Self-expanding apical closure device for full-percutaneous closed-chest transapical valve procedures with large-sized introducer sheaths: first study in an animal model.
OBJECTIVES
Available apical occluders do not fulfil requirements for full-percutaneous transapical valve procedures with large-sized introducer sheaths. A self-expanding closure device designed for closed-chest transapical valve procedures was tested in an animal model to verify safety, efficacy and thrombogenicity.


METHODS
Large-sized 21-Fr introducer sheaths (Certitude™ system for Sapien™ valves) were percutaneously placed in the ventricles of nine 3-month old minipigs. To seal the apical access, delivery catheters carrying folded self-expanding plugs were inserted. Then, the plugs were deployed while sheaths were removed. Echocardiograms verified tamponade and cardiac function, drains were not placed and a 3-month long aspirin therapy was administered. After 6 and 9 months, animals were euthanized and organs were analysed for macroembolic lesions search. Histological analysis was also performed.


RESULTS
Nine minipigs (weight: 28±3 kg) were used for this study. Eight plugs were successfully deployed in 8 ventricles without cardiac tamponade or ventricular dysfunction (success rate: 88.9%). In a failed procedure (the animal died after 1 month of cardiac tamponade), the outer disc of the apical plug got stuck in the intercostal space and did not correctly deploy. Post-mortem analysis in 8 minipigs at 6 (n = 4) and 9 months (n = 4) confirmed full deployment and good fixation of all plugs with internal surfaces covered by new endocardium. Macroscopic analysis of myocardium and vital organs showed absence of embolic lesions. Histological analysis showed absence of significant inflammatory infiltration and thrombosis.


CONCLUSIONS
In this animal model, self-expanding closure devices sealed 21-Fr large percutaneous apical accesses without acute tamponade, thrombosis or embolization. Further tests to evaluate full-percutaneous closed-chest apical procedures are required.
['Hong|Nanchao|N|', 'Lu|Yanan|Y|', 'Hu|Hanbo|H|', 'Sun|Jing|J|', 'Sun|Kun|K|', 'von Segesser|Ludwig Karl|LK|', 'Berdajs|Denis|D|', 'Chen|Sun|S|', 'Ferrari|Enrico|E|']
D000818:Animals D006328:Cardiac Catheterization D004195:Disease Models, Animal D006349:Heart Valve Diseases D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation D006352:Heart Ventricles D013552:Swine D013556:Swine, Miniature
Apical closure device Percutaneous heart valve procedures Transapical valve implantation