Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure: An Overview.
Iron deficiency is an extremely common comorbidity in patients with heart failure, affecting up to 50% of all ambulatory patients. It is associated with reduced exercise capacity and physical well-being and reduced quality of life. Cutoff values have been identified for diagnosing iron deficiency in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction as serum ferritin, <100 μg/l, or ferritin, 100 to 300 μg/l, with transferrin saturation of <20%. Oral iron products have been shown to have little efficacy in heart failure, where the preference is intravenous iron products. Most clinical studies have been performed using ferric carboxymaltose with good efficacy in terms of improvements in 6-min walk test distance, peak oxygen consumption, quality of life, and improvements in New York Heart Association functional class. Data from meta-analyses also suggest beneficial effects for hospitalization rates for heart failure and reduction in cardiovascular mortality rates. A prospective trial to investigate effects on morbidity and mortality is currently ongoing. This paper highlights current knowledge of the pathophysiology of iron deficiency in heart failure, its prevalence and clinical impact, and its possible treatment options.
['von Haehling|Stephan|S|', 'Ebner|Nicole|N|', 'Evertz|Ruben|R|', 'Ponikowski|Piotr|P|', 'Anker|Stefan D|SD|']
D061605:Administration, Intravenous D000284:Administration, Oral D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases D015897:Comorbidity D005290:Ferric Compounds D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated D005293:Ferritins D005296:Ferrous Compounds D006333:Heart Failure D006397:Hematinics D006454:Hemoglobins D006760:Hospitalization D006801:Humans D008320:Maltose D010101:Oxygen Consumption D015995:Prevalence D011788:Quality of Life D013318:Stroke Volume D014168:Transferrin D000070857:Walk Test
iron deficiency heart failure ferric carboxymaltose treatment