Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes.
Magnesium (Mg2+) deficiency is probably the most underestimated electrolyte imbalance in Western countries. It is frequent in obese patients, subjects with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, both in adulthood and in childhood. This narrative review aims to offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Mg2+ deficiency with obesity and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Literature highlights critical issues about the treatment of Mg2+ deficiency, such as the lack of a clear definition of Mg2+ nutritional status, the use of different Mg2+ salts and dosage and the different duration of the Mg2+ supplementation. Despite the lack of agreement, an appropriate dietary pattern, including the right intake of Mg2+, improves metabolic syndrome by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This occurs through the modulation of gene expression and proteomic profile as well as through a positive influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of vitamins B1 and D.
['Piuri|Gabriele|G|', 'Zocchi|Monica|M|0000-0002-0728-6676', 'Della Porta|Matteo|M|0000-0002-1984-1614', 'Ficara|Valentina|V|', 'Manoni|Michele|M|0000-0002-9785-4031', 'Zuccotti|Gian Vincenzo|GV|0000-0002-2795-9874', 'Pinotti|Luciano|L|0000-0003-0337-9426', 'Maier|Jeanette A|JA|', 'Cazzola|Roberta|R|0000-0002-0778-8529']
D000328:Adult D002648:Child D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D019587:Dietary Supplements D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome D006801:Humans D008274:Magnesium D008275:Magnesium Deficiency D024821:Metabolic Syndrome D009765:Obesity D040901:Proteomics D013831:Thiamine D014807:Vitamin D
magnesium obesity metabolic syndrome type 2 diabetes gut microbiota magnesium deficiency magnesium supplementation vitamin D