Pathogenesis, biophysical stability and phenotypic variance of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which severely decreases livestock productivity. FMD virus (FMDV), the causative agent, initiates infection by interaction with integrin cellular receptors on pharyngeal epithelium cells, causing clinical signs one to four days after transmission to a susceptible host. However, some Southern African Territories (SAT) viruses have been reported to cause mild or subclinical infections that may go undiagnosed in field conditions and are likely to be more common than previously expected. The studies presented here demonstrate that not all SAT2 viruses are equally virulent in cattle. The two SAT2 viruses, ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83, were both highly attenuated in cattle, as evidenced by the mild clinical signs observed after needle challenge, while two incongruent SAT2 viruses showed significantly different clinical signs in challenged cattle. We then explored the ability of the SAT2 viruses to infect different cell types with defined receptors that are utilised by FMDV and found differences in their ability to lyse cells in culture and to compete in a controlled cell culture environment. The population sequence variation between ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83 revealed multiple sites of single nucleotide variants of low frequency between the predominant virus populations, as could be expected from the genome of an RNA virus. An assessment of the biophysical stability of SAT2 virions during acidification indicated that the SAT2 virus EGY/09/12 was more resilient to acidification than the ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83 viruses; however, whether this difference relates to differences in virulence in vivo is unclear. This study is a consolidated view of the key findings of SAT2 viruses studied over a 14-year period involving many different experiments.
['Ramulongo|Tovhowani D|TD|', 'Maree|Francois F|FF|', 'Scott|Katherine|K|', 'Opperman|Pamela|P|', 'Mutowembwa|Paidamwoyo|P|', 'Theron|Jacques|J|']
D000353:Africa, Southern D000818:Animals D000914:Antibodies, Viral D002417:Cattle D002418:Cattle Diseases D002460:Cell Line D006224:Cricetinae D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus D056084:Genetic Fitness D014644:Genetic Variation D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration D058751:Livestock D010641:Phenotype D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide D065288:Serogroup D013696:Temperature
Pathogenesis Foot-and-mouth disease virus Genetic diversity Replicative fitness Southern African Territories type 2 pH stability