3D printing for preoperative planning and surgical training: a review.
Surgeons typically rely on their past training and experiences as well as visual aids from medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) for the planning of surgical processes. Often, due to the anatomical complexity of the surgery site, two dimensional or virtual images are not sufficient to successfully convey the structural details. For such scenarios, a 3D printed model of the patient's anatomy enables personalized preoperative planning. This paper reviews critical aspects of 3D printing for preoperative planning and surgical training, starting with an overview of the process-flow and 3D printing techniques, followed by their applications spanning across multiple organ systems in the human body. State of the art in these technologies are described along with a discussion of current limitations and future opportunities.
['Ganguli|Anurup|A|', 'Pagan-Diaz|Gelson J|GJ|', 'Grant|Lauren|L|', 'Cvetkovic|Caroline|C|', 'Bramlet|Mathew|M|', 'Vozenilek|John|J|', 'Kesavadas|Thenkurussi|T|', 'Bashir|Rashid|R|']
D001842:Bone and Bones D001921:Brain D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures D002319:Cardiovascular System D003198:Computer Simulation D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass D006801:Humans D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging D008953:Models, Anatomic D009493:Neurosurgery D011300:Preoperative Care D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
3D printing Preoperative planning Surgical training Organ models Rapid prototyping