The Factorial Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N).
BACKGROUND
Athlete self-report measures (ASRM) are methods of athlete monitoring, which have gained considerable popularity in recent years. The Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS), consisting of 22 items, is a promising self-report measure to assess training distress among athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the factorial validity of the Norwegian version of MTDS (MTDS-N) among student-athletes (n = 632) attending the optional program subject "Top-Level Sports" in upper secondary schools in Norway.


METHODS
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the six-factor model proposed by Main and Grove (2009). McDonald's omega (ω) along with confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate scale reliability. After examining the fit of the CFA model in the total sample, covariates were included to investigate group differences in latent variables of MTDS-N, resulting in the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model. Further, direct paths between the covariates and the factor indicators were included in an extended MIMIC model to investigate whether responses to items differed between groups, resulting in differential item functioning (DIF).


RESULTS
When modification indices (MIs) were taken into consideration, the alternative CFA model revealed that MTDS-N is an acceptable psychometric tool with a good fit index. The factors in MTDS-N all constituted high scale reliability with McDonald's ω ranging from 0.725-0.862. The results indicated statistically significant group differences in factor scores for gender, type of sport, hours of training per week, school program, and school level. Further, results showed that DIF occurred in 13 of the MTDS-N items. The student-athletes' reports of training distress were moderate.


CONCLUSION
The MTDS-N may be suitable for use in a Norwegian population to assess student-athletes' training distress in a reliable manner. The indications of group effects suggest that caution should be used if one is interested in making group comparisons when the MTDS-N is used among student-athletes in Norway until further research is conducted.
['Hagum|Cathrine Nyhus|CN|0000-0002-6192-3453', 'Shalfawi|Shaher A I|SAI|0000-0002-5164-0230']
D000293:Adolescent D056352:Athletes D015444:Exercise D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008297:Male D009664:Norway D011594:Psychometrics D015203:Reproducibility of Results D013315:Stress, Psychological D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
athlete monitoring student-athletes confirmatory factor analysis multiple indicators multiple causes differential item functioning