Faecal pollution along the southeastern coast of Florida and insight into the use of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator.
AIMS
To identify faecal pollution along the southeastern Florida coast and determine the performance of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method for pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV).


METHODS AND RESULTS
In 2014, bimonthly surface water samples were collected from inlets, exposed to runoff and septic seepage, and coastal sites, exposed to ocean outfalls. Analysis of culturable enterococci and a suite of microbial source tracking (MST) markers (BacHum, CowM2, DogBact, HF183, HPyV, PMMoV) revealed faecal pollution, primarily of human origin, at all sites. Since PMMoV was detected more frequently than other MST markers, the process limits of quantification (undiluted to 10-2 dilution) and detection (10-2 dilution) for the RT-qPCR method were determined by seeding untreated wastewater into the coastal waters. Simulated quantitative microbial risk assessment, employing human norovirus as a reference pathogen, calculated a 0·286 median risk of gastrointestinal illness associated with the PMMoV limit of detection.


CONCLUSIONS
All sites met the U.S. EPA recreational water criteria, despite detection of domestic wastewater-associated MST markers. PMMoV correlated only with human-associated MST markers.


SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This study demonstrated that PMMoV is an important domestic wastewater-associated marker that should be included in the MST toolbox; therefore, future studies should thoroughly investigate the health risks associated with its detection and quantification in environmental waters.
['Symonds|E M|EM|', 'Sinigalliano|C|C|', 'Gidley|M|M|', 'Ahmed|W|W|', 'McQuaig-Ulrich|S M|SM|', 'Breitbart|M|M|']
D004784:Environmental Monitoring D005243:Feces D005431:Florida D006801:Humans D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction D017898:Tobamovirus D062065:Waste Water D014871:Water Microbiology D014873:Water Pollutants
ocean outfall microbial source tracking wastewater quantitative microbial risk assessment enteric viruses water quality