Tracking the spread of COVID-19 in India via social networks in the early phase of the pandemic.
BACKGROUND
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has spread worldwide via international travel. This study traced its diffusion from the global to national level and identified a few superspreaders that played a central role in the transmission of this disease in India.


DATA AND METHODS
We used the travel history of infected patients from 30 January to 6 April 6 2020 as the primary data source. A total of 1386 cases were assessed, of which 373 were international and 1013 were national contacts. The networks were generated in Gephi software (version 0.9.2).


RESULTS
The maximum numbers of connections were established from Dubai (degree 144) and the UK (degree 64). Dubai's eigenvector centrality was the highest that made it the most influential node. The statistical metrics calculated from the data revealed that Dubai and the UK played a crucial role in spreading the disease in Indian states and were the primary sources of COVID-19 importations into India. Based on the modularity class, different clusters were shown to form across Indian states, which demonstrated the formation of a multi-layered social network structure. A significant increase in confirmed cases was reported in states like Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Andhra Pradesh during the first phase of the nationwide lockdown, which spanned from 25 March to 14 April 2020. This was primarily attributed to a gathering at the Delhi Religious Conference known as Tabliqui Jamaat.


CONCLUSIONS
COVID-19 got induced into Indian states mainly due to International travels with the very first patient travelling from Wuhan, China. Subsequently, the contacts of positive cases were located, and a significant spread was identified in states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka. The COVID-19's spread in phase one was traced using the travelling history of the patients, and it was found that most of the transmissions were local.
['Azad|Sarita|S|', 'Devi|Sushma|S|']
D064870:Air Travel D000086382:COVID-19 D003140:Communicable Disease Control D016358:Contact Tracing D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious D014943:Global Health D006801:Humans D007194:India D000086402:SARS-CoV-2 D060756:Social Networking D057236:Travel Medicine D000076082:Travel-Related Illness
COVID-19 international travels Indian states Delhi religious conference local transmission mass gathering superspreading event