As early as the first century C.E., apocryphal books, such as the “Book of Jubilees ” and the“ Common Rule ” of the Qumran sect, depicted the Devil as bargaining with God and yet subject to His will.
Gluži otrādi, viņš tajā ir saukts par Sātanu, kas nozīmē ” pretinieks ”, tā liekot saprast, ka šī persona īstenībā ir galvenais Dieva ienaidnieks. ( Ījaba 1: 6.)