Probenecid protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting lysosomal and inflammatory damage in rats.
Probenecid has been used for decades to treat gout, and recent studies have revealed it is also a specific inhibitor of the pannexin-1 channel. It has been reported that the pannexin-1 channel is involved in ischemic injury. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect and the possible mechanisms of action of probenecid in global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Twenty minutes of transient global cerebral I/R injury was induced using the four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Different doses of probenecid were administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, or by gavage before or after reperfusion. Probenecid via all three routes protected against CA1 neuronal death when given before reperfusion. This protective effect continued when probenecid was given at 2h after reperfusion, but not at 6h. Interestingly, the protective effect regained if probenecid was given continuously for 7days after reperfusion. The release of cathepsin B and overexpression of calpain-1 after reperfusion were inhibited, while the upregulation of Hsp70 was strengthened by probenecid pre-treatment. Furthermore, the activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes after I/R injury were suppressed by continuous given for 7days, but only partly by a single dose at 6h of reperfusion. Thus, our data indicate that probenecid protects against transient global cerebral I/R injury probably by inhibiting calpain-cathepsin pathway and the inflammatory reaction.
['Wei|R|R|', 'Wang|J|J|', 'Xu|Y|Y|', 'Yin|B|B|', 'He|F|F|', 'Du|Y|Y|', 'Peng|G|G|', 'Luo|B|B|']
D000818:Animals D002545:Brain Ischemia D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins D002401:Cathepsin B D016923:Cell Death D004660:Encephalitis D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins D008247:Lysosomes D008297:Male D008840:Microfilament Proteins D009457:Neuroglia D018696:Neuroprotective Agents D011339:Probenecid D017966:Pyramidal Cells D051381:Rats D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley D015427:Reperfusion Injury
probenecid cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury cathepsin B calpain-1 heat shock protein 70 inflammation