Wideband reflectance in Down syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high incidence of middle ear disorders and congenital abnormalities of the external, middle and inner ear. Energy reflectance (ER), a wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measurement parameter, can measure the sound energy reflected or absorbed in the ear canal over a wider range of frequencies more efficiently and faster than conventional single-tone 226 Hz tympanometry. The aim of the present study was to compare the WAI measurements of children with DS with those of typically developing, normal-hearing children according to their tympanometric findings.


METHODS
Four groups of children with Down syndrome (age range: 2 years and 4 months to 16 years and 3 months; mean age: 8.5 yr) with normal tympanograms (19 ears), flat tympanograms (13 ears), mild negative pressure tympanograms (6 ears between -100 and -199 daPa at the admittance peak) and severe negative pressure tympanograms (4 ears at -200 daPa or lower at the admittance peak) were assessed. All findings were compared with data obtained from 21 ears of a healthy control group (age range: 3 years and 1 month to 13 years and 11 months; mean age: 7.9 yr). The subjects underwent tympanometry with a 226-Hz probe tone frequency and ER measurements along the 200-6,000 Hz range with a chirp stimulus using the Middle-Ear Power Analyzer (MEPA3 - HearID) by Mimosa Acoustics (Champaign, IL), software, version 3.3 [38].


RESULTS
Statistically significant differences were observed in the ER curves for some comparisons between the studied groups. There was also a negative correlation between the static acoustic admittance at the tympanic membrane level and ER measured with a chirp stimulus at 500 and 1,000 Hz. The discriminant analysis technique, which used a chirp stimulus at 1,000 and 1,600 Hz to classify the participants' data based on ER values, achieved a correct classification rate of 59.52% for participants with DS.


CONCLUSION
While groups with abnormal middle ear status, as indicated by tympanometry, showed higher ER values compared to the DS tymp A group and the control group, similar reflectance curves were observed between control group and the DS tymp A group. WAI shows promise as a clinical diagnostic tool in investigating the impact of middle ear disorders in DS group. However, further research is required to investigate this issue in narrower age range group and a larger sample size.
['Soares|Jordana Costa|JC|', 'Urosas|Juliana Granja|JG|', 'Calarga|Karenina Santos|KS|', 'Pichelli|Tathiany Silva|TS|', 'Limongi|Suelly Cecília Olivan|SC|', 'Shahnaz|Navid|N|', 'Carvallo|Renata Mota Mamede|RM|']
D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests D000162:Acoustics D000293:Adolescent D002648:Child D002675:Child, Preschool D004314:Down Syndrome D004427:Ear Diseases D007758:Ear, Inner D004432:Ear, Middle D005260:Female D006801:Humans D007223:Infant D008297:Male D011312:Pressure D013016:Sound D014432:Tympanic Membrane
Wideband reflectance Down syndrome Middle ear Energy reflectance Wideband acoustic immittance Hearing tests