<sod>Romance languages have borrowed heavily, though mostly from other Romance languages. However, some, such as Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and French, have borrowed heavily from other language groups. Vulgar Latin borrowed first from indigenous languages of the Roman empire, and during the [[Migration Period|Germanic folk movements]], from [[Germanic languages]], especially Gothic. Notable examples are *''blancus'' "white", replacing native ''albus'' (but Romansh ''alv'', Dalmatian ''jualb'', Romanian ''alb''); *''guerra'' "war", replacing native ''bellum''; and the words for the [[cardinal directions]], where [[cognate]]s of English "north", "south", "east" and "west" replaced the native words ''septentriō'', ''merīdiēs'' (also "noon; midday nap"; cf. Romanian ''meriză''), ''oriens'', and ''occidens''. (See [[History of French#The Franks|History of French – The Franks]].) Some [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] words were incorporated into the core vocabulary, partly for words with no Latin equivalent (''betulla'' "birch", ''camisia'' "shirt", ''cerevisia'' "beer"), but in some cases replacing Latin vocabulary (''gladius'' "sword", replacing ''ensis''; ''cambiāre'' "to exchange", replacing ''mūtāre'' except in Romanian and Portuguese; ''carrus'' "cart", replacing ''currus''; ''pettia'' "piece", largely displacing ''pars'' (later resurrected) and eliminating ''frustum''). Many Greek loans also entered the lexicon, e.g. ''spatha'' "sword" (Greek: {{lang|gr|σπάθη}} ''spáthē'',<ref>{{LSJ|spa/qh|σπάθη|ref}}.</ref><ref>Harper, Douglas. "[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=spatha spatha]". Online Etymology Dictionary.</ref> replacing ''gladius'' which shifted to "iris", cf. French ''épée'', Spanish ''espada'', Italian ''spada ''and Romanian ''spată''); ''cara'' "face" (Greek: κάρα ''kára'',<ref>{{LSJ|ka/ra1|κάρα|shortref}}.</ref> partly replacing ''faciēs''); ''colpe'' "blow" (Greek: κόλαφος ''kólaphos'',<ref>{{LSJ|ko/lafos|κόλαφος|shortref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|coup}}</ref> replacing ''ictus'', cf. Spanish ''golpe'', French ''coup''); ''cata'' "each" (Greek: {{lang|gr|κατά}} ''katá'',<ref>{{LSJ|kata/1|κατά|shortref}}.</ref> replacing ''quisque''); common suffixes *''-ijāre/-izāre'' (Greek: {{lang|gr|-ίζειν}} ''-izein'',<ref>{{OEtymD|-ize}}.</ref> French ''oyer/-iser'', Spanish ''-ear/-izar'', Italian ''-eggiare/-izzare'', etc.), ''-ista'' (Greek: {{lang|gr|-ιστής}} ''-istes''<ref>{{OEtymD|-ist}}</ref>).<ref>Wolf Dietrich, “Griechisch und Romanisch”, ''Lexikon der romanistischen Linguistik'', vol 7: ''Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie'', eds. Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin & Christian Schmitt (Tübingen: Max Nieymeyer, 1998), 121-34:123-4.</ref><eod>
<sod>Romance languages have borrowed heavily, though mostly from other Romance languages. However, some, such as Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and French, have borrowed heavily from other language groups. Vulgar Latin borrowed first from indigenous languages of the Roman empire, and during the [[Migration Period|Germanic folk movements]], from [[Germanic languages]], especially Gothic. Notable examples are *''blancus'' "white", replacing native ''albus'' (but Romansh ''alv'', Dalmatian ''jualb'', Romanian ''alb''); *''guerra'' "war", replacing native ''bellum''; and the words for the [[cardinal directions]], where [[cognate]]s of English "north", "south", "east" and "west" replaced the native words ''septentriō'', ''merīdiēs'' (also "noon; midday nap"; cf. Romanian ''meriză''), ''oriens'', and ''occidens''. (See [[History of French#The Franks|History of French – The Franks]].) Some [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] words were incorporated into the core vocabulary, partly for words with no Latin equivalent (''betulla'' "birch", ''camisia'' "shirt", ''cerevisia'' "beer"), but in some cases replacing Latin vocabulary (''gladius'' "sword", replacing ''ensis''; ''cambiāre'' "to exchange", replacing ''mūtāre'' except in Romanian and Portuguese; ''carrus'' "cart", replacing ''currus''; ''pettia'' "piece", largely displacing ''pars'' (later resurrected) and eliminating ''frustum''). Many Greek loans also entered the lexicon, e.g. ''spatha'' "sword" (Greek: {{lang|gr|σπάθη}} ''spáthē'',<ref>{{LSJ|spa/qh|σπάθη|ref}}.</ref><ref>Harper, Douglas. "[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=spatha spatha]". Online Etymology Dictionary.</ref> replacing ''gladius'' which shifted to "iris", cf. French ''épée'', Spanish ''espada'', Italian ''spada ''and Romanian ''spată''); ''cara'' "face" (Greek: κάρα ''kára'',<ref>{{LSJ|ka/ra1|κάρα|shortref}}.</ref> partly replacing ''faciēs''); ''colpe'' "blow" (Greek: κόλαφος ''kólaphos'',<ref>{{LSJ|ko/lafos|κόλαφος|shortref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|coup}}</ref> replacing ''ictus'', cf. Spanish ''golpe'', French ''coup''); ''cata'' "each" (Greek: {{lang|gr|κατά}} ''katá'',<ref>{{LSJ|kata/1|κατά|shortref}}.</ref> replacing ''quisque''); common suffixes *''-ijāre/-izāre'' (Greek: {{lang|gr|-ίζειν}} ''-izein'',<ref>{{OEtymD|-ize}}.</ref> French ''oyer/-iser'', Spanish ''-ear/-izar'', Italian ''-eggiare/-izzare'', etc.), ''-ista'' (Greek: {{lang|gr|-ιστής}} ''-istes''<ref>{{OEtymD|-ist}}</ref>).<ref>Wolf Dietrich, “Griechisch und Romanisch”, ''Lexikon der romanistischen Linguistik'', vol 7: ''Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie'', eds. Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin & Christian Schmitt (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1998), 121-34:123-4.</ref><eod>