Etiology, pathophysiology and biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.
PURPOSE
Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic pain syndrome and a chronic inflammatory condition prevalent in women that leads to urgency, sleep disruption, nocturia and pain in the pelvic area, to the detriment of the sufferer's quality of life. The aim of this review is to highlight the newest diagnostic strategies and potential therapeutic techniques.


METHODS
A comprehensive literature review was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases gathering all literature about "Interstitial cystitis" and "Painful Bladder Syndrome". Visual analogue scales, epidemiological strategies, pain questionnaires and similar techniques were not included in this literature survey.


RESULTS
The etiology, exact diagnosis and epidemiology of IC/PBS are still not clearly understood. To date, its prevalence is estimated to be in the range of 45 per 100,000 women and 8 per 100,000 men, whereas joint prevalence in both sexes is 10.6 cases per 100,000. There are no "gold standards" in the diagnosis or detection of IC/PBS, therefore, several etiological theories were investigated, such as permeability, glycosaminoglycans, mast cell, infection and neuroendocrine theory to find new diagnostic strategies and potential biomarkers.


CONCLUSION
Due to the fact that this disease is of an intricate nature, and that many of its symptoms overlap with other concomitant diseases, it could be suggested to classify the patients with emphasis on the phenotype, as well as their symptom clusters, to tailor the diagnostic and management choices according to the observed biomarkers.
['Patnaik|Sourav Sanchit|SS|', 'Laganà|Antonio Simone|AS|http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1543-2802', 'Vitale|Salvatore Giovanni|SG|', 'Butticè|Salvatore|S|', 'Noventa|Marco|M|', 'Gizzo|Salvatore|S|', 'Valenti|Gaetano|G|', 'Rapisarda|Agnese Maria Chiara|AMC|', 'La Rosa|Valentina Lucia|VL|', 'Magno|Carlo|C|', 'Triolo|Onofrio|O|', 'Dandolu|Vani|V|']
D015415:Biomarkers D002908:Chronic Disease D015897:Comorbidity D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial D005260:Female D006801:Humans D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular D010146:Pain D010147:Pain Measurement D011788:Quality of Life D013577:Syndrome
Interstitial cystitis Painful bladder syndrome Diagnostic biomarkers Treatment strategies