text:
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Supreme Court of the United States
Filed: May 18th, 1896
Precedential Status: Precedential
Citations: 163 U.S. 537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256, 1896 U.S. LEXIS 3390
Docket Number: 210
Supreme Court Database ID: 1895-271
Author: Henry Billings Brown

163 U.S. 537 (1896)
PLESSY
v.
FERGUSON.

No. 210.
Supreme Court of United States.

Argued April 13, 1896.
Decided May 18, 1896.
ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA.
*540 Mr. A.W. Tourgee and Mr. S.F. Phillips for plaintiff in error. Mr. F.D. McKenney was on Mr. Phillips's brief.

Mr. James C. Walker filed a brief for plaintiff in error.

Mr. Alexander Porter Morse for defendant in error. Mr. M.J. Cunningham, Attorney General of the State of Louisiana, and Mr. Lional Adams were on his brief.

MR. JUSTICE BROWN, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

This case turns upon the constitutionality of an act of the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, passed in 1890, providing for separate railway carriages for the white and colored races. Acts 1890, No. 111, p. 152.

The first section of the statute enacts "that all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this State, shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations: Provided, That this section shall not be construed to apply to street railroads. No person or persons, shall be admitted to occupy seats in coaches, other than, the ones, assigned, to them on account of the race they belong to."

By the second section it was enacted "that the officers of such passenger trains shall have power and are hereby required *541 to assign each passenger to the coach or compartment used for the race to which such passenger belongs; any passenger insisting on going into a coach or compartment to which by race he does not belong, shall be liable to a fine of twenty-five dollars, or in lieu thereof to imprisonment for a period of not more than twenty days in the parish prison, and any officer of any railroad insisting on assigning a passenger to a coach or compartment other than the one set aside for the race to which said passenger belongs, shall be liable to a fine of twenty-five dollars, or in lieu thereof to imprisonment for a period of not more than twenty days in the parish prison; and should any passenger refuse to occupy the coach or compartment to which he or she is assigned by the officer of such railway, said officer shall have power to refuse to carry such passenger on his train, and for such refusal neither he nor the railway company which he represents shall be liable for damages in any of the courts of this State."

The third section provides penalties for the refusal or neglect of the officers, directors, conductors and employés of railway companies to comply with the act, with a proviso that "nothing in this act shall be construed as applying to nurses attending children of the other race." The fourth section is immaterial.

The information filed in the criminal District Court charged in substance that Plessy, being a passenger between two stations within the State of Louisiana, was assigned by officers of the company to the coach used for the race to which he belonged, but he insisted upon going into a coach used by the race to which he did not belong. Neither in the information nor plea was his particular race or color averred.

The petition for the writ of prohibition averred that petitioner was seven eighths Caucasian and one eighth African blood; that the mixture of colored blood was not discernible in him, and that he was entitled to every right, privilege and immunity secured to citizens of the United States of the white race; and that, upon such theory, he took possession of a vacant seat in a coach where passengers of the white race were accommodated, and was ordered by the conductor to vacate *542 said coach and take a seat in another assigned to persons of the colored race, and having refused to comply with such demand he was forcibly ejected with the aid of a police officer, and imprisoned in the parish jail to answer a charge of having violated the above act.

The constitutionality of this act is attacked upon the ground that it conflicts both with the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution, abolishing slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibits certain restrictive legislation on the part of the States.

1. That it does not conflict with the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, is too clear for argument. Slavery implies involuntary servitude — a state of bondage; the ownership of mankind as a chattel, or at least the control of the labor and services of one man for the benefit of another, and the absence of a legal right to the disposal of his own person, property and services. This amendment was said in the Slaughter-house cases, 16 Wall. 36, to have been intended primarily to abolish slavery, as it had been previously known in this country, and that it equally forbade Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie trade, when they amounted to slavery or involuntary servitude, and that the use of the word "servitude" was intended to prohibit the use of all forms of involuntary slavery, of whatever class or name. It was intimated, however, in that case that this amendment was regarded by the statesmen of that day as insufficient to protect the colored race from certain laws which had been enacted in the Southern States, imposing upon the colored race onerous disabilities and burdens, and curtailing their rights in the pursuit of life, liberty and property to such an extent that their freedom was of little value; and that the Fourteenth Amendment was devised to meet this exigency.

So, too, in the Civil Rights cases, 109 U.S. 3, 24, it was said that the act of a mere individual, the owner of an inn, a public conveyance or place of amusement, refusing accommodations to colored people, cannot be justly regarded as imposing any badge of slavery or servitude upon the applicant, but *543 only as involving an ordinary civil injury, properly cognizable by the laws of the State, and presumably subject to redress by those laws until the contrary appears. "It would be running the slavery argument into the ground," said Mr. Justice Bradley, "to make it apply to every act of discrimination which a person may see fit to make as to the guests he will entertain, or as to the people he will take into his coach or cab or car, or admit to his concert or theatre, or deal with in other matters of intercourse or business."

A statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races — a distinction which is founded in the color of the two races, and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color — has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races, or reëstablish a state of involuntary servitude. Indeed, we do not understand that the Thirteenth Amendment is strenuously relied upon by the plaintiff in error in this connection.

2. By the Fourteenth Amendment, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are made citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside; and the States are forbidden from making or enforcing any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or deny to any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

The proper construction of this amendment was first called to the attention of this court in the Slaughter-house cases, 16 Wall. 36, which involved, however, not a question of race, but one of exclusive privileges. The case did not call for any expression of opinion as to the exact rights it was intended to secure to the colored race, but it was said generally that its main purpose was to establish the citizenship of the negro; to give definitions of citizenship of the United States and of the States, and to protect from the hostile legislation of the States the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, as distinguished from those of citizens of the States.

*544 The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power. The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced.

One of the earliest of these cases is that of Roberts v. City of Boston, 5 Cush. 198, in which the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held that the general school committee of Boston had power to make provision for the instruction of colored children in separate schools established exclusively for them, and to prohibit their attendance upon the other schools. "The great principle," said Chief Justice Shaw, p. 206, "advanced by the learned and eloquent advocate for the plaintiff," (Mr. Charles Sumner,) "is, that by the constitution and laws of Massachusetts, all persons without distinction of age or sex, birth or color, origin or condition, are equal before the law... . But, when this great principle comes to be applied to the actual and various conditions of persons in society, it will not warrant the assertion, that men and women are legally clothed with the same civil and political powers, and that children and adults are legally to have the same functions and be subject to the same treatment; but only that the rights of all, as they are settled and regulated by law, are equally entitled to the paternal consideration and protection of the law for their maintenance and security." It was held that the powers of the committee extended to the establishment *545 of separate schools for children of different ages, sexes and colors, and that they might also establish special schools for poor and neglected children, who have become too old to attend the primary school, and yet have not acquired the rudiments of learning, to enable them to enter the ordinary schools. Similar laws have been enacted by Congress under its general power of legislation over the District of Columbia, Rev. Stat. D.C. §§ 281, 282, 283, 310, 319, as well as by the legislatures of many of the States, and have been generally, if not uniformly, sustained by the courts. State v. McCann, 21 Ohio St. 198; Lehew v. Brummell, 15 S.W. Rep. 765; Ward v. Flood, 48 California, 36; Bertonneau v. School Directors, 3 Woods, 177; People v. Gallagher, 93 N.Y. 438; Cory v. Carter, 48 Indiana, 327; Dawson v. Lee, 83 Kentucky, 49.

Laws forbidding the intermarriage of the two races may be said in a technical sense to interfere with the freedom of contract, and yet have been universally recognized as within the police power of the State. State v. Gibson, 36 Indiana, 389.

The distinction between laws interfering with the political equality of the negro and those requiring the separation of the two races in schools, theatres and railway carriages has been frequently drawn by this court. Thus in Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303, it was held that a law of West Virginia limiting to white male persons, 21 years of age and citizens of the State, the right to sit upon juries, was a discrimination which implied a legal inferiority in civil society, which lessened the security of the right of the colored race, and was a step toward reducing them to a condition of servility. Indeed, the right of a colored man that, in the selection of jurors to pass upon his life, liberty and property, there shall be no exclusion of his race, and no discrimination against them because of color, has been asserted in a number of cases. Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313; Neal v. Delaware, 103 U.S. 370; Bush v. Kentucky, 107 U.S. 110; Gibson v. Mississippi, 162 U.S. 565. So, where the laws of a particular locality or the charter of a particular railway corporation has provided that no person shall be excluded from the cars on account of *546 color, we have held that this meant that persons of color should travel in the same car as white ones, and that the enactment was not satisfied by the company's providing cars assigned exclusively to people of color, though they were as good as those which they assigned exclusively to white persons. Railroad Company v. Brown, 17 Wall. 445.

Upon the other hand, where a statute of Louisiana required those engaged in the transportation of passengers among the States to give to all persons travelling within that State, upon vessels employed in that business, equal rights and privileges in all parts of the vessel, without distinction on account of race or color, and subjected to an action for damages the owner of such a vessel, who excluded colored passengers on account of their color from the cabin set aside by him for the use of whites, it was held to be so far as it applied to interstate commerce, unconstitutional and void. Hall v. De Cuir, 95 U.S. 485. The court in this case, however, expressly disclaimed that it had anything whatever to do with the statute as a regulation of internal commerce, or affecting anything else than commerce among the States.

In the Civil Rights case, 109 U.S. 3, it was held that an act of Congress, entitling all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities and privileges of inns, public conveyances, on land or water, theatres and other places of public amusement, and made applicable to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude, was unconstitutional and void, upon the ground that the Fourteenth Amendment was prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it was not direct legislation on matters respecting which the States were prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but was corrective legislation, such as might be necessary or proper for counteracting and redressing the effect of such laws or acts. In delivering the opinion of the court Mr. Justice Bradley observed that the Fourteenth Amendment "does not invest Congress with power to legislate upon subjects that are within the *547 domain of state legislation; but to provide modes of relief against state legislation, or state action, of the kind referred to. It does not authorize Congress to create a code of municipal law for the regulation of private rights; but to provide modes of redress against the operation of state laws, and the action of state officers, executive or judicial, when these are subversive of the fundamental rights specified in the amendment. Positive rights and privileges are undoubtedly secured by the Fourteenth Amendment; but they are secured by way of prohibition against state laws and state proceedings affecting those rights and privileges, and by power given to Congress to legislate for the purpose of carrying such prohibition into effect; and such legislation must necessarily be predicated upon such supposed state laws or state proceedings, and be directed to the correction of their operation and effect."

Much nearer, and, indeed, almost directly in point, is the case of the Louisville, New Orleans &c. Railway v. Mississippi, 133 U.S. 587, wherein the railway company was indicted for a violation of a statute of Mississippi, enacting that all railroads carrying passengers should provide equal, but separate, accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger cars by a partition, so as to secure separate accommodations. The case was presented in a different aspect from the one under consideration, inasmuch as it was an indictment against the railway company for failing to provide the separate accommodations, but the question considered was the constitutionality of the law. In that case, the Supreme Court of Mississippi, 66 Mississippi, 662, had held that the statute applied solely to commerce within the State, and, that being the construction of the state statute by its highest court, was accepted as conclusive. "If it be a matter," said the court, p. 591, "respecting commerce wholly within a State, and not interfering with commerce between the States, then, obviously, there is no violation of the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution... . No question arises under this section, as to the power of the State to separate in different compartments interstate passengers, *548 or affect, in any manner, the privileges and rights of such passengers. All that we can consider is, whether the State has the power to require that railroad trains within her limits shall have separate accommodations for the two races; that affecting only commerce within the State is no invasion of the power given to Congress by the commerce clause."

A like course of reasoning applies to the case under consideration, since the Supreme Court of Louisiana in the case of the State ex rel. Abbott v. Hicks, Judge, et al., 44 La. Ann. 770, held that the statute in question did not apply to interstate passengers, but was confined in its application to passengers travelling exclusively within the borders of the State. The case was decided largely upon the authority of Railway Co. v. State, 66 Mississippi, 662, and affirmed by this court in 133 U.S. 587. In the present case no question of interference with interstate commerce can possibly arise, since the East Louisiana Railway appears to have been purely a local line, with both its termini within the State of Louisiana. Similar statutes for the separation of the two races upon public conveyances were held to be constitutional in West Chester &c. Railroad v. Miles, 55 Penn. St. 209; Day v. Owen, 5 Michigan, 520; Chicago &c. Railway v. Williams, 55 Illinois, 185; Chesapeake &c. Railroad v. Wells, 85 Tennessee, 613; Memphis &c. Railroad v. Benson, 85 Tennessee, 627; The Sue, 22 Fed. Rep. 843; Logwood v. Memphis &c. Railroad, 23 Fed. Rep. 318; McGuinn v. Forbes, 37 Fed. Rep. 639; People v. King, 18 N.E. Rep. 245; Houck v. South Pac. Railway, 38 Fed. Rep. 226; Heard v. Georgia Railroad Co., 3 Int. Com. Com'n, 111; S.C., 1 Ibid. 428.

While we think the enforced separation of the races, as applied to the internal commerce of the State, neither abridges the privileges or immunities of the colored man, deprives him of his property without due process of law, nor denies him the equal protection of the laws, within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment, we are not prepared to say that the conductor, in assigning passengers to the coaches according to their race, does not act at his peril, or that the provision of the second section of the act, that denies to the passenger compensation *549 in damages for a refusal to receive him into the coach in which he properly belongs, is a valid exercise of the legislative power. Indeed, we understand it to be conceded by the State's attorney, that such part of the act as exempts from liability the railway company and its officers is unconstitutional. The power to assign to a particular coach obviously implies the power to determine to which race the passenger belongs, as well as the power to determine who, under the laws of the particular State, is to be deemed a white, and who a colored person. This question, though indicated in the brief of the plaintiff in error, does not properly arise upon the record in this case, since the only issue made is as to the unconstitutionality of the act, so far as it requires the railway to provide separate accommodations, and the conductor to assign passengers according to their race.

It is claimed by the plaintiff in error that, in any mixed community, the reputation of belonging to the dominant race, in this instance the white race, is property, in the same sense that a right of action, or of inheritance, is property. Conceding this to be so, for the purposes of this case, we are unable to see how this statute deprives him of, or in any way affects his right to, such property. If he be a white man and assigned to a colored coach, he may have his action for damages against the company for being deprived of his so called property. Upon the other hand, if he be a colored man and be so assigned, he has been deprived of no property, since he is not lawfully entitled to the reputation of being a white man.

In this connection, it is also suggested by the learned counsel for the plaintiff in error that the same argument that will justify the state legislature in requiring railways to provide separate accommodations for the two races will also authorize them to require separate cars to be provided for people whose hair is of a certain color, or who are aliens, or who belong to certain nationalities, or to enact laws requiring colored people to walk upon one side of the street, and white people upon the other, or requiring white men's houses to be painted white, and colored men's black, or their vehicles or business signs to be of different colors, upon the theory that one side *550 of the street is as good as the other, or that a house or vehicle of one color is as good as one of another color. The reply to all this is that every exercise of the police power must be reasonable, and extend only to such laws as are enacted in good faith for the promotion for the public good, and not for the annoyance or oppression of a particular class. Thus in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, it was held by this court that a municipal ordinance of the city of San Francisco, to regulate the carrying on of public laundries within the limits of the municipality, violated the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, if it conferred upon the municipal authorities arbitrary power, at their own will, and without regard to discretion, in the legal sense of the term, to give or withhold consent as to persons or places, without regard to the competency of the persons applying, or the propriety of the places selected for the carrying on of the business. It was held to be a covert attempt on the part of the municipality to make an arbitrary and unjust discrimination against the Chinese race. While this was the case of a municipal ordinance, a like principle has been held to apply to acts of a state legislature passed in the exercise of the police power. Railroad Company v. Husen, 95 U.S. 465; Louisville & Nashville Railroad v. Kentucky, 161 U.S. 677, and cases cited on p. 700; Daggett v. Hudson, 43 Ohio St. 548; Capen v. Foster, 12 Pick. 485; State ex rel. Wood v. Baker, 38 Wisconsin, 71; Monroe v. Collins, 17 Ohio St. 665; Hulseman v. Rems, 41 Penn. St. 396; Orman v. Riley, 15 California, 48.

So far, then, as a conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment is concerned, the case reduces itself to the question whether the statute of Louisiana is a reasonable regulation, and with respect to this there must necessarily be a large discretion on the part of the legislature. In determining the question of reasonableness it is at liberty to act with reference to the established usages, customs and traditions of the people, and with a view to the promotion of their comfort, and the preservation of the public peace and good order. Gauged by this standard, we cannot say that a law which authorizes or even requires the separation of the two races in public conveyances *551 is unreasonable, or more obnoxious to the Fourteenth Amendment than the acts of Congress requiring separate schools for colored children in the District of Columbia, the constitutionality of which does not seem to have been questioned, or the corresponding acts of state legislatures.

We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it. The argument necessarily assumes that if, as has been more than once the case, and is not unlikely to be so again, the colored race should become the dominant power in the state legislature, and should enact a law in precisely similar terms, it would thereby relegate the white race to an inferior position. We imagine that the white race, at least, would not acquiesce in this assumption. The argument also assumes that social prejudices may be overcome by legislation, and that equal rights cannot be secured to the negro except by an enforced commingling of the two races. We cannot accept this proposition. If the two races are to meet upon terms of social equality, it must be the result of natural affinities, a mutual appreciation of each other's merits and a voluntary consent of individuals. As was said by the Court of Appeals of New York in People v. Gallagher, 93 N.Y. 438, 448, "this end can neither be accomplished nor promoted by laws which conflict with the general sentiment of the community upon whom they are designed to operate. When the government, therefore, has secured to each of its citizens equal rights before the law and equal opportunities for improvement and progress, it has accomplished the end for which it was organized and performed all of the functions respecting social advantages with which it is endowed." Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical differences, and the attempt to do so can only result in accentuating the difficulties of the present situation. If the civil and political rights of both races be equal one cannot be inferior to the other civilly *552 or politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane.

It is true that the question of the proportion of colored blood necessary to constitute a colored person, as distinguished from a white person, is one upon which there is a difference of opinion in the different States, some holding that any visible admixture of black blood stamps the person as belonging to the colored race, (State v. Chavers, 5 Jones, [N.C.] 1, p. 11); others that it depends upon the preponderance of blood, (Gray v. State, 4 Ohio, 354; Monroe v. Collins, 17 Ohio St. 665); and still others that the predominance of white blood must only be in the proportion of three fourths. (People v. Dean, 14 Michigan, 406; Jones v. Commonwealth, 80 Virginia, 538.) But these are questions to be determined under the laws of each State and are not properly put in issue in this case. Under the allegations of his petition it may undoubtedly become a question of importance whether, under the laws of Louisiana, the petitioner belongs to the white or colored race.

The judgment of the court below is, therefore,

Affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE HARLAN dissenting.

By the Louisiana statute, the validity of which is here involved, all railway companies (other than street railroad companies) carrying passengers in that State are required to have separate but equal accommodations for white and colored persons, "by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations." Under this statute, no colored person is permitted to occupy a seat in a coach assigned to white persons; nor any white person, to occupy a seat in a coach assigned to colored persons. The managers of the railroad are not allowed to exercise any discretion in the premises, but are required to assign each passenger to some coach or compartment set apart for the exclusive use of his race. If a passenger insists upon going into a coach or compartment not set apart for persons of his race, *553 he is subject to be fined, or to be imprisoned in the parish jail. Penalties are prescribed for the refusal or neglect of the officers, directors, conductors and employés of railroad companies to comply with the provisions of the act.

Only "nurses attending children of the other race" are excepted from the operation of the statute. No exception is made of colored attendants travelling with adults. A white man is not permitted to have his colored servant with him in the same coach, even if his condition of health requires the constant, personal assistance of such servant. If a colored maid insists upon riding in the same coach with a white woman whom she has been employed to serve, and who may need her personal attention while travelling, she is subject to be fined or imprisoned for such an exhibition of zeal in the discharge of duty.

While there may be in Louisiana persons of different races who are not citizens of the United States, the words in the act, "white and colored races," necessarily include all citizens of the United States of both races residing in that State. So that we have before us a state enactment that compels, under penalties, the separation of the two races in railroad passenger coaches, and makes it a crime for a citizen of either race to enter a coach that has been assigned to citizens of the other race.

Thus the State regulates the use of a public highway by citizens of the United States solely upon the basis of race.

However apparent the injustice of such legislation may be, we have only to consider whether it is consistent with the Constitution of the United States.

That a railroad is a public highway, and that the corporation which owns or operates it is in the exercise of public functions, is not, at this day, to be disputed. Mr. Justice Nelson, speaking for this court in New Jersey Steam Navigation Co. v. Merchants' Bank, 6 How. 344, 382, said that a common carrier was in the exercise "of a sort of public office, and has public duties to perform, from which he should not be permitted to exonerate himself without the assent of the parties concerned." Mr. Justice Strong, delivering the judgment of *554 this court in Olcott v. The Supervisors, 16 Wall. 678, 694, said: "That railroads, though constructed by private corporations and owned by them, are public highways, has been the doctrine of nearly all the courts ever since such conveniences for passage and transportation have had any existence. Very early the question arose whether a State's right of eminent domain could be exercised by a private corporation created for the purpose of constructing a railroad. Clearly it could not, unless taking land for such a purpose by such an agency is taking land for public use. The right of eminent domain nowhere justifies taking property for a private use. Yet it is a doctrine universally accepted that a state legislature may authorize a private corporation to take land for the construction of such a road, making compensation to the owner. What else does this doctrine mean if not that building a railroad, though it be built by a private corporation, is an act done for a public use?" So, in Township of Pine Grove v. Talcott, 19 Wall. 666, 676: "Though the corporation [a railroad company] was private, its work was public, as much so as if it were to be constructed by the State." So, in Inhabitants of Worcester v. Western Railroad Corporation, 4 Met. 564: "The establishment of that great thoroughfare is regarded as a public work, established by public authority, intended for the public use and benefit, the use of which is secured to the whole community, and constitutes, therefore, like a canal, turnpike or highway, a public easement." It is true that the real and personal property, necessary to the establishment and management of the railroad, is vested in the corporation; but it is in trust for the public."

In respect of civil rights, common to all citizens, the Constitution of the United States does not, I think, permit any public authority to know the race of those entitled to be protected in the enjoyment of such rights. Every true man has pride of race, and under appropriate circumstances when the rights of others, his equals before the law, are not to be affected, it is his privilege to express such pride and to take such action based upon it as to him seems proper. But I deny that any legislative body or judicial tribunal may have regard to the *555 race of citizens when the civil rights of those citizens are involved. Indeed, such legislation, as that here in question, is inconsistent not only with that equality of rights which pertains to citizenship, National and State, but with the personal liberty enjoyed by every one within the United States.

The Thirteenth Amendment does not permit the withholding or the deprivation of any right necessarily inhering in freedom. It not only struck down the institution of slavery as previously existing in the United States, but it prevents the imposition of any burdens or disabilities that constitute badges of slavery or servitude. It decreed universal civil freedom in this country. This court has so adjudged. But that amendment having been found inadequate to the protection of the rights of those who had been in slavery, it was followed by the Fourteenth Amendment, which added greatly to the dignity and glory of American citizenship, and to the security of personal liberty, by declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside," and that "no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." These two amendments, if enforced according to their true intent and meaning, will protect all the civil rights that pertain to freedom and citizenship. Finally, and to the end that no citizen should be denied, on account of his race, the privilege of participating in the political control of his country, it was declared by the Fifteenth Amendment that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude."

These notable additions to the fundamental law were welcomed by the friends of liberty throughout the world. They removed the race line from our governmental systems. They had, as this court has said, a common purpose, namely, to secure "to a race recently emancipated, a race that through *556 many generations have been held in slavery, all the civil rights that the superior race enjoy." They declared, in legal effect, this court has further said, "that the law in the States shall be the same for the black as for the white; that all persons, whether colored or white, shall stand equal before the laws of the States, and, in regard to the colored race, for whose protection the amendment was primarily designed, that no discrimination shall be made against them by law because of their color." We also said: "The words of the amendment, it is true, are prohibitory, but they contain a necessary implication of a positive immunity, or right, most valuable to the colored race — the right to exemption from unfriendly legislation against them distinctively as colored — exemption from legal discriminations, implying inferiority in civil society, lessening the security of their enjoyment of the rights which others enjoy, and discriminations which are steps towards reducing them to the condition of a subject race." It was, consequently, adjudged that a state law that excluded citizens of the colored race from juries, because of their race and however well qualified in other respects to discharge the duties of jurymen, was repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment. Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303, 306, 307; Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313; Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339; Neal v. Delaware, 103 U.S. 370, 386; Bush v. Kentucky, 107 U.S. 110, 116. At the present term, referring to the previous adjudications, this court declared that "underlying all of those decisions is the principle that the Constitution of the United States, in its present form, forbids, so far as civil and political rights are concerned, discrimination by the General Government or the States against any citizen because of his race. All citizens are equal before the law." Gibson v. Mississippi, 162 U.S. 565.

The decisions referred to show the scope of the recent amendments of the Constitution. They also show that it is not within the power of a State to prohibit colored citizens, because of their race, from participating as jurors in the administration of justice.

It was said in argument that the statute of Louisiana does *557 not discriminate against either race, but prescribes a rule applicable alike to white and colored citizens. But this argument does not meet the difficulty. Every one knows that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose, not so much to exclude white persons from railroad cars occupied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons. Railroad corporations of Louisiana did not make discrimination among whites in the matter of accommodation for travellers. The thing to accomplish was, under the guise of giving equal accommodation for whites and blacks, to compel the latter to keep to themselves while travelling in railroad passenger coaches. No one would be so wanting in candor as to assert the contrary. The fundamental objection, therefore, to the statute is that it interferes with the personal freedom of citizens. "Personal liberty," it has been well said, "consists in the power of locomotion, of changing situation, or removing one's person to whatsoever places one's own inclination may direct, without imprisonment or restraint, unless by due course of law." 1 Bl. Com. *134. If a white man and a black man choose to occupy the same public conveyance on a public highway, it is their right to do so, and no government, proceeding alone on grounds of race, can prevent it without infringing the personal liberty of each.

It is one thing for railroad carriers to furnish, or to be required by law to furnish, equal accommodations for all whom they are under a legal duty to carry. It is quite another thing for government to forbid citizens of the white and black races from travelling in the same public conveyance, and to punish officers of railroad companies for permitting persons of the two races to occupy the same passenger coach. If a State can prescribe, as a rule of civil conduct, that whites and blacks shall not travel as passengers in the same railroad coach, why may it not so regulate the use of the streets of its cities and towns as to compel white citizens to keep on one side of a street and black citizens to keep on the other? Why may it not, upon like grounds, punish whites and blacks who ride together in street cars or in open vehicles on a public road *558 or street? Why may it not require sheriffs to assign whites to one side of a court-room and blacks to the other? And why may it not also prohibit the commingling of the two races in the galleries of legislative halls or in public assemblages convened for the consideration of the political questions of the day? Further, if this statute of Louisiana is consistent with the personal liberty of citizens, why may not the State require the separation in railroad coaches of native and naturalized citizens of the United States, or of Protestants and Roman Catholics?

The answer given at the argument to these questions was that regulations of the kind they suggest would be unreasonable, and could not, therefore, stand before the law. Is it meant that the determination of questions of legislative power depends upon the inquiry whether the statute whose validity is questioned is, in the judgment of the courts, a reasonable one, taking all the circumstances into consideration? A statute may be unreasonable merely because a sound public policy forbade its enactment. But I do not understand that the courts have anything to do with the policy or expediency of legislation. A statute may be valid, and yet, upon grounds of public policy, may well be characterized as unreasonable. Mr. Sedgwick correctly states the rule when he says that the legislative intention being clearly ascertained, "the courts have no other duty to perform than to execute the legislative will, without any regard to their views as to the wisdom or justice of the particular enactment." Stat. & Const. Constr. 324. There is a dangerous tendency in these latter days to enlarge the functions of the courts, by means of judicial interference with the will of the people as expressed by the legislature. Our institutions have the distinguishing characteristic that the three departments of government are coördinate and separate. Each must keep within the limits defined by the Constitution. And the courts best discharge their duty by executing the will of the law-making power, constitutionally expressed, leaving the results of legislation to be dealt with by the people through their representatives. Statutes must always have a reasonable construction. Sometimes they are to be construed strictly; sometimes, liberally, in order to carry out the legislative *559 will. But however construed, the intent of the legislature is to be respected, if the particular statute in question is valid, although the courts, looking at the public interests, may conceive the statute to be both unreasonable and impolitic. If the power exists to enact a statute, that ends the matter so far as the courts are concerned. The adjudged cases in which statutes have been held to be void, because unreasonable, are those in which the means employed by the legislature were not at all germane to the end to which the legislature was competent.

The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth and in power. So, I doubt not, it will continue to be for all time, if it remains true to its great heritage and holds fast to the principles of constitutional liberty. But in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved. It is, therefore, to be regretted that this high tribunal, the final expositor of the fundamental law of the land, has reached the conclusion that it is competent for a State to regulate the enjoyment by citizens of their civil rights solely upon the basis of race.

In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case. It was adjudged in that case that the descendants of Africans who were imported into this country and sold as slaves were not included nor intended to be included under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and could not claim any of the rights and privileges which that instrument provided for and secured to citizens of the United States; that at the time of the adoption of the Constitution they were "considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant *560 race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the government might choose to grant them." 19 How. 393, 404. The recent amendments of the Constitution, it was supposed, had eradicated these principles from our institutions. But it seems that we have yet, in some of the States, a dominant race — a superior class of citizens, which assumes to regulate the enjoyment of civil rights, common to all citizens, upon the basis of race. The present decision, it may well be apprehended, will not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible, by means of state enactments, to defeat the beneficent purposes which the people of the United States had in view when they adopted the recent amendments of the Constitution, by one of which the blacks of this country were made citizens of the United States and of the States in which they respectively reside, and whose privileges and immunities, as citizens, the States are forbidden to abridge. Sixty millions of whites are in no danger from the presence here of eight millions of blacks. The destinies of the two races, in this country, are indissolubly linked together, and the interests of both require that the common government of all shall not permit the seeds of race hate to be planted under the sanction of law. What can more certainly arouse race hate, what more certainly create and perpetuate a feeling of distrust between these races, than state enactments, which, in fact, proceed on the ground that colored citizens are so inferior and degraded that they cannot be allowed to sit in public coaches occupied by white citizens? That, as all will admit, is the real meaning of such legislation as was enacted in Louisiana.

The sure guarantee of the peace and security of each race is the clear, distinct, unconditional recognition by our governments, National and State, of every right that inheres in civil freedom, and of the equality before the law of all citizens of the United States without regard to race. State enactments, regulating the enjoyment of civil rights, upon the basis of race, and cunningly devised to defeat legitimate results of the *561 war, under the pretence of recognizing equality of rights, can have no other result than to render permanent peace impossible, and to keep alive a conflict of races, the continuance of which must do harm to all concerned. This question is not met by the suggestion that social equality cannot exist between the white and black races in this country. That argument, if it can be properly regarded as one, is scarcely worthy of consideration; for social equality no more exists between two races when travelling in a passenger coach or a public highway than when members of the same races sit by each other in a street car or in the jury box, or stand or sit with each other in a political assembly, or when they use in common the streets of a city or town, or when they are in the same room for the purpose of having their names placed on the registry of voters, or when they approach the ballot-box in order to exercise the high privilege of voting.

There is a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to the Chinese race. But by the statute in question, a Chinaman can ride in the same passenger coach with white citizens of the United States, while citizens of the black race in Louisiana, many of whom, perhaps, risked their lives for the preservation of the Union, who are entitled, by law, to participate in the political control of the State and nation, who are not excluded, by law or by reason of their race, from public stations of any kind, and who have all the legal rights that belong to white citizens, are yet declared to be criminals, liable to imprisonment, if they ride in a public coach occupied by citizens of the white race. It is scarcely just to say that a colored citizen should not object to occupying a public coach assigned to his own race. He does not object, nor, perhaps, would he object to separate coaches for his race, if his rights under the law were recognized. But he objects, and ought never to cease objecting to the proposition, that citizens of the white and black races can be adjudged criminals because they sit, or claim the right to sit, in the same public coach on a public highway.

*562 The arbitrary separation of citizens, on the basis of race, while they are on a public highway, is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and the equality before the law established by the Constitution. It cannot be justified upon any legal grounds.

If evils will result from the commingling of the two races upon public highways established for the benefit of all, they will be infinitely less than those that will surely come from state legislation regulating the enjoyment of civil rights upon the basis of race. We boast of the freedom enjoyed by our people above all other peoples. But it is difficult to reconcile that boast with a state of the law which, practically, puts the brand of servitude and degradation upon a large class of our fellow-citizens, our equals before the law. The thin disguise of "equal" accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead any one, nor atone for the wrong this day done.

The result of the whole matter is, that while this court has frequently adjudged, and at the present term has recognized the doctrine, that a State cannot, consistently with the Constitution of the United States, prevent white and black citizens, having the required qualifications for jury service, from sitting in the same jury box, it is now solemnly held that a State may prohibit white and black citizens from sitting in the same passenger coach on a public highway, or may require that they be separated by a "partition," when in the same passenger coach. May it not now be reasonably expected that astute men of the dominant race, who affect to be disturbed at the possibility that the integrity of the white race may be corrupted, or that its supremacy will be imperilled, by contact on public highways with black people, will endeavor to procure statutes requiring white and black jurors to be separated in the jury box by a "partition," and that, upon retiring from the court room to consult as to their verdict, such partition, if it be a moveable one, shall be taken to their consultation room, and set up in such way as to prevent black jurors from coming too close to their brother jurors of the white race. If the "partition" used in the court room happens to be stationary, provision could be made for screens with openings through *563 which jurors of the two races could confer as to their verdict without coming into personal contact with each other. I cannot see but that, according to the principles this day announced, such state legislation, although conceived in hostility to, and enacted for the purpose of humiliating citizens of the United States of a particular race, would be held to be consistent with the Constitution.

I do not deem it necessary to review the decisions of state courts to which reference was made in argument. Some, and the most important, of them are wholly inapplicable, because rendered prior to the adoption of the last amendments of the Constitution, when colored people had very few rights which the dominant race felt obliged to respect. Others were made at a time when public opinion, in many localities, was dominated by the institution of slavery; when it would not have been safe to do justice to the black man; and when, so far as the rights of blacks were concerned, race prejudice was, practically, the supreme law of the land. Those decisions cannot be guides in the era introduced by the recent amendments of the supreme law, which established universal civil freedom, gave citizenship to all born or naturalized in the United States and residing here, obliterated the race line from our systems of governments, National and State, and placed our free institutions upon the broad and sure foundation of the equality of all men before the law.

I am of opinion that the statute of Louisiana is inconsistent with the personal liberty of citizens, white and black, in that State, and hostile to both the spirit and letter of the Constitution of the United States. If laws of like character should be enacted in the several States of the Union, the effect would be in the highest degree mischievous. Slavery, as an institution tolerated by law would, it is true, have disappeared from our country, but there would remain a power in the States, by sinister legislation, to interfere with the full enjoyment of the blessings of freedom; to regulate civil rights, common to all citizens, upon the basis of race; and to place in a condition of legal inferiority a large body of American citizens, now constituting a part of the political community called the *564 People of the United States, for whom, and by whom through representatives, our government is administered. Such a system is inconsistent with the guarantee given by the Constitution to each State of a republican form of government, and may be stricken down by Congressional action, or by the courts in the discharge of their solemn duty to maintain the supreme law of the land, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

For the reasons stated, I am constrained to withhold my assent from the opinion and judgment of the majority.

MR. JUSTICE BREWER did not hear the argument or participate in the decision of this case.

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text: his

text: own

text: person

text: property

text: and

text: services

text: This

text: amendment

text: was

text: said

text: in

text: the

text: Slaughter

text: house

text: cases

text: Wall

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: intended

text: primarily

text: to

text: abolish

text: slavery

text: as

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: previously

text: known

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: equally

text: forbade

text: Mexican

text: peonage

text: or

text: the

text: Chinese

text: coolie

text: trade

text: when

text: they

text: amounted

text: to

text: slavery

text: or

text: involuntary

text: servitude

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: servitude

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: prohibit

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: involuntary

text: slavery

text: of

text: whatever

text: class

text: or

text: name

text: It

text: was

text: intimated

text: however

text: in

text: that

text: case

text: that

text: this

text: amendment

text: was

text: regarded

text: by

text: the

text: statesmen

text: of

text: that

text: day

text: as

text: insufficient

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: from

text: certain

text: laws

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: enacted

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: States

text: imposing

text: upon

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: onerous

text: disabilities

text: and

text: burdens

text: and

text: curtailing

text: their

text: rights

text: in

text: the

text: pursuit

text: of

text: life

text: liberty

text: and

text: property

text: to

text: such

text: an

text: extent

text: that

text: their

text: freedom

text: was

text: of

text: little

text: value

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: was

text: devised

text: to

text: meet

text: this

text: exigency

text: So

text: too

text: in

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: cases

text: U

text: S

text: it

text: was

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: a

text: mere

text: individual

text: the

text: owner

text: of

text: an

text: inn

text: a

text: public

text: conveyance

text: or

text: place

text: of

text: amusement

text: refusing

text: accommodations

text: to

text: colored

text: people

text: cannot

text: be

text: justly

text: regarded

text: as

text: imposing

text: any

text: badge

text: of

text: slavery

text: or

text: servitude

text: upon

text: the

text: applicant

text: but

text: only

text: as

text: involving

text: an

text: ordinary

text: civil

text: injury

text: properly

text: cognizable

text: by

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: and

text: presumably

text: subject

text: to

text: redress

text: by

text: those

text: laws

text: until

text: the

text: contrary

text: appears

text: It

text: would

text: be

text: running

text: the

text: slavery

text: argument

text: into

text: the

text: ground

text: said

text: Mr

text: Justice

text: Bradley

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: apply

text: to

text: every

text: act

text: of

text: discrimination

text: which

text: a

text: person

text: may

text: see

text: fit

text: to

text: make

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: guests

text: he

text: will

text: entertain

text: or

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: people

text: he

text: will

text: take

text: into

text: his

text: coach

text: or

text: cab

text: or

text: car

text: or

text: admit

text: to

text: his

text: concert

text: or

text: theatre

text: or

text: deal

text: with

text: in

text: other

text: matters

text: of

text: intercourse

text: or

text: business

text: A

text: statute

text: which

text: implies

text: merely

text: a

text: legal

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: races

text: a

text: distinction

text: which

text: is

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: and

text: which

text: must

text: always

text: exist

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: white

text: men

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: race

text: by

text: color

text: has

text: no

text: tendency

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: legal

text: equality

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: or

text: reëstablish

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: involuntary

text: servitude

text: Indeed

text: we

text: do

text: not

text: understand

text: that

text: the

text: Thirteenth

text: Amendment

text: is

text: strenuously

text: relied

text: upon

text: by

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: in

text: error

text: in

text: this

text: connection

text: By

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: all

text: persons

text: born

text: or

text: naturalized

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: thereof

text: are

text: made

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: wherein

text: they

text: reside

text: and

text: the

text: States

text: are

text: forbidden

text: from

text: making

text: or

text: enforcing

text: any

text: law

text: which

text: shall

text: abridge

text: the

text: privileges

text: or

text: immunities

text: of

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: or

text: shall

text: deprive

text: any

text: person

text: of

text: life

text: liberty

text: or

text: property

text: without

text: due

text: process

text: of

text: law

text: or

text: deny

text: to

text: any

text: person

text: within

text: their

text: jurisdiction

text: the

text: equal

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: The

text: proper

text: construction

text: of

text: this

text: amendment

text: was

text: first

text: called

text: to

text: the

text: attention

text: of

text: this

text: court

text: in

text: the

text: Slaughter

text: house

text: cases

text: Wall

text: which

text: involved

text: however

text: not

text: a

text: question

text: of

text: race

text: but

text: one

text: of

text: exclusive

text: privileges

text: The

text: case

text: did

text: not

text: call

text: for

text: any

text: expression

text: of

text: opinion

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: exact

text: rights

text: it

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: secure

text: to

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: said

text: generally

text: that

text: its

text: main

text: purpose

text: was

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: citizenship

text: of

text: the

text: negro

text: to

text: give

text: definitions

text: of

text: citizenship

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: and

text: to

text: protect

text: from

text: the

text: hostile

text: legislation

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: the

text: privileges

text: and

text: immunities

text: of

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: The

text: object

text: of

text: the

text: amendment

text: was

text: undoubtedly

text: to

text: enforce

text: the

text: absolute

text: equality

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: things

text: it

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: intended

text: to

text: abolish

text: distinctions

text: based

text: upon

text: color

text: or

text: to

text: enforce

text: social

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: political

text: equality

text: or

text: a

text: commingling

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: upon

text: terms

text: unsatisfactory

text: to

text: either

text: Laws

text: permitting

text: and

text: even

text: requiring

text: their

text: separation

text: in

text: places

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: liable

text: to

text: be

text: brought

text: into

text: contact

text: do

text: not

text: necessarily

text: imply

text: the

text: inferiority

text: of

text: either

text: race

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: generally

text: if

text: not

text: universally

text: recognized

text: as

text: within

text: the

text: competency

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: legislatures

text: in

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: their

text: police

text: power

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: instance

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: connected

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: separate

text: schools

text: for

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: children

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: valid

text: exercise

text: of

text: the

text: legislative

text: power

text: even

text: by

text: courts

text: of

text: States

text: where

text: the

text: political

text: rights

text: of

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: have

text: been

text: longest

text: and

text: most

text: earnestly

text: enforced

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: of

text: these

text: cases

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: Roberts

text: v

text: City

text: of

text: Boston

text: Cush

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Judicial

text: Court

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: general

text: school

text: committee

text: of

text: Boston

text: had

text: power

text: to

text: make

text: provision

text: for

text: the

text: instruction

text: of

text: colored

text: children

text: in

text: separate

text: schools

text: established

text: exclusively

text: for

text: them

text: and

text: to

text: prohibit

text: their

text: attendance

text: upon

text: the

text: other

text: schools

text: The

text: great

text: principle

text: said

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: Shaw

text: p

text: advanced

text: by

text: the

text: learned

text: and

text: eloquent

text: advocate

text: for

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: Mr

text: Charles

text: Sumner

text: is

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: constitution

text: and

text: laws

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: all

text: persons

text: without

text: distinction

text: of

text: age

text: or

text: sex

text: birth

text: or

text: color

text: origin

text: or

text: condition

text: are

text: equal

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: But

text: when

text: this

text: great

text: principle

text: comes

text: to

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: actual

text: and

text: various

text: conditions

text: of

text: persons

text: in

text: society

text: it

text: will

text: not

text: warrant

text: the

text: assertion

text: that

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: legally

text: clothed

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: civil

text: and

text: political

text: powers

text: and

text: that

text: children

text: and

text: adults

text: are

text: legally

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: functions

text: and

text: be

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: treatment

text: but

text: only

text: that

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: all

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: settled

text: and

text: regulated

text: by

text: law

text: are

text: equally

text: entitled

text: to

text: the

text: paternal

text: consideration

text: and

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: for

text: their

text: maintenance

text: and

text: security

text: It

text: was

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: the

text: committee

text: extended

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: separate

text: schools

text: for

text: children

text: of

text: different

text: ages

text: sexes

text: and

text: colors

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: might

text: also

text: establish

text: special

text: schools

text: for

text: poor

text: and

text: neglected

text: children

text: who

text: have

text: become

text: too

text: old

text: to

text: attend

text: the

text: primary

text: school

text: and

text: yet

text: have

text: not

text: acquired

text: the

text: rudiments

text: of

text: learning

text: to

text: enable

text: them

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: ordinary

text: schools

text: Similar

text: laws

text: have

text: been

text: enacted

text: by

text: Congress

text: under

text: its

text: general

text: power

text: of

text: legislation

text: over

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: Rev

text: Stat

text: D

text: C

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: the

text: legislatures

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: generally

text: if

text: not

text: uniformly

text: sustained

text: by

text: the

text: courts

text: State

text: v

text: McCann

text: Ohio

text: St

text: Lehew

text: v

text: Brummell

text: S

text: W

text: Rep

text: Ward

text: v

text: Flood

text: California

text: Bertonneau

text: v

text: School

text: Directors

text: Woods

text: People

text: v

text: Gallagher

text: N

text: Y

text: Cory

text: v

text: Carter

text: Indiana

text: Dawson

text: v

text: Lee

text: Kentucky

text: Laws

text: forbidding

text: the

text: intermarriage

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: may

text: be

text: said

text: in

text: a

text: technical

text: sense

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: freedom

text: of

text: contract

text: and

text: yet

text: have

text: been

text: universally

text: recognized

text: as

text: within

text: the

text: police

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: State

text: v

text: Gibson

text: Indiana

text: The

text: distinction

text: between

text: laws

text: interfering

text: with

text: the

text: political

text: equality

text: of

text: the

text: negro

text: and

text: those

text: requiring

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: in

text: schools

text: theatres

text: and

text: railway

text: carriages

text: has

text: been

text: frequently

text: drawn

text: by

text: this

text: court

text: Thus

text: in

text: Strauder

text: v

text: West

text: Virginia

text: U

text: S

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: that

text: a

text: law

text: of

text: West

text: Virginia

text: limiting

text: to

text: white

text: male

text: persons

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: and

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: sit

text: upon

text: juries

text: was

text: a

text: discrimination

text: which

text: implied

text: a

text: legal

text: inferiority

text: in

text: civil

text: society

text: which

text: lessened

text: the

text: security

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: step

text: toward

text: reducing

text: them

text: to

text: a

text: condition

text: of

text: servility

text: Indeed

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: a

text: colored

text: man

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: selection

text: of

text: jurors

text: to

text: pass

text: upon

text: his

text: life

text: liberty

text: and

text: property

text: there

text: shall

text: be

text: no

text: exclusion

text: of

text: his

text: race

text: and

text: no

text: discrimination

text: against

text: them

text: because

text: of

text: color

text: has

text: been

text: asserted

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: Virginia

text: v

text: Rives

text: U

text: S

text: Neal

text: v

text: Delaware

text: U

text: S

text: Bush

text: v

text: Kentucky

text: U

text: S

text: Gibson

text: v

text: Mississippi

text: U

text: S

text: So

text: where

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: locality

text: or

text: the

text: charter

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: railway

text: corporation

text: has

text: provided

text: that

text: no

text: person

text: shall

text: be

text: excluded

text: from

text: the

text: cars

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: color

text: we

text: have

text: held

text: that

text: this

text: meant

text: that

text: persons

text: of

text: color

text: should

text: travel

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: car

text: as

text: white

text: ones

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: enactment

text: was

text: not

text: satisfied

text: by

text: the

text: company

text: s

text: providing

text: cars

text: assigned

text: exclusively

text: to

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: though

text: they

text: were

text: as

text: good

text: as

text: those

text: which

text: they

text: assigned

text: exclusively

text: to

text: white

text: persons

text: Railroad

text: Company

text: v

text: Brown

text: Wall

text: Upon

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: where

text: a

text: statute

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: required

text: those

text: engaged

text: in

text: the

text: transportation

text: of

text: passengers

text: among

text: the

text: States

text: to

text: give

text: to

text: all

text: persons

text: travelling

text: within

text: that

text: State

text: upon

text: vessels

text: employed

text: in

text: that

text: business

text: equal

text: rights

text: and

text: privileges

text: in

text: all

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: vessel

text: without

text: distinction

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: race

text: or

text: color

text: and

text: subjected

text: to

text: an

text: action

text: for

text: damages

text: the

text: owner

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: vessel

text: who

text: excluded

text: colored

text: passengers

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: their

text: color

text: from

text: the

text: cabin

text: set

text: aside

text: by

text: him

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: whites

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: it

text: applied

text: to

text: interstate

text: commerce

text: unconstitutional

text: and

text: void

text: Hall

text: v

text: De

text: Cuir

text: U

text: S

text: The

text: court

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: however

text: expressly

text: disclaimed

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: anything

text: whatever

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: the

text: statute

text: as

text: a

text: regulation

text: of

text: internal

text: commerce

text: or

text: affecting

text: anything

text: else

text: than

text: commerce

text: among

text: the

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: case

text: U

text: S

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: that

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: Congress

text: entitling

text: all

text: persons

text: within

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: the

text: full

text: and

text: equal

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: the

text: accommodations

text: advantages

text: facilities

text: and

text: privileges

text: of

text: inns

text: public

text: conveyances

text: on

text: land

text: or

text: water

text: theatres

text: and

text: other

text: places

text: of

text: public

text: amusement

text: and

text: made

text: applicable

text: to

text: citizens

text: of

text: every

text: race

text: and

text: color

text: regardless

text: of

text: any

text: previous

text: condition

text: of

text: servitude

text: was

text: unconstitutional

text: and

text: void

text: upon

text: the

text: ground

text: that

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: was

text: prohibitory

text: upon

text: the

text: States

text: only

text: and

text: the

text: legislation

text: authorized

text: to

text: be

text: adopted

text: by

text: Congress

text: for

text: enforcing

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: direct

text: legislation

text: on

text: matters

text: respecting

text: which

text: the

text: States

text: were

text: prohibited

text: from

text: making

text: or

text: enforcing

text: certain

text: laws

text: or

text: doing

text: certain

text: acts

text: but

text: was

text: corrective

text: legislation

text: such

text: as

text: might

text: be

text: necessary

text: or

text: proper

text: for

text: counteracting

text: and

text: redressing

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: such

text: laws

text: or

text: acts

text: In

text: delivering

text: the

text: opinion

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: Mr

text: Justice

text: Bradley

text: observed

text: that

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: does

text: not

text: invest

text: Congress

text: with

text: power

text: to

text: legislate

text: upon

text: subjects

text: that

text: are

text: within

text: the

text: domain

text: of

text: state

text: legislation

text: but

text: to

text: provide

text: modes

text: of

text: relief

text: against

text: state

text: legislation

text: or

text: state

text: action

text: of

text: the

text: kind

text: referred

text: to

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: authorize

text: Congress

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: code

text: of

text: municipal

text: law

text: for

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: private

text: rights

text: but

text: to

text: provide

text: modes

text: of

text: redress

text: against

text: the

text: operation

text: of

text: state

text: laws

text: and

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: state

text: officers

text: executive

text: or

text: judicial

text: when

text: these

text: are

text: subversive

text: of

text: the

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: specified

text: in

text: the

text: amendment

text: Positive

text: rights

text: and

text: privileges

text: are

text: undoubtedly

text: secured

text: by

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: secured

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: prohibition

text: against

text: state

text: laws

text: and

text: state

text: proceedings

text: affecting

text: those

text: rights

text: and

text: privileges

text: and

text: by

text: power

text: given

text: to

text: Congress

text: to

text: legislate

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: carrying

text: such

text: prohibition

text: into

text: effect

text: and

text: such

text: legislation

text: must

text: necessarily

text: be

text: predicated

text: upon

text: such

text: supposed

text: state

text: laws

text: or

text: state

text: proceedings

text: and

text: be

text: directed

text: to

text: the

text: correction

text: of

text: their

text: operation

text: and

text: effect

text: Much

text: nearer

text: and

text: indeed

text: almost

text: directly

text: in

text: point

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: Louisville

text: New

text: Orleans

text: c

text: Railway

text: v

text: Mississippi

text: U

text: S

text: wherein

text: the

text: railway

text: company

text: was

text: indicted

text: for

text: a

text: violation

text: of

text: a

text: statute

text: of

text: Mississippi

text: enacting

text: that

text: all

text: railroads

text: carrying

text: passengers

text: should

text: provide

text: equal

text: but

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: for

text: the

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: races

text: by

text: providing

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: passenger

text: cars

text: for

text: each

text: passenger

text: train

text: or

text: by

text: dividing

text: the

text: passenger

text: cars

text: by

text: a

text: partition

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: secure

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: The

text: case

text: was

text: presented

text: in

text: a

text: different

text: aspect

text: from

text: the

text: one

text: under

text: consideration

text: inasmuch

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: indictment

text: against

text: the

text: railway

text: company

text: for

text: failing

text: to

text: provide

text: the

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: but

text: the

text: question

text: considered

text: was

text: the

text: constitutionality

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: In

text: that

text: case

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Mississippi

text: Mississippi

text: had

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: statute

text: applied

text: solely

text: to

text: commerce

text: within

text: the

text: State

text: and

text: that

text: being

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: statute

text: by

text: its

text: highest

text: court

text: was

text: accepted

text: as

text: conclusive

text: If

text: it

text: be

text: a

text: matter

text: said

text: the

text: court

text: p

text: respecting

text: commerce

text: wholly

text: within

text: a

text: State

text: and

text: not

text: interfering

text: with

text: commerce

text: between

text: the

text: States

text: then

text: obviously

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: commerce

text: clause

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Constitution

text: No

text: question

text: arises

text: under

text: this

text: section

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: to

text: separate

text: in

text: different

text: compartments

text: interstate

text: passengers

text: or

text: affect

text: in

text: any

text: manner

text: the

text: privileges

text: and

text: rights

text: of

text: such

text: passengers

text: All

text: that

text: we

text: can

text: consider

text: is

text: whether

text: the

text: State

text: has

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: require

text: that

text: railroad

text: trains

text: within

text: her

text: limits

text: shall

text: have

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: for

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: that

text: affecting

text: only

text: commerce

text: within

text: the

text: State

text: is

text: no

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: power

text: given

text: to

text: Congress

text: by

text: the

text: commerce

text: clause

text: A

text: like

text: course

text: of

text: reasoning

text: applies

text: to

text: the

text: case

text: under

text: consideration

text: since

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: ex

text: rel

text: Abbott

text: v

text: Hicks

text: Judge

text: et

text: al

text: La

text: Ann

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: statute

text: in

text: question

text: did

text: not

text: apply

text: to

text: interstate

text: passengers

text: but

text: was

text: confined

text: in

text: its

text: application

text: to

text: passengers

text: travelling

text: exclusively

text: within

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: The

text: case

text: was

text: decided

text: largely

text: upon

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: Railway

text: Co

text: v

text: State

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: affirmed

text: by

text: this

text: court

text: in

text: U

text: S

text: In

text: the

text: present

text: case

text: no

text: question

text: of

text: interference

text: with

text: interstate

text: commerce

text: can

text: possibly

text: arise

text: since

text: the

text: East

text: Louisiana

text: Railway

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: purely

text: a

text: local

text: line

text: with

text: both

text: its

text: termini

text: within

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: Similar

text: statutes

text: for

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: upon

text: public

text: conveyances

text: were

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: constitutional

text: in

text: West

text: Chester

text: c

text: Railroad

text: v

text: Miles

text: Penn

text: St

text: Day

text: v

text: Owen

text: Michigan

text: Chicago

text: c

text: Railway

text: v

text: Williams

text: Illinois

text: Chesapeake

text: c

text: Railroad

text: v

text: Wells

text: Tennessee

text: Memphis

text: c

text: Railroad

text: v

text: Benson

text: Tennessee

text: The

text: Sue

text: Fed

text: Rep

text: Logwood

text: v

text: Memphis

text: c

text: Railroad

text: Fed

text: Rep

text: McGuinn

text: v

text: Forbes

text: Fed

text: Rep

text: People

text: v

text: King

text: N

text: E

text: Rep

text: Houck

text: v

text: South

text: Pac

text: Railway

text: Fed

text: Rep

text: Heard

text: v

text: Georgia

text: Railroad

text: Co

text: Int

text: Com

text: Com

text: n

text: S

text: C

text: Ibid

text: While

text: we

text: think

text: the

text: enforced

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: races

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: internal

text: commerce

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: neither

text: abridges

text: the

text: privileges

text: or

text: immunities

text: of

text: the

text: colored

text: man

text: deprives

text: him

text: of

text: his

text: property

text: without

text: due

text: process

text: of

text: law

text: nor

text: denies

text: him

text: the

text: equal

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: within

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: we

text: are

text: not

text: prepared

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: conductor

text: in

text: assigning

text: passengers

text: to

text: the

text: coaches

text: according

text: to

text: their

text: race

text: does

text: not

text: act

text: at

text: his

text: peril

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: provision

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: that

text: denies

text: to

text: the

text: passenger

text: compensation

text: in

text: damages

text: for

text: a

text: refusal

text: to

text: receive

text: him

text: into

text: the

text: coach

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: properly

text: belongs

text: is

text: a

text: valid

text: exercise

text: of

text: the

text: legislative

text: power

text: Indeed

text: we

text: understand

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: conceded

text: by

text: the

text: State

text: s

text: attorney

text: that

text: such

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: as

text: exempts

text: from

text: liability

text: the

text: railway

text: company

text: and

text: its

text: officers

text: is

text: unconstitutional

text: The

text: power

text: to

text: assign

text: to

text: a

text: particular

text: coach

text: obviously

text: implies

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: determine

text: to

text: which

text: race

text: the

text: passenger

text: belongs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: determine

text: who

text: under

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: the

text: particular

text: State

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: deemed

text: a

text: white

text: and

text: who

text: a

text: colored

text: person

text: This

text: question

text: though

text: indicated

text: in

text: the

text: brief

text: of

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: in

text: error

text: does

text: not

text: properly

text: arise

text: upon

text: the

text: record

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: since

text: the

text: only

text: issue

text: made

text: is

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: unconstitutionality

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: it

text: requires

text: the

text: railway

text: to

text: provide

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: and

text: the

text: conductor

text: to

text: assign

text: passengers

text: according

text: to

text: their

text: race

text: It

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: in

text: error

text: that

text: in

text: any

text: mixed

text: community

text: the

text: reputation

text: of

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: dominant

text: race

text: in

text: this

text: instance

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: is

text: property

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: sense

text: that

text: a

text: right

text: of

text: action

text: or

text: of

text: inheritance

text: is

text: property

text: Conceding

text: this

text: to

text: be

text: so

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: this

text: case

text: we

text: are

text: unable

text: to

text: see

text: how

text: this

text: statute

text: deprives

text: him

text: of

text: or

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: affects

text: his

text: right

text: to

text: such

text: property

text: If

text: he

text: be

text: a

text: white

text: man

text: and

text: assigned

text: to

text: a

text: colored

text: coach

text: he

text: may

text: have

text: his

text: action

text: for

text: damages

text: against

text: the

text: company

text: for

text: being

text: deprived

text: of

text: his

text: so

text: called

text: property

text: Upon

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: if

text: he

text: be

text: a

text: colored

text: man

text: and

text: be

text: so

text: assigned

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: deprived

text: of

text: no

text: property

text: since

text: he

text: is

text: not

text: lawfully

text: entitled

text: to

text: the

text: reputation

text: of

text: being

text: a

text: white

text: man

text: In

text: this

text: connection

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: suggested

text: by

text: the

text: learned

text: counsel

text: for

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: in

text: error

text: that

text: the

text: same

text: argument

text: that

text: will

text: justify

text: the

text: state

text: legislature

text: in

text: requiring

text: railways

text: to

text: provide

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: for

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: will

text: also

text: authorize

text: them

text: to

text: require

text: separate

text: cars

text: to

text: be

text: provided

text: for

text: people

text: whose

text: hair

text: is

text: of

text: a

text: certain

text: color

text: or

text: who

text: are

text: aliens

text: or

text: who

text: belong

text: to

text: certain

text: nationalities

text: or

text: to

text: enact

text: laws

text: requiring

text: colored

text: people

text: to

text: walk

text: upon

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: street

text: and

text: white

text: people

text: upon

text: the

text: other

text: or

text: requiring

text: white

text: men

text: s

text: houses

text: to

text: be

text: painted

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: men

text: s

text: black

text: or

text: their

text: vehicles

text: or

text: business

text: signs

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: different

text: colors

text: upon

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: street

text: is

text: as

text: good

text: as

text: the

text: other

text: or

text: that

text: a

text: house

text: or

text: vehicle

text: of

text: one

text: color

text: is

text: as

text: good

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: another

text: color

text: The

text: reply

text: to

text: all

text: this

text: is

text: that

text: every

text: exercise

text: of

text: the

text: police

text: power

text: must

text: be

text: reasonable

text: and

text: extend

text: only

text: to

text: such

text: laws

text: as

text: are

text: enacted

text: in

text: good

text: faith

text: for

text: the

text: promotion

text: for

text: the

text: public

text: good

text: and

text: not

text: for

text: the

text: annoyance

text: or

text: oppression

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: class

text: Thus

text: in

text: Yick

text: Wo

text: v

text: Hopkins

text: U

text: S

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: this

text: court

text: that

text: a

text: municipal

text: ordinance

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: San

text: Francisco

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: carrying

text: on

text: of

text: public

text: laundries

text: within

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: violated

text: the

text: provisions

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: if

text: it

text: conferred

text: upon

text: the

text: municipal

text: authorities

text: arbitrary

text: power

text: at

text: their

text: own

text: will

text: and

text: without

text: regard

text: to

text: discretion

text: in

text: the

text: legal

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: give

text: or

text: withhold

text: consent

text: as

text: to

text: persons

text: or

text: places

text: without

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: competency

text: of

text: the

text: persons

text: applying

text: or

text: the

text: propriety

text: of

text: the

text: places

text: selected

text: for

text: the

text: carrying

text: on

text: of

text: the

text: business

text: It

text: was

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: covert

text: attempt

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: to

text: make

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: and

text: unjust

text: discrimination

text: against

text: the

text: Chinese

text: race

text: While

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: municipal

text: ordinance

text: a

text: like

text: principle

text: has

text: been

text: held

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: acts

text: of

text: a

text: state

text: legislature

text: passed

text: in

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: the

text: police

text: power

text: Railroad

text: Company

text: v

text: Husen

text: U

text: S

text: Louisville

text: Nashville

text: Railroad

text: v

text: Kentucky

text: U

text: S

text: and

text: cases

text: cited

text: on

text: p

text: Daggett

text: v

text: Hudson

text: Ohio

text: St

text: Capen

text: v

text: Foster

text: Pick

text: State

text: ex

text: rel

text: Wood

text: v

text: Baker

text: Wisconsin

text: Monroe

text: v

text: Collins

text: Ohio

text: St

text: Hulseman

text: v

text: Rems

text: Penn

text: St

text: Orman

text: v

text: Riley

text: California

text: So

text: far

text: then

text: as

text: a

text: conflict

text: with

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: is

text: concerned

text: the

text: case

text: reduces

text: itself

text: to

text: the

text: question

text: whether

text: the

text: statute

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: a

text: reasonable

text: regulation

text: and

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: this

text: there

text: must

text: necessarily

text: be

text: a

text: large

text: discretion

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: legislature

text: In

text: determining

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: reasonableness

text: it

text: is

text: at

text: liberty

text: to

text: act

text: with

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: established

text: usages

text: customs

text: and

text: traditions

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: view

text: to

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: their

text: comfort

text: and

text: the

text: preservation

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: peace

text: and

text: good

text: order

text: Gauged

text: by

text: this

text: standard

text: we

text: cannot

text: say

text: that

text: a

text: law

text: which

text: authorizes

text: or

text: even

text: requires

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: in

text: public

text: conveyances

text: is

text: unreasonable

text: or

text: more

text: obnoxious

text: to

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: than

text: the

text: acts

text: of

text: Congress

text: requiring

text: separate

text: schools

text: for

text: colored

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: the

text: constitutionality

text: of

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: questioned

text: or

text: the

text: corresponding

text: acts

text: of

text: state

text: legislatures

text: We

text: consider

text: the

text: underlying

text: fallacy

text: of

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: s

text: argument

text: to

text: consist

text: in

text: the

text: assumption

text: that

text: the

text: enforced

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: stamps

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: with

text: a

text: badge

text: of

text: inferiority

text: If

text: this

text: be

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: by

text: reason

text: of

text: anything

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: act

text: but

text: solely

text: because

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: chooses

text: to

text: put

text: that

text: construction

text: upon

text: it

text: The

text: argument

text: necessarily

text: assumes

text: that

text: if

text: as

text: has

text: been

text: more

text: than

text: once

text: the

text: case

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: unlikely

text: to

text: be

text: so

text: again

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: should

text: become

text: the

text: dominant

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: legislature

text: and

text: should

text: enact

text: a

text: law

text: in

text: precisely

text: similar

text: terms

text: it

text: would

text: thereby

text: relegate

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: to

text: an

text: inferior

text: position

text: We

text: imagine

text: that

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: at

text: least

text: would

text: not

text: acquiesce

text: in

text: this

text: assumption

text: The

text: argument

text: also

text: assumes

text: that

text: social

text: prejudices

text: may

text: be

text: overcome

text: by

text: legislation

text: and

text: that

text: equal

text: rights

text: cannot

text: be

text: secured

text: to

text: the

text: negro

text: except

text: by

text: an

text: enforced

text: commingling

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: We

text: cannot

text: accept

text: this

text: proposition

text: If

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: are

text: to

text: meet

text: upon

text: terms

text: of

text: social

text: equality

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: natural

text: affinities

text: a

text: mutual

text: appreciation

text: of

text: each

text: other

text: s

text: merits

text: and

text: a

text: voluntary

text: consent

text: of

text: individuals

text: As

text: was

text: said

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: in

text: People

text: v

text: Gallagher

text: N

text: Y

text: this

text: end

text: can

text: neither

text: be

text: accomplished

text: nor

text: promoted

text: by

text: laws

text: which

text: conflict

text: with

text: the

text: general

text: sentiment

text: of

text: the

text: community

text: upon

text: whom

text: they

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: operate

text: When

text: the

text: government

text: therefore

text: has

text: secured

text: to

text: each

text: of

text: its

text: citizens

text: equal

text: rights

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: equal

text: opportunities

text: for

text: improvement

text: and

text: progress

text: it

text: has

text: accomplished

text: the

text: end

text: for

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: organized

text: and

text: performed

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: functions

text: respecting

text: social

text: advantages

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: endowed

text: Legislation

text: is

text: powerless

text: to

text: eradicate

text: racial

text: instincts

text: or

text: to

text: abolish

text: distinctions

text: based

text: upon

text: physical

text: differences

text: and

text: the

text: attempt

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: can

text: only

text: result

text: in

text: accentuating

text: the

text: difficulties

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: situation

text: If

text: the

text: civil

text: and

text: political

text: rights

text: of

text: both

text: races

text: be

text: equal

text: one

text: cannot

text: be

text: inferior

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: civilly

text: or

text: politically

text: If

text: one

text: race

text: be

text: inferior

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: socially

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: cannot

text: put

text: them

text: upon

text: the

text: same

text: plane

text: It

text: is

text: true

text: that

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: the

text: proportion

text: of

text: colored

text: blood

text: necessary

text: to

text: constitute

text: a

text: colored

text: person

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: a

text: white

text: person

text: is

text: one

text: upon

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: difference

text: of

text: opinion

text: in

text: the

text: different

text: States

text: some

text: holding

text: that

text: any

text: visible

text: admixture

text: of

text: black

text: blood

text: stamps

text: the

text: person

text: as

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: State

text: v

text: Chavers

text: Jones

text: N

text: C

text: p

text: others

text: that

text: it

text: depends

text: upon

text: the

text: preponderance

text: of

text: blood

text: Gray

text: v

text: State

text: Ohio

text: Monroe

text: v

text: Collins

text: Ohio

text: St

text: and

text: still

text: others

text: that

text: the

text: predominance

text: of

text: white

text: blood

text: must

text: only

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: proportion

text: of

text: three

text: fourths

text: People

text: v

text: Dean

text: Michigan

text: Jones

text: v

text: Commonwealth

text: Virginia

text: But

text: these

text: are

text: questions

text: to

text: be

text: determined

text: under

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: each

text: State

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: properly

text: put

text: in

text: issue

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: Under

text: the

text: allegations

text: of

text: his

text: petition

text: it

text: may

text: undoubtedly

text: become

text: a

text: question

text: of

text: importance

text: whether

text: under

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: the

text: petitioner

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: white

text: or

text: colored

text: race

text: The

text: judgment

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: below

text: is

text: therefore

text: Affirmed

text: MR

text: JUSTICE

text: HARLAN

text: dissenting

text: By

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: statute

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: here

text: involved

text: all

text: railway

text: companies

text: other

text: than

text: street

text: railroad

text: companies

text: carrying

text: passengers

text: in

text: that

text: State

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: have

text: separate

text: but

text: equal

text: accommodations

text: for

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: persons

text: by

text: providing

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: passenger

text: coaches

text: for

text: each

text: passenger

text: train

text: or

text: by

text: dividing

text: the

text: passenger

text: coaches

text: by

text: a

text: partition

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: secure

text: separate

text: accommodations

text: Under

text: this

text: statute

text: no

text: colored

text: person

text: is

text: permitted

text: to

text: occupy

text: a

text: seat

text: in

text: a

text: coach

text: assigned

text: to

text: white

text: persons

text: nor

text: any

text: white

text: person

text: to

text: occupy

text: a

text: seat

text: in

text: a

text: coach

text: assigned

text: to

text: colored

text: persons

text: The

text: managers

text: of

text: the

text: railroad

text: are

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: exercise

text: any

text: discretion

text: in

text: the

text: premises

text: but

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: assign

text: each

text: passenger

text: to

text: some

text: coach

text: or

text: compartment

text: set

text: apart

text: for

text: the

text: exclusive

text: use

text: of

text: his

text: race

text: If

text: a

text: passenger

text: insists

text: upon

text: going

text: into

text: a

text: coach

text: or

text: compartment

text: not

text: set

text: apart

text: for

text: persons

text: of

text: his

text: race

text: he

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: be

text: fined

text: or

text: to

text: be

text: imprisoned

text: in

text: the

text: parish

text: jail

text: Penalties

text: are

text: prescribed

text: for

text: the

text: refusal

text: or

text: neglect

text: of

text: the

text: officers

text: directors

text: conductors

text: and

text: employés

text: of

text: railroad

text: companies

text: to

text: comply

text: with

text: the

text: provisions

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: Only

text: nurses

text: attending

text: children

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: race

text: are

text: excepted

text: from

text: the

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: statute

text: No

text: exception

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: colored

text: attendants

text: travelling

text: with

text: adults

text: A

text: white

text: man

text: is

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: have

text: his

text: colored

text: servant

text: with

text: him

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: coach

text: even

text: if

text: his

text: condition

text: of

text: health

text: requires

text: the

text: constant

text: personal

text: assistance

text: of

text: such

text: servant

text: If

text: a

text: colored

text: maid

text: insists

text: upon

text: riding

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: coach

text: with

text: a

text: white

text: woman

text: whom

text: she

text: has

text: been

text: employed

text: to

text: serve

text: and

text: who

text: may

text: need

text: her

text: personal

text: attention

text: while

text: travelling

text: she

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: be

text: fined

text: or

text: imprisoned

text: for

text: such

text: an

text: exhibition

text: of

text: zeal

text: in

text: the

text: discharge

text: of

text: duty

text: While

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: in

text: Louisiana

text: persons

text: of

text: different

text: races

text: who

text: are

text: not

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: words

text: in

text: the

text: act

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: races

text: necessarily

text: include

text: all

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: both

text: races

text: residing

text: in

text: that

text: State

text: So

text: that

text: we

text: have

text: before

text: us

text: a

text: state

text: enactment

text: that

text: compels

text: under

text: penalties

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: in

text: railroad

text: passenger

text: coaches

text: and

text: makes

text: it

text: a

text: crime

text: for

text: a

text: citizen

text: of

text: either

text: race

text: to

text: enter

text: a

text: coach

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: assigned

text: to

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: race

text: Thus

text: the

text: State

text: regulates

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: by

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: solely

text: upon

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: However

text: apparent

text: the

text: injustice

text: of

text: such

text: legislation

text: may

text: be

text: we

text: have

text: only

text: to

text: consider

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: That

text: a

text: railroad

text: is

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: corporation

text: which

text: owns

text: or

text: operates

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: public

text: functions

text: is

text: not

text: at

text: this

text: day

text: to

text: be

text: disputed

text: Mr

text: Justice

text: Nelson

text: speaking

text: for

text: this

text: court

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Steam

text: Navigation

text: Co

text: v

text: Merchants

text: Bank

text: How

text: said

text: that

text: a

text: common

text: carrier

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: a

text: sort

text: of

text: public

text: office

text: and

text: has

text: public

text: duties

text: to

text: perform

text: from

text: which

text: he

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: permitted

text: to

text: exonerate

text: himself

text: without

text: the

text: assent

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: concerned

text: Mr

text: Justice

text: Strong

text: delivering

text: the

text: judgment

text: of

text: this

text: court

text: in

text: Olcott

text: v

text: The

text: Supervisors

text: Wall

text: said

text: That

text: railroads

text: though

text: constructed

text: by

text: private

text: corporations

text: and

text: owned

text: by

text: them

text: are

text: public

text: highways

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: nearly

text: all

text: the

text: courts

text: ever

text: since

text: such

text: conveniences

text: for

text: passage

text: and

text: transportation

text: have

text: had

text: any

text: existence

text: Very

text: early

text: the

text: question

text: arose

text: whether

text: a

text: State

text: s

text: right

text: of

text: eminent

text: domain

text: could

text: be

text: exercised

text: by

text: a

text: private

text: corporation

text: created

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: constructing

text: a

text: railroad

text: Clearly

text: it

text: could

text: not

text: unless

text: taking

text: land

text: for

text: such

text: a

text: purpose

text: by

text: such

text: an

text: agency

text: is

text: taking

text: land

text: for

text: public

text: use

text: The

text: right

text: of

text: eminent

text: domain

text: nowhere

text: justifies

text: taking

text: property

text: for

text: a

text: private

text: use

text: Yet

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: doctrine

text: universally

text: accepted

text: that

text: a

text: state

text: legislature

text: may

text: authorize

text: a

text: private

text: corporation

text: to

text: take

text: land

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: road

text: making

text: compensation

text: to

text: the

text: owner

text: What

text: else

text: does

text: this

text: doctrine

text: mean

text: if

text: not

text: that

text: building

text: a

text: railroad

text: though

text: it

text: be

text: built

text: by

text: a

text: private

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: act

text: done

text: for

text: a

text: public

text: use

text: So

text: in

text: Township

text: of

text: Pine

text: Grove

text: v

text: Talcott

text: Wall

text: Though

text: the

text: corporation

text: a

text: railroad

text: company

text: was

text: private

text: its

text: work

text: was

text: public

text: as

text: much

text: so

text: as

text: if

text: it

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: constructed

text: by

text: the

text: State

text: So

text: in

text: Inhabitants

text: of

text: Worcester

text: v

text: Western

text: Railroad

text: Corporation

text: Met

text: The

text: establishment

text: of

text: that

text: great

text: thoroughfare

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: public

text: work

text: established

text: by

text: public

text: authority

text: intended

text: for

text: the

text: public

text: use

text: and

text: benefit

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: secured

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: community

text: and

text: constitutes

text: therefore

text: like

text: a

text: canal

text: turnpike

text: or

text: highway

text: a

text: public

text: easement

text: It

text: is

text: true

text: that

text: the

text: real

text: and

text: personal

text: property

text: necessary

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: and

text: management

text: of

text: the

text: railroad

text: is

text: vested

text: in

text: the

text: corporation

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: trust

text: for

text: the

text: public

text: In

text: respect

text: of

text: civil

text: rights

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: citizens

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: does

text: not

text: I

text: think

text: permit

text: any

text: public

text: authority

text: to

text: know

text: the

text: race

text: of

text: those

text: entitled

text: to

text: be

text: protected

text: in

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: such

text: rights

text: Every

text: true

text: man

text: has

text: pride

text: of

text: race

text: and

text: under

text: appropriate

text: circumstances

text: when

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: his

text: equals

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: are

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: affected

text: it

text: is

text: his

text: privilege

text: to

text: express

text: such

text: pride

text: and

text: to

text: take

text: such

text: action

text: based

text: upon

text: it

text: as

text: to

text: him

text: seems

text: proper

text: But

text: I

text: deny

text: that

text: any

text: legislative

text: body

text: or

text: judicial

text: tribunal

text: may

text: have

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: race

text: of

text: citizens

text: when

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: of

text: those

text: citizens

text: are

text: involved

text: Indeed

text: such

text: legislation

text: as

text: that

text: here

text: in

text: question

text: is

text: inconsistent

text: not

text: only

text: with

text: that

text: equality

text: of

text: rights

text: which

text: pertains

text: to

text: citizenship

text: National

text: and

text: State

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: personal

text: liberty

text: enjoyed

text: by

text: every

text: one

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Thirteenth

text: Amendment

text: does

text: not

text: permit

text: the

text: withholding

text: or

text: the

text: deprivation

text: of

text: any

text: right

text: necessarily

text: inhering

text: in

text: freedom

text: It

text: not

text: only

text: struck

text: down

text: the

text: institution

text: of

text: slavery

text: as

text: previously

text: existing

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: it

text: prevents

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: any

text: burdens

text: or

text: disabilities

text: that

text: constitute

text: badges

text: of

text: slavery

text: or

text: servitude

text: It

text: decreed

text: universal

text: civil

text: freedom

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: This

text: court

text: has

text: so

text: adjudged

text: But

text: that

text: amendment

text: having

text: been

text: found

text: inadequate

text: to

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: slavery

text: it

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: which

text: added

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: dignity

text: and

text: glory

text: of

text: American

text: citizenship

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: security

text: of

text: personal

text: liberty

text: by

text: declaring

text: that

text: all

text: persons

text: born

text: or

text: naturalized

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: thereof

text: are

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: wherein

text: they

text: reside

text: and

text: that

text: no

text: State

text: shall

text: make

text: or

text: enforce

text: any

text: law

text: which

text: shall

text: abridge

text: the

text: privileges

text: or

text: immunities

text: of

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: nor

text: shall

text: any

text: State

text: deprive

text: any

text: person

text: of

text: life

text: liberty

text: or

text: property

text: without

text: due

text: process

text: of

text: law

text: nor

text: deny

text: to

text: any

text: person

text: within

text: its

text: jurisdiction

text: the

text: equal

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: These

text: two

text: amendments

text: if

text: enforced

text: according

text: to

text: their

text: true

text: intent

text: and

text: meaning

text: will

text: protect

text: all

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: that

text: pertain

text: to

text: freedom

text: and

text: citizenship

text: Finally

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: that

text: no

text: citizen

text: should

text: be

text: denied

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: his

text: race

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: participating

text: in

text: the

text: political

text: control

text: of

text: his

text: country

text: it

text: was

text: declared

text: by

text: the

text: Fifteenth

text: Amendment

text: that

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: vote

text: shall

text: not

text: be

text: denied

text: or

text: abridged

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: or

text: by

text: any

text: State

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: race

text: color

text: or

text: previous

text: condition

text: of

text: servitude

text: These

text: notable

text: additions

text: to

text: the

text: fundamental

text: law

text: were

text: welcomed

text: by

text: the

text: friends

text: of

text: liberty

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: They

text: removed

text: the

text: race

text: line

text: from

text: our

text: governmental

text: systems

text: They

text: had

text: as

text: this

text: court

text: has

text: said

text: a

text: common

text: purpose

text: namely

text: to

text: secure

text: to

text: a

text: race

text: recently

text: emancipated

text: a

text: race

text: that

text: through

text: many

text: generations

text: have

text: been

text: held

text: in

text: slavery

text: all

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: that

text: the

text: superior

text: race

text: enjoy

text: They

text: declared

text: in

text: legal

text: effect

text: this

text: court

text: has

text: further

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: in

text: the

text: States

text: shall

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: for

text: the

text: black

text: as

text: for

text: the

text: white

text: that

text: all

text: persons

text: whether

text: colored

text: or

text: white

text: shall

text: stand

text: equal

text: before

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: and

text: in

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: for

text: whose

text: protection

text: the

text: amendment

text: was

text: primarily

text: designed

text: that

text: no

text: discrimination

text: shall

text: be

text: made

text: against

text: them

text: by

text: law

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: color

text: We

text: also

text: said

text: The

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: amendment

text: it

text: is

text: true

text: are

text: prohibitory

text: but

text: they

text: contain

text: a

text: necessary

text: implication

text: of

text: a

text: positive

text: immunity

text: or

text: right

text: most

text: valuable

text: to

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: exemption

text: from

text: unfriendly

text: legislation

text: against

text: them

text: distinctively

text: as

text: colored

text: exemption

text: from

text: legal

text: discriminations

text: implying

text: inferiority

text: in

text: civil

text: society

text: lessening

text: the

text: security

text: of

text: their

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: which

text: others

text: enjoy

text: and

text: discriminations

text: which

text: are

text: steps

text: towards

text: reducing

text: them

text: to

text: the

text: condition

text: of

text: a

text: subject

text: race

text: It

text: was

text: consequently

text: adjudged

text: that

text: a

text: state

text: law

text: that

text: excluded

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: colored

text: race

text: from

text: juries

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: race

text: and

text: however

text: well

text: qualified

text: in

text: other

text: respects

text: to

text: discharge

text: the

text: duties

text: of

text: jurymen

text: was

text: repugnant

text: to

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Amendment

text: Strauder

text: v

text: West

text: Virginia

text: U

text: S

text: Virginia

text: v

text: Rives

text: U

text: S

text: Ex

text: parte

text: Virginia

text: U

text: S

text: Neal

text: v

text: Delaware

text: U

text: S

text: Bush

text: v

text: Kentucky

text: U

text: S

text: At

text: the

text: present

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: previous

text: adjudications

text: this

text: court

text: declared

text: that

text: underlying

text: all

text: of

text: those

text: decisions

text: is

text: the

text: principle

text: that

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: its

text: present

text: form

text: forbids

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: civil

text: and

text: political

text: rights

text: are

text: concerned

text: discrimination

text: by

text: the

text: General

text: Government

text: or

text: the

text: States

text: against

text: any

text: citizen

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: race

text: All

text: citizens

text: are

text: equal

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: Gibson

text: v

text: Mississippi

text: U

text: S

text: The

text: decisions

text: referred

text: to

text: show

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: recent

text: amendments

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: They

text: also

text: show

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: within

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: a

text: State

text: to

text: prohibit

text: colored

text: citizens

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: race

text: from

text: participating

text: as

text: jurors

text: in

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: justice

text: It

text: was

text: said

text: in

text: argument

text: that

text: the

text: statute

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: does

text: not

text: discriminate

text: against

text: either

text: race

text: but

text: prescribes

text: a

text: rule

text: applicable

text: alike

text: to

text: white

text: and

text: colored

text: citizens

text: But

text: this

text: argument

text: does

text: not

text: meet

text: the

text: difficulty

text: Every

text: one

text: knows

text: that

text: the

text: statute

text: in

text: question

text: had

text: its

text: origin

text: in

text: the

text: purpose

text: not

text: so

text: much

text: to

text: exclude

text: white

text: persons

text: from

text: railroad

text: cars

text: occupied

text: by

text: blacks

text: as

text: to

text: exclude

text: colored

text: people

text: from

text: coaches

text: occupied

text: by

text: or

text: assigned

text: to

text: white

text: persons

text: Railroad

text: corporations

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: discrimination

text: among

text: whites

text: in

text: the

text: matter

text: of

text: accommodation

text: for

text: travellers

text: The

text: thing

text: to

text: accomplish

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: guise

text: of

text: giving

text: equal

text: accommodation

text: for

text: whites

text: and

text: blacks

text: to

text: compel

text: the

text: latter

text: to

text: keep

text: to

text: themselves

text: while

text: travelling

text: in

text: railroad

text: passenger

text: coaches

text: No

text: one

text: would

text: be

text: so

text: wanting

text: in

text: candor

text: as

text: to

text: assert

text: the

text: contrary

text: The

text: fundamental

text: objection

text: therefore

text: to

text: the

text: statute

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: interferes

text: with

text: the

text: personal

text: freedom

text: of

text: citizens

text: Personal

text: liberty

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: well

text: said

text: consists

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: locomotion

text: of

text: changing

text: situation

text: or

text: removing

text: one

text: s

text: person

text: to

text: whatsoever

text: places

text: one

text: s

text: own

text: inclination

text: may

text: direct

text: without

text: imprisonment

text: or

text: restraint

text: unless

text: by

text: due

text: course

text: of

text: law

text: Bl

text: Com

text: If

text: a

text: white

text: man

text: and

text: a

text: black

text: man

text: choose

text: to

text: occupy

text: the

text: same

text: public

text: conveyance

text: on

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: it

text: is

text: their

text: right

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: no

text: government

text: proceeding

text: alone

text: on

text: grounds

text: of

text: race

text: can

text: prevent

text: it

text: without

text: infringing

text: the

text: personal

text: liberty

text: of

text: each

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: thing

text: for

text: railroad

text: carriers

text: to

text: furnish

text: or

text: to

text: be

text: required

text: by

text: law

text: to

text: furnish

text: equal

text: accommodations

text: for

text: all

text: whom

text: they

text: are

text: under

text: a

text: legal

text: duty

text: to

text: carry

text: It

text: is

text: quite

text: another

text: thing

text: for

text: government

text: to

text: forbid

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: races

text: from

text: travelling

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: public

text: conveyance

text: and

text: to

text: punish

text: officers

text: of

text: railroad

text: companies

text: for

text: permitting

text: persons

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: to

text: occupy

text: the

text: same

text: passenger

text: coach

text: If

text: a

text: State

text: can

text: prescribe

text: as

text: a

text: rule

text: of

text: civil

text: conduct

text: that

text: whites

text: and

text: blacks

text: shall

text: not

text: travel

text: as

text: passengers

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: railroad

text: coach

text: why

text: may

text: it

text: not

text: so

text: regulate

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: its

text: cities

text: and

text: towns

text: as

text: to

text: compel

text: white

text: citizens

text: to

text: keep

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: a

text: street

text: and

text: black

text: citizens

text: to

text: keep

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Why

text: may

text: it

text: not

text: upon

text: like

text: grounds

text: punish

text: whites

text: and

text: blacks

text: who

text: ride

text: together

text: in

text: street

text: cars

text: or

text: in

text: open

text: vehicles

text: on

text: a

text: public

text: road

text: or

text: street

text: Why

text: may

text: it

text: not

text: require

text: sheriffs

text: to

text: assign

text: whites

text: to

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: a

text: court

text: room

text: and

text: blacks

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: And

text: why

text: may

text: it

text: not

text: also

text: prohibit

text: the

text: commingling

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: in

text: the

text: galleries

text: of

text: legislative

text: halls

text: or

text: in

text: public

text: assemblages

text: convened

text: for

text: the

text: consideration

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: questions

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: Further

text: if

text: this

text: statute

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: personal

text: liberty

text: of

text: citizens

text: why

text: may

text: not

text: the

text: State

text: require

text: the

text: separation

text: in

text: railroad

text: coaches

text: of

text: native

text: and

text: naturalized

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: or

text: of

text: Protestants

text: and

text: Roman

text: Catholics

text: The

text: answer

text: given

text: at

text: the

text: argument

text: to

text: these

text: questions

text: was

text: that

text: regulations

text: of

text: the

text: kind

text: they

text: suggest

text: would

text: be

text: unreasonable

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: therefore

text: stand

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: Is

text: it

text: meant

text: that

text: the

text: determination

text: of

text: questions

text: of

text: legislative

text: power

text: depends

text: upon

text: the

text: inquiry

text: whether

text: the

text: statute

text: whose

text: validity

text: is

text: questioned

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: judgment

text: of

text: the

text: courts

text: a

text: reasonable

text: one

text: taking

text: all

text: the

text: circumstances

text: into

text: consideration

text: A

text: statute

text: may

text: be

text: unreasonable

text: merely

text: because

text: a

text: sound

text: public

text: policy

text: forbade

text: its

text: enactment

text: But

text: I

text: do

text: not

text: understand

text: that

text: the

text: courts

text: have

text: anything

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: the

text: policy

text: or

text: expediency

text: of

text: legislation

text: A

text: statute

text: may

text: be

text: valid

text: and

text: yet

text: upon

text: grounds

text: of

text: public

text: policy

text: may

text: well

text: be

text: characterized

text: as

text: unreasonable

text: Mr

text: Sedgwick

text: correctly

text: states

text: the

text: rule

text: when

text: he

text: says

text: that

text: the

text: legislative

text: intention

text: being

text: clearly

text: ascertained

text: the

text: courts

text: have

text: no

text: other

text: duty

text: to

text: perform

text: than

text: to

text: execute

text: the

text: legislative

text: will

text: without

text: any

text: regard

text: to

text: their

text: views

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: wisdom

text: or

text: justice

text: of

text: the

text: particular

text: enactment

text: Stat

text: Const

text: Constr

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: dangerous

text: tendency

text: in

text: these

text: latter

text: days

text: to

text: enlarge

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: courts

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: judicial

text: interference

text: with

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: as

text: expressed

text: by

text: the

text: legislature

text: Our

text: institutions

text: have

text: the

text: distinguishing

text: characteristic

text: that

text: the

text: three

text: departments

text: of

text: government

text: are

text: coördinate

text: and

text: separate

text: Each

text: must

text: keep

text: within

text: the

text: limits

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: And

text: the

text: courts

text: best

text: discharge

text: their

text: duty

text: by

text: executing

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: making

text: power

text: constitutionally

text: expressed

text: leaving

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: legislation

text: to

text: be

text: dealt

text: with

text: by

text: the

text: people

text: through

text: their

text: representatives

text: Statutes

text: must

text: always

text: have

text: a

text: reasonable

text: construction

text: Sometimes

text: they

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: construed

text: strictly

text: sometimes

text: liberally

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: the

text: legislative

text: will

text: But

text: however

text: construed

text: the

text: intent

text: of

text: the

text: legislature

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: respected

text: if

text: the

text: particular

text: statute

text: in

text: question

text: is

text: valid

text: although

text: the

text: courts

text: looking

text: at

text: the

text: public

text: interests

text: may

text: conceive

text: the

text: statute

text: to

text: be

text: both

text: unreasonable

text: and

text: impolitic

text: If

text: the

text: power

text: exists

text: to

text: enact

text: a

text: statute

text: that

text: ends

text: the

text: matter

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: courts

text: are

text: concerned

text: The

text: adjudged

text: cases

text: in

text: which

text: statutes

text: have

text: been

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: void

text: because

text: unreasonable

text: are

text: those

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: means

text: employed

text: by

text: the

text: legislature

text: were

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: germane

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: legislature

text: was

text: competent

text: The

text: white

text: race

text: deems

text: itself

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: dominant

text: race

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: And

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: prestige

text: in

text: achievements

text: in

text: education

text: in

text: wealth

text: and

text: in

text: power

text: So

text: I

text: doubt

text: not

text: it

text: will

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: for

text: all

text: time

text: if

text: it

text: remains

text: true

text: to

text: its

text: great

text: heritage

text: and

text: holds

text: fast

text: to

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: constitutional

text: liberty

text: But

text: in

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: in

text: the

text: eye

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: there

text: is

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: no

text: superior

text: dominant

text: ruling

text: class

text: of

text: citizens

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: caste

text: here

text: Our

text: Constitution

text: is

text: color

text: blind

text: and

text: neither

text: knows

text: nor

text: tolerates

text: classes

text: among

text: citizens

text: In

text: respect

text: of

text: civil

text: rights

text: all

text: citizens

text: are

text: equal

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: The

text: humblest

text: is

text: the

text: peer

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: The

text: law

text: regards

text: man

text: as

text: man

text: and

text: takes

text: no

text: account

text: of

text: his

text: surroundings

text: or

text: of

text: his

text: color

text: when

text: his

text: civil

text: rights

text: as

text: guaranteed

text: by

text: the

text: supreme

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: are

text: involved

text: It

text: is

text: therefore

text: to

text: be

text: regretted

text: that

text: this

text: high

text: tribunal

text: the

text: final

text: expositor

text: of

text: the

text: fundamental

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: has

text: reached

text: the

text: conclusion

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: competent

text: for

text: a

text: State

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: by

text: citizens

text: of

text: their

text: civil

text: rights

text: solely

text: upon

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: In

text: my

text: opinion

text: the

text: judgment

text: this

text: day

text: rendered

text: will

text: in

text: time

text: prove

text: to

text: be

text: quite

text: as

text: pernicious

text: as

text: the

text: decision

text: made

text: by

text: this

text: tribunal

text: in

text: the

text: Dred

text: Scott

text: case

text: It

text: was

text: adjudged

text: in

text: that

text: case

text: that

text: the

text: descendants

text: of

text: Africans

text: who

text: were

text: imported

text: into

text: this

text: country

text: and

text: sold

text: as

text: slaves

text: were

text: not

text: included

text: nor

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: included

text: under

text: the

text: word

text: citizens

text: in

text: the

text: Constitution

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: claim

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: and

text: privileges

text: which

text: that

text: instrument

text: provided

text: for

text: and

text: secured

text: to

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: they

text: were

text: considered

text: as

text: a

text: subordinate

text: and

text: inferior

text: class

text: of

text: beings

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: subjugated

text: by

text: the

text: dominant

text: race

text: and

text: whether

text: emancipated

text: or

text: not

text: yet

text: remained

text: subject

text: to

text: their

text: authority

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: rights

text: or

text: privileges

text: but

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: who

text: held

text: the

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: might

text: choose

text: to

text: grant

text: them

text: How

text: The

text: recent

text: amendments

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: it

text: was

text: supposed

text: had

text: eradicated

text: these

text: principles

text: from

text: our

text: institutions

text: But

text: it

text: seems

text: that

text: we

text: have

text: yet

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: a

text: dominant

text: race

text: a

text: superior

text: class

text: of

text: citizens

text: which

text: assumes

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: civil

text: rights

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: citizens

text: upon

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: The

text: present

text: decision

text: it

text: may

text: well

text: be

text: apprehended

text: will

text: not

text: only

text: stimulate

text: aggressions

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: brutal

text: and

text: irritating

text: upon

text: the

text: admitted

text: rights

text: of

text: colored

text: citizens

text: but

text: will

text: encourage

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: state

text: enactments

text: to

text: defeat

text: the

text: beneficent

text: purposes

text: which

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: in

text: view

text: when

text: they

text: adopted

text: the

text: recent

text: amendments

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: blacks

text: of

text: this

text: country

text: were

text: made

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: respectively

text: reside

text: and

text: whose

text: privileges

text: and

text: immunities

text: as

text: citizens

text: the

text: States

text: are

text: forbidden

text: to

text: abridge

text: Sixty

text: millions

text: of

text: whites

text: are

text: in

text: no

text: danger

text: from

text: the

text: presence

text: here

text: of

text: eight

text: millions

text: of

text: blacks

text: The

text: destinies

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: are

text: indissolubly

text: linked

text: together

text: and

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: both

text: require

text: that

text: the

text: common

text: government

text: of

text: all

text: shall

text: not

text: permit

text: the

text: seeds

text: of

text: race

text: hate

text: to

text: be

text: planted

text: under

text: the

text: sanction

text: of

text: law

text: What

text: can

text: more

text: certainly

text: arouse

text: race

text: hate

text: what

text: more

text: certainly

text: create

text: and

text: perpetuate

text: a

text: feeling

text: of

text: distrust

text: between

text: these

text: races

text: than

text: state

text: enactments

text: which

text: in

text: fact

text: proceed

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: that

text: colored

text: citizens

text: are

text: so

text: inferior

text: and

text: degraded

text: that

text: they

text: cannot

text: be

text: allowed

text: to

text: sit

text: in

text: public

text: coaches

text: occupied

text: by

text: white

text: citizens

text: That

text: as

text: all

text: will

text: admit

text: is

text: the

text: real

text: meaning

text: of

text: such

text: legislation

text: as

text: was

text: enacted

text: in

text: Louisiana

text: The

text: sure

text: guarantee

text: of

text: the

text: peace

text: and

text: security

text: of

text: each

text: race

text: is

text: the

text: clear

text: distinct

text: unconditional

text: recognition

text: by

text: our

text: governments

text: National

text: and

text: State

text: of

text: every

text: right

text: that

text: inheres

text: in

text: civil

text: freedom

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: equality

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: of

text: all

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: without

text: regard

text: to

text: race

text: State

text: enactments

text: regulating

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: civil

text: rights

text: upon

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: and

text: cunningly

text: devised

text: to

text: defeat

text: legitimate

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: under

text: the

text: pretence

text: of

text: recognizing

text: equality

text: of

text: rights

text: can

text: have

text: no

text: other

text: result

text: than

text: to

text: render

text: permanent

text: peace

text: impossible

text: and

text: to

text: keep

text: alive

text: a

text: conflict

text: of

text: races

text: the

text: continuance

text: of

text: which

text: must

text: do

text: harm

text: to

text: all

text: concerned

text: This

text: question

text: is

text: not

text: met

text: by

text: the

text: suggestion

text: that

text: social

text: equality

text: cannot

text: exist

text: between

text: the

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: races

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: That

text: argument

text: if

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: properly

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: is

text: scarcely

text: worthy

text: of

text: consideration

text: for

text: social

text: equality

text: no

text: more

text: exists

text: between

text: two

text: races

text: when

text: travelling

text: in

text: a

text: passenger

text: coach

text: or

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: than

text: when

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: races

text: sit

text: by

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: a

text: street

text: car

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: jury

text: box

text: or

text: stand

text: or

text: sit

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: a

text: political

text: assembly

text: or

text: when

text: they

text: use

text: in

text: common

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: a

text: city

text: or

text: town

text: or

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: room

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: having

text: their

text: names

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: registry

text: of

text: voters

text: or

text: when

text: they

text: approach

text: the

text: ballot

text: box

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: exercise

text: the

text: high

text: privilege

text: of

text: voting

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: race

text: so

text: different

text: from

text: our

text: own

text: that

text: we

text: do

text: not

text: permit

text: those

text: belonging

text: to

text: it

text: to

text: become

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Persons

text: belonging

text: to

text: it

text: are

text: with

text: few

text: exceptions

text: absolutely

text: excluded

text: from

text: our

text: country

text: I

text: allude

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: race

text: But

text: by

text: the

text: statute

text: in

text: question

text: a

text: Chinaman

text: can

text: ride

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: passenger

text: coach

text: with

text: white

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: while

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: black

text: race

text: in

text: Louisiana

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: perhaps

text: risked

text: their

text: lives

text: for

text: the

text: preservation

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: who

text: are

text: entitled

text: by

text: law

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: political

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: and

text: nation

text: who

text: are

text: not

text: excluded

text: by

text: law

text: or

text: by

text: reason

text: of

text: their

text: race

text: from

text: public

text: stations

text: of

text: any

text: kind

text: and

text: who

text: have

text: all

text: the

text: legal

text: rights

text: that

text: belong

text: to

text: white

text: citizens

text: are

text: yet

text: declared

text: to

text: be

text: criminals

text: liable

text: to

text: imprisonment

text: if

text: they

text: ride

text: in

text: a

text: public

text: coach

text: occupied

text: by

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: It

text: is

text: scarcely

text: just

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: a

text: colored

text: citizen

text: should

text: not

text: object

text: to

text: occupying

text: a

text: public

text: coach

text: assigned

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: race

text: He

text: does

text: not

text: object

text: nor

text: perhaps

text: would

text: he

text: object

text: to

text: separate

text: coaches

text: for

text: his

text: race

text: if

text: his

text: rights

text: under

text: the

text: law

text: were

text: recognized

text: But

text: he

text: objects

text: and

text: ought

text: never

text: to

text: cease

text: objecting

text: to

text: the

text: proposition

text: that

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: races

text: can

text: be

text: adjudged

text: criminals

text: because

text: they

text: sit

text: or

text: claim

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: sit

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: public

text: coach

text: on

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: The

text: arbitrary

text: separation

text: of

text: citizens

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: while

text: they

text: are

text: on

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: is

text: a

text: badge

text: of

text: servitude

text: wholly

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: the

text: civil

text: freedom

text: and

text: the

text: equality

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: It

text: cannot

text: be

text: justified

text: upon

text: any

text: legal

text: grounds

text: If

text: evils

text: will

text: result

text: from

text: the

text: commingling

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: upon

text: public

text: highways

text: established

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: all

text: they

text: will

text: be

text: infinitely

text: less

text: than

text: those

text: that

text: will

text: surely

text: come

text: from

text: state

text: legislation

text: regulating

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: civil

text: rights

text: upon

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: We

text: boast

text: of

text: the

text: freedom

text: enjoyed

text: by

text: our

text: people

text: above

text: all

text: other

text: peoples

text: But

text: it

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: reconcile

text: that

text: boast

text: with

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: which

text: practically

text: puts

text: the

text: brand

text: of

text: servitude

text: and

text: degradation

text: upon

text: a

text: large

text: class

text: of

text: our

text: fellow

text: citizens

text: our

text: equals

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: The

text: thin

text: disguise

text: of

text: equal

text: accommodations

text: for

text: passengers

text: in

text: railroad

text: coaches

text: will

text: not

text: mislead

text: any

text: one

text: nor

text: atone

text: for

text: the

text: wrong

text: this

text: day

text: done

text: The

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: matter

text: is

text: that

text: while

text: this

text: court

text: has

text: frequently

text: adjudged

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: present

text: term

text: has

text: recognized

text: the

text: doctrine

text: that

text: a

text: State

text: cannot

text: consistently

text: with

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: prevent

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: citizens

text: having

text: the

text: required

text: qualifications

text: for

text: jury

text: service

text: from

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: jury

text: box

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: solemnly

text: held

text: that

text: a

text: State

text: may

text: prohibit

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: citizens

text: from

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: passenger

text: coach

text: on

text: a

text: public

text: highway

text: or

text: may

text: require

text: that

text: they

text: be

text: separated

text: by

text: a

text: partition

text: when

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: passenger

text: coach

text: May

text: it

text: not

text: now

text: be

text: reasonably

text: expected

text: that

text: astute

text: men

text: of

text: the

text: dominant

text: race

text: who

text: affect

text: to

text: be

text: disturbed

text: at

text: the

text: possibility

text: that

text: the

text: integrity

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: may

text: be

text: corrupted

text: or

text: that

text: its

text: supremacy

text: will

text: be

text: imperilled

text: by

text: contact

text: on

text: public

text: highways

text: with

text: black

text: people

text: will

text: endeavor

text: to

text: procure

text: statutes

text: requiring

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: jurors

text: to

text: be

text: separated

text: in

text: the

text: jury

text: box

text: by

text: a

text: partition

text: and

text: that

text: upon

text: retiring

text: from

text: the

text: court

text: room

text: to

text: consult

text: as

text: to

text: their

text: verdict

text: such

text: partition

text: if

text: it

text: be

text: a

text: moveable

text: one

text: shall

text: be

text: taken

text: to

text: their

text: consultation

text: room

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: as

text: to

text: prevent

text: black

text: jurors

text: from

text: coming

text: too

text: close

text: to

text: their

text: brother

text: jurors

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: If

text: the

text: partition

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: court

text: room

text: happens

text: to

text: be

text: stationary

text: provision

text: could

text: be

text: made

text: for

text: screens

text: with

text: openings

text: through

text: which

text: jurors

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: races

text: could

text: confer

text: as

text: to

text: their

text: verdict

text: without

text: coming

text: into

text: personal

text: contact

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: I

text: cannot

text: see

text: but

text: that

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: principles

text: this

text: day

text: announced

text: such

text: state

text: legislation

text: although

text: conceived

text: in

text: hostility

text: to

text: and

text: enacted

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: humiliating

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: race

text: would

text: be

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: Constitution

text: I

text: do

text: not

text: deem

text: it

text: necessary

text: to

text: review

text: the

text: decisions

text: of

text: state

text: courts

text: to

text: which

text: reference

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: argument

text: Some

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: wholly

text: inapplicable

text: because

text: rendered

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: amendments

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: when

text: colored

text: people

text: had

text: very

text: few

text: rights

text: which

text: the

text: dominant

text: race

text: felt

text: obliged

text: to

text: respect

text: Others

text: were

text: made

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: public

text: opinion

text: in

text: many

text: localities

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: institution

text: of

text: slavery

text: when

text: it

text: would

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: safe

text: to

text: do

text: justice

text: to

text: the

text: black

text: man

text: and

text: when

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: blacks

text: were

text: concerned

text: race

text: prejudice

text: was

text: practically

text: the

text: supreme

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: Those

text: decisions

text: cannot

text: be

text: guides

text: in

text: the

text: era

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: recent

text: amendments

text: of

text: the

text: supreme

text: law

text: which

text: established

text: universal

text: civil

text: freedom

text: gave

text: citizenship

text: to

text: all

text: born

text: or

text: naturalized

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: residing

text: here

text: obliterated

text: the

text: race

text: line

text: from

text: our

text: systems

text: of

text: governments

text: National

text: and

text: State

text: and

text: placed

text: our

text: free

text: institutions

text: upon

text: the

text: broad

text: and

text: sure

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: equality

text: of

text: all

text: men

text: before

text: the

text: law

text: I

text: am

text: of

text: opinion

text: that

text: the

text: statute

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: the

text: personal

text: liberty

text: of

text: citizens

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: in

text: that

text: State

text: and

text: hostile

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: spirit

text: and

text: letter

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: If

text: laws

text: of

text: like

text: character

text: should

text: be

text: enacted

text: in

text: the

text: several

text: States

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: the

text: effect

text: would

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: highest

text: degree

text: mischievous

text: Slavery

text: as

text: an

text: institution

text: tolerated

text: by

text: law

text: would

text: it

text: is

text: true

text: have

text: disappeared

text: from

text: our

text: country

text: but

text: there

text: would

text: remain

text: a

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: States

text: by

text: sinister

text: legislation

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: full

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: the

text: blessings

text: of

text: freedom

text: to

text: regulate

text: civil

text: rights

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: citizens

text: upon

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: race

text: and

text: to

text: place

text: in

text: a

text: condition

text: of

text: legal

text: inferiority

text: a

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: American

text: citizens

text: now

text: constituting

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: community

text: called

text: the

text: People

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: whom

text: and

text: by

text: whom

text: through

text: representatives

text: our

text: government

text: is

text: administered

text: Such

text: a

text: system

text: is

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: the

text: guarantee

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: to

text: each

text: State

text: of

text: a

text: republican

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: stricken

text: down

text: by

text: Congressional

text: action

text: or

text: by

text: the

text: courts

text: in

text: the

text: discharge

text: of

text: their

text: solemn

text: duty

text: to

text: maintain

text: the

text: supreme

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: anything

text: in

text: the

text: constitution

text: or

text: laws

text: of

text: any

text: State

text: to

text: the

text: contrary

text: notwithstanding

text: For

text: the

text: reasons

text: stated

text: I

text: am

text: constrained

text: to

text: withhold

text: my

text: assent

text: from

text: the

text: opinion

text: and

text: judgment

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: MR

text: JUSTICE

text: BREWER

text: did

text: not

text: hear

text: the

text: argument

text: or

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: decision

text: of

text: this

text: case