An uncertainty estimate of the prevalence of stunting in national surveys: the need for better precision.
BACKGROUND
Stunting is determined by using the World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standard which was developed using precise measurements. However, it is unlikely that large scale surveys maintain the same level of rigour and precision when measuring the height of children. The population measure of stunting in children is sensitive to over-dispersion, and the high prevalence of stunting observed in surveys in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) could partly be due to lower measurement precison.


OBJECTIVES
To quantify the incongruence in the dispersion of height-for-age in national surveys of < 5 y children, in relation to the standard WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study (MGRS), and propose a measure of uncertainty in population measures of stunting.


METHODS
An uncertainty factor was proposed and measured from the observed incongruence in dispersion of the height-for-age of < 5 y children in the MGRS against carefully matched populations from the Demographic Health Survey of 17 countries ('test datasets', based on the availability of data). This also allowed for the determination of uncertainty-corrected prevalence of stunting (height-for-age Z score < - 2) in < 5 y children.


RESULTS
The uncertainty factor was estimated for 17 LMICs. This ranged from 0.9 to 2.1 for Peru and Egypt respectively (reference value 1). As an explicit country example, the dispersion of height-for-age in the Indian National Family Health Survey-4 test dataset was 39% higher than the MGRS study, with an uncertainty factor of 1.39. From this, the uncertainty-adjusted Indian national stunting prevalence estimate reduced to 18.7% from the unadjusted estimate of 36.2%.


CONCLUSIONS
This study proposes a robust statistical method to estimate uncertainty in stunting prevalence estimates due to incongruent dispersions of height measured in national surveys for children < 5 years in relation to the WHO height-for-age standard. The uncertainty is partly due to population heterogeneity, but also due to measurement precision, and calls for better quality in these measurements.
['Ghosh|Santu|S|', 'Shivakumar|Nirupama|N|', 'Bandyopadhyay|Sulagna|S|', 'Sachdev|Harshpal S|HS|', 'Kurpad|Anura V|AV|', 'Thomas|Tinku|T|http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-6076']
D001827:Body Height D002648:Child D004534:Egypt D006130:Growth Disorders D006306:Health Surveys D006801:Humans D010568:Peru D015995:Prevalence D035501:Uncertainty
Stunting Height-for-age Demographic health survey (DHS) National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) Overdisperion WHO child growth standard WHO multicentre growth reference study (MGRS)