Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes. A multicenter study in Brazil.
AIMS
To evaluate diagnosis, prevalence and associated factors of CKD in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes.


METHODS
This cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in 14 public clinics in 10 Brazilian cities. From 1760 patients, 1736 were included (98.6%): 977 females (56.3%), 932 (54%) Caucasians, aged 29.9 ± 11.9 years, age at diagnosis 14.7 ± 8.9 years, diabetes duration 15.5 ± 9.3 years and 12.2 ± 3.8 years of school attendance. CKD was determined by using estimated glomerular filtration rate and by the presence of albuminuria in two out of three morning urine samples.


RESULTS
The prevalence of CKD was 33.7%. Overall, 28.1% of the patients could not be classified due to insufficient number of urine samples for albuminuria determination. Multivariable analysis showed that female gender, diabetes duration, high levels of HbA1c and uric acid, use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, retinopathy, high systolic blood pressure, and economic status (medium, low and very low) were associated with CKD.


CONCLUSIONS
Although a high prevalence of CKD, associated comorbidities and retinopathy was observed in our study, a large number of patients are still undiagnosed, making CKD a challenge in routine clinical practice in admixed populations with T1D in a developing country like Brazil.
['Gomes|Marília Brito|MB|', 'Pizarro|Marcela Haas|MH|', 'Muniz|Luiza Harcar|LH|', 'Barros|Bianca Senger Vasconcelos|BSV|', 'Melo|Laura Gomes Nunes|LGN|', 'Santos|Deborah Conte|DC|', 'Negrato|Carlos Antonio|CA|']
D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D000419:Albuminuria D001938:Brazil D015897:Comorbidity D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies D005260:Female D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin A D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D015995:Prevalence D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic D055815:Young Adult
Chronic kidney disease Type 1 diabetes Diabetes-related chronic complications Diabetic nephropathy