<sod>The name "Ku Klux Klan" began to be used by several independent groups. They had no connection with the second KKK, except they copied the terminology and costumes.  Beginning in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], began to resist social change and blacks' efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. There were so many bombings in Birmingham of blacks' homes by Klan groups in the 1950s that the city's nickname was "Bombingham".<ref name="McWhorter"/><eod>
<sod>The name "Ku Klux Klan" began to be used by several independent groups. They had no connection with the second KKK, except they copied the terminology and costumes.  Beginning in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], began to resist social change and blacks' efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. There were so many bombings in Birmingham of blacks' homes by Klan groups in the 1950s that the city's nickname was "[[Bombingham]]".<ref name="McWhorter"/><eod>