Reduction of intra-fraction prostate motion - Determining optimal bladder volume and filling for prostate radiotherapy using daily 4D TPUS and CBCT.
Background and purpose
Inconsistent bladder and rectal volumes have been associated with motion uncertainties during prostate radiotherapy. This study investigates the impact of these volumes to determine the optimal bladder volume.


Materials and methods
60 patients from two Asian hospitals were recruited prospectively. 1887 daily cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were analysed. Intra-fraction motion of the prostate was monitored real-time using a four-dimension transperineal ultrasound (4D TPUS) Clarity® system. The impact of planned bladder volume, adequacy of daily bladder filling, and rectum volume on mean intra-fraction motion of the prostate was analysed. Patients' ability to comply with the full bladder hydration protocol and level of frustration was assessed using a questionaire. Acute side effects were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0 and quality of life (QoL) assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).


Results
The mean (SD) bladder and rectum volumes achieved during daily treatment were 139.7 cm3 (82.4 cm3) and 53.3 cm3 (18 cm3) respectively. Mean (SD) percentage change from planned CT volumes in bladder volume was reduced by 8.2% (48.7%) and rectum volume was increased by 12.4% (42.2%). Linear Mixed effect model analysis revealed a reduction in intra-fraction motion in both the Sup/Inf (p = 0.008) and Ant/Post (p = 0.0001) directions when the daily bladder was filled between 82 and 113% (3rd Quartiles) of the planned CT volumes. A reduction in intra-fraction motion of the prostate in the Ant/Post direction (z-plane) (p = 0.03) was observed when the planned bladder volume was greater than 200 ml. Patients complied well with the hydration protocol with minimal frustration (mean (SD) scores of 2.1 (1.4) and 1.8 (1.2) respectively). There was a moderate positive correlation (0.496) between mean bladder volume and IPSS reported post-treatment urinary straining (p = 0.001).


Conclusions
A planned bladder volume >200 cm3 and daily filling between 82 and 113%, reduced intra-fraction motion of the prostate. The hydration protocol was well tolerated.
['Pang|Eric Pei Ping|EPP|', 'Knight|Kellie|K|', 'Hussain|Ashik|A|', 'Fan|Qiao|Q|', 'Baird|Marilyn|M|', 'Tan|Sheena Xue Fei|SXF|', 'Mui|Wing-Ho|WH|', 'Leung|Ronnie Wing-Kin|RW|', 'Seah|Irene Kai Ling|IKL|', 'Master|Zubin|Z|', 'Tuan|Jeffrey Kit Loong|JKL|']
Prostate radiotherapy Intra-fraction motion Full bladder hydration protocol 4D TPUS clarity Real-time tracking