Beginning in the eighth century C.E., Arabic - speaking scholars in various Middle Eastern cities translated and corrected scientific and philosophical texts stretching back to the times of Ptolemy and Aristotle.
Mulai abad kedelapan M, para cendekiawan berbahasa Arab di berbagai kota di Timur Tengah menerjemahkan dan mengoreksi beragam naskah ilmiah dan filsafat dari zaman Ptolemeus dan Aristoteles.