Doppler-Assessed Ureteric Jet Frequency: A Valuable Predictor of Ureteric Obstruction.
OBJECTIVES
To compare ureterovesical jet frequency in non-obstructed versus obstructed ureter secondary to ureteric stone using ultrasonography in patients presenting with ureteral stones.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional prospective study. Place of study and duration: Urology Department, The Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute from May 16 to November 15, 2019.


METHODS
This study included 97 patients having presented in the emergency department with acute renal colic and were diagnosed as having ureteral stones on a non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (NCCT). The ureteric jet frequency was measured by Doppler ultrasonography by our radiologist with the Hitachi Aloka F-37 ultrasound machine after they underwent CT. Patients were asked to drink 750-1000 ml of liquids 15-20 minutes before their ultrasonographic examination of both kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. The kidney size (length and width) and presence/absence of hydronephrosis were evaluated by grayscale ultrasound. Then, with the help of color Doppler ultrasonography, the frequency of the ureteric jet was recorded.


RESULTS
The patient's mean age was 46.66 ± 3.21 years ranging from 37 to 56 years. There were 58 (59.8%) male and 39 (40.2%) female cases. The mean cumulative stone size was 9.77 ± 2.65 mm. According to stone location, 44 (45.4%) cases had upper ureteric, 24 (24.7%) cases had mid ureteric, and 29 (29.9%) cases had lower ureteric stone. The mean obstructive side jet frequency was 0.70/min ± 0.49, and the non-obstructive side jet frequency was 2.89/min ± 1.29 (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The mean obstructive side jet frequency was 0.70 ± 0.49/min, which, if we compare to the non-obstructed normal ureter, is significantly less. Hence, color Doppler ultrasonography can be helpful to patients who were previously diagnosed with ureteral stones on NCCT to see if their stone has passed. This can be a very cost-effective modality especially in resource-poor countries where repeat CT can be very expensive. The results from this study can also be used in a specific population (i.e., pregnancy) where the use of imaging modalities that involve ionizing radiation is prohibited.
['Hassan|Waqar|W|', 'Sharif|Imran|I|', 'El Khalid|Salman|S|', 'Ellahibux|Kausar|K|', 'Sultan|Silmi|S|', 'Waqar|Asma|A|', 'Zohaib|Agha|A|', 'Yousuf|Fakhir|F|']
ureteric jet frequency ureteric stone hydronephrosis color doppler ultrasonography pregnancy