Classification of Raw Stingless Bee Honeys by Bee Species Origins Using the NMR- and LC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach.
The official standard for quality control of honey is currently based on physicochemical properties. However, this method is time-consuming, cost intensive, and does not lead to information on the originality of honey. This study aims to classify raw stingless bee honeys by bee species origins as a potential classifier using the NMR-LCMS-based metabolomics approach. Raw stingless bee honeys were analysed and classified by bee species origins using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy and an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS) in combination with chemometrics tools. The honey samples were able to be classified into three different groups based on the bee species origins of Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica, and Tetrigona apicalis. d-Fructofuranose (H. itama honey), β-d-Glucose, d-Xylose, α-d-Glucose (G. thoracica honey), and l-Lactic acid, Acetic acid, l-Alanine (T. apicalis honey) ident d-Fructofuranose identified via ¹H-NMR data and the diagnostic ions of UHPLC-QTOF MS were characterized as the discriminant metabolites or putative chemical markers. It could be suggested that the quality of honey in terms of originality and purity can be rapidly determined using the classification technique by bee species origins via the ¹H-NMR- and UHPLC-QTOF MS-based metabolomics approach.
['Razali|Muhammad Taufiq Atsifa|MTA|', 'Zainal|Zaim Akmal|ZA|', 'Maulidiani|M|M|', 'Shaari|Khozirah|K|', 'Zamri|Zulkifli|Z|', 'Mohd Idrus|Mohd Zainuri|MZ|', 'Khatib|Alfi|A|', 'Abas|Faridah|F|0000-0002-8110-9424', 'Ling|Yee Soon|YS|0000-0002-1042-7820', 'Rui|Lim Leong|LL|', 'Ismail|Intan Safinar|IS|0000-0003-3960-0022']
D000818:Animals D001516:Bees D002853:Chromatography, Liquid D006722:Honey D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy D013058:Mass Spectrometry D055442:Metabolome D055432:Metabolomics
classification stingless bee honey bee species origins metabolomics chemometrics LC-MS NMR