Measuring Musculoskeletal Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents.
Synopsis Accurate, reliable, and timely assessment of pain is critical for effective management of musculoskeletal pain conditions. The assessment of pain in infants, children, and adolescents with and without cognitive impairment can be particularly challenging to clinicians for a number of reasons, including factors related to the consultation (eg, heterogeneous patient population, time constraints), the clinician (eg, awareness/knowledge of available pain scales), standardized assessment scales (eg, availability, psychometric properties, and application of each scale), the patient (eg, developmental stage, ability to communicate), and the context in which the interaction took place (eg, familiarity with the setting and physiological and psychological state). As a result, pain is frequently not assessed or measured during the consultation and, in many instances, underestimated and undertreated in this population. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with an overview of scales that may be used to measure pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Specifically, the paper reviews the various approaches to measure pain intensity; identifies factors that can influence the pain experience, expression, and assessment in infants, children, and adolescents; provides age-appropriate suggestions for measuring pain intensity in patients with and without cognitive impairment; and identifies ways to assess the impact of pain using multidimensional pain scales. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(10):712-730. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7469.
['Michaleff|Zoe A|ZA|', 'Kamper|Steven J|SJ|', 'Stinson|Jennifer N|JN|', 'Hestbaek|Lise|L|', 'Williams|Christopher M|CM|', 'Campbell|Paul|P|', 'Dunn|Kate M|KM|']
D000293:Adolescent D000367:Age Factors D002648:Child D003072:Cognition Disorders D003142:Communication D006801:Humans D007223:Infant D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain D010147:Pain Measurement D010290:Parents D012017:Referral and Consultation D057566:Self Report
cognitive impairment pain intensity multidimensional pain scales observation self-report