<sod>The reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was drafted on June 5, 1947. It offered the same aid to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc|its allies]], but they refused to accept it,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=14080&amid=14080|title=Historians and the Cold War|author=[[Geoffrey Roberts]]|work=[[History Today]]|date=December 2000|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cold War|series=''[[Very Short Introductions]]''|page=30|author=Robert J. McMahon|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2003-03-27}}</ref> as to do so would be to allow a degree of US control over the Communist economies.<ref>Volkogonov, Dmitri. ''Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy''. Forum, 1996, p.531.</ref> In fact, the Soviet Union even prevented its [[satellite states]] (i.e. East Germany, Poland, etc.) from accepting. Secretary Marshall became convinced that Stalin had absolutely no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe.<ref>Kaplan, Jacob J. 1999. Interview, the equivalent sum reflecting currency inflation since 1948 totalled roughly $148 billion. Inflation Calculator reflecting value of $13 billion in 2013-http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/</ref> The $13 billion was in the context of a US GDP of $258 billion in 1948, and was on top of $13 billion in American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan.<ref>Milward (1984) p. 46</ref> The Marshall Plan was replaced by the [[Mutual Security Act|Mutual Security Plan]] at the end of 1951; that new plan gave away about $7 billion annually until 1961 when it in turn was replaced by a new program.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Nicolaus|title=Winning the Peace: the Marshall Plan and America's Coming of Age as a Superpower|year=2008|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-09755-7|page=195}}</ref><eod>
<sod>The reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was drafted on June 5, 1947. It offered the same aid to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc|its allies]], but they refused to accept it,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=14080&amid=14080|title=Historians and the Cold War|author=[[Geoffrey Roberts]]|work=[[History Today]]|date=December 2000|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cold War|series=''[[Very Short Introductions]]''|page=30|author=Robert J. McMahon|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2003-03-27}}</ref> as to do so would be to allow a degree of US control over the Communist economies.<ref>Volkogonov, Dmitri. ''Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy''. Forum, 1996, p.531.</ref> In fact, the Soviet Union even prevented its [[satellite states]] (i.e. East Germany, Poland, etc.) from accepting. Secretary Marshall became convinced that Stalin had absolutely no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe.<ref>Kaplan, Jacob J. 1999. Interviewed by: W. Haven North. 22 March. Arlington, VA: Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, Foreign Assistance Series, p. 4. http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Kaplan,%20Jacob.toc.pdf</ref> President Harry Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3, 1948, granting $5 billion in aid to 16 European nations. During the four years that the plan was operational, US donated $13 billion in economic and technical assistance to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the [[Organization for European Economic Co-operation]]. In 2013, the equivalent sum reflecting currency inflation since 1948 totalled roughly $148 billion.<ref>Inflation Calculator reflecting value of $13 billion in 2013-http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/</ref> The $13 billion was in the context of a US GDP of $258 billion in 1948, and was on top of $13 billion in American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan.<ref>Milward (1984) p. 46</ref> The Marshall Plan was replaced by the [[Mutual Security Act|Mutual Security Plan]] at the end of 1951; that new plan gave away about $7 billion annually until 1961 when it in turn was replaced by a new program.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Nicolaus|title=Winning the Peace: the Marshall Plan and America's Coming of Age as a Superpower|year=2008|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-09755-7|page=195}}</ref><eod>