When a Roman juror took an oath, he held a stone in his hand and swore: “If I knowingly deceive, while he saves the city and citadel, may [the god] Jupiter cast me away from all that is good, as I do this stone. ” ​ — Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, by John McClintock and James Strong, Volume VII, page 260.
على سبيل المثال ،‏ كان اليونانيون في الازمنة القديمة يرفعون يدا نحو السماء او يلمسون مذبحا عند تأديتهم القسَم .‏