Annual rhythms in adults' lifestyle and health (ARIA): protocol for a 12-month longitudinal study examining temporal patterns in weight, activity, diet, and wellbeing in Australian adults.
BACKGROUND
Almost one in three Australian adults are now obese, and the rate continues to rise. The causes of obesity are multifaceted and include environmental, cultural and lifestyle factors. Emerging evidence suggests there may be temporal patterns in weight gain related, for example, to season and major festivals such as Christmas, potentially due to changes in diet, daily activity patterns or both. The aim of this study is to track the annual rhythm in body weight, 24 h activity patterns, dietary patterns, and wellbeing in a cohort of Australian adults. In addition, through data linkage with a concurrent children's cohort study, we aim to examine whether changes in children's body mass index, activity and diet are related to those of their parents.


METHODS
A community-based sample of 375 parents aged 18 to 65 years old, residing in or near Adelaide, Australia, and who have access to a Bluetooth-enabled mobile device or a computer and home internet, will be recruited. Across a full year, daily activities (minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) will be measured using wrist-worn accelerometry (Fitbit Charge 3). Body weight will be measured daily using Fitbit wifi scales. Self-reported dietary intake (Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies V3.2), and psychological wellbeing (WHOQOL-BREF and DASS-21) will be assessed eight times throughout the 12-month period. Annual patterns in weight will be examined using Lowess curves. Associations between changes in weight and changes in activity and diet compositions will be examined using repeated measures multi-level models. The associations between parent's and children's weight, activity and diet will be investigated using multi-level models.


DISCUSSION
Temporal factors, such as day type (weekday or weekend day), cultural celebrations and season, may play a key role in weight gain. The aim is to identify critical opportunities for intervention to assist the prevention of weight gain. Family-based interventions may be an important intervention strategy.


TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12619001430123 . Prospectively registered on 16 October 2019.
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D000293:Adolescent D000328:Adult D000368:Aged D001315:Australia D001835:Body Weight D002648:Child D015331:Cohort Studies D004032:Diet D006801:Humans D008019:Life Style D008137:Longitudinal Studies D008875:Middle Aged D055815:Young Adult
Weight Diet Obesity Physical activity Sedentary behaviour Sleep Epidemiology Compositional data Overweight