Cooperation in large-scale human societies-What, if anything, makes it unique, and how did it evolve?
To resolve the major controversy about why prosocial behaviors persist in large-scale human societies, we propose that two questions need to be answered. First, how do social interactions in small-scale and large-scale societies differ? By reviewing the exchange and collective-action dilemmas in both small-scale and large-scale societies, we show they are not different. Second, are individual decision-making mechanisms driven by self-interest? We extract from the literature three types of individual decision-making mechanism, which differ in their social influence and sensitivity to self-interest, to conclude that humans interacting with non-relatives are largely driven by self-interest. We then ask: what was the key mechanism that allowed prosocial behaviors to continue as societies grew? We show the key role played by new social interaction mechanisms-change in the rules of exchange and collective-action dilemmas-devised by the interacting individuals, which allow for self-interested individuals to remain prosocial as societies grow.
['Powers|Simon T|ST|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-808X', 'van Schaik|Carel P|CP|', 'Lehmann|Laurent|L|']
D000884:Anthropology, Cultural D003299:Cooperative Behavior D006801:Humans D007398:Interpersonal Relations D000083645:Social Evolution
cooperation large-scale societies cultural group selection evolutionary psychology human social evolution institutions