Rumination, mood, and maladaptive eating behaviors in overweight and healthy populations.
PURPOSE
The literature suggests that rumination (i.e., repetitive thinking about 1 or more negative concerns that is perceived as difficult to control) is linked to impaired emotional regulation and increases negative affect. Not only individuals suffering from overweight or obesity, but also healthy individuals might use emotional eating as a coping strategy to deal with negative affect caused by rumination. The aim of the present study was to determine the link between rumination and maladaptive eating strategies in participants with normal weight and overweight/obesity using trait and ecological momentary measures.


METHOD
In Study 1, 88 individuals from overweight/obese (N = 33) and control group (N = 50) filled in a series of questionnaires assessing trait rumination, and eating behaviors. In Study 2 momentary affect, rumination and eating behavior of 26 participants were assessed using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology.


RESULTS
In Study 1, the moderated mediation model revealed that emotional eating mediates the link between rumination and uncontrolled eating or snacking, but only in healthy participants and not in the participants with overweight. The results of Study 2 suggest that when both momentary rumination and sad mood are entered into the model predicting momentary daily emotional eating, only rumination remains a significant predictor of emotional eating. This relationship is not modified by the fact that the participants are from healthy controls or the overweight/obese group.


DISCUSSION
Study 1 provided evidence on the differential role of emotional eating in participants with normal weight and with overweight. Study 2 provided initial insights into the role of momentary mood and momentary repetitive thinking in the use of emotional eating in participants' everyday lives. The differences in group effect in trait and EMA measures indicated also the importance of considering the consciousness of using rumination and emotional eating, while studying those processes in individuals with overweight.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III, case-control analytic study.
['Kornacka|Monika|M|http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2737-9236', 'Czepczor-Bernat|Kamila|K|', 'Napieralski|Piotr|P|', 'Brytek-Matera|Anna|A|']
D000339:Affect D000072860:Ecological Momentary Assessment D005247:Feeding Behavior D006801:Humans D009765:Obesity D050177:Overweight
Rumination Overweight Emotional eating Ecological momentary assessment Uncontrolled eating