Wild chimpanzees plan their breakfast time, type, and location.
Not all tropical fruits are equally desired by rainforest foragers and some fruit trees get depleted more quickly and carry fruit for shorter periods than others. We investigated whether a ripe-fruit specialist, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), arrived earlier at breakfast sites with very ephemeral and highly sought-after fruit, like figs, than sites with less ephemeral fruit that can be more predictably obtained throughout the entire day. We recorded when and where five adult female chimpanzees spent the night and acquired food for a total of 275 full days during three fruit-scarce periods in a West African tropical rainforest. We found that chimpanzees left their sleeping nests earlier (often before sunrise when the forest is still dark) when breakfasting on very ephemeral fruits, especially when they were farther away. Moreover, the females positioned their sleeping nests more in the direction of the next day's breakfast sites with ephemeral fruit compared with breakfast sites with other fruit. By analyzing departure times and nest positioning as a function of fruit type and location, while controlling for more parsimonious explanations, such as temperature, we found evidence that wild chimpanzees flexibly plan their breakfast time, type, and location after weighing multiple disparate pieces of information. Our study reveals a cognitive mechanism by which large-brained primates can buffer the effects of seasonal declines in food availability and increased interspecific competition to facilitate first access to nutritious food. We discuss the implications for theories on hominoid brain-size evolution.
['Janmaat|Karline R L|KR|', 'Polansky|Leo|L|', 'Ban|Simone Dagui|SD|', 'Boesch|Christophe|C|']
D000818:Animals D059031:Anticipation, Psychological D005075:Biological Evolution D001921:Brain D007560:Cote d'Ivoire D005247:Feeding Behavior D005260:Female D030681:Ficus D005518:Food Preferences D005523:Food Supply D005638:Fruit D009425:Nesting Behavior D009929:Organ Size D002679:Pan troglodytes D013997:Time Factors
flexible planning interspecific competition ecological intelligence foraging strategies prospective cognition