The pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmune diseases: New T lymphocytes - Cytokines circuits beyond the Th1-Th2 paradigm.
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorders. It mainly manifests as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). HT is characteristic of hypothyroidism resulting from the destruction of the thyroid while GD is characteristic of hyperthyroidism due to excessive production of thyroid hormone induced by thyrotropin receptor-specific stimulatory autoantibodies. T lymphocytes and their secretory cytokines play indispensable roles in modulating immune responses, but their roles are often complex and full of interactions among distinct components of the immune system. Dysfunction of these T cells or aberrant expressions of these cytokines can cause the breakdown of immune tolerance and result in aberrant immune responses during the development of AITDs. This review summarizes recently identified T subsets and related cytokines and their roles in the pathogenesis of AITDs with the hope to provide a better understanding of the precise roles of notably identified T subsets in AITDs and facilitate the discovery of functional molecules or novel immune therapeutic targets for AITDs.
['Li|Qian|Q|0000-0002-4212-1746', 'Wang|Bin|B|', 'Mu|Kaida|K|', 'Zhang|Jin-An|JA|']
D001327:Autoimmune Diseases D016207:Cytokines D006111:Graves Disease D050031:Hashimoto Disease D006801:Humans D013601:T-Lymphocytes D018417:Th1 Cells D018418:Th2 Cells D013959:Thyroid Diseases D013961:Thyroid Gland
cytokines autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) immune tolerance T follicular helper cells (Tfh) T helper 17 (Th17) T helper 22 (Th22) interleukin 17 (IL-17) interleukin 21 (IL-21)