Multimodality imaging of endocrine immune related adverse events: a primer for radiologists.
Immune-related endocrine adverse events occur in up to one third of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the multimodality imaging features of the different immune-related endocrine adverse events. In this article, we will introduce the different types of immune checkpoint inhibitors used in clinical practice, and for each endocrine organ affected we will describe the clinical presentation, the multimodality imaging features at presentation and after treatment, and the possible differential diagnosis.
['Alessandrino|Francesco|F|', 'Shah|Hina J|HJ|', 'Ramaiya|Nikhil H|NH|']
D000311:Adrenal Glands D000970:Antineoplastic Agents D004703:Endocrine System D004700:Endocrine System Diseases D006066:Gonads D006801:Humans D007167:Immunotherapy D007515:Islets of Langerhans D009369:Neoplasms D010902:Pituitary Gland D000072177:Radiologists D013961:Thyroid Gland
Immune related adverse events Immune checkpoint inhibitors Adrenal insufficiency Autoimmune hypophysitis Thyroiditis