Achieving the critical view of safety in the difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective study of predictors of failure.
BACKGROUND
Bile duct injury rates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) remain higher than during open cholecystectomy. The "culture of safety" concept is based on demonstrating the critical view of safety (CVS) and/or correctly interpreting intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). However, the CVS may not always be achievable due to difficult anatomy or pathology. Safety may be enhanced if surgeons assess difficulties objectively, recognise instances where a CVS is unachievable and be familiar with recovery strategies.


AIMS AND METHODS
A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the achievability of the CVS during all consecutive LC performed over four years. The primary aim was to study the association between the inability to obtain the CVS and an objective measure of operative difficulty. The secondary aim was to identify preoperative and operative predictors indicating the use of alternate strategies to complete the operation safely.


RESULTS
The study included 1060 consecutive LC. The median age was 53 years, male to female ratio was 1:2.1 and 54.9% were emergency admissions. CVS was obtained in 84.2%, the majority being difficulty grade I or II (70.7%). Displaying the CVS failed in 167 LC (15.8%): including 55.6% of all difficulty grade IV LC and 92.3% of difficulty grade V. There were no biliary injuries or conversions.


CONCLUSION
All three components of the critical view of safety could not be demonstrated in one out of 6 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Preoperative factors and operative difficulty grading can predict cases where the CVS may not be achievable. Adapting instrument selection and alternate dissection strategies would then need to be considered.
['Nassar|Ahmad H M|AHM|0000-0001-7878-7024', 'Ng|Hwei J|HJ|', 'Wysocki|Arkadiusz Peter|AP|', 'Khan|Khurram Shahzad|KS|', 'Gil|Ines C|IC|']
D001649:Bile Duct Diseases D002758:Cholangiography D002763:Cholecystectomy D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D011446:Prospective Studies
Critical view of safety Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Bile duct injury Difficulty grading Cholecystectomy complications Fundus first dissection Nassar difficulty scale Salvage cholecystectomy Subtotal cholecystectomy