Normative Data of Thyroid Gland Volume in South Indian Neonates and Infants.
OBJECTIVE
To establish normative ultrasound data for thyroid gland volume in South Indian neonates and infants and compare with abnormal sonological features of thyroid in congenital hypothyroidism (CH) to explore thyroid ultrasound utility as a supportive screening tool to newborn screening programs for early detection of CH.


METHODS
In view of impact of geo ethnic factors, varying growth velocities and body mass indices of human population worldwide, specific regional, age and gender related reference data for thyroid gland size and volume are vital. This study was an offshoot of ICMR pilot New Born Screening (NBS) project for CH. Formula used for thyroid volume estimation was ellipsoidal formula D1 x D2 x D3 × 0.523. It was a prospective observational study. The neonates who screened negative for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) with repeat normal serum TSH and free thyroxine were selected. One hundred fifty seven infants were enrolled which included 99 boys and 58 girls. The study population included children in age groups from 3 d to 1 y six months.


RESULTS
Data analysis was done by descriptive method and unpaired t test. Mean thyroid volume was 0.26 ml with 0.27 ml in boys and 0.24 ml in girls. Statistically significant "p value" was noted in single lobe measurements among boys and girls.


CONCLUSIONS
Thyroid gland volume normative data play a key role in evaluation of thyroid sonological abnormalities in CH and there is effective utility of ultrasound as a supportive diagnostic and prognostic screening tool for early detection of CH.
['Prabhu|Sudha Rathna|SR|http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-4189', 'Mahadevan|Shriraam|S|', 'Jagadeesh|Sujatha|S|', 'Dharan|Dharani|D|', 'Ganesh|Chandra|C|', 'Suresh|Seshadri|S|', 'Suresh|Indrani|I|']
D003409:Congenital Hypothyroidism D005260:Female D006801:Humans D007194:India D007223:Infant D007231:Infant, Newborn D008297:Male D015997:Neonatal Screening D009929:Organ Size D010865:Pilot Projects D011446:Prospective Studies D012016:Reference Values D013961:Thyroid Gland D014463:Ultrasonography
Ellipsoidal formula Dyshormonogenesis Neonatal thyroid volume nomogram Ultrasound thyroid