Biological warfare
The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.
The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. One such technology, being developed by researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), employs a "sandwich immunoassay", in which fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies aimed at specific pathogens are attached to silver and gold nanowires.
In the Netherlands, the company TNO has designed Bioaerosol Single Particle Recognition eQuipment (BiosparQ). This system would be implemented into the national response plan for bioweapon attacks in the Netherlands.
Researchers at Ben Gurion University in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, essentially a "Lab-in-a-Pen", which can detect known biological agents in under 20 minutes using an adaptation of the ELISA, a similar widely employed immunological technique, that in this case incorporates fiber optics.

List of programs, projects and sites by country: 

United States: Fort Detrick, Maryland
U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (1943–69)
Building 470
One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
Operation Sea-Spray
Operation Whitecoat (1954–73)
U.S. entomological warfare program
Operation Big Itch
Operation Big Buzz
Operation Drop Kick
Operation May Day
Project Bacchus
Project Clear Vision
Project SHAD
Project 112
Horn Island Testing Station
Fort Terry
Granite Peak Installation
Vigo Ordnance Plant

United Kingdom: Porton Down
Gruinard Island
Nancekuke
Operation Vegetarian (1942–1944)
Open-air field tests:
Operation Harness off Antigua, 1948–1950.
Operation Cauldron off Stornoway, 1952.
Operation Hesperus off Stornoway, 1953.
Operation Ozone off Nassau, 1954.
Operation Negation off Nassau, 1954–5.

Soviet Union and Russia: Biopreparat (18 labs and production centers)
Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology, Stepnogorsk, northern Kazakhstan
Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations, Leningrad, a weaponized plague center
Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR), a weaponized smallpox center
Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Omutninsk
Kirov bioweapons production facility, Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Zagorsk smallpox production facility, Zagorsk
Berdsk bioweapons production facility, Berdsk
Bioweapons research facility, Obolensk
Sverdlovsk bioweapons production facility (Military Compound 19), Sverdlovsk, a weaponized anthrax center
Institute of Virus Preparations
Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services
Vozrozhdeniya
Project Bonfire
Project Factor

Japan: Unit 731
Zhongma Fortress
Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department

Iraq: Al Hakum
Salman Pak facility
Al Manal facility

South Africa: Project Coast
Delta G Scientific Company
Roodeplaat Research Laboratories
Protechnik

Rhodesia: 

Canada: Grosse Isle, Quebec, site (1939–45) of research into anthrax and other agents
DRDC Suffield, Suffield, Alberta

List of associated people: Bioweaponeers:

Includes scientists and administrators

Writers and activists:

In popular culture: 

See also: 

References: 

Further reading: 

External links: Biological weapons and international humanitarian law Archived 11 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, ICRC
WHO: Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons
"Biological Warfare". National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
USAMRIID (Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine)—U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases