Formaldehyde inhalation during pregnancy abolishes the development of acute innate inflammation in offspring.
Formaldehyde (FA) is an environmental and occupational pollutant that induces programming mechanisms on the acquired immune host defense in offspring when exposed during the prenatal period. Hence, here we investigated whether the exposure of FA on pregnant rats could affect the development of an innate acute lung injury in offspring induced by lipopolissacaride (LPS) injection. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to FA (0.92 mg/m(3)) or vehicle (distillated water), both 1 h/day, 5 days/week, from 1 to 21 days of pregnancy. Non-manipulated rats were used as control. After 30 days of birth, the offspring was submitted to injection of LPS (Salmonella abortus equi, 5 mg/kg, i.p.). Systemic and lung inflammatory parameters were evaluated 24 h later. Exposure to FA during gestation abolished the development of acute lung injury in offspring, as observed by reduced number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL), in the blood and in the bone marrow, and decreased myeloperoxidase activity in the lung. Moreover, phagocytes from BAL presented normal phagocytosis, but reduced oxidative burst. Alterations on the profile of inflammatory cytokines were evidenced by reduced mRNA levels of IL-6 and elevated levels of IL-10 and IFN gamma in the lung tissue. Indeed, mRNA levels of toll-likereceptor-4 and nuclear factor-kappa B translocation into the nucleus were also reduced. Additionally, hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was blunted in the trachea of offspring of FA exposed mothers. Together, our data clearly show that FA exposure in the prenatal period modifies the programming mechanisms of the innate defense in the offspring leading to impaired defense against infections.
['Silva Ibrahim|Beatriz|B|', 'Miranda da Silva|Cristiane|C|', 'Barioni|Éric Diego|ÉD|', 'Correa-Costa|Matheus|M|', 'Drewes|Carine Cristiane|CC|', 'Saraiva Câmara|Niels Olsen|NO|', 'Tavares-de-Lima|Wothan|W|', 'Poliselli Farsky|Sandra Helena|SH|', 'Lino-dos-Santos-Franco|Adriana|A|']
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus D055371:Acute Lung Injury D000393:Air Pollutants D000818:Animals D016207:Cytokines D004195:Disease Models, Animal D005260:Female D005557:Formaldehyde D005786:Gene Expression Regulation D005865:Gestational Age D007113:Immunity, Innate D018836:Inflammation Mediators D019570:Inhalation Exposure D008070:Lipopolysaccharides D008168:Lung D018811:Maternal Exposure D016328:NF-kappa B D010586:Phagocytes D011014:Pneumonia D011247:Pregnancy D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects D012333:RNA, Messenger D017208:Rats, Wistar D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 D014132:Trachea
Pollutants Acute lung injury LPS Oxidative burst Cytokines NF-kappa B Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)