Pediatric cochlear implantation: role of language, income, and ethnicity.
OBJECTIVE
To compare post-cochlear implantation (CI) early speech perception (ESP) outcomes between a non-English speaking, ethnic minority study group and an English speaking, ethnic majority control group.


STUDY DESIGN/METHODS
We performed a retrospective case-control study at an academic tertiary care children's hospital. Records were reviewed of 49 children who underwent CI from February 2005 to September 2011. Children with abnormal cognitive function (n=12), post-surgical complications (n=1), or incomplete SP testing (n=24) were excluded. The remaining 12 cases (mean implant age 4.3 y) were reviewed for language, income, ethnicity, and ESP scores. Their scores were compared to a subset of patients (n=18; mean implant age 2.2 y) serving as control from the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation (CDaCI) study at 1 year follow up where standard ESP testing was performed. Briefly, CDaCI includes a demographically balanced and multicenter-based pediatric cohort from which publications are beginning to define normative post-CI SP outcomes.


RESULTS
Of our 12 children, 7 were Hispanic, 2 Caucasian, 2 multi-ethnicity and 1 Russian. 4 were non-English speaking, 5 spoke English as a second language, and 7 were bilingual. Three received bilateral CI. Mean early speech perception (ESP) scores (reported on a scale of 1-4) collected at 6 and 12 months in the study group were 1.71 and 1.75, respectively; in the control group, 3.83 and 3.92. At both follow up intervals the study group performed significantly worse than the control group (6 mo P=0.048, 12 mo P=0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that among pediatric CI recipients, those from predominantly non-English speaking, socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds develop SP at slower than normal rates. Future interventions should be directed at overcoming these obstacles.
['Wu|Derek|D|', 'Woodson|Elena Willis|EW|', 'Masur|Jonathan|J|', 'Bent|John|J|']
D000293:Adolescent D002648:Child D002675:Child, Preschool D019929:Cochlear Implantation D003054:Cochlear Implants D003638:Deafness D005006:Ethnicity D005260:Female D006801:Humans D007223:Infant D007802:Language D007804:Language Development D008297:Male D008913:Minority Groups D012189:Retrospective Studies D012959:Socioeconomic Factors D013067:Speech Perception
Pediatrics Cochlear implant Speech perception Socioeconomic