Workarounds to hospital electronic prescribing systems: a qualitative study in English hospitals.
BACKGROUND
Concerns with the usability of electronic prescribing (ePrescribing) systems can lead to the development of workarounds by users.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the types of workarounds users employed, the underlying reasons offered and implications for care provision and patient safety.


METHODS
We collected a large qualitative data set, comprising interviews, observations and project documents, as part of an evaluation of ePrescribing systems in five English hospitals, which we conceptualised as case studies. Data were collected at up to three different time points throughout implementation and adoption. Thematic analysis involving deductive and inductive approaches was facilitated by NVivo 10.


RESULTS
Our data set consisted of 173 interviews, 24 rounds of observation and 17 documents. Participating hospitals were at various stages of implementing a range of systems with differing functionalities. We identified two types of workarounds: informal and formal. The former were informal practices employed by users not approved by management, which were introduced because of perceived changes to professional roles, issues with system usability and performance and challenges relating to the inaccessibility of hardware. The latter were formalised practices that were promoted by management and occurred when systems posed threats to patient safety and organisational functioning. Both types of workarounds involved using paper and other software systems as intermediaries, which often created new risks relating to a lack of efficient transfer of real-time information between different users.


CONCLUSIONS
Assessing formal and informal workarounds employed by users should be part of routine organisational implementation strategies of major health information technology initiatives. Workarounds can create new risks and present new opportunities for improvement in system design and integration.
['Cresswell|Kathrin M|KM|', 'Mozaffar|Hajar|H|', 'Lee|Lisa|L|', 'Williams|Robin|R|', 'Sheikh|Aziz|A|']
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel D001292:Attitude to Computers D055695:Electronic Prescribing D004739:England D006282:Health Personnel D006761:Hospitals D006801:Humans D007407:Interviews as Topic D019982:Organizational Case Studies D061214:Patient Safety D024382:Professional Role D014584:User-Computer Interface D057188:Workflow D016526:Workload
Information technology Decision support, computerized Health services research Implementation science Qualitative research