Simulation of complex strabismus surgical procedures on goat eyes.
PURPOSE
To describe the possibility of complex strabismus surgical simulation on goat eyes.


METHODS
The goat eyes were procured from local slaughterhouse with retained extra ocular muscle tissues. The obtained eyes were inspected for globe integrity, muscle quality, muscle length, and the surrounding teno-conjunctival layers. The included eyes were then segregated for surgical simulation based on their insertion and orientation (as oblique or recti), and they were mounted on a mannequin head, with a fixation suture at free end to simulate the resting tension. Additionally, as per necessary, extra muscles were also transplanted along desired sites to simulate human extra ocular muscle anatomy.


RESULTS
The inferior oblique, superior oblique, and all other four recti were successfully simulated in varying proportions in more than 50 eyes. Primarily, by simulating the lateral rectus, inferior rectus, and the inferior oblique muscle, staged weakening procedures of inferior oblique were successfully practiced (Fink's recession, Park's recession, Elliot and Nankin procedure, total anterior positioning, and antero-nasal trans-position or Stager's procedure). Similarly, by simulating superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, and the medial rectus muscles, half width transposition, full width transposition, and other complex procedures were practiced (Knapp's procedure, augmented Knapp's, Nishida's procedure, Faden operation, and Y splitting procedure). Furthermore, by simulating superior oblique and the superior rectus muscles, superior oblique tuck, posterior tenectomy, loop tenotomy, and Harada Ito procedures were successfully practiced.


CONCLUSIONS
On goat eyes, the complex strabismus surgical procedures can be successfully simulated and practiced after re-organizing the existing muscles in different patterns.
['Pujari|Amar|A|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-3938', 'Rakheja|Vaishali|V|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2662-0593', 'Modaboyina|Sujeeth|S|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1306-5722', 'Das|Deep|D|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-0274', 'Tripathi|Manasi|M|', 'Phuljhele|Swati|S|', 'Saxena|Rohit|R|', 'Agarwal|Tushar|T|', 'Sharma|Namrata|N|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-7542', 'Titiyal|Jeewan S|JS|']
Goat eyes resident training strabismus surgery simulation