Decision-making in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: Delay gratification ability is not impaired in patients with hippocampal sclerosis.
BACKGROUND
Decision-making abilities have rarely been examined in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). We aimed to investigate the ability to delay gratification, a decision-making subdomain, in patients with intractable TLE-HS and to verify the association of delay gratification performance and cool executive function tests.


METHODS
We evaluated 27 patients with TLE-HS (mean age: 35.46 [±13.31] years; 7 males) and their cognitive performance was compared with that of 27 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 35.33 [±12.05] years; 7 males), without epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Patients were assessed using the delay discounting task (DDT) and tests of attention, shifting, inhibitory control, and concept formation. Results were correlated with clinical epilepsy variables such as age of onset, epilepsy duration, AED use, history of status epilepticus, febrile seizures, and the presence of generalized seizures. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANCOVA with years of education as a confounding factor.


RESULTS
Patients and controls demonstrated similar performance on DDT, showing similar discount rate (p=0.935) and probability rate (p=0.585). Delay gratification was not related to cool executive function tests (Digit Span, Stroop Color Test, Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Connors' CPT). History of status epilepticus, presence of generalized seizures and higher seizure frequency, age at onset, and epilepsy duration had a significant impact on DDT.


CONCLUSION
Patients with intractable TLE-HS showed unimpaired delay gratification abilities, being able to accept a higher delay and a lower amount of chance for receiving a higher reward in the future. Clinical variables related to the epilepsy severity impacted the performance on delay gratification. Impairment on cool aspects of executive function was unrelated to this decision-making domain.
['Rzezak|Patricia|P|', 'Lima|Ellen Marise|EM|', 'Pereira|Fabricio|F|', 'Gargaro|Ana Carolina|AC|', 'Coimbra|Erica|E|', 'de Vincentiis|Silvia|S|', 'Velasco|Tonicarlo Rodrigues|TR|', 'Leite|João Pereira|JP|', 'Busatto|Geraldo F|GF|', 'Valente|Kette D|KD|']
D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D003657:Decision Making D065786:Delay Discounting D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe D056344:Executive Function D005260:Female D006624:Hippocampus D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D009483:Neuropsychological Tests D012598:Sclerosis D055815:Young Adult
Decision-making Temporal lobe Epilepsy Hippocampal sclerosis Executive functions Delay discounting