The exposure levels of phthalates in pregnant women and impact factors of fetal malformation.
METHODS
Urine samples were collected from 157 women with fetal malformations (case group) and 147 women with normal fetuses (control group). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to detect the content of eight metabolites of phthalate compounds in urine, including monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mononbutyl phthalate (MBP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP). Demographic data were collected from questionnaires administered in specimen collection.


RESULTS
The exposure level of MEOHP and MEHP in the case group was higher than the others. And there were significant differences between structural malformations and chromosomal malformations in the levels of MEHHP and MEOHP. Pregnant women with low income, high body mass index (BMI), frequent plastic contact, and low nutrients intake were at risk of suffering from fetal malformation.


CONCLUSION
This study provides evidence for the correlation between the concentration of phthalates and fetal malformation. In addition, decreasing plastic exposure and supplementing nutrients may reduce the incidence of fetal malformations.
['Wang|Ling|L|', 'Duan|Wei|W|', 'Zhao|Yun|Y|', 'Sun|Guoqiang|G|', 'Lin|Ying|Y|', 'Gao|Ying|Y|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-6386']
pregnant women fetal malformations Phthalate metabolites toxicity