Transcriptomic analyses of Pinus koraiensis under different cold stresses.
BACKGROUND
Pinus koraiensis is an evergreen tree species with strong cold resistance. However, the transcriptomic patterns in response to cold stress are poorly understood for P. koraiensis. In this study, global transcriptome profiles were generated for P. koraiensis under cold stress (- 20 °C) over time by high-throughput sequencing.


RESULTS
More than 763 million clean reads were produced, which assembled into a nonredundant data set of 123,445 unigenes. Among them, 38,905 unigenes had homology with known genes, 18,239 were assigned to 54 gene ontology (GO) categories and 18,909 were assigned to 25 clusters of orthologous groups (COG) categories. Comparison of transcriptomes of P. koraiensis seedlings grown at room temperature (20 °C) and low temperature (- 20 °C) revealed 9842 differential expressed genes (DEGs) in the 6 h sample, 9250 in the 24 h sample, and 9697 in the 48 h sample. The number of DEGs in the pairwise comparisons of 6 h, 24 h and 48 h was relatively small. The accuracy of the RNA-seq was validated by analyzing the expression patterns of 12 DEGs by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In this study, 34 DEGs (22 upregulated and 12 downregulated) were involved in the perception and transmission of cold signals, 96 DEGs (41 upregulated and 55 downregulated) encoding 8 transcription factors that regulated cold-related genes expression, and 27 DEGs (17 upregulated and 10 downregulated) were involved in antioxidant mechanisms in response to cold stress. Among them, the expression levels of c63631_g1 (annexin D1), c65620_g1 (alpha-amylase isozyme 3C), c61970_g1 (calcium-binding protein KIC), c51736_g1 (ABA), c58408_g1 (DREB3), c66599_g1 (DREB3), c67548_g2 (SOD), c55044_g1 (CAT), c71938_g2 (CAT) and c11358_g1 (GPX) first increased significantly and then decreased significantly with the extension of stress time.


CONCLUSIONS
A large number of DEGs were identified in P. koraiensis under cold stress, especially the DEGs involved in the perception and transmission of cold signals, the DEGs encoding TFs related to cold regulation and the DEGs removing ROS in antioxidation mechanisms. The transcriptome and digital expression profiling of P. koraiensis could facilitate the understanding of the molecular control mechanism related to cold responses and provide the basis for the molecular breeding of conifers.
['Wang|Fang|F|', 'Chen|Song|S|', 'Liang|Deyang|D|', 'Qu|Guan-Zheng|GZ|', 'Chen|Su|S|', 'Zhao|Xiyang|X|http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3589-9936']
D058639:Cold-Shock Response D020869:Gene Expression Profiling D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing D028223:Pinus D010940:Plant Proteins D036226:Seedlings D014157:Transcription Factors D059467:Transcriptome
Pinus koraiensis Cold stress Differential expressed genes RNA-seq