Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Tics in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome.
BACKGROUND
Activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) has been associated with tics in Tourette syndrome (TS). The aim of this study was to test a novel intervention-real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback from the SMA-for reduction of tics in adolescents with TS.


METHODS
Twenty-one adolescents with TS were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, crossover study involving two sessions of neurofeedback from their SMA. The primary outcome measure of tic severity was the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale administered by an independent evaluator before and after each arm. The secondary outcome was control over the SMA assessed in neuroimaging scans, in which subjects were cued to increase/decrease activity in SMA without receiving feedback.


RESULTS
All 21 subjects completed both arms of the study and all assessments. Participants had significantly greater reduction of tics on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale after real neurofeedback as compared with the sham control (p < .05). Mean Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Total Tic score decreased from 25.2 ± 4.6 at baseline to 19.9 ± 5.7 at end point in the neurofeedback condition and from 24.8 ± 8.1 to 23.3 ± 8.5 in the sham control condition. The 3.8-point difference is clinically meaningful and corresponds to an effect size of 0.59. However, there were no differences in changes on the secondary measure of control over the SMA.


CONCLUSIONS
This first randomized controlled trial of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback in adolescents with TS suggests that this neurofeedback intervention may be helpful for improving tic symptoms. However, no effects were found in terms of change in control over the SMA, the hypothesized mechanism of action.
['Sukhodolsky|Denis G|DG|', 'Walsh|Christopher|C|', 'Koller|William N|WN|', 'Eilbott|Jeffrey|J|', 'Rance|Mariela|M|', 'Fulbright|Robert K|RK|', 'Zhao|Zhiying|Z|', 'Bloch|Michael H|MH|', 'King|Robert|R|', 'Leckman|James F|JF|', 'Scheinost|Dustin|D|', 'Pittman|Brian|B|', 'Hampson|Michelle|M|']
D000293:Adolescent D018592:Cross-Over Studies D006801:Humans D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging D058765:Neurofeedback D012720:Severity of Illness Index D020323:Tics D005879:Tourette Syndrome
Neurofeedback Tics Tourette syndrome Supplementary motor area Biofeedback rt-fMRI