The ubiquitous flea can host tapeworms, encephalitis, tularemia, and even plague ​ — generally associated with the Black Death, which in just six years wiped out a third or more of the European population during the Middle Ages.
اما القَمْل ،‏ العُث ،‏ والقُراد فيمكن ان تنقل اشكالا مختلفة من التيفوس ،‏ بالاضافة الى امراض اخرى .‏