Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Host and Virus RNA and Regulate Innate Immune Response.
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors, sense viral components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger signals to induce innate immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, deliver functional RNA and mediate intercellular communications. Recent studies have revealed that EVs released from virus-infected cells deliver viral RNA to dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby activating PRRs in recipient cells, which results in the expression of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs transfer not only viral RNA but also host microRNAs to recipient cells. Recently, infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to affect microRNA levels in EVs released from virus-infected cells, leading to attenuation of host innate immune response. This suggests that the virus utilizes the EVs and host microRNAs to counteract the antiviral innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to the role of EVs in antiviral innate immune responses.
['Kouwaki|Takahisa|T|', 'Okamoto|Masaaki|M|', 'Tsukamoto|Hirotake|H|', 'Fukushima|Yoshimi|Y|', 'Oshiumi|Hiroyuki|H|']
D000818:Animals D001692:Biological Transport D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles D003713:Dendritic Cells D055354:Exosomes D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions D006801:Humans D007113:Immunity, Innate D056747:Immunomodulation D008264:Macrophages D035683:MicroRNAs D011485:Protein Binding D012313:RNA D034443:RNA Transport D012367:RNA, Viral D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition D014777:Virus Diseases
extracellular vesicles virus innate immunity microRNA