Microneedle-based devices for point-of-care infectious disease diagnostics.
Recent infectious disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19 and Ebola, have highlighted the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis to initiate treatment and curb transmission. Successful diagnostic strategies critically depend on the efficiency of biological sampling and timely analysis. However, current diagnostic techniques are invasive/intrusive and present a severe bottleneck by requiring specialist equipment and trained personnel. Moreover, centralised test facilities are poorly accessible and the requirement to travel may increase disease transmission. Self-administrable, point-of-care (PoC) microneedle diagnostic devices could provide a viable solution to these problems. These miniature needle arrays can detect biomarkers in/from the skin in a minimally invasive manner to provide (near-) real-time diagnosis. Few microneedle devices have been developed specifically for infectious disease diagnosis, though similar technologies are well established in other fields and generally adaptable for infectious disease diagnosis. These include microneedles for biofluid extraction, microneedle sensors and analyte-capturing microneedles, or combinations thereof. Analyte sampling/detection from both blood and dermal interstitial fluid is possible. These technologies are in their early stages of development for infectious disease diagnostics, and there is a vast scope for further development. In this review, we discuss the utility and future outlook of these microneedle technologies in infectious disease diagnosis.
['Dixon|Rachael V|RV|', 'Skaria|Eldhose|E|', 'Lau|Wing Man|WM|', 'Manning|Philip|P|', 'Birch-Machin|Mark A|MA|', 'Moghimi|S Moein|SM|', 'Ng|Keng Wooi|KW|']
Infectious disease COVID-19 Microneedle Skin AC, alternating current APCs, antigen-presenting cells ASSURED, affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free and deliverable to end-users Biomarker detection Biosensor CMOS, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor COVID, coronavirus disease CSF, cerebrospinal fluid CT, computerised tomography CV, cyclic voltammetry DC, direct current DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid DPV, differential pulse voltammetry EBV, Epstein–Barr virus EDC/NHS, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoproply) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay GOx, glucose oxidase HIV, human immunodeficiency virus HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography HRP, horseradish peroxidase IP, iontophoresis ISF, interstitial fluid IgG, immunoglobulin G JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus MN, microneedle NA, nucleic acid OBMT, one-touch-activated blood multidiagnostic tool OPD, o-phenylenediamine PCB, printed circuit board PCR, polymerase chain reaction PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane PEDOT, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PNA, peptide nucleic acid PP, polyphenol PPD, poly(o-phenylenediamine) PoC, point-of-care Point-of-care diagnostics (PoC) SALT, skin-associated lymphoid tissue SAM, self-assembled monolayer SEM, scanning electron microscope SERS, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SWV, square wave voltammetry TB, tuberculosis UV, ultraviolet VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor WHO, World Health Organisation cfDNA, cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid