Engagement of cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks in a patient with epileptic spasms: An integrated neurophysiological study.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to delineate the engagement of cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks in the generation of epileptic spasms (ES) using integrated neurophysiological techniques.


METHODS
Seventeen-year-old male patient with intractable ES underwent chronic subdural electrode implantation for presurgical evaluation. Networks were evaluated in ictal periods using high-frequency oscillation (HFO) analysis and in interictal periods using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and simultaneous electroencephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI). Cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) were recorded to trace connections among the networks.


RESULTS
Ictal HFO revealed a network comprising multilobar cortical regions (frontal, parietal, and temporal), but sparing the positive motor area. Interictally, MEG and EEG-fMRI revealed spike-and-wave-related activation in these cortical regions. Analysis of CCEPs provided evidence of connectivity within the cortico-cortical network. Additionally, EEG-fMRI results indicate the involvement of subcortical structures, such as bilateral thalamus (predominantly right) and midbrain.


CONCLUSIONS
In this case study, integrated neurophysiological techniques provided converging evidence for the involvement of a cortico-cortical network (sparing the positive motor area) and a cortico-subcortical network in the generation of ES in the patient.


SIGNIFICANCE
Cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical pathways, with the exception of the direct descending corticospinal pathway from the positive motor area, may play important roles in the generation of ES.
['Inoue|Takeshi|T|', 'Kobayashi|Katsuya|K|', 'Matsumoto|Riki|R|', 'Inouchi|Morito|M|', 'Togo|Masaya|M|', 'Togawa|Jumpei|J|', 'Usami|Kiyohide|K|', 'Shimotake|Akihiro|A|', 'Matsuhashi|Masao|M|', 'Kikuchi|Takayuki|T|', 'Yoshida|Kazumichi|K|', 'Kawawaki|Hisashi|H|', 'Sawamoto|Nobukatsu|N|', 'Kunieda|Takeharu|T|', 'Miyamoto|Susumu|S|', 'Takahashi|Ryosuke|R|', 'Ikeda|Akio|A|']
D000293:Adolescent D001931:Brain Mapping D058256:Brain Waves D002540:Cerebral Cortex D004569:Electroencephalography D005071:Evoked Potentials D006801:Humans D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging D008297:Male D009415:Nerve Net D012640:Seizures
Epileptic spasm Cortico-cortical evoked potential EEG with functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) High frequency oscillation