Ameliorative effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on rheumatic diseases.
Background
Inflammation is a host-defensive innate immune response to protect the body from pathogenic agents and danger signals induced by cellular changes. Although inflammation is a host-defense mechanism, chronic inflammation is considered a major risk factor for the development of a variety of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic diseases are systemic inflammatory and degenerative diseases that primarily affect connective tissues and are characterized by severe chronic inflammation and degeneration of connective tissues. Ginseng and its bioactive ingredients, genocides, have been demonstrated to have antiinflammatory activity and pharmacological effects on various rheumatic diseases by inhibiting the expression and production of inflammatory mediators.


Methods
Literature in this review was searched in a PubMed site of National Center for Biotechnology Information.


Results
The studies reporting the preventive and therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases were discussed and summarized.


Conclusion
Ginseng and ginsenosides play an ameliorative role on rheumatic diseases, and this review provides new insights into ginseng and ginsenosides as promising agents to prevent and treat rheumatic diseases.
['Yi|Young-Su|YS|']
Ginseng Ginsenosides Rheumatic diseases Inflammation ACAN, Aggrecan ACLT, Anterior cruciate ligament transection BMP, Bone morphogenetic protein CIA, Collagen-induced arthritic CK, Compound K COL, Collagen DAMP, Danger-associated molecular pattern LTMMR, Ligament transection and medial meniscus resection Macrophages OA, Osteoarthritis PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern PPD, Protopanaxadiol PPT, Protopanaxatriol PRR, Pattern-recognition receptor RA, Rheumatoid arthritis RNAKL, Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus