The Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico During the Last Decade: Results from the INVIFAR Group.
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico.  A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods.  For Staphylococcus aureus, a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin (p < 0.0001 for each). For Enterobacter spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens (p = 0.0042). For Klebsiella spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin (p < 0.0001 for each), meropenem (p = 0.0014), and aztreonam (p = 0.0030). For Acinetobacter baumannii complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates (p < 0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens (p = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens (p < 0.0001 for each). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood (p = 0.0001).  This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.
['Garza-González|Elvira|E|', 'Franco-Cendejas|Rafael|R|', 'Morfín-Otero|Rayo|R|', 'Echaniz-Aviles|Gabriela|G|', 'Rojas-Larios|Fabian|F|', 'Bocanegra-Ibarias|Paola|P|', 'Flores-Treviño|Samantha|S|', 'Ponce-de-León|Alfredo|A|', 'Rodríguez-Noriega|Eduardo|E|', 'Alavez-Ramírez|Norma|N|', 'Mena-Ramirez|Juan Pablo|JP|', 'Rincón-Zuno|Joaquín|J|', 'Fong-Camargo|María Guadalupe|MG|', 'Morales-De-la-Peña|Cecilia Teresita|CT|', 'Huerta-Baltazar|Carla Rocio|CR|', 'López-Jacome|Luis Esau|LE|', 'Carnalla-Barajas|María Noemí|MN|', 'Soto-Noguerón|Araceli|A|', 'Sanchez-Francia|Domingo|D|', 'Moncada-Barrón|David|D|', 'Ortíz-Brizuela|Edgar|E|', 'García-Mendoza|Lourdes|L|', 'Newton-Sánchez|Oscar Alberto|OA|', 'Choy-Chang|Elena Victoria|EV|', 'Aviles-Benitez|Laura Karina|LK|', 'Martínez-Miranda|Rafael|R|', 'Feliciano-Guzmán|José Manuel|JM|', 'Peña-Lopez|Cynthia Dennise|CD|', 'Couoh-May|Carlos Antonio|CA|', 'López-Gutiérrez|Eduardo|E|', 'Gil-Veloz|Mariana|M|', 'Armenta-Rodríguez|Luis Carlos|LC|', 'Manriquez-Reyes|Marisol|M|', 'Gutierrez-Brito|Maricruz|M|', 'López-Ovilla|Ismelda|I|', 'Adame-Álvarez|Cesar|C|', 'Barajas-Magallón|Juan Manuel|JM|', 'Aguirre-Burciaga|Efrén|E|', 'Coronado-Ramírez|Adriana Mabel|AM|', 'Rosales-García|Alina Aracely|AA|', 'Sida-Rodríguez|Silvia|S|', 'Urbina-Rodríguez|Rosa Elma|RE|', 'López-Moreno|Laura Isabel|LI|', 'Juárez-Velázquez|Gloria Edith|GE|', 'Martínez-Villarreal|Rebeca Thelma|RT|', 'Canizales-Oviedo|Jorge Luis|JL|', 'Cetina-Umaña|Carlos Miguel|CM|', 'Perez-Juárez|María Magdalena|MM|', 'González-Moreno|Arturo|A|', 'Romero-Romero|Daniel|D|', 'Bello-Pazos|Fidencio David|FD|', 'Aguilar-Orozco|Gilberto|G|', 'Barlandas-Rendón|Nicolás Rogelio Eric|NRE|', 'Maldonado-Anicacio|Joyarib Yanelli|JY|', 'Valadez-Quiroz|Alejandro|A|', 'Camacho-Ortiz|Adrián|A|']
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents D001419:Bacteria D001424:Bacterial Infections D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial D006801:Humans D008800:Mexico D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests D012189:Retrospective Studies
antimicrobial resistance resistance Mexico INVIFAR Enterobacteriaceae epidemiology data