How risky are heroin markets? A multi-site study of self-reported risk perceptions among police detainees in Australia.
BACKGROUND
There has long been an international interest in the eradication of drug markets-particularly heroin markets-given their documented connection to the deterioration of local community and social amenity. Recent interest in focused drug law enforcement strategies has reinvigorated debate about the potential for deterrence; however, there exists no large-scale effort to document the risk perceptions of those who transact in heroin markets.


METHODS
We use data from 2,257 police detainees interviewed as part of the Australian Institute of Criminology's (AIC) Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. We employ a multilevel generalised ordinal logistic regression model to explore the geographical and temporal heterogeneity of risk, controlling for individual demographic covariates.


RESULTS
With one exception, we find a surprising degree of homogeneity at the high end of the risk perception scale, with between 30 and 35 percent of respondents rating their local heroin market as very risky. At the low end, there was greater geographical and temporal variability with between 15 and 30 percent of respondents rating their market as not at all risky. One location stands out as anomalous, being perceived as considerably more risky. Of the demographic and drug-use covariates, only age and gender were statistically significant. Neither the length nor frequency of association with the heroin market predicted lower levels of risk perception.


CONCLUSION
A little over half of all heroin market participants consider transacting in their local market to be somewhat or very risky-the others consider it not at all or only a little risky. With few exceptions, this broad pattern appears consistent over time and between geographical locations, although an individual's personal perception is not tied to their degree of exposure to the heroin market. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
['Payne|Jason L|JL|', 'Langfield|Cameron T|CT|']
D001315:Australia D003932:Heroin D006556:Heroin Dependence D006801:Humans D010465:Perception D016495:Police D057566:Self Report
Heroin Law enforcement Deterrence Drug markets Perceived risk