A large cohort of disorders of sex development and their genetic characteristics: 6 novel mutations in known genes.
INTRODUCTION
Disorders of sex development (DSD) constitutes a group of congenital conditions that affect urogenital differentiation and are associated with chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex abnormalities.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical and genetic features of childhood DSD cases.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
DSD patients followed up between the years of 2002-2018 were evaluated in terms of their complaints, demographic, clinical features and genetic diagnoses.


RESULTS
Out of 289 patients, 143(49.5%) were classified as 46XY DSD, 62(21.5%) as 46XX DSD and 84(29%) as sex chromosomal DSD. Genetic diagnosis was achieved in 150 patients (51.9%). The distribution of the molecular diagnosis of the 46XY DSD patients were; 12 (26.6%) SRD5A2, 10 (22.2%) AR, 7 (15.5%) HSD17B3, 3 (6.6%) WT-1, 2 (4.4%) AMHR2, 2 (4.4%) AMH, 2 (4.4%) LHCGR, 2 (4.4%) HSD3B2, 1 (2.2%) NR5A1, 1 (2.2%) CYP17A1 and 1 (2.2%) SRY mutation. Fifty (80.6%) of the 46XX DSD patients received a diagnosis with clinical and laboratory findings. Twenty-four (38.7%) of them were 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 9(14.5%) Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome, 4 (6.5%) 11-β hydroxylase deficiency, 3 (4.8%) gonadal dysgenesis and 2 (3.2%) aromatase deficiency. In 46XX group pathogenic mutations were detected in 21(33.8%) of the patients. Eighty-four (29%) patients were diagnosed as sex chromosomal disorder. Of these 66 (78.5%) were Turner Syndrome, 6 (7.2%) Klinefelter Syndrome and 10 (11.9%) mix gonadal dysgenesis. Gender re-assignment was decided in 11 patients. Malignant and pre-invasive lesions was diagnosed in 8 (2.7%) patients.


CONCLUSION
Many of DSD's are clinically similar and etiology of numerous of them still cannot be established. A multi-disciplinary approach and new rapid genetic diagnostic methods are needed in the process from diagnosis to gender assignment and follow-up.
['Ata|Aysun|A|', 'Özen|Samim|S|', 'Onay|Hüseyin|H|', 'Uzun|Selin|S|', 'Gökşen|Damla|D|', 'Özkınay|Ferda|F|', 'Özbaran|Nazlı Burcu|NB|', 'Ulman|İbrahim|İ|', 'Darcan|Şükran|Ş|']
D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase D000293:Adolescent D002648:Child D012734:Disorders of Sex Development D005260:Female D005787:Gene Frequency D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008565:Membrane Proteins D009154:Mutation D010641:Phenotype D011375:Progesterone Reductase D011974:Receptors, LH D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1
Disorders of sex development 46 XX XY