'All the stars were aligned'? The origins of England's National Institute for Health Research.
BACKGROUND
In 2006, the research and development (R&D) activity of England's national healthcare system, the National Health Service, was reformed. A National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) was established within the Department of Health, the first body to manage this activity as an integrated system, unlocking significant increases in government funding. This article investigates how the NIHR came to be set up, and why it took the form it did. Our goal was a better understanding of 'how we got here'.


METHODS
We conducted oral history interviews with 38 key witnesses, held a witness seminar, and examined published and unpublished documents.


RESULTS
We conclude that the most important forces shaping the origin of NIHR were the growing impact of evidence-based medicine on service policies, the growth of New Public Management ways of thinking, economic policies favouring investment in health R&D and buoyant public funding for healthcare. We note the strong two-way interaction between the health research system and the healthcare system - while beneficial for the use of research, challenges for healthcare (such as stop-go funding) could also produce challenges for health research.


CONCLUSIONS
Understanding how and why England came to have a centralised health service research system alongside a long-established funder of biomedical research (the Medical Research Council) helps us interpret the significance of the English health research experience for other countries and helps English policy-makers better understand their present options. Learning lessons from the features of the English health research system calls for an understanding of the processes which shaped it. Firstly, the publicly funded, nationally organised character of healthcare promoted government interest in evidence-based medicine, made research prioritisation simpler and helped promote the implementation of findings. Secondly, the essential role of leadership by a group who valued research for its health impact ensured that new management methods (such as metrics and competitive tendering) were harnessed to patient benefit, rather than as an end in themselves. A policy window of government willingness to invest in R&D for wider economic goals and buoyant funding of the health system were also effectively exploited.
['Atkinson|Paul|P|http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-6561', 'Sheard|Sally|S|', 'Walley|Tom|T|']
D035843:Biomedical Research D055317:Evidence-Based Practice D006078:Government Programs D006302:Health Services Research D049674:History, 21st Century D006801:Humans D033181:Information Dissemination D011057:Politics D012106:Research D013222:State Medicine
National Institute for Health Research National Health Service health research system United Kingdom