Fabrication approaches for the creation of physical models from microscopy data.
Background
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a useful method of fabrication for many clinical applications. It is also a technique that is becoming increasingly accessible, as the price of the necessary tools and supplies decline. One emerging, and unreported, application for 3D printing is to aid in the visualization of 3D imaging data by creating physical models of select structures of interest.


Methods
Presented here are three physical models that were fabricated from three different 3D microscopy datasets. Different methods of fabrication and imaging techniques were used in each case.


Results
Each model is presented in detail. This includes the imaging modality used to capture the raw data, the software used to create any computer models and the 3D printing tools used to create each model. Despite the differences in their creation, these examples follow a simple common workflow that is also detailed.


Conclusions
Following these approaches, one can easily make 3D printed models from 3D microscopy datasets utilizing off the shelf commercially available software and hardware.
['Cox|Benjamin L|BL|', 'Schumacher|Nathan|N|', 'Konieczny|John|J|', 'Reifschneider|Issac|I|', 'Mackie|Thomas R|TR|', 'Otegui|Marisa S|MS|', 'Eliceiri|Kevin W|KW|']
Microscopy 3D-imaging 3D-printing 3D-visualization Instructional models