Grain and dietary fiber intake and bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.
BACKGROUND
Higher intakes of whole grains and dietary fiber have been associated with lower risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation, which are known predisposing factors for cancer.


OBJECTIVES
Because the evidence of association with bladder cancer (BC) is limited, we aimed to assess associations with BC risk for intakes of whole grains, refined grains, and dietary fiber.


METHODS
We pooled individual data from 574,726 participants in 13 cohort studies, 3214 of whom developed incident BC. HRs, with corresponding 95% CIs, were estimated using Cox regression models stratified on cohort. Dose-response relations were examined using fractional polynomial regression models.


RESULTS
We found that higher intake of total whole grain was associated with lower risk of BC (comparing highest with lowest intake tertile: HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.98; HR per 1-SD increment: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99; P for trend: 0.023). No association was observed for intake of total refined grain. Intake of total dietary fiber was also inversely associated with BC risk (comparing highest with lowest intake tertile: HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.98; HR per 1-SD increment: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98; P for trend: 0.021). In addition, dose-response analyses gave estimated HRs of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) for intake of total whole grain and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98) for intake of total dietary fiber per 5-g daily increment. When considered jointly, highest intake of whole grains with the highest intake of dietary fiber showed 28% reduced risk (95% CI: 0.54, 0.93; P for trend: 0.031) of BC compared with the lowest intakes, suggesting potential synergism.


CONCLUSIONS
Higher intakes of total whole grain and total dietary fiber are associated with reduced risk of BC individually and jointly. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms for these findings.
['Yu|Evan Y W|EYW|', 'Wesselius|Anke|A|', 'Mehrkanoon|Siamak|S|', 'Brinkman|Maree|M|', 'van den Brandt|Piet|P|', 'White|Emily|E|', 'Weiderpass|Elisabete|E|', 'Le Calvez-Kelm|Florence|F|', 'Gunter|Marc|M|', 'Huybrechts|Inge|I|', 'Liedberg|Fredrik|F|', 'Skeie|Guri|G|', 'Tjonneland|Anne|A|', 'Riboli|Elio|E|', 'Giles|Graham G|GG|', 'Milne|Roger L|RL|', 'Zeegers|Maurice P|MP|']
D000368:Aged D004032:Diet D004043:Dietary Fiber D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008875:Middle Aged D011446:Prospective Studies D012307:Risk Factors D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms D000067348:Whole Grains
grain dietary fiber bladder cancer cohort study dose-response analysis