Differences in Physicians' Verbal and Nonverbal Communication With Black and White Patients at the End of Life.
CONTEXT
Black patients are more likely than white patients to die in the intensive care unit with life-sustaining treatments. Differences in patient- and/or surrogate-provider communication may contribute to this phenomenon.


OBJECTIVES
To test whether hospital-based physicians use different verbal and/or nonverbal communication with black and white simulated patients and their surrogates.


METHODS
We conducted a randomized factorial trial of the relationship between patient race and physician communication using high-fidelity simulation. Using a combination of probabilistic and convenience sampling, we recruited 33 hospital-based physicians in western Pennsylvania who completed two encounters with prognostically similar, critically and terminally ill black and white elders with identical treatment preferences. We then conducted detailed content analysis of audio and video recordings of the encounters, coding verbal emotion-handling and shared decision-making behaviors, and nonverbal behaviors (time interacting with the patient and/or surrogate, with open vs. closed posture, and touching the patient and physical proximity). We used a paired t-test to compare each subjects' summed verbal and nonverbal communication scores with the black patient compared to the white patient.


RESULTS
Subject physicians' verbal communication scores did not differ by patient race (black vs. white: 8.4 vs. 8.4, P-value = 0.958). However, their nonverbal communication scores were significantly lower with the black patient than with the white patient (black vs. white: 2.7 vs. 2.9, P-value 0.014).


CONCLUSION
In this small regional sample, hospital-based physicians have similar verbal communication behaviors when discussing end-of-life care for otherwise similar black and white patients but exhibit significantly fewer positive, rapport-building nonverbal cues with black patients.
['Elliott|Andrea M|AM|', 'Alexander|Stewart C|SC|', 'Mescher|Craig A|CA|', 'Mohan|Deepika|D|', 'Barnato|Amber E|AE|']
D000328:Adult D001741:African Americans D003657:Decision Making D004644:Emotions D005260:Female D054625:Healthcare Disparities D006761:Hospitals D006801:Humans D008297:Male D009633:Nonverbal Communication D010414:Pennsylvania D010817:Physician-Patient Relations D010820:Physicians D011187:Posture D011578:Psycholinguistics D013060:Speech D013727:Terminal Care D013997:Time Factors D014741:Video Recording D044465:Whites
Communication race disparities provider behavior terminal care