Recent advances and current state of immunotherapy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
INTRODUCTION
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune syndrome that poses significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Dysregulated innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in its pathogenesis. A plethora of novel immunotherapies have been developed for the treatment of SLE but many have failed early clinical trials.


AREAS COVERED
This review summarizes immunotherapies under recent development with relevance to the targeted cellular or soluble factors involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.


EXPERT OPINION
SLE is a complicated disease with much heterogeneity. Novel immunotherapies with different mechanisms of action that are currently under development include biologic agents targeting co-stimulatory molecules, cytokines or their receptors and signaling molecules and B cells, cell-based therapy and peptide therapy. Together with good scientific rationale and advanced biological engineering techniques, optimization of clinical trial design, patient selection and disease outcome measures are essential to demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of these agents.
['Mok|Mo Yin|MY|', 'Shoenfeld|Yehuda|Y|']
D000818:Animals D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal D001402:B-Lymphocytes D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic D016207:Cytokines D006801:Humans D007167:Immunotherapy D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic D010455:Peptides
immunotherapy systemic lupus erythematosus Clinical trial lupus nephritis