The potential impact of trigonelline loaded micelles on Nrf2 suppression to overcome oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer cells.
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has a pivotal role in promoting chemoresistance by regulation of antioxidants and detoxification enzymes. Trigonelline is one of the major alkaloids in raw coffee which has been recently introduced as potent inhibitor of Nrf2. This study investigated the role of trigonelline and trigonelline loaded micelles in Nrf2 inhibition to break down oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer cells. The PCL-PEG-PCL and PLA-PCL-PEG-PCL-PLA copolymers and trigonelline loaded micelles were prepared and characterized for fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy, particle size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and entrapment efficiency. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by using MTT and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Nrf2, MRP1, NQO1, HO-1, Bax, and Bcl2 gene expressions were examined by qRT-PCR. Our results revealed that micelles had spherical shapes with narrow sizes and zeta potential indexes of - 9.06 ± 6.94 mV for trigonelline loaded 3Block and - 7.47 ± 6.08 mV for trigonelline loaded 5Block micelles. After Nrf2 inhibition by trigonelline, antioxidant response element (ARE) related gene expressions were decreased (p < 0.05) with a significantly higher impact by trigonelline loaded micelles (p < 0.05). Trigonelline loaded micelles also strongly decreased IC50 value of oxaliplatin in resistant colon cancer cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, trigonelline loaded 5Block micelle increased oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in a Nrf2/ARE dependent manner. Altogether, the current study suggests that delivery of trigonelline loaded micelles as potent Nrf2 inhibitors can be considered as a promising strategy to overcome oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer patients.
['Pirpour Tazehkand|Abbas|A|', 'Salehi|Roya|R|', 'Velaei|Kobra|K|', 'Samadi|Nasser|N|']
D000470:Alkaloids D000970:Antineoplastic Agents D017209:Apoptosis D045744:Cell Line, Tumor D002470:Cell Survival D003110:Colonic Neoplasms D004337:Drug Carriers D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm D004357:Drug Synergism D006801:Humans D008823:Micelles D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 D000077150:Oxaliplatin D011108:Polymers
Trigonelline Micelle Nrf2 Oxaliplatin resistance Colon cancer Apoptosis