Influence of probiotics on biofilm formation and diversity of bacteria colonising crop sorghum ensiled with unsalable vegetables.
The objective of this study was to characterise in situ digestion kinetics and bacterial colonisation of crop sorghum ensiled with unsalable carrot or pumpkin at 0, 20 or 40% dry matter (DM). Silages with or without the application of a commercial probiotic were incubated in situ for 0, 3, 6, 9, 24 and 48 h. Calculation of in situ digestion kinetics was conducted for DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre (aNDF). The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to determine the composition and diversity of bacteria colonising the silage. Organic matter and DM digestion kinetics indicated that greater vegetable inclusion increased (P < 0.05) the soluble fraction and effective degradability. Bacterial richness at 48 h incubation was greater (P = 0.02) in 20% carrot and 40% pumpkin treatments, compared with the control. An effect of level × probiotic was observed with increased Shannon diversity (P = 0.01) for 40% carrot and 20% pumpkin probiotic treatments, respectively. Primary colonising bacteria were members of the Prevotella genus, dominating after 3 and 6 h of incubation. The abundance of Prevotella increased by 4.1% at 3 h (P < 0.01) and by 4.7% at 9 h incubation with probiotics, compared with the control. Secondary biofilm colonisers included members of Treponema, Saccharofermentans, Fibrobacter, Ruminobacter and Anaerosporobacter genera, dominant from 9 h incubation onward. This study demonstrated that including unsalable vegetables at 20 or 40% DM increases the soluble fraction and effective degradability of sorghum silage during in situ digestion and increases diversity of bacteria colonising ensiled vegetables within the rumen. KEY POINTS: • Ensiling unsalable vegetables is a viable strategy to reduce food waste. • Ensiled vegetables increased in situ soluble fraction and effective degradability. • Bacterial richness at 48 h incubation improved with 20% carrot or 40% pumpkin. • Diversity of colonising rumen bacteria increased with carrot or pumpkin inclusion.
['Forwood|Daniel L|DL|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-6998', 'Bryce|Elizabeth K|EK|', 'Caro|Eleonora|E|', 'Holman|Devin B|DB|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-3732', 'Meale|Sarah J|SJ|https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-1186', 'Chaves|Alex V|AV|https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5065-7367']
D000818:Animals D001419:Bacteria D018441:Biofilms D004063:Digestion D005285:Fermentation D019936:Probiotics D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S D012037:Refuse Disposal D012417:Rumen D012820:Silage D045868:Sorghum D014675:Vegetables D003313:Zea mays
Probiotics Biofilm In situ technique Rumen bacterial community Unsalable vegetable silage