<sod>In [[Vladimir Putin]]'s second term as president there was a drop of 36 places in only one year. An equally pessimistic picture emerges from the estimates of the average size of bribes which has substantially increased over the last five years. For example, according to the Interior Ministry’s Department for Combating Economic Crimes, the average bribe amounted to 9,000 Rubles in 2008; 23,000 Rubles in 2009; 61,000 rubles in 2010; and 236,000 rubles in 2011. In other words, the average bribe in 2011 was 26 times greater than the average bribe in 2008, many times the inflation rate for the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icss.ac.ru/macro/index_year.php?id=6 |title=Основные макроэкономические показатели |publisher=Icss.ac.ru |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> According to [[Sergei Ivanov]], the Kremlin chief of staff, the most corrupt spheres in Russia (in terms of household corruption) are healthcare, education,<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Loyalty as Rent: Corruption and Politicization of Russian Universities. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(3/4), pp. 153-167.]</ref> housing and communal services.<ref>May 2008 – December 2011, Deputy prime minister of Russia, since December 2011, the head of Russian Presidential Administration</ref> In comparison, independent experts from ''RBC magazine'' name law-enforcement agencies (including the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate) as the most corrupt sphere in Russia, which is followed by healthcare, education, housing and communal services, and social security services.<ref>{{cite web|author=Автор статьи: Максим Легуенко, Екатерина Трофимова |url=http://magazine.rbc.ru/2012/01/25/trends/562949982589258.shtml |title=Взятки в России: кто, где, сколько и можно ли с этим бороться? :: Деловой журнал :: РБК daily |publisher=Magazine.rbc.ru |date=2014-06-17 |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> At the government level, however, the five top areas for corruption are as follows: Government contracts and purchases; Issuance of permits and certificates; Law-enforcement agencies; Land distribution and land relations; Construction.<eod>
<sod>A notable worsening of this ranking for Russia – from 90th place to 126th – occurred at the beginning of [[Vladimir Putin]]'s second term as president; a drop of 36 places in only one year. An equally pessimistic picture emerges from the estimates of the average size of bribes which has substantially increased over the last five years. For example, according to the Interior Ministry’s Department for Combating Economic Crimes, the average bribe amounted to 9,000 Rubles in 2008; 23,000 Rubles in 2009; 61,000 rubles in 2010; and 236,000 rubles in 2011. In other words, the average bribe in 2011 was 26 times greater than the average bribe in 2008, many times the inflation rate for the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icss.ac.ru/macro/index_year.php?id=6 |title=Основные макроэкономические показатели |publisher=Icss.ac.ru |date=1997-07-26 |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> According to [[Sergei Ivanov]], the Kremlin chief of staff, the most corrupt spheres in Russia (in terms of household corruption) are healthcare, education,<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Loyalty as Rent: Corruption and Politicization of Russian Universities. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(3/4), pp. 153-167.]</ref> housing and communal services.<ref>May 2008 – December 2011, Deputy prime minister of Russia, since December 2011, the head of Russian Presidential Administration</ref> In comparison, independent experts from ''RBC magazine'' name law-enforcement agencies (including the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate) as the most corrupt sphere in Russia, which is followed by healthcare, education, housing and communal services, and social security services.<ref>{{cite web|author=Автор статьи: Максим Легуенко, Екатерина Трофимова |url=http://magazine.rbc.ru/2012/01/25/trends/562949982589258.shtml |title=Взятки в России: кто, где, сколько и можно ли с этим бороться? :: Деловой журнал :: РБК daily |publisher=Magazine.rbc.ru |date=2014-06-17 |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> At the government level, however, the five top areas for corruption are as follows: Government contracts and purchases; Issuance of permits and certificates; Law-enforcement agencies; Land distribution and land relations; Construction.<eod>