Design and validation of a tissue bath 3-D printed with PLA for optically mapping suspended whole heart preparations.
With the sudden increase in affordable manufacturing technologies, the relationship between experimentalists and the designing process for laboratory equipment is rapidly changing. While experimentalists are still dependent on engineers and manufacturers for precision electrical, mechanical, and optical equipment, it has become a realistic option for in house manufacturing of other laboratory equipment with less precise design requirements. This is possible due to decreasing costs and increasing functionality of desktop three-dimensional (3-D) printers and 3-D design software. With traditional manufacturing methods, iterative design processes are expensive and time consuming, and making more than one copy of a custom piece of equipment is prohibitive. Here, we provide an overview to design a tissue bath and stabilizer for a customizable, suspended, whole heart optical mapping apparatus that can be produced significantly faster and less expensive than conventional manufacturing techniques. This was accomplished through a series of design steps to prevent fluid leakage in the areas where the optical imaging glass was attached to the 3-D printed bath. A combination of an acetone dip along with adhesive was found to create a water tight bath. Optical mapping was used to quantify cardiac conduction velocity and action potential duration to compare 3-D printed baths to a bath that was designed and manufactured in a machine shop. Importantly, the manufacturing method did not significantly affect conduction, action potential duration, or contraction, suggesting that 3-D printed baths are equally effective for optical mapping experiments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article details three-dimensional printable equipment for use in suspended whole heart optical mapping experiments. This equipment is less expensive than conventional manufactured equipment as well as easily customizable to the experimentalist. The baths can be waterproofed using only a three-dimensional printer, acetone, a glass microscope slide, c-clamps, and adhesive.
['Entz|Michael|M|http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0241-7750', 'King|D Ryan|DR|', 'Poelzing|Steven|S|']
D000200:Action Potentials D000818:Animals D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial D017076:Computer-Aided Design D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis D004569:Electroencephalography D004867:Equipment Design D006168:Guinea Pigs D006321:Heart D000067268:Isolated Heart Preparation D008297:Male D008422:Materials Testing D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial D011091:Polyesters D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional D015203:Reproducibility of Results D013997:Time Factors D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
optical mapping Langendorff perfusion cardiac electrophysiology three-dimensional printing