Oligoasthenoteratospermia and sperm tail bending in PPP4C-deficient mice.
Protein phosphatase 4 (PPP4) is a protein phosphatase that, although highly expressed in the testis, currently has an unclear physiological role in this tissue. Here, we show that deletion of PPP4 catalytic subunit gene Ppp4c in the mouse causes male-specific infertility. Loss of PPP4C, when assessed by light microscopy, did not obviously affect many aspects of the morphology of spermatogenesis, including acrosome formation, nuclear condensation and elongation, mitochondrial sheaths arrangement and '9 + 2' flagellar structure assembly. However, the PPP4C mutant had sperm tail bending defects (head-bent-back), low sperm count, poor sperm motility and had cytoplasmic remnants attached to the middle piece of the tail. The cytoplasmic remnants were further investigated by transmission electron microscopy to reveal that a defect in cytoplasm removal appeared to play a significant role in the observed spermiogenesis failure and resulting male infertility. A lack of PPP4 during spermatogenesis causes defects that are reminiscent of oligoasthenoteratospermia (OAT), which is a common cause of male infertility in humans. Like the lack of functional PPP4 in the mouse model, OAT is characterized by abnormal sperm morphology, low sperm count and poor sperm motility. Although the causes of OAT are probably heterogeneous, including mutation of various genes and environmentally induced defects, the detailed molecular mechanism(s) has remained unclear. Our discovery that the PPP4C-deficient mouse model shares features with human OAT might offer a useful model for further studies of this currently poorly understood disorder.
['Han|F|F|', 'Dong|M Z|MZ|', 'Lei|W L|WL|', 'Xu|Z L|ZL|', 'Gao|F|F|', 'Schatten|H|H|', 'Wang|Z B|ZB|', 'Sun|X F|XF|', 'Sun|Q Y|QY|']
D000818:Animals D005260:Female D005306:Fertilization D005307:Fertilization in Vitro D007248:Infertility, Male D008297:Male D051379:Mice D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases D013076:Sperm Count D013081:Sperm Motility D013082:Sperm Tail D013091:Spermatogenesis
oligoasthenoteratospermia protein phosphatase 4 PPP4 PPP4C spermatogenesis cytoplasm removal spermiogenesis mouse model male fertility