Frequency and prognostic factors of olfactory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the frequency and factors associated with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction, including anosmia, in a follow-up of patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).


METHODS
The setting was a cross-sectional study of patients that were consecutively included in the Trondheim TBI database, comprising injury-related variables. Eligible participants 18-65 years were contacted 9-104 months post trauma and asked olfactory-related questions. Those reporting possible posttraumatic change of olfaction were invited to further examination using the Sniffin' Sticks panel.


RESULTS
Of 211 eligible participants, 182 (86.3%) took part in telephone interviews and 25(13.7%) were diagnosed with olfactory dysfunction. 60% of these, or 8.2% of all participants, had anosmia. In age-adjusted logistic regression analyses, fall (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.2), skull base fracture (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.1) and cortical contusion(s) (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.1-17.3) were associated with olfactory dysfunction. In an analysis of anosmia, fall (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.6) and cortical contusion(s) (OR 19.7, 95% CI 2.5-156.0) were associated with the outcome.


CONCLUSION
Of the study participants 13.7% had olfactory dysfunction and 8.2% had anosmia. Higher age, trauma caused by fall and CT displaying skull base fracture and cortical contusion(s) were related to olfactory dysfunction.
['Bratt|Mette|M|', 'Skandsen|Toril|T|', 'Hummel|Thomas|T|', 'Moen|Kent G|KG|', 'Vik|Anne|A|', 'Nordgård|Ståle|S|', 'Helvik|Anne-S|AS|']
D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D000368:Aged D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies D005260:Female D005500:Follow-Up Studies D006257:Head D006801:Humans D016015:Logistic Models D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D000857:Olfaction Disorders D011379:Prognosis D011788:Quality of Life D012189:Retrospective Studies D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed D055815:Young Adult
olfactory dysfunction Traumatic brain injury ANOSMIA CT scan