Strategies to engineer tendon/ligament-to-bone interface: Biomaterials, cells and growth factors.
Integration between tendon/ligament and bone occurs through a specialized tissue interface called enthesis. The complex and heterogeneous structure of the enthesis is essential to ensure smooth mechanical stress transfer between bone and soft tissues. Following injury, the interface is not regenerated, resulting in high rupture recurrence rates. Tissue engineering is a promising strategy for the regeneration of a functional enthesis. However, the complex structural and cellular composition of the native interface makes enthesis tissue engineering particularly challenging. Thus, it is likely that a combination of biomaterials and cells stimulated with appropriate biochemical and mechanical cues will be needed. The objective of this review is to describe the current state-of-the-art, challenges and future directions in the field of enthesis tissue engineering focusing on four key parameters: (1) scaffold and biomaterials, (2) cells, (3) growth factors and (4) mechanical stimuli.
['Font Tellado|Sonia|S|', 'Balmayor|Elizabeth R|ER|', 'Van Griensven|Martijn|M|']
D001672:Biocompatible Materials D001842:Bone and Bones D016503:Drug Delivery Systems D005109:Extracellular Matrix D051445:Fibrocartilage D015316:Genetic Therapy D006801:Humans D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins D008022:Ligaments D013314:Stress, Mechanical D013499:Surface Properties D013710:Tendons D023822:Tissue Engineering
Tendon Interface Ligament Bone Enthesis Tissue engineering