Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder with alcohol dependence among US adults: results from National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
BACKGROUND
Despite the high rates of comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol dependence (AD) in clinical and epidemiological samples, little is known about the prevalence, clinical presentation, course, risk factors and patterns of treatment-seeking of co-occurring PTSD-AD among the general population.


METHODS
The sample included respondents of the Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Weighted means, frequencies and odds ratios (ORs) of sociodemographic correlates, prevalence of psychiatric disorders and rates of treatment-seeking were computed.


RESULTS
In the general population, the lifetime prevalence of PTSD only, AD only and PTSD-AD was 4.83%, 13.66% and 1.59%, respectively. Individuals with comorbid PTSD-AD were more likely than those with PTSD or AD only to have suffered childhood adversities and had higher rates of Axis I and II disorders and suicide attempts. They also met more PTSD diagnostic criteria, had earlier onset of PTSD and were more likely to use drugs and alcohol to relieve their PTSD symptoms than those with PTSD only; they also met more AD diagnostic criteria than those with AD only and had greater disability. Individuals with PTSD-AD had higher rates of treatment seeking for AD than those with AD only, but similar rates than those with PTSD only.


CONCLUSION
PTSD-AD is associated with high levels of severity across a broad range of domains even compared with individuals with PTSD or AD only, yet treatment-seeking rates are very low. There is a need to improve treatment access and outcomes for individuals with PTSD-AD.
['Blanco|Carlos|C|', 'Xu|Yang|Y|', 'Brady|Kathleen|K|', 'Pérez-Fuentes|Gabriela|G|', 'Okuda|Mayumi|M|', 'Wang|Shuai|S|']
D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D000368:Aged D000437:Alcoholism D015897:Comorbidity D005260:Female D006306:Health Surveys D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic D014481:United States D055815:Young Adult
Comorbidity Alcohol dependence Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) NESARC Substance use disorders