Impact of culture on autobiographical life structure in depression.
OBJECTIVES
Distortions in autobiographical memory have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Those with MDD demonstrate a 'depressogenic' autobiographical life structure. Research has not examined how culture influences this process. We investigated whether Malay individuals (members of an interdependent culture) with MDD demonstrated a 'depressogenic' autobiographical life structure similar to that of British individuals (members of an independent culture) with MDD.


DESIGN
A 2 (Culture; Malay, British) × 2 (Mood; depressed, control) cross-sectional design using a card sort task and self-report measures was used.


METHODS
Malay individuals with MDD or no history of MDD completed the life-structure card-sorting task, which provided a novel method for investigating organizational structure of the life narrative. These data were compared to previously collected data in which British individuals with MDD or without MDD had completed the same task within the same experimental protocol.


RESULTS
Pan-culturally those with MDD had greater negativity (i.e., used more negative attributes), negative redundancy (i.e., used the same negative attributes repeatedly across life chapters) and negative emodiversity (i.e., had greater variety and relative abundance of negative attributes), and reduced positive redundancy (i.e., used the same positive attributes repeatedly across chapters) in their structuring relative to controls. While the British MDD group had greater compartmentalization (i.e., the negative and positive attributes were clustered separately across different chapters) than British controls, the Malay MDD group had lower levels of compartmentalization than Malay controls.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest culture may shape aspects of the autobiographical life structure in MDD.


PRACTITIONER POINTS
The majority of the literature investigating depression pertains to individuals from European Western cultures, despite recognition that depression ranks as one of the most debilitating diseases worldwide. This raises questions as to whether current depression models and interventions can be applied universally or whether they are limited to European Western groups. The current study found that pan-culturally those with MDD had similar structuring of their life story relative to controls. However, there were some cultural differences that need to be considered (e.g., Malay individuals provided less detailed, less elaborate and less emotionally diverse life stories and while the British MDD group had greater compartmentalization than British controls, the Malay MDD group had lower levels of compartmentalization than Malay controls). Limitations of the study included group differences in gender and mood at the time of testing. Cultural differences in the number of attributes used may have influenced findings. Only the Malay group completed the individualism-collectivism measure.
['Jobson|Laura|L|http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-897X', 'Miskon|Nazleen|N|', 'Dalgleish|Tim|T|', 'Hitchcock|Caitlin|C|', 'Hill|Emma|E|', 'Golden|Ann-Marie|AM|', 'Zulkefly|Nor Sheereen|NS|', 'Mukhtar|Firdaus|F|']
D000328:Adult D003469:Culture D003865:Depressive Disorder, Major D005260:Female D006801:Humans D008297:Male D061212:Memory, Episodic D008875:Middle Aged
culture life structure depression autobiographical memory