The expanding roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress in virus replication and pathogenesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular membrane organelle that plays important roles in virus replication and maturation. Accumulating evidence indicates that virus infection often disturbs ER homeostasis and leads to ER stress, which is associated with a variety of prevalent diseases. To cope with the deleterious effects of virus-induced ER stress, cells activate critical signaling pathways including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis, which have complex effects on virus replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of recent research in this field, which revealed that about 36 viruses trigger ER stress and differentially activate ER stress-related signaling pathways. We also highlight the strategies evolved by viruses to modulate ER stress-related signaling networks including immune responses in order to ensure their survival and pathogenesis. Together, the knowledge gained from this field will shed light on unveiling the mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenesis and provide insight for future research as well as antiviral development.
['Li|Shanshan|S|', 'Kong|Lingbao|L|', 'Yu|Xilan|X|']
D000818:Animals D017209:Apoptosis D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions D006801:Humans D057131:Immune Evasion D007113:Immunity, Innate D015398:Signal Transduction D056811:Unfolded Protein Response D018406:Virus Physiological Phenomena D014779:Virus Replication
unfolded protein response apoptosis Antiviral therapy ER-to-nucleus signaling pathway virological treatments