Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complications: The Epidemics Continue.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The cardiovascular complications of type 1 and 2 diabetes are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Extensive efforts have been made to maximize glycemic control; this strategy reduces certain manifestations of cardiovascular complications. There are drawbacks, however, as intensive glycemic control does not impart perennial protective benefits, and these efforts are not without potential adverse sequelae, such as hypoglycemic events.


RECENT FINDINGS
Here, the authors have focused on updates into key areas under study for mechanisms driving these cardiovascular disorders in diabetes, including roles for epigenetics and gene expression, interferon networks, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Updates on the cardioprotective roles of the new classes of hyperglycemia-targeting therapies, the sodium glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors and the agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor system, are reviewed. In summary, insights from ongoing research and the cardioprotective benefits of the newer type 2 diabetes therapies are providing novel areas for therapeutic opportunities in diabetes and CVD.
['López-Díez|Raquel|R|', 'Egaña-Gorroño|Lander|L|', 'Senatus|Laura|L|', 'Shekhtman|Alexander|A|', 'Ramasamy|Ravichandran|R|', 'Schmidt|Ann Marie|AM|http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-070X']
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D058872:Epidemics D006801:Humans D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Diabetes Epigenetics Mitochondrial dysfunction Cardiovascular disease Interferon pathways Therapeutic agents