['< sod > knowledge of [ [ representation ( arts ) | representations ] ] ( metaphoric, metonymic, anthropomorphic ) illuminates the cultural attitude in the historiographies of the foreign cultures of the other, all created by the dominant culture, by way of the analytical discourses ( academic, geopolitical, military, etc. ) that surround the histories ( written and oral ) that explain the east to the west. the foreign cultures are that a supposedly superior ethnic - group thus deems important to independent study, and the aspects of the studied culture, either ignored or considered valuable knowledge, relies upon the judgement of the ethnic group in power. in the case of historiographies of the middle east, and in the oriental - studies field, before the late - nineteenth century, western european empires studied what [ [ oriental studies | orientalists ] ] said was the [ [ high culture ] ] of the middle east — the literature, language, and literary philology of the cultures comprised by the term [ [ the orient ] ]. < eod > < sod > the [ [ representation ( arts ) | representations ] ] of the other ( metaphoric, metonymic, anthropomorphic ) groups are manifestations of the western cultural attitudes inherent to the european international historiographies of the diverse non – european peoples labelled as “ the other ”. using analytical discourses ( academic, geopolitical, military, etc. ) the dominant culture means to explain the eastern world to the western world, using the binary social relationship of the european self confronting the non – european other. in the 19th - century historiographies of in the middle east, european [ [ oriental studies | orientalists ] ] studied only what they claimed was the [ [ high culture ] ] of the middle east as a region — the literature, language, and philology — rather than the individual cultures and of the contemporary societies comprised by the term [ [ the orient ] ]. < eod >']