Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, NRF2 Signalling and Cardiovascular Diseases in a Nutshell.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This short review is intended primarily to summarize the understanding of the interrelated roles of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases.


RECENT FINDINGS
Insults interfering with ER function lead to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER. An excess of proteins folding in the ER is known as ER stress. This condition initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR). When the UPR fails to control the level of unfolded and misfolded proteins, ER-initiated apoptotic signalling is induced. Moreover, the role of the protective nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant-related element (ARE) and the activation of the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) are analysed. Authors summarize evidence that oxidative stress, inflammation and ER stress are closely entwined phenomena. They are involved in the pathogenesis of different cardiovascular diseases. Current literature data are presented, focusing on three topics of related pathologies: atherosclerotic plaque, coronary artery disease and diabetes. This review will provide a basic platform for study and application to several other conditions in which oxidative stress, ER stress and inflammation are key features. Future studies in this area may identify the most promising molecules to be investigated as common targets for cardiovascular diseases.
['Mozzini|Chiara|C|', 'Cominacini|Luciano|L|', 'Garbin|Ulisse|U|', 'Fratta Pasini|Anna Maria|AM|']
D000818:Animals D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress D006801:Humans D007249:Inflammation D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 D018384:Oxidative Stress D015398:Signal Transduction D056811:Unfolded Protein Response
Endoplasmic reticulum stress Oxidative stress Atherosclerotic plaque Coronary artery disease Diabetes