Examining the relationships between parent experiences and youth self-reports of slapping/spanking: a population-based cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND
Slapping/spanking is related to a number of poor health outcomes. Understanding what factors are related to the increased or decreased use of spanking/slapping is necessary to inform prevention. This study used a population-based sample to determine the prevalence of slapping/spanking reported by youth; the relationship between sociodemographic factors and slapping/spanking; and the extent to which parental exposures to victimization and maltreatment in childhood and current parental mental health, substance use and family circumstances, are associated with youth reports of slapping/spanking.


METHODS
Data were from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study, a provincially representative sample of households with children and youth aged 4-17 years. Self-reported lifetime slapping/spanking prevalence was determined using a sub-sample of youth aged 14-17 years (n = 1883). Parents/primary caregivers (i.e., person most knowledgeable (PMK) of the youth) self-reported their own childhood experiences including bullying victimization, slapping/spanking and child maltreatment, and current mental health, substance use and family circumstances including mental health functioning and emotional well-being, alcohol use, smoking, marital conflict and family functioning. Analyses were conducted in 2018.


RESULTS
Living in urban compared to rural residence and family poverty were associated with decreased odds of slapping/spanking. PMK childhood experiences of physical and verbal bullying victimization, spanking, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and exposure to physical intimate partner violence were associated with increased odds of youth reported slapping/spanking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] ranged from 1.33-1.77). PMK experiences of physical abuse and exposure to emotional/verbal intimate partner violence in childhood was associated with decreased odds of youth reported slapping/spanking (AOR = 0.72 and 0.88, respectively). PMK's higher levels of marital conflict, languishing to moderate mental health functioning and emotional well-being, and moderate or greater alcohol use were associated with increased odds of youth reported slapping/spanking (AOR ranged from 1.36-1.61).


CONCLUSIONS
It may be important to consider parent/primary caregiver's childhood experiences with victimization and maltreatment along with their current parental mental health, substance use and family circumstances when developing and testing strategies to prevent slapping/spanking.
['Afifi|Tracie O|TO|', 'Fortier|Janique|J|', 'MacMillan|Harriet L|HL|', 'Gonzalez|Andrea|A|', 'Kimber|Melissa|M|', 'Georgiades|Katholiki|K|', 'Duncan|Laura|L|', 'Taillieu|Tamara|T|', 'Davila|Isabel Garces|IG|', 'Struck|Shannon|S|']
D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D002649:Child Abuse D019548:Crime Victims D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies D005191:Family Characteristics D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008297:Male D001523:Mental Disorders D009864:Ontario D010287:Parent-Child Relations D010290:Parents D011678:Punishment D012307:Risk Factors D057566:Self Report D012959:Socioeconomic Factors D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
Spanking Prevention Mental health Child maltreatment Adolescents