Toxicity of inorganic nanomaterials in biomedical imaging.
Inorganic nanoparticles have shown promising potentials as novel biomedical imaging agents with high sensitivity, high spatial and temporal resolution. To translate the laboratory innovations into clinical applications, their potential toxicities are highly concerned and have to be evaluated comprehensively both in vitro and in vivo before their clinical applications. In this review, we first summarized the in vivo and in vitro toxicities of the representative inorganic nanoparticles used in biomedical imagings. Then we further discuss the origin of nanotoxicity of inorganic nanomaterials, including ROS generation and oxidative stress, chemical instability, chemical composition, the surface modification, dissolution of nanoparticles to release excess free ions of metals, metal redox state, and left-over chemicals from synthesis, etc. We intend to provide the readers a better understanding of the toxicology aspects of inorganic nanomaterials and knowledge for achieving optimized designs of safer inorganic nanomaterials for clinical applications.
['Li|Jinxia|J|', 'Chang|Xueling|X|', 'Chen|Xiaoxia|X|', 'Gu|Zhanjun|Z|', 'Zhao|Feng|F|', 'Chai|Zhifang|Z|', 'Zhao|Yuliang|Y|']
D000818:Animals D002104:Cadmium D003287:Contrast Media D003952:Diagnostic Imaging D015195:Drug Design D005260:Female D006046:Gold D006801:Humans D007287:Inorganic Chemicals D007501:Iron D053768:Metal Nanoparticles D051379:Mice D036103:Nanotechnology D010084:Oxidation-Reduction D018384:Oxidative Stress D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography D011247:Pregnancy D045663:Quantum Dots D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species D013499:Surface Properties
Nanotoxicity Gold nanoparticles Inorganic materials Iron nanoparticles Medical imaging Nanomedicine QDs Upconversion nanoparticles