Diet and risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.
OBJECTIVE
To examine associations between diet and risk of developing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).


DESIGN
Prospective cohort with a median follow-up of 15·8 years. Baseline diet was measured using a FFQ. GERD was defined as self-reported current or history of daily heartburn or acid regurgitation beginning at least 2 years after baseline. Sex-specific logistic regressions were performed to estimate OR for GERD associated with diet quality scores and intakes of nutrients, food groups and individual foods and beverages. The effect of substituting saturated fat for monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat on GERD risk was examined.


SETTING
Melbourne, Australia.


PARTICIPANTS
A cohort of 20 926 participants (62 % women) aged 40-59 years at recruitment between 1990 and 1994.


RESULTS
For men, total fat intake was associated with increased risk of GERD (OR 1·05 per 5 g/d; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·09; P = 0·016), whereas total carbohydrate (OR 0·89 per 30 g/d; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·98; P = 0·010) and starch intakes (OR 0·84 per 30 g/d; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·94; P = 0·005) were associated with reduced risk. Nutrients were not associated with risk for women. For both sexes, substituting saturated fat for polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat did not change risk. For both sexes, fish, chicken, cruciferous vegetables and carbonated beverages were associated with increased risk, whereas total fruit and citrus were associated with reduced risk. No association was observed with diet quality scores.


CONCLUSIONS
Diet is a possible risk factor for GERD, but food considered as triggers of GERD symptoms might not necessarily contribute to disease development. Potential differential associations for men and women warrant further investigation.
['Wang|Sabrina E|SE|0000-0002-6102-6234', 'Hodge|Allison M|AM|0000-0001-5464-2197', 'Dashti|S Ghazaleh|SG|', 'Dixon-Suen|Suzanne C|SC|', 'Mitchell|Hazel|H|', 'Thomas|Robert Js|RJ|', 'Williamson|Elizabeth M|EM|', 'Makalic|Enes|E|', 'Boussioutas|Alex|A|', 'Haydon|Andrew M|AM|', 'Giles|Graham G|GG|', 'Milne|Roger L|RL|', 'Kendall|Bradley J|BJ|', 'English|Dallas R|DR|']
D000818:Animals D015331:Cohort Studies D004032:Diet D005638:Fruit D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux D006801:Humans D011446:Prospective Studies D012307:Risk Factors
Diet Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Fat Carbonated beverages Prospective cohort study