High salt-induced activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured astrocytes.
Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) accumulation in the brain is associated with various diseases of central nervous system (CNS). Activation of astrocytes is an important manifestation of pathophysiological processes in the CNS. However, the direct impact of high salt (HS) environment on astrocytes is unclear. In the current study, we found that high salt treatment can induce activation of astrocytes both in vivo and in vitro, manifested as morphological alteration coupled with increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Additionally, HS upregulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); however, its effects on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression were not evident. Furthermore, HS treatment induced increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator transcription 3 (STAT 3). Inhibition of Janus kinase 2 (JAK 2) by specific pharmacological antagonists, AG490, attenuated the activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway and induction of GFAP and other pro-inflammatory factors, respectively. The results suggest that the aforementioned multiple inflammatory cytokines and mediators that may be linked to the HS induced pathogenesis of CNS via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.
['Deng|Zhezhi|Z|', 'Wang|Yuge|Y|', 'Zhou|Li|L|', 'Shan|Yilong|Y|', 'Tan|Sha|S|', 'Cai|Wei|W|', 'Liao|Siyuan|S|', 'Peng|Lisheng|L|', 'Lu|Zhengqi|Z|']
D000818:Animals D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents D017209:Apoptosis D001253:Astrocytes D002467:Cell Nucleus D048430:Cell Shape D002470:Cell Survival D002478:Cells, Cultured D016207:Cytokines D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein D018836:Inflammation Mediators D053614:Janus Kinase 2 D008297:Male D010766:Phosphorylation D021381:Protein Transport D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor D015398:Signal Transduction D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary D015854:Up-Regulation
inflammatory cytokines astrocytes salt