The course of major depressive disorder from childhood to young adulthood: Recovery and recurrence in a longitudinal observational study.
BACKGROUND
The episodic nature of major depressive disorder (MDD) in clinically referred adults has been well-characterized, particularly by the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study. Previous work has established that MDD also is episodic prior to adulthood, but no study has yet provided comprehensive information on the actual course of MDD in clinically referred juveniles. Thus, the present investigation sought to characterize recovery, recurrence, and their predictors across multiple episodes of MDD in initially 8- to 13-year-old outpatients (N=102), and to estimate freedom from morbidity ("well-time") across the years.


METHOD
Clinically referred youngsters with MDD were repeatedly assessed in an observational study across two decades (median follow up length: 15 years). Survival analytic techniques served to model recovery from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lifetime episodes of MDD, the risk of developing the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th episodes, and the effects of traditional psychosocial and clinical predictors of outcomes. "Well-time" across the follow-up and its predictors also were examined.


RESULTS
Recovery rates ranged from 96% to 100% across MDD episodes; episode lengths ranged from 6 to 7 months. Up to 72% of those recovered from the first episode of MDD had a further episode; median inter-episode intervals were about 3-5 years. No single demographic, social, or clinical variable, nor treatment, consistently predicted recovery/recurrence. Psychiatric morbidity over time derived mostly from non-affective disorders, which, however, did not alter the course of MDD.


LIMITATIONS
The sample was relatively small and power to detect small effects further declined with each MDD episode recurrence.


CONCLUSIONS
Echoing findings on adults, the course of pediatric-onset MDD in this clinical sample was unequivocally episodic. Traditional course predictors had limited temporal stability, highlighting the need to examine novel predictor variables. The ongoing risk of depression episodes into the second and third decades of life suggests that prevention efforts should start in late childhood.
['Kovacs|Maria|M|', 'Obrosky|Scott|S|', 'George|Charles|C|']
D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D002648:Child D003865:Depressive Disorder, Major D018450:Disease Progression D005260:Female D005500:Follow-Up Studies D006801:Humans D008137:Longitudinal Studies D008297:Male D012008:Recurrence D055815:Young Adult
Recovery and recurrence Course predictors Childhood depression Clinical course Longitudinal follow-up Major depressive disorder/episode