Dissociated neural effects of cortisol depending on threat escapability.
Evolution has provided us with a highly flexible neuroendocrine threat system which, depending on threat imminence, switches between active escape and passive freezing. Cortisol, the "stress-hormone", is thought to play an important role in both fear behaviors, but the exact mechanisms are not understood. Using pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging we investigated how cortisol modulates the brain's fear systems when humans are under virtual-predator attack. We show dissociated neural effects of cortisol depending on whether escape from threat is possible. During inescapable threat cortisol reduces fear-related midbrain activity, whereas in anticipation of active escape cortisol boosts activity in the frontal salience network (insula and anterior cingulate cortex), which is involved in autonomic control, visceral perception and motivated action. Our findings suggest that cortisol adjusts the human neural threat system from passive fear to active escape, which illuminates the hormone's crucial role in the adaptive flexibility of fear behaviors.
['Montoya|Estrella R|ER|', 'van Honk|Jack|J|', 'Bos|Peter A|PA|http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-0181', 'Terburg|David|D|']
D000328:Adult D002540:Cerebral Cortex D005239:Fear D006801:Humans D006854:Hydrocortisone D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging D008297:Male D008636:Mesencephalon D055815:Young Adult
cortisol threat escape salience network