Review of Neurobiological Influences on Externalizing and Internalizing Pathways to Alcohol Use Disorder.
Purpose of review
Two developmental courses through which alcohol use disorder (AUD) may emerge include externalizing and internalizing pathways. We review recent neuroimaging studies of potential neural risk factors for AUD and link findings to potential behavioral risk factors for AUD.


Recent findings
There is evidence that early-emerging weakness in prefrontal functioning and later-emerging differences in reward-system functioning contribute to an externalizing risk pathway. Stress may be an important contributor in the internalizing pathway through a blunting of reward-related activation, which may act alone or in combination with heightened emotion-related reactivity.


Summary
This review highlights areas for future work, including investigation of the relative balance between prefrontal and subcortical circuitry, attention to stages of AUD, and consideration of environmental factors such as stress and sleep. Particularly important is longitudinal work to understand the temporal ordering of associations among brain maturation, behavioral risk, and alcohol use.
['Hardee|Jillian E|JE|', 'Cope|Lora M|LM|', 'Martz|Meghan E|ME|', 'Heitzeg|Mary M|MM|']
stress sleep adolescence emotion inhibitory control reward