Multiple environmental exposures in early-life and allergy-related outcomes in childhood.
INTRODUCTION
Early onset and high prevalence of allergic diseases result in high individual and socio-economic burdens. Several studies provide evidence for possible effects of environmental factors on allergic diseases, but these are mainly single-exposure studies. The exposome provides a novel holistic approach by simultaneously studying a large set of exposures. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between a broad range of prenatal and childhood environmental exposures and allergy-related outcomes in children.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
Analyses of associations between 90 prenatal and 107 childhood exposures and allergy-related outcomes (last 12 months: rhinitis and itchy rash; ever: doctor-diagnosed eczema and food allergy) in 6-11 years old children (n = 1270) from the European Human Early-Life Exposome cohort were performed. Initially, we used an exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) considering the exposures independently, followed by a deletion-substitution-addition selection (DSA) algorithm considering all exposures simultaneously. All the exposure variables selected in the DSA were included in a final multi-exposure model using binomial general linear model (GLM).


RESULTS
In ExWAS, no exposures were associated with the outcomes after correction for multiple comparison. In multi-exposure models for prenatal exposures, lower distance of residence to nearest road and higher di-iso-nonyl phthalate level were associated with increased risk of rhinitis, and particulate matter absorbance (PMabs) was associated with a decreased risk. Furthermore, traffic density on nearest road was associated with increased risk of itchy rash and diethyl phthalate with a reduced risk. DSA selected no associations of childhood exposures, or between prenatal exposures and eczema or food allergy.


DISCUSSION
This first comprehensive and systematic analysis of many environmental exposures suggests that prenatal exposure to traffic-related variables, PMabs and phthalates are associated with rhinitis and itchy rash.
['Granum|Berit|B|', 'Oftedal|Bente|B|', 'Agier|Lydiane|L|', 'Siroux|Valerie|V|', 'Bird|Philippa|P|', 'Casas|Maribel|M|', 'Warembourg|Charline|C|', 'Wright|John|J|', 'Chatzi|Leda|L|', 'de Castro|Montserrat|M|', 'Donaire|David|D|', 'Grazuleviciene|Regina|R|', 'Småstuen Haug|Line|L|', 'Maitre|Lea|L|', 'Robinson|Oliver|O|', 'Tamayo-Uria|Ibon|I|', 'Urquiza|Jose|J|', 'Nieuwenhuijsen|Mark|M|', 'Slama|Remy|R|', 'Thomsen|Cathrine|C|', 'Vrijheid|Martine|M|']
D002648:Child D015331:Cohort Studies D004485:Eczema D004781:Environmental Exposure D005260:Female D005512:Food Hypersensitivity D006801:Humans D011247:Pregnancy D015995:Prevalence
Environmental exposure Childhood Allergic disease Exposome Pregnancy