The aroma of goat milk: seasonal effects and changes through heat treatment.
Goat milk was characterized and analyzed by human sensory evaluation and gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O). Most potent odor-active compounds were determined in (a) raw goat's milk from two different seasons and (b) heated goat's milk after different treatment intensities. A trained panel found sensorial differences between winter and summer milks (seasonal effect) and milks from different farms (farm-specific effect). A total of 54 odor-active compounds with flavor dilution (FD) factors ≥8 were detected of which 42 odorants were identified. 4-Ethyloctanoic acid, 3-methylindole (skatol) and one unknown compound (RI 2715) showed highest intensities in all raw milks. With heat treatment, goat-like, stable-like, and (cooked) milk-like odor characteristics decreased while caramel-like or vanilla-like notes increased. In total, 66 odor-active compounds were detected in heated goat milks (FD ≥ 8). To the best of our knowledge, only 16 of the 42 identified odorants were reported before in raw goat's milk. Additionally, for the first time the presence of 1-benzopyran-2-one (coumarin) could be confirmed in ruminant milk.
['Siefarth|Caroline|C|', 'Buettner|Andrea|A|']
D000328:Adult D000818:Animals D002849:Chromatography, Gas D005260:Female D005421:Flavoring Agents D005511:Food Handling D006041:Goats D006358:Hot Temperature D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008892:Milk D009812:Odorants D064367:Olfactometry D012621:Seasons D013649:Taste D055815:Young Adult
aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) aroma profile analysis (APA) fatty acids mass spectrometry retention indices two-dimensional gas chromatography/olfactometry (2D-GC/O)