First determination of fullerenes in the Austrian market and environment: quantitative analysis and assessment.
This study forms the first report on analyzing fullerenes in the Austrian environment and cosmetic products available on the Austrian market. We developed, optimized, and validated a novel method for the analysis of C60 and C70 fullerenes and N-methylfulleropyrrolidine C60 (NMFP) for measuring sensitivities in the low nanograms per liter range in order to prove their presence in the environment (12 wastewater- and 12 sewage sludge samples) and in 11 selected fullerene-containing cosmetic products from three different brands. The optimized method relies on a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and, for the first time, introduced the Carrez-clarification, followed by liquid chromatography (LC) and coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) quantification. The total variability of the new established LC-MS/MS method based on all the tested matrices was below 10%. We found recoveries generally higher than 70% for both tap water and surface water. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for the wastewater samples were measured to be from 0.8 to 1.6 ng/L, for the sewage sludge samples, from 1.4 to 2.6 ng/g DM (drymass), and for the cosmetic samples from 0.2 to 0.4 ng/g. None of the analyzed samples of wastewater or sewage sludge samples contained fullerenes. But in 70% of the tested cosmetics, fullerene concentrations between 10 and 340 ng/g were detected. These values were much lower than concentrations causing toxicity in water animals.
['Zakaria|Susanna|S|', 'Fröhlich|Eleonore|E|', 'Fauler|Günter|G|', 'Gries|Anna|A|', 'Weiß|Stefan|S|', 'Scharf|Sigrid|S|']
D001317:Austria D003358:Cosmetics D004784:Environmental Monitoring D037741:Fullerenes D012722:Sewage D062065:Waste Water D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Fullerenes Austrian environment Cosmetics Sewage sludge Carrez-clarification LC-MS/MS Wastewater