Exercise training to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: How does it work?
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) - a clustering of pathological conditions, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia - is closely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a high risk of cardiovascular disease. A combination of multigenetic predisposition and lifestyle choices accounts for the varying inter-individual risk to develop MetS and T2DM, as well as for the individual amount of the increase in cardiovascular risk in those patients. A physically active lifestyle can offset about half of the genetically mediated cardiovascular risk. Yet, the extent to which standardized exercise programmes can reduce cardiovascular risk differs between patients. Exercise parameters, such as frequency, intensity, type and duration or number of repetitions, differentially target metabolic function, vascular health and physical fitness. In addition, exercise-induced molecular mechanisms are modulated by other patient-specific variables, such as age, diet and medication. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular risk specifically in patients with MetS and T2DM.
['Kränkel|Nicolle|N|', 'Bahls|Martin|M|', 'Van Craenenbroeck|Emeline M|EM|', 'Adams|Volker|V|', 'Serratosa|Luis|L|', 'Solberg|Erik Ekker|EE|', 'Hansen|Dominique|D|', 'Dörr|Marcus|M|', 'Kemps|Hareld|H|']
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D005081:Exercise Therapy D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle D006801:Humans D024821:Metabolic Syndrome D011314:Preventive Health Services D065840:Protective Factors D018570:Risk Assessment D012307:Risk Factors D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior D013997:Time Factors D016896:Treatment Outcome
Exercise training diabetes glycaemic control inflammation signalling