Effects of hyperchloremia on renal recovery in critically ill children with acute kidney injury.
BACKGROUND
Serum chloride derangements are associated with poor clinical outcomes, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality. We sought to determine the association between persistent hyperchloremia and renal recovery in critically ill children with AKI.


METHODS
We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients with day 2 AKI admitted to a large academic pediatric intensive care unit from January 2014 to December 2015. After applying exclusion criteria, 348 patients were categorized as (1) hyperchloremia on both day 2 and day 7 (PersistentCl), (2) hyperchloremia on day 2 with normochloremia on day 7 (RecoveredCl), (3) normochloremia on day 2 with hyperchloremia on day 7 (DelayedCl), and (4) no hyperchloremia on day 2 nor day 7 (NormalCl). Hyperchloremia was defined as ≥ 110 mEq/L. The primary outcome was renal recovery on day 7, defined as the absence of AKI criteria. Secondary outcomes included discharge renal recovery, mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay.


RESULTS
Day 7 renal recovery rates for PersistentCl, RecoveredCl, DelayedCl, and NormalCl were 37%, 66%, 71%, and 52% respectively. PersistentCl had lower odds of day 7 renal recovery (aOR = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.60; p = 0.0009), lower odds of discharge renal recovery (aOR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.48; p = 0.0001), and higher odds of mortality (aOR = 3.50; 95% CI, 1.11 to 11.10; p = 0.03) when compared with RecoveredCl after adjusting for confounders.


CONCLUSIONS
Persistent hyperchloremia is independently associated with impaired renal recovery as well as higher mortality. Prospective studies are indicated to determine if serum chloride represents a modifiable risk factor for poor outcomes. Graphical abstract.
['Barhight|Matthew F|MF|0000-0002-1954-5823', 'Brinton|John T|JT|', 'Soranno|Danielle E|DE|', 'Faubel|Sarah|S|', 'Mourani|Peter M|PM|', 'Gist|Katja M|KM|']
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury D000293:Adolescent D001639:Bicarbonates D002648:Child D002675:Child, Preschool D002712:Chlorides D005260:Female D006801:Humans D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric D008297:Male D012189:Retrospective Studies D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Hyperchloremia Renal recovery Acute kidney injury Mortality Pediatric Acute kidney disease