Glycogen-gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin.
In this study, a glycogen-gold nanohybrid was fabricated to enhance the potency of a promising hepatoprotective agent silymarin (Sly) by improving its solubility and gut permeation. By utilizing a facile green chemistry approach, biogenic gold nanoparticles were synthesized from Annona reticulata leaf phytoconstituents in combination with Sly (SGNPs). Further, the SGNPs were aggregated in glycogen biopolymer to yield the therapeutic nanohybrids (GSGNPs). Transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation and conjugation of both SGNPs and GSGNPs. The fabricated nanohybrids showed significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats and maintained natural antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) levels. Animals treated with GSGNPs (10 mg/kg) and SGNPs (20 mg/kg) retained usual hepatic functions with routine levels of hepatobiliary enzymes (aspartate transferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) with minimal lipid peroxidation, whereas those treated with 100 mg/kg of Sly showed the similar effect. These results were also supported by histopathology of the livers where pronounced hepatoprotection with normal hepatic physiology and negligible inflammatory infiltrate were observed. Significant higher plasma Cmax supported the enhanced bioavailability of Sly upon GSGNPs treatment compared to SGNPs and free Sly. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis also substantiated the efficient delivery of GSGNPs over SGNPs. The fabricated therapeutic nanohybrids were also found to be biocompatible toward human erythrocytes and L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Overall, due to increased solubility, bioavailability and profuse gut absorption; GSGNPs demonstrated tenfold enhanced potency compared to free Sly.
['Kandimalla|Raghuram|R|', 'Dash|Suvakanta|S|', 'Bhowal|Ashim Chandra|AC|', 'Kalita|Sanjeeb|S|', 'Talukdar|Narayan Chandra|NC|', 'Kundu|Sarathi|S|', 'Kotoky|Jibon|J|']
D000818:Animals D000975:Antioxidants D015415:Biomarkers D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride D002470:Cell Survival D016207:Cytokines D006003:Glycogen D006046:Gold D006801:Humans D018836:Inflammation Mediators D015227:Lipid Peroxidation D008099:Liver D008297:Male D053768:Metal Nanoparticles D051379:Mice D010936:Plant Extracts D020011:Protective Agents D017208:Rats, Wistar D012838:Silymarin D013482:Superoxide Dismutase D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
nanohybrid potency silymarin hepatoprotection Annona reticulata glycogen–gold