Cost of Traditional Herbal Medicines for Noncommunicable Diseases in Rural and Urban Communities in South Africa.
OBJECTIVES
This study assessed traditional herbal medicine (THM) and conventional medicine (CM) utilization among participants with noncommunicable disease in South Africa.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study collected data through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires in 2014. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the effect of sociodemographic and economic factors on THM and CM use. All statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical computing and graphics language "R."


RESULTS
Of the total 417 randomly selected participants in this study, 85% were females, 95% with no health insurance, and 81% with monthly incomes of <2000 rand (R) ($137 equivalent) per month. Moreover, 73% spend <R100 per month (6.85 US dollar conversion) on THM compared with 46% of families spending <R100 on CM last year; 7% spent >5% of their income on THM, and 10% say they are willing to pay >R500 per year on THM to feel better. Age was significantly associated with different spending patterns after controlling for other demographic factors, given that older adults were 82% (odds ratio 0.18; 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.93) less likely to pay >R100 for THM whereas younger adults were 59% (odds ratio 0.41; 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.97) less likely to pay for CM.


CONCLUSIONS
The cost of using THM and CM largely differed by age. The economic insight into this study reveals individuals more willing to pay for THM to payors, which can ultimately clue payors into areas for medication optimization from potential drug-drug interactions and adverse events and, therefore, reduce healthcare costs.
['Hughes|Gail Denise|GD|', 'Aboyade|Oluwaseyi Mayode|OM|', 'Okonji|Osaretin Christabel|OC|', 'Clark|Bobby|B|', 'Bawa|Walter Agbor|WA|', 'Xavier|Christy|C|', 'Rasu|Rafia S|RS|']
noncommunicable diseases South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa complementary and alternative medicine cost analysis economic evaluation integrative medicine willingness to pay