Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration.
Research on astronaut health and model organisms have revealed six features of spaceflight biology that guide our current understanding of fundamental molecular changes that occur during space travel. The features include oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysregulation, epigenetic changes (including gene regulation), telomere length alterations, and microbiome shifts. Here we review the known hazards of human spaceflight, how spaceflight affects living systems through these six fundamental features, and the associated health risks of space exploration. We also discuss the essential issues related to the health and safety of astronauts involved in future missions, especially planned long-duration and Martian missions.
['Afshinnekoo|Ebrahim|E|', 'Scott|Ryan T|RT|', 'MacKay|Matthew J|MJ|', 'Pariset|Eloise|E|', 'Cekanaviciute|Egle|E|', 'Barker|Richard|R|', 'Gilroy|Simon|S|', 'Hassane|Duane|D|', 'Smith|Scott M|SM|', 'Zwart|Sara R|SR|', 'Nelman-Gonzalez|Mayra|M|', 'Crucian|Brian E|BE|', 'Ponomarev|Sergey A|SA|', 'Orlov|Oleg I|OI|', 'Shiba|Dai|D|', 'Muratani|Masafumi|M|', 'Yamamoto|Masayuki|M|', 'Richards|Stephanie E|SE|', 'Vaishampayan|Parag A|PA|', 'Meydan|Cem|C|', 'Foox|Jonathan|J|', 'Myrrhe|Jacqueline|J|', 'Istasse|Eric|E|', 'Singh|Nitin|N|', 'Venkateswaran|Kasthuri|K|', 'Keune|Jessica A|JA|', 'Ray|Hami E|HE|', 'Basner|Mathias|M|', 'Miller|Jack|J|', 'Vitaterna|Martha Hotz|MH|', 'Taylor|Deanne M|DM|', 'Wallace|Douglas|D|', 'Rubins|Kathleen|K|', 'Bailey|Susan M|SM|', 'Grabham|Peter|P|', 'Costes|Sylvain V|SV|', 'Mason|Christopher E|CE|', 'Beheshti|Afshin|A|']
D018480:Astronauts D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment D006262:Health D006801:Humans D064307:Microbiota D012307:Risk Factors D013026:Space Flight
spaceflight oxidative stress DNA damage epigenetic telomere microbiome aerospace medicine mitochondria multi-omics space biology