Surgical management of empyematous cholecystitis: a register study of over 12,000 cases from a regional quality control database in Germany.
BACKGROUND
Acute cholecystitis is a common indication for surgery. Surgical outcomes depend among other factors on the extent of gallbladder inflammation. Data on the outcomes of patients undergoing cholecystectomy due to acute empyematous cholecystitis are rare.


METHODS
Data from a prospectively maintained quality control database in Germany were analyzed. Cases with empyematous cholecystitis were compared to cases without gallbladder empyema with regard to baseline features, clinical parameters and surgical outcomes.


RESULTS
A total of 12,069 patients with empyematous cholecystitis (EC) were compared to 33,296 patients without empyema. The male gender, advanced age, ASA score >2, elevated white blood count and fever were confirmed as risk factors for EC. The EC group differed significantly from the control group with regard to fever (28.0 vs. 9.5 %), elevated WBC (82.5 vs. 62.3 %) and positive findings from ultrasound sonography (87.4 vs. 76.9 %), p < 0001. Surgery lasted significantly longer in the EC group (86.1 ± 38.5 vs. 72.2 ± 33.6, p < 0.001). The rates of conversion (15.2 vs. 5.8 %), bile duct injury (0.8 vs. 0.4 %), re-intervention (5.5 vs. 2.6 %) and mortality (2.8 vs. 1.2 %) were significantly higher in the EC group, p < 0.001. Similarly, the length of stay (11.9 ± 10.5 vs. 8.8 ± 8.3, p < 0.001) was significantly longer in the EC group.


CONCLUSION
Empyematous cholecystitis is a severe form of acute cholecystitis with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Even the experienced laparoscopic surgeon should expect dissection difficulties, therefore the threshold for conversion in order to prevent bile duct injury should be low.
['Ambe|Peter C|PC|', 'Jansen|Stefan|S|', 'Macher-Heidrich|Susanne|S|', 'Zirngibl|Hubert|H|']
D000328:Adult D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute D016208:Databases, Factual D005260:Female D005858:Germany D006801:Humans D007902:Length of Stay D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D011183:Postoperative Complications D011446:Prospective Studies D011786:Quality Control D012042:Registries D012307:Risk Factors D016896:Treatment Outcome
Empyematous cholecystitis Acute cholecystitis Gallbladder empyema Bile duct injury Conversion to open cholecystectomy Laparoscopic cholecystectomy