Regional bone mineral density differences measured by quantitative computed tomography in patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery.
BACKGROUND CONTEXT
Clinically, the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and surgical instrumentation efficacy is well recognized. Although several studies have quantified the BMD of the human lumbar spine, comprehensive BMD data for the cervical spine is limited. The few available studies included young and healthy patient samples, which may not represent the typical cervical fusion patient. Currently no large scale study provides detailed BMD information of the cervical and first thoracic vertebrae in patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery.


PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to determine possible trabecular BMD variations throughout the cervical spine and first thoracic vertebra in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and to assess the correlation between BMDs of the spinal levels C1-T1.


STUDY DESIGN/SETTING
This is a retrospective case series.


PATIENT SAMPLE
Patients undergoing ACDF from 2015 to 2018 at a single, academic institution with available preoperative CT imaging were included in this study.


OUTCOME MEASURES
The outcome measure was BMD measured by QCT.


METHODS
Patients that underwent ACDF from 2015 to 2018 at a single, academic institution were included in this study. Subjects with previous cervical instrumentation or missing/incomplete preoperative cervical spine CT imaging were excluded. Asynchronous quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurements of the lateral masses of C1 and the C2-T1 vertebral bodies were performed. For this purpose, an elliptical region of interest that consisted exclusively of trabecular bone was selected. Any apparent sclerotic levels that might affect trabecular QCT measurements were excluded from the final analysis. Interobserver reliability of measurements was assessed by calculating the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Pairwise comparison of BMD was performed and correlations between the various cervical levels were evaluated. The statistical significance level was set at p<.05.


RESULTS
In all, 194 patients (men, 62.9%) met inclusion criteria. The patient population was 91.2% Caucasian with a mean age of 55.9 years and mean BMI of 28.2 kg/m2. The ICC of cervical QCT measurements was excellent (ICC 0.92). The trabecular BMD was highest in the mid-cervical spine (C4) and decreased in the caudal direction (C1 average=253.3 mg/cm3, C2=276.6 mg/cm3, C3=272.2 mg/cm3, C4=283.5 mg/cm3, C5=265.1 mg/cm3, C6=235.3 mg/cm3, C7=216.8 mg/cm3, T1=184.4 mg/cm3). The BMD of C7 and T1 was significantly lower than those of all other levels. Nonetheless, significant correlations in BMD among all measured levels were observed, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient ranging from 0.507 to 0.885.


CONCLUSIONS
To the authors' knowledge this is the largest study assessing trabecular BMD of the entire cervical spine and first thoracic vertebra by QCT. The patient sample consisted of patients undergoing ACDF, which adds to the clinical relevance of the findings. Knowledge of BMD variation in the cervical spine might be useful to surgeons utilizing anterior cervical spine plate and screw systems. Due to the significant variation in cervical BMD, procedures involving instrumentation at lower density caudal levels might potentially benefit from a modification in instrumentation or surgical technique to achieve results similar to more cephalad levels.
['Salzmann|Stephan N|SN|', 'Okano|Ichiro|I|', 'Ortiz Miller|Courtney|C|', 'Chiapparelli|Erika|E|', 'Reisener|Marie-Jacqueline|MJ|', 'Winter|Fabian|F|', 'Shue|Jennifer|J|', 'Carrino|John A|JA|', 'Sama|Andrew A|AA|', 'Cammisa|Frank P|FP|', 'Girardi|Federico P|FP|', 'Hughes|Alexander P|AP|']
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon D015519:Bone Density D002574:Cervical Vertebrae D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D015203:Reproducibility of Results D012189:Retrospective Studies D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Bone mineral density Quantitative computed tomography Computed tomography Cervical spine QCT DXA Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Osteoporosis Regional BMD differences Spinal fusion