Assessment of urinary volatile compounds and proteins in the female goat Capra hircus: A pilot study to reveal potential indicators of oestrus.
Urine samples of female goats in pro-oestrus, oestrus and post-oestrus phases were analysed for finding oestrus-specific volatile compounds using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and proteins using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Fourteen urinary volatile were identified covering all three phases among which four compounds, 1-Tetradecanol, n-Pentadecanol, 3-Methylene tridecane and 2-Ethyl-1-dodecene, were unique to oestrus. Also, oestrus urine contained a 25 kDa protein, which was totally absent in pro-oestrus urine, and less-expressed in post-oestrus urine. This protein revealed to be complement C3 fragment. This pilot study, for the first time, reveals the difference in urinary volatile compounds and proteins in the female goat during the different phases of oestrous cycle. The four unique volatile compounds and a 25 kDa protein that appeared as oestrus-specific in this study warrant further investigation to consider them as urinary biomarkers of oestrus in goats.
['Sankarganesh|D|D|', 'Ramachandran|R|R|', 'Suriyakalaa|U|U|', 'Ramesh Saravanakumar|V|V|', 'Archunan|G|G|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7094-0351', 'Akbarsha|M A|MA|', 'Achiraman|S|S|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6790-5205']
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence D000818:Animals D015415:Biomarkers D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel D004971:Estrus D005260:Female D006041:Goats D010865:Pilot Projects D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
volatiles urine biomarkers oestrus detection