Diagnostic performance of the urinary canine calgranulins in dogs with lower urinary or urogenital tract carcinoma.
BACKGROUND
Onset of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and prostatic carcinoma (PCA) is usually insidious with dogs presenting at an advanced stage of the disease. A biomarker that can facilitate early detection of TCC/PCA and improve patient survival would be useful. S100A8/A9 (calgranulin A/B or calprotectin) and S100A12 (calgranulin C) are expressed by cells of the innate immune system and are associated with several inflammatory disorders. S100A8/A9 is also expressed by epithelial cells after malignant transformation and is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and metastasis. S100A8/A9 is up-regulated in human PCA and TCC, whereas the results for S100A12 have been ambiguous. Also, the urine S100A8/A9-to-S100A12 ratio (uCalR) may have potential as a marker for canine TCC/PCA. Aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the urinary S100/calgranulins to detect TCC/PCA in dogs by using data and urine samples from 164 dogs with TCC/PCA, non-neoplastic urinary tract disease, other neoplasms, or urinary tract infections, and 75 healthy controls (nested case-control study). Urine S100A8/A9 and S100A12 (measured by species-specific radioimmunoassays and normalized against urine specific gravity [S100A8/A9USG; S100A12USG], urine creatinine concentration, and urine protein concentration and the uCalR were compared among the groups of dogs.


RESULTS
S100A8/A9USG had the highest sensitivity (96%) and specificity (66%) to detect TCC/PCA, with specificity reaching 75% after excluding dogs with a urinary tract infection. The uCalR best distinguished dogs with TCC/PCA from dogs with a urinary tract infection (sensitivity: 91%, specificity: 60%). Using a S100A8/A9USG ≥ 109.9 to screen dogs ≥6 years of age for TCC/PCA yielded a negative predictive value of 100%.


CONCLUSIONS
S100A8/A9USG and uCalR may have utility for diagnosing TCC/PCA in dogs, and S100A8/A9USG may be a good screening test for canine TCC/PCA.
['Heilmann|Romy M|RM|', 'McNiel|Elizabeth A|EA|', 'Grützner|Niels|N|', 'Lanerie|David J|DJ|', 'Suchodolski|Jan S|JS|', 'Steiner|Jörg M|JM|']
D000818:Animals D015415:Biomarkers D040501:Calgranulin A D040502:Calgranulin B D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell D016022:Case-Control Studies D003404:Creatinine D004283:Dog Diseases D004285:Dogs D005260:Female D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex D008297:Male D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms D011507:Proteinuria D011863:Radioimmunoassay D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms D014570:Urologic Diseases D014571:Urologic Neoplasms
Transitional cell carcinoma Biomarker S100A8/A9 Calprotectin S100A12 Diagnostic accuracy