Macrophage polarization in health and disease.
Macrophages are terminally differentiated cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system that also encompasses dendritic cells, circulating blood monocytes, and committed myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Both macrophages and their monocytic precursors can change their functional state in response to microenvironmental cues exhibiting a marked heterogeneity. However, there are still uncertainties regarding distinct expression patterns of surface markers that clearly define macrophage subsets, particularly in the case of human macrophages. In addition to their tissue distribution, macrophages can be functionally polarized into M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (alternatively activated) as well as regulatory cells in response to both exogenous infections and solid tumors as well as by systems biology approaches.
['Cassetta|Luca|L|', 'Cassol|Edana|E|', 'Poli|Guido|G|']
D000818:Animals D000954:Antigens, Surface D002454:Cell Differentiation D016764:Cell Polarity D060833:Cellular Microenvironment D016207:Cytokines D015658:HIV Infections D015497:HIV-1 D006801:Humans D007113:Immunity, Innate D008262:Macrophage Activation D008264:Macrophages D009369:Neoplasms D049490:Systems Biology
macrophage polarization tumors HIV M1/M2 TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages) regulatory macrophages