New-onset metabolic risk factors and the incidence of kidney stones: a prospective cohort study.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of kidney stones with new-onset hypertension, diabetes and obesity.


PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
This prospective cohort study included participants in the Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study who were aged ≥18 years and had abdominal ultrasonography results in 2013 that were negative for kidney stones. Multivariable Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used to estimate the effects of new-onset hypertension, diabetes and obesity on the incidence of kidney stones.


RESULTS
There were 9667 participants without kidney stones in 2013 (mean age 46.2 years; 75.6% men). During a mean (range) follow-up of 33.5 (6-42) months, 676 (7.0%) incident cases of kidney stones were identified. Kidney stones were more frequent among those who had new-onset of a metabolic factor vs those who did not (hypertension: 7.7 vs 6.0%; diabetes: 8.4 vs 6.6%; obesity: 7.4 vs 6.8%). Adjusted Cox models identified that increased risk of kidney stones was associated with new-onset hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-2.27), new-onset diabetes (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.07-2.96), and new-onset obesity (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.15-2.74).


CONCLUSIONS
New-onset of hypertension, diabetes and obesity were all strongly associated with an increased risk of kidney stones in this prospective cohort study. Results suggest that a substantial proportion of kidney stones are potentially preventable by appropriate control of these metabolic risk factors.
['Ping|Hao|H|0000-0003-2912-0965', 'Lu|Na|N|', 'Wang|Mingshuai|M|', 'Lu|Jiapeng|J|', 'Liu|Yuexin|Y|', 'Qiao|Ludong|L|', 'Wang|Yun|Y|', 'Jiang|Lixin|L|', 'Zhang|Xiaodong|X|']
D000328:Adult D048909:Diabetes Complications D005260:Female D006801:Humans D006973:Hypertension D015994:Incidence D007669:Kidney Calculi D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D009765:Obesity D011446:Prospective Studies D012307:Risk Factors D055815:Young Adult
new-onset metabolic risk factors prospective cohort study #Kidney Stones #UroStone