Proximal lacrimal obstructions: a review.
PURPOSE
The aims of the review are to summarize the aethiopathogenesis, management and outcomes of different treatments of proximal lacrimal obstructions.


METHODS
An electronic database (PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar) search of all articles written in English and non-English language with abstract translated to English on proximal lacrimal obstructions was performed. The articles were reviewed along with their relevant cross references. Data reviewed included demographics, presentations, investigations, management, complications and outcomes.


RESULTS
Punctoplasty is as effective as punctal dilatation with monocanalicular or bicanalicular stent in case of punctal stenosis. Dacryocystorhinostomy with retrograde intubation is more effective in case of proximal canalicular obstructions than in case of mid-canalicular obstructions. Trephination and intubation is effective in both mid and distal canalicular obstructions in patients with no associated nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy has a specific indication in case of proximal common canalicular obstruction. Bypass surgery is the preferred treatment if there is no residual patency, however surgical success may not match patient satisfaction.


CONCLUSION
Optimal choice of surgical method depends on identification of the site of obstruction. Mini-invasive techniques should be avoided in cases that would only benefit from standard surgical treatment.
['Fiorino|Maria Grazia|MG|', 'Quaranta-Leoni|Claudia|C|', 'Quaranta-Leoni|Francesco M|FM|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-9006']
punctoplasty canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy Lester Jones tube conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy endocanalicular surgery retrograde intubation dacryocystorhinostomy