienna, capital of the Habsburg Monarchy, were horrified at the loss of the empire. Many of Francis II's former subjects questioned the legality of his actions; though his abdication was agreed to be perfectly legal, the dissolution of the empire and the release of all its vassals were seen as beyond the emperor's authority. As such, many of the empire's princes and subjects refused to accept that the empire was gone, with some commoners going so far as to believe that news of its dissolution was a plot by their local authorities. In Germany, the dissolution was widely compared to the ancient and semi-legendary Fall of Troy and some associated the end of what they perceived to be the Roman Empire with the end times and the apocalypse. Background Ideology of the Holy Roman Empire The defining characteristic of the Holy Roman Empire was the idea that the Holy Roman Emperor represented the leading monarch in Europe and that their empire was the one true continuation of the Roman Empire of Antiquity, through proclamation by the Popes in Rome. It was the firm belief of its emperors that they were the sole genuine emperors in Europe and although they had formally recognized the rulers of Russia as emperors in 1606 and the sultans of the Ottoman Empire as emperors in 1721, these recognitions were conditional on the fact that the Holy Roman Emperor was always pre-eminent. The pre-eminence of the emperor was an expression of the idea that the Holy Roman Empire, theoretically, extended over all Christians in a universal manner. Because the empire at no point ruled over all of Christian Europe, this idea was always an ideal rather than a reality. Imperial authority rested not on the emperor's own crown lands (though there were large crown lands in the 18th and 19th centuries) but on the emperor's role as the highest secular ruler in the world and a champion and advocate of the Catholic Church. The lack of a defined capital and consistent crown lands reinforced the idea that the imperial title was universal as it was not necessarily associated with any one area. Throughout its long existence, the Holy Roman Empire was a central element in international relations in Europe, not only because the empire itself was often one of the most powerful on the continent but also because of the emperor himself. Because the Holy Roman Emperors were the internationally recognized heirs of the old Roman emperors and the foremost Christian rulers, they claimed (and were often granted) precedence over other rulers. Although the emperors had been formally titled as "Elected Roman Emperor" since 1508, when Emperor Maximilian I took the title without the need for a Papal coronation, the universalist character of the empire was sustained through the emperor's feudal authority extending beyond just the institutions that had been developed within the formal imperial borders. Imperial territories held by rulers of other realms remained imperial vassals. For instance, the kings of both Sweden and Denmark accepted vassalage in regards to their German lands until 1806, when these lands were formally incorporated into their kingdoms. The Reformation of the 16th century had made managing the empire more difficult and made its role as "holy" questionable. Despite Lutheranism and Calvinism being tolerated from 1555 and 1648 onwards respectively, Catholicism remained the only recognized faith. Even then, the Imperial Church diminished from the 16th century onwards, only Mainz surviving as a ecclesiastical territory by 1803. The "holy" nature of the empire became even more questionable when the possibility of permanent peace with the Ottoman Empire, widely seen as the mortal enemies of Christian Europe, was accepted through the 1699 Peace of Karlowitz. Both the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire continued to claim their traditional rights of universal jurisdiction into the early modern period, that it was their reight to exercise jurisdiction throughout the entire world, even if they did not have de facto control over particular territories. Conjointly with the Papacy, the Holy Roman Empire represented the recognized centre of the Christian world, and one of the pillars upon which it rested. It was always its influence and its place in the recognized world order that gave the Holy Roman Empire its true power, rather than the actual extent of its territorial domains. One of the greatest threats to the traditional (and theoretical) universal jurisdiction accorded to the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope throughout the Christian world was the emergence of modern sovereign territorial states in the 16th and 17th centuries, which meant the rise of the idea that jurisdiction was the same thing as direct control of territory. To the rulers of territorial states, both the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire represented "universal antagonists", claiming that jurisdiction over all the world was theirs by right through their connection to Ancient Rome and their role as earthly representatives of Jesus Christ. Ambitious emperors, such as Charles V (1519–1556) and Ferdinand II (1619–1637), who sought to combine universal jurisdiction with actual universal temporal rule and universal imperial authority, represented threats to the continued existence of the countries of Europe. The Holy Roman Empire in the 18th century By the 18th century, the contemporary views of the Holy Roman Empire were far from universally positive. There was a widespread idea that the empire was "sick" in some capacity, for instance the bookseller and publisher Johann Heinrich Zedler mentions the "state illnesses of the Holy Roman Empire" in his 1745 Grosses Universal-Lexicon. This view dates back to at least the Peace of Westphalia at the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, where the empire was explicitly defined as not being a nation state. The 17th century historian Samuel von Pufendorf famously described the empire as having a "unusual form of government" and derided it as a "monstrosity", lacking what was required for an effective and functional state. The lack of a standing army, a central treasury, weak central control exercised by a monarch who was elective and not hereditary all contributed to the idea that there was no unified German state. In the view of its contemporaries, the empire had regressed from a "regular" monarchy into a highly irregular one. Although some German romantics and nationalists argued that the empire had to die for Germany to be reborn, a large number of imperial subjects had not given up hope that the "sick" empire might be cured and revived. The first few years of the 19th century saw extensive reorganizations and changes in power within the empire, with the 1801 Peace of Lunéville with France meaning the end of imperial jurisdiction in the Netherlands and Italy, and the rise of powerful German rulers in the north, such as the Kings of Prussia, causing the consolidation of many previously separate imperial vassals and fiefs into the hands of a few rulers. The traditional political hierarchy of the empire was disrupted, but it was not obvious to contemporaries that this was to lead to the empire's downfall, the general view was that it represented a new beginning rather than the last few steps towards an ending. Furthermore, many publicists within the empire did not see its nature as a "irregular" monarchy as something negative and were unconcerned with forming a new political or social order, but rather sought to augment the already present structures to create a better future. The Peace of Westphalia had explicitly designated that the empire was to remain non-aligned and passive and that it was to work to maintain peace in Europe, an arrangement approved of by most of its inhabitants. Despite the widespread idea that the Holy Roman Empire was "sick", the empire was not in terminal decline before its involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars from the 1790s onwards. In the 18th century, imperial institutions were experiencing something akin to a renaissance. The empire represented to safest and best guarantee for the rights of smaller states and territories in a time when Europe was beginning to be dominated by powerful imperial nation states. Because of the weak central government, the constituent territories of the empire could influence their own fates, the central Reichstag decided policy and legislation and allowed the empire to coordinate its response to the threat represented by France and the two separate imperial supreme courts and the imperial circles represented successful venues for resolving inter-imperial conflicts. The Reichstag also worked as a place where weaker imperial princes could work to convince their more powerful counterparts to remain at peace and resolve their differences. Wars with France and Napoleon Austrian war effort and responses Although the forces of the French First Republic overran and occupied the Netherlands in 1792, the Holy Roman Empire was defending itself quite well until Prussia abandoned the war effort to focus its attention on its Polish territories (overseeing the Second and Third Partitions of Poland), taking the resources and military strength of northern Germany with it. Despite the empire's mounting difficulties in the face of the wars with France, there was no large-scale popular unrest within its borders. Instead, the explanation for the end of the Holy Roman Empire lies in the realm of high politics. The empire's defeat in the Revolutionary Wars was the most decisive step in the gradual undermining of the empire. The conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire had begun with the French declaring war on the newly crowned Emperor Francis II of the Habsburg dynasty only in his capacity as the King of Hungary, the fact that much of the wider empire (including influential figures such as the King of Prussia and the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz), however unwilling, joined the conflict on the side of the Habsburgs proves that imperial ideals were still alive by the late 18th century. The key point in which fortunes shifted was Prussia's abandonment of the war effort. Prussia had been the only true counterweight to Austria's influence in the institutions of the empire. Though the western parts of Prussia, such as Brandenburg, remained formal parts of the Holy Roman Empire and the Prussians continued to be represented in the Reichstag, Prussia ceased to compete for influence in imperial affairs. Austria stood alone as the protector of the states in southern Germany, many of which began considering making their own separate peaces with France. When the Austrians learnt that Württemberg and Baden had opened formal negotiations with France, the armies sent by these two states were disbanded and disarmed in 1796, causing resentment against the emperor and, combined with losses to France, suggesting that the Habsburg emperor was no longer capable of protecting his traditional vassals in Germany. In the wake of the wars with France, there was a substantial reorganization of Imperial territory (the so-called Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, supported by Prussia), with the Habsburg Monarchy meaning to compensate those princes who had lost territory in the French wars and effectivize the empire's current semi-feudal structure. Although there were huge territorial changes, notably the almost complete abolition of any church territory and significant territorial gains for Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau, the most important changes were in the empire's electoral college. Salzburg was added as a fourth Catholic elector, while Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Kassel became the fourth, fifth and sixth Protestant electors, given the Protestants a majority for the first time in history and raising doubts whether Emperor Francis II would be able to work together with his Reichstag. Although the Austrian regime spent much time and resources attempting to make the new arrangement work, the general verdict at the time was that the reorganization had essentially killed the empire. Reaction to Napoleon's imperial coronation The head of the French republic, Napoleon, assumed the title "Empire of the French" in 1804. This act received a mixed reaction in the Holy Roman Empire. Although a return to monarchy in France was welcomed (though unfortunate in so far that the monarch was Napoleon), the imperial title (instead of a royal one) was not. In the empire, Napoleon's title raised fears that it might inspire the Russian Emperor to insist that he was equal to the Holy Roman Emperor and might encourage other monarchs, such as George III of the United Kingdom, to also proclaim themselves emperors. The Habsburg diplomat Ludwig von Cobenzl, fearing the consequences of Napoleon's coronation, is quoted as having advised Holy Roman Emperor Francis II that "‘as Roman Emperor, Your Majesty has enjoyed till now precedence ahead of all European potentates, including the Russian emperor". Though Napoleon's imperial title was viewed with distaste, Austrian officials immediately realized that if they were to refuse to accept him as an emperor, war with France would be renewed. Instead, the focus became on how to accept Napoleon as an emperor while still maintaining the pre-eminence of their own emperor and empire. France had officially accepted parity with Austria as a distinct state in 1757, 1797 and 1801 and in the same settlements accepted that the Holy Roman Empire outranked both Austria and France. Thus, it was decided that Austria would be raised to the rank of an empire in order to maintain the parity between Austria and France while still preserving the Roman imperial title as pre-eminent, outranking both. Empire of Austria Francis II proclaimed himself as Emperor of Austria (without the need of a new coronation, as he had already had an imperial coronation) on 11 August 1804, in addition to already being the Holy Roman Emperor. Cobenzl advised that a separate hereditary Austrian title would also allow the Habsburg to maintain parity with other rulers (since the Holy Roman title was viewed by Cobenzl as merely honorific) and ensure elections to the position of Holy Roman Emperor in the future. A myriad of reasons were used to justify the Austrian Empire's creation, including the number of subjects under the Habsburg Monarchy, the vast extent of his crown lands and the long association between the Habsburg family and the elective Holy Roman imperial title. Another important point used to justify its creation was that Francis was, in the traditional sense, the supreme Christian monarch and he was thus entitled to award himself with any dignities he wished. The title "Emperor of Austria" was meant to associate with all of Francis II's personal domains (not just Austria, but also lands such as Bohemia and Hungary), regardless of their current position within or outside the Holy Roman Empire. "Austria" in this sense referred to the dynasty (often officially called the "House of Austria" instead of the "House of Habsburg"), not the geographical location. The title of Holy Roman Emperor remained pre-eminent to both "Emperor of the French" and "Emperor of Austria" as it embodied the traditional ideal of the universal Christian empire. Neither the Austrian nor the French title made claims to govern this universal empire and thus did not disturb the traditional and established world order. The imperial titles of Austria and France were seen as more or less royal titles (as they were hereditary) and in the minds of the Austrians, there still remained only one true empire and one true emperor in Europe. To illustrate this, Francis II's official imperial title read "elected Roman Emperor, ever Augustus, hereditary Emperor of Austria", placing the Austrian title behind the Roman title. Though Napoleon was reluctant to tie his own imperial title to any concessions, he needed recognition from Austria to secure wider recognition and thus agreed to recognize Francis II's new title. Prior to his own coronation, he sent a personal letter of congratulations to Francis. George III of the United Kingdom recognized the new title in October and although Russian Emperor Alexander I objected to Francis "lowering himself to the level of the usurper Napoleon", he recognized the title in November. The only significant objections to Francis II's title were raised by Sweden, who through holding Swedish Pomerania, an Imperial Estate, had a place in the Reichstag. The Swedes saw the title as a "clear breach" of the imperial constitution and, invoking their prerogative as a guarantor of the imperial constitution, demanded a formal debate in the Reichstag, a threat that was neutralized by the other parties of the Reichstag agreeing to an extended summer recesses until November. To defend the title, imperial representatives argued that it did not infringe on the imperial constitution as there were already other examples of dual monarchies within the empire, states such as Prussia and Sweden were not part of the empire, but their possessions within the empire were. Peace of Pressburg The War of the Third Coalition came too soon for Austria, which moved against France in September 1805. Defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, Austria had to accept terms dictated by Napoleon in the Peace of Pressburg (26 December). These created deliberate ambiguities in the imperial constitution. Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg were granted plénitude de la souveraineté (full sovereignty) while remaining a part of the Conféderation Germanique (Germanic Confederation), a novel name for the Holy Roman Empire. Likewise, it was left deliberately unclear whether the Duchy of Cleves, the Duchy of Berg and the County of Mark—imperial territories transferred to Joachim Murat—were to remain imperial fiefs or become part of the French Empire. As late as March 1806, Napoleon was uncertain whether they should remain nominally within the Empire. The Free Imperial Knights, who had survived the attack on their rights in Rittersturm of 1803–04, were subject to a second attack and a spate of annexations by those states allied to Napoleon in November–December 1805. In response, the knights' corporation (corpus equestre) dissolved itself on 20 January 1806. With the dissolution of the Empire, the knights ceased to be either free or imperial and were at the mercy of the newly sovereign states. Contemporaries saw the defeat at Austerlitz as a turning point of world-historical significance. The Peace of Pressburg, too, was perceived as radical shift. It did not affirm previous treaties in the usual way and its wording seemed to raise Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg into equals of the empire while downgrading the latter to a merely German confederation. Nevertheless, Bavaria and Württemberg reaffirmed to the Reichstag that they were subject to imperial law. Some commentators argued that plénitude de la souveraineté was just a French translation of Landeshoheit (the quasi-sovereignty possessed by imperial estates) and the treaty had not altered the relationship between the members and the empire. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine Throughout the first half of 1806, Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg attempted to steer an independent course between the demands of the empire and Napoleon. In April 1806, Napoleon sought a treaty whereby the three states would ally themselves to France in perpetuity while forswearing participation in future Reichskriege (imperial war efforts) and submitting to a commission de méditation under his presidency to resolve their disputes. Despite all of this, they were to remain members of the empire. Württemberg ultimately refused to sign. In June 1806, Napoleon began pressuring Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg for the creation of confédération de la haute Allemagne (Upper German confederation) outside the empire. On 12 July 1806, these three states and thirteen other minor German princes formed the Confederation of the Rhine, effectively a French satellite state. On 1 August, the Reichstag was informed by a French envoy that Napoleon no longer recognized the existence of the Holy Roman Empire and on the same day, nine of the princes who had formed the Confederation of the Rhine issued a proclamation in which they justified their actions by claiming that the Holy Roman Empire had already collapsed and ceased to function due to the defeat in the Battle of Austerlitz. Abdication of Francis II In the face of Napoleon's assumption of the title "Emperor of the French" in 1804 and the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, the Habsburg Monarchy began contemplating whether the imperial title and the empire as a whole were worth defending. Many of the states nominally serving the Holy Roman Emperor, such as Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria, had openly defied imperial authority and sided with Napoleon. Even then, the significance of the empire was not based on actual control of resources, but on prestige. The main idea behind Francis II's actions in 1806 was to lay the groundwork needed to avoid additional future wars with Napoleon and France. One concern held by the Habsburg Monarchy was that Napoleon might aspire to claim the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Napoleon was attracted to Charlemagne's legacy; replicas of Charlemagne's crown and sword had been made for (but not used during) Napoleon's coronation as Emperor of the French and he conciously revived Roman imperial symbols and aspired to create a new order in Europe, something akin to the universal dominion implicit in the title of Emperor of the Romans. Napoleon's vision of Charlemagne was completely different from the German vision of the old emperor, however. Instead of seeing Charlemagne as a German king, Napoleon viewed him as a Frankish conqueror who had extended French rule across Central Europe and Italy, something Napoleon aspired to accomplish as well. Despite his fixation on Charlemagne, there is no evidence that Napoleon aspired to become Holy Roman Emperor. Austria was slow to respond to the fast pace of events. Already on the 17 June, Francis had taken the decision to abdicate at the moment that seemed best for Austria. Klemens von Metternich was sent on a mission to Paris to discern Napoleon's intentions. On 22 July, Napoleon made them clear in an ultimatum demanding that Francis abdicated by 10 August. Still, as late as 2 August, Joseph Haas, the head of the principal commission's secretariat, hoped that the end of the Holy Roman Empire might yet be averted. The general opinion among the Austrian high command was however that abdication was inevitable and that it should be combined with a dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire through relieving the vassals of the emperor of their duties and obligations. A formal dissolution of the empire was perceived as necessary, as it would prevent Napoleon from acquiring the imperial title. During an interregnum, the two imperial vicars Saxony and Bavaria would be entitled to exercise imperial authority and since both were aligned with Napoleon, such an arrangement could cause an abdicated Francis (as only Emperor of Austria) to become a vassal of Napoleon (as Holy Roman Emperor). More crucially, the abdication was also intended to buy time for Austria to recover from its losses as it was assumed that France would meet it with some concessions. Although the Roman title and the tradition of a universal Christian monarchy were still considered prestigious and a worthy heritage, they were now also considered things of the past. With the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, Francis II could focus his attention on the continued rise and prosperity of his new hereditary empire, as Emperor Francis I of Austria. On the morning of 6 August 1806, the imperial herald of the Holy Roman Empire rode from the Hofburg to the Jesuit Church of the Nine Choirs of Angels (both being located in Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Monarchy), where he delivered Francis II's official proclamation from a balcony overlooking a large square. Written copies of the proclamation were dispatched to the diplomats of the Habsburg monarchy on 11 August alongside a note which informed former princes of the empire that Austria would compensate those who had been paid from the imperial treasury. The abdication did not acknowledge the French ultimatum, but stressed the interpretation of the Peace of Pressburg by the imperial estates made it impossible for Francis to fulfill the obligations he had undertaken in his electoral capitulation. Holy Roman Emperors had abdicated before—the most notable example being the abdication of Charles V in 1558—but Francis II's abdication was unique. While previous abdications had returned the imperial crown to the electors so that they may proclaim a new emperor, Francis II's abdication simultaneously dissolved the empire itself so that there were no more electors. Aftermath Reactions The passing of the Holy Roman Empire, an institution which had lasted for just over a thousand years, did not pass unnoticed or unlamented. The dissolution of the empire sent shockwaves through Germany, with most of the reactions within the former imperial boundaries were reactions of rage, grief or shame. Even the signatories of the Confederation of the Rhine were outraged; the Bavarian emissary to the imperial diet, Rechberg, stated that he was "furious" due to having "put his signature to the destruction of the German name", referring to his state's involvement in the confederation, which had effectively doomed the empire. From a legal standpoint, Francis II's abdication was controversial. Contemporary legal commentators agreed that the abdication itself was perfectly legal but that the emperor did not have the authority to dissolve the empire. As such, several of the empire's vassals refused to recognize that the empire had ended. As late as October 1806, farmers in Thuringia refused to accept the end of the empire, believing its dissolution to be a plot by the local authorities. For many of the people within the former empire, its collapse made them uncertain and fearful of their future, and the future of Germany itself. Contemporary reports from Vienna describe the dissolution of the empire as "incomprehensible" and the general public's reaction as one of horror. In contrast to the fears of the general public, many contemporary intellectuals and artists saw Napoleon as a herald of a new age, rather than a destroyer of an old order. The popular idea forwarded by German nationalists was that the final collapse of the Holy Roman Empire freed Germany from the somewhat anachronistic ideas rooted in a fading ideal of universal Christianity and paved the way for the country's unification as the German Empire, a nation state, 65 years later. German historian Helmut Rössler has argued that Francis II and the Austrians fought to save the largely ungrateful Germany from the forces of Napoleon, only withdrawing and abandoning the empire when most of Germany betrayed them and joined Napoleon. Indeed, the assumption of a separate Austrian imperial title in 1804 did not mean that Francis II had any intentions to abdicate his prestigious position as the Roman emperor, the idea only began to be considered as circumstances beyond Habsburg control forced decisive actions to be taken. Compounded with fears of what now guaranteed the safety of many of the smaller German states, the poet Christoph Martin Wieland lamented that Germany had now fallen into an "apocalyptic time" and stating "Who can bear this disgrace, which weighs down upon a nation which was once so glorious?—may God improve things, if it is still possible to improve them!". To some, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was seen as the final end of the ancient Roman Empire. In the words of Christian Gottlob von Voigt, a minister in Weimar, "if poetry can go hand in hand with politics, then the abdication of the imperial dignity offers a wealth of material. The Roman Empire now takes its place in the sequence of vanquished empires". In the words of the English historian James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce in his 1864 work on the Holy Roman Empire, the empire was the "oldest political institution in the world" and the same institution as the one founded by Augustus in 27 BC. Writing of the empire, Bryce stated that "nothing else so directly linked the old world to the new—nothing else displayed so many strange contrasts of the present and the past, and summed up in those contrasts so much of European history". When confronted by the fall and collapse of their empire, many contemporaries employed the catastrophic fall of ancient Troy as a metaphor, due to its association with the notion of total destruction and the end of a culture. The image of the apocalypse was also frequently used, associating the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire with an impending end of the world (echoing medieval legends of a Last Roman Emperor, a figure prophesized to be active during the end times). Protests and criticism against the empire's dissolution was typically censored, especially in the French-administrated Confederation of the Rhine. Among the aspects most criticized by the general populace was the removal or replacement of the traditional intercessions for the empire and emperor in the daily church prayers throughout former imperial territory. Suppression from France, combined with individual examples of sensational retribution against pro-empire advocates ensured that these protests soon died down. In an official capacity, Prussia's response was only formulaic expressions of regret owing to the "termination of an honourable bond hallowed by time". Prussia's representative to the Reichstag, Baron Görtz, reacted with sadness, mixed with gratitude and affection for the House of Habsburg and their former role as emperors. Görtz had taken part as an electoral emissary of the Electorate of Brandenburg (Prussia's territory within the formal imperial borders) in 1792, at the election of Francis II as Holy Roman Emperor, and exclaimed that "So the emperor whom I helped elect was the last emperor!—This step was no doubt to be expected, but that does not make its reality any less moving and crushing. It cuts off the last thread of hope to which one tried to cling". Baron von Wiessenberg, the Austrian envoy to the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel, reported that the local elector, William I, had teared up and expressed lament at the loss of "a constitution to which Germany had for so long owed its happiness and freedom". Internationally, the empire's demise was met with mixed or indifferent reactions. Alexander I of Russia offered no response and Christian VII of Denmark formally incorporated his German lands into his kingdoms a few months after the empire's dissolution. Gustav IV of Sweden (who notably hadn't recognized the separate imperial title of Austria yet) issued a somewhat provocative proclamation to the denizens of his German lands (Swedish Pomerania and Bremen-Verden) on 22 August 1806, stating that the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire "would not destroy the German nation" and expressed hopes that the empire might be revived. The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was constituted by Francis II's own personal abdication of the title and the release of all vassals and imperial states from their obligations and duties to the emperor. The title of Holy Roman Emperor (theoretically the same title as Roman emperor) and the Holy Roman Empire itself as an idea and institution (the theoretically universally sovereign imperium) were never technically abolished. The continued existence of an universal empire, though without defined territory and lacking an emperor, was sometimes referenced in the titles of other later monarchs. For instance, the Savoyard Kings of Italy continued to claim the title "Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire (in Italy)" (a title originating from an 14th-century imperial grant from Emperor Charles IV to their ancestor Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy) until the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946. Successor empires In the Austrian Empire, the Habsburg dynasty continued to act as a substitute for nationality, the Austrian imperial title was not (unlike for instance the French or Russian imperial titles) associated with any nationality in particular. Though the German vassals of the Holy Roman Empire had been released from their obligations, Francis II and his successors continued to rule a large German-speaking population and the Holy Roman imperial regalia continued to be kept within their domains (and are to this day stored and displayed at the Imperial Treasury at the Hofburg in Vienna). The dynasty retained its prominent status among the royal families of Europe and were in the eyes of many of their subjects still the only true imperial family. Although the new Austrian Empire lacked many of the key elements of the Holy Roman Empire, it remained close in practice and ideals to the pre-1806 empire. In the aftermath of Francis II's abdication, the new Austrian Empire took steps to distance itself from the older empire. The symbols and formal titles of the Austrian monarchy were altered to stress Austria as a distinct entity. Because the term Kaiserthum Osterreich (Austrian Empire) had entered everyday speech, the monarchy soon dropped the original prefix "hereditary", which had been used from 1804 to 1806 to stress the difference between Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. In addition to the Austrian Empire (and France under Napoleon), the most prominent potential claimant to the Holy Roman Empire's legacy (in the sense of ruling Germany) in the wake of its collapse and dissolution was the Kingdom of Prussia, ruled by the House of Hohenzollern. Alongside, the growing crown lands of the Habsburgs, Prussia represented the sole major power in Central Europe during the last century or so of Holy Roman imperial rule. It was frequently rumored that the Prussians had imperial ambitions and Frederick II of Prussia was a rumored candidate to the position of Holy Roman Emperor in 1740. Frederick II, and other Prussian kings, dismissed these ideas while they remained under imperial rule, arguing that additional territory and power would be more beneficial than the imperial title. In 1795 and again in 1803 and 1804, French representatives suggested that Prussia might convert its northern German territories into an empire, but the Hohenzollerns were not interested in going through with such a plan. Though the Prussian rulers and their officials expressed sorrow at the collapsing state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1792 onwards, they were also critical to nostalgia for Germany's history under imperial rule. The Prussians viewed the survival chances of the Holy Roman Empire as very low and saw the French as the true successors of the ancient Carolingians, an enemy which they believed could not be defeated by the normal military means. The reluctance of the Hohenzollerns to assume an imperial title shifted in 1806 as they feared that with the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon might aspire to claim the hypothetical position of "Emperor of Germany". Though preparations were made to create a "imperial union" in northern Germany, with an emperor of the Hohenzollern dynasty, these plans were dropped in September of 1806 after they found little support and Emperor Alexander I of Russia objected to the plans. Because the Hohenzollerns lacked imperial ancestry they did not see themselves as an imperial dynasty and even after Napoleon's ultimate defeats in 1813 and 1815, their position changed little. Although Germany was united into the German Empire in 1871, under the Hohenzollern emperor Wilhelm I, the proclamation of the new empire was ideologically problematic and the Hohenzollerns found themselves mostly ill-at-ease with its implications. Attempts were made to associate the German Empire with the institutions of the Holy Roman Empire, but its emperors continued to enumerate themselves after the Kings of Prussia; Emperor Frederick III (1888) was enumerated after his predecessor as king, Frederick II, not after the previous imperial Frederick (Emperor Frederick III of the 15th century, the new Frederick would then have been Frederick IV). Despite the Holy Roman Empire ultimately failing in preventing war with France, the late empire's nominal role as working for peace and forming a loose sort of hegemony and partnership offered an alternative to both the universal monarchy of Napoleon's French Empire and the universal republic advocated for by Revolutionary France and it served as a model for future constitutions for international bodies and organizations. References Citations Bibliography External links Abdication of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor on Wikisource Category:Dissolutions of empires Category:Napoleonic Wars Category:August 1806 events

Knockainey is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in Knockainey, County Limerick, Ireland. The club, founded in 1947, fields teams in both hurling and Gaelic football. Overview Honours Limerick Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2001 Notable players Tommy Cooke External sources Limerick Club Information Category:Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Limerick Category:Hurling clubs in County Limerick Category:Gaelic football clubs in County Limerick

Corte de' Cortesi con Cignone (Cremunés: ) is a comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy, northern Italy. The town has a parish church dedicated to San Giacomo e Filippo. References

Telesphere is a nationwide Unified Communications as a Service provider for businesses. In 2003 Telesphere began providing highly secure cloud based voice and data services over a private IP MPLS network to mid and large enterprises throughout the United States and now also in Europe. Telesphere provides Hosted VoIP, Managed Video Bridging, MPLS Network Services, Private SIP Trunking, Mobile Integration and many other Cloud Communications services. Services are available regardless of the geographic location throughout out the United States. History Telesphere was founded in 2000 and is backed and operated by investors who were affiliated with Cellular One/AT&T Wireless, Nextel, Nextlink, XO Communications, and Clearwire, drawing talent from telecom industry veterans with successful track records. In September 2009, Telesphere acquired the VoIP services business of Denver-based IP services provider Unity Business Networks. From mid-2008 through mid-2010, Telesphere raised more capital than any other venture backed privately held company in Arizona. Funding has featured several premier telecommunications investors including: Rally Capital, Hawkeye Investments and the Greenspun Corporation. Telesphere agreed to be acquired by Vonage for $114 million in November 2014. Current customers and sponsors Telesphere currently supports customers across the US, Canada, and Europe. Telesphere is active with national charities, including the American Red Cross, Make-a-Wish Foundation, Southwest Human Development’s Adapt Shop, and the American Lung Association. Community involvement is multi-faceted, taking place at all levels of the organization. Telesphere actively participates in a Lunch Buddy Mentoring Program with Big Brothers Big Sisters; Making Strides; American Society Run/Walk; Make-a-Wish 5k Run; and, numerous other philanthropic events across the nation. Awards Telesphere Ranked No. 1 UCaaS Provider by Wainhouse Research’s ‘BroadSoft Provider Power Rankings–2014 Telesphere Honored as One of the State’s Top 50 Largest Private Companies at Arizona Corporate Excellence Awards Night Telesphere Recognized as a Challenger in Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS) in 2014 Gartner Magic Quadrant Telesphere Recognized as Inc. 500/5000 Fast-Growing Company Telesphere selected as one of the Top Companies to Work for in Arizona Telesphere Receives 2014 Unified Communications Product of the Year Award TMC's Internet Telephony Magazine - 2013 Unified Communications Award Deloitte - Technology Fast 500 Award Inc 500/5000 - Inc 5000 Fastest Growing companies in the US (3rd year in a row) Scottsdale Chamber of Commerce - 2013 Sterling Award Winner BestCompaniesAZ.com 2014 Arizona's Most Admired Companies Winner Cloud Communications Alliance Telesphere is one of 23 technology companies that make up the Cloud Communications Alliance. Clark Peterson, CEO of Telesphere, is the first and current chairman of the Cloud Communications Alliance. References Category:Internet service providers of the United States Category:VoIP companies of the United States Category:Vonage

A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. There is no standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is "Unix-like". The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs' Unix or designed to emulate its features, commercial and proprietary work-alikes, and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code (which may be sufficiently "Unix-like" to pass certification and bear the "UNIX" trademark). Definition The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the Single UNIX Specification, with the "UNIX" name being used as a certification mark. They do not approve of the construction "Unix-like", and consider it a misuse of their trademark. Their guidelines require "UNIX" to be presented in uppercase or otherwise distinguished from the surrounding text, strongly encourage using it as a branding adjective for a generic word such as "system", and discourage its use in hyphenated phrases. Other parties frequently treat "Unix" as a genericized trademark. Some add a wildcard character to the name to make an abbreviation like "Un*x" or "*nix", since Unix-like systems often have Unix-like names such as AIX, A/UX, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, Minix, Ultrix, Xenix, Xinu, and XNU. These patterns do not literally match many system names, but are still generally recognized to refer to any UNIX system, descendant, or work-alike, even those with completely dissimilar names such as Darwin/macOS, illumos/Solaris or FreeBSD. In 2007, Wayne R. Gray sued to dispute the status of UNIX as a trademark, but lost his case, and lost again on appeal, with the court upholding the trademark and its ownership. History "Unix-like" systems started to appear in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many proprietary versions, such as Idris (1978), UNOS (1982), Coherent (1983), and UniFlex (1985), aimed to provide businesses with the functionality available to academic users of UNIX. When AT&T allowed relatively inexpensive commercial binary sub-licensing of UNIX in 1979, a variety of proprietary systems were developed based on it, including AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, SunOS, Tru64, Ultrix, and Xenix. These largely displaced the proprietary clones. Growing incompatibility among these systems led to the creation of interoperability standards, including POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. Various free, low-cost, and unrestricted substitutes for UNIX emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, including 4.4BSD, Linux, and Minix. Some of these have in turn been the basis for commercial "Unix-like" systems, such as BSD/OS and macOS. Several versions of (Mac) OS X/macOS running on Intel-based Mac computers have been certified under the Single UNIX Specification. The BSD variants are descendants of UNIX developed by the University of California at Berkeley with UNIX source code from Bell Labs. However, the BSD code base has evolved since then, replacing all of the AT&T code. Since the BSD variants are not certified as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification, they are referred to as "UNIX-like" rather than "UNIX". Categories Dennis Ritchie, one of the original creators of Unix, expressed his opinion that Unix-like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems. Eric S. Raymond and Rob Landley have suggested that there are three kinds of Unix-like systems: Genetic UNIX Those systems with a historical connection to the AT&T codebase. Most commercial UNIX systems fall into this category. So do the BSD systems, which are descendants of work done at the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some of these systems have no original AT&T code but can still trace their ancestry to AT&T designs. Trademark or branded UNIX These systemslargely commercial in naturehave been determined by the Open Group to meet the Single UNIX Specification and are allowed to carry the UNIX name. Most such systems are commercial derivatives of the System V code base in one form or another, although Apple macOS 10.5 and later is a BSD variant that has been certified, EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux distributions that have been certified, and a few other systems (such as IBM z/OS) earned the trademark through a POSIX compatibility layer and are not otherwise inherently Unix systems. Many ancient UNIX systems no longer meet this definition. Functional UNIX Broadly, any Unix-like system that behaves in a manner roughly consistent with the UNIX specification, including having a "program which manages your login and command line sessions"; more specifically, this can refer to systems such as Linux or Minix that behave similarly to a UNIX system but have no genetic or trademark connection to the AT&T code base. Most free/open-source implementations of the UNIX design, whether genetic UNIX or not, fall into the restricted definition of this third category due to the expense of obtaining Open Group certification, which costs thousands of dollars for commercial closed source systems. Around 2001, Linux was given the opportunity to get a certification including free help from the POSIX chair Andrew Josey for the symbolic price of one dollar. There have been some activities to make Linux POSIX-compliant, with Josey having prepared a list of differences between the POSIX standard and the Linux Standard Base specification, but in August 2005, this project was shut down because of missing interest at the LSB work group. Compatibility layers Some non-Unix-like operating systems provide a Unix-like compatibility layer, with varying degrees of Unix-like functionality. IBM z/OS's UNIX System Services is sufficiently complete as to be certified as trademark UNIX. Cygwin and MSYS both provide a GNU environment on top of the Microsoft Windows user API, sufficient for most common open source software to be compiled and run. The MKS Toolkit and UWIN are comprehensive interoperability tools which allow the porting of Unix programs to Windows. Windows NT-type systems have a POSIX environmental subsystem. Subsystem for Unix-based Applications (previously Interix) provides Unix-like functionality as a Windows NT subsystem (discontinued). Windows Subsystem for Linux provides a Linux-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft and containing no Linux code, with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it. Other means of Windows-Unix interoperability include: The above Windows packages can be used with various X servers for Windows Hummingbird Connectivity provides several ways for Windows machines to connect to Unix and Linux machines, from terminal emulators to X clients and servers, and others The Windows Resource Kits for versions of Windows NT include a Bourne Shell, some command-line tools, and a version of Perl Hamilton C shell is a version of csh written specifically for Windows. See also Berkeley Software Distribution Linux distribution List of Linux distributions List of Unix commands List of operating systems References External links Unix-like Definition, by The Linux Information Project (LINFO) UNIX history a history time line graph of most UNIX and Unix-like systems by Éric Lévénez Category:Unix Category:Operating system families

van der Vleuten is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Jos van der Vleuten (1943–2011), Dutch cyclist Maarten van der Vleuten (born 1967), Dutch record producer Category:Surnames of Dutch origin

The 1912 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1912 college football season. In their 13th year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 4–3 record (2–2 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 87 to 38. Schedule References Minnesota Category:Minnesota Golden Gophers football seasons Minnesota Golden Gophers football

Hannah Monson (born 21 April 1992) is an Australian actress best known for her role as Kirstie Darrow in the ABC drama, Glitch. Filmography References External links Category:Living people Category:1992 births Category:Australian film actresses Category:Australian television actresses Category:21st-century Australian actresses

This is a list of words, terms, concepts, and slogans that have been or are used by the German military. Ranks and translations of nicknames for vehicles are included. Also included are some general terms from the German language found frequently in military jargon. Some terms are from the general German cultural background, others are given to show a change that was made before or after the Nazi era. Some factories that were the primary producers of military equipment, especially tanks, are also given. Glossary A A-Stand – forward defensive gunner's position on aircraft. abgeschossen – shot down; destroyed by means of firing. Abschnitt – sector, district. Ablösungsdivision – relief division (1917), later renamed Eingreif division (intervention division). Abteilung (Abt.) – a battalion-sized unit of armor, artillery or cavalry; in other contexts a detachment or section. Abteilungsarzt – battalion physician Abteilungschef – battalion commander in artillery and cavalry formations Abteilungsführer – substitute battalion commander in artillery and cavalry formations Abteilungsveterinär – battalion veterinarian Abwehr – "defense"; as a shortening of Spionage Abwehr (spy defense) the term referred to the counter-espionage service (German Secret Service) of the German High Command, headed by Admiral Canaris. Also an element in such compounds as Fliegerabwehr-Kanone "anti-aircraft gun." Abzeichen – insignia; badge of rank, appointment or distinction. Adlerangriff – "Eagle Attack"; term for projected "decisive attack" by the Luftwaffe on RAF Fighter Command under the direction of Hermann Göring, instituted to gain control of the skies from the Royal Air Force and soften Britain for the impending invasion forces planned in Operation Seelöwe (Sea Lion). These attacks ultimately failed and the air campaign is now known in the anglophone world as the Battle of Britain. Afrika Korps – the elite German mechanized force commanded by Erwin Rommel, known as the "Wüstenfuchs" (en: Desert Fox), which performed exemplary in Hitler's North African campaigns between 1941-1943. Allied efforts to defeat Rommel were high and many historians believe that had Rommel convinced Hitler to provide him with three additional divisions of tanks, he very well could have gained command of the Suez Canal in early 1942 and cut off the vast supplies being sent from America to the Soviet Union via the Persian Gulf. In the end, the Afrika Korps was defeated by combined offensives from the British and Americans. Aggregat 4 (A4) – original name of the German V2 rocket. AGRU-Front – Technische Ausbildungsgruppe für Front U-Boote – technical training group for front-line U-boats. AK – Alle Kraft (voraus), naval command for flank speed. Also "Äusserste Kraft!" Aal – "eel"; slang for torpedo. "Alarm!" – U-boat order to activate the alarm and begin a crash dive. Also "Fire!", "Air raid!" for Luftwaffe fighter pilots, etc. Alarmtauchen – crash dive. "Alle Maschinen stop!" – naval command: "Stop all engines". "Alle Mann von Bord!" – naval command; "All hands, abandon ship!" Allgemeine SS – "General SS", general main body of the Schutzstaffel made up of the full-time administrative, security, intelligence and police branches of the SS as well as the broader part-time membership that turned out for parades, rallies and "street actions" such as Kristallnacht; also comprised reserve and honorary members. Alte Hasen – "Old hares"; slang for military veterans who survived front-line hardships. Amerika Bomber – A spring 1942 aviation contract competition for a Luftwaffe trans-oceanic range strategic bomber, only resulting in a few completed prototype aircraft from two firms, and many advanced designs that mostly remained on paper. Ami – German slang for an American soldier. Anton – German spelling alphabet for A equivalent to Alpha (e.g. Case Anton) Ärmelband – cuff title. Worn on the left sleeve, the title contains the name of the wearer's unit or a campaign they are part of. Cuff titles are still used in the German Army and Luftwaffe. Amt – office, main office branch. Amt Mil – German Army intelligence organization that succeeded the Abwehr. Amtsgruppe Allgemeine Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten (Office of General Military Affairs) – Department of the OKW responsible for general military affairs. in 1938-39, this office was called the Wehrwirtschaftsstab (Military Economics Staff). Angriff – attack. Angriffsmuster – attack pattern. Angriffsziel – attack objective. Ansatz (attack) – First World War military term, used in National Socialist vocabulary in the same ways as the word Einsatz, though less frequently; one referred to bringing a piece of equipment, troops or a weapon "zum Ansatz" (into attack, or play). Anschluss – unification of Austria and Germany Armee – army, typically a numbered army. Armeeabteilung – command between a corps and an army, an enlarged corps headquarters. Armeekorps – infantry corps. Armee-Nachrichten-Führer – army signals officer, served on the staff HQ of an army. Armeeoberkommando – field army command. Armee-Pionier-Führer – army engineer officer, served on the staff HQ of an army. Armee-Sanitäts-Abteilung – army medical unit. Artillerie (Art.) – artillery. Atomwaffe – nuclear weapon. Atomkrieg – nuclear war. Aufbau Ost (Buildup East) – code name for the preparatory measures taken amid great secrecy for the attack on the Soviet Union, now known as Operation Barbarossa. aufgelöst – "dissolved"; disbanded, written off the order of battle. Aufklärung – reconnaissance. Aufklärungs-Abteilung – reconnaissance unit or battalion, also used to designate certain battalion-sized units. Aufklärungsgruppe (Aufkl.Gr., later AGr) – "Reconnaissance group", an aerial recon group of the Luftwaffe, e.g. Aufklärungsgruppe 11. "Auftauchen!" – "surface the boat". Auftragstaktik – mission-type tactics, the central component of German warfare since the 19th century Aus der Traum – "It's over!", "It's finished!", literally, "The dream is over"; a common German phrase for dashed hopes and a slogan painted by German soldiers near the end of the war expressing the inevitability of their situation. Ausführung (Ausf.) – version, model, variant, batch, for non-aviation related vehicles and ordnance. Ausführung!/Ausführen! – command to execute a given order ausgefallen – statement that equipment is down, has failed, is out of action. Ausrüstung – equipment Ausschreitungen – bloody atrocities (see Greuelerzählungen). Auszeichnung – medal, accolade, distinction. außer Dienst (a.D.) – retired (literally: out of service) B B-Stand – Dorsal (top of fuselage) defensive gunner's position on aircraft. Backbord (Bb) – Port side of a ship. Balkenkreuz – equal-armed black cross flanked in white, the emblem used on German Empire and Third Reich military aircraft and vehicles from March/April 1918 until V-E Day Banditen – bandits, partisans in occupied territories in World War II; bewaffnete Banden – armed gangs; Soldaten in Zivilkleidung – soldiers in civilian dress; (see Franktireure). Bandengebiet – territory controlled by partisan squads in occupied territories during World War II. Barbarossa (Red Beard) – code name for the massive Nazi attack against the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) which began during June 1941 and failed miserably in the end despite early success. Operation Barbarossa is the English rendering of the German "Unternehmen Barbarossa." Barbarossa or `Redbeard' (Frederick I) lived from 1123 AD to 1190 and was both King of Germany and Holy Roman emperor from 1152–90. He made a sustained attempt to subdue Italy and the papacy, but was eventually defeated at the battle of Legnano in 1176. He was drowned in Asia Minor while on his way to the Third Crusade. Nonetheless, German superstition holds to this day and certainly was evoked by Hitler at the time, that Barbarossa rests in a mountain in Germany awaiting the moment to emerge and save Germany from certain defeat and to establish German ascendancy. Bataillon (Btl.) – battalion Bataillonsadjutant – battalion adjutant Bataillonsarzt – battalion physician Bataillonsführer – substitute battalion commander Bataillonskommandeur – battalion commander Bataillonsveterinär – battalion veterinarian Batterie (Bttr.) – battery, artillery piece; also used for an electrical battery. sometimes also called Akkumulator, abbreviated as Akku. Batteriechef – battery commander Batterieführer – substitute battery commander Batterieoffizier – gun position officer Baubelehrung – vessel familiarization; when a boat or ship crew studied the construction of a new vessel; see "KLA." Baubeschreibung – general arrangement drawing sheet, giving basic dimensions and other measurement & physical parameters (materials, dihedral angles, etc.), of either German front line; or Beute/"captured" Allied aircraft, in World War I. The same term was used in the Third Reich era for more comprehensive, multi-page technical document works for factory proposals concerning combat aircraft designs to the RLM and Luftwaffe. Baupionier – army construction engineer. B-Dienst – Beobachtungsdienst, literally, "observation service"; German Navy cryptanalytical department. BDM Bund Deutscher Mädel – League of German Girls, the girls' segment of the Hitler Youth. B. d. U. – Befehlshaber der U-Boote – Commander-in-Chief of the U-boats (Admiral Karl Dönitz); see FdU. Befehl (pl. Befehle) – order, command. "Zu Befehl!" was an affirmative phrase on par with "Jawohl". Befehlshaber – commander-in-chief; lit. "one who has (the power to issue) commands." Sometimes also used to refer to the headquarters of a C-in-C as an alternative to Hauptquartier. Benzin – gasoline, petrol. Benzintank – fuel tank. Beobachter – artillery or air observer Beobachtungsoffizier – Artillery observer Beobachtungswagen – observation or reconnaissance vehicle. Bereitschaft – readiness. Bergepanzer – armoured recovery vehicle. Berlin radar – most advanced airborne intercept radar of the WW II Luftwaffe in 1944-45, based on captured cavity magnetron technology, operated on SHF-band 3.3 GHz frequency Beschlagschmied – blacksmith; see Hufbeschlagschmied. Betriebstoff – fuel. Beutepanzer – captured tank or armoured vehicle. Bewährungseinheit – probationary unit. BK – Bordkanone. heavy-calibre (usually over 30 mm) cannon for offensive use on aircraft. Blasen – U-boat order; "Blow the tanks!" Blechkoller – "tin fright"; in U-boats, a form of nervous tension that could be caused by depth charge attacks and resulted in violence or hysteria. Blechkrawatte – "tin necktie," slang for the Knight's Cross Blitzkrieg – "lightning war"; not a widely used German military term, this word became popular in the Allied press and initially referred to fast-moving battle tactics developed principally by German military theorists, most notably Erwin Rommel, Heinz Guderian, and Erich von Manstein, using massed tanks and ground-attack bombers to speedily penetrate enemy lines at points and move to their rear, causing confusion and panic among enemy forces. Blaukreuz – chemical warfare agent consisting of arsenic compounds, respiratory poison Bola – contraction of Bodenlafette, a lightly armoured casemate-style of bulged ventral defensive gunner's position, using only flexible (unturreted) weapon mounts, a common fitment on German bomber aircraft designs, usually under the nose. Bomber B – the abortive World War II-era aviation contract competition meant to replace all previous Luftwaffe medium bombers with a single design, meant to be used for all but the longest-range missions, and function as a combination of medium and heavy bomber, and meant to be powered by a pair of high-output aviation piston engines such as the Junkers Jumo 222. Brotbeutel – haversack Brücke – bridge. Can mean either the road structure or a ship's command center, also the supporting framework that existed below the bird-like monoplane wings of the earlier examples of the Etrich Taube before World War I. Brückenleger – bridgelayer. Brummbär – "grumbling bear"; a children's word for "bear" in German. It was the nickname for a heavy mobile artillery piece. Bundes – federal. Bundeswehr – "Federal Defense Force", name adopted for the West German armed forces after the fall of the Third Reich. (Between 1945 and 1955 there was no German army.) The Bundeswehr consists of the Heer (Army), Luftwaffe (Air Force) and Marine (Navy), as well as (since the late 1990s) the Streitkräftebasis (Joint Service Support Command) and Zentraler Sanitätsdienst (Central Medical Service). Bürger – citizen. Bürgerkrieg – civil war. C C-Stand – ventral (underside of fuselage) defensive gunner's position on aircraft. Chef – commander of a unit or sub-unit, e.g. Regimentschef. A substitute in case of absence would be referred to as Regimentsführer etc. Chef des Generalstabes – Chief of the General Staff. Condor Legion – volunteer forces of the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe (6000 or more strong) sent by Hitler to assist Franco during the Spanish Civil War (1936) on the stipulations that it remained exclusively under German command. The aerial branch of the Condor Legion gained notoriety for their comprehensive bombing of the Spanish rebel lines and the surrounding civilian centers, most notably the Spanish city of Guernica on April 27, 1937. After the successful utilization of the Condor Legion, a homecoming parade was held in Berlin on 6 June 1939 to honor the 300 Germans who died fighting in the campaign. D Dachschaden – "roof damage"; a head wound, more commonly used in the sense of "gone bonkers", "Section 8" Daimler-Benz (DB) – a producer of military vehicles, and engines to power both German aircraft and surface vehicles. Deckung — Cover. "In Deckung!" means "Take cover!", and "In Deckung bleiben!" means "Stay under cover!" Compare Tarnung, meaning "concealment" or "camouflage". Deutsches Afrikakorps (DAK) – German troops sent to North Africa under the command of Erwin Rommel to prevent the loss of Libya to the British by the Italians. The term is properly used to refer to Rommel's original force of two divisions that landed in Libya on February 14, 1941 (which stayed as a distinct formation for the remainder of the North African Campaign), but often refers to all German forces that operated in North Africa, eventually consisting of several divisions and corps and formed into an entire Panzer Army. Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke (DAW; German Armament Works) – an armaments organization established in 1939 under SS control. Deutsche Minenräumleitung (DMRL) – German mine-sweeping group Dienst – service. Division – in the army and air force a military formation, in the navy either a sub-unit of a squadron or trainings units of battalion size. Divisionsarzt – medical officer of a division. Divisionskommandeur – commanding officer of a division, typically a General officer. In the imperial army this was the post of a Generalleutnant. Dienstdolch – service dagger (uniform dagger). Donnerbalken – "thunder beam"; latrine. Drahtverhau – barbed-wire entanglement. Slang term used by German soldiers during World Wars I and II for a military-issue mixture of dried vegetables. Drang nach Osten – "Push to the East", Germany's ambitions for territorial expansion into Eastern Europe. Düppel – German code name for radar chaff, used by the Royal Air Force as Window, possibly from düpieren (to dupe). or from a suburb of Berlin of the same name, where it was allegedly first found near. E Eagle's Nest – English name given to Hitler's mountain-top summerhouse at Berchtesgaden in the Bavarian Alps, not far from the Berghof. In German, it is known as the Kehlsteinhaus. Hitler, however, visited the property only ten times and each visit was under 30 minutes. EG z.b. V. – Einsatzgruppe zur besonderen Verwendung – SS Special Purpose Operational Group. Ehrendolch – literally, "honor dagger", a presentation dagger awarded for individual recognition, especially by the SS. Eichenlaubträger – holder of Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Eid – oath. The current oath when joining the Bundeswehr is "Ich gelobe, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland treu zu dienen, und das Recht und die Freiheit des deutschen Volkes tapfer zu verteidigen" ("I pledge to faithfully serve the Federal Republic of Germany and to bravely defend the right [law] and the freedom of the German people"). For soldiers joining for an extended period of time beyond the mandatory conscription of nine months, "so wahr mir Gott helfe" ("so help me God") is optionally added. Einfall – invasion. Eingeschlossen – encirclement, surrounded, cut off. Eingreif division – interlocking (counter-attack) division (1917–1918). Einheit – detachment or unit. Einheitsfeldmütze – standard field cap Einsatz – duty, mission, deployment, action. Einsatzbereit – statement meaning, "Ready for action." Einsatzgruppen – "mission groups", or "task forces". Einsatzgruppen were battalion-sized, mobile killing units made up of SiPo, SD or SS Special Action Groups under the command of the RSHA. They followed the Wehrmacht into occupied territories of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. These units were supported by units of the uniformed German Order Police (Orpo) and auxiliaries of volunteers (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian). Their victims, primarily Jews, were executed by shooting and were buried in mass graves from which they were later exhumed and burned. At least a million Jews were killed in this manner. There were four Einsatzgruppen (A, B, C, D), which were subdivided into company-sized Einsatzkommandos. Einsatzkommando – company-sized subunits of the Einsatzgruppen that took care of the mobilization and killing of Jews, partisans, Communists and others during the German invasion into the Soviet Union. Einsatz Reinhard (Mission/Action "Reinhard") – code name given on June 4, 1942 for the assignment to exterminate all Polish Jews in honor of SS Deputy Chief Reinhard Heydrich who had been assassinated by Czech nationalists during a covert operation. Einsatztrupp (Troop Task Force) – smallest of the Einsatzgruppen units responsible for liquidations in the German occupied territories. Einwohner – resident, inhabitant. Eisenbahn – "iron road"; railroad. Eisernes Kreuz – "iron cross"; medal awarded for valorous service, and the German national military insignia from 1910 to the beginning of spring 1918, and once again from 1955 (with the establishment of the Bundeswehr) to today. Eiserne Kuh – "iron cow"; evaporated milk Eiserne Ration – "iron ration"; emergency rations El Alamein (October–November 1942) – crucial battle of WW2 pitting the British under General Montgomery's 8th Army (approximately 1200 tanks) against General Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps (500 tanks) and fought primarily in Egypt. Outnumbered and outgunned, the Germans never regained the operational initiative, forcing Rommel to withdraw the bulk of his forces into Libya, marking the final stages of the Nazis' North African campaign. Elefant – "Elephant"; a heavy Panzerjäger (tank hunter or tank destroyer) built on the chassis of Porsche's unsuccessful prototypes for the Tiger tank, and mounting the 88mm L/71 PaK 43. Elektra – a German radio-navigational system. Endlösung or Endziel – the "Final Solution"; refers to the genocide planned against the Jewish people. Endsieg – final victory. Enigma – German message encryption equipment. Ententeich – duck pond, maritime manoeuvre to create an area of calm sea in order to lower boats into the water or land aircraft Entmenscht – bestial, inhuman, brutish. Entscheidender Sieg – decisive victory. Entwicklung series, more commonly known as the E-series, was a late-World War II attempt by Germany to produce a standardised series of tank designs. Ereignismeldung (ERM: Operational Report) – Einsatzgruppen commanders' report delivered daily to the Reichssicherheitshauptamt RSHA in Berlin which comprehensively listed secretly coded murder activities in the occupied territories along the Eastern Front. Erobert – conquered. Erkennungsmarke – identity tag; "dog tag". Erprobungsstelle – test centre. Ersatz – substitute, replacement, reserves; could refer to replacement troops or any substance used in place of another (e.g., ersatz coffee, ersatz rubber, etc.). Ersatzbataillone or Marschbataillone – coherent military replacement groups. Erschießungsaktion – Shooting action usually carried out by a member of a firing squad (Erschießungskommando). Etappendienst – German naval intelligence department. Etappenschwein – (slang) "rear swine" (REMF), a soldier with a safe job away from danger. Compare with Frontschwein. Exerzierpanzer – practice or exercise tank. Exzellenz – honorary address for a General officer from the rank of Generalleutnant upwards in the Prussian and Imperial Army F Fahndung Funk (F. Fu.: Radio Search) – department of German Military Intelligence tasked to locate forbidden radio transmitters in France. Fahne (pl. Fahnen) – flag or banner. Fahnenjunker – lowest officer candidate rank equivalent to Unteroffizier (Corporal) Fahnenflucht – desertion Fahnenschmied – farrier NCO Fähnlein (Squad) – unit of the Deutsches Jungvolk within the Hitler Youth. Fähnrich – officer candidate rank equivalent to Feldwebel (Sergeant). A Fähnrich is an NCO, though, and will have commensurable tasks. Fähnrich zur See – naval officer candidate rank equivalent to Bootsmann (Petty Officer 1st Class). A Fähnrich zur See is an NCO, though, and will have commensurable tasks. Fall – "case." A name for a German operation. The most important German offensives were called "cases," as they were viewed as problems to be solved. Fallschirmjäger – paratroopers; German airborne troops. FdM – Führer der Minensuchboote FdU – Führer der Unterseeboote; Commander-in-Chief of U-boats (used from World War I to 1939, when the title was reduced to "Regional Commander"). FdV – Führer der Vorpostenboote Feigling – coward. Feind – enemy. "Feindlich-" is used as an adjective, such as "feindliche Truppen" (enemy troops) or "feindliche Stellung" (enemy position). Feindfahrt – "enemy trip"; in U-boat terminology, a war cruise or combat patrol against the enemy. Feindbild – "enemy image"; prejudiced 'bogeyman' image of the enemy. Feld – field. Feldersatzbatallion – field replacement battalion, usually one per infantry division. Feldflasche – canteen. Feldflieger Abteilung – "field airmen's section", abbreviated as "FFA". The earliest form of Fliegertruppe German Army (Deutsches Heer) flying unit in World War I, first formed in 1914 with six two-seater observation aircraft per unit. Feldgendarmerie – Field Gendarmerie or "Field Police", the military police units of the Wehrmacht. Feldgrau – "field gray"; the color of the ordinary German soldier's tunic – by extension the soldiers themselves. Feldjäger – military police detachments formed late in the war to root out deserters; later the name was applied to all military police units of the postwar Bundeswehr. Feldkoch – cook. Feldlazarett – field hospital. Feldpolizeibeamter – field police officer. Feldpost, Feldpostbrief – mail to and from troops at the front. Feldwebel – non-commissioned rank in the Heer and Luftwaffe, the most junior of the "Unteroffiziere mit Portepee" (senior NCO) ranks. Approximately equal to sergeant. Feldzug – military campaign Fernglas – binoculars; literally "remote glass". Fernmelde- – telecommunication. Fernsprech- – telephone. Festung – fortress. "Feuer auf mein Kommando" – "fire on my command". "Feuer Frei" – "fire at will". Feuerschutz – suppressive fire, covering fire. Feuerwerker – ordnance NCO FlaK – Fliegerabwehrkanone, Flug(zeug)abwehrkanone – air defense gun; anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) (e.g., the "eighty-eight"). FlaK-Helfer – "FlaK helper"; often underaged auxiliaries used to load and operate FlaK batteries and man searchlight batteries. Flakpanzer – armoured self-propelled antiaircraft gun, such as the Möbelwagen. Flakvierling – anti-aircraft, open turret-style weapon system employing a quartet (vierling) of 20mm autocannon, employed on land, in self-propelled mounts and on ships. Flammpanzer – flame-throwing tank. Flammenwerfer – flame-thrower. Flecktarn – spotted camouflage. Fliegerabwehr-Abteilung – anti-aircraft battalion. Fliegerabwehrkanone – see FlaK. Fliegerbombe (FliBo) – aerial bomb Fliegerdivision – lit. Flight division. Fliegerkorps – lit. Flight corps Fliegerschwert – airman's sword (part of an officer's regalia). Fliegertruppe – part of the official name (Die Fliegertruppen des Deutschen Kaiserreiches) of the Imperial German Army Air Service, existing under that name from 1910 to October 1916, when it was reorganized as the Luftstreitkräfte. Flotte – naval fleet Flottille (Fl.) – flotilla. Flucht nach vorn – "flight to the front"; trying to assault rather than wait or retreat while under threat. Flüchtlingslager – refugee camp. Flügelmann – wingman Flugbombe V-1 (V-1 flying bomb) – pulse-jet engine powered flying bomb carrying high-explosive warhead known to the Allies as the "buzz bomb". Flugzeug – aircraft. Flug(zeug)abwehrkanone – see FlaK. Flugzeugträger – aircraft carrier. Fluten – U-boat order; "Flood the tanks!" Forschungsamt – intelligence service of the Luftwaffe. Forstschutz – Forest Police (see Ordnungspolizei) Frachter – freighter. Franktireure – terrorists; (see Freischärler). Franktireurkrieg – terrorist warfare. Fregattenkapitän – naval rank, literally meaning "frigate captain", in between Korvettenkapitän and Kapitän zur See. Commanded a light cruiser, or served as the executive officer on a capital ship, hence often translated as commander Freikorps – volunteer corps (see Freiwillige). The Freikorps was an early volunteer paramilitary organizations formed in the wake of the German defeat in the First World War making up the German army in lieu of the restrictions mandated by the Treaty of Versailles; they consisted primarily of demobilized soldiers, disillusioned young men, and fanatical conservative nationalists who blamed Social Democrats, Jews, and communists for Germany's problems. Freischärler – irregular or guerrilla (see Widerstandskräfte). Freischärlerunwesen – "pestering by guerrillas"; guerrilla activities or terrorist incidents. Freiwillige – volunteer. Fremde Heere Ost/West (FHO/FHW) – Foreign Armies East/West, staff intelligence specialist on the subject. Frieden – peace. Fritz-X – The Luftwaffe's radio-controlled glide bomb, precursor to today's "smart weapons" or PGMs. Fronterlebnis – front experience. Fronterlebnis was a literary genre which romanticized the war experience and the camaraderie of being 'brothers-in-arms'. Frontgemeinschaft – front-line comradeship or community; group of front-line combat soldiers. Frontkämpfer – front line soldier Frontschwein – (slang) "front pig" soldier serving long at the front, often used as an ironic accolade for a soldier with the will to fight. Compare with Etappenschwein. Der Führer – "The Leader"; title used by Adolf Hitler: Mein Führer, Der Führer. Führerbunker – (literally meaning "shelter [for the] leader" or "[the] Führer's shelter") was located about 8.2 metres beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery building at Wilhelmstraße 77, and about 120 metres north of Hitler's New Reich Chancellery building in Berlin. This underground bunker was Hitler's last FHQ and where he and his wife Eva Braun ended their lives on 30 April 1945. Führerhauptquartiere (FHQ) – a number of official headquarters especially constructed in order to be used by the Führer. Führersonderzug – a special train built for and used by the Führer. Führer – in the army a substitute commander of a unit or sub-unit in absence of the regular commander (see 'Chef'); in the navy a flag officer (e.g. Führer der Uboote) SS-Führungshauptamt – SS Leadership Head Office, the administrative headquarters of the Waffen-SS. Funke – 1) radio [die Funke, f., slang abbreviation for Funkgerät]; 2) spark [der Funke, m.]; the literal (pre-radio) meaning of the word. Funker – radio operator (from funken [verb], to transmit by radio). Funkgerät (prefix: FuG) – generic term for radio and airborne IFF, RDF and airborne and some ground-based radar equipment. Funkmessbeobachtungsgerät (FuMB) – radar detector. Füsilier – historic term often used to refer to light infantry, originally named after the fusil, or musket, such troops once carried. During World War II, a name given to infantry formations with some reconnaissance abilities that replaced an infantry division's reconnaissance battalion mid-war when the Germans reduced the number of standard infantry battalions in their divisions from 9 to 6. Füsilierbataillon – in the Imperial army the 3rd battalion of a Grenadier-Regiment. Its designation was F, as in F/GR10 for Füsilierbataillon of the Genadier-Regiment 10. Futtermeister – quartermaster responsible for fodder Freya radar – first operational radar with the Kriegsmarine. G Gabelschwanzteufel – P-38 Lightning "Fork Tailed Devil". Garnison – garrison Gasmaske – gas mask Gasmaskenbehälter – gas mask container. Gaspistole – starting pistol; a gun that fires blanks. Gau – An administrative region equivalent to a shire or province. Gauleiter – supreme territorial or regional Nazi party authority(-ies). Gau leader. Gebirgsjäger – mountain troops; a mountain "unit" might be referred to as either Gebirgs or Gebirgsjäger. Gebirgstruppe – mountain troops. gefallen (gef.) – fallen, killed in action Gefecht – combat, action. Gefechtsgepäck – infantry assault pack. Gefechtsstand – command post. Gefechtsstation – naval term, "battle stations" or (more literally) "combat stations". Gefechtsverband – defensive aerial tactic employed against USAAF heavy bombers when Zerstörer twin-engined heavy fighters had proven too vulnerable to Allied single-engined fighters – used heavily armed Fw 190As as bomber destroyers in place of the slower Zerstörer aircraft, with Bf 109Gs for escort. Gefreiter – enlisted rank, senior to privates but not considered an NCO. Gegenangriff – counterattack. Gegenoffensive – counter-offensive. Gegenstoß – hasty counter-attack. Gegenschlag – counter stroke. geheim – secret. Geheime Feldpolizei (GFP) – Secret Field Police. It was Germany's secret military police that was organised by the German high command (OKW) in July 1939 to serve with the Wehrmacht. It was mainly designed to carry out security work in the field, as the executive agent of the Abwehr. Geheimfernschreiber – (literally, "secret distance writer") cipher machine. Gelbkreuz – mustard gas Geleit – escort. Geleitschutz – convoy. Gemeindepolizei – local police. Gemeinschaft – community. Generalfeldmarschall – Field Marshal. Generalkommando – the headquarters of an army corps. Generalstab des Heeres (Gen. St.d. H.) – German Army General Staff. gepanzert (gep.) – armoured. Geschütz – cannon, gun. Geschützführer – gun captain / commander / layer. Geschwader – originally and literally a naval "squadron" and, therefore, equivalent to the French escadre or Italian squadriglia; in military aviation, the translation varies: World War I Luftstreitkräfte: a unit comprising four fighter squadrons (Staffeln), such as Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1) –the famous "Flying Circus", led by Manfred von Richthofen ("The Red Baron"); also used for the Kagohl and Bogohl heavy bomber units, the last two mentioned unit types specifically tied to the Oberste Heeresleitung or "OHL"; World War II Luftwaffe: comprising three or more Gruppen, each made up of three (or sometimes four) Staffeln; a WW2 Geschwader was equivalent to a British Commonwealth air force group, a French escadron, an Italian stormo, an IJAAS hikōdan, an IJNAC sentai, a Soviet aviation division, a USAAF/USMC air wing, and/or a US Navy carrier air group; current Luftwaffe: a Geschwader comprises a "technical group" (Technische Gruppe), a "flying group" (Fliegende Gruppe), along with two or three other flying squadrons (Staffeln); Geschwaderkennung – the two-character alphanumeric identification code used by a non-day-fighter Geschwader for unit identification, that appeared to the left of the fuselage Balkenkreuz on most World War II Luftwaffe aircraft. It also included two letters to the right of the cross, the third letter designating the aircraft's individual identification, with the fourth letter designating the aircraft's assigned squadron (Staffel) within the unit. Gestapo – Geheime Staatspolizei – Secret State Police. Originally the Prussia secret state police and later (as part of the SiPo then merged into the RSHA) the official secret police force of Nazi Germany. Gestapo was derived as follows: Geheime Staatspolizei. Gewehr – rifle, such as the Gewehr 43. Gift – poison; giftig: poisonous, toxic. Gleichschaltung – "coordination", coordination of everything into Nazi ideals. Gliederung – table of organisation Goldfasan (Golden pheasant) – derogatory slang term for high-ranking Nazi Party members. Derived from the brown-and-red uniforms similar to the colors of male pheasants and the perceived behaviour of high-ranking party officials living in peace and luxury at home. Gotenstellung – Gothic Line German defense line in Italy, north of Florence. Grabenkrieg – trench warfare. Granate – grenade, used not only for hand grenades (Handgranate) but also for other explosive ordnance such as mortar (Werfgranate) and armor-piercing (Panzergranate) shells. Granatwerfer (GrW) – mortar. Grenadier – traditional term for heavy infantry, adopted during World War II from mid-war onward as a morale-building honorific often indicative of low-grade formations. Grenze – border. Grenzschutz – border patrol. Greuelerzählungen – atrocity stories. Gröfaz – German soldiers' derogatory acronym for Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten, a title initially publicized by Nazi propaganda to refer to Adolf Hitler during the early war years; literally, the "Greatest Field Commander of all Time". Grundausbildung (abbr. Grundi) – basic training Gruppe (Luftwaffe) – a gruppe usually consisted of three squadrons of nine to twelve aircraft, and a staff. An equivalent would be a US or French group. In the British Commonwealth the equivalent would be a wing. Gruppe (Heer) – in the army a gruppe is the equivalent to a squad Gruppenführer – squad leader, also a Nazi party rank. Gruppenhorchgerät (GHG) – hydrophone array. Gulaschkanone – "goulash cannon", mobile field kitchen Gruppenstab – command staff. Gustav Line – German defense line in Italy, centered on the monastery of Monte Cassino. GvD – Gefreiter vom Dienst – soldier who is the runner of CQ. H Hafen – harbor. "Flughafen" is airport. Hafthohlladung – German magnetically-adhered, shaped charge anti-tank grenade munition, ironically the type of ordnance that if the Allies also possessed them, Zimmerit was meant to prevent the use of. Hakenkreuz – (literally, "hooked cross") the version of the swastika used by the Nazi Party. "Halbe Fahrt!" – naval command calling for half-speed. "Halbe Fahrt voraus" is "half-speed ahead" and "Halbe Fahrt zurück" is "half-speed reverse". Halsschmerzen – "sore throat" or "itchy neck"; used to describe a reckless or glory-seeking commander, implying an obsession with winning the Knight's Cross. Halt – Stop! Freeze! Handelsmarine – German merchant marine. Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG (Hanomag) – producer of military vehicles, principally the Sd.Kfz. 251 medium-armoured halftrack. "Hart..." – naval command calling for a sharp turn. "Hart Backbord" is "hard-a-port" and "Hart Steuerbord" is "hard-a-starboard". Härteübung – hardiness training. Haubitze – howitzer. Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei (HA-SiPo) – Security Police headquarters. Hauptbahnhof – main or central station. Hauptfeldwebel – company sergeant-major or first sergeant. Hauptkampflinie (HKL) – literally main combat line, official term for "front" until the end of World War II. Hauptmann – army captain. Hauptquartiere (HQ) – headquarters. Hauptstadt – capital city. Hauptwachtmeister – company first sergeant in artillery and cavalry units. Heckenschütze – "hedge marksman" hidden, ambushing sniper. Heckschütze – tail gunner the man to handle the Heckstand. Heckstand – tail gun defensive position on aircraft. Heer – regular German Army. Can also be used for any national army. Heeresgruppenkommando (HGr.Kdo) – army group command. Heimat – home, homeland. Heimatkurs – the way home. Literally "homeland course". Heimatschuß – "homeland shot"; a wound not severe enough to be permanently disabling, but of sufficient severity to require evacuation from the battlefront. The German soldier's equivalent of the American G.I.'s "million-dollar wound" or the British soldier's "Blighty wound". Heldenklau – "stealing" or "snatching of heroes"; slang term used to denote the practice of commandeering rear-echelon personnel for front-line service. Henschel – railroad locomotive and rolling stock manufacturer, and a firm responsible for many German World War II weapons systems for both the Wehrmacht Heer and the Luftwaffe, especially the heavy Tiger I and Tiger II tanks and the Henschel Hs 293 guided anti-ship missile. "Herr..." – In past and modern German military protocol, "Herr" ("mister") is said before ranks when someone is addressing a person of higher rank. For example, a lieutenant ("Leutnant") would address his captain as "Herr Hauptmann" ("Mr. Captain"). Superior officer address subordinates with "Herr" and their last name or simply their rank, but not adding "Herr" to the rank. This practice was forbidden in the Waffen-SS, as it offended Himmler's egalitarian principles. Hetzer – agitators; also a hunting dog and as such the unofficial name of a certain mid-war model of German tank destroyer. Hilfswillige (Hiwis) – German Army volunteer forces usually made up of Soviet volunteers serving in non-combat capacities. Himmelfahrtskommando – literally, "trip to heaven mission", a suicide mission. Hinterhalt – ambush. Hitler-Jugend (HJ) – Hitler Youth. The German youth organization founded by the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Made up of the Hitlerjugend proper, for male youth ages 14–18; the younger boys' section "Deutsches Jungvolk" for ages 10–14; and the girls' section "Bund Deutscher Mädel" (BDM). Hitlersäge – "Hitler saw", nickname of the MG42 machine gun. Also named "Singende Säge" (singing saw), "Knochensäge" (bone saw) or "Hitlersense" (Hitler scythe) HJ-Fahrtenmesser (Hitler Youth knife) – common dagger specially designed for the Hitler Jugend. HJ-Spätlese – nickname for the Volkssturm. Höckerhindernisse – anti-tank obstacles often referred to as "Dragon's Teeth". Hoheitsabzeichen – national insignia e.g. on a tank or aircraft. Hohentwiel – FuG 200 UHF-band (500 MHz) maritime patrol airborne radar gear. Hubschrauber – helicopter. Hufbeschlagschmied, farrier. Hummel – "bumble-bee"; nickname for a piece of mobile artillery. Hundehütte – literally, "dog house", punishment hut. I im Dienst (i.D.) – in service. Indianer – Indians. Luftwaffe slang for an enemy fighter (from the game of cowboys and Indians.) Infanterie (Inf.) – infantry. Inhaber der Befehls- und Kommandogewalt (IBuK) – commander-in-chief, Minister of Defence (peacetime) or Federal Chancellor (wartime) Iststärke – actual strength (compared to Soll-Stärke) Iwan – German slang for a Soviet soldier (similar to "Jerry" or "Kraut", the British and American slang terms for Germans). J Jabo (Jagdbomber) – fighter-bomber. Jagdgeschwader (JG) – single-engine fighter wing/group, literally hunting squadron. Jagdpanzer – "hunting tank"; armoured casemate-style self-propelled tank destroyer. Jagd-Kommando – "hunting commando"; generally refers to a commando outfit that remained behind enemy lines when an area was overrun and would carry out sabotage and other guerrilla actions. These units did not generally operate as such and were later taken over by the SS and used as frontline combat troops in 1944-1945. Jäger – [1] light infantry; used alone or as part of a specialty such as Gebirgsjäger or Fallschirmjäger. [2] Fighter Airplane. The root Jagd- is also used in its literal meaning of "hunter" for weapon systems such Jagdtiger. jawohl – simply the word "yes" with the emphatic "wohl", which one might translate as "Yes, indeed!", "Aye, aye, sir!" or "Absolutely yes!" Widely used in World War II. Junkerschule – SS officer academy. K "Kaczmarek" – wingman Kadavergehorsam – "absolute duty and blind obedience till death."; lit.: "carcass obedience" Kaiserliche Marine (KM) – Imperial German Navy Kaiserlicher Yacht-Club (KYC) – Imperial Yacht Club Kameradschaft – small military unit, or phrase for "comrade support amongst soldiers" (see Volkgemeinschaft). Kampf – struggle, fight or conflict. Kampfeinsitzer Kommando (KEK), the first specialist, single-seat armed scout/fighter units of the Fliegertruppe predecessor of the Luftstreitkräfte, first formed by Inspektor-Major Friedrich Stempel in February 1916, and the direct predecessor units to the Jagdstaffeln fighter squadron units first formed in the late summer of 1916. Kampfflotte – battle fleet. Kampfgeist – fighting spirit. Kampfgeschwader (KG) – bomber wing (USAAF practice)/group (RAF practice) Kampfgruppe—1. an Army battlegroup or task force; formal designation of an ad hoc task force, or informal term for a combat unit at greatly reduced strength. 2. In the Luftwaffe, a bomber unit equivalent to a US/French group or a British Commonwealth wing. Kampfmesser – combat knife. Kampfplan – battle plan. Kampfschwimmer – frogman. Kampfzone – battle zone. Kampfwunde – battle injury. Kanone – gun (as opposed to a howitzer). Kanonier – gunner Kapitän – naval rank of captain; in full Kapitän zur See (KzS or Kpt.z.S.) ;literally, sea captain. Commanded any capital ship. Kapitänleutnant (Kptlt.) – naval rank of lieutenant commander or (literally) captain lieutenant. Officers of this rank generally command small vessels such as U-boats and minesweepers. The rank is often shortened to "Kaleun", with junior officers addressing people of this rank as "Herr Kaleun". Kapitulation – surrender. Kapo – overseer, NCO (sl). Esp. a prisoner who acted as an overseer of his fellow inmates in the Nazi concentration camps (see Konzentrationslager). Karbol-Tränke – field dressing station Kartenstelle – mapping detachment, normally part of staff company of a division or higher Kaserne – barracks, casern. Kavallerie (Kav.) – cavalry. KdE – abbreviation for the Kommandeur der Erprobungsstellen, the commander of all German military aviation test facilities in World War II, an office held by Colonel (Oberst) Edgar Petersen late in the war. Kesselschlacht – lit. "cauldron battle" encirclement often shortened to Kessel e.g. "Kessel von Stalingrad" Kette – chain, in the air force a sub-unit of 3—6 aircraft Ketten – chains, chain-drive, tracks (e.g. Panzerketten) Kettenantrieb – track, such as a tank track; tracked vehicle. Kettenhund – "chained dog", slang for a Military Policeman (derived from the metal gorget worn on a chain around the neck). Kettenkraftrad – a tracked motorcycle; also Kettenkrad. Kindersärge – "children's coffins", slang term applied to small, wooden antipersonnel box-mines. KLA: Kriegsschiffbaulehrabteilung – was a warship-construction training division that supervised a Baubelehrung. Kleinkampfverband (K-Verband) – special naval operations unit, comprising a few frogmen. Kleinkrieg – guerrilla war. Knickebein – "crooked leg", also "bent leg" (in the sense of "dogleg"); German navigational system using radio beams to guide bombers. Knochensammlung – gathering the bones of dead soldiers. Kochgeschirr – mess tin Koffer – in the Bundeswehr a derogatory term for a raw recruit Koffer, schwerer – large calibre shell, similar to the British coal box or the American trash can Kolonne – column, also supply units (e.g. leichte Infanterie-Kolonne) Kommandanten-Schießlehrgang – U-boat Commander's Torpedo Course. Kommando (Kdo.) – command; detachment; detail. Kommissarbefehl – the notorious 6 June 1941 "Commissar Order" to kill all political commissars in the Red Army and civil government. Kompanie (Kp.) – company, unit. Kompaniechef – company commander Kompaniefeldwebel – company first sergeant Kompanieführer – substitute company commander in case of absence or if the ‘Kompaniechef ’ is only an honorary function (similar to a colonel-in-chief) Kompanietruppführer – company headquarters section leader Konteradmiral – naval rank of rear admiral. Konzentrationslager (KZL) – concentration camp. Korvettenkapitän (K.Kpt) – naval rank of (literally) "corvette captain". The grade senior to Kapitänleutnant; frequently translated as either lieutenant commander or commander. Typically commanded a destroyer. Krad (Kraft-Radfahrzeug) – motorcycle (dated in civil use, but still common in the Bundeswehr). Krad-Melder – motorcycle dispatch rider Kradschütze(n) – motorcycle unit or soldier. Kraft – strength. Kraftei – literally "power-egg", used both for the unitized aviation engine installation system that combined all major engine ancillary components (radiator, oil cooler, etc.) with the engine itself, into a single interchangeable unit for ease of field maintenance and rapid replacement, or as a slang term for the short-fuselaged Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket fighter. Krankenstation – sick bay of a ship. Krankenträger – stretcher bearer Kraut – for sauerkraut; slang term used by Americans to refer to Germans. Krieg or Krieg(s)- – "war" or "wartime-". Kriegserlebnis – (myth of the) war experience. Kriegsfischkutter (KFK) – patrol vessels constructed to a fishing-vessel design; (see Vorpostenboote). Kriegsflagge – "war ensign"; military form of the national flag, quartered by a black cross with an Iron Cross in the canton. Kriegsgefangener – prisoner of war. Kriegsgericht – court-martial; slang for a war dish or poor meal. Also "Militärgericht". Kriegsmarine – German Navy, 1935–45. Kriegsneurose – battle fatigue. Mod. post traumatic stress disorder. Kriegsstärkenachweisungen (KStN) – the German equivalent of the American table of organization and equipment (TO&E) or the British war establishment. Kriegstagebuch – war diary. Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) – "Criminal Police" – in Nazi Germany, it became the national Criminal (investigative) Police Department for the entire Reich in July 1936. It was merged, along with the Gestapo, into the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo). Later, in 1939, it was folded into the RSHA. Krupp (Kp) – famous German steel producer, manufactured most of the tanks, howitzers and heavy mortars, as well as armour plates for battleships (most famously the Bismarck). Krupp-Daimler (KD) – see Krupp. Kübel – literally, "bucket" or "tub", short for Kübelwagen, open-topped military utility cars. Kugel – "bullet" (also "ball"). Kugelfest – bullet-proof. Kugelblitz – literally "ball lightning", fireball. KwK – abbreviation for "Kampfwagenkanone", the turret-mounted main (cannon) armament of a main battle tank. L L/ – length of barrel in calibres (For example, an 8.8 cm L/71 gun would have a barrel of 71 x 8.8 cm = 624.8 cm long) Ladeschütze – loader Lager – camp. Landekopf – beachhead. Lafette – literally "gun mount", used for many differing artillery carriages and for manned and remotely controlled gun turret installations on German military vehicles, especially on aircraft. Landratsamt – civil administration office. Landsturm – historically, infantry of non-professional soldiers; a kind of militia. Landser – historical term for a German infantryman; slang: "Schütze Arsch". Landwehr – Territorial Army, a type of militia. Lastensegler – cargo glider Latrinenparole – "latrine talk", rumor. laufende Nummer – serial number. Lebensraum – "living space", or in Hitler-speak the minimum space the German people needed to live in. Lehr – "demonstration"; usually part of the name of an elite formation used as or mobilized from instructional troops (e.g., Panzer-Lehr-Division). Leibermuster – a camouflage pattern. leicht – "light", usually to refer a lighter type, such as light tank: leichter Panzer. Several classes of divisions were also classified as "light". Leopard – the name originally used for the Porsche-produced VK 3601(P) prototype tank hull design, and later used by the Federal German Republic for the Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 Bundeswehr main battle tanks in service from the 1960s into the 21st century. Leuchtpistole – flare pistol Leuchtgeschoss/-granate – star shell Leutnant – army rank, equivalent to second lieutenant Leutnant zur See – naval rank, equivalent to lieutenant, junior grade Lichtenstein – German airborne radar used for nightfighting, in early UHF-band BC and C-1 versions, and later VHF-band SN-2 and SN-3 versions. Lorenz Schlüsselzusatz – German cipher machine. Lorenz (navigation) – pre-war blind-landing aid used at many airports. Most German bombers had the radio equipment needed to use it. "Los!" – "Go!" or "Away!" Also the U-boat command to fire a torpedo ("Fire!") Luchs – "lynx"; nickname given to the Model L version of the Panzer II. Leuchtkugel – signal flare. Luftangriff – air attack, air raid. Luftflotte – lit. air fleet. Largest sub-units within the Luftwaffe. Luftschutz – air raid protection Luftwaffe – "air force"; the German Air Force. Luftwaffenhelfer – "Luftwaffe assistant"; see FlaK-Helfer. Luftschutzpolizei – (Air Raid Protection Police) was the civil protection service in charge of air raid defence and rescue victims of bombings in connection with the Technische Nothilfe (Technical Emergency Service) and the Feuerschutzpolizei (professional fire departments). Created as the Security and Assistance Service (Sicherheits und Hilfsdienst) in 1935, it was renamed "Luftschutzpolizei" in April 1942, when transferred from the aegis of Ministry of Aviation to the Ordnungspolizei. Luftstreitkräfte – originally (October 1916) the name for the Imperial German Army Air Service of World War I, later part of the name for the East German dedicated air arm. M Mannschaften – enlisted personnel Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (M.A.N.) – Augsburg-Nuremberg Machine Factory; a German engineering works and truck manufacturer. Now called MAN AG, and primary builder of the Panther tank. Marineausrüstungsstelle (Mast.) – naval equipment store Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover (MNH) – weapon (tank) development and production firm. Maschinengewehr (MG) – machine gun, as in the MG42. Maschinengewehrschütze – machine gunner Maschinenkanone (MK) – an autocannon used for aircraft armament, as with the MK 108 30mm calibre weapon. Maschinenpistole (MP or MPi) – submachine gun, as in the MP40. Maschine – "machine". Commonly used as airplane or engine. Maskenball – German slang for fighting with NBC-protective gear, or at least with gas mask Maultier – Sd.Kfz. 4 half-track truck, German for mule Maus – "mouse"; nickname for a large, Porsche-designed super-heavy tank, the heaviest tank ever actually built and tested, that never passed beyond prototype stage. Maybach (M) – a German automotive and engineering company. Melder – runner Meldereiter – horse despatch rider Metox – radar warning receiver (named for manufacturer) fitted to U-boats; superseded by Naxos-U Milchkuh – "milk cow", nickname for the Type XIV resupply U-boat. Militär – military. Militärnachrichtendienst – military intelligence. Mine (pl. Minen) – an anti-personnel, tank or ship mine. Mineneigenschutz (MES) – ship's degaussing cable; literally "mine self-protection". Minensuchboote (M-boats) – large minesweepers. Mißliebige – undesirables. Mitarbeiter – assistant clerk Motorkanone – engine-mounted autocannon armament firing through a hollow propeller shaft on inline-engined fighter aircraft. MP(i) – sub-machine gun Mörser – mortar Munitionskanonier – ammunition handler Munitionsschlepper – ammunition carrier. Munitionsschütze – ammunition handler Mütze – cap or small hat, such as the M43 field cap, also known as the Einheitsfeldmütze. N Nachricht(en) – signals / news / communication, also intelligence. Nachrichtendienst – intelligence Nachrichtenoffizier – signals officer Nachrichtentruppen – Signal Corps. Nachschub – supply Nachschubtruppen – supply troops. Nacht und Nebel – "night and fog"; code for some prisoners that were to be disposed of, leaving no traces; bei Nacht und Nebel (idiom) – secretly and surprisingly, at dead of night. Nachtjagdgeschwader (NJG) – night-fighter wing/group. Nahkampfmesser – close-combat fighting knife. Nahverteidigungswaffe – "close defense weapon"; an attachment to Panzers to combat close-assaulting infantry. Nashorn – "rhinoceros", nickname for a type of tank destroyer. Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere (NSFO) – National Socialist Leadership Officers. Naxos radar detector – the FuG 350 radar detector set; "Naxos Z" was developed for night fighters, "Naxos U", was provided to U-boats, to locate Allied H2S microwave-band radar transmissions, not able to detect American H2X radar gear. Nebelwerfer (Nb. W) – "fog thrower"; rocket artillery, multi-barrel rocket launchers that could be used for smoke or high-explosive projectiles. Neptun radar – Low-to-mid VHF band (125 to 187 MHz) airborne intercept radar for night fighter aircraft, to take the place of the Lichtenstein SN-2 unit, which had been compromised by July–August 1944. Niederlage – defeat. "Nicht Schiessen" – Don't shoot in German Norden – north. Notsignal – distress signal. NSKK – the Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps, or National Socialist Motor Corps. Nummer (Nr.) – "number"; some divisional organizations with a unit number but no combat assets, often converted to ordinary divisions later on. (E.g., Division Nr. 157.) O Ober-* – higher; part of several military ranks and titles like Oberleutnant and "Oberkommando". Oberst – lit. "Uppermost" or "Seniormost," German equivalent of a Colonel. Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (Ob.d.H.) – Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) – "High Command of the Army" and Army General Staff from 1936 to 1945. Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine (OKM) – "High Command of the (War) Navy". Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) – "High Command of the Air Force". Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) – "High Command of the Armed Forces". The OKW replaced the War Ministry and was part of the command structure of the armed forces of Nazi Germany. Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL) – "Supreme Army Command", the OHL was the highest level of command of the World War I Deutsches Heer. Offizier im Generalstab – General Staff officer Offizier-Lager (Oflag) – "officer camp"; German prisoner-of-war camp for Allied officers. Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) – "order police" – the regular uniformed police after their nationalization in 1936. Ordonnanzoffizier – aide-de-camp Ortskampf – combat in towns, urban warfare. Osten – east. Ostfront – eastern front (Russian Front) Ostjuden – eastern Jews in Poland. Ostmark – lit. Eastern march, post-Anschluss Austria. Ostpreußen – province of East Prussia. P Panjewagen – one-horse carriage. Panzer – "armour"; German word is derived from Old French pancier, meaning "armour for the belly". It can refer to a tank (see Panzerkampfwagen below) or to an armoured formation. (Panzer Division is literally "Tank Division"; the adjective for "armoured" is gepanzert.) Panzerabwehrkanone (PaK) – anti-tank gun; literally, "tank defence cannon", also used for the main armament for a typical casemate style turretless German tank destroyer. Panzerbefehlswagen (Pz. Bef.Wg) – the commanding tank of any panzer detachment; also used of purpose-built command tanks with extra radio gear. Panzerbüchse – anti-tank rifle Panzerbüchsenschütze – anti-tank rifleman Panzerfaust – literally "armour fist"; a light disposable infantry anti-tank weapon, a small recoilless gun firing a fin-stabilized shaped charge grenade, and a forerunner of the Soviet RPG (rocket-propelled grenade) although the Panzerfaust was more of a grenade launcher. Panzerführer – tank commander, literally "tank leader". Panzerkommandant – tank commander Panzerschreck – literally "armour terror," officially Raketenpanzerbüchse "rocket armour rifle;" a heavy re-usable infantry anti-tank weapon firing a rocket-propelled 88mm shaped charge grenade. Also called Ofenrohr ("stovepipe") for its appearance. Panzergrenadier – mechanized infantry; a soldier belonging to a mechanized infantry unit. Panzerjäger – "tank hunter(s)", anti-tank troops; also used by extension for their self-propelled tank destroyers (e.g., the Elefant) until superseded by the Jagdpanzer ("hunting tank") term. Panzerkampfwagen (Pzkpfw.) – "armoured fighting vehicle"; usually a reference to a type of tank with a 360° fully rotating turret for the main armament. Panzerschiffe – "armoured ships"; i.e., "pocket battleships". Panzertruppen – tank forces. Papier – paper. Often used as paper of identification. Papierkrieg – paper war. The struggle to keep up with reports and record keeping Partei – political party. Pauke Pauke – code word for fighter pilots when engaging enemy aircraft (lit. 'Kettledrums') Pionier (pl. Pioniere) – combat engineer. Plattenpanzer – plate armour. Planoffizier – Triangulation officer Porsche (P) – company that designed and produced tanks and other military vehicles. They now produce cars. Protze – limber, a horse-drawn two-wheel chariot that was hitched before a gun and usually transported munitions and crew. The term derives from the Italian "birazzo", a two-wheeled cart. Putsch – coup d'état; the sudden overthrow of a government by a small group, usually the military. Pyrrhussieg – Pyrrhic victory. Q Quartiermeister – quartermaster Quist – one of several manufacturers of German helmets both during and after World War II. R Radikale Niederwerfung – ruthless suppression. Räumboot (R-boot) – small motor minesweeper. Rasputitsa – semi-annual mud-season in Eastern Europe Regierung – government. Regimentsadjutant – regiment adjutant Regimentsarzt – Regimental Medical Officer Regimentschef – colonel of the regiment Regimentsführer – substitute for the colonel of the regiment Regimentskommandeur – commander of the regiment Regimentsveterinär – regimental veterinarian officer Reich – realm, empire. Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) – compulsory labor service in Nazi Germany. Reichsbahn – railway system. Reichsführer-SS – Reich Leader of the SS, an office held by Heinrich Himmler. Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) – "Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Head Office"; created by Himmler in September 1939 to combine all German security and plainclothes police departments, including the Gestapo, Kripo and SD (Sicherheitsdienst der SS) into one umbrella organization with seven departments. Reichswehr – name for the German Armed Forces under the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1935. Reiter – cavalryman. See also Ritter. Rekrut – coll. rookie, recruit, member of the military in the basic training Rettungsboot – lifeboat. Richtkreisunteroffizier – Gun Director (NCO) Richtschütze – aiming gunner. Ringkanone (Rk) – built-up gun Ritter – knight, cavalier. Ritterkreuz – "knight's cross", usual abbreviated name for the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes (see next entry) Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes – Knight's Cross (of the Iron Cross); award for valorous service for those who had already received the Iron Cross. Highest award class for bravery under fire or military leadership. 7318 of these were awarded during the war. Previous recipients of the Ritterkreuz would be awarded a higher degree of the same award, and then successively higher ones. The higher degrees are, in ascending order: Ritterkreuz mit Eichenlaub – "knight's cross with oak leaves". 890 recipients during the war. Ritterkreuz mit Eichenlaub und Schwerten – "knight's cross with oak leaves and swords". 159 recipients total, plus one honorary recipient (Japanese admiral Isoroku Yamamoto) Ritterkreuz mit Eichenlaub, Schwerten und Brillanten – "knight's cross with oak leaves, swords, and diamonds": 27 recipients total. Ritterkreuz mit Goldenem Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten: "knight's cross with golden oak leaves, swords, and diamonds": only one recipient. Ritterkreuzauftrag, "Knight's Cross job" – soldiers' slang for a suicidal mission. Ritterkreuzträger – a holder of the Knight's Cross. Rittmeister – Captain, used instead of Hauptmann in the cavalry, reconnaissance, and horse-transport waffen. Rollkommando – small motorized (rolling) taskforce (non military: band for hit-and-run crime) Rommelspargel – "Rommel's asparagus"; slanted and barb-wired poles placed in key places behind the Atlantic Wall with the intention of preventing paratroop and glider landings. Rotes Kreuz – Red Cross. Rotte – two of a kind, especially ships, boats or aircraft. Also the 'file' in rank and file Rottenführer – leader of a 'rotte', also a Nazi rank Rottenknecht – subordinate in a 'rotte' Rottenmann – see 'Rottenknecht' Rottmeister – first in a file of soldiers. Originally, soldiers would file 10 – 25 deep, but in the 19th century two files were standard, thus a 'rotte' described two of a kind. Also a (non-commissioned) officer in charge of a detachment of 50 cavalry. RSO – the Raupenschlepper Ost fully tracked artillery towing vehicle. Rückzug – retreat. S S-mine – a common type of anti-personnel landmine. SA – see Sturmabteilung. Sachbearbeiter – clerk die Sahnefront – (the cream front) occupied Denmark during World War II, a lot of food, minuscule fighting. Sanitäter ('Sani') – combat medic Sanitätsoffizier – Medical officer Sanitätsunteroffizier – Medical NCO Sanka – acronym for Sanitätskraftfahrtzeug, a term for German field ambulances. Saukopf – "pig's head", used to refer to the shape of a gun mantlet or mount, alternatively called Topfblende in German military documents. Schanzzeug – entrenching tool; slang term for fork and knife. Schachtellaufwerk – name for the system of overlapped and interleaved road wheels used on German military half-track and armored fighting vehicles before and during World War II. Scharfschütze – "sharpshooter"; sniper, marksman. Schatten – "shadow"; division headquarters that controlled just a few combat assets, usually for the purpose of misleading enemy intelligence. Scheisskommando – latrine detail as referred to by survivors of the Konzentrationslager. Scheuch-schlepper – the adapted three-wheel agricultural tractor (named from the maker of the original agri-version) used to tow the Luftwaffe's Komet rocket fighter on the ground. Schiffchen – side cap Schirmmütze – officer's and senior NCO's peaked cap Schirrmeister – Harness keeper Schlacht – battle. "Von" is used for a general location and "um" is used for what exactly was being fought over; for example, the Battle of Midway is referred to as the "Schlacht um Midway" while the Battle of Trafalgar is called the "Schlacht von Trafalgar". Schlachtschiff – battleship. Schleichfahrt – silent running. schnell – fast. Schnellboot (S-Boot) – motor torpedo boat (British term: "E-boat", for "enemy"). Schnelle Truppen – lit. "fast troops" mechanized troops (whether armour or infantry). Schräge Musik – "slanted music", obliquely upward/forward-firing offensive German night fighter armament. Schutzpolizei – "protection police", the urban police; largest component of the uniformed police or Ordnungspolizei. Schutzstaffel (SS) – "Protection Squadron", a major Nazi organization that grew from a small paramilitary unit that served as Hitler's personal body guard into an all-encompassing security, police and combat force. "SS" is formed from (S)chutz(s)taffel. Had a tri-force structure: Allgemeine-SS or "General SS", general main body of the Schutzstaffel; SS-Totenkopfverbände responsible for the concentration camps; SS-Verfügungstruppe made up of military "dispositional" troops which, in 1940, officially became part of the Waffen-SS. Schürze – "skirting", armour skirting added to tanks to give additional protection. Schussline – line of fire. Schütze – lit. shooter; member of the infantry. From 1920-45 also the lowest military rank. see also Scharfschütze. Schützenpanzerwagen (SPW) – armoured half-track or self-propelled weapon. Schutzhaft – "protective custody"; a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings, typically in concentration camps. Schutzhaftbefehl – "protective custody order"; document declaring that a detained person desired to be imprisoned; normally this signature was forced by torture. Schwadron (plural: Schwadrone) – "squadron"; used in the cavalry, a squadron was basically company-sized. Schwadronführer – company commander in the cavalry Schwadrontruppführer – company HQ section leader Schwarm – Flight (military unit) Schwarze Kapelle – "Black Orchestra"; a group of conspirators within the German Army who plotted to overthrow Hitler and came near to successfully assassinating him on 20 July 1944. Schweinereien – "scandalous acts" (lit.: "acts of a pig"); (in a military context) crimes against civilians. schwer – (1) adjective meaning "heavy", the word "gross" (large) can mean the same; (2) hard/difficult. Schwerer Kreuzer – heavy cruiser. Schwerpunkt – main axis of attack Schwert – sword. Schwimmpanzer – amphibious or "swimming" tank. SD – see Sicherheitsdienst. Sd.Kfz. – Sonderkraftfahrzeug Seekriegsleitung (SKL) – directorate of the Naval War. Sehrohr – periscope; literally "looking tube". Sehrohrtiefe – periscope depth. Seitengewehr – bayonet. Selbstfahrlafette – self-propelled gun carriage. Selbstschutz – lit. "self protection"; ethnic German civilian militia. Sicherheitsdienst (SD) – "security service"; the SS and Nazi Party security service. Later, the main intelligence-gathering, and counter-espionage sections of the RSHA; originally headed by Reinhard Heydrich. Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) – "security police", the combined forces of the Gestapo and KriPo, made up of the Reich's criminal investigators and secret state police. "sichern und laden" – "lock and load". Sicherungsflottillen – (1) escort ships, (2) paramilitary organization of unemployed ex-soldiers, who were recruited to protect Nazi speakers, and because of their clothing were called "Brown Shirts". Sieg – victory. Sigrunen – the name of the double "S" runes used by the SS. SiPo – see Sicherheitspolizei. Sippenhaftung – the practice of arresting members of a person's family for political crimes or treason committed by that person. SMS – abbreviation for Seiner Majestät Schiff, the German Empire's equivalent of the British Royal Navy's "HMS" (His/Her Majesty's Ship) naval vessel naming prefix before 1918. Soldat – soldier/enlisted man. Soldbuch – pay book carried by every member of the German armed forces. Unit information, a record of all equipment issued, and other details were entered into this book. Sollstärke – authorized strength Sonderbehandlung – "special treatment"; a Nazi euphemism meaning torture or killing of people in detention. Sonderfahndungslisten – wanted-persons list. Sonderkommando – "special unit"; during WWII, an official term that applied to certain German and foreign SS units that operated in German-occupied areas, who were responsible for the liquidation of persons not desirable to the Nazi government; ALSO: Jewish inmates of extermination camps, assigned to clear gas chambers of corpses, etc. During WWI, the term was used to refer to special fleet groups, i.e. the coastal defense force tasked with maintaining control over Dardanelles. Sonderkraftfahrzeug (Sd. Kfz.) – "special-purpose motor vehicle", usually abbreviated and referring to an Ordnance Inventory Number. Sonderreferat – special administrative section. Späher – scout. Spähtrupp – combat patrol Spähwagen – armoured car, scout/reconnaissance vehicle. Sperrfeuer – protective fire, curtain fire. Artillery barrage to stop advancing troops Störfeuer – harassing fire Sperrlinie – blocking line. Sperrschule – Mine Warfare School at Kiel-Wik. Spieß – "pike"; colloquial name for the mustering and administrative non-commissioned officer of a company, the Hauptfeldwebel. Typically held the rank of Oberfeldwebel or Stabsfeldwebel. He exercised more authority than his American counterpart (First Sergeant), but his duties did not ordinarily include combat leadership. Spion – spy. Sprengstoff – explosive material. Sprung – an advance movement for infantry: jump up from cover, run a few steps, take cover again. Repeat. "Sprung auf, marsch, marsch!" – command to initiate a Sprung SS – see Schutzstaffel. SS-TV – SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS Death's Head Units). SS-Verfügungstruppen – "units available" or military formations of the SS; became the core of the Waffen-SS formed in August 1940. Stab (pl. Stäbe) – "staff", sometimes HQ. Stabschef – chief of staff. Stabsfeldwebel – lit. "Staff Sergeant", but roughly equivalent to Sergeant Major: the highest NCO rank in the Wehrmacht, the second highest NCO rank in the Bundeswehr. Stacheldraht – barbed wire. Stadtkommandant – military commander of a city. Staffel – squadron; the smallest operational air unit, and the primary operational unit of the World War I era Luftstreitkräfte. Staffelführer Staffelkapitän Stahlhelm – (1) literally "steel helmet"; (2) inter-war nationalist organization. Stalag – acronym for Stammlager, German prisoner-of-war camp for ranks other than officers. Stalinorgel – "Stalin's Organ"; nickname for the Katyusha rocket launcher. Stammkennzeichen – four-letter radio identification code applied to factory-fresh Luftwaffe aircraft, also used for prototype identification, not used on non-day-fighter aircraft assigned to a particular Luftwaffe wing, where a Geschwaderkennung code would be used instead. Standarte – SS unit equivalent to a regiment Standort – garrison Standortältester – garrison commander Stellung – position Stellungskrieg – static warfare, contrary to Blitzkrieg, if neither of the conflict parties is able to overcome the defense with offensive operations, the result is an Abnützungskrieg. Stellungsunteroffizier – gun position NCO Steuerbord (Stb) – starboard side of a ship. Stielhandgranate – stick hand grenade: the "potato masher" Model 24 grenade. "stopfen" – a command to stop firing, probably derived from "stop your vents" Stoßtrupp – small unit as shock or attack troops. Stoß-[unit] – Stoßbataillon, Stoßregiment, Stoßdivision, a temporary designation for units, battalions, regiments or divisions that were held as mobile reserve and thus could be used to push (stoßen) an attacking force back in a counterattack. This term was first used in trench warfare in WWI, when in 1917 the defensive tactic of the German Army changed to in depth defense. The rationale was that frontline units in the trenches suffered so many casualties and material losses as not to be able to mount an effective counterstroke. Strategischer Sieg – strategic victory. Stube – room in the barracks, quarters Stuka – acronym for Sturzkampfflugzeug, literally: "downfall combat aircraft" figuratively: *dive-bombing aircraft". Particularly associated with the German Ju 87 dive bomber, although the German term refers to any dive bomber. Stukageschwader – a dive bomberwing/group, later Schlachtgeschwader in a ground support role (SG). Stupa – a Sturmpanzer IV assault gun. Sturm – assault. Sturmabteilung (SA) – "assault detachment," party militia, not part of the army. In the beginning the Nazi Party's "Brown Shirt" bully-boys and street brawlers that grew by 1934 into a paramilitary force of nearly a half-million men; after the purge of its leadership by the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Gestapo during the Night of the Long Knives rapidly decreased in numbers and influence. Sturmbann [plural: Sturmbanne] – lit. "storm band," a battalion; used by SA and SS units until 1940. Sturmgeschütz (StuG) – self-propelled assault gun, such as the Sturmgeschütz III. Sturmgewehr – assault rifle. Sturmtrupp – assault troop, a specially drilled group of soldiers, usually a squad or a platoon, that was used for assaults on fixed positions in trenchwarfare. Later usage in WWII was for combat patrols with orders to infiltrate Sturmbattaillon – assault battalion, specially trained and equipped battalions of the German Army in WWI, specifically created in 1917 and 1918 from the experience in trench warfare. StuK – Sturmkanone, prefix for the main armament of any German self-propelled artillery, also "StuH" for Sturmhaubitze, when a howitzer was used instead on a tracked chassis. Stützpunkt – military base. Süden – south. Swastika – English term for the German Hakenkreuz. sWS – Schwere Wehrmachtschlepper, late World War II "replacement" half-track vehicle. T Tonne (t) – tonne (metric, 1000 kg) Tonne (ts) – long ton Tagesbefehl – order of the day tauchen – dive; submerge. Tauchpanzer – submersible tank. Teilkommando – a small, section-sized command group. Testflug – flight test, shakedown cruise Tiger – name given to the PzKW Panzer VI "Tiger I" and "Tiger II" series of tanks, as well as the Jagdtiger tank destroyer, based on the Tiger II, and Sturmtiger, built on the Tiger I's chassis. Todesmärsche – "Death marches" – at the end of the war when it became obvious that the German army was trapped between the Soviets to the east and the advancing Allied troops from the west, the Nazis, in an attempt to prevent the liberation of concentration camp inmates, forced them to march westward toward Germany proper. Thousands died in these marches. Tommy – German slang for a British soldier (similar to "Jerry" or "Kraut", the British and American slang terms for Germans). Totenkopf – "death's head", skull and crossbones, also the nickname for the Kampfgeschwader 54 bomber wing of the World War II era Luftwaffe. Tornister – Back pack Totenkopfverbände – "Death's Head units", employed as guards in Nazi concentration camps, many later became the members of units of the Waffen-SS, such as the SS Division Totenkopf. Totaler Krieg – "Total war" – In a total war, there is less differentiation between combatants and civilians than in other conflicts, and sometimes no such differentiation at all, as nearly every human resource, civilians and soldiers alike, can be considered to be part of the belligerent effort Totenkopfwachsturmbanne – Death's Head Guard battalions; units of the SS that guarded concentration camps during the war. Treffer – hit. Mostly in past tense. "Torpedo getroffen!" = "Torpedo hit!" or "Torpedo impact!" Tropenhelm – pith helmet; a wide-rimmed fabric-covered cork helmet used in tropical areas, most notably by the Afrika Korps. Trupp (pl. Trupps) – Smallest tactical unit of 2 to 8 men, best comparing to Fireteam but also used in non-combat tasks as logistics. Truppe (pl. Truppen) – summarising term for armed forces, in some context it stands for the enlisted personnel. Truppenamt – "Troop Office", the disguised Army General Staff after the Versailles Treaty abolished the German Army General Staff. Truppenarzt – physician in units and sub-units with organic medical sections, e.g. Regimentsarzt, Bataillonsarzt Truppführer – team leader U Ubootausbildungsabteilung (UAA) – see U-Fahrausbildungslehrgang. Uboot-Abnahme-Kommission (UAK) – submarine acceptance commission Ubootabwehrschule (UAS) – anti-submarine school U-Bootjäger (UJ-boats) – steam trawlers equipped for anti-submarine operations. U-Fahrausbildungslehrgang – where submarine personnel learned to operate U-boats. U-Lehrdivision (ULD) – U-boat Training Division (see Kommandanten-Schießlehrgang). unabkömmlich (uk) – not available for military service Uk (Schnellladekanone in Uboot-Lafette) – quick-firing gun with submarine mounting Untermenschen – those peoples the Nazis derided as "subhuman" (see Entmenscht). Unteroffizier – (1) a non-commissioned officer; (2) the lowest NCO rank, typical for e.g. infantry squad leaders and functionally equivalent to US Sergeant or UK Corporal. Unteroffiziere mit Portepee – senior NCO; lit. "underofficer with sword-knot." Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee – junior NCO; lit. "underofficer without sword-knot." Unterführer – summarized term for all non-commissioned officers; literally: "subleaders". Unterseeboot (U-Boot) – literally, "undersea boat"; submarine. In the English-speaking world, there is a distinction between "U-boat" and "submarine": "U-boat" refers to a German submarine, particularly the ones used during the world wars. In German, there is no distinction as "U-boat" is used for any submarine, such as "Deutsches U-Boot" or "Amerikanisches U-Boot". Ural bomber – Luftwaffe General Walter Wever's initiative to build Germany's first four engined strategic bomber at the dawn of the Third Reich, with prototypes coming from Dornier and Junkers. After Wever's death in 1936, the program was shelved. Urlaub – furlough; also: vacation. Utof (Uboots-Torpedoboots-Fliegerabwehr-Lafette) – quick-firing gun in submarine-torpedo boat-anti-aircraft mounting UvD – Unteroffizier vom Dienst – Sergeant in charge of CQ V V1 – the first of the operational German "weapons of vengeance", or Vergeltungswaffen, the V1 was a pilotless, pioneering cruise missile powered by a pulse-jet engine and carried an 850 kg (1875 lb) high-explosive warhead. They had a range of up to 200 km. Nicknamed "buzz bombs" by Allied troops ("doodlebug" by Australians) due to the sound they made. V2 Rocket – Also known as the A4, the successor to the V1 was the pioneering supersonic SRBM powered by liquid oxygen and alcohol, it had a 975 kg (2150 lb) high-explosive warhead and a range of 320 km. V3 – long-range, smooth-bore multiple-chamber large-calibre gun nicknamed the Hochdruckpumpe (high-pressure pump), designed to fire shells carrying up to a 10 kg (22 lb) high-explosive warhead at a range of 93 km. It was never very successful as most installations were destroyed by bombing before they could be used. Verband – formation (from a battalion to a brigade). Verbindungsoffizier – liaison officer verdächtige Elemente/Personen – suspicious elements/persons. Verfügungstruppen – "[Special] Disposal Troops"; SS combat units, became the Waffen-SS in 1940. Vergeltungsmaßnahmen – reprisals; retaliatory punitive measures. Vernichtungskrieg – (1) "war of annihilation" against USSR civilians; (2) dogmatic offensive. Vernichtungslager – extermination camp. Verpflegung – food supplies Verräter – traitor. "Verstanden" – procedure word; "understood", "roger". Verstärkung – reinforcement. Versuchs – experimental. Hence the "V" designation for any military aircraft prototype for the World War II era Luftwaffe. Originated by the Fokker Flugzeugbau in 1916, solely for its own experimental designs. Versuchskonstruktion – prototype. Verwendung – duty position Veterinäroffizier – veterinarian officer Vichy France – French regime set up in the city of Vichy under Marshal Philippe Petain in collaboration with the Germans following the fall of France in 1940. It governed the southern half of France until its dissolution in 1944. Vierling – German for "quadruple", referring to any weapons mount that used four machine guns or autocannon of the same make and model, in a single traversable and elevatible mount, used as part of the name for the Flakvierling quadmount 20mm anti-aircraft cannon system, and the experimental HL 131V (Hecklafette 131-Vierling) tail turret, mounting four MG 131 12.7mm machine guns in an enclosed, powered defensive position for advanced German late-war bomber aircraft designs. Vizeadmiral – naval rank of vice admiral völkisch – popular, in the sense of "of the (German) populace." An adjective derived from "Volk" meaning "people," coming from the racist, nationalist ideology that divided people into "pure" Aryans and inferior Untermenschen. Volksdeutsche – ethnic Germans. Volksgemeinschaft – national community or civilian population; public support (see Kameradschaft). Volksgrenadier – "People's Infantryman", a morale-building honorific given to low-grade infantry divisions raised or reconstituted in the last months of the war. Volkskrieg – "People's War". Volkssturm – people's semi-military defense force, made up mostly of boys and older men. Volkstumskampf – ethnic struggle. Vorausabteilung – advance detachment Vorgeschobener Beobachter – forward observer Vorpostenboote (VP-boot) – coastal escort vessels and motor launches with anti-submarine and minesweeping gear. Also called Küstenfischkutter (KFK), as they were patrol vessels constructed to a fishing-vessel design. W Wasserbombe (WaBo) —depth charge. Wach- – guard (in conjunction). Wachsamkeit – vigilance. Wachtmeister – senior NCO (equivalent to Feldwebel) in cavalry and artillery units. Waffe (plural: Waffen) – "weapon", or can be an adjective meaning "armed". Waffenamt – "weapons office" – arms inspection stamp or mark. Waffenfarbe – arm of service colour Waffen-SS – "Armed SS". The military combat branch of the SS that was created in August 1940 with the amalgamation of the Verfügungstruppe, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) and the combat Standarten of the Totenkopfverbände. Wagen – vehicle, car. Wehrkraftzersetzung – undermining the fighting spirit of the troops. Wehrkreis – German military district centered on an important city. Wehrmacht – German armed forces under the Third Reich consisting of three branches: the Heer (Army), the Luftwaffe (Air Force), and the Kriegsmarine (Navy). The Waffen-SS was a separate organization, although SS combat units were usually placed under the operational control of Army High Command (OKH) or Wehrmacht High Command (OKW). Wehrmachtbericht – a daily radio broadcast that described the military situation on all fronts during World War II. Wehrmachtführungsstab – Armed Forces Operations Staff. Wehrmachtsadler – the Wehrmacht's eagle insignia. Wehrmachtgefolge – Armed Forces Auxiliaries. These include those organizations that were not a part of the armed forces but that served such an important support role that they were given protection under the Geneva Convention and/or militarized. The armed forces auxiliaries consisted in part of the Reichsarbeitsdienst, NSKK, Organisation Todt, and the Volkssturm. Wehrmachtskanister – Robust tank used to carry fuel. Called a "Jerrycan" by the Allies. Wehrpass – German military individual service record booklet. Werkschutz – industrial plant protection service and security police. Werwolf – German guerrilla fighters dedicated to harass Allied rear areas. Initially conceived as an adjunct to the Jagd-Kommando units and placed under the command of Otto Skorzeny, the idea was later appropriated by Joseph Goebbels to represent the general rising up of the German people to defend against foreign invasion. It was not well organized or widely effective, and there were only a few known instances of involvement, mainly after the war ended and mostly in the eastern regions. Wespe – "wasp", a self-propelled 105mm howitzer on PzKpfw II chassis. Westen – west. Wetterbeobachtungsschiff (WBS) – weather ship Widerstandskräfte – insurgents (see Freischärler). Wolf – the military designation name for a Mercedes-Benz G-Class in the German Bundeswehr. Wolfsrudel – wolf pack, an anti-convoy tactic developed by Admiral Dönitz prior to the war. Wolfsschanze "Wolf's lair" lit. "Wolf's entrenchment" – Hitler's first World War II Eastern Front military headquarters, one of several Führer Headquarters or FHQs located in various parts of Europe. The complex, built for Operation Barbarossa (the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union) was located in the Masurian woods, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Rastenburg, East Prussia (N/K/A Kętrzyn, Poland). Wotan – alternative name for the Y-Gerät radio navigation system. Würzburg radar – German air defense radar that went into service in 1940; over 3,000 of all variants were built. X X-Gerät – "X-device" or "X-equipment"; radio navigation equipment used on German aircraft. Y Y-Beam – German aircraft navigational system that utilized a single station that radiated a directional beam plus a ranging signal that the bomber picked up and re-transmitted to enable the ground controllers to compute the range and know when to order the bombs to be dropped. Y-Gerät – "Y-device" or "Y-equipment"; radio navigation equipment used on German aircraft. Z Z-Plan (or Plan-Z) was the name given to the re-equipment and expansion of the Kriegsmarine (Nazi German Navy) as ordered by Adolf Hitler on 27 January 1939. The plan called for 10 battleships, four aircraft carriers, three battlecruisers, eight heavy cruisers, 44 light cruisers, 68 destroyers and 249 U-boats by 1944 that was meant to challenge the naval power of the United Kingdom. The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 came far too early to implement the plan. Z3 – pioneering computer developed by Konrad Zuse in 1941, it was destroyed by bombardment in 1944. z.b.V. – see zur besonderen Verwendung. Zeit – time. Zeitplan – timetable, schedule. Zeltbahn – a triangular or square shelter quarter made of closely woven, water-repellent cotton duck. It could be used on its own as a poncho or put together with others to create shelters and tents. Also called Zeltplane. Zentralstelle II P – Central Office II P (Poland). Zerstörer – destroyer, also the designation for a Luftwaffe heavy fighter combat aircraft. Ziel – target, objective. Zimmerit – an anti-magnetic mine paste applied on the armour of German tanks to prevent magnetic mines from being attached. It was similar to cement, and was applied on the tanks with a rake, giving the vehicle a rough appearance. From the summer of the 1943 to mid-1944 Zimmerit became a standard characteristic on many German panzers. Zossen – The underground bunker complex that was headquarters for both the Wehrmacht (OKW) and (Heer) Army High Command (OKH) located approximately 20 miles west of Berlin in Zossen, Germany. Zug – platoon or train. Zugführer – platoon leader Zugtruppführer – platoon HQ section leader Zur besonderen Verwendung (z.b.V.) – for special employment. Sometimes a killing squad/unit, but also used for divisions raised for special reasons (e.g., the Division zbV Afrika). Zyklon-B – commercial name for the prussic acid (hydrocyanic acid) gas used in German extermination camps. List of German military ranks Approximate ranks relative to US ranks: Reichsmarschall – "Marshal of the Empire", the highest rank in the German armed forces during World War II (specifically created for Hermann Göring to distinguish him from the other field marshals). Equivalent to General of the Armies of the United States Generalfeldmarschall – General of the Army during World War II. Generaloberst – General, literally "highest" or "supreme general", usually translated "Colonel-general"; not used in the Bundeswehr General der Infanterie, Kavallerie, etc. – General (before 1956 equivalent to US Lieutenant General) Generalleutnant – Lieutenant-General (before 1956 equivalent to US Major General) Generalmajor – Major-General (before 1956 equivalent to US Brigadier General) Brigadegeneral – Brigadier General; not used prior to the Bundeswehr Oberst – Colonel, literally "highest" Oberstleutnant – Lieutenant Colonel Major – Major Hauptmann/Rittmeister – Captain Oberleutnant – First Lieutenant Leutnant – (Second) Lieutenant Oberstabsfeldwebel/Oberstabsbootsmann – (Senior NCO) Stabsfeldwebel/Hauptbootsmann – master sergeant (senior NCO) Oberfeldwebel/Bootsmannsmaat – technical sergeant (senior NCO) Fähnrich/Oberfähnrich – no perfect equivalent. Senior officer cadet with something like warrant officer status, used in functions like ensign, passed midshipman or 2nd lieutenant but not commissioned. Fahnenjunker – no perfect equivalent. Most junior officer cadet with sergeant (US) or corporal (UK) status. Feldwebel/Wachtmeister/Bootsmann – staff sergeant (senior NCO) Unterfeldwebel – sergeant; formerly called Sergeant prior to 1921 (not in use in the Bundeswehr) Stabsunteroffizer/Obermaat (junior NCO) Unteroffizier/Maat – corporal (junior NCO) (since the Bundeswehr more comparable to petty officer) Oberstabsgefreiter – (enlisted personnel); not used prior to the Bundeswehr. Stabsgefreiter – (enlisted personnel) Hauptgefreiter – (enlisted personnel); not used prior to the Bundeswehr. Obergefreiter – Lance Corporal (enlisted personnel). Historically, and up until 1945, the rank of Obergefreiter was considered in English the equivalent to a British Army Lance Corporal with seniority, therefore named "Senior Lance Corporal", or rather Second Corporal in the Artillery. Gefreiter – Private First Class (enlisted personnel). Historically, and up until 1945, the rank of Gefreiter was considered in English the equivalent to a British Army Lance Corporal rank. Oberschütze – Senior Rifleman. Historical rank used up until 1945, not in use in the Bundeswehr. Gemeiner – Private (enlisted personnel). Historically, and up until 1918, the rank of Gemeiner was ordinarily used for an enlisted soldier of Private rank. Grenadier/Schütze/Soldat/Matrose/Flieger/Sanitäter – Private (enlisted personnel) For additional comparisons, see Comparative military ranks of World War II. List of military operations The German term for "Operation" is Unternehmen, literally "undertaking". Adlerangriffe (Eagle Attack) series of raids against Royal Air Force (RAF). Adlertag – Eagle Day; day one of intense raiding against RAF 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (postponed from 10 August). Anton – occupation of Vichy France, November 1942; later known as Atilla. Atilla – occupation of Vichy France, November 1942 (previously, Anton). Aufbau Ost – Eastern Buildup; build-up of arms prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union. Barbarossa – invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Barbarossa, or "Red Beard" was the nickname for Emperor Frederick I, who attempted to unify Germanic states in the 12th century. Bernhard – scheme to counterfeit British bank notes and put them into circulation; begun in 1942. Bodenplatte – Base Plate; air offensive against Allied airfields in north-western Europe, New Year's Day 1945. Eiche – Oak; mission to rescue Benito Mussolini by Fallschirmjäger led by Skorzeny. Eisenhammer – Iron Hammer, planned strategic bombing raid on Soviet electric power generation water turbines, potentially knocking out three-quarters of all western Soviet electrical generation capacity, never carried out Fall Blau – Case Blue; summer offensive in Southern Russia. Fall Gelb – Case Yellow; invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Fall Grün – Case Green; intended invasion of Czechoslovakia. Fall Rot – Case Red; counterstrike against France in the event of an attack from the West. Fall Weiß – Case White; invasion of Poland. Felix – plan to capture Gibraltar in 1941. It never took place. Fischfang – Fish Trap; counterattack on the Allied beachhead at Anzio in February 1944. Greif – Griffin; dropping of English-speaking troops wearing American uniforms behind the Allied lines in the Ardennes, prior to the Battle of the Bulge. Herbstnebel – Autumn Mist; offensive in the Ardennes, December 1944. Better known as the Battle of the Ardennes. Herkules – projected invasion of Malta by Fallschirmjäger and the navy. Never executed. Kathrin – plan to help the Irish Republican Army to commit terrorism and disrupt British internal security. Merkur – Mercury (the planet or the Roman god, not the metal); airborne invasion of Crete 1941. Nordlicht – Northern Lights; attack on Leningrad in 1942. Nordwind – North Wind; counteroffensive in Alsace and Lorraine in January 1945. Panzerfaust – Armored Fist; the October 1944 mission to kidnap Miklós Horthy Jr, son of Hungarian Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy. Paukenschlag – Drumroll or Drumbeat; offensive against Allied shipping in US and Caribbean waters in the first half of 1942. Pastorius – U-boat operation involving U-202 and U-548 setting 8 agents ashore in the US in June 1942. Reinhard – covername for the entire process of building extermination camps, deportation of Jews first to ghettos, then to the concentration camps for extermination and incineration. Named for SD chief Reinhard Heydrich. Seelöwe – Sea Lion; projected amphibious assault on Great Britain in 1940/41. It never took place. Steinbock – the German Luftwaffe bomber offensive against England from late January through the end of May 1944 Stösser – parachute drop on evening of 16 December 1944; purpose was to seize a crossroads for Kampfgruppe Peiper during the Germans' Ardennes Offensive. Strafgericht – "punishment" air attacks on Belgrade, April 1941. Taifun – Typhoon; push towards Moscow in September 1941. Tannenbaum – "fir-tree"; projected invasion of Switzerland in 1940. Never carried out. Tiger – advance through the Maginot Line on the French border in June 1940. Wacht am Rhein – "Guard on the Rhine"; the December 1944 Ardennes offensive, known by Americans as the Battle of the Bulge. Walküre – Valkyrie Officially a Reserve Army contingency plan to restore law and order in the event a disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities caused a breakdown in law and order, or a rising by the millions of forced laborers German factories. Was, in fact, a major part of the failed July 20 Plot to arrest SS and other Nazi officials and seize control of the German government. Weserübung – Weser Exercise (commonly, Water Exercise); invasion of Denmark and Norway, 9 April 1940 Wintergewitter – Winter Gale; unsuccessful attempt to relieve the 6th Army at Stalingrad in December 1942. Zitadelle – Citadel; attack on Soviet salient at Kursk, July 1943. See also Glossary of Nazi Germany Weimar paramilitary groups Ranks and Insignia of the German Army in World War II Ranks and insignia of the Schutzstaffel Comparative military ranks of World War II List of SS personnel Notes General references Andrew, Stephen; Thomas, Nigel; The German Army 1939-45: Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing Lt., 1999. Bidermann, Gottlob Herbert. In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier's Memoir of the Eastern Front. Kansas, University Press of Kansas. (2001): . Rottman, Gordon L. "FUBAR: Soldier Slang of World War II". London, Osprey Publishing. (2007): . (Contains German slang chapter.) Shirer, William; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon & Schuster. (1990): . Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. London: Robert Hale, 1976. Zentner, Christian and Friedemann Bedürftig (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Macmillan, New York. Germany German military terms Military Category:Military history of Germany during World War II Category:German military-related lists German

The Westminster Dragoons (WDs) is central London’s only Army Reserve cavalry subunit. One of the Royal Yeomanry's six squadrons, the squadron's current role is light cavalry: to provide a rapidly deployable force with fast mobility and substantial firepower in support of operations. Formed in the aftermath of Second Boer War as part of the County of London Yeomanry, the WDs fought in the Battle of Gallipoli and led British forces onto the beaches during the Normandy Invasion in 1944. The squadron most recently saw action on Operation Telic, when it was mobilised for the 2003 war in Iraq and again in 2006 for peace support operations there. Soldiers and officers of the squadron have also deployed as individual replacements on Operation Herrick in Afghanistan and on Operation Cabrit in Poland. Precursors The regiment was first recruited from wealthy merchants and bankers as the London and Westminster Light Horse in 1779. It was disbanded in 1783 but in 1793 the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, proposed that the English Counties form a force of Volunteer Yeoman Cavalry that could be called on by the King to defend the country against invasion or by the Lord Lieutenant to subdue any civil disorder within the country. So the regiment was reformed again the following year. The regiment was renamed the Westminster Volunteer Cavalry in 1797. and barracks were built to accommodate the regiment in Gray's Inn Road in 1812. The regiment was disbanded again in 1829 and the barracks were decommissioned in 1830. Imperial Yeomanry Following a string of defeats during Black Week in early December 1899, the British government realised that it would need more troops than just the Regular Army to fight the Second Boer War. On 13 December, the decision to allow volunteer forces to serve in South Africa was made, and a Royal Warrant was issued on 24 December. This officially created the Imperial Yeomanry (IY). The force was organised as county service companies of approximately 115 men signed up for one year, and volunteers from the Yeomanry Cavalry and civilians (usually middle and upper class) quickly filled the new force, which was equipped to operate as Mounted infantry (see dragoon). Second and third contingents were sent out in the following years. One such unit was the 24th (Metropolitan Mounted Rifles) Battalion, consisting of 94th, 95th, 96th and 97th (Metropolitan Mounted Rifles) Companies raised in London for the second contingent on 30 March 1901. In 1901, 16 new IY regiments raised from veterans of the first IY contingent returning from South Africa were added to the existing Yeomanry Cavalry. The 2nd County of London Imperial Yeomanry was formed on 24 August 1901 with four squadrons and a machine gun section, perpetuating the 24th (Metropolitan Mounted Rifles) Battalion. Over 800 members of the regiment served in South Africa, and the regiment was awarded the Battle Honour South Africa 1902. On 2 August 1902 Westminster Council granted permission for the regiment to adopt the subtitle '(Westminster Dragoons)' (to perpetuate the 1779-1829 units) and to use the city's coat-of-arms as its cap badge. From the start it was smart regiment filled with wealthy gentlemen from the City and the West End. Their attitude and attire was such that, as they strutted across West London, members became known as the 'Piccadilly Peacocks'. Several of the unit's first officers were former officers of the 1st The Royal Dragoons, forerunners of the Blues and Royals; one of the first troop leaders was Raj Rajendra Narayan, Maharaj Kumar (Prince) of Cooch Behar. They brought with them the Royals' pre-Waterloo cap badge, which was later adopted by Colonels and Brigadiers of the staff, which is why, until a common Royal Yeomanry capbadge was adopted in 2006, young WD officers often found themselves amused at being saluted by officers of higher rank. The WD stable belt (worn in barracks) bears the Royal racing colours – the imperial hues of purple, gold and scarlet as a result of the personal friendship of its first commanding officer, Colonel Charles Rosedew Burn, with King Edward VII, whose Aide-de-camp Burn had been when he was Prince of Wales. As an urban regiment, the yeomen were unable to supply their own horses, so the senior Westminster officers made use of their links to the highest ranks of Society to borrow mounts from the Household Cavalry for summer training camps. Later horses were hired. Even at this time, the WDs were at the forefront of using new equipment, being the second unit in the British army after the Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry to be equipped with mobile wireless. In 1910, Lord Howard de Walden presented two Marconi pack sets to the regiment. In 1907 the regimental headquarters (RHQ) was at 102 Victoria Street, but by 1914 it had moved to 1 Elverton Street, Westminster. Territorial Force When the IY were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the regiment simply dropped 'Imperial' from its title. It was attached to the London Mounted Brigade for training, but was otherwise under the command of London District. World War I Mobilisation The Westminster Dragoons' summer camp in 1914 was at Goring-on-Thames. It began on 25 July, but the regiment was recalled to Westminster when mobilisation orders arrived on 5 August. The regiment reorganised on the three-squadron basis used by the Regular cavalry and purchased horses. In accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9), which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split in August and September 1914 into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. Later, a 3rd Line was formed to act as a reserve, providing trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line regiments. 1/2nd County of London Yeomanry Egypt The regiment sailed on 10 September for Egypt, thereby being one of the first Yeomanry regiments to go overseas on active service. It arrived at Alexandria on 25 September and went to relieve the 3rd Dragoon Guards as the Cairo Garrison cavalry regiment. On 19 January 1915, it joined the 1/1st Hertfordshire Yeomanry to form the Yeomanry Mounted Brigade. The regiment carried out security and escort duties in Cairo and patrols on the fringe of the Sinai Desert to protect the Suez Canal. The brigade joined the 2nd Mounted Division on 13 August and was redesignated as the 5th (Yeomanry) Mounted Brigade. It was dismounted to take part in the Gallipoli Campaign, leaving a squadron HQ and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses. Gallipoli The regiment sailed from Alexandria on 14 August, arriving at Mudros on 17 August. It landed at "A" Beach, Suvla Bay the following day and moved into reserve positions at Lala Baba on the night of 20 August. On 21 August, it advanced to Chocolate Hill and was in reserve for the attacks on Scimitar Hill and Hill 112. Due to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from 1st (1st South Midland), 2nd (2nd South Midland) and 5th (Yeomanry) Mounted Brigades. Each dismounted brigade formed a battalion sized unit, hence the regiment was amalgamated with the Hertfordshire Yeomanry to form 5th Yeomanry Regiment. Western Frontier 5th Yeomanry Regiment left Suvla on 31 October 1915 for Mudros. It left Mudros on 27 November, arrived at Alexandria on 1 December and went to Mena Camp, Cairo. The brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 7 December, was reformed and remounted, and joined the Western Frontier Force. The Yeomanry Mounted Brigade was broken up by March 1916, and the regiment was attached to the 6th Mounted Brigade, still in the Western Frontier Force. The regiment was split up at the beginning of 1917: RHQ, C Squadron and the Machine Gun Section were on the Northern Section of the Suez Canal Defences A Squadron was assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Division from 14 January to 14 February then with 74th (Yeomanry) Division from 5 April to 23 August B Squadron acted as the depot squadron at Zeitoun, Cairo from 17 January to 23 August Palestine The Westminster Dragoons now joined the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) for the Sinai and Palestine campaign. In August 1917, the regiment was concentrated and formed XX Corps Cavalry Regiment. The WDs were involved in fierce fighting, both mounted and dismounted. Early on 31 October the regiment took part in the attack on Beersheba. In the first phase it held a position on the right flank of XX Corps under shrapnel and machine gun fire. A and B Squadrons fired intermittent bursts of rifle and Hotchkiss machine gun fire, but expected a counter-attack. The infantry attacked at 12.15 in the second phase, and the Turks began retiring from their central position. At 14.00 the WD moved out in mounted pursuit but were held up after about a mile by heavy shrapnel and machine gun fire. At 16.30 the enemy retired. The WD's casualties amounted to one other rank (OR) and two horses killed, one officer, 16 ORs and several horses wounded; the engagement resulted in awards of one Military Cross (MC) and three Military Medal (MM) to members of the regiment. After the fall of Beersheba, the regiment was briefly split with C Sqn covering the advance of 53rd (Welsh) Division and A & B Sqns attached to the Australian Mounted Division operating between Beersheba and Gaza. It came back under XX Corps in November. A Squadron was the first formed body of troops to enter Jerusalem after the city had been surrendered to two sergeants of 2/19th Battalion, London Regiment, and the regiment bears the liberation of that city as a battle honour. All squadrons were then withdrawn for security duties at Bethlehem, then operated on the right flank of the army, where on 27 December C Sqn repulsed a serious attempt by the Turks from Deir Ibn Obeid to recapture Jerusalem. When the EEF resumed its advance in March 1918, the WD advanced 10 miles beyond Jerusalem, but the German Spring Offensive led to an urgent call for troops to be sent from the EEF to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), and nine Yeomanry regiments were hurriedly converted to the machine gun role. Western Front In April 1918, the regiment left XX Corps and was reformed as F Battalion, Machine Gun Corps. F Battalion, MGC was posted to France, arriving on 1 June 1918. On 19 August 1918 it was renumbered as 104th (Westminster Dragoons) Battalion, Machine Gun Corps. It remained on the Western Front for the rest of the war. At the Armistice, it was serving as Army Troops with the Second Army. 2/2nd County of London Yeomanry The 2nd Line regiment was formed at Westminster in August 1914. Early in 1915, it went to Feltham and in the summer to Harlow. There are three versions of its subsequent history: Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42-56) says that the regiment joined the 60th (2/2nd London) Division at Harlow on 24 June 1915, transferred to 61st (2nd South Midland) Division on 24 January 1916 until February when the division moved to Wiltshire. On 20 February, it joined 59th (2nd North Midland) Division and was with the division until April. the official Commanders Home Forces shows the regiment with the 58th Division in June 1916. It is then listed as overseas up to April 1918 and in August 1918 as with the Tank Corps. the regimental history, 2nd County of London (Westminster Dragoons) Yeomanry: The First Twenty Years says that the regiment went to France, dismounted, at the end of 1915 for guard duties. It then returned to Wool in the summer of 1916. Most of the other ranks were posted to the infantry and the officers and senior NCOs joined the Tank Corps. There are no battle honours to support overseas service in France. It appears that the unit was absorbed into the Tank Corps. 3/2nd County of London Yeomanry The 3rd Line regiment was formed in 1915 and in the summer was affiliated to a Reserve Cavalry Regiment in Eastern Command. In 1916, it was with the 9th Reserve Cavalry Regiment at The Curragh and in early 1917 it was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Cavalry Regiment at Aldershot. Interwar After World War I the WDs once again embraced new technology, making the decision to become an armoured car unit at a time when many yeomanry units were determined to remain mounted. The decision to accept immediate conversion was that of its then commanding officer, Lord Howard de Walden. On 11 March 1920, the regiment reformed with the title 4th Armoured Car Company (Westminster Dragoons), but this was quickly changed to 22nd (London) Armoured Car Company (Westminster Dragoons), Tank Corps in the retitled Territorial Army (TA), thus forming its link with the Tank Corps (Royal Tank Corps from 18 October 1923, and Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) from 11 April 1939). The armoured car company was expanded to a full battalion (22nd (Westminster Dragoons) Battalion, RTR) in January 1938. World War II Officer Training On mobilisation at the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Westminster Dragoons became an Officer Cadet Training Unit, with over 90 per cent of pre-war Westminster Dragoons gaining their commissions and transferring into units throughout the British Army before the Regiment reverted to an armoured role in 1940. Among them was Captain Philip John Gardner VC MC, who had joined as a trooper before the war, commissioned and then transferred to the RTR, going on to win the Victoria Cross for saving the life of a badly wounded officer of the King's Dragoon Guards whose armoured car was out of action and under heavy fire. Specialist armour The regiment regained its combat status in 11 November 1940, when it became 2nd County of London Yeomanry (Westminster Dragoons) in the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) – always known as simply the Westminster Dragoons. The regiment joined the newly-formed 30th Armoured Brigade in 11th Armoured Division on 8 March 1941. In May 1942 the brigade transferred to 42nd Armoured Division, and then in October 1943 to 79th Armoured Division under Major-General Percy Hobart. This division was equipping with specialist armour ('Hobart's Funnies') for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord), and 30th Armoured became the Flail tank brigade of the division. The Germans planted over four million mines along the French coast to hinder the Allied landings in 1944. To break through these defences at the start of the Normandy Invasion, the British produced a number of novel armoured fighting vehicles under Hobart's ingenious direction, including the Sherman Crab. The Crab bore a rotating drum with dozens of chains attached; these detonated mines in its path to produce a beaten passage through the thickest of minefields. On 1 January 1944, then under the command of Lt-Col W.Y.K. Blair-Oliphant, the regiment moved to Thorpeness in Suffolk to begin flail training, though no flail tanks had yet arrived. In the meantime it received a draft of men who had experience with the Scorpion flail, and some tanks equipped with anti-mine rollers. By February the regiment had a mixed roster of tanks for training: 19 Sherman V, 17 Centaur 1, 4 Cromwell, 6 Valentine II Scorpions, but only 3 of the Sherman Crabs that they would take into action. The slow, unsafe Scorpions were too unlike the Crab to be much use for training. The regiment practised driving on and off a concrete mock-up of a tank landing craft (LCT), the entrance of which was only wider than the rotor of the Crab. It also practised indirect gunfire techniques controlled by a Forward Observation Officer (FOO). In March the regiment received its orders to mobilise, and training intensified. The last major exercise ('Fabius') was held in early May, but there were still too few Crabs: the regiment collected more Sherman V 'Quick Fix' gun tanks that could be fitted as 'pilot' roller tanks, but in the event these were used as command tanks. Later in the month the regiment concentrated in camp at Stanswood in Hampshire, ready to embark for Normandy with 56 Crabs, 26 Shermans, 3 Armoured recovery vehicles (ARVs) and 13 Scout cars; it still had 6 Scorpions on charge, but these were left behind, as were the 'Rollers'. D Day For the assault landings the Westminster Dragoons were under the command of 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division on Gold Beach, with A Squadron detached under the command of 22nd Dragoons to work with 3rd Canadian Division on Juno Beach and 3rd British Division on Sword Beach. The Crabs were to form composite breaching teams with Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVREs) fitted with a variety of devices to make lanes through the enemy's beach defences. These teams had trained together at Stanswood and on the morning of 6 June, D Day, they were deployed as follows: Part of A Sqn, WD, and 80 Sqn, 5 Assault Regiment, Royal Engineers (RE)) with 8 Canadian Brigade (Nan Beach) W and Y Breaching Sqns (13 Crabs of B Sqn, WD, and 82 Sqn, 6 Assault Regiment, RE) with 231 Bde (Jig Beach) X and Z Breaching Sqns (13 Crabs of C Sqn, WD, and 81 Sqn, 6 Assault Regiment, RE) with 69 Bde (King Beach) The LCTs were supposed to be preceded by Sherman DD 'swimming' tanks, but in Gold sector the surf was too bad and they were not launched, so the breaching teams were the first vehicles ashore at H-Hour (07.25). They then got to work. For example, Lt Pear leading two Crabs with No 1 Breaching Team of X Breaching Sqn drove off the LCT and waded to the beach, where his rear tank got bogged in clay. Pear flailed a lane across the beach up to the lateral road and turned left as planned. His role now was to remain in reserve, giving covering fire. However, the team at No 3 Lane had failed, and Pear was ordered to carry on inland. He crossed a stream and an anti-tank ditch, finding to his surprise that the bridges had not been blown by the enemy. He was then stopped by a large crater (probably from a British shell or bomb), but this was quickly bridged by an AVRE and Pear continued to flail a lane up the hill so that the DD tanks go move inland. No 2 Team was held up beyond the lateral road by boggy ground and craters, despite making a 'sporting effort to get past'. Both Crabs of No 3 Team got to the beach but were hit in the rotor by a German 88 mm gun on the sea wall at La Rivière. The squadron commander ordered the AVRE bridgelayer to reverse and go to help No 2 Team. In Z Bridging Sqn, Captain Roger Bell, leading No 6 Breaching Team, suffered a burnt-out starter motor, had to be towed off the LCT by an AVRE and was late on the beach. He saw an AVRE hit by the troublesome '88' at La Rivière, so he moved to a position where he could engage it, and destroyed the gun. Bell then began flailing a lane across the beach, but got bogged just as he crossed the lateral road. Corporal Thorpe took over, but had a track blown off by a mine. Bell's Crab was then towed out by an AVRE that dropped its Fascine into the bog by the road, and Bell proceeded up the road. The Crabs of Nos 4 and 5 Breaching Teams got bogged before they reached the road, but No 5 Team gave covering fire with High explosive shell and smoke shell to No 6 Team and the infantry attacking La Rivière. B Squadron Westminster Dragoons had similar experiences. The breaching team for Lane 1 could not be landed because the LCT was hit on the run in, and the team for Lane 2 was landed at Lane 3. Lieutenant Townsend-Green's Crab flailed for before it got bogged, so he took over Cpl Barton's Crab and took a different route towards the vital ramp near La Hamel. However, he was then bogged and the Crab hit three times by a German field gun at La Hamel. The Lane 3 team was more or less in the right place and Serjeant Lindsay flailed a path onto the mainland. He then turned to support the attack by 1st Battalion Hampshire Regiment on La Hamel but the Crab was destroyed by anti-tank fire in the town. Although wounded, Lindsay evacuated his crew. Captain Taylor in the second flail cleared a lane before his Crab was destroyed by a double mine, but the lane provided a clear exit. The team in Lane 4 was completely bogged, but Lanes 5 and 6 were successfully cleared within 15–22 minutes of landing, despite the breach commander's Crab being hit by shellfire on the landing craft ramp and burning out. Major Stanyon therefore took to his feet to direct the mass of Crabs, AVREs and DD tanks, despite heavy machine gun fire: he was awarded a Military Cross (MC). The Lane 5 team then flailed paths through the inland minefield for the infantry, self-propelled (SP) artillery and anti-aircraft gunners. The landings on Juno beach began at 07.50, those at Sword at 07.25. Both were successful, and the Crabs flailed routes through the minefields. Once Sword was secure, the remaining 2 and 4 Trps of A Sqn were landed there at H + 3 hours to work with A Sqn 22nd Dragoons and 629 Assault Sqn, RE, to help in a thrust towards Caen (they were a late addition to the plan, and had not practised landing from LCTs). The mobile battlegroup was to consist of the tanks of the Staffordshire Yeomanry carrying infantry of 2nd Battalion King's Shropshire Light Infantry, supported by SP guns of 7th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery. Congestion on the beach was so bad that the Staffordshire Yeomanry only linked up at 13.00; the RE squadron was ineffective after heavy casualties in the landing and B Trp 22nd Dragoons had just two flails left to join the WDs in preparing the route. The infantry had been ready since 11.00 and set off on foot at 12.30, leaving the armour and their heavy weapons to catch up. The armoured column made slow progress, restricted to a single road by bad going on one side and a deep minefield on the other. It overtook the infantry at the Périers-sur-le-Dan ridge and reached Beuville by 14.30, but the flails had to wait while the mobile column fought off a large-scale counter-attack by 21st Panzer Division from Caen. Four WD Crabs were knocked out in this engagement, which stopped 3rd British Division from achieving its ambitious objective of taking Caen that day. Lt-Col Blair-Oliphant had landed an hour after H-Hour (aboard C Sqn's ARV, because his command tank was not due to arrive until later). By the time the regiment 'harboured' that night, B Sqn's ARV and C Sqn's M14 half-track had landed with four ammunition and petrol lorries. C Squadron harboured at Crépon with 11 Crabs (seven of them recovered from the beach). At 05.45 next morning (D+1, 7 June) they moved cautiously forward to a hedgerow but came under heavy fire, suffering several casualties among the dismounted crews. The squadron leader spotted an enemy field gun at a range of just and jumped onto Lt Hoban's tank to direct fire: one shot was enough to knock out the German gun. The squadron moved back and attended to its casualties. A composite force was then formed to deal with the Germans, consisting of Hoban's I Trp, two Churchill Crocodiles of 141st Regiment, RAC, and a few men of the Royal Artillery and Royal Signals to act as infantry. The Crocodiles 'flamed' a pillbox, the Crabs engaged dugouts with HE and machine gun fire, and 100 Germans surrendered with five guns. The Crabs were used later that day to round up prisoners of war round Crépon. By D+2 (8 June), B and C Sqns were at Saint-Gabriel-Brécy, with nine fit Crabs: seven were damaged beyond repair and 10 were repairable. On D+2 four of A Sqn's Crabs assisted 3rd British Division at Lion-sur-Mer, clearing lanes through mines and barbed wire and engaging strongpoints with their main guns and machine guns. The following day A Sqn and a troop of AVREs helped 1st East Riding Yeomanry and 2nd Bn Royal Ulster Rifles in an attempt to advance beyond Périers. They had of open country to cross under shell, mortar and machine gun fire, the 2nd Bn RUR losing almost 200 men and the 1st EYR four tanks. The Crabs performed well in the unaccustomed role of infantry tanks, but all the AVREs were knocked out. The Westminster Dragoons continued to serve as part of 79th Armoured Division throughout the campaign in Normandy and North West Europe, usually detached to assist other formations of 21st Army Group as required. Operation Constellation For example, during Operation Constellation to capture Overloon and Venray, the Crabs of A and C Sqns deployed with the AVREs 617 Assault Sqn, RE, to support 3rd British Division and 6th Guards Tank Brigade. At noon on 12 October 4th (Tank) Bn Coldstream Guards advanced to Overloon, where it encountered a minefield and A Sqn was ordered up to flail a path. One Crab (Lt Sutton) was disabled by a mine, and Sjt Harmston flailed a diversion round the wreck; other Crabs flailed two other lanes, and the Guards' Churchills advanced to take the town. Next day the Crabs continued flailing in front of the Coldstreamers, without finding any mines, but Lt Hall's tank engaged an enemy Panther tank. On 14 October the Crabs flailed a path where RE mine-lifting parties had previously come under fire, but the advance was halted by a Tiger I that 'brewed up' seven Coldstream Churchills before starting on Lt Cooper's partly Hull-down Crab, which was subjected to a hail of fire. Inexplicably, the Tiger withdrew before destroying the Crab. 15 October was spent on maintenance, then on 16 October the squadron advanced again, in pouring rain, mud and a flooded brook (the Molen Beek). Although four crossings were attempted on 3rd Division's front, only Lance-Sjt Carter was successful, his Crab covered by smoke fired by the rest of his troop. The Churchills followed over what for the next 24 hours was the only crossing. On 17 October the Crabs were at work again, losing two to mines, and rapidly wearing out their flail chains when repeatedly requested to flail along roads. (6th Guards Tank Bde noted that the concentrations of minefields in Operation Constellation were the heaviest they had yet encountered, including a new mine powerful enough to disable their heavy Churchill tanks.) By 18 October the squadron was down to five serviceable tanks, but Cooper and Carter pushed on into Venray, flailing the town's main street and piles of rubble ahead of the Guards' Churchills. Meanwhile, C Sqn had been operating with 4th (Tank) Bn Grenadier Guards since 12 October. Fifteen minutes before H-hour a minefield was discovered just short of the start line, and the Crabs had to deal with this despite badly broken ground. That attack went in successfully. Next day Lt Pear's 3 Trp had to flail a path followed by another of so the Grenadiers could reach their objective, followed by another of almost in the afternoon. On 16 October the squadron got badly bogged in full view of the enemy while trying to cross the Molen Beek and the attempt had to be abandoned. Next day a composite troop, comprising the fittest tanks and least tired crews was sent to help 29th Armoured Brigade, losing some tanks but carrying on and engaging anti-tank guns and capturing prisoners. The rest of C Sqn (three Crabs under Capt Bell, Lt Pear and Sjt Birch) helped 1st Bn Herefordshire Regiment in an attack north-east of Deurne on 17 October, under heavy fire. On 20 October A and C Sqns were pulled out to rejoin the regiment, receiving many compliments for their work. B Squadron had been operating miles away with 7th Armoured Division and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division against 's-Hertogenbosch. 1 Troop operated so closely with A Sqn 1st Royal Tank Regiment that it was dubbed '5th Trp, A Sqn'. Small actions continued through early November. Lieutenant Michael Sutton won an MC on 2 November when he was supporting 23rd Hussars with two flails. A Hussars tanks was blown up on a mine, but the heavy fire prevented the crew from bailing out or sappers from clearing a path to it. Sutton flailed a path up to and round the disabled tank, then carried on flailing the road until an anti-tank gun disabled two Hussars' tanks and shot off his flail gear. Ordered to withdraw he had to do so slowly in reverse. While doing so he spotted a wounded man in a ditch: calling for smoke he got out of his tank and ran to bring the wounded man back to the tank, where another crew member dismounted to help get him aboard, all under heavy machine gun fire. Lieutenant Brian Pear was killed the following day while supporting 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in an attack on Meijel: when Sjt Birch's Crab was hit and the crew unable to bale out he placed his tank between them and the enemy. Both Crabs were destroyed by anti-tank fire and only one man survived to be taken prisoner. The volume of fire was so great that 15th (Scottish) postponed all operations for 48 hours. C Squadron then flailed a path for 6th Guards Tank Bde, though 23 Churchills and one Crab were lost in an hour. Germany The Westminster Dragoons were once more with 15th (Scottish) Division for the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder) in March 1945, but were not called forward until bridges had been built. The regiment was surprised to learn from BBC radio reports that they had crossed a day before they actually did so. Once across the river barrier the campaign moved swiftly, with fewer prepared defensive positions to overcome, so there was little call for flail tanks. In early April RHQ and A Sqn were assigned to VIII Corps' Reserve, B Sqn to 1st Assault Bde in 21st Army Group Reserve, and C Sqn to 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. By now the Crabs were being used as normal gun tanks: on 15 April C Sqn provided armoured support to 3rd Division at Wildeshausen, where they repelled a number of enemy counter-attacks as well as carrying out a minor offensive operation of their own. The Westminster Dragoons' war ended with the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath on 4 May 1945. Postwar In 1947 the regiment was reconstituted in the TA as three squadrons with RHQ at Westminster. On 1 September 1951 it reversed its title to become The Westminster Dragoons (2nd County of London Yeomanry). When the TA was reduced on 1 May 1961, the regiment merged with R (Berkshire Yeomanry) Battery, 299 (Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry, Berkshire Yeomanry and The Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, to form the Berkshire and Westminster Dragoons, RAC, in which the Berkshire Yeomanry component formed C Squadron. The Westminster Dragoons were disbanded on 30 March 1967 as part of the disbandment of the Territorial Army under the Reserve Forces Act 1966 and its replacement by a newly-constituted organisation, the TAVR (Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve). The legal effect of the Act and the orders implementing it (Army Order 2 dated 28 January 1967 and the Army Reserves Succession Warrant 1967) was that there was no succession of lineage from the disbanded units to those that were being raised. However, the warrant also stated ‘the wish to provide for succession of units raised' and then listed those new units which would be deemed to be successors to previous Territorial Army Units. The Royal Yeomanry Regiment (Volunteers) was to be regarded as the successor to the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry, the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, the Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry, the North Irish Horse, and the Berkshire and Westminster Dragoons. The squadron based at Chelsea, London was given the title 'Berkshire and Westminster Dragoons', somewhat anomalously given that the Berkshire Yeomanry element was separated to form 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Sqn in 71 (Yeomanry) Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals; the situation was belatedly recognised in 1984 when the 'Berkshire' part of the HQ squadron's title was dropped and it was rebadged accordingly as Westminster Dragoons. A bomb which detonated at the regiment's drill hall in Elverton Street caused minor damage in November 1971. The squadron operated as a medium reconnaissance unit equipped with armoured cars. It continued in this role until 1996, when it became part of the British Army's nuclear, biological and chemical defence regiment. It served in the NBC role until 1999. In that year, the Joint NBC Regiment was formed as a joint regular Army and Royal Air Force unit composed of four squadrons of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment and 27 Squadron Royal Air Force Regiment. In January 2003, the Westminster Dragoons and A (Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry) Squadron were mobilised (along with augmentees from the Royal Yeomanry's three other squadrons and from the Royal Logistic Corps) for the impending war in Iraq. Together, these mobilised elements became a much-enlarged squadron of the Joint NBC Regiment. Westminster Dragoons found themselves serving with 16 Air Assault Brigade, 7 Armoured Brigade (the Desert Rats) and 3 Commando Brigade as NBC specialists, before switching roles to infantry "peace support" operations once Saddam Hussein's regime had collapsed. The squadron also provided individual replacements for Operation Herrick in Afghanistan. Following the Army 2020 review, the squadron's role became that of light cavalry: providing a rapidly deployable force with fast mobility and substantial firepower as part of the British Army's combat arm. Its soldiers provide reconnaissance, reassurance, security and, if the situation demands it, decisive tactical effects by raiding and attacking the enemy. Uniforms and insignia The Imperial Yeomanry's service dress was Khaki with a Slouch hat, officially replaced by a Service cap in 1906. Thanks to Col Burns' links to King Edward VII, the regimental flash worn on the pagri of the Slouch hat and later Wolseley helmet consisted, with Royal permission, of the King's horseracing colours of purple, gold and red (still used today for the WD's stable belt, see above). However, when the regiment marched into Palestine with XX Corps in 1917 the flash may have been changed to red, white and blue. The regiment's full dress uniform was a scarlet Dragoon tunic with purple facings, blue overalls (tight fitting cavalry trousers) or pantaloons with a single yellow stripe, and a white metal Dragoon helmet with purple plume. The unique plume was changed to white in 1910, shortly after King Edward's funeral, when a detachment of Westminster Dragoons lined the street at Marble Arch: it is thought that the purple dye had run in the rain. The other ranks' cap and collar badge was the pre-1965 Coat of arms of the City of Westminster, with portcullis and Tudor rose, but the officers – many of whom had served in the Royal Dragoons – wore a gold-embroidered staff badge used by that regiment before the Battle of Waterloo (see above). The plate on the original dragoon helmet bore the figure 2 (for 2nd CoL Yeomanry) surrounded by the Garter, with the letters IY beneath. At Gallipoli in 1915 the dismounted 1/2nd CoLY wore khaki serge infantry uniforms and webbing equipment with a Wolseley helmet carrying the regimental flash; the only concession was that the puttee tapes were fastened at the bottom, cavalry style. When the regiment rode into Palestine in 1917 the serge tunic was replaced in hot weather with a blue-grey shirt, and brown leather cavalry equipment was worn. The black beret became the official headgear of the Royal Tank Corps in 1926 and was thereafter also adopted by the Westminster Dragoons. Honorary Colonels The following officers have served as Honorary Colonel of the unit: Col Cuthbert Larking, appointed 7 December 1901 Col Sir Charles Burn, 1st Baronet, former CO, appointed 19 November 1910 Col Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden, TD, former CO, appointed 8 May 1927 Col Sir Edsall Munt, MC, former CO, appointed 5 November 1945 Gen Sir Harold Pyman, GBE, KCB, DSO, appointed 5 November 1952 Col Hon Sir Gordon Palmer, OBE, TD, appointed 1969 Col Edward George Aldred Kynaston, OBE, TD, former CO, appointed 4 November 1974 Maj-Gen John Myles Brockbank, CBE, MC, appointed 12 September 1978 Maj-Gen John Geoffrey Robyn Allen, CB, appointed 1984 Maj-Gen Sir Simon Cooper, KCVO, appointed 20 November 1987 Gen Sir Jeremy Blacker, KCB, CBE, appointed 1 November 1997 Paul Knapman, Deputy Lieutenant of Greater London, current Other prominent members Trooper, later Capt, Cecil C.P. Lawson, military illustrator and regimental historian Raj Rajendra Narayan, later Maharaja of Cooch Behar, Lieutenant attached, 4 June 1902 Capt John Norwood, VC, 1 February 1911 Sir Simeon Stuart, 7th Baronet, Major, 1 October 1906 Hon Osbert Eustace Vesey, nephew of Viscount de Vesci, Captain 19 November 1912 Hon John Osmael Scott-Ellis, later 9th Baron Howard de Walden, Lieutenant 20 February 1938 Battle honours The 2nd County of London Yeomanry (Westminster Dragoons) have been awarded the following battle honours: Second Boer War South Africa 1902 First World War Courtrai, France and Flanders 1918, Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915–17, Gaza, El Mughar, Jerusalem, Palestine 1917–18 Second World War Normandy Landing, Villers Bocage, Venraij, Meijel, Venlo Pocket, Roer, North-West Europe 1944–45 Iraq War Iraq 2003 (as part of the Royal Yeomanry) See also County of London Yeomanry Imperial Yeomanry List of Yeomanry Regiments 1908 Yeomanry Yeomanry order of precedence British yeomanry during the First World War Second line yeomanry regiments of the British Army Notes References Bibliography B.S. Barnes, The Sign of the Double 'T' (The 50th Northumbrian Division – July 1943 to December 1944), Market Weighton: Sentinel Press, 2nd Edn 2008, . Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . I.F.W. Beckett, Territorials - A Century of Service, Staplehurst, 3rd Edn 2003, . John Buckley, Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe, London: Yale University Press, 2013, . René Chartrand, 'The Westminster Dragoons in the First World War', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 2019, Vol 97, pp. 213–21. Richard Doherty, Hobart's 79th Armoured Division at War: Invention, Innovation and Inspiration, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2011, . Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938. Major L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol I: The Battle of Normandy, London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, . George Forty, British Army Handbook 1939–1945, Stroud: Sutton, 1998, . R.G. Harris, "50 Years of Yeomanry Uniforms", Frederick Muller Ltd., London 1972, SBN 584 10937 7. Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, . Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, . Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, . Lt-Gen H.G. Martin, The History of the Fifteenth Scottish Division 1939–1945, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1948/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2014, . Col H.C.B. Rogers, The Mounted Troops of the British Army 1066–1945, London: Seeley Service, 1959. Lt-Col Ernest Ryan, 'The Post-South African War Yeomanry', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, June 1960, Vol 38, pp. 57–62. R.J. Smith, The Yeomanry Force at the 1911 Coronation, . Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, . External links Anglo-Boer War Army Rumour Service (ARRSE) Military History and Militaria Forum The Long, Long Trail Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site) Roll of Honour HQ (Westminster Dragoons) Squadron Royal Yeomanry official website The Westminster Dragoons' unofficial website A Westminster Dragoon's diary of Operation Telic From the Thames to the Tigris – the Westminster Dragoons in Iraq Category:Westminster Dragoons London Yeomanry, County of Category:Yeomanry regiments of the British Army in World War I Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II Category:Military units and formations established in 1901 Category:1901 establishments in the United Kingdom Yeomanry Category:Military units and formations in London Category:Military units and formations in Westminster Category:Military units and formations in Fulham

Stanisław Potocki may refer to: Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki, 1579–1667, hetman, voivode, podkomorzy, Stanisław Potocki (1659-1683), son of Andrzej Potocki Stanisław Potocki (died 1760), voivode Stanisław Potocki (1734–1802), krajczy Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki (1753–1805), voivode, Artillery General Stanisław Potocki (1782-1831), Russian commander in the Patriotic War of 1812, son of Stanisław Szczęsny Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), podstoli, Artillery General Stanisław Antoni Potocki (1837–1884) See also Aleksander Stanisław Potocki (1778–1845) castellan Potocki family

Philip Edgar Russell (born 9 May 1944) is a former English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1965 and 1985. Russell was born at Ilkeston, Derbyshire. He began playing in the Derbyshire Second XI in 1964, and made his first-class debut at the end of the 1965 season, in a victory against Nottinghamshire. Russell played in the first team in the 1966 season but saw less action on the 1967 season when Derbyshire were in sixth place. Russell played for Derbyshire solidly for another decade, until the 1979 season, though he came out of retirement six years later to play briefly in the 1985 season, as a 41-year-old. He continued playing in the 1986 season in the one-day game for Derbyshire. Less agile, and supplemented by Derbyshire's Danish wonder, Ole Mortensen, Russell brought no shame upon himself in his later years. Russell was a right-arm medium pace bowler and took 339 first-class wickets at an average of 30.53 and a best performance of 7-46. He was a right-handed batsman, and played 170 first-class matches with an average of 12.31 and a top score of 73. He was an occasional wicket-keeper. He went on to have a distinguished career as Head Groundsman at Kingsmead Stadium, Durban, South Africa. Russell's son, Miles, played cricket for the Derbyshire Second XI in 1991. References Category:1944 births Category:English cricketers Category:Living people Category:Derbyshire cricketers Category:International Cavaliers cricketers

Mahinda IV was King of Anuradhapura in the 10th century, whose reign lasted from 975 to 991. He succeeded his brother Sena IV as King of Anuradhapura and was succeeded by his son Sena V. See also List of Sri Lankan monarchs History of Sri Lanka References External links Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka Codrington's Short History of Ceylon Category:Monarchs of Anuradhapura M M M

Johan Jørgen Lange Hanssen (18 November 1821 - 23 December 1889) was a Norwegian politician. Personal life He was born in 1821 in Christiania as the son of jurist and politician Even Hanssen and his wife Barbara Abigael Lange. He had a younger brother Peter Nicolai Freberg Hansen who became a jurist like his father. In December 1853 he married Lovise Jacobine Lange. She hailed from Arendal, and was the daughter of government minister Otto Vincent Lange and Anne Nicoline Aall. Anne Nicoline Aall was the daughter of Jacob Aall and niece of Jørgen and Niels Aall. All these people were influential politicians. Furthermore, Otto Vincent Lange was a maternal uncle of Johan Jørgen Lange Hanssen, and as such Johan Jørgen was married to his first cousin. Additionally, the maternal uncles Hans Nicolai and Ulrik Frederik were involved in politics; so was priest Nils Landmark who was married to a Johan Jørgen's maternal aunt Christiane Wilhelmine. Career Johan Jørgen Lange Hanssen moved to Arendal and became director of an insurance company, as well as of the local savings bank. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1874, representing the urban constituency of Arendal og Grimstad. He served only one term. In the 1865 census his household were registered as having at least three servants. References Category:1821 births Category:1889 deaths Category:Members of the Storting Category:Aust-Agder politicians Category:People from Arendal Category:Norwegian businesspeople in insurance

Rikava Manor is a manor in Rikava Parish, Rēzekne Municipality in the historical region of Latgale, in Latvia. The complex includes a castle, park and three other buildings. History Rikava estate was property of Janovski noble family. In the second half of the 18th century Mihals von Rick bought estate. The red brick manor house in Neo Gothic style was built from 1870 to 1875. After Latvian agrarian reform of 1920s manor was property of the state and since 1926 manor house hosted Rikava Elementary School, which still operates today. Beautiful building interior and wooden stairs are well preserved. See also List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia References Category:Manor houses in Latvia

Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf (13 March 1860 – 22 February 1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin, particularly noted for his art songs, or Lieder. He brought to this form a concentrated expressive intensity which was unique in late Romantic music, somewhat related to that of the Second Viennese School in concision but diverging greatly in technique. Though he had several bursts of extraordinary productivity, particularly in 1888 and 1889, depression frequently interrupted his creative periods, and his last composition was written in 1898, before he suffered a mental collapse caused by syphilis. Early life (1860–1887) Hugo Wolf was born in Windischgrätz in the Duchy of Styria (now Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia), then a part of the Austrian Empire. From his maternal side, he was related to Herbert von Karajan. He spent most of his life in Vienna, becoming a representative of "New German" trend in Lieder, a trend which followed from the expressive, chromatic and dramatic musical innovations of Richard Wagner. A child prodigy, Wolf was taught piano and violin by his father beginning at the age of four, and once in primary school studied piano and music theory with Sebastian Weixler. Subjects other than music failed to hold his interest; he was dismissed from the first secondary school he attended as being "wholly inadequate," left another over his difficulties in the compulsory Latin studies, and after a falling-out with a professor who commented on his "damned music," quit the last. From there, he went to the Vienna Conservatory much to the disappointment of his father, who had hoped his son would not try to make his living from music. Once again, however, he was dismissed for "breach of discipline," although the oft-rebellious Wolf would claim he quit in frustration over the school's conservatism. After eight months with his family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. Though his fiery temperament was not ideally suited to teaching, Wolf's musical gifts, as well as his personal charm, earned him attention and patronage. Support of benefactors allowed him to make a living as a composer, and a daughter of one of his greatest benefactors inspired him to write to Vally ("Valentine") Franck, his first love, with whom he was involved for three years. During their relationship, hints of his mature style would become evident in his Lieder. Wolf was prone to depression and wide mood swings, which would affect him all through his life. When Franck left him just before his 21st birthday, he was despondent. He returned home, although his family relationships were also strained; his father was still convinced his son was a ne'er-do-well. His brief and undistinguished tenure as second Kapellmeister at Salzburg only reinforced this opinion: Wolf had neither the temperament, the conducting technique nor the affinity for the decidedly non-Wagnerian repertoire to be successful, and within a year had again returned to Vienna to teach in much the same circumstances as before. Wagner's death in February 1883 was another deeply moving event in the life of the young composer. The song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" was composed shortly afterward and is considered to be the best of his early works; it is speculated that it was intended as an elegy for Wagner. Wolf often despaired of his own future in the ensuing years, in a world from which his idol had departed, leaving tremendous footsteps to follow and no guidance on how to do so. This left him often extremely temperamental, alienating friends and patrons, although his charm helped him retain them more than his actions merited. His songs had meanwhile caught the attention of Franz Liszt, whom he respected greatly, and who like Wolf's previous mentors advised him to pursue larger forms; advice he this time followed with the symphonic tone poem Penthesilea. His activities as a critic began to pick up. He was merciless in his criticism of the inferior works he saw taking over the musical atmosphere of the time; those of Anton Rubinstein he considered particularly odious. But he was as fervent in his support of Liszt, Schubert and Chopin, whose genius he recognized. Known as "Wild Wolf" for the intensity and expressive strength of his convictions, his vitriol made him some enemies. He composed little during this time, and what he did write he couldn't get performed; the Rosé Quartet (led by Vienna Philharmonic concertmaster Arnold Rosé) would not even look at his D minor Quartet after it was picked apart in a column, and the premiere of Penthesilea was met by the Vienna Philharmonic, when they tried it out under their celebrated conservative conductor Hans Richter, with nothing but derision for 'the man who had dared to criticize "Meister Brahms,'" as Richter himself caustically put it. He abandoned his activities as a critic in 1887 and began composing once more; perhaps not unexpectedly, the first songs he wrote after his compositional hiatus (to poems by Goethe, Joseph von Eichendorff and Joseph Viktor von Scheffel) emphasized themes of strength and resolution under adversity. Shortly thereafter, he completed the terse, witty one-movement Italian Serenade for string quartet which is regarded as one of the finest examples of his mature instrumental compositional style. Only a week later his father died, leaving him devastated, and he did not compose for the remainder of the year. Maturity (1888–1896) 1888 and 1889 proved to be amazingly productive years for Wolf, and a turning point in his career. After the publication of a dozen of his songs late the preceding year, Wolf once again desired to return to composing, and travelled to the vacation home of the Werners—family friends whom Wolf had known since childhood—in Perchtoldsdorf (a short train ride from Vienna), to escape and compose in solitude. Here he composed the Mörike-Lieder at a frenzied pace. A short break, and a change of house, this time to the vacation home of more longtime friends, the Ecksteins, and the Eichendorff-Lieder followed, then the 51 Goethe-Lieder, spilling into 1889. After a summer holiday, the Spanisches Liederbuch was begun in October 1889; though Spanish-flavoured compositions were in fashion in the day, Wolf sought out poems that had been neglected by other composers. Wolf himself saw the merit of these compositions immediately, raving to friends that they were the best things he had yet composed (it was with the aid and urging of several of the more influential of them that the works were initially published). It was now that the world outside Vienna would recognize Wolf as well. Tenor Ferdinand Jäger, whom Wolf had heard in Parsifal during his brief summer break from composing, was present at one of the first concerts of the Mörike works and quickly became a champion of his music, performing a recital of only Wolf and Beethoven in December 1888. His works were praised in reviews, including one in the Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung, a widely read German newspaper. (The recognition was not always positive; Brahms's adherents, still smarting from Wolf's merciless reviews, returned the favor—when they would have anything to do with him at all. Brahms's biographer Max Kalbeck ridiculed Wolf for his immature writing and odd tonalities; another composer refused to share a program with him, while Amalie Materna, a Wagnerian singer, had to cancel her Wolf recital when allegedly faced with the threat of being on the critics' blacklist if she went on.) Only a few more settings, completing the first half of the Italienisches Liederbuch, were composed in 1891 before Wolf's mental and physical health once again took a downturn at the end of the year; exhaustion from his prolific past few years combined with the effects of syphilis and his depressive temperament caused him to stop composing for the next several years. Continuing concerts of his works in Austria and Germany spread his growing fame; even Brahms and the critics who had previously reviled Wolf gave favorable reviews. However, Wolf was consumed with depression, which stopped him from writing—which only left him more depressed. He completed orchestrations of previous works, but new compositions were not forthcoming, and certainly not the opera which he was now fixated on composing, still convinced that success in the larger forms was the mark of compositional greatness. Wolf had scornfully rejected the libretto to Der Corregidor when it was first presented to him in 1890, but his determination to compose an opera blinded him to its faults upon second glance. Based on The Three-Cornered Hat, by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, the darkly humorous story about an adulterous love triangle is one that Wolf could identify with: he had been in love with Melanie Köchert, married to his friend Heinrich Köchert, for several years. (It is speculated that their romance began in earnest in 1884, when Wolf accompanied the Köcherts on holiday; though Heinrich discovered the affair in 1893 he remained Wolf's patron and Melanie's husband.) The opera was completed in nine months and was initially met with success, but Wolf's musical setting could not compensate for the weakness of the text, and it was doomed to failure; it has not yet been successfully revived. A renewal of creative activity resulted in Wolf's completion of the Italienisches Liederbuch with two dozen songs written in March and April 1896, the composition of three Michelangelo Lieder in March, 1897 (a group of six had been projected) and preliminary work during that year on an opera, Manuel Venegas. Final years (1897–1903) Wolf's last concert appearance, which included his early champion Jäger, was in February 1897. Shortly thereafter Wolf slipped into syphilitic insanity, with only occasional spells of wellbeing. He left sixty pages of an unfinished opera, Manuel Venegas, in 1897, in a desperate attempt to finish before he lost his mind completely; after mid-1899 he could make no music at all and once even tried to drown himself, after which he was placed in a Vienna asylum at his own insistence. Melanie visited him faithfully during his decline until his death on 22 February 1903, but her unfaithfulness to her husband tortured her and she killed herself in 1906. Wolf is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, along with many other notable composers. Music Wolf's greatest musical influence was Richard Wagner, who, in an encounter after Wolf first came to the Vienna Conservatory, encouraged the young composer to persist in composing and to attempt larger-scale works, cementing Wolf's desire to emulate his musical idol. His antipathy to Johannes Brahms was fueled equally by his devotion to Wagner's musical radicalism and his loathing of Brahms' musical "conservatism". He is best known by his lieder, his temperament and inclination leading him to more intimate, subjective and terse musical utterances. Although he initially believed that mastering the larger forms was the hallmark of a great composer (a belief his early mentors reinforced), the smaller scale of the art song proved to provide an ideal creative outlet for his musical expression and came to be regarded as the genre best suited to his peculiar genius. Wolf's lieder are noted for compressing expansive musical ideas and depth of feeling, fed by his skill at finding the just right musical setting for the poetry that inspired him. Though Wolf himself was obsessed with the idea that to compose only short forms was to be second-rate, his organization of lyrics of particular poets (Goethe; Mörike; Eichendorff; Heyse & Geibel in the Spanish and Italian Songbooks) into semicyclical anthologies, finding connections between texts not explicitly intended by the poets he set and his conceptions of individual songs as dramatic works in miniature, mark him as a talented dramatist despite having written only one not particularly successful opera, Der Corregidor. Early in his career Wolf modelled his lieder after those of Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann, particularly in the period around his relationship with Vally Franck; in fact, they were good enough imitations to pass off as the real thing, which he once attempted, though his cover was blown too soon. It is speculated that his choice of lieder texts in the earlier years, largely dealing with sin and anguish, were partly influenced by his contraction of syphilis. His love for Vally, not fully requited, inspired highly chromatic and philosophical lieder that could be regarded as successors to Wagner's Wesendonck Lieder cycle. Others were as distant from those in mood as possible; lighthearted and humorous. The rarely heard symphonic poem Penthesilea is tempestuous and highly colored as well. Although Wolf admired Liszt, who had encouraged him to complete the work, he felt Liszt's own music too dry and academic and strove for color and passion. 1888 marked a turning point in his style as well as his career, with the Mörike, Eichendorff and Goethe sets drawing him away from Schubert's simpler, more diatonic lyricism and into "Wölferl's own howl". Mörike in particular drew out and complemented Wolf's musical gifts, the variety of subjects suiting Wolf's tailoring of music to text, his dark sense of humor matching Wolf's own, his insight and imagery demanding a wider variety of compositional techniques and command of text painting to portray. In his later works he relied less on the text to give him his musical framework and more on his pure musical ideas themselves; the later Spanish and Italian songs reflect this move toward "absolute music". Wolf wrote hundreds of lieder, three operas, incidental music, choral music, as well as some rarely heard orchestral, chamber and piano music. His most famous instrumental piece is the Italian Serenade (1887), originally for string quartet and later transcribed for orchestra, which marked the beginning of his mature style. Wolf was famous for his use of tonality to reinforce meaning. Concentrating on two tonal areas to musically depict ambiguity and conflict in the text became a hallmark of his style, resolving only when appropriate to the meaning of the song. His chosen texts were often full of anguish and inability to find resolution, and thus so too was the tonality wandering, unable to return to the home key. Use of deceptive cadences, chromaticism, dissonance, and chromatic mediants obscure the harmonic destination for as long as the psychological tension is sustained. His formal structure as well reflected the texts being set, and he wrote almost none of the straightforward strophic songs favoured by his contemporaries, instead building the form around the nature of the work. Notable works Opera Der Corregidor (1895) Manuel Venegas (unfinished, 1897) Lieder Liederstrauß (1878), to seven texts by Heine Mörike-Lieder (1888), to texts by Eduard Mörike Eichendorff-Lieder (1889), to texts by Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff Goethe-Lieder (1890), to texts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Dem Vaterland (1890), to a text by Robert Reinick Spanisches Liederbuch, to texts by Paul Heyse and Emanuel Geibel (1891) Italienisches Liederbuch, to texts by Paul Heyse (1892, 1896) Michelangelo Lieder (1897), to texts by Michelangelo Instrumental String Quartet in D minor (1878–84) Penthesilea (symphonic poem, 1883–85) Italian Serenade (1887, string quartet; orchestrated in 1892) Recording projects Individual songs have been included in the recorded repertoire of many singers. Significant early Wolf recording artists included Elisabeth Schumann, Heinrich Rehkemper, Heinrich Schlusnus, Josef von Manowarda, Lotte Lehmann, Karl Erb and others. Early post-War collections were recorded by Suzanne Danco, Anton Dermota and Gérard Souzay (all before 1953), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1954), Hans Hotter (1954), Erna Berger (1956), Heinrich Rehfuss (1955) and Elisabeth Schumann (1958), and important individual songs by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, and Elisabeth Höngen. Gerald Moore was a distinguished accompanist in Wolf song recordings. Fischer-Dieskau recorded a large collection of Mörike songs with Moore in March 1959. Some major projects have attempted more comprehensive coverage. Hugo Wolf Society edition In September 1931 the Hugo Wolf Society was formed under the aegis of English His Master's Voice records supervised by Walter Legge for the recording of a substantial proportion of the song repertoire. These were to be issued to subscribers in limited editions. The artists participating were restricted to those under contract to this company. Each volume consisted of six HMV red-label discs (unobtainable separately) and retailed new at $15.00 Am. The Wolf Society recordings were re-released in 1981. Volume I, entirely performed by Elena Gerhardt accompanied by Coenraad V. Bos, presented a selection mainly from the Spanish and Italian songbooks and the Mörike songs. For many years this scarce set was regarded as a collector's prize, and forms a distinct corpus within her recorded art. Later volumes always included more than one singer. Volume II: 16 of the 51 Goethe songs, all (apart from McCormack's Ganymed) accompanied by Coenraad V. Bos, but with Friedrich Schorr's Prometheus with the orchestral accompaniment. Volume III: A selection of 17 items, including three Michelangelo songs, three Mörike songs, four from the Spanisches Liederbuch and six from the Italienisches Liederbuch. All accompanied by Coenraad V. Bos. Volume IV: 30 items from Italienisches Liederbuch. Accompaniments by Coenraad V. Bos, Michael Raucheisen and Hanns Udo Müller. Volume V: A selection of 20 songs (mainly Mörike and Spanisches Liederbuch). Volume VI: Settings of Mörike, Robert Reinick, Goethe, Heyse and Geibel, Just and Kerner. Artists included Alexander Kipnis (III, IV, V); Herbert Janssen (II, V, VI); Gerhard Hüsch (II, III, IV, V); John McCormack (accompanied by Edwin Schneider) (II); Alexandre Trianti (II, III); Ria Ginster (IV, V); Friedrich Schorr (II); Elisabeth Rethberg (IV, V); Tiana Lemnitz (VI); Helge Roswaenge (VI); Marta Fuchs (VI) and Karl Erb (VI). Each volume was accompanied by a booklet containing a short essay by Ernest Newman (I: Words and Music in Hugo Wolf, II: Wolf's Goethe Songs, III: A Note of Wolf as Craftsman, IV: The Italienisches Liederbuch) together with German texts, English translations (by Winifred Radford) and notes on each song (by Newman). DGG Hugo Wolf Lieder Edition A Hugo Wolf Lieder Edition was recorded by Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Daniel Barenboim during the 1970s for DGG, each volume containing three records. Volume I (1974): Mörike Lieder (Paris Grand Prix du Disque). Volume II (1976): Lieder on poems by Goethe, Heine and Lenau. Volume III (1977): Lieder on poems by Eichendorff, Michelangelo, Robert Reinick, Shakespeare, Byron, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Joseph Viktor von Scheffel, etc. The accompanying volumes include essays by Hans Jancik, texts of the poems, and translations by Lionel Salter (English) and Jacques Fournier and others (French). Oxford Lieder Festival edition The first project to record every song by Wolf was commenced in 2010, the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, by Stone Records and the Oxford Lieder Festival. This series of live recordings, featuring a wide variety of singers and Oxford Lieder Festival's artistic director Sholto Kynoch at the piano, is expected to run to 11 or 12 discs: to date, 9 discs have been issued. Austrian Radio Anniversary edition In 2010 Austrian Radio and the Departure Centre for Creative Design in Vienna marked Hugo Wolf’s anniversary with a recital series in which 188 of the songs were performed against visuals created by leading designers. The series was intended to bring Lieder to a new audience and was held at the initiative of baritone Wolfgang Holzmair, who was joined by a team of Austrian singers and pianists. The concerts were released on DVDs the following year, and in 2012 Bridge Records released the Spanish and Italian songbooks on CDs. Notes References Andreas Dorschel, Hugo Wolf. In Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten, 2nd ed. (Rowohlt, Reinbek, 1992) (rowohlts bildmonographien 344). In German. Newman, Ernest, Hugo Wolf (Methuen, London, 1907). Sams, Eric and Susan Youens, 'Hugo Wolf', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy, (subscription access) Thompson, Douglas S. "Musical Structure and Evocation of Time in Hugo Wolf's 'Ein Stundlein wohl vor Tag'" The National Association of Teachers of Singing Journal 65, No. 01, September/October (2008) Walker, Frank, Hugo Wolf - A Biography (J M Dent & Sons, London 1951). Includes extensive Bibliography (mainly biographical), pp. 448–461, and list of compositions, pp. 462–492. External links The LiederNet Archive Free digital scores by Hugo Wolf in the OpenScore Lieder Corpus Slovenj_Gradec Hugo Wolf's Birthplace Hugo Wolf Quartett Category:1860 births Category:1903 deaths Category:19th-century classical composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:Austrian classical composers Category:Austrian classical musicians Category:Austrian male classical composers Category:Austrian opera composers Category:Austrian people of Slovenian descent Category:Austrian Romantic composers Category:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery Category:Deaths from syphilis Category:Male opera composers Category:People from Slovenj Gradec Category:People from the Duchy of Styria Category:String quartet composers Category:19th-century male musicians

Lake Letas is the largest lake in Vanuatu, located in the center of the volcanic island of Gaua of the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu. The place submitted an application to be considered an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. The volcanic Crater lake is U-shaped, surrounding Mount Gharat on all sides except southwest. It is about 9 km long (north to south) and about 6 km wide, with an area of 19 km². It is situated in the center of the 20 km diameter island; the lake rests 418 meters above sea level and it is 119 meters deep. It is a fresh water lake with a temperature of 32° Celsius, where only eels and shrimps can survive. The water in the lake is not very clear, but has a greenish color. Water constantly flows out of the lake at a natural overflow located on the eastern side of the lake. The water flows about 3 km east to Siri Waterfall and then another 3 km through rivers Namang or Be Solomul before it reaches the sea. Local people say there is a canoe at the top of the lake which is used to cross the lake from the eastern side to get to Mount Gharat. The canoe is sometimes located on the eastern edge of the lake (near the water overflow), or sometimes on the north-eastern edge of the lake (nearest Gaua Airport). A rough estimate of the water flow rate out of the lake (during the dry season month of August 2006) was approximately 3 cubic meters per second. In the 1980s it was suggested that the lake could be used as a resource for power generation to supply industrial developments but later the Tourism Council of the South Pacific has suggested that the lake should be included in Vanuatu's protected area system. The Department of Physical Planning and Environment is currently considering the status of protected area to the lake. Notes and references External links UNESCO World Heritage Site Application The Volcanoes Serial Site World Heritage Project. Category:Volcanic crater lakes Category:Lakes of Vanuatu

Pamela K. Brown (September 12, 1952 – June 10, 2011) was a Nebraskan businesswoman and legislator. She served as state senator from Omaha. Personal life Born in San Antonio, Texas, she graduated from Broken Bow High School and University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She was married and had one child. She was a member of the National Conference of State Legislatures Task Force on Genetic Technologies and was a board director for the United Way of the Midlands, the Safety and Health Council of Greater Omaha, and the Westside Schools Foundation. State legislature Brown was elected in 1994 to represent the 6th Nebraska legislative district and reelected in 1998 and 2002. She sat on the Government, Military, and Veterans Affairs; Transportation and Telecommunications; and Intergovernmental Cooperation committees. Death Brown died from ovarian cancer, aged 58, on June 10, 2011. References Category:1952 births Category:2011 deaths Category:Deaths from cancer in Nebraska Category:Deaths from ovarian cancer Category:Place of death missing Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni Category:Nebraska state senators Category:Nebraska Democrats Category:People from Broken Bow, Nebraska Category:Politicians from Omaha, Nebraska Category:Women state legislators in Nebraska Category:Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska

Rex William Cowdry (born February 12, 1947 in Des Moines, Iowa) is an American psychiatrist. He graduated from Yale University in 1968, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and earned an MD and Master of Public Health from Harvard University in 1973. He was Acting Director of the National Institute of Mental Health from 1994 to 1996. He was the Executive Director of the Maryland Health Care Commission from 2005 to 2011. References Category:1947 births Category:Yale University alumni Category:Harvard Medical School alumni Category:American psychiatrists Category:Living people Category:Harvard School of Public Health alumni

Anilobe is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vangaindrano, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 2,000 in 2001 commune census. Only primary schooling is available. The majority 96% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is coffee, while other important products are sugarcane, pepper and rice. Services provide employment for 4% of the population. References and notes Category:Populated places in Atsimo-Atsinanana

Baldock is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alex Baldock (born 1970), British businessman Bob Baldock (born 1937), American artist Bobby Ray Baldock (born 1936), United States federal judge Cora Baldock (born 1935), Australian-Dutch sociologist Darrel Baldock (1938–2011), Australian footballer Edward Holmes Baldock (1812–1875), MP for Shrewsbury 1847–1857 George Baldock (born 1993), English footballer Jeremiah Wallace Baldock (1842–1919), American politician John Baldock (1915–2003), British politician Katherine C. R. Baldock, British entomologist Larry Baldock (born 1954), New Zealand politician Ralph Baldock (died 1313), Bishop of London from 1304 Robert Baldock, Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor of England 1320–1326 Robert Baldock (judge) (1624/5–1691), English judge Robert N. Baldock, phycologist Sam Baldock (born 1989), English football player Sarah Baldock (born 1975), English organist and choral conductor Teddy Baldock (1907–1971), English boxer William Baldock (1900–1941), English cricketer William Baldock (Hampshire cricketer) (1847–1923), English cricketer See also Baldock's Mill, heritage site in Bourne, Lincolnshire Baldoc (disambiguation)

Chris Landman (born January 17, 1981) is a Dutch darts player, currently playing in British Darts Organisation events. Career In 2017, Landman won the Catalonian Open, reached the quarter-final of the WDF World Cup Singles, and reached the Last 16 of the World Masters. He qualified for the 2018 BDO World Darts Championship as one of the Regional Table Qualifiers, losing to Derk Telnekes 0-3 in the Preliminary Round. World Championship results BDO 2018: Preliminary round (lost to Derk Telnekes 0–3) 2019: First round (lost to Kyle McKinstry 2–3) 2020: Quarter-finals (lost to Wayne Warren 3–5) Performance timeline External links Chris Landman's profile and stats on Darts Database References Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch darts players Category:British Darts Organisation players

Cock or cocks often refers to: Rooster or cock, a male of any bird species Cock, a vulgar nickname for the penis Cock or cocks may also refer to: Human names Cock (surname) Cocks (surname) Places The Cock, Broom, a Grade II listed public house in Broom, Bedfordshire The Cock, Fulham, a historic public house in London The Cock, St Albans, a public house in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England Cock Beck, a stream in Yorkshire, England Cock Bridge (Aberdeenshire), settlement in Aberdeenshire, Scotland Cock Bridge (Ljubljana), footbridge in Ljubljana, Slovenia Cock Lane, a street in London Cock Marsh, Berkshire, England Cock Tavern Theatre, a pub theatre located in Kilburn in the north-west of London Cocks Glacier, Ross Dependency, Antarctica Cocks, Cornwall, England, a hamlet Mount Cocks, Victoria Land, Antarctica Vehicles Antonov An-22 or Cock, a heavy military transport aircraft Colditz Cock, a glider built by British Second World War prisoners of war in Colditz Castle for an escape attempt Other uses Cock (play), a 2009 play by Mike Bartlett .co.ck, a second-level domain of the Cook Islands Cock ale, an ale popular in 17th and 18th-century England Cocks baronets, two baronetcies, one extinct and one extant Riihimäki Cocks, a handball team See also Caulking, or caulk Cock and Bull (disambiguation) Cock ring Cockpit (disambiguation) Cocktail Coq, an application used in computer science Coque (disambiguation) Cox (disambiguation) Gamecock (disambiguation) KoC (disambiguation) Koç, a surname

Future Film Ltd (Future Film Oy) is a Finnish-based home-video distribution company headquartered in Vaasa. From early to late 1990s they were best known as the distributors of children's animation. Future Film's releases were dubbed occasionally by Golden Voice OY (such as the wildly popular Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin) but most frequently they utilized the services of the infamous Agapio Racing Team. In recent years they have become prolific distributors of anime. Their releases include titles such as Love Hina and School Rumble, Fruits Basket, Berserk, Ginga Densetsu Weed and so on. This move was possibly motivated by the popularity of the uncut DVD version of Nagareboshi Gin. Also possibly due to this move, their current anime releases feature subtitles rather than dubbing, which is actually the preferred standard for most television programs and theatrical films in Finland. Additionally Future Film has been doing motion-picture home video releases since the early 1990s. Filmography 2015 : A Perfect Man of Corporate affairs The corporate headquarters and warehouse of Future Film are located in Vaasa. The firm has an office in Helsinki and a premiere movies warehouse in Vantaa. References External links Future Film website English pages: Company information Contact information TV Rights Press Category:Cinema of Finland Category:Entertainment companies of Finland Category:Companies established in 1995 Category:1995 establishments in Finland Category:Mass media in Vaasa

Doha Port () is a port in Kuwait located at the western extremity of the Capital Governorate. The port contains nine piers which run for a length of . Among its facilities are 11 warehouses, a cattle pen and four storage sheds. The port's waters are at a depth of . To the immediate south of the port are residences which accommodate 573 people as of 2011. See also Doha (Kuwait) References Category:Ports and harbours of Kuwait Category:Suburbs of Kuwait City

is a 2019 Japanese anime film by Sunrise. It premiered in Japan on February 9, 2019 and ran in over 120 theatres. It is based on the Code Geass anime series, with the plot taking place after the Zero Requiem arc of the recap films' universe. It is directed by Gorō Taniguchi, written by Ichirō Ōkouchi with music by Kōtarō Nakagawa and Hitomi Kuroishi, all of whom previously contributed to the TV series in the same respective roles. The film has been licensed by Funimation and it had a limited theatrical release in the United States and Canada on May 5, 2019. Plot A year has passed since the events of the Zero Requiem, a scheme Emperor Lelouch vi Britannia formulated to end conflict with his death, and Nunnally vi Britannia rules Britannia while aided by her bodyguard Suzaku Kururugi, who has taken the identity of Zero. Nunnally and Suzaku are in the middle of a goodwill visit to a desert nation when they are ambushed by a Knightmare squad; Suzaku is easily defeated and they are abducted. The two find themselves in the custody of Shalio and Shamna, the sibling rulers of the Kingdom of Zilkhistan which has suffered from the world peace crippling their primary export: mercenary soldiers. Shamna explains their plan to use Nunnally to access the collective unconsciousness within C's World to restore Zilkhistan's political might. Suspecting Zilkhistan's involvement, Kallen Stadtfeld, Sayoko Shinozaki, and Lloyd Asplund infiltrate the country and run into C.C. and a surviving but timid and nonverbal Lelouch. C.C. explains that, after the Zero Requiem, their school friend Shirley Fenette smuggled Lelouch's corpse to her and that she resurrected Lelouch from the dead by reconstructing his corpse, but his memories and personality are trapped in the collective unconsciousness. The group launches an assault on a Zilkhistan prison, where they rescue Suzaku and discover an Aramu Gate, a portal to C's World. C.C. uses the portal to fully resurrect Lelouch. Lelouch once again dons the mantle of Zero and meets up with Britannian forces led by his half-sister Cornelia li Britannia and his former lieutenant Kaname Ohgi. Lelouch's forces track Nunnally down and find her in a Zilkhistan temple. Lelouch infiltrates the temple and kills Shamna, but she activates her Geass and travels back six hours in the past, allowing her to perfectly predict Lelouch's actions. Lelouch uses his tactical prowess to deduce the mechanics of Shamna's Geass and knocks her out. He frees Nunnally, but learns that her mind has been transported into C's World. C.C. guides him into the collective unconsciousness, and he successfully rescues Nunnally. Suzaku kills Shalio in combat, destroying Shamna permanently. In the aftermath, Lelouch once again bequeaths the title of Zero to Suzaku and departs on a journey with C.C., taking the alias L.L. as his idea of a marriage proposal. Voice Cast Reception The film debuted at number five with an opening weekend gross of in Japan. It was number six in its second weekend, with a cumulative gross of up until then. As of March 2019, the film has grossed more than () in Japan. Collectively, the Code Geass film franchise has grossed () at the Japanese box office. References External links at Funimation Category:2019 anime films Category:Animated films about time travel Category:Fiction about curses Category:Code Geass Category:Cyborgs in anime and manga Category:Discrimination in fiction Category:Films about prophets Category:Films about security and surveillance Category:Films about terrorism Category:Films set in the 2110s Category:Funimation Category:Government in fiction Category:Japan in fiction Category:Japanese alternate history films Category:Japanese films Category:Military in anime and manga Category:Monarchy in fiction Category:Films with screenplays by Ichirō Ōkouchi Category:Sunrise (company) Category:Terrorism in fiction Category:Wars in fiction

Lee Shubert (born Levi Schubart; March 25, 1871– December 25, 1953) was a Lithuanian-born American theatre owner/operator and producer and the eldest of seven siblings of the theatrical Shubert family. Biography Born to a Jewish family, the son of Duvvid Schubart and Katrina Helwitz, in Vladislavov, in the Suwałki Governorate of Congress Poland, a part of the Russian Empire (present-day Kudirkos Naumiestis, Lithuania), Shubert was 11 years old when the family emigrated to the United States and settled in Syracuse, New York, where a number of Jewish families from their hometown already were living. His father's alcoholism kept the family in difficult financial circumstances, and Lee Shubert went to work selling newspapers on a street corner. With borrowed money, he and younger brothers Sam and Jacob eventually embarked on a business venture that led to them to become the successful operators of several theaters in upstate New York. The Shubert brothers decided to expand to the huge market in New York City, and at the end of March 1900 they leased the Herald Square Theatre at the corner of Broadway and 35th Street in Manhattan. Leaving younger brother Jacob at home to manage their existing theatres, Lee and Sam Shubert moved to New York City, where they laid the foundations for what was to become the largest theatre empire in the 20th century, including the Winter Garden and Shubert Theatres. The all-powerful Theatrical Syndicate essentially excluded competition. Since the Shuberts were not permitted to use Syndicate-controlled theaters, they put on shows in rented circus tents, holding "three times as many customers as the typical theater." In 1910, they formed the "Independent National Theatre Owner's Association", which brought about the defection of many theaters from all around the country that previously had been affiliated with the Syndicate. In 1922, it was announced that "Lee Shubert and A. L. Erlanger ... rivals for twenty years" had reached a working understanding. Lee Shubert was a hard nosed businessman who has been criticized for being money and power oriented with little interest in culture. Nonetheless, he recognized the need to attract some of the top stage actors from the long-established European theatres (as Gaby Deslys) to perform at the new Broadway houses. After a disastrous production of Hamlet in 1901 at a competitor's theatre, French megastar Sarah Bernhardt vowed never to return to America until Lee Shubert convinced her to perform for his company in 1905. At his death Lee Shubert's estate was worth $16 million. He boasted in 1924 of his family success: We began building theaters, and introduced practical commercial methods into a flagrantly impractical and precarious profession....This sordid commercialism has helped to make the American stage a legitimate, financial risk, stabilized its revenue, attracted real money to it, reduced the margin of chance, increased its facilities, and widened its opportunities. Personal life He was married to Marcella Swanson. They had previously been secretly married on July 29, 1936 in Germany and divorced in September 1948 in Reno, Nevada. They remarried in Miami in March 1949 (Time Magazine reports the remarriage was in February). Lee Shubert died in New York City on December 25, 1953 at the age of 82 and was interred in the family plot at Salem Fields Cemetery in Brooklyn. Notes Further reading "Lee Shubert." Dictionary of American Biography (1977) online Hirsch, Foster. The Boys from Syracuse (1998). SIU Press. Jonas Westover (2017). The Shuberts and Their Passing Shows: The Untold Tale of Ziegfeld's Rivals, Oxford University Press Stagg, Jerry. The Brothers Schubert (1968) External links Lee Shubert at Musicals101.com Shubert Foundation biography Category:1871 births Category:1953 deaths Category:People from Kudirkos Naumiestis Category:Lithuanian Jews Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States Category:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent Category:American theatre managers and producers Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople Category:Businesspeople from Syracuse, New York Category:Shubert Organization Category:Burials at Salem Fields Cemetery, Brooklyn

Mark Anthony "Bo" Pelini (born December 13, 1967) is the American football defensive coordinator for the Louisiana State University Tigers football team at Louisiana State University. He is the younger brother of former Florida Atlantic head coach Carl Pelini, who as frequently worked under Bo as an assistant coach. He served as head coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers from December 2007 until November 2014. Prior to leading the football program at Nebraska, he was the defensive coordinator for the LSU Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Playing career Pelini was raised in Youngstown, Ohio, a former center of steel production with a strong athletic tradition. He was nicknamed "Bo" after former Cleveland Browns running back Bo Scott. After graduating from Youngstown Cardinal Mooney High School (the same high school as Bob Stoops, former head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners), he went on to play free safety for the Buckeyes at Ohio State University under College Football Hall of Fame head coaches Earle Bruce and John Cooper from 1987 to 1990. Pelini started in his last two years, and served as a team co-captain in his senior year, along with Vinnie Clark, Jeff Graham, and Greg Frey. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in business administration from Ohio State College of Business in December 1990. Coaching career Early career Following his playing career, Pelini began his coaching career at the University of Iowa as a graduate assistant for the Iowa Hawkeyes under Hayden Fry in 1991. During this period, he also completed his master’s degree in sports administration from Ohio University in 1992. In 1993, he served for one year as quarterbacks coach at Cardinal Mooney High School in Youngstown. Following the season, Pelini was briefly employed as linebackers coach with the Detroit Drive of the Arena Football League. San Francisco 49ers In 1994, Pelini got his first position in the National Football League when he was hired by San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert as a scouting assistant. He was quickly promoted to assistant secondary coach, and by the spring of 1994 he had been promoted again to defensive backs coach. In 1995, in his new position, he coached in his first Super Bowl as the 49ers defeated the San Diego Chargers 49–26 in Super Bowl XXIX. New England Patriots In 1997, Pelini was hired by New England Patriots head coach Pete Carroll, again as defensive backs coach, helping the Patriots reach the playoffs twice during his three years there. Green Bay Packers In 2000, Pelini became the linebackers coach for the Green Bay Packers under head coach Mike Sherman. Green Bay posted a 33–15 record and reached the playoffs twice in Pelini's three years there as linebackers coach. Nebraska Cornhuskers (DC/Int. HC) Pelini returned to the college ranks in 2003 when he was hired as Defensive Coordinator for the Nebraska Cornhuskers by Head Coach Frank Solich. In 2002, the season prior to his hiring, Cornhuskers' defense was ranked 55th nationally. In his first year it improved to 11th and led the country in turnover margin. At the conclusion of the regular season, despite posting a 9–3 record, Solich was fired by new Nebraska athletic director Steve Pederson. Pelini was named the interim head coach and led the Cornhuskers to a 17–3 win over the Michigan State Spartans in the 2003 Alamo Bowl. Pelini interviewed for the Nebraska head coach position, but Pederson instead decided after a 41-day search to hire Bill Callahan, who had just been fired by the Oakland Raiders after a disappointing 4–12 season. The following year, Nebraska's defense fell to 56th nationally. Oklahoma Sooners For 2004, Pelini joined the Oklahoma Sooners as co-defensive coordinator under head coach Bob Stoops, helping the Sooners to a 6th place national rushing defense and 11th place national scoring defense on their way towards winning the 2004 Big 12 Championship Game and a spot in the 2005 BCS National Championship Game, where they were defeated 55–19 by the USC Trojans. LSU Tigers (DC) – First tenure In 2005, Pelini was hired by LSU Tigers Head Coach Les Miles, again as defensive coordinator. His success continued, as LSU was ranked 3rd nationally in overall defense for each of his three years with the Tigers. At the conclusion of the 2007 regular season, the LSU Tigers defeated the Tennessee Volunteers 21–14 in the 2007 SEC Championship Game and went on to win 38–24 against the Ohio State Buckeyes, Pelini's alma mater, in the 2008 BCS National Championship Game. Nebraska Cornhuskers (HC) During the 2007 football season, Nebraska Chancellor Harvey Perlman fired athletic director Steve Pederson, and appointed former Cornhuskers head coach Tom Osborne as Interim Athletic Director. One day after the Cornhuskers' final game of the season, a 65–51 loss to the Colorado Buffaloes and finishing the season with 5 wins and 7 losses, Osborne fired Bill Callahan and announced an immediate search for a new football coach. Pelini was selected after a nine-day search as the next head coach. Two names revealed among five interviewed candidates included Buffalo head coach Turner Gill and Wake Forest Demon Deacons head coach Jim Grobe. 2008 season Nebraska opened up with 3 straight wins against Western Michigan Broncos, San Jose State Spartans, and New Mexico State Aggies. Bo Pelini's arrival saw a renewed interest and optimism in Nebraska football, as evidenced by their record Pay-Per View buys. Nebraska then proceeded to lose a close game to Virginia Tech Hokies, and then suffered the worst home loss in school history to the Missouri Tigers 52–17 the next week. The first road game of the season produced a loss to the Texas Tech Red Raiders in overtime despite giving up 8.77 yards per play. Then the Huskers traveled to Ames, Iowa and beat a 2–10 Iowa State Cyclones. They came back home and won against the Baylor Bears. Pelini's Huskers then lost on the road the following week to the Oklahoma Sooners by a tune of 62–28, where Oklahoma scored 35 straight before Nebraska answered. By halftime, the score was 49–14. This game marked the first time Pelini went up against Bob Stoops who he formerly worked under as defensive coordinator for the Sooners in 2004. This game also marks the most points ever scored against Nebraska in a single quarter. On November 8, Bo Pelini's Nebraska Cornhuskers won against the Kansas Jayhawks, making them bowl eligible. The 9–4 season was capped by a 26–21 victory over the Clemson Tigers at the 2009 Gator Bowl, played only days after Pelini returned from his father's funeral service in Ohio. Pelini's 2008 regular season record of 9–4 was the highest among all 28 Division I FBS teams with new head coaches and staffs that year. This performance was rewarded in March 2009 when his salary was increased from $1.1 to $1.8 million. Pelini's contract ran until February 2014. 2009 season Expectations were high heading into the 2009 season for the Cornhuskers. Despite having to replace record-setting quarterback Joe Ganz, and the entire receiving corps, Nebraska was expected to contend in the wide open Big 12 North Division. The Cornhuskers were ranked in the preseason at #24 by the AP, the first pre-season ranking since the 2007 season. Nebraska was expecting big seasons from running back Roy Helu and defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh. Before the season even started, Pelini had to kick his second leading rusher, Quentin Castille off the team. Castille's absence led to the emergence to true freshman running back Rex Burkhead during fall camp. Pelini led his team to the 2009 Big 12 Championship Game against the #3 Texas Longhorns. Texas, led by quarterback Colt McCoy, was heavily favored over the Huskers, who were ranked number 21. Despite the loss in the game, the Big 12 Championship Game showcased the skill of Ndamukong Suh. The All-American had 4.5 sacks to go along with 12 tackles, 7 of them coming behind the line of scrimmage. With his performance Suh was invited to the 2009 Heisman Trophy ceremony, where he finished 4th. Suh flourished under coach Pelini, finishing the 2009 season with 85 tackles, 12 sacks, 24 tackles for a loss, 10 passes broken up, 3 blocked kicks, one interception, and a forced fumble. Suh won almost every major post season award available to a defensive lineman, including the Lombardi Award, Outland Trophy, Chuck Bednarik Award, Bronko Nagurski Trophy, and The Bill Willis Trophy. Suh is the second Outland and Lombardi winner of Pelini's, following Glenn Dorsey. Nebraska finished the season with a 33–0 win over the Arizona Wildcats in the 2009 Holiday Bowl where Pelini proclaimed to the Nebraska fans in the Holiday Bowl stands "Nebraska is back and we're here to stay!". The victory was the first bowl shutout of Nebraska's 45 bowl history, as well as the first shutout in Holiday Bowl history. Nebraska's final rank in the coaches and AP media poll was 14th, the highest final ranking since 2001. Under Pelini Nebraska finished #1 in NCAA scoring and pass efficiency defense, the first time since 1984 and 2003 that Nebraska has led the country in those categories respectively. 2010 season Following a mixed 2009 finish (notably the Big 12 Championship Game loss and the Holiday Bowl victory), Bo's Cornhuskers began the season ranked #8 in the pre-season AP poll. Nebraska was expected by several sports analysts to compete for the Big 12 title before departing to the Big Ten Conference in 2011. Following disappointing losses to both the Texas Longhorns and Texas A&M Aggies, the Cornhuskers dropped to #15 in the AP poll going into the final week of the regular season therefore eliminating any realistic hopes of a national championship in 2010. Nebraska proceeded to beat the Colorado Buffaloes in the final regular game of the season, clinching the Big 12 North title. In the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game, Nebraska committed four turnovers and blew a 17–0 second quarter lead on the way to a 23–20 defeat to Big 12 South Co-Champion Oklahoma. In the final BCS ratings for the season, Nebraska finished 18th and in fifth place amongst Big 12 teams behind Oklahoma, Missouri, Oklahoma State, and Texas A&M. Nebraska lost the 2010 Holiday Bowl, 19–7, to the Washington Huskies. Three months prior, the Cornhuskers defeated the Huskies by 35 points in Seattle. 2011 season After a disappointing end to the 2010 season, Nebraska began 2011 with wins in its first four games against Chattanooga, Fresno State, Washington, and Wyoming. Nebraska was defeated by the Wisconsin Badgers in the Cornhuskers' first Big Ten Conference game. The Cornhuskers came out strong tying it up at 14–14 with four minutes to go in the 2nd quarter, but Wisconsin's offense dominated Nebraska in the 2nd half and ending up winning the game with a score of 48–17. Nebraska rebounded by winning three games in a row, including a 21-point second half comeback – the largest in school history – against Ohio State and a 24–3 win versus #9 Michigan State. After that winning streak they were upset by the unranked Northwestern Wildcats where they suffered two fumbles inside the Northwestern 30 yard line. The next game for the Cornhuskers came against #12 Penn State. The week leading up to the game had much of the national focus revolving the firing of coach Joe Paterno and the sexual assault charges in the Penn State sex abuse scandal. A prayer was held before the game for both teams by Nebraska running backs coach Ron Brown. The Cornhuskers won the game 17–14. January 2, 2012, Nebraska lost the 2012 Capital One Bowl to the South Carolina Gamecocks, 13–30. 2012 season The Cornhuskers began the 2012 season ranked #17 in the AP Poll. After a loss to the UCLA Bruins, Nebraska won their remaining regular season games with the exception of a 38–63 loss to eventual Big Ten Leaders Division champion Ohio State. The Cornhuskers' 7–1 conference record earned the team their first Big Ten Legends Division title, and first appearance to the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game. Due to postseason ineligibility of both Ohio State and Penn State, they played the third place team in the Leaders Division, Wisconsin. The Cornhuskers never led during the game and were defeated by a score of 31–70. In their second appearance in as many seasons, the Cornhuskers played in the 2013 Capital One Bowl and lost to Southeastern Conference East Co-Champions Georgia Bulldogs, 31–45. 2013 season The Cornhuskers began the 2013 season ranked #18 in the AP Poll. After a loss to the UCLA Bruins, Nebraska lost starting quarterback Taylor Martinez, the first of many injuries during the 2013 season. Nebraska would go on to lose to the Minnesota Golden Gophers, Michigan State Spartans and Iowa Hawkeyes to finish the regular season 8–4. Nebraska went on and defeated Georgia 24–19 in the Gator Bowl, avenging last year's bowl loss to the Bulldogs. Nebraska finished the 2013 season with a 9–4 record, Pelini's sixth straight season with nine or more wins. Nebraska also finished the season ranked #25 in the final Coaches Poll, but unranked in the final AP Poll. 2014 season The Cornhuskers began the 2014 season ranked #22 in both the AP Poll and Coaches' polls. They finished tied for second in the Big Ten's West Division with a 9–3 record and ranked 25th in the nation. Firing On November 30, 2014, after the conclusion of the regular season, Pelini was fired by Nebraska Director of Athletics Shawn Eichorst, effective immediately. The University is contracted to pay Pelini $7.65 million in salary following his termination in the form of $150,000 monthly payments for the next 51 months. The total liquidation to be paid to Pelini is roughly $7.9 million. Pelini left the NU football program with a 67–27 record, winning at least 9 games in every season. Despite this record Nebraska never won a conference title under Pelini. Eichorst stated at a press conference that Pelini hadn't won "the games that mattered the most" against top-tier opponents despite having significant resources at his disposal. Barney Cotton was announced as interim head coach, and prepared the team for its bowl game. Youngstown State Pelini was hired by Youngstown State in December 2014 as their new head coach. The Penguins went 5–6 in 2015 but rebounded in 2016 to go 12–4, losing the FCS Championship game to James Madison University. The next three seasons would see Pelini coach the Peguins to records of 6–5, 4–7 and 6–6. Through his final season in 2019, Pelini posted an overall record of 33–28 with one playoff appearance in 2015 during his five-year tenure at Youngstown State. LSU Tigers (DC) – Second tenure On Jan. 27, 2020, Pelini was named LSU's next defensive coordinator, replacing Dave Aranda. Social media Pelini is the subject of Twitter account @FauxPelini. @FauxPelini has impacted the Husker program, including the creation of a rivalry trophy. Controversies First audiotape leak Following a home game loss to UCLA on September 14, 2013, and shortly after responding to criticism from former Nebraska football player Tommie Frazier about the loss, a two-year-old audio tape with a profane tirade by Pelini was anonymously leaked to Deadspin. The recording was made following Nebraska's come-from-behind win against Ohio State in 2011, when it was reported that some students left when Nebraska was down 27–6 early in the 3rd quarter. The Huskers won 34–27. According to Deadspin, among the statements made on the audio recording, Pelini said: Our crowd. What a bunch of fucking fair-weather fucking—they can all kiss my ass out the fucking door. 'Cause the day is fucking coming now. We'll see what they can do when I'm fucking gone. I'm so fucking pissed off. Shortly after the tape was released, Pelini apologized: I take full responsibility for these comments. They were spoken in a private room following the Ohio State game. I was venting following a series of emotional events which led to this moment. That being said, these comments are in no way indicative of my true feelings. I love it here in Nebraska and feel fortunate to be associated with such a great University and fan base. I again apologize to anyone whom I have offended. Following the release of the audio tape University of Nebraska–Lincoln chancellor Harvey Perlman stated that the university would consider how to respond to the matter, and subsequently decided to move on from the incident. Tom Osborne, former coach and athletic director at Nebraska, then announced that he had heard the tape in 2012 (about a year earlier) and talked to Pelini about it but did not tell Perlman about it. Some observers and members of the media believed that Pelini would have a difficult time winning back fan support. Pelini believed that he had built up enough "points" for at least partial forgiveness for his statements from the fans. He said he enjoys his job at Nebraska and has had great support; in fact he turned down job offers from other schools. Sports media reactions to the audio tape have ranged from calls for Pelini to be fired to the view that what Pelini said was nothing more than what other coaches have likely said in the past. On-field conduct Pelini's behavior was again called into question during Nebraska's nationally televised loss to the Iowa Hawkeyes at the end of the 2013 regular season. At halftime, the coach snapped at ESPN on ABC reporter Quint Kessenich when asked about a pair of Cornhusker turnovers, responding with "What kind of question is that?" Later, in disagreement with a call made on the field, Pelini swung his hat within inches of an official's face, drawing a 15-yard penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. Pelini remained defiant in the post game press conference, referring to his personal foul call as "chicken shit" and declaring, "If they want to fire me, go ahead…I don't apologize for anything I have done." Pelini subsequently apologized for his behavior after the Iowa game. During the November 14, 2015 game against the North Dakota State Bison in the 4th quarter, Pelini engaged the referees in several heated arguments for penalties they called including two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties on Pelini. He was reprimanded by the Missouri Valley Football Conference for his on field conduct. Second audiotape leak Following his firing on November 30, 2014 Pelini met with his (former) team at a local high school on December 2. Leaked audio of the meeting revealed that the coach verbally attacked University of Nebraska administration. At one point Pelini said: It wasn't a surprise to me. It really wasn't. I didn't really have any relationship with the AD. The guy — you guys saw him (Sunday) — the guy's a total p----. I mean, he is. He's a total c---. After the leak, the Nebraska administration released a statement, saying: If these comments were, indeed, spoken by Mr. Pelini, we are extremely disappointed, but it only reaffirms the decision that he should no longer be a leader of young men at Nebraska. His habitual use of inappropriate language, and his personal and professional attacks on administrators, are antithetical to the values of our university. His behavior is consistent with a pattern of unprofessional, disrespectful behavior directed by Mr. Pelini toward the passionate fans of Nebraska, employees of the university and, most concerning, our student-athletes. This behavior is not tolerated at the University of Nebraska and, among many other concerns, played a role in his dismissal. Youngstown State, who had already hired Pelini stated: "Coach Pelini's remarks as reported are inappropriate and unfortunate. We have discussed the report with Coach. We are confident that Coach will conduct himself accordingly moving forward. We will not be commenting any further on this issue." Head coaching record See also List of college football head coaches with non-consecutive tenure References Explanatory notes Citations External links Youngstown State profile Nebraska profile Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:American football safeties Category:Green Bay Packers coaches Category:LSU Tigers football coaches Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches Category:New England Patriots coaches Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players Category:Oklahoma Sooners football coaches Category:San Francisco 49ers coaches Category:Youngstown State Penguins football coaches Category:High school football coaches in Ohio Category:Sportspeople from Youngstown, Ohio Category:Players of American football from Ohio

Rollin', released in 1974, was the first full-length album by Scotland's Bay City Rollers. The album included three British chart hits ("Remember", "Shang-a-Lang", "Summerlove Sensation") and the debut of "Saturday Night", never a British hit yet a No. 1 smash in America, later. While the album itself was not issued in America, several of the songs would later appear on the band's self-titled 1975 U.S. debut. Track listing Side one "Shang-a-Lang" (Phil Coulter, Bill Martin) – 3:07 "Give It to Me Now" (Coulter, Martin) – 3:48 "Angel Angel" (Eric Faulkner, Stuart "Woody" Wood) – 2:27 "Be My Baby" (Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector) – 3:27 "Just a Little Love" (Faulkner, Wood) – 2:57 "Remember (Sha-La-La-La)" (Coulter, Martin) – 2:33 Side two "Saturday Night" (Coulter, Martin) – 2:57 "Ain't It Strange" (Faulkner, Wood, Les McKeown) – 2:10 "Please Stay" (Burt Bacharach, Bob Hilliard) – 3:54 "Jenny Gotta Dance" (Coulter, Martin) – 3:06 "There Goes My Baby" (Faulkner, Wood) – 3:18 "Summerlove Sensation" (Coulter, Martin) – 3:12 2004 UK reissue A 2004 CD reissue on Bell included four bonus tracks: "Are You Ready for That Rock and Roll" (the original B-side of the "Shang-a-Lang" single); "Bringing Back the Good Times" (B-side of "Summerlove Sensation"); "Bye Bye Barbara" (B-side of "Remember"); and "Hey C.B." (B-side of "Saturday Night"). Strange, then, that it didn't include the original single versions of "Saturday Night" and "Remember" as well, which both featured different (first) lead vocalist Nobby Clark. And yet another credible contender for an extra track would be the U.S. single and album version of "Summerlove Sensation" (w/strings) – not to mention final Martin/Coulter-penned 45 "All of Me Loves All of You" / "The Bump", which, however, appeared as an extra material on the "Once Upon a Star" CD issue. Personnel Musicians Les McKeown – vocals, guitar Eric Faulkner – guitar, violin, mandolin, bass Stuart "Woody" Wood – guitar, bass, piano, mandolin Alan Longmuir – bass, accordion, piano Derek Longmuir – drums, congas, tambourine Production Phil Coulter: arrangement and production Bill Martin: production Charts References Category:Bay City Rollers albums Category:1974 debut albums Category:albums produced by Phil Coulter Category:albums produced by Bill Martin (musician) Category:Bell Records albums

Ilyas () is a form of the masculine given name Elias or Elijah, and may refer to: Given name Muhammad Ilyas Qadri, Founder of Dawat-e-Islami Ilyas Babar, Indian athletic coach Ilyas Ahmed (disambiguation), multiple people İlyas Demir, Turkish martial artist Ilyas Gorchkhanov, Russian rebel leader Ilyas Gul, Pakistani cricketer Ilyas Hussain Ibrahim, Maldivian politician İlyas Kahraman, Turkish footballer Ilyas Kanchan, Bangladeshi actor Ilyas Kashmiri, Pakistani Al-Qaeda operative Ilyas Shah Shamsuddin, first Sultan of Bengal Ilyas Shurpayev, Russian journalist İlyas Şükrüoğlu (born 1966), Turkish freestyle wrestler İlyas Tüfekçi, Turkish footballer Ilyas son of Mudar, ancestor of Muhammad Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi, founder of Tablighi Jamaat Surname Aamer Ilyas, Pakistani cricketer Adnan Ilyas, Omani cricketer Ihab Ilyas, Egyptian-Canadian professor Muhammad Ilyas (disambiguation), several people Other uses İlyas Bey Mosque, a cultural heritage mosque of Turkey See also Islamic view of Elijah Category:Arabic masculine given names Category:Turkish masculine given names

Chitta Mahato Memorial College , established in 2010, is a general degree college in Purulia district. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to Sidho Kanho Birsha University. Departments Arts Bengali English History Geography Political Science See also References External links Sidho Kanho Birsha University University Grants Commission National Assessment and Accreditation Council Category:Colleges affiliated to Sidho Kanho Birsha University Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Burdwan Category:Universities and colleges in Purulia district

Harry M. Kuitert (November 11, 1924 in Drachten – September 8, 2017 in Amstelveen) was a significant theologian of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (GKN). Harry Kuitert - baptised Harminus Martinus - was a rector at Scharendijk (Zeeland) and a student pastor at Amsterdam before he became a professor of theology. In Zeeland he witnessed the great flood of 1953 which inundated large parts of this Dutch province. In 1967 he succeeded the illustrious theologian G. C. Berkouwer as professor of systematic theology at the Free University (VU) in Amsterdam, and in 1989 he retired from this chair. Kuitert in the course of his life moved from Reformed orthodoxy to Reformed middle orthodoxy following his mentor and Ph.D. supervisor Berkouwer, for whom he wrote his dissertation on the Divine Co-Humanity (Dutch: medemenselijkheid, Afrikaans: Medemenslikheid) (De mensvormigheid Gods (1962); German edition 1967). Then, after writing voluminously, critically, and yet appreciatively on Karl Barth, Kuitert later also moved on to a totally unorthodox stance on Jesus Christ, skipping neo-orthodoxy altogether. Kuitert developed his views beyond those of Berkouwer whose views seemed definitive. According to Ecumenical News International, Kuitert, after his own emeritation in 1989, and by now the most widely read theologian in the Netherlands, broke completely with Berkouwer and "Middle Orthodox" tradition (the theological mainstream of the reformed church) in his book, Jesus, the Inheritance of Christianity (1998). "Jesus supported the Jewish view of God, so he never saw himself as God on earth. He is not a Second God, nor the Second Person of the Holy Trinity," said the 80-year-old Kuitert, adopting publicly an informal unitarian stance on the key doctrine of Christian faith, much to the grief of those who continue to love and appreciate the work of Kuitert's mentor Berkouwer. Another widely read book, both by Protestants and Catholics, is his Het algemeen betwijfeld christelijk geloof (1992), translated as I have my doubts: how to become a Christian without being a fundamentalist (1993). In this book he gives a succinct overview of the gaps he perceives between tradition, dogma, the classic Christian theological themes and the questions of people nowadays. His avowed goal is to go back to the purposes behind the classic forms of Christian doctrine in order to enable the faithful to renew and develop their faith facing the 21st century. His works have been translated into several languages. Critics have argued that this book is an exercise in refined agnosticism, and that Kuitert can no longer be properly considered a Christian theologian. Bibliography Signals from the Bible References umaryland.worldcat.org Category:1924 births Category:2017 deaths Category:Christian ethicists Category:Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians Category:People from Drachten Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam faculty

Aleksandr Vladimirovich Zaikin (; born 15 January 1988) is a Russian professional football player. He plays for FC Kuban Holding Pavlovskaya. External links Category:1988 births Category:Footballers from Moscow Category:Living people Category:Russian footballers Category:Russian Premier League players Category:FC Dynamo Moscow players Category:FC Olimpia Volgograd players Category:Association football midfielders Category:Association football forwards Category:FC Petrotrest players