Changes in cambial activity are related to precipitation patterns in four tropical hardwood species grown in Indonesia.
PREMISE
Cambial activity in some tropical trees varies intra-annually, with the formation of xylem rings. Identification of the climatic factors that regulate cambial activity is important for understanding the growth of such species. We analyzed the relationship between climatic factors and cambial activity in four tropical hardwoods, Acacia mangium, Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, and Neolamarckia cadamba in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia, which has a rainy season (November-June) and a dry season (July-October).


METHODS
Small blocks containing phloem, cambium, and xylem were collected from main stems in January 2014, October 2015 and October 2016, and examined with light microscopy for cambial cell division, fusiform cambial cells, and expanding xylem cells as evidence of cambial activity.


RESULTS
During the rainy season, when precipitation was high, cambium was active. By contrast, during the dry season in 2015, when there was no precipitation, cambium was dormant. However, in October 2016, during the so-called dry season, cambium was active, cell division was conspicuous, and a new xylem ring formation was initiated. The difference in cambial activity appeared to be related to an unusual pattern of precipitation during the typically dry months, from July to October, in 2016.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that low or absent precipitation for 3 to 4 months induces cessation of cambial activity and temporal periodicity of wood formation in the four species studied. By contrast, in the event of continuing precipitation, cambial activity in the same trees may continue throughout the year. The frequency pattern of precipitation appears to be an important determinant of wood formation in tropical trees.
['Rahman|Md Hasnat|MH|', 'Nugroho|Widyanto Dwi|WD|', 'Nakaba|Satoshi|S|', 'Kitin|Peter|P|', 'Kudo|Kayo|K|', 'Yamagishi|Yusuke|Y|', 'Begum|Shahanara|S|', 'Marsoem|Sri Nugroho|SN|', 'Funada|Ryo|R|']
D000045:Acacia D058506:Cambium D002455:Cell Division D005052:Eucalyptus D016468:Forestry D007214:Indonesia D019686:Lamiaceae D011891:Rain D019666:Rubiaceae D012621:Seasons D013045:Species Specificity D014197:Trees
Acacia mangium Tectona grandis Eucalyptus urophylla Neolamarckia cadamba rainy season dry season wood formation active and dormant cambium tropical tree ring unusual precipitation