<sod>'Cultural Marxism' in modern political parlance commonly refers to a conspiracy theory which sees the Frankfurt School as part of a contemporary movement within the [[political left]] to take over and destroy [[Western culture|Western society]].<ref name=JAMIN /><ref name=Berkowitz>Berkowitz, Bill (2003), "Reframing the Enemy: 'Cultural Marxism', a Conspiracy Theory with an Anti-Semitic Twist, Is Being Pushed by Much of the American Right." Intelligence Report. [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], Summer. http://web.archive.org/web/20040207095318/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=53&printable=1</ref><ref name=Richardson /> Originally the term had a far less common usage within [[Cultural Studies]] where it described [[The Frankfurt School|The Frankfurt School's]] objections to forms of culture they saw as having been mass-produced and imposed from above by a top-down [[Culture Industry]], which they claimed alienates people from developing a broader sense of their own cultural context and [[Marxian class theory|class interests]].<ref name="SCHROYER">{{cite book|last1=Schroyer|first1=Trent|title=The critique of domination : the origins and development of critical theory|date=1975|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=978-0807015230}}</ref><ref name="FRANKS">{{cite book|last1=Horkheimer|first1=Max|last2=Jephcott|first2=Theodor W. Adorno. Ed. by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr. Transl. by Edmund|title=Dialectic of enlightenment philosophical fragments|date=2002|publisher=Stanford Univ. Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=978-0804736336|pages=94|edition=[Nachdr.]|url=http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~randall/Readings%20W2/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Smith and Alexander">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Philip|last2=Alexander|first2=Jeffrey C.|title=The Strong Program in Cultural Sociology|url=http://ccs.yale.edu/strong-program|website=ccs.yale.edu|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> British theorists such as [[Richard Hoggart]] of [[the Birmingham School]] developed a [[working class]] sense of "British Cultural Marxism" which objected to the "[[The_Uses_of_Literacy#Massification_of_culture|massification]]" and de-localization of Culture, as having been enabled by tabloid newspapers, advertising, and the American movie industry.<ref name="HOGGART">{{cite book|last1=Hoggart|first1=Richard|title=The Uses of Literacy|date=1957|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-0765804211|page=260 - 268|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P3sywFksmrcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=The+Uses+of+Literacy&ots=OURl01gCaf&sig=teZD0LaRkwm_zgu_EnpFp1QdJUc#v=snippet&q=hollywood&f=false}}</ref> However, since the 1990s the term "Cultural Marxism" has been appropriated by the [[paleoconservative]] movement as part of an ongoing [[Culture war#1990s|Culture War]] in which the very theorists who were objecting to this mass commercialization of culture are seen as having staged an attack on [[Western culture|western society]], using [[multiculturalism]], [[progressive politics]] and [[political correctness]] as their methods.<ref name=Berkowitz /><ref name=Lind /><ref name=Weyrich /> This conspiracy theory version of the term is associated with American religious [[paleoconservatives]] such as [[William S. Lind]], [[Pat Buchanan]], and [[Paul Weyrich]] but also holds currency among [[alt-right]]/[[white nationalist]] groups and the [[Dark Enlightenment|neo-reactionary]] movement.<ref name=Weyrich>{{cite web|last1=Weyrich|first1=Paul|title=Letter to Conservatives by Paul M. Weyrich|url=https://www.nationalcenter.org/Weyrich299.html|website=Conservative Think Tank: "The National Center for Public Policy Research"|accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Richardson>{{cite book |editor1-last=Copsey |editor1-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=John E. |last=Richardson |first=John E. |title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism |chapter=‘Cultural-Marxism’ and the British National Party: a transnational discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name=WODAK>{{cite book|last1=Wodak|first1=ed. by Ruth|last2=KhosraviNik|first2=Majid|last3=Mral|first3=Brigitte|title=Right wing populism in Europe : politics and discourse|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|location=London|isbn=978-1780932453|pages=96, 97|edition=1st. publ. 2013.|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Wrw8gC8vCnUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA89&dq=British+nationalism+white+supremacy+and+%22Cultural+marxism%22&ots=QhoHmBHA8Z&sig=4cs7ghMa6a4P9Xi7b6Puv4r038g#v=onepage&q=Cultural%20Marxism&f=false|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref><eod>
<sod>'Cultural Marxism' in modern political parlance refers to a conspiracy theory which sees the Frankfurt School as part of a movement to take over and destroy [[Western culture|Western society]].<ref name=JAMIN /><ref name=Berkowitz>Berkowitz, Bill (2003), "Reframing the Enemy: 'Cultural Marxism', a Conspiracy Theory with an Anti-Semitic Twist, Is Being Pushed by Much of the American Right." Intelligence Report. [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], Summer. http://web.archive.org/web/20040207095318/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=53&printable=1</ref><ref name=Richardson /> Originally the term had a far more niche and informal usage within [[Cultural Studies]] where it described [[The Frankfurt School|The Frankfurt School's]] objections to forms of culture they saw as having been mass-produced and imposed by a top-down [[Culture Industry]], which they claim alienated the individual from developing a broader sense of their own cultural context and [[Marxian class theory|class interests]].<ref name="SCHROYER">{{cite book|last1=Schroyer|first1=Trent|title=The critique of domination : the origins and development of critical theory|date=1975|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=978-0807015230}}</ref><ref name="FRANKS">{{cite book|last1=Horkheimer|first1=Max|last2=Jephcott|first2=Theodor W. Adorno. Ed. by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr. Transl. by Edmund|title=Dialectic of enlightenment philosophical fragments|date=2002|publisher=Stanford Univ. Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=978-0804736336|pages=94|edition=[Nachdr.]|url=http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~randall/Readings%20W2/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Smith and Alexander">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Philip|last2=Alexander|first2=Jeffrey C.|title=The Strong Program in Cultural Sociology|url=http://ccs.yale.edu/strong-program|website=ccs.yale.edu|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> British theorists such as [[Richard Hoggart]] of [[the Birmingham School]] developed a [[working class]] sense of "British Cultural Marxism" which objected to the "[[The_Uses_of_Literacy#Massification_of_culture|massification]]" and de-localization of Culture, which he saw as having been enabled by tabloid newspapers, advertising, and the American movie industry.<ref name="HOGGART">{{cite book|last1=Hoggart|first1=Richard|title=The Uses of Literacy|date=1957|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-0765804211|page=260 - 268|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P3sywFksmrcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=The+Uses+of+Literacy&ots=OURl01gCaf&sig=teZD0LaRkwm_zgu_EnpFp1QdJUc#v=snippet&q=hollywood&f=false}}</ref> However, since the 1990s the term "Cultural Marxism" has been appropriated by [[paleoconservatives]] as part of an ongoing [[Culture war#1990s|Culture War]] in which the very theorists who were objecting to this mass commercialization of culture are cast as having staged an attack on [[Western culture]], using [[multiculturalism]], [[progressive politics]] and [[political correctness]] as their methods.<ref name=Berkowitz /><ref name=Lind /><ref name=Weyrich /> This conspiracy theory version of the term is associated with American religious [[paleoconservatives]] such as [[William S. Lind]], [[Pat Buchanan]], and [[Paul Weyrich]] but also holds currency among [[alt-right]]/[[white nationalist]] groups and the [[Dark Enlightenment|neo-reactionary]] movement.<ref name=Weyrich>{{cite web|last1=Weyrich|first1=Paul|title=Letter to Conservatives by Paul M. Weyrich|url=https://www.nationalcenter.org/Weyrich299.html|website=Conservative Think Tank: "The National Center for Public Policy Research"|accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Richardson>{{cite book |editor1-last=Copsey |editor1-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=John E. |last=Richardson |first=John E. |title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism |chapter=‘Cultural-Marxism’ and the British National Party: a transnational discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name=WODAK>{{cite book|last1=Wodak|first1=ed. by Ruth|last2=KhosraviNik|first2=Majid|last3=Mral|first3=Brigitte|title=Right wing populism in Europe : politics and discourse|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|location=London|isbn=978-1780932453|pages=96, 97|edition=1st. publ. 2013.|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Wrw8gC8vCnUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA89&dq=British+nationalism+white+supremacy+and+%22Cultural+marxism%22&ots=QhoHmBHA8Z&sig=4cs7ghMa6a4P9Xi7b6Puv4r038g#v=onepage&q=Cultural%20Marxism&f=false|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref><eod>