Feeding infants with complex congenital heart disease: a modified Delphi survey to examine potential research and practice gaps.
OBJECTIVE
To determine clinical consensus and non-consensus in regard to evidence-based statements about feeding infants with complex CHD, with a focus on human milk. Areas of non-consensus may indicate discrepancies between research findings and practice, with consequent variation in feeding management.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A modified Delphi survey validated key feeding topics (round 1), and determined consensus on evidence-based statements (rounds 2 and 3). Patients (n=25) were an interdisciplinary group of clinical experts from across the United States of America. Descriptive analysis used SPSS Statistics (Version 26.0). Thematic analysis of qualitative data provided context for quantitative data.


RESULTS
Round 1 generated 5 key topics (human milk, developing oral feeding skills, clinical feeding practice, growth failure, and parental concern about feeding) and 206 evidence-based statements. The final results included 110 (53.4%) statements of consensus and 96 (46.6%) statements of non-consensus. The 10 statements of greatest consensus strongly supported human milk as the preferred nutrition for infants with complex CHD. Areas of non-consensus included the adequacy of human milk to support growth, need for fortification, safety, and feasibility of direct breastfeeding, issues related to tube feeding, and prevention and treatment of growth failure.


CONCLUSIONS
The results demonstrate clinical consensus about the importance of human milk, but reveal a need for best practices in managing a human milk diet for infants with complex CHD. Areas of non-consensus may lead to clinical practice variation. A sensitive approach to these topics is needed to support family caregivers in navigating feeding concerns.
['Elgersma|Kristin M|KM|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-0812', 'McKechnie|Anne Chevalier|AC|', 'Gallagher|Tipper|T|', 'Trebilcock|Anna L|AL|', 'Pridham|Karen F|KF|', 'Spatz|Diane L|DL|']
D001942:Breast Feeding D003697:Delphi Technique D005260:Female D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital D006801:Humans D007223:Infant D008895:Milk, Human D000071836:Professional Practice Gaps
nutrition breastfeeding Congenital anomalies cardiac evidence-based practice paediatric