Vertebral infection in a male individual buried in the monastic cemetery (Cemetery 2) at Ghazali (ca. 670-1270 CE), northern Sudan.
PURPOSE/RESEARCH QUESTION
This article examines pronounced osteoblastic-osteolytic vertebral lesions in a middle adult male (Ghz-2-033), from the Christian Nubian monastic settlement of Ghazali (ca. 670-1270 CE), Sudan, to explore their potential etiology.


METHODS
Morphological assessments of sex and age were undertaken in conjunction with macroscopic and radiological methods of assessment for the skeletal lesions documented.


RESULTS
Macroscopic assessment of Ghz-2-033 identified mixed osteoblastic-osteolytic lesions in L2-L3 with minor foci in T12-L1, while radiological assessment identified no further lesions. This paleopathological analysis considers tuberculosis, brucellosis, pyogenic intervertebral disc infection, neoplastic conditions, and mycotic infections as potential etiologies.


CONCLUSIONS
Tuberculosis is the most probable etiology for the lesions observed. This assessment is based on the morphology of the lesions in conjunction with the known confined living quarters at Ghazali and the presence of tuberculosis vectors (i.e. cattle) in the region.


CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE/ORIGINALITY/VALUE
This brief communication contributes original data documenting the presence of tubercular lesions in a monk buried at the Christian Nubian monastery of Ghazali. On a broader level this study contributes to regional and temporal paleopathological dialogues regarding interactions with pathogens in Christian Nubian monastic contexts.


LIMITATIONS FOR THIS STUDY
The potentiality of co-infection with other pathogens (e.g. brucellosis, Staphylococcus) with similar macromorphological traits in skeletal remains cannot be entirely discounted.


SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
The use of biomolecular analyses may help to clarify the potential presence of tuberculosis in individual Ghz-2-033.
['Stark|Robert J|RJ|', 'Ciesielska|Joanna|J|']
D000885:Anthropology, Physical D001842:Bone and Bones D055699:Cemeteries D049691:History, Medieval D006801:Humans D007239:Infections D008297:Male D010164:Paleopathology D013131:Spine D013397:Sudan
Tuberculosis Bayuda desert Christian Nubia Makuria Spinal pathology Wadi Abu Dom