Predictors of Drug Injection in High-Risk Populations of Prisoners with a History of Tattooing: A Cross-Sectional Study.
BACKGROUND
Transmitting blood-borne diseases is alarming in places with high prevalence of people who inject drugs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of drug injection and its related predictors among prisoners with a history of tattooing in Iran.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
By using a census sampling, 5493 prisoners with a history of tattooing of 11988 prisoners participated for hepatitis B and C bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) in prisons of Iran, during 2015-2016 from 55 prisons in 19 provinces were assessed. The data for the BSS were collected using face-to-face checklist-based interviews. Weighted prevalence and the association between variables and history of drug injection were determined using Chi-square test and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was estimated through multivariate logistic regression test using survey package.


RESULTS
The mean age of participants was 33.9 ±8.3 yr. Most of them were male (96.4%) and had a history of drug use (85.4%). The prevalence of drug injection among drug users was 20.2%, of which 33.9% had a history of shared injection. The prevalence of drug injection among prisoners with a history of tattooing is associated with male gender (P=0.047), age ≥35 yr (P<0.001), being single (P=0.002), being divorced/widow (P=0.039), and a history of imprisonment (P<0.001).


CONCLUSION
The prevalence of drug injection increases in the presence of other high-risk behaviors. It is necessary to initiate harm reduction programs and preventive interventions in groups with multiple high-risk behaviors.
['Jafari|Saeede|S|', 'Moradi|Ghobad|G|', 'Gouya|Mohammad Mehdi|MM|', 'Azimian Zavareh|Fatemeh|F|', 'Ghaderi|Ebrahim|E|']
D000328:Adult D000367:Age Factors D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies D005260:Female D006509:Hepatitis B D006526:Hepatitis C D006801:Humans D007275:Injections, Intravenous D007492:Iran D016015:Logistic Models D008297:Male D017533:Marital Status D016485:Needle Sharing D016017:Odds Ratio D015995:Prevalence D011329:Prisoners D011330:Prisons D012307:Risk Factors D012309:Risk-Taking D012737:Sex Factors D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous D013653:Tattooing
Drug injection Prisoners Tattooing