Osmotic stress induces phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 3 in pericentromeric regions of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Histone phosphorylation plays key roles in stress-induced transcriptional reprogramming in metazoans but its function(s) in land plants has remained relatively unexplored. Here we report that an Arabidopsis mutant defective in At3g03940 and At5g18190, encoding closely related Ser/Thr protein kinases, shows pleiotropic phenotypes including dwarfism and hypersensitivity to osmotic/salt stress. The double mutant has reduced global levels of phosphorylated histone H3 threonine 3 (H3T3ph), which are not enhanced, unlike the response in the wild type, by drought-like treatments. Genome-wide analyses revealed increased H3T3ph, slight enhancement in trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), and a modest decrease in histone H3 occupancy in pericentromeric/knob regions of wild-type plants under osmotic stress. However, despite these changes in heterochromatin, transposons and repeats remained transcriptionally repressed. In contrast, this reorganization of heterochromatin was mostly absent in the double mutant, which exhibited lower H3T3ph levels in pericentromeric regions even under normal environmental conditions. Interestingly, within actively transcribed protein-coding genes, H3T3ph density was minimal in 5' genic regions, coincidental with a peak of H3K4me3 accumulation. This pattern was not affected in the double mutant, implying the existence of additional H3T3 protein kinases in Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that At3g03940 and At5g18190 are involved in the phosphorylation of H3T3 in pericentromeric/knob regions and that this repressive epigenetic mark may be important for maintaining proper heterochromatic organization and, possibly, chromosome function(s).
['Wang|Zhen|Z|', 'Casas-Mollano|Juan Armando|JA|', 'Xu|Jianping|J|', 'Riethoven|Jean-Jack M|JJ|http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-7880', 'Zhang|Chi|C|', 'Cerutti|Heriberto|H|']
D017360:Arabidopsis D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins D002503:Centromere D032461:Chromosomes, Plant D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant D006570:Heterochromatin D006657:Histones D015151:Immunoblotting D008239:Lysine D008745:Methylation D009154:Mutation D009997:Osmotic Pressure D010766:Phosphorylation D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction D012965:Sodium Chloride D013912:Threonine
histone phosphorylation protein kinase heterochromatin epigenetics abiotic stress