Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in effluents of different hospitals sewage in Biratnagar, Nepal.
OBJECTIVE
This study was aimed to determine prevalence and resistance pattern like multidrug resistant (MDR) or ESBL nature of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. from various sewage drain samples with an idea to deliver baseline information that could be utilized for defining guidelines for the treatment of hospital sewages.


RESULTS
Of 10 sewage samples analyzed, 7 (70%) contained E. coli while 6 (60%) contained Klebsiella. Except one sample, all positive samples contained both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefpodoxime; while 85.7% were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. 71.4%, 57.1%, 42.9%, and 28.6% were resistant to aztreonam, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin. Most were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. 85.7% and 57.1% of E. coli were MDR and ESBL isolates, respectively. Klebsiella were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate. 83.4% of Klebsiella were resistant to cefoxitin. 66.7% of strains were resistant to cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefpodoxime. Klebsiella showed 50% resistant to aztreonam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while 33.3% were resistant to chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Klebsiella were sensitive to azithromycin and gentamicin. 66.7% and 33.3% of Klebsiella were MDR and ESBL isolates, respectively.
['Mahato|Sanjay|S|http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0154-8129', 'Mahato|Ajay|A|', 'Pokharel|Elina|E|', 'Tamrakar|Ankita|A|']
D000617:Aminoglycosides D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial D004926:Escherichia coli D024841:Fluoroquinolones D015870:Gene Expression D006020:Glycopeptides D006761:Hospitals D006801:Humans D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae D018942:Macrolides D017744:Medical Waste Disposal D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests D009390:Nepal D012722:Sewage D000079686:Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring D001618:beta-Lactamases D047090:beta-Lactams
E. coli Klebsiella Hospital sewage MDR ESBL Water