Development of a carboxymethyl chitosan functionalized nanoemulsion formulation for increasing aqueous solubility, stability and skin permeability of astaxanthin using low-energy method.
In this research, firstly astaxanthin (ASX)-loaded nanoemulsions (NEs) were produced using a convenient low-energy emulsion phase inversion method. The optimised ASX-NEs were prepared in the presence of Cremophor® EL and Labrafil® M 1944 CS, with a surfactant-to-oil ratio of 4:6. The ASX-NE droplets were spherical with a mean droplet diameter below 100 nm and a small negative surface charge. The system was stable without alteration of mean droplet diameter for three months. Then, the ASX-NE was functionalised with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) through direct CMCS (0.02%) incorporation during the preparation process. The ASX chemical stability and skin permeability increased in the following order: ASX solution control < ASX-NE < CMCS-ASX-NE. Cell viability assays on L929 cells revealed low cytotoxicity of blank NE, ASX-NE and CMCS-ASX-NE in the range from 5 to 500 μg mL-1. In conclusion, the CMCS-ASX-NE might be a promising delivery vehicle in dermal and transdermal products.
['Hong|Liang|L|', 'Zhou|Chuan-Li|CL|', 'Chen|Feng-Ping|FP|', 'Han|Dan|D|', 'Wang|Chun-Yuan|CY|', 'Li|Jia-Xin|JX|', 'Chi|Zhe|Z|', 'Liu|Chen-Guang|CG|']
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous D000818:Animals D000975:Antioxidants D048271:Chitosan D004355:Drug Stability D045703:Emulsifying Agents D004655:Emulsions D008297:Male D009821:Oils D010316:Particle Size D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley D012867:Skin D012869:Skin Absorption D012995:Solubility D014867:Water D024341:Xanthophylls
carboxymethyl chitosan nanoemulsion stability astaxanthin low-energy Transdermal