How Satiating Are the 'Satiety' Peptides: A Problem of Pharmacology versus Physiology in the Development of Novel Foods for Regulation of Food Intake.
Developing novel foods to suppress energy intake and promote negative energy balance and weight loss has been a long-term but commonly unsuccessful challenge. Targeting regulation of appetite is of interest to public health researchers and industry in the quest to develop 'functional' foods, but poor understanding of the underpinning mechanisms regulating food intake has hampered progress. The gastrointestinal (GI) or 'satiety' peptides including cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) secreted following a meal, have long been purported as predictive biomarkers of appetite response, including food intake. Whilst peptide infusion drives a clear change in hunger/fullness and eating behaviour, inducing GI-peptide secretion through diet may not, possibly due to modest effects of single meals on peptide levels. We conducted a review of 70 dietary preload (DIET) and peptide infusion (INFUSION) studies in lean healthy adults that reported outcomes of CCK, GLP-1 and PYY. DIET studies were acute preload interventions. INFUSION studies showed that minimum increase required to suppress ad libitum energy intake for CCK, GLP-1 and PYY was 3.6-, 4.0- and 3.1-fold, respectively, achieved through DIET in only 29%, 0% and 8% of interventions. Whether circulating 'thresholds' of peptide concentration likely required for behavioural change can be achieved through diet is questionable. As yet, no individual or group of peptides can be measured in blood to reliably predict feelings of hunger and food intake. Developing foods that successfully target enhanced secretion of GI-origin 'satiety' peptides for weight loss remains a significant challenge.
['Lim|Jia Jiet|JJ|0000-0002-0861-9276', 'Poppitt|Sally D|SD|0000-0002-2214-8378']
D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents D001069:Appetite Regulation D002766:Cholecystokinin D004435:Eating D004734:Energy Metabolism D005247:Feeding Behavior D005260:Female D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 D006801:Humans D007263:Infusions, Parenteral D008297:Male D036361:Peptide Hormones D019894:Peptide YY D012528:Satiety Response D015398:Signal Transduction D015431:Weight Loss
satiety appetite cholecystokinin peptide YY infusion studies dietary studies glucagon-like peptide-1