Therapeutic effects of kaempferol affecting autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Regulated cell death (RCD) guarantees to preserve organismal homeostasis. Apoptosis and autophagy are two major arms of RCD, while endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a crucial organelle involved in proteostasis, promotes cells toward autophagy and apoptosis. Alteration in ER stress and autophagy machinery is responsible for a great number of diseases. Therefore, targeting those pathways appears to be beneficial in the treatment of relevant diseases. Meantime, among the traditional herb medicine, kaempferol as a flavonoid seems to be promising to modulate ER stress and autophagy and exhibits protective effects on malfunctioning cells. There are some reports indicating the capability of kaempferol in affecting autophagy and ER stress. In brief, kaempferol modulates autophagy in noncancerous cells to protect cells against malfunction, while it induces cell mortality derived from autophagy through the elevation of p-AMP-activated protein kinase, light chain-3-II, autophagy-related geness, and Beclin-1 in cancer cells. Noteworthy, kaempferol enhances cell survival through C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) suppression and GRP78 increment in noncancerous cells, while it enhances cell mortality through the induction of unfolding protein response and CHOP increment in cancer cells. In this review, we discuss how kaempferol modulates autophagy and ER stress in noncancer and cancer cells to expand our knowledge of new pharmacological compounds for the treatment of associated diseases.
['Ashrafizadeh|Milad|M|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-822X', 'Tavakol|Shima|S|', 'Ahmadi|Zahra|Z|', 'Roomiani|Sahar|S|', 'Mohammadinejad|Reza|R|', 'Samarghandian|Saeed|S|']
D001343:Autophagy D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress D006801:Humans D044949:Kaempferols
kaempferol autophagy endoplasmic reticulum stress cell death apoptosis flavonoid