Standard Deviations: The Biological Bases of Transmission Ratio Distortion.
The rule of Mendelian inheritance is remarkably robust, but deviations from the equal transmission of alternative alleles at a locus [a.k.a. transmission ratio distortion (TRD)] are also commonly observed in genetic mapping populations. Such TRD reveals locus-specific selection acting at some point between the diploid heterozygous parents and progeny genotyping and therefore can provide novel insight into otherwise-hidden genetic and evolutionary processes. Most of the classic selfish genetic elements were discovered through their biasing of transmission, but many unselfish evolutionary and developmental processes can also generate TRD. In this review, we describe methodologies for detecting TRD in mapping populations, detail the arenas and genetic interactions that shape TRD during plant and animal reproduction, and summarize patterns of TRD from across the genetic mapping literature. Finally, we point to new experimental approaches that can accelerate both detection of TRD and characterization of the underlying genetic mechanisms.
['Fishman|Lila|L|', 'McIntosh|Mariah|M|']
D000818:Animals D002678:Chimera D002874:Chromosome Mapping D005260:Female D005828:Genetics, Population D005854:Germ Cells D006579:Heterozygote D000071422:Inbreeding Depression D040582:Inheritance Patterns D008297:Male D008540:Meiosis D010944:Plants D011058:Pollen D060436:Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants D012744:Sex Ratio D013094:Spermatozoa D014714:Vertebrates D015053:Zygote
selfish genetic element hybrid incompatibility inbreeding depression meiotic drive non-Mendelian inheritance segregation distortion