Serum erythropoietin levels, breast cancer and breast cancer-initiating cells.
BACKGROUND
Cancer is frequently associated with tumor-related anemia, and many chemotherapeutic agents impair hematopoiesis, leading to impaired quality of life for affected patients. The use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents has come under scrutiny after prospective clinical trials using recombinant erythropoietin to correct anemia reported increased incidence of thromboembolic events and cancer-related deaths. Furthermore, previous preclinical reports indicated expansion of the pool of breast cancer-initiating cells when erythropoietin was combined with ionizing radiation.


METHODS
Using four established breast cancer cell lines, we test the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin and the number of breast cancer-initiating cells in vitro and in vivo and study if recombinant human erythropoietin promotes the phenotype conversion of non-tumorigenic breast cancer cells into breast cancer-initiating cells. In a prospective study, we evaluate whether elevated endogenous serum erythropoietin levels correlate with increased numbers of tumor-initiating cells in a cohort of breast cancer patients who were scheduled to undergo radiation treatment.


RESULTS
Our results indicate that recombinant erythropoietin increased the number of tumor-initiating cells in established breast cancer lines in vitro. Irradiation of breast cancer xenografts caused a phenotype conversion of non-stem breast cancer cells into induced breast cancer-initiating cells. This effect coincided with re-expression of the pluripotency factors c-Myc, Sox2, and Oct4 and was enhanced by recombinant erythropoietin. Hemoglobin levels were inversely correlated with serum erythropoietin levels, and the latter were correlated with disease stage. However, tumor sections revealed a negative correlation between serum erythropoietin levels and the number of ALDH1A3-positive cells, a marker for breast cancer-initiating cells.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that physiologically slow-rising serum erythropoietin levels in response to tumor-related or chemotherapy-induced anemia, as opposed to large doses of recombinant erythropoietin, do not increase the pool of breast cancer-initiating cells.
['Bhat|Kruttika|K|', 'Sandler|Kiri|K|', 'Duhachek-Muggy|Sara|S|', 'Alli|Claudia|C|', 'Cheng|Fei|F|', 'Moatamed|Neda A|NA|', 'Magyar|Clara E|CE|', 'Du|Lin|L|', 'Li|Gang|G|', 'McCloskey|Susan|S|', 'Vlashi|Erina|E|', 'Pajonk|Frank|F|']
D000328:Adult D000368:Aged D000369:Aged, 80 and over D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases D000740:Anemia D000818:Animals D000970:Antineoplastic Agents D001940:Breast D001943:Breast Neoplasms D045744:Cell Line, Tumor D004921:Erythropoietin D005260:Female D006454:Hemoglobins D006801:Humans D051379:Mice D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD D016513:Mice, SCID D008875:Middle Aged D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells D011446:Prospective Studies D011994:Recombinant Proteins D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Erythropoietin Breast cancer-initiating cells Radiation therapy