Monogenic Diabetes: Genetics and Relevance on Diabetes Mellitus Personalized Medicine.
BACKGROUND
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with significant impression in today's world. Aside from the most common types recognized over the years, such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), recent studies have emphasized the crucial role of genetics in DM, allowing the distinction of monogenic diabetes.


METHODS
Authors did a literature search with the purpose of highlighting and clarifying the subtypes of monogenic diabetes, as well as the accredited genetic entities responsible for such phenotypes.


RESULTS
The following subtypes were included in this literature review: maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD). So far, 14 subtypes of MODY have been identified, while three subtypes have been identified in NDM - transient, permanent, and syndromic.


DISCUSSION
Despite being estimated to affect approximately 2% of all the T2DM patients in Europe, the exact prevalence of MODY is still unknown, accentuating the need for research focused on biomarkers. Consequently, due to its impact in the course of treatment, follow-up of associated complications, and genetic implications for siblings and offspring of affected individuals, it is imperative to diagnose the monogenic forms of DM accurately.


CONCLUSION
Currently, advances in the genetics field allowed the recognition of new DM subtypes, which until now, were considered slight variations of the typical forms. Thus, it is imperative to act in the close interaction between genetics and clinical manifestations, to facilitate diagnosis and individualize treatment.
['Sousa|Madalena|M|', 'Bruges-Armas|Jácome|J|']
D003638:Deafness D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D005820:Genetic Testing D005838:Genotype D006801:Humans D007223:Infant D007231:Infant, Newborn D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases D009154:Mutation D010641:Phenotype D057285:Precision Medicine D013577:Syndrome
monogenic diabetes genetics Diabetes mellitus maturity-onset diabetes of the young neonatal diabetes maternally
inherited diabetes and deafness