Clinical assessment and point of care ultrasonography: How to diagnose haemophilic synovitis.
BACKGROUND
The ability of clinical tools to identify early joint changes is limited. Synovitis is a fundamental finding in understanding haemophilia activity and the response to its therapies; thus, there is a need for sensitive methods to better diagnose subclinical synovitis early.


PURPOSE
Our aim was to compare the frequency with which clinical assessment and ultrasound detected synovial hypertrophy in the most frequently affected joints in patients with haemophilia (elbows, knees and ankles).


METHODS
We analysed patients with haemophilia older than 16 years who came to the haemophilia centre for routine follow-up. From the clinical assessment carried out in the consultation, the swelling, pain and history of haemarthrosis were evaluated and compared with the findings of synovial hypertrophy detected by ultrasound. This comparison was also analysed independently for elbows, knees and ankles.


RESULTS
A total of 203 joints of 66 patients with haemophilia (mean age 34 years), most of them on secondary, tertiary prophylaxis or on demand treatment, were included. In joints with swelling, pain and history of haemarthrosis, 78% of the joints showed synovial hypertrophy on ultrasound. However, in joints with no swelling, no pain and no history of haemarthrosis, 40% presented subclinical synovial hypertrophy on ultrasound. This percentage was higher in elbows than in knees and ankles.


CONCLUSION
In adults with haemophilia, physical examination and point-of-care ultrasound study provide complementary data on their joint disease. However, without ultrasound, the ability to detect subclinical synovitis is considerably reduced, especially in the elbows.
['De la Corte-Rodriguez|Hortensia|H|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9179-201X', 'Rodriguez-Merchan|E Carlos|EC|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6360-0113', 'Alvarez-Roman|María Teresa|MT|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-4288', 'Martin-Salces|Monica|M|', 'Jimenez-Yuste|Victor|V|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-3499']
ultrasonography synovitis haemophilia HEAD-US HJHS 2.1 clinical examination subclinical haemarthrosis