The Benzydamine Experience: A Systematic Review of Benzydamine Abuse.
BACKGROUND
Both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs recently emerged among novel psychoactive substances (NPS) being reported as ingested for recreational purposes. Among them, benzydamine (BZY), normally prescribed as an OTC anti-inflammatory drug, is reportedly being diverted and recreationally used.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate how the misuse of BZY has been reported, illustrating its psychotropic molecular mechanism, and studying its psychopathological effects.


METHODS
We firstly conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning the abuse of BZY and its effects. For data gathering purposes, both PRISMA and PROSPERO guidelines were followed. All research methods were approved by PROSPERO (identification code CRD42020187266). Second, we analysed BZY-related data from the European Monitoring Agency (EMA) Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) database recorded during 2005-2020 regarding its abuse.


RESULTS
Eleven articles, published during 1997-2019, were included in our systematic review, including five case reports, four surveys, and two retrospective case series analyses. While nine articles dealt with the recreational use of BZY, two described an oral overdose of the drug. When specified, dosages of BZY consumed ranged from 500 to 1500mg. The EMA dataset contained three cases of BZY abuse.


CONCLUSION
Results from the systematic review showed BZY might be diverted for typical hallucinogenic properties occurring at high dosages. Healthcare professionals should be warned about a possible misuse/abuse of a commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory drug and be vigilant when prescribing it. Physicians working in emergency units should know that psychotic symptoms may be related to BZY abuse.
['Stefania|Chiappini|C|', 'Andrea|Miuli|M|', 'Alessio|Mosca|M|', 'Mauro|Pettorruso|P|', 'Amira|Guirguis|G|', 'Martin|Corkery John|CJ|', 'Giovanni|Martinotti|M|', 'Di Giannantonio Massimo|||', 'Fabrizio|Schifano|S|']
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents D001591:Benzydamine D006801:Humans D011618:Psychotic Disorders D012189:Retrospective Studies
Benzydamine NPS benzydamine misuse novel psychoactive substances. over-the-counter drug abuse