Addressing the Antinomy Between Health Education and Health Literacy in Advancing Personal Health and Public Health Outcomes.
BACKGROUND
Health literacy evolved from a standard of English language proficiency designed to promote patient compliance into an inferential for promoting positive health decision-making and health outcomes. In turn, the United States relegated health literacy as a national strategy to improve personal health and health care outcomes as well as reduce national health care expenditures.


METHODS
We reviewed the literature to assess the empirical research about health literacy and health behavior and health status outcomes.


RESULTS
There is a paucity of empirical research supporting health literacy's capacity to improve personal health behavior or health outcomes. We submit that the process of acquiring scientifically valid health knowledge partnered with the skills for informed health decision-making as well as motivation to foster positive health behaviors and health outcomes is that of health education, and not that inferred by health literacy competency.


CONCLUSIONS
We recommend that comprehensive school health education serve as the standard for advancing personal health and health outcomes. We recommend that elementary, secondary, and higher education institutions be charged with the objective to provide comprehensive school health education intervention to advance personal health, community health, and concomitantly moderate national health care expenditures.
['Belcastro|Philip A|PA|0000-0002-0113-2086', 'Ramsaroop-Hansen|Hardaye|H|']
D015438:Health Behavior D006266:Health Education D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice D057220:Health Literacy D006293:Health Promotion D006801:Humans D011634:Public Health D012572:School Health Services D014481:United States
health literacy health outcomes school health education community health