The combined effects of occupational exposure to noise and other risk factors - a systematic review.
Purpose
Noise-induced health effects exacerbate by many other risk factors. This systematic review aims at shedding light on the combined effects of co-exposure to occupational noise and other factors.


Material and Methods
A literature search in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, with appropriate keywords on combined effects of occupational noise, and co-exposure to noise and other factors, revealed 7928 articles which were screened by two researchers. A total of 775 articles were reviewed in full text. We found 149 articles that were relevant and had sufficient quality for analysis.


Results
We identified 16 risk factors that exacerbate occupational noise-induced health effects. These factors were classified into four groups: chemical (carbon monoxide (CO), solvents, heavy metals, and other chemicals), physical (lighting, heat, vibration, and cold), personal (age, gender, genetics, smoking, medication, contextual diseases) and occupational (workload and shift work). Hearing loss, hypertension, reduced performance, and cardiovascular strains, are the most important risk factors combined effects due to concurrent exposure to noise and other risk factors.


Conclusion
Evidences of combined effects of solvents, vibration, heavy metals, CO, smoking, chemicals, aging, heat, and shiftwork were respectively stronger than for other factors. Most of the studies have investigated only the combined effects of risk factors on hearing, and the evidence for non-auditory effects is still limited, and more studies are warranted. Therefore, in the Hearing Conservation Programs, besides noise, aggravating factors of noise effects should also be taken into account.
['Golmohammadi|Rostam|R|', 'Darvishi|Ebrahim|E|']
D000367:Age Factors D000818:Animals D002248:Carbon Monoxide D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases D003080:Cold Temperature D048909:Diabetes Complications D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced D006358:Hot Temperature D006801:Humans D006937:Hypercholesterolemia D008029:Lighting D019216:Metals, Heavy D009623:Noise, Occupational D009784:Occupational Diseases D016273:Occupational Exposure D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations D012307:Risk Factors D012737:Sex Factors D000073577:Shift Work Schedule D012907:Smoking D012997:Solvents D014732:Vibration D016526:Workload
combined effects occupational exposure Aggravating factors noise effects combined exposure