● Numerous ancient non - Christian writers ​ — including Jewish historian Josephus and Roman historian Tacitus — ​ testify that Jesus was executed as a criminal.
● Sejumlah penulis non - Kristen zaman dahulu ​ — termasuk sejarawan Yahudi Yosefus dan sejarawan Romawi Tacitus — ​ menyatakan bahwa Yesus dihukum mati sebagai seorang penjahat.