Mechanisms of vasculogenic mimicry in hypoxic tumor microenvironments.
BACKGROUND
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a recently discovered angiogenetic process found in many malignant tumors, and is different from the traditional angiogenetic process involving vascular endothelium. It involves the formation of microvascular channels composed of tumor cells; therefore, VM is considered a new model for the formation of new blood vessels in aggressive tumors, and can provide blood supply for tumor growth. Many studies have pointed out that in recent years, some clinical treatments against angiogenesis have not been satisfactory possibly due to the activation of VM. Although the mechanisms underlying VM have not been fully elucidated, increasing research on the soil "microenvironment" for tumor growth suggests that the initial hypoxic environment in solid tumors is inseparable from VM.


MAIN BODY
In this review, we describe that the stemness and differentiation potential of cancer stem cells are enhanced under hypoxic microenvironments, through hypoxia-induced epithelial-endothelial transition (EET) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling to form the specific mechanism of vasculogenic mimicry; we also summarized some of the current drugs targeting VM through these processes, suggesting a new reference for the clinical treatment of tumor angiogenesis.


CONCLUSION
Overall, the use of VM inhibitors in combination with conventional anti-angiogenesis treatments is a promising strategy for improving the effectiveness of targeted angiogenesis treatments; further, considering the importance of hypoxia in tumor invasion and metastasis, drugs targeting the hypoxia signaling pathway seem to achieve good results.
['Wei|Xiaoxu|X|', 'Chen|Yunhua|Y|', 'Jiang|Xianjie|X|', 'Peng|Miao|M|', 'Liu|Yiduo|Y|', 'Mo|Yongzhen|Y|', 'Ren|Daixi|D|', 'Hua|Yuze|Y|', 'Yu|Boyao|B|', 'Zhou|Yujuan|Y|', 'Liao|Qianjin|Q|', 'Wang|Hui|H|', 'Xiang|Bo|B|', 'Zhou|Ming|M|', 'Li|Xiaoling|X|', 'Li|Guiyuan|G|', 'Li|Yong|Y|', 'Xiong|Wei|W|', 'Zeng|Zhaoyang|Z|0000-0002-0648-0565']
D000818:Animals D006801:Humans D018716:Molecular Mimicry D009369:Neoplasms D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic D000072258:Tumor Hypoxia D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
Cancer stem cells Epithelial-endothelial transition Hypoxia Extracellular matrix remodeling Targeted angiogenesis drugs Vascular mimicry