Gender gaps in preschool age: A study of behavior, neurodevelopment and pre-academic skills.
Background: Female educational advantage is evident from elementary school and throughout the education system. Understanding the gender differences that precede school entry might provide important insight as to why girls outperform boys later in their educational careers. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in early literacy and numeracy skills, as well as a range of neurodevelopmental and behavioral domains between the age of five and six years. Methods: We used questionnaire data from preschool teachers in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study reported for 7467 children attending the final year in preschool, to explore gender differences and age patterns by fitting flexible regression models predicting pre-academic, behavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Results: We found gender differences favoring girls for all outcomes except internalizing behavior. For neurodevelopment and behavior, differences in adjusted standardized scores ranged from 46% of a standard deviation (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41, 0.50) in overall school readiness to 31% of a standard deviation difference in externalizing behavior problems (CI 0.21, 0.41). We found gender differences for all literacy skills in favor of girls. The gender gap in naming and adding numbers was small, but in favor of girls. Increasing age was associated with improved pre-academic skills and school readiness, as well as reduction of attention problems and language difficulties, the latter especially for boys.
['Brandlistuen|Ragnhild E|RE|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-0960', 'Flatø|Martin|M|', 'Stoltenberg|Camilla|C|', 'Helland|Siri S|SS|', 'Wang|Mari V|MV|']
D000073978:Academic Performance D002652:Child Behavior D002657:Child Development D002675:Child, Preschool D015331:Cohort Studies D005260:Female D006801:Humans D000067010:Literacy D008297:Male D009420:Nervous System D009664:Norway D000070777:School Teachers D012574:Schools D012737:Sex Factors
gender preschool behavior neurodevelopment pre-academic Education literacy MoBa