An in vitro screening assay for dental stain cleaning.
BACKGROUND
The present study aimed to develop an in vitro model for stain removal from natural enamel for the assessment and comparison of oral hygiene products.


METHODS
Bovine teeth (n = 8 per group) were ground/polished to provide flat enamel specimens and ferric-tannate deposits were precipitated onto the enamel surfaces. The ferric-tannate stained enamel specimens were brushed using an in vitro tooth-brushing simulator with slurries containing commercially available toothpaste products, dental abrasive particles, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) solutions of different concentrations. The colour of the enamel surfaces was measured using a spectrophotometer before and after stain application as well as after the brushing treatments.


RESULTS
Differences in stain removal efficacy were found between the toothpastes categorised as whitening and non-whitening comprising of different types of dental abrasives (hydrated silica and alumina). A mean value of 27% for stain removal was detected for the three non-whitening toothpastes and 59% of stain removal was detected for the three whitening toothpastes after 1000 strokes. Compared with the slurry with Zeodent 113 abrasive alone, the addition of STP provided better performance for stain removal under the same brushing conditions (mean value of 62% for Zeodent 113 abrasive alone and 72% with the addition of 5% (w/w) STP after 1000 strokes). No difference was evident between the STP concentration of 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w).


CONCLUSIONS
The ferric-tannate/bovine enamel model reported here provides good stain retention, is rapidly and easily prepared, and is shown to be progressively and reproducibly sensitive to toothbrushing using different toothpastes and surfactant/chelating agent solutions. Importantly, it provides good discrimination between various oral hygiene products. The stain removal assay reported here has considerable potential to enable comparative assessments of different toothpaste types in terms of their cleaning capabilities.
['Wang|Changxiang|C|', 'Lucas|Robert|R|', 'Smith|Anthony J|AJ|', 'Cooper|Paul R|PR|']
D000818:Animals D002417:Cattle D003124:Colorimetry D003802:Dentifrices D066298:In Vitro Techniques D008422:Materials Testing D013499:Surface Properties D014075:Tooth Discoloration D014099:Toothbrushing
Enamel Toothpaste Stain removal efficacy Aesthetics Surface roughness Tooth colour Tooth whitening