<sod>For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century under a [[Mamluk dynasty of Iraq|Mamluk]] government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by [[Ali Rıza Pasha (governor of Baghdad)|Ali Rıza Pasha]] in 1831. From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by [[Mehmed Namık Pasha]].<ref>Cetinsaya, Gokhan. ''Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908''. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.</ref> The [[Nuttall Encyclopedia]] reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000. Baghdad was also home to a substantial [[Iraqi Jews|Jewish]] community, which comprised a quarter of the city's population.<ref name="GhareebDougherty2004">{{cite book|author1=Edmund A. Ghareeb|author2=Beth Dougherty|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RIB5qT9sGnwC&pg=PA125|date=18 March 2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6568-6|page=125|quote=Jews represented 2.5 percent of 'Iraq's population and 25 percent of Baghdad's.}}</ref><eod>
<sod>For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century under a [[Mamluk dynasty of Iraq|Mamluk]] government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by [[Ali Rıza Pasha (governor of Baghdad)|Ali Rıza Pasha]] in 1831. From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by [[Mehmed Namık Pasha]].<ref>Cetinsaya, Gokhan. ''Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908''. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.</ref> The [[Nuttall Encyclopedia]] reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.<eod>