Visual search and attention in five-year-old very preterm/very low birth weight children.
INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to establish visual search performance and attention functioning in very preterm/very low birth weight (VP/VLBW) children using novel and well established measures, and to study their contribution to intellectual functioning.


METHODS
Visual search and attention network efficiency were assessed in 108 VP/VLBW children and 72 age matched term controls at 5.5 years corrected age. Visual search performance was investigated with a newly developed paradigm manipulating stimulus density and stimulus organization. Attention functioning was studied using the Attention Network Test (ANT). Intellectual functioning was measured by a short form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Data were analyzed using ANOVAs and multiple regression analyses.


RESULTS
Visual search was less efficient in VP/VLBW children as compared to term controls, as indicated by increased search time (0.31 SD, p = .04) and increased error rate (0.36 SD, p = .02). In addition, VP/VLBW children demonstrated poorer executive attention as indicated by lower accuracy for the executive attention measure of the ANT (0.61 SD, p < .001). No differences were found for the alerting (0.06 SD, p = .68) and orienting attention measures (0.13 SD, p = .42). Visual search time and error rate, and executive attention, collectively, accounted for 14% explained variance in full scale IQ (R(2) = .14, p < .001).


DISCUSSION
VP/VLBW children were characterized by less efficient visual search ability and reduced executive attention. Visual attention dysfunctions contributed to intelligence, suggesting the opportunity to improve intellectual functioning by using interventions programs that may enhance attention capacities.
['Geldof|Christiaan J A|CJ|', 'de Kieviet|Jorrit F|JF|', 'Dik|Marjolein|M|', 'Kok|Joke H|JH|', 'van Wassenaer-Leemhuis|Aleid G|AG|', 'Oosterlaan|Jaap|J|']
D000704:Analysis of Variance D001070:Appetitive Behavior D001288:Attention D016022:Case-Control Studies D002675:Child, Preschool D006801:Humans D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight D009426:Netherlands D012044:Regression Analysis D014888:Wechsler Scales
Visual search very preterm Very low birth weight Very low birth weight birth weight VP VLBW Attention Network Test ANT IQ Visual attention BW Cognition GA Preterm birth WPPSI-III Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence 3rd edition gestational age intelligence quotient very low birth weight