Evaluation of different lead types and implantation techniques in pediatric populations with permanent pacemakers: Single-center with 10 years' experience.
BACKGROUND
Permanent pacemaker (PM) implantation is performed for various indications and by different techniques in children; however, many problems with lead performance are encountered during follow-up. This study aims to evaluate the possible effects of different lead types and implantation techniques on pacing at early and midterm in children with a permanent PM.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
Pediatric patients who underwent permanent PM system implantation at our tertiary cardiac surgery center between January 1, 2010 and January 1, 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were categorized in the epicardial pacing lead (EP), transvenous pacing lead (TP), and transvenous bipolar lumenless (Select Secure [SS]) lead groups according to the lead implantation technique and lead type with the same manufacturer. Groups were evaluated statistically for demographic features, pacing type and indication for implantation, lead electrical performance, lead failure, complications, and outcome.


RESULTS
Over 10 years, 323 lead implantations were performed on 167 patients (96 males, median age 68 months [5 days-18 years]). Of 323 leads, 213 (66%) were EP, 64 (20%) were TP, and 46 (14%) were SS. Of the total, 136 of the leads were implanted in atria, and 187 were implanted in ventricles. Primary pacing indications were postoperative complete atrioventricular (AV) block (n = 95), congenital AV block (n = 71), sinus node dysfunction (n = 13), and acquired complete AV block (n = 1). Additional cardiac diseases were present in 115 patients (69%). No statistically significant difference was observed in gender, syndrome, or pacing indication (P > .05). Atrial and ventricular capture, threshold, sensing, and lead impedance measurements were not significantly different at the initial and follow-up periods (P > .05). The median follow-up duration was 3.3 years (6 months-10 years). Twenty lead failures were determined in 15 patients (EP: 14 lead failures in 10 patients; TP: two lead failures in two patients; and SS: four lead failures in three patients) during follow-up, and no statistically significant difference was found between groups (P = .466). The 5-year lead survival was 98% for TP, 95% for EP, and 90% for SS; the 10-year lead survival was 90% for TP, 70% for EP, and 70% for SS. There was no mortality related to chronic pacing or due to the procedure of implantation.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite improvements in technology, lead failure is still one of the most critical problems during these patients' follow-up. Early to midterm lead survival rates of all three lead types were satisfactory.
['Ergul|Yakup|Y|0000-0001-8814-0435', 'Yukcu|Bekir|B|', 'Ozturk|Erkut|E|0000-0002-1762-3269', 'Kafali|Hasan Candas|HC|', 'Ayyildiz|Pelin|P|', 'Ergun|Servet|S|', 'Onan|Ismihan Selen|IS|', 'Haydin|Sertac|S|', 'Guzeltas|Alper|A|']
D000293:Adolescent D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial D002648:Child D002675:Child, Preschool D004567:Electrodes, Implanted D005260:Female D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital D006801:Humans D007223:Infant D007231:Infant, Newborn D008297:Male D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial D012189:Retrospective Studies
pediatric lead failure cardiac pacing congenital heart disease