Food consumption, meat cooking methods and diet diversity and the risk of bladder cancer.
BACKGROUND
Since food metabolites are eliminated by the urinary tract, several studies have investigated the association between diet and bladder cancer risk. Recently, the World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) suggested a potential beneficial effect of some foods (mainly vegetables, fruit, and milk) in the development of bladder cancer. We investigated the association between food groups and bladder cancer risk, seeking insights into food diversity as well as meat cooking methods.


METHODS
Data were derived from an Italian multicentre case-control study, conducted between 2003 and 2014, including 690 bladder cancer cases and 665 frequency-matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for various dietary aspects were estimated by unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for energy intake and the major known risk factors for bladder cancer.


RESULTS
Comparing the highest versus the lowest quartiles, consumption of vegetables (OR = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.44-0.88) and milk/yogurt (OR = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.44-0.87) reduced the risk of bladder cancer. Conversely, consumption of meat increased bladder cancer risk with an OR of 1.57 (95%CI: 1.07-2.31), particularly when the meat was stewed (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.03-2.09) or roasted (OR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.00-1.99). There was a suggestion that a diversified diet reduced the risk of bladder cancer, but this was not significant.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study consolidates the role of diet in bladder cancer aetiology, showing a reduced risk for vegetable and milk/yogurt consumption and an increased risk for meat consumption, especially when the meat is stewed or roasted.
['Di Maso|Matteo|M|', 'Turati|Federica|F|', 'Bosetti|Cristina|C|', 'Montella|Maurizio|M|', 'Libra|Massimo|M|', 'Negri|Eva|E|', 'Ferraroni|Monica|M|', 'La Vecchia|Carlo|C|', 'Serraino|Diego|D|', 'Polesel|Jerry|J|']
D000368:Aged D000818:Animals D016022:Case-Control Studies D003296:Cooking D004032:Diet D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008297:Male D008460:Meat D008875:Middle Aged D012307:Risk Factors D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Meat cooking methods Diet diversity Bladder cancer Food groups Case–control study