Variation in gait parameters used for objective lameness assessment in sound horses at the trot on the straight line and the lunge.
BACKGROUND
Objective lameness assessment is gaining more importance in a clinical setting, necessitating availability of reference values.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the between -path, -trial and -day variation, between and within horses, in the locomotion symmetry of horses in regular use that are perceived sound.


STUDY DESIGN
Observational study with replicated measurement sessions.


METHODS
Twelve owner-sound horses were trotted on the straight line and on the lunge. Kinematic data were collected from these horses using 3D optical motion capture. Examinations were repeated on 12 occasions over the study which lasted 42 days in total. For each horse, measurements were grouped as five replicates on the first and second measurement days and two replicates on the third measurement day. Between measurement days 2 and 3, every horse had a break from examination of at least 28 days. Previously described symmetry parameters were calculated: RUD and RDD (Range Up/Down Difference; difference in upward/downward movement between right and left halves of a stride); MinDiff and MaxDiff (difference between the two minima/maxima of the movement); HHDswing and HHDstance (Hip Hike Difference-swing/-stance; difference between the upward movement of the tuber coxae during swingphase/stancephase). Data are described by the between-measurement variation for each parameter. A linear mixed model was used to test for the effect of time, surface and path. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to access repeatability.


RESULTS
Mean between-measurement variation was (MinDiff, MaxDiff, RUD, RDD): 13, 12, 20, 16 mm (head); 4, 3, 6, 4 mm (withers) and 5, 4, 6, 6 mm (pelvis); (HHDswing, HHDstance): 7 and 7 mm. More between-measurement variation is seen on the first measurement day compared to the second and third measurement days. In general, less variation is seen with increasing number of repetitions. Less between-measurement variation is seen on hard surface compared to soft surface. More between-measurement variation is seen on the circle compared to the straight line. Between-horse variation was clearly larger than within-horse variation. ICC values for the head, withers and pelvis symmetry parameters were 0.68 (head), 0.76 (withers), 0.85 (pelvis).


MAIN LIMITATIONS
Lunge measurements on a hard surface were not performed.


CONCLUSIONS
Between-measurement variation may be substantial, especially in head motion. This should be considered when interpreting clinical data after repeated measurements, as in routine lameness assessments.
['Hardeman|A M|AM|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0944-2740', 'Serra Bragança|F M|FM|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8514-7949', 'Swagemakers|J H|JH|', 'van Weeren|P R|PR|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-1817', 'Roepstorff|L|L|']
D000818:Animals D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena D005684:Gait D006736:Horses D007794:Lameness, Animal
lameness horse clinical kinematics gait analysis