Environmental and lifestyle factors affecting exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the general population in a Middle Eastern area.
The aim of this study was to investigate environmental and lifestyle factors affecting exposure to PAHs in the general population in a large city of the Middle East (Tehran) by measuring urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and establishing relationships between PAHs exposure and related factors. Urine samples were collected from 222 randomly chosen subjects who were living in the urban area of Tehran, Iran. Subjects were required to complete a detailed questionnaire aimed to document their personal and sociodemographic information, activities, cooking-related appliances, smoking history/exposure, and consumed foodstuff. Identification and quantification of six OH-PAHs was carried out using a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The geometric means for 1-OHP, 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 2-FLU, 9-FLU, and 9-PHE for whole population study were 310, 1220, 3070, 530, 330, and 130 ng/g creatinine, respectively. The two naphthalene metabolites contributed on average 77% of the total concentration of six measured OH-PAHs, followed by the 2-FLU, 1-OHP, 9-FLU, and 9-PHE. The most important predictors of urinary PAHs were consumption of grilled/barbecued foods, smoking, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoking. Water pipe smoking was linked to urinary OH-PAH metabolite in a dose-response function. Residential traffic was also related with OH-PAH metabolite concentrations. Other factors including gender, age, exposure to common house insecticides, open burning, and candle burning were found to be statistically associated with the urinary levels of some OH-PAHs. High exposure to PAHs among general population in Middle Eastern large cities and its associated health implications calls for public health measures to reduce PAHs exposure.
['Hoseini|Mohammad|M|', 'Nabizadeh|Ramin|R|', 'Delgado-Saborit|Juana Maria|JM|', 'Rafiee|Ata|A|', 'Yaghmaeian|Kamyar|K|', 'Parmy|Saeid|S|', 'Faridi|Sasan|S|', 'Hassanvand|Mohammad Sadegh|MS|', 'Yunesian|Masud|M|', 'Naddafi|Kazem|K|']
D000328:Adult D015415:Biomarkers D002947:Cities D003296:Cooking D004781:Environmental Exposure D004784:Environmental Monitoring D004785:Environmental Pollutants D005260:Female D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry D006801:Humans D007492:Iran D008019:Life Style D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D008877:Middle East D009281:Naphthalenes D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons D011721:Pyrenes D011897:Random Allocation D012907:Smoking
1-Hydroxypyrene Biomarker of exposure Biomonitoring Exposure Assessment PAHs Metabolites