Parkinson's Symptoms and Caregiver Affiliate Stigma: A Multinational Study.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Research has documented the stigma that individuals with degenerative neurological diseases experience, but caregivers also experience stigma by association (i.e., affiliate stigma). In order to shed light on the stigma of caregivers of people with degenerative neurological diseases, the current study aimed to explore cross-cultural differences in the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) caregiver affiliate stigma, as well as the relationship between PD symptoms and caregiver affiliate stigma. Applications for Alzheimer's disease are discussed.


METHODS
Survey data were collected in PD clinics at public, academic medical centers. Informal caregivers of an individual with PD from the US (n = 105) and from Mexico (n = 148) participated in the study. Caregivers completed a questionnaire that included the MDS Unified PD Rating Scale to describe the symptoms of the individual with PD, as well as the Affiliate Stigma Scale and demographic information.


RESULTS
A series of multiple regressions was run to examine whether PD symptoms were associated with affiliate stigma and if these differed by country. These regressions suggested that different patterns of PD symptoms predicted affiliate stigma in each country. Stigma was higher in the US compared to Mexico, and the relationship between bowel/bladder symptoms and affiliate stigma was significantly stronger in the US.


CONCLUSION
Symptoms of individuals with neurodegenerative diseases are related to affiliate stigma experienced by caregivers, and these relationships may differ cross-culturally. Negative public attitudes concerning bowl and bladder issues and the physical symptoms that accompany PD remain a source of stigma for caregivers and families, particularly in the US. Interventions for caregivers of individuals with neurodegenerative diseases should include strategies for coping with stigma concerning bladder and bowel problems, as well as other physical and mental health issues.
['Henry|Richard S|RS|', 'Perrin|Paul B|PB|', 'Lageman|Sarah K|SK|', 'Villaseñor|Teresita|T|', 'Cariello|Annahir N|AN|', 'Pugh|Mickeal|M|', 'Smith|Erin R|ER|', 'Arroyo|Monica|M|', 'Zarate|Alejandra|A|', 'Avila|Judith|J|', 'Soto-Escageda|Jose A|JA|']
symptoms Multinational Alzheimer's disease neurodegenerative disease family stigma neurons.