When a Roman juror took an oath, he held a stone in his hand and swore: “If I knowingly deceive, while he saves the city and citadel, may [the god] Jupiter cast me away from all that is good, as I do this stone. ” ​ — Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, by John McClintock and James Strong, Volume VII, page 260.
शपथ घेण्याच्या रीतीवरून हे सूचित होते, की मानवजातीला, आपल्याला पाहू शकणाऱ्‍या व आपण ज्यास जबाबदार आहोत अशा एका ईश्‍वरी शक्‍तीच्या अस्तित्वाची जाणीव आहे.