Distribution of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance in Rattus norvegicus in the Netherlands according to Vkorc1 mutations.
BACKGROUND
Rodenticide resistance to anticoagulants in Rattus norvegicus will lead to increased difficulties in combating these pest animals. Here, the authors present the results of a survey in the Netherlands where tissue samples and droppings were tested using a newly developed TaqMan PCR test for genotypic variation at codon 139 in the Vkorc1 gene associated with anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. Test results are linked to results of a questionnaire that was conducted among pest controllers.


RESULTS
Genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in R. norvegicus can be encountered in many parts of the Netherlands. In 34/61 rat tails, a genotype was found that is linked to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance (56%). In droppings, 42/169 samples (25%) showed a resistance-mediating genotype. In addition, indications of a clear genetic substructure in the Netherlands were found. In some regions, only resistance-mediating genotypes were found, corroborating results from the questionnaire in which pest controllers indicated they suspected resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides.


CONCLUSION
This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of multiple genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in R. norvegicus in the Netherlands. As rodenticides should keep their efficacy because they are a last resort in rodent management, more studies are urgently needed that link specific genetic mutations to the efficacy of active substances.
['Meerburg|Bastiaan G|BG|', 'van Gent-Pelzer|Marga P E|MP|', 'Schoelitsz|Bruce|B|', 'Esther|Alexandra|A|', 'van der Lee|Theo A J|TA|']
D000818:Animals D000925:Anticoagulants D004351:Drug Resistance D005243:Feces D014644:Genetic Variation D009154:Mutation D009426:Netherlands D051381:Rats D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction D012375:Rodent Control D012378:Rodenticides D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases
rodenticide resistance genetic mutation rat anticoagulants, integrated pest management rodent control