Long-term toxicological effects of persistent luminescence nanoparticles after intravenous injection in mice.
The ZnGa1.995Cr0.005O4 persistent luminescence nanoparticles offer the promise of revolutionary tools for biological imaging with applications such as cell tracking or tumor detection. They can be re-excited through living tissues by visible photons, allowing observations without any time constraints and avoiding the undesirable auto-fluorescence signals observed when fluorescent probes are used. Despite all these advantages, their uses demand extensive toxicological evaluation and control. With this purpose, mice were injected with a single intravenous administration of hydroxylated or PEGylated persistent luminescence nanoparticles at different concentrations and then a set of standard tests were carried out 1day, 1 month and 6 months after the administration. High concentrations of hydroxylated nanoparticles generate structural alterations at histology level, endoplasmic reticulum damage and oxidative stress in liver, as well as rising in white blood cells counts. A mechanism involving the endoplasmic reticulum damage could be the responsible of the observed injuries in case of ZGO-OH. On the contrary, no toxicological effects related to PEGylated nanoprobes treatment were noted during our in vivo experiments, denoting the protective effect of PEG-functionalization and thereby, their potential as biocompatible in vivo diagnostic probes.
['Ramírez-García|Gonzalo|G|', 'Gutiérrez-Granados|Silvia|S|', 'Gallegos-Corona|Marco A|MA|', 'Palma-Tirado|Lourdes|L|', "d'Orlyé|Fanny|F|", 'Varenne|Anne|A|', 'Mignet|Nathalie|N|', 'Richard|Cyrille|C|', 'Martínez-Alfaro|Minerva|M|']
D000818:Animals D001772:Blood Cell Count D002857:Chromium D020552:Comet Assay D005708:Gallium D006900:Hydroxylation D007275:Injections, Intravenous D007668:Kidney D008099:Liver D049449:Luminescence D008168:Lung D008297:Male D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C D053758:Nanoparticles D009569:Nitric Oxide D010087:Oxides D011092:Polyethylene Glycols D013154:Spleen D015032:Zinc
Persistent luminescence nanoparticles nanoprobes PEG functionalization chronic toxicology optical imaging