Developing Graphic Messages for Vaping Prevention Among Black and Latino Adolescents: Participatory Research Approach.
BACKGROUND
As an important transition stage in human development, adolescence is a critical window for vaping prevention. There is a substantial gap in communication research on vaping prevention among racial and ethnic minority groups. Their representation is essential to develop, implement, and disseminate innovative and effective interventions for vaping prevention.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to describe the participatory research (PR) procedures used with Black and Latino adolescents to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate graphic messages for vaping prevention.


METHODS
This PR study used a qualitative, user-centered design method. We conducted a series of focus groups with 16 Black and Latino adolescents to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate graphic messages for vaping prevention. The biobehavioral model of nicotine addiction provided a framework for the development of the graphic messages. Participants met 4 times to provide iterative feedback on the graphic messages until they reached a consensus on overall quality and content.


RESULTS
At baseline, the participants' mean age was 15.4 years (SD 1.4). Of the participants, 50% (8/16) were female, 88% (14/16) were heterosexual, 56% (9/16) were Black/African American, and 44% (7/16) were Hispanic/Latino. A total of 12 of the 16 participants (75%) chose to participate in the English sessions. Participants decided to create four types of graphic messages: (1) financial reward, (2) health reward, (3) social norms, and (4) self-efficacy. Meeting 4 times with the 4 groups provided sufficient opportunities for iterative feedback on the graphic messages to reach a consensus on overall quality and content.


CONCLUSIONS
It is feasible and practical to build PR among Black and Latino adolescents focused on vaping prevention. Adolescents added innovation and creativity to the development of culturally and linguistically appropriate graphic messages for vaping prevention. Appropriate staffing, funding, and approaches are key for successful PR efforts among Black and Latino adolescents. Future research is needed to evaluate the impact of the graphic messages on vaping prevention.
['Cartujano-Barrera|Francisco|F|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8069-1750', 'Azogini|Chiamaka|C|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-6035', 'McIntosh|Scott|S|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-9617', 'Bansal-Travers|Maansi|M|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-3570', 'Ossip|Deborah J|DJ|https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-597X', 'Cupertino|Ana Paula|AP|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-7063']
vaping Black Latino adolescents electronic cigarettes