Experimental Pretreatment with Chlorogenic Acid Prevents Transient Ischemia-Induced Cognitive Decline and Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus through Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects.
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is among the phenolic acid compounds which can be naturally found in green coffee extract and tea. CGA has been studied since it displays significant pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CGA on cognitive function and neuroprotection including its mechanisms in the hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Memory and learning following the ischemia was investigated by eight-arm radial maze and passive avoidance tests. Neuroprotection was examined by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclei-specific protein and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. For mechanisms of the neuroprotection, alterations in copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), SOD2 as antioxidant enzymes, dihydroethidium and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as indicators for oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-2) were examined by Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry. As a result, pretreatment with 30 mg/kg CGA attenuated cognitive impairment and displayed a neuroprotective effect against transient forebrain ischemia (TFI). In Western blotting, the expression levels of SOD2 and IL-4 were increased due to pretreatment with CGA and, furthermore, 4-HNE production and IL-4 expressions were inhibited by CGA pretreatment. Additionally, pretreated CGA enhanced antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, attenuated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Based on these results, we suggest that CGA can be a useful neuroprotective material against ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies.
['Lee|Tae-Kyeong|TK|', 'Kang|Il-Jun|IJ|0000-0003-0314-5195', 'Kim|Bora|B|', 'Sim|Hye Jin|HJ|', 'Kim|Dae- Won|DW|', 'Ahn|Ji Hyeon|JH|', 'Lee|Jae-Chul|JC|', 'Ryoo|Sungwoo|S|', 'Shin|Myoung Cheol|MC|', 'Cho|Jun Hwi|JH|', 'Kim|Young-Myeong|YM|0000-0002-8326-7768', 'Park|Joon Ha|JH|', 'Choi|Soo Young|SY|', 'Won|Moo-Ho|MH|0000-0002-7178-6501']
D000447:Aldehydes D000818:Animals D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000975:Antioxidants D002726:Chlorogenic Acid D003071:Cognition D006624:Hippocampus D007376:Interleukin-2 D015847:Interleukin-4 D007511:Ischemia D051379:Mice D009474:Neurons D018696:Neuroprotective Agents D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
chlorogenic acid neuroprotection transient forebrain ischemia antioxidation anti-inflammation hippocampal neurons