Long-term cardiac reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Introduction
The benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure (HF) patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have been observed in the first year. However, there are few data on long-term follow-up and the effect of changes of LVEF on mortality. This study aimed to assess the LV remodeling after CRT implantation and the probable effect of changes in LVEF with repeated measures on mortality over time in a real-world registry.


Methods
Among our cohort of 328 consecutive CRT patients, mixed model effect analysis have been made to describe the temporal evolution of LVEF and LVESV changes over time up with several explanatory variables. Besides, the effect of LVEF along time on the probability of mortality was evaluated using joint modeling for longitudinal and survival data.


Results
The study population included 328 patients (253 men; 70.2 ± 9.5 years) in 4.2 (2.9) years follow-up. There was an increase in LVEF of 11% and a reduction in LVESV of 42 mL during the first year. These changes are more important during the first year, but slight changes remain during the follow-up. The largest reduction in LVESV occurred in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and the smallest reduction in patients with NYHA IV. The smallest increase in LVEF was an ischemic etiology, longer QRS, and LV electrode in a nonlateral vein. Besides, the results showed that the LVEF profiles taken during follow-up after CRT were associated with changes in the risk of death.


Conclusion
Reverse remodeling of the left ventricle is observed especially during the first year, but it seems to be maintained later after CRT implantation in a contemporary cohort of patients. Longitudinal measurements could give us additional information at predicting the individual mortality risk after adjusting by age and sex compared to a single LVEF measurement after CRT.
['Alvarez-Alvarez|Belén|B|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-7728', 'García-Seara|Javier|J|', 'Martínez-Sande|Jose L|JL|', 'Rodríguez-Mañero|Moisés|M|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7566-9321', 'Fernández López|Xesús A|XA|', 'González-Melchor|Laila|L|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4065-221X', 'Iglesias-Alvarez|Diego|D|', 'Gude|Francisco|F|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9681-1662', 'Díaz-Louzao|Carla|C|', 'González-Juanatey|José R|JR|']
cardiac resynchronization therapy heart failure long‐term follow‐up ventricular remodeling