Assessing the contextual effect of community in the utilization of postnatal care services in Ghana.
BACKGROUND
Inequalities in the use of postnatal care services (PNC) in Ghana have been linked to poor maternal and neonatal health outcomes. This has ignited a genuine concern that PNC interventions with a focus on influencing solely individual-level risk factors do not achieve the desired results. This study aimed to examine the community-level effect on the utilization of postnatal care services. Specifically, the research explored clusters of non-utilization of PNC services as well as the effect of community-level factors on the utilization of PNC services, with the aim of informing equity-oriented policies and initiatives.


METHODS
The 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey GDHS dataset was used in this study. Two statistical methods were used to analyze the data; spatial scan statistics were used to identify hotspots of non-use of PNC services and second two-level mixed logistic regression modeling was used to determine community-level factors associated with PNC services usage.


RESULTS
This study found non-use of PNC services to be especially concentrated among communities in the Northern region of Ghana. Also, the analyses revealed that community poverty level, as well as community secondary or higher education level, were significantly associated with the utilization of PNC services, independent of individual-level factors. In fact, this study identified that a woman dwelling in a community with a higher concentration of poor women is less likely to utilize of PNC services than those living in communities with a lower concentration of poor women (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.44-0.81). Finally, 24.0% of the heterogeneity in PNC services utilization was attributable to unobserved community variability.


CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that community-level factors have an influence on women's health-seeking behavior. Community-level factors should be taken into consideration for planning and resource allocation purposes to reduce maternal health inequities. Also, high-risk communities of non-use of obstetric services were identified in this study which highlights the need to formulate community-specific strategies that can substantially shift post-natal use in a direction leading to universal coverage.
['Dankwah|Emmanuel|E|', 'Feng|Cindy|C|', 'Kirychuck|Shelley|S|', 'Zeng|Wu|W|', 'Lepnurm|Rein|R|', 'Farag|Marwa|M|http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4577-3384']
D000078336:Facilities and Services Utilization D005260:Female D005869:Ghana D006801:Humans D000068097:Maternal Health D008427:Maternal Health Services D011181:Postnatal Care D011247:Pregnancy
Contextual effect Community Utilization Postnatal care