Spinal Cord Injury as a Model of Bone-Muscle Interactions: Therapeutic Implications From in vitro and in vivo Studies.
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) represent a variety of conditions related to the damage of the spinal cord with consequent musculoskeletal repercussions. The bone and muscle tissues share several catabolic pathways that lead to variable degrees of disability in SCI patients. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the available treatment options targeting the skeleton and the bone in the setting of SCI. Among the pharmacological intervention, bisphosphonates, anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibodies, hydrogen sulfide, parathyroid hormone, and RANKL pathway inhibitors represent valuable options for treating bone alterations. Loss phenomena at the level of the muscle can be counteracted with testosterone, anabolic-androgenic steroids, and selective androgen receptor modulators. Exercise and physical therapy are valuable strategies to increase bone and muscle mass. Nutritional interventions could enhance SCI treatment, particularly in the setting of synergistic and multidisciplinary interventions, but there are no specific guidelines available to date. The development of multidisciplinary recommendations is required for a proper clinical management of SCI patients.
['Invernizzi|Marco|M|', 'de Sire|Alessandro|A|', 'Renò|Filippo|F|', 'Cisari|Carlo|C|', 'Runza|Letterio|L|', 'Baricich|Alessio|A|', 'Carda|Stefano|S|', 'Fusco|Nicola|N|']
D000818:Animals D006801:Humans D066298:In Vitro Techniques D008954:Models, Biological D018482:Muscle, Skeletal D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases D010024:Osteoporosis D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries
spinal cord injury bone muscle bone loss osteoporosis rehabilitation sarcopenia