text:
Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988)
Supreme Court of the United States
Filed: January 13th, 1988
Precedential Status: Precedential
Citations: 484 U.S. 260, 108 S. Ct. 562, 98 L. Ed. 2d 592, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 310
Docket Number: 86-836
Supreme Court Database ID: 1987-019
Author: Byron Raymond White

484 U.S. 260 (1988)
HAZELWOOD SCHOOL DISTRICT ET AL.
v.
KUHLMEIER ET AL.

No. 86-836.
Supreme Court of United States.

Argued October 13, 1987
Decided January 13, 1988
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
*261 Robert P. Baine, Jr., argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were John Gianoulakis and Robert T. Haar.

Leslie D. Edwards argued the cause and filed a brief for respondents.[*]

*262 JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

This case concerns the extent to which educators may exercise editorial control over the contents of a high school newspaper produced as part of the school's journalism curriculum.

I

Petitioners are the Hazelwood School District in St. Louis County, Missouri; various school officials; Robert Eugene Reynolds, the principal of Hazelwood East High School; and Howard Emerson, a teacher in the school district. Respondents are three former Hazelwood East students who were staff members of Spectrum, the school newspaper. They contend that school officials violated their First Amendment rights by deleting two pages of articles from the May 13, 1983, issue of Spectrum.

Spectrum was written and edited by the Journalism II class at Hazelwood East. The newspaper was published every three weeks or so during the 1982-1983 school year. More than 4,500 copies of the newspaper were distributed during that year to students, school personnel, and members of the community.

The Board of Education allocated funds from its annual budget for the printing of Spectrum. These funds were supplemented by proceeds from sales of the newspaper. The printing expenses during the 1982-1983 school year totaled $4,668.50; revenue from sales was $1,166.84. The other costs associated with the newspaper — such as supplies, textbooks, *263 and a portion of the journalism teacher's salary — were borne entirely by the Board.

The Journalism II course was taught by Robert Stergos for most of the 1982-1983 academic year. Stergos left Hazelwood East to take a job in private industry on April 29, 1983, when the May 13 edition of Spectrum was nearing completion, and petitioner Emerson took his place as newspaper adviser for the remaining weeks of the term.

The practice at Hazelwood East during the spring 1983 semester was for the journalism teacher to submit page proofs of each Spectrum issue to Principal Reynolds for his review prior to publication. On May 10, Emerson delivered the proofs of the May 13 edition to Reynolds, who objected to two of the articles scheduled to appear in that edition. One of the stories described three Hazelwood East students' experiences with pregnancy; the other discussed the impact of divorce on students at the school.

Reynolds was concerned that, although the pregnancy story used false names "to keep the identity of these girls a secret," the pregnant students still might be identifiable from the text. He also believed that the article's references to sexual activity and birth control were inappropriate for some of the younger students at the school. In addition, Reynolds was concerned that a student identified by name in the divorce story had complained that her father "wasn't spending enough time with my mom, my sister and I" prior to the divorce, "was always out of town on business or out late playing cards with the guys," and "always argued about everything" with her mother. App. to Pet. for Cert. 38. Reynolds believed that the student's parents should have been given an opportunity to respond to these remarks or to consent to their publication. He was unaware that Emerson had deleted the student's name from the final version of the article.

Reynolds believed that there was no time to make the necessary changes in the stories before the scheduled press run *264 and that the newspaper would not appear before the end of the school year if printing were delayed to any significant extent. He concluded that his only options under the circumstances were to publish a four-page newspaper instead of the planned six-page newspaper, eliminating the two pages on which the offending stories appeared, or to publish no newspaper at all. Accordingly, he directed Emerson to withhold from publication the two pages containing the stories on pregnancy and divorce.[1] He informed his superiors of the decision, and they concurred.

Respondents subsequently commenced this action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri seeking a declaration that their First Amendment rights had been violated, injunctive relief, and monetary damages. After a bench trial, the District Court denied an injunction, holding that no First Amendment violation had occurred. 607 F. Supp. 1450 (1985).

The District Court concluded that school officials may impose restraints on students' speech in activities that are " `an integral part of the school's educational function' " — including the publication of a school-sponsored newspaper by a journalism class — so long as their decision has " `a substantial and reasonable basis.' " Id., at 1466 (quoting Frasca v. Andrews, 463 F. Supp. 1043, 1052 (EDNY 1979)). The court found that Principal Reynolds' concern that the pregnant student's anonymity would be lost and their privacy invaded was "legitimate and reasonable," given "the small number of pregnant students at Hazelwood East and several identifying characteristics that were disclosed in the article." 607 F. Supp., at 1466. The court held that Reynolds' action was also justified "to avoid the impression that [the school] endorses *265 the sexual norms of the subjects" and to shield younger students from exposure to unsuitable material. Ibid. The deletion of the article on divorce was seen by the court as a reasonable response to the invasion of privacy concerns raised by the named student's remarks. Because the article did not indicate that the student's parents had been offered an opportunity to respond to her allegations, said the court, there was cause for "serious doubt that the article complied with the rules of fairness which are standard in the field of journalism and which were covered in the textbook used in the Journalism II class." Id., at 1467. Furthermore, the court concluded that Reynolds was justified in deleting two full pages of the newspaper, instead of deleting only the pregnancy and divorce stories or requiring that those stories be modified to address his concerns, based on his "reasonable belief that he had to make an immediate decision and that there was no time to make modifications to the articles in question." Id., at 1466.

The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed. 795 F.2d 1368 (1986). The court held at the outset that Spectrum was not only "a part of the school adopted curriculum," id., at 1373, but also a public forum, because the newspaper was "intended to be and operated as a conduit for student viewpoint." Id., at 1372. The court then concluded that Spectrum's status as a public forum precluded school officials from censoring its contents except when " `necessary to avoid material and substantial interference with school work or discipline . . . or the rights of others.' " Id., at 1374 (quoting Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 511 (1969)).

The Court of Appeals found "no evidence in the record that the principal could have reasonably forecast that the censored articles or any materials in the censored articles would have materially disrupted classwork or given rise to substantial disorder in the school." 795 F. 2d, at 1375. School officials were entitled to censor the articles on the ground that *266 they invaded the rights of others, according to the court, only if publication of the articles could have resulted in tort liability to the school. The court concluded that no tort action for libel or invasion of privacy could have been maintained against the school by the subjects of the two articles or by their families. Accordingly, the court held that school officials had violated respondents' First Amendment rights by deleting the two pages of the newspaper.

We granted certiorari, 479 U.S. 1053 (1987), and we now reverse.

II

Students in the public schools do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." Tinker, supra, at 506. They cannot be punished merely for expressing their personal views on the school premises — whether "in the cafeteria, or on the playing field, or on the campus during the authorized hours," 393 U. S., at 512-513 — unless school authorities have reason to believe that such expression will "substantially interfere with the work of the school or impinge upon the rights of other students." Id., at 509.

We have nonetheless recognized that the First Amendment rights of students in the public schools "are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings," Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 682 (1986), and must be "applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment." Tinker, supra, at 506; cf. New Jersey v. T. L. O., 469 U.S. 325, 341-343 (1985). A school need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with its "basic educational mission," Fraser, supra, at 685, even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school. Accordingly, we held in Fraser that a student could be disciplined for having delivered a speech that was "sexually explicit" but not legally obscene at an official school assembly, because the school was entitled to "disassociate itself" from the speech in a manner *267 that would demonstrate to others that such vulgarity is "wholly inconsistent with the `fundamental values' of public school education." 478 U. S., at 685-686. We thus recognized that "[t]he determination of what manner of speech in the classroom or in school assembly is inappropriate properly rests with the school board," id., at 683, rather than with the federal courts. It is in this context that respondents' First Amendment claims must be considered.

A

We deal first with the question whether Spectrum may appropriately be characterized as a forum for public expression. The public schools do not possess all of the attributes of streets, parks, and other traditional public forums that "time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions." Hague v. CIO, 307 U.S. 496, 515 (1939). Cf. Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 267-268, n. 5 (1981). Hence, school facilities may be deemed to be public forums only if school authorities have "by policy or by practice" opened those facilities "for indiscriminate use by the general public," Perry Education Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U.S. 37, 47 (1983), or by some segment of the public, such as student organizations. Id., at 46, n. 7 (citing Widmar v. Vincent). If the facilities have instead been reserved for other intended purposes, "communicative or otherwise," then no public forum has been created, and school officials may impose reasonable restrictions on the speech of students, teachers, and other members of the school community. 460 U. S., at 46, n. 7. "The government does not create a public forum by inaction or by permitting limited discourse, but only by intentionally opening a nontraditional forum for public discourse." Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 802 (1985).

*268 The policy of school officials toward Spectrum was reflected in Hazelwood School Board Policy 348.51 and the Hazelwood East Curriculum Guide. Board Policy 348.51 provided that "[s]chool sponsored publications are developed within the adopted curriculum and its educational implications in regular classroom activities." App. 22. The Hazelwood East Curriculum Guide described the Journalism II course as a "laboratory situation in which the students publish the school newspaper applying skills they have learned in Journalism I." Id., at 11. The lessons that were to be learned from the Journalism II course, according to the Curriculum Guide, included development of journalistic skills under deadline pressure, "the legal, moral, and ethical restrictions imposed upon journalists within the school community," and "responsibility and acceptance of criticism for articles of opinion." Ibid. Journalism II was taught by a faculty member during regular class hours. Students received grades and academic credit for their performance in the course.

School officials did not deviate in practice from their policy that production of Spectrum was to be part of the educational curriculum and a "regular classroom activit[y]." The District Court found that Robert Stergos, the journalism teacher during most of the 1982-1983 school year, "both had the authority to exercise and in fact exercised a great deal of control over Spectrum." 607 F. Supp., at 1453. For example, Stergos selected the editors of the newspaper, scheduled publication dates, decided the number of pages for each issue, assigned story ideas to class members, advised students on the development of their stories, reviewed the use of quotations, edited stories, selected and edited the letters to the editor, and dealt with the printing company. Many of these decisions were made without consultation with the Journalism II students. The District Court thus found it "clear that Mr. Stergos was the final authority with respect to almost every aspect of the production and publication of Spectrum, including its content." Ibid. Moreover, after *269 each Spectrum issue had been finally approved by Stergos or his successor, the issue still had to be reviewed by Principal Reynolds prior to publication. Respondents' assertion that they had believed that they could publish "practically anything" in Spectrum was therefore dismissed by the District Court as simply "not credible." Id., at 1456. These factual findings are amply supported by the record, and were not rejected as clearly erroneous by the Court of Appeals.

The evidence relied upon by the Court of Appeals in finding Spectrum to be a public forum, see 795 F. 2d, at 1372-1373, is equivocal at best. For example, Board Policy 348.51, which stated in part that "[s]chool sponsored student publications will not restrict free expression or diverse viewpoints within the rules of responsible journalism," also stated that such publications were "developed within the adopted curriculum and its educational implications." App. 22. One might reasonably infer from the full text of Policy 348.51 that school officials retained ultimate control over what constituted "responsible journalism" in a school-sponsored newspaper. Although the Statement of Policy published in the September 14, 1982, issue of Spectrum declared that "Spectrum, as a student-press publication, accepts all rights implied by the First Amendment," this statement, understood in the context of the paper's role in the school's curriculum, suggests at most that the administration will not interfere with the students' exercise of those First Amendment rights that attend the publication of a school-sponsored newspaper. It does not reflect an intent to expand those rights by converting a curricular newspaper into a public forum.[2] Finally, *270 that students were permitted to exercise some authority over the contents of Spectrum was fully consistent with the Curriculum Guide objective of teaching the Journalism II students "leadership responsibilities as issue and page editors." App. 11. A decision to teach leadership skills in the context of a classroom activity hardly implies a decision to relinquish school control over that activity. In sum, the evidence relied upon by the Court of Appeals fails to demonstrate the "clear intent to create a public forum," Cornelius, 473 U. S., at 802, that existed in cases in which we found public forums to have been created. See id., at 802-803 (citing Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U. S., at 267; Madison School District v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Comm'n, 429 U.S. 167, 174, n. 6 (1976); Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U.S. 546, 555 (1975)). School officials did not evince either "by policy or by practice," Perry Education Assn., 460 U. S., at 47, any intent to open the pages of Spectrum to "indiscriminate use," ibid., by its student reporters and editors, or by the student body generally. Instead, they "reserve[d] the forum for its intended purpos[e]," id., at 46, as a supervised learning experience for journalism students. Accordingly, school officials were entitled to regulate the contents of Spectrum in any reasonable manner. Ibid. It is this standard, rather than our decision in Tinker, that governs this case.

B

The question whether the First Amendment requires a school to tolerate particular student speech — the question that we addressed in Tinker — is different from the question whether the First Amendment requires a school affirmatively *271 to promote particular student speech. The former question addresses educators' ability to silence a student's personal expression that happens to occur on the school premises. The latter question concerns educators' authority over school-sponsored publications, theatrical productions, and other expressive activities that students, parents, and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school. These activities may fairly be characterized as part of the school curriculum, whether or not they occur in a traditional classroom setting, so long as they are supervised by faculty members and designed to impart particular knowledge or skills to student participants and audiences.[3]

Educators are entitled to exercise greater control over this second form of student expression to assure that participants learn whatever lessons the activity is designed to teach, that readers or listeners are not exposed to material that may be inappropriate for their level of maturity, and that the views of the individual speaker are not erroneously attributed to the school. Hence, a school may in its capacity as publisher of a school newspaper or producer of a school play "disassociate itself," Fraser, 478 U. S., at 685, not only from speech that would "substantially interfere with [its] work . . . or impinge upon the rights of other students," Tinker, 393 U. S., at 509, but also from speech that is, for example, ungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or profane, or unsuitable for immature audiences.[4] A school must be able to set high standards for *272 the student speech that is disseminated under its auspices — standards that may be higher than those demanded by some newspaper publishers or theatrical producers in the "real" world — and may refuse to disseminate student speech that does not meet those standards. In addition, a school must be able to take into account the emotional maturity of the intended audience in determining whether to disseminate student speech on potentially sensitive topics, which might range from the existence of Santa Claus in an elementary school setting to the particulars of teenage sexual activity in a high school setting. A school must also retain the authority to refuse to sponsor student speech that might reasonably be perceived to advocate drug or alcohol use, irresponsible sex, or conduct otherwise inconsistent with "the shared values of a civilized social order," Fraser, supra, at 683, or to associate the school with any position other than neutrality on matters of political controversy. Otherwise, the schools would be unduly constrained from fulfilling their role as "a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment." Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 493 (1954).

Accordingly, we conclude that the standard articulated in Tinker for determining when a school may punish student expression need not also be the standard for determining when a school may refuse to lend its name and resources to the dissemination *273 of student expression.[5] Instead, we hold that educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.[6]

This standard is consistent with our oft-expressed view that the education of the Nation's youth is primarily the responsibility of parents, teachers, and state and local school officials, and not of federal judges. See, e. g., Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 208 (1982); Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 326 (1975); Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 104 (1968). It is only when the decision to censor a school-sponsored publication, theatrical production, or other vehicle of student expression has no valid educational purpose that the First Amendment is so "directly and sharply implicate[d]," ibid., as to require judicial intervention to protect students' constitutional rights.[7]

*274 III

We also conclude that Principal Reynolds acted reasonably in requiring the deletion from the May 13 issue of Spectrum of the pregnancy article, the divorce article, and the remaining articles that were to appear on the same pages of the newspaper.

The initial paragraph of the pregnancy article declared that "[a]ll names have been changed to keep the identity of these girls a secret." The principal concluded that the students' anonymity was not adequately protected, however, given the other identifying information in the article and the small number of pregnant students at the school. Indeed, a teacher at the school credibly testified that she could positively identify at least one of the girls and possibly all three. It is likely that many students at Hazelwood East would have been at least as successful in identifying the girls. Reynolds therefore could reasonably have feared that the article violated whatever pledge of anonymity had been given to the pregnant students. In addition, he could reasonably have been concerned that the article was not sufficiently sensitive to the privacy interests of the students' boyfriends and parents, who were discussed in the article but who were given no opportunity to consent to its publication or to offer a response. The article did not contain graphic accounts of sexual activity. The girls did comment in the article, however, concerning their sexual histories and their use or nonuse of birth control. It was not unreasonable for the principal to have concluded that such frank talk was inappropriate in a school-sponsored publication distributed to 14-year-old freshmen *275 and presumably taken home to be read by students' even younger brothers and sisters.

The student who was quoted by name in the version of the divorce article seen by Principal Reynolds made comments sharply critical of her father. The principal could reasonably have concluded that an individual publicly identified as an inattentive parent — indeed, as one who chose "playing cards with the guys" over home and family — was entitled to an opportunity to defend himself as a matter of journalistic fairness. These concerns were shared by both of Spectrum's faculty advisers for the 1982-1983 school year, who testified that they would not have allowed the article to be printed without deletion of the student's name.[8]

Principal Reynolds testified credibly at trial that, at the time that he reviewed the proofs of the May 13 issue during an extended telephone conversation with Emerson, he believed that there was no time to make any changes in the articles, and that the newspaper had to be printed immediately or not at all. It is true that Reynolds did not verify whether the necessary modifications could still have been made in the articles, and that Emerson did not volunteer the information that printing could be delayed until the changes were made. We nonetheless agree with the District Court that the decision to excise the two pages containing the problematic articles was reasonable given the particular circumstances of this case. These circumstances included the very recent *276 replacement of Stergos by Emerson, who may not have been entirely familiar with Spectrum editorial and production procedures, and the pressure felt by Reynolds to make an immediate decision so that students would not be deprived of the newspaper altogether.

In sum, we cannot reject as unreasonable Principal Reynolds' conclusion that neither the pregnancy article nor the divorce article was suitable for publication in Spectrum. Reynolds could reasonably have concluded that the students who had written and edited these articles had not sufficiently mastered those portions of the Journalism II curriculum that pertained to the treatment of controversial issues and personal attacks, the need to protect the privacy of individuals whose most intimate concerns are to be revealed in the newspaper, and "the legal, moral, and ethical restrictions imposed upon journalists within [a] school community" that includes adolescent subjects and readers. Finally, we conclude that the principal's decision to delete two pages of Spectrum, rather than to delete only the offending articles or to require that they be modified, was reasonable under the circumstances as he understood them. Accordingly, no violation of First Amendment rights occurred.[9]

The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit is therefore

Reversed.

*277 JUSTICE BRENNAN, with whom JUSTICE MARSHALL and JUSTICE BLACKMUN join, dissenting.

When the young men and women of Hazelwood East High School registered for Journalism II, they expected a civics lesson. Spectrum, the newspaper they were to publish, "was not just a class exercise in which students learned to prepare papers and hone writing skills, it was a . . . forum established to give students an opportunity to express their views while gaining an appreciation of their rights and responsibilities under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . . . ." 795 F.2d 1368, 1373 (CA8 1986). "[A]t the beginning of each school year," id., at 1372, the student journalists published a Statement of Policy — tacitly approved each year by school authorities — announcing their expectation that "Spectrum, as a student-press publication, accepts all rights implied by the First Amendment . . . . Only speech that `materially and substantially interferes with the requirements of appropriate discipline' can be found unacceptable and therefore prohibited." App. 26 (quoting Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 513 (1969)).[1] The school board itself affirmatively guaranteed the students of Journalism II an atmosphere conducive to fostering such an appreciation and exercising the full panoply of rights associated with a free student press. "School sponsored student publications," it vowed, "will not restrict free expression or diverse viewpoints within the rules of responsible journalism." App. 22 (Board Policy 348.51).

*278 This case arose when the Hazelwood East administration breached its own promise, dashing its students' expectations. The school principal, without prior consultation or explanation, excised six articles — comprising two full pages — of the May 13, 1983, issue of Spectrum. He did so not because any of the articles would "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline," but simply because he considered two of the six "inappropriate, personal, sensitive, and unsuitable" for student consumption. 795 F. 2d, at 1371.

In my view the principal broke more than just a promise. He violated the First Amendment's prohibitions against censorship of any student expression that neither disrupts classwork nor invades the rights of others, and against any censorship that is not narrowly tailored to serve its purpose.

I

Public education serves vital national interests in preparing the Nation's youth for life in our increasingly complex society and for the duties of citizenship in our democratic Republic. See Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 493 (1954). The public school conveys to our young the information and tools required not merely to survive in, but to contribute to, civilized society. It also inculcates in tomorrow's leaders the "fundamental values necessary to the maintenance of a democratic political system . . . ." Ambach v. Norwick, 441 U.S. 68, 77 (1979). All the while, the public educator nurtures students' social and moral development by transmitting to them an official dogma of " `community values.' " Board of Education v. Pico, 457 U.S. 853, 864 (1982) (plurality opinion) (citation omitted).

The public educator's task is weighty and delicate indeed. It demands particularized and supremely subjective choices among diverse curricula, moral values, and political stances to teach or inculcate in students, and among various methodologies for doing so. Accordingly, we have traditionally reserved *279 the "daily operation of school systems" to the States and their local school boards. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 104 (1968); see Board of Education v. Pico, supra, at 863-864. We have not, however, hesitated to intervene where their decisions run afoul of the Constitution. See e. g., Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987) (striking state statute that forbade teaching of evolution in public school unless accompanied by instruction on theory of "creation science"); Board of Education v. Pico, supra (school board may not remove books from library shelves merely because it disapproves of ideas they express); Epperson v. Arkansas, supra (striking state-law prohibition against teaching Darwinian theory of evolution in public school); West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943) (public school may not compel student to salute flag); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923) (state law prohibiting the teaching of foreign languages in public or private schools is unconstitutional).

Free student expression undoubtedly sometimes interferes with the effectiveness of the school's pedagogical functions. Some brands of student expression do so by directly preventing the school from pursuing its pedagogical mission: The young polemic who stands on a soapbox during calculus class to deliver an eloquent political diatribe interferes with the legitimate teaching of calculus. And the student who delivers a lewd endorsement of a student-government candidate might so extremely distract an impressionable high school audience as to interfere with the orderly operation of the school. See Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675 (1986). Other student speech, however, frustrates the school's legitimate pedagogical purposes merely by expressing a message that conflicts with the school's, without directly interfering with the school's expression of its message: A student who responds to a political science teacher's question with the retort, "socialism is good," subverts the school's inculcation of the message that capitalism is better. *280 Even the maverick who sits in class passively sporting a symbol of protest against a government policy, cf. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969), or the gossip who sits in the student commons swapping stories of sexual escapade could readily muddle a clear official message condoning the government policy or condemning teenage sex. Likewise, the student newspaper that, like Spectrum, conveys a moral position at odds with the school's official stance might subvert the administration's legitimate inculcation of its own perception of community values.

If mere incompatibility with the school's pedagogical message were a constitutionally sufficient justification for the suppression of student speech, school officials could censor each of the students or student organizations in the foregoing hypotheticals, converting our public schools into "enclaves of totalitarianism," id., at 511, that "strangle the free mind at its source," West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, supra, at 637. The First Amendment permits no such blanket censorship authority. While the "constitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings," Fraser, supra, at 682, students in the public schools do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate," Tinker, supra, at 506. Just as the public on the street corner must, in the interest of fostering "enlightened opinion," Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 310 (1940), tolerate speech that "tempt[s] [the listener] to throw [the speaker] off the street," id., at 309, public educators must accommodate some student expression even if it offends them or offers views or values that contradict those the school wishes to inculcate.

In Tinker, this Court struck the balance. We held that official censorship of student expression — there the suspension of several students until they removed their armbands protesting the Vietnam war — is unconstitutional unless the *281 speech "materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others . . . ." 393 U. S., at 513. School officials may not suppress "silent, passive expression of opinion, unaccompanied by any disorder or disturbance on the part of" the speaker. Id., at 508. The "mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint," id., at 509, or an unsavory subject, Fraser, supra, at 688-689 (BRENNAN, J., concurring in judgment), does not justify official suppression of student speech in the high school.

This Court applied the Tinker test just a Term ago in Fraser, supra, upholding an official decision to discipline a student for delivering a lewd speech in support of a student-government candidate. The Court today casts no doubt on Tinker's vitality. Instead it erects a taxonomy of school censorship, concluding that Tinker applies to one category and not another. On the one hand is censorship "to silence a student's personal expression that happens to occur on the school premises." Ante, at 271. On the other hand is censorship of expression that arises in the context of "school-sponsored. . . expressive activities that students, parents, and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school." Ibid.

The Court does not, for it cannot, purport to discern from our precedents the distinction it creates. One could, I suppose, readily characterize the students' symbolic speech in Tinker as "personal expression that happens to [have] occur[red] on school premises," although Tinker did not even hint that the personal nature of the speech was of any (much less dispositive) relevance. But that same description could not by any stretch of the imagination fit Fraser's speech. He did not just "happen" to deliver his lewd speech to an ad hoc gathering on the playground. As the second paragraph of Fraser evinces, if ever a forum for student expression was "school-sponsored," Fraser's was:

*282 "Fraser . . . delivered a speech nominating a fellow student for student elective office. Approximately 600 high school students . . . attended the assembly. Students were required to attend the assembly or to report to the study hall. The assembly was part of a school-sponsored educational program in self-government." Fraser, 478 U. S., at 677 (emphasis added).
Yet, from the first sentence of its analysis, see id., at 680, Fraser faithfully applied Tinker.

Nor has this Court ever intimated a distinction between personal and school-sponsored speech in any other context. Particularly telling is this Court's heavy reliance on Tinker in two cases of First Amendment infringement on state college campuses. See Papish v. University of Missouri Board of Curators, 410 U.S. 667, 671, n. 6 (1973) (per curiam); Healy v. James, 408 U.S. 169, 180, 189, and n. 18, 191 (1972). One involved the expulsion of a student for lewd expression in a newspaper that she sold on campus pursuant to university authorization, see Papish, supra, at 667-668, and the other involved the denial of university recognition and concomitant benefits to a political student organization, see Healy, supra, at 174, 176, 181-182. Tracking Tinker's analysis, the Court found each act of suppression unconstitutional. In neither case did this Court suggest the distinction, which the Court today finds dispositive, between school-sponsored and incidental student expression.

II

Even if we were writing on a clean slate, I would reject the Court's rationale for abandoning Tinker in this case. The Court offers no more than an obscure tangle of three excuses to afford educators "greater control" over school-sponsored speech than the Tinker test would permit: the public educator's prerogative to control curriculum; the pedagogical interest in shielding the high school audience from objectionable viewpoints and sensitive topics; and the school's need *283 to dissociate itself from student expression. Ante, at 271. None of the excuses, once disentangled, supports the distinction that the Court draws. Tinker fully addresses the first concern; the second is illegitimate; and the third is readily achievable through less oppressive means.

A

The Court is certainly correct that the First Amendment permits educators "to assure that participants learn whatever lessons the activity is designed to teach . . . ." Ante, at 271. That is, however, the essence of the Tinker test, not an excuse to abandon it. Under Tinker, school officials may censor only such student speech as would "materially disrup[t]" a legitimate curricular function. Manifestly, student speech is more likely to disrupt a curricular function when it arises in the context of a curricular activity — one that "is designed to teach" something — than when it arises in the context of a noncurricular activity. Thus, under Tinker, the school may constitutionally punish the budding political orator if he disrupts calculus class but not if he holds his tongue for the cafeteria. See Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Comm'n of New York, 447 U.S. 530, 544-545 (1980) (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment). That is not because some more stringent standard applies in the curricular context. (After all, this Court applied the same standard whether the students in Tinker wore their armbands to the "classroom" or the "cafeteria." 393 U. S., at 512.) It is because student speech in the noncurricular context is less likely to disrupt materially any legitimate pedagogical purpose.

I fully agree with the Court that the First Amendment should afford an educator the prerogative not to sponsor the publication of a newspaper article that is "ungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced," or that falls short of the "high standards for . . . student speech that is disseminated under [the school's] auspices. . . ." Ante, at 271-272. But we need not abandon Tinker *284 to reach that conclusion; we need only apply it. The enumerated criteria reflect the skills that the curricular newspaper "is designed to teach." The educator may, under Tinker, constitutionally "censor" poor grammar, writing, or research because to reward such expression would "materially disrup[t]" the newspaper's curricular purpose.

The same cannot be said of official censorship designed to shield the audience or dissociate the sponsor from the expression. Censorship so motivated might well serve (although, as I demonstrate infra, at 285-289, cannot legitimately serve) some other school purpose. But it in no way furthers the curricular purposes of a student newspaper, unless one believes that the purpose of the school newspaper is to teach students that the press ought never report bad news, express unpopular views, or print a thought that might upset its sponsors. Unsurprisingly, Hazelwood East claims no such pedagogical purpose.

The Court relies on bits of testimony to portray the principal's conduct as a pedagogical lesson to Journalism II students who "had not sufficiently mastered those portions of the . . . curriculum that pertained to the treatment of controversial issues and personal attacks, the need to protect the privacy of individuals . . ., and `the legal, moral, and ethical restrictions imposed upon journalists . . . .' " Ante, at 276. In that regard, the Court attempts to justify censorship of the article on teenage pregnancy on the basis of the principal's judgment that (1) "the [pregnant] students' anonymity was not adequately protected," despite the article's use of aliases; and (2) the judgment that "the article was not sufficiently sensitive to the privacy interests of the students' boyfriends and parents . . . ." Ante, at 274. Similarly, the Court finds in the principal's decision to censor the divorce article a journalistic lesson that the author should have given the father of one student an "opportunity to defend himself" against her charge that (in the Court's words) he "chose *285 `playing cards with the guys' over home and family . . . ." Ante, at 275.

But the principal never consulted the students before censoring their work. "[T]hey learned of the deletions when the paper was released . . . ." 795 F. 2d, at 1371. Further, he explained the deletions only in the broadest of generalities. In one meeting called at the behest of seven protesting Spectrum staff members (presumably a fraction of the full class), he characterized the articles as " `too sensitive' for `our immature audience of readers,' " 607 F. Supp. 1450, 1459 (ED Mo. 1985), and in a later meeting he deemed them simply "inappropriate, personal, sensitive and unsuitable for the newspaper," ibid. The Court's supposition that the principal intended (or the protesters understood) those generalities as a lesson on the nuances of journalistic responsibility is utterly incredible. If he did, a fact that neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals found, the lesson was lost on all but the psychic Spectrum staffer.

B

The Court's second excuse for deviating from precedent is the school's interest in shielding an impressionable high school audience from material whose substance is "unsuitable for immature audiences." Ante, at 271 (footnote omitted). Specifically, the majority decrees that we must afford educators authority to shield high school students from exposure to "potentially sensitive topics" (like "the particulars of teenage sexual activity") or unacceptable social viewpoints (like the advocacy of "irresponsible se[x] or conduct otherwise inconsistent with `the shared values of a civilized social order' ") through school-sponsored student activities. Ante, at 272 (citation omitted).

Tinker teaches us that the state educator's undeniable, and undeniably vital, mandate to inculcate moral and political values is not a general warrant to act as "thought police" stifling discussion of all but state-approved topics and advocacy of all *286 but the official position. See also Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923). Otherwise educators could transform students into "closed-circuit recipients of only that which the State chooses to communicate," Tinker, 393 U. S., at 511, and cast a perverse and impermissible "pall of orthodoxy over the classroom," Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 U.S. 589, 603 (1967). Thus, the State cannot constitutionally prohibit its high school students from recounting in the locker room "the particulars of [their] teen-age sexual activity," nor even from advocating "irresponsible se[x]" or other presumed abominations of "the shared values of a civilized social order." Even in its capacity as educator the State may not assume an Orwellian "guardianship of the public mind," Thomas v. Collins, 323 U.S. 516, 545 (1945) (Jackson, J., concurring).

The mere fact of school sponsorship does not, as the Court suggests, license such thought control in the high school, whether through school suppression of disfavored viewpoints or through official assessment of topic sensitivity.[2] The former would constitute unabashed and unconstitutional viewpoint *287 discrimination, see Board of Education v. Pico, 457 U. S., at 878-879 (BLACKMUN, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), as well as an impermissible infringement of the students' " `right to receive information and ideas,' " id., at 867 (plurality opinion) (citations omitted); see First National Bank v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 783 (1978).[3] Just as a school board may not purge its state-funded library of all books that " `offen[d] [its] social, political and moral tastes,' " 457 U. S., at 858-859 (plurality opinion) (citation omitted), school officials may not, out of like motivation, discriminatorily excise objectionable ideas from a student publication. The State's prerogative to dissolve the student newspaper entirely (or to limit its subject matter) no more entitles it to dictate which viewpoints students may express on its pages, than the State's prerogative to close down the schoolhouse entitles it to prohibit the nondisruptive expression of antiwar sentiment within its gates.

Official censorship of student speech on the ground that it addresses "potentially sensitive topics" is, for related reasons, equally impermissible. I would not begrudge an educator the authority to limit the substantive scope of a school-sponsored publication to a certain, objectively definable topic, such as literary criticism, school sports, or an overview of the school year. Unlike those determinate limitations, "potential topic sensitivity" is a vaporous nonstandard — like " `public welfare, peace, safety, health, decency, good order, morals or convenience,' " Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 U.S. 147, 150 (1969), or " `general welfare of citizens,' " Staub v. Baxley, 355 U.S. 313, 322 (1958) — that invites manipulation to achieve ends that cannot permissibly be achieved through blatant viewpoint discrimination and chills student speech to which school officials might not *288 object. In part because of those dangers, this Court has consistently condemned any scheme allowing a state official boundless discretion in licensing speech from a particular forum. See, e. g., Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, supra, at 150-151, and n. 2; Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 557-558 (1965); Staub v. Baxley, supra, at 322-324.

The case before us aptly illustrates how readily school officials (and courts) can camouflage viewpoint discrimination as the "mere" protection of students from sensitive topics. Among the grounds that the Court advances to uphold the principal's censorship of one of the articles was the potential sensitivity of "teenage sexual activity." Ante, at 272. Yet the District Court specifically found that the principal "did not, as a matter of principle, oppose discussion of said topi[c] in Spectrum." 607 F. Supp., at 1467. That much is also clear from the same principal's approval of the "squeal law" article on the same page, dealing forthrightly with "teenage sexuality," "the use of contraceptives by teenagers," and "teenage pregnancy," App. 4-5. If topic sensitivity were the true basis of the principal's decision, the two articles should have been equally objectionable. It is much more likely that the objectionable article was objectionable because of the viewpoint it expressed: It might have been read (as the majority apparently does) to advocate "irresponsible sex." See ante, at 272.

C

The sole concomitant of school sponsorship that might conceivably justify the distinction that the Court draws between sponsored and nonsponsored student expression is the risk "that the views of the individual speaker [might be] erroneously attributed to the school." Ante, at 271. Of course, the risk of erroneous attribution inheres in any student expression, including "personal expression" that, like the armbands in Tinker, "happens to occur on the school premises," ante, at 271. Nevertheless, the majority is certainly correct that indicia of school sponsorship increase the likelihood *289 of such attribution, and that state educators may therefore have a legitimate interest in dissociating themselves from student speech.

But " `[e]ven though the governmental purpose be legitimate and substantial, that purpose cannot be pursued by means that broadly stifle fundamental personal liberties when the end can be more narrowly achieved.' " Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 U. S., at 602 (quoting Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479, 488 (1960)). Dissociative means short of censorship are available to the school. It could, for example, require the student activity to publish a disclaimer, such as the "Statement of Policy" that Spectrum published each school year announcing that "[a]ll . . . editorials appearing in this newspaper reflect the opinions of the Spectrum staff, which are not necessarily shared by the administrators or faculty of Hazelwood East," App. 26; or it could simply issue its own response clarifying the official position on the matter and explaining why the student position is wrong. Yet, without so much as acknowledging the less oppressive alternatives, the Court approves of brutal censorship.

III

Since the censorship served no legitimate pedagogical purpose, it cannot by any stretch of the imagination have been designed to prevent "materia[l] disrup[tion of] classwork," Tinker, 393 U. S., at 513. Nor did the censorship fall within the category that Tinker described as necessary to prevent student expression from "inva[ding] the rights of others," ibid. If that term is to have any content, it must be limited to rights that are protected by law. "Any yardstick less exacting than [that] could result in school officials curtailing speech at the slightest fear of disturbance," 795 F. 2d, at 1376, a prospect that would be completely at odds with this Court's pronouncement that the "undifferentiated fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough [even in the public school context] to overcome the right to freedom of expression." *290 Tinker, supra, at 508. And, as the Court of Appeals correctly reasoned, whatever journalistic impropriety these articles may have contained, they could not conceivably be tortious, much less criminal. See 795 F. 2d, at 1375-1376.

Finally, even if the majority were correct that the principal could constitutionally have censored the objectionable material, I would emphatically object to the brutal manner in which he did so. Where "[t]he separation of legitimate from illegitimate speech calls for more sensitive tools" Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513, 525 (1958); see Keyishian v. Board of Regents, supra, at 602, the principal used a paper shredder. He objected to some material in two articles, but excised six entire articles. He did not so much as inquire into obvious alternatives, such as precise deletions or additions (one of which had already been made), rearranging the layout, or delaying publication. Such unthinking contempt for individual rights is intolerable from any state official. It is particularly insidious from one to whom the public entrusts the task of inculcating in its youth an appreciation for the cherished democratic liberties that our Constitution guarantees.

IV

The Court opens its analysis in this case by purporting to reaffirm Tinker's time-tested proposition that public school students "do not `shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.' " Ante, at 266 (quoting Tinker, supra, at 506). That is an ironic introduction to an opinion that denudes high school students of much of the First Amendment protection that Tinker itself prescribed. Instead of "teach[ing] children to respect the diversity of ideas that is fundamental to the American system," Board of Education v. Pico, 457 U. S., at 880 (BLACKMUN, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), and "that our Constitution is a living reality, not parchment preserved under glass," Shanley v. Northeast Independent School Dist., Bexar Cty., Tex., 462 F.2d 960, 972 (CA5 *291 1972), the Court today "teach[es] youth to discount important principles of our government as mere platitudes." West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U. S., at 637. The young men and women of Hazelwood East expected a civics lesson, but not the one the Court teaches them today.

I dissent.

NOTES

[*] Ronald A. Zumbrun and Anthony T. Caso filed a brief for the Pacific Legal Foundation as amicus curiae urging reversal.

Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the American Civil Liberties Union et al. by Janet L. Benshoof, John A. Powell, Steven R. Shapiro, and Frank Susman; for the American Society of Newspaper Editors et al. by Richard M. Schmidt, Jr.; for People for the American Way by Marvin E. Frankel; for the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund et al. by Martha L. Minow, Sarah E. Burns, and Marsha Levick; for the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., et al. by Eve W. Paul; and for the Student Press Law Center et al. by J. Marc Abrams.

Briefs of amici curiae were filed for the National School Boards Association et al. by Gwendolyn H. Gregory, August W. Steinhilber, Thomas A. Shannon, and Ivan B. Gluckman; and for the School Board of Dade County, Florida, by Frank A. Howard, Jr., and Johnny Brown.

[1] The two pages deleted from the newspaper also contained articles on teenage marriage, runaways, and juvenile delinquents, as well as a general article on teenage pregnancy. Reynolds testified that he had no objection to these articles and that they were deleted only because they appeared on the same pages as the two objectionable articles.

[2] The Statement also cited Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969), for the proposition that "[o]nly speech that `materially and substantially interferes with the requirements of appropriate discipline' can be found unacceptable and therefore be prohibited." App. 26. This portion of the Statement does not, of course, even accurately reflect our holding in Tinker. Furthermore, the Statement nowhere expressly extended the Tinker standard to the news and feature articles contained in a school-sponsored newspaper. The dissent apparently finds as a fact that the Statement was published annually in Spectrum; however, the District Court was unable to conclude that the Statement appeared on more than one occasion. In any event, even if the Statement says what the dissent believes that it says, the evidence that school officials never intended to designate Spectrum as a public forum remains overwhelming.

[3] The distinction that we draw between speech that is sponsored by the school and speech that is not is fully consistent with Papish v. University of Missouri Board of Curators, 410 U.S. 667 (1973) (per curiam), which involved an off-campus "underground" newspaper that school officials merely had allowed to be sold on a state university campus.

[4] The dissent perceives no difference between the First Amendment analysis applied in Tinker and that applied in Fraser. We disagree. The decision in Fraser rested on the "vulgar," "lewd," and "plainly offensive" character of a speech delivered at an official school assembly rather than on any propensity of the speech to "materially disrup[t] classwork or involv[e] substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others." 393 U. S., at 513. Indeed, the Fraser Court cited as "especially relevant" a portion of Justice Black's dissenting opinion in Tinker " `disclaim[ing] any purpose. . . to hold that the Federal Constitution compels the teachers, parents, and elected school officials to surrender control of the American public school system to public school students.' " 478 U. S., at 686 (quoting 393 U. S., at 526). Of course, Justice Black's observations are equally relevant to the instant case.

[5] We therefore need not decide whether the Court of Appeals correctly construed Tinker as precluding school officials from censoring student speech to avoid "invasion of the rights of others," 393 U. S., at 513, except where that speech could result in tort liability to the school.

[6] We reject respondents' suggestion that school officials be permitted to exercise prepublication control over school-sponsored publications only pursuant to specific written regulations. To require such regulations in the context of a curricular activity could unduly constrain the ability of educators to educate. We need not now decide whether such regulations are required before school officials may censor publications not sponsored by the school that students seek to distribute on school grounds. See Baughman v. Freienmuth, 478 F.2d 1345 (CA4 1973); Shanley v. Northeast Independent School Dist., Bexar Cty., Tex., 462 F.2d 960 (CA5 1972); Eisner v. Stamford Board of Education, 440 F.2d 803 (CA2 1971).

[7] A number of lower federal courts have similarly recognized that educators' decisions with regard to the content of school-sponsored newspapers, dramatic productions, and other expressive activities are entitled to substantial deference. See, e. g., Nicholson v. Board of Education, Torrance Unified School Dist., 682 F.2d 858 (CA9 1982); Seyfried v. Walton, 668 F.2d 214 (CA3 1981); Trachtman v. Anker, 563 F.2d 512 (CA2 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 925 (1978); Frasca v. Andrews, 463 F. Supp. 1043 (EDNY 1979). We need not now decide whether the same degree of deference is appropriate with respect to school-sponsored expressive activities at the college and university level.

[8] The reasonableness of Principal Reynolds' concerns about the two articles was further substantiated by the trial testimony of Martin Duggan, a former editorial page editor of the St. Louis Globe Democrat and a former college journalism instructor and newspaper adviser. Duggan testified that the divorce story did not meet journalistic standards of fairness and balance because the father was not given an opportunity to respond, and that the pregnancy story was not appropriate for publication in a high school newspaper because it was unduly intrusive into the privacy of the girls, their parents, and their boyfriends. The District Court found Duggan to be "an objective and independent witness" whose testimony was entitled to significant weight. 607 F. Supp. 1450, 1461 (ED Mo. 1985).

[9] It is likely that the approach urged by the dissent would as a practical matter have far more deleterious consequences for the student press than does the approach that we adopt today. The dissent correctly acknowledges "[t]he State's prerogative to dissolve the student newspaper entirely." Post, at 287. It is likely that many public schools would do just that rather than open their newspapers to all student expression that does not threaten "materia[l] disrup[tion of] classwork" or violation of "rights that are protected by law," post, at 289, regardless of how sexually explicit, racially intemperate, or personally insulting that expression otherwise might be.

[1] The Court suggests that the passage quoted in the text did not "exten[d] the Tinker standard to the news and feature articles contained in a school-sponsored newspaper" because the passage did not expressly mention them. Ante, at 269, n. 2. It is hard to imagine why the Court (or anyone else) might expect a passage that applies categorically to "a student-press publication," composed almost exclusively of "news and feature articles," to mention those categories expressly. Understandably, neither court below so limited the passage.

[2] The Court quotes language in Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675 (1986), for the proposition that "[t]he determination of what manner of speech in the classroom or in school assembly is inappropriate properly rests with the school board.' " Ante, at 267 (quoting 478 U. S., at 683). As the discussion immediately preceding that quotation makes clear, however, the Court was referring only to the appropriateness of the manner in which the message is conveyed, not of the message's content. See, e. g., Fraser, 478 U. S., at 683 ("[T]he `fundamental values necessary to the maintenance of a democratic political system' disfavor the use of terms of debate highly offensive or highly threatening to others"). In fact, the Fraser Court coupled its first mention of "society's . . . interest in teaching students the boundaries of socially appropriate behavior," with an acknowledgment of "[t]he undoubted freedom to advocate unpopular and controversial views in schools and classrooms," id., at 681 (emphasis added). See also id., at 689 (BRENNAN, J., concurring in judgment) ("Nor does this case involve an attempt by school officials to ban written materials they consider `inappropriate' for high school students" (citation omitted)).

[3] Petitioners themselves concede that " `[c]ontrol over access' " to Spectrum is permissible only if " `the distinctions drawn . . . are viewpoint neutral.' " Brief for Petitioners 32 (quoting Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 806 (1985)).

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text: out

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text: playing

text: cards

text: with

text: the

text: guys

text: and

text: always

text: argued

text: about

text: everything

text: with

text: her

text: mother

text: App

text: to

text: Pet

text: for

text: Cert

text: Reynolds

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: student

text: s

text: parents

text: should

text: have

text: been

text: given

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: these

text: remarks

text: or

text: to

text: consent

text: to

text: their

text: publication

text: He

text: was

text: unaware

text: that

text: Emerson

text: had

text: deleted

text: the

text: student

text: s

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: final

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: article

text: Reynolds

text: believed

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: time

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: necessary

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: stories

text: before

text: the

text: scheduled

text: press

text: run

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: newspaper

text: would

text: not

text: appear

text: before

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: if

text: printing

text: were

text: delayed

text: to

text: any

text: significant

text: extent

text: He

text: concluded

text: that

text: his

text: only

text: options

text: under

text: the

text: circumstances

text: were

text: to

text: publish

text: a

text: four

text: page

text: newspaper

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: planned

text: six

text: page

text: newspaper

text: eliminating

text: the

text: two

text: pages

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: offending

text: stories

text: appeared

text: or

text: to

text: publish

text: no

text: newspaper

text: at

text: all

text: Accordingly

text: he

text: directed

text: Emerson

text: to

text: withhold

text: from

text: publication

text: the

text: two

text: pages

text: containing

text: the

text: stories

text: on

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: divorce

text: He

text: informed

text: his

text: superiors

text: of

text: the

text: decision

text: and

text: they

text: concurred

text: Respondents

text: subsequently

text: commenced

text: this

text: action

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: District

text: Court

text: for

text: the

text: Eastern

text: District

text: of

text: Missouri

text: seeking

text: a

text: declaration

text: that

text: their

text: First

text: Amendment

text: rights

text: had

text: been

text: violated

text: injunctive

text: relief

text: and

text: monetary

text: damages

text: After

text: a

text: bench

text: trial

text: the

text: District

text: Court

text: denied

text: an

text: injunction

text: holding

text: that

text: no

text: First

text: Amendment

text: violation

text: had

text: occurred

text: F

text: Supp

text: The

text: District

text: Court

text: concluded

text: that

text: school

text: officials

text: may

text: impose

text: restraints

text: on

text: students

text: speech

text: in

text: activities

text: that

text: are

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: educational

text: function

text: including

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: newspaper

text: by

text: a

text: journalism

text: class

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: their

text: decision

text: has

text: a

text: substantial

text: and

text: reasonable

text: basis

text: Id

text: at

text: quoting

text: Frasca

text: v

text: Andrews

text: F

text: Supp

text: EDNY

text: The

text: court

text: found

text: that

text: Principal

text: Reynolds

text: concern

text: that

text: the

text: pregnant

text: student

text: s

text: anonymity

text: would

text: be

text: lost

text: and

text: their

text: privacy

text: invaded

text: was

text: legitimate

text: and

text: reasonable

text: given

text: the

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: pregnant

text: students

text: at

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: and

text: several

text: identifying

text: characteristics

text: that

text: were

text: disclosed

text: in

text: the

text: article

text: F

text: Supp

text: at

text: The

text: court

text: held

text: that

text: Reynolds

text: action

text: was

text: also

text: justified

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: impression

text: that

text: the

text: school

text: endorses

text: the

text: sexual

text: norms

text: of

text: the

text: subjects

text: and

text: to

text: shield

text: younger

text: students

text: from

text: exposure

text: to

text: unsuitable

text: material

text: Ibid

text: The

text: deletion

text: of

text: the

text: article

text: on

text: divorce

text: was

text: seen

text: by

text: the

text: court

text: as

text: a

text: reasonable

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: privacy

text: concerns

text: raised

text: by

text: the

text: named

text: student

text: s

text: remarks

text: Because

text: the

text: article

text: did

text: not

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: student

text: s

text: parents

text: had

text: been

text: offered

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: her

text: allegations

text: said

text: the

text: court

text: there

text: was

text: cause

text: for

text: serious

text: doubt

text: that

text: the

text: article

text: complied

text: with

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: fairness

text: which

text: are

text: standard

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: journalism

text: and

text: which

text: were

text: covered

text: in

text: the

text: textbook

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Journalism

text: II

text: class

text: Id

text: at

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: court

text: concluded

text: that

text: Reynolds

text: was

text: justified

text: in

text: deleting

text: two

text: full

text: pages

text: of

text: the

text: newspaper

text: instead

text: of

text: deleting

text: only

text: the

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: divorce

text: stories

text: or

text: requiring

text: that

text: those

text: stories

text: be

text: modified

text: to

text: address

text: his

text: concerns

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: reasonable

text: belief

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: to

text: make

text: an

text: immediate

text: decision

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: time

text: to

text: make

text: modifications

text: to

text: the

text: articles

text: in

text: question

text: Id

text: at

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: for

text: the

text: Eighth

text: Circuit

text: reversed

text: F

text: d

text: The

text: court

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: outset

text: that

text: Spectrum

text: was

text: not

text: only

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: adopted

text: curriculum

text: id

text: at

text: but

text: also

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: because

text: the

text: newspaper

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: and

text: operated

text: as

text: a

text: conduit

text: for

text: student

text: viewpoint

text: Id

text: at

text: The

text: court

text: then

text: concluded

text: that

text: Spectrum

text: s

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: precluded

text: school

text: officials

text: from

text: censoring

text: its

text: contents

text: except

text: when

text: necessary

text: to

text: avoid

text: material

text: and

text: substantial

text: interference

text: with

text: school

text: work

text: or

text: discipline

text: or

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: Id

text: at

text: quoting

text: Tinker

text: v

text: Des

text: Moines

text: Independent

text: Community

text: School

text: Dist

text: U

text: S

text: The

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: found

text: no

text: evidence

text: in

text: the

text: record

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: could

text: have

text: reasonably

text: forecast

text: that

text: the

text: censored

text: articles

text: or

text: any

text: materials

text: in

text: the

text: censored

text: articles

text: would

text: have

text: materially

text: disrupted

text: classwork

text: or

text: given

text: rise

text: to

text: substantial

text: disorder

text: in

text: the

text: school

text: F

text: d

text: at

text: School

text: officials

text: were

text: entitled

text: to

text: censor

text: the

text: articles

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: that

text: they

text: invaded

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: court

text: only

text: if

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: articles

text: could

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: tort

text: liability

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: The

text: court

text: concluded

text: that

text: no

text: tort

text: action

text: for

text: libel

text: or

text: invasion

text: of

text: privacy

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: maintained

text: against

text: the

text: school

text: by

text: the

text: subjects

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: articles

text: or

text: by

text: their

text: families

text: Accordingly

text: the

text: court

text: held

text: that

text: school

text: officials

text: had

text: violated

text: respondents

text: First

text: Amendment

text: rights

text: by

text: deleting

text: the

text: two

text: pages

text: of

text: the

text: newspaper

text: We

text: granted

text: certiorari

text: U

text: S

text: and

text: we

text: now

text: reverse

text: II

text: Students

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: schools

text: do

text: not

text: shed

text: their

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: to

text: freedom

text: of

text: speech

text: or

text: expression

text: at

text: the

text: schoolhouse

text: gate

text: Tinker

text: supra

text: at

text: They

text: cannot

text: be

text: punished

text: merely

text: for

text: expressing

text: their

text: personal

text: views

text: on

text: the

text: school

text: premises

text: whether

text: in

text: the

text: cafeteria

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: playing

text: field

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: campus

text: during

text: the

text: authorized

text: hours

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: unless

text: school

text: authorities

text: have

text: reason

text: to

text: believe

text: that

text: such

text: expression

text: will

text: substantially

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: or

text: impinge

text: upon

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: other

text: students

text: Id

text: at

text: We

text: have

text: nonetheless

text: recognized

text: that

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: rights

text: of

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: schools

text: are

text: not

text: automatically

text: coextensive

text: with

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: adults

text: in

text: other

text: settings

text: Bethel

text: School

text: District

text: No

text: v

text: Fraser

text: U

text: S

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: applied

text: in

text: light

text: of

text: the

text: special

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: environment

text: Tinker

text: supra

text: at

text: cf

text: New

text: Jersey

text: v

text: T

text: L

text: O

text: U

text: S

text: A

text: school

text: need

text: not

text: tolerate

text: student

text: speech

text: that

text: is

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: its

text: basic

text: educational

text: mission

text: Fraser

text: supra

text: at

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: government

text: could

text: not

text: censor

text: similar

text: speech

text: outside

text: the

text: school

text: Accordingly

text: we

text: held

text: in

text: Fraser

text: that

text: a

text: student

text: could

text: be

text: disciplined

text: for

text: having

text: delivered

text: a

text: speech

text: that

text: was

text: sexually

text: explicit

text: but

text: not

text: legally

text: obscene

text: at

text: an

text: official

text: school

text: assembly

text: because

text: the

text: school

text: was

text: entitled

text: to

text: disassociate

text: itself

text: from

text: the

text: speech

text: in

text: a

text: manner

text: that

text: would

text: demonstrate

text: to

text: others

text: that

text: such

text: vulgarity

text: is

text: wholly

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: the

text: fundamental

text: values

text: of

text: public

text: school

text: education

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: We

text: thus

text: recognized

text: that

text: t

text: he

text: determination

text: of

text: what

text: manner

text: of

text: speech

text: in

text: the

text: classroom

text: or

text: in

text: school

text: assembly

text: is

text: inappropriate

text: properly

text: rests

text: with

text: the

text: school

text: board

text: id

text: at

text: rather

text: than

text: with

text: the

text: federal

text: courts

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: that

text: respondents

text: First

text: Amendment

text: claims

text: must

text: be

text: considered

text: A

text: We

text: deal

text: first

text: with

text: the

text: question

text: whether

text: Spectrum

text: may

text: appropriately

text: be

text: characterized

text: as

text: a

text: forum

text: for

text: public

text: expression

text: The

text: public

text: schools

text: do

text: not

text: possess

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: attributes

text: of

text: streets

text: parks

text: and

text: other

text: traditional

text: public

text: forums

text: that

text: time

text: out

text: of

text: mind

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: purposes

text: of

text: assembly

text: communicating

text: thoughts

text: between

text: citizens

text: and

text: discussing

text: public

text: questions

text: Hague

text: v

text: CIO

text: U

text: S

text: Cf

text: Widmar

text: v

text: Vincent

text: U

text: S

text: n

text: Hence

text: school

text: facilities

text: may

text: be

text: deemed

text: to

text: be

text: public

text: forums

text: only

text: if

text: school

text: authorities

text: have

text: by

text: policy

text: or

text: by

text: practice

text: opened

text: those

text: facilities

text: for

text: indiscriminate

text: use

text: by

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: Perry

text: Education

text: Assn

text: v

text: Perry

text: Local

text: Educators

text: Assn

text: U

text: S

text: or

text: by

text: some

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: such

text: as

text: student

text: organizations

text: Id

text: at

text: n

text: citing

text: Widmar

text: v

text: Vincent

text: If

text: the

text: facilities

text: have

text: instead

text: been

text: reserved

text: for

text: other

text: intended

text: purposes

text: communicative

text: or

text: otherwise

text: then

text: no

text: public

text: forum

text: has

text: been

text: created

text: and

text: school

text: officials

text: may

text: impose

text: reasonable

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: speech

text: of

text: students

text: teachers

text: and

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: community

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: n

text: The

text: government

text: does

text: not

text: create

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: by

text: inaction

text: or

text: by

text: permitting

text: limited

text: discourse

text: but

text: only

text: by

text: intentionally

text: opening

text: a

text: nontraditional

text: forum

text: for

text: public

text: discourse

text: Cornelius

text: v

text: NAACP

text: Legal

text: Defense

text: Educational

text: Fund

text: Inc

text: U

text: S

text: The

text: policy

text: of

text: school

text: officials

text: toward

text: Spectrum

text: was

text: reflected

text: in

text: Hazelwood

text: School

text: Board

text: Policy

text: and

text: the

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: Curriculum

text: Guide

text: Board

text: Policy

text: provided

text: that

text: s

text: chool

text: sponsored

text: publications

text: are

text: developed

text: within

text: the

text: adopted

text: curriculum

text: and

text: its

text: educational

text: implications

text: in

text: regular

text: classroom

text: activities

text: App

text: The

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: Curriculum

text: Guide

text: described

text: the

text: Journalism

text: II

text: course

text: as

text: a

text: laboratory

text: situation

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: students

text: publish

text: the

text: school

text: newspaper

text: applying

text: skills

text: they

text: have

text: learned

text: in

text: Journalism

text: I

text: Id

text: at

text: The

text: lessons

text: that

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: learned

text: from

text: the

text: Journalism

text: II

text: course

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Curriculum

text: Guide

text: included

text: development

text: of

text: journalistic

text: skills

text: under

text: deadline

text: pressure

text: the

text: legal

text: moral

text: and

text: ethical

text: restrictions

text: imposed

text: upon

text: journalists

text: within

text: the

text: school

text: community

text: and

text: responsibility

text: and

text: acceptance

text: of

text: criticism

text: for

text: articles

text: of

text: opinion

text: Ibid

text: Journalism

text: II

text: was

text: taught

text: by

text: a

text: faculty

text: member

text: during

text: regular

text: class

text: hours

text: Students

text: received

text: grades

text: and

text: academic

text: credit

text: for

text: their

text: performance

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: School

text: officials

text: did

text: not

text: deviate

text: in

text: practice

text: from

text: their

text: policy

text: that

text: production

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: educational

text: curriculum

text: and

text: a

text: regular

text: classroom

text: activit

text: y

text: The

text: District

text: Court

text: found

text: that

text: Robert

text: Stergos

text: the

text: journalism

text: teacher

text: during

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: both

text: had

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: exercise

text: and

text: in

text: fact

text: exercised

text: a

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: control

text: over

text: Spectrum

text: F

text: Supp

text: at

text: For

text: example

text: Stergos

text: selected

text: the

text: editors

text: of

text: the

text: newspaper

text: scheduled

text: publication

text: dates

text: decided

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: pages

text: for

text: each

text: issue

text: assigned

text: story

text: ideas

text: to

text: class

text: members

text: advised

text: students

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: their

text: stories

text: reviewed

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: quotations

text: edited

text: stories

text: selected

text: and

text: edited

text: the

text: letters

text: to

text: the

text: editor

text: and

text: dealt

text: with

text: the

text: printing

text: company

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: decisions

text: were

text: made

text: without

text: consultation

text: with

text: the

text: Journalism

text: II

text: students

text: The

text: District

text: Court

text: thus

text: found

text: it

text: clear

text: that

text: Mr

text: Stergos

text: was

text: the

text: final

text: authority

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: almost

text: every

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: production

text: and

text: publication

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: including

text: its

text: content

text: Ibid

text: Moreover

text: after

text: each

text: Spectrum

text: issue

text: had

text: been

text: finally

text: approved

text: by

text: Stergos

text: or

text: his

text: successor

text: the

text: issue

text: still

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: reviewed

text: by

text: Principal

text: Reynolds

text: prior

text: to

text: publication

text: Respondents

text: assertion

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: believed

text: that

text: they

text: could

text: publish

text: practically

text: anything

text: in

text: Spectrum

text: was

text: therefore

text: dismissed

text: by

text: the

text: District

text: Court

text: as

text: simply

text: not

text: credible

text: Id

text: at

text: These

text: factual

text: findings

text: are

text: amply

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: record

text: and

text: were

text: not

text: rejected

text: as

text: clearly

text: erroneous

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: The

text: evidence

text: relied

text: upon

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: in

text: finding

text: Spectrum

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: see

text: F

text: d

text: at

text: is

text: equivocal

text: at

text: best

text: For

text: example

text: Board

text: Policy

text: which

text: stated

text: in

text: part

text: that

text: s

text: chool

text: sponsored

text: student

text: publications

text: will

text: not

text: restrict

text: free

text: expression

text: or

text: diverse

text: viewpoints

text: within

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: responsible

text: journalism

text: also

text: stated

text: that

text: such

text: publications

text: were

text: developed

text: within

text: the

text: adopted

text: curriculum

text: and

text: its

text: educational

text: implications

text: App

text: One

text: might

text: reasonably

text: infer

text: from

text: the

text: full

text: text

text: of

text: Policy

text: that

text: school

text: officials

text: retained

text: ultimate

text: control

text: over

text: what

text: constituted

text: responsible

text: journalism

text: in

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: newspaper

text: Although

text: the

text: Statement

text: of

text: Policy

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: September

text: issue

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: declared

text: that

text: Spectrum

text: as

text: a

text: student

text: press

text: publication

text: accepts

text: all

text: rights

text: implied

text: by

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: this

text: statement

text: understood

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: the

text: paper

text: s

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: curriculum

text: suggests

text: at

text: most

text: that

text: the

text: administration

text: will

text: not

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: students

text: exercise

text: of

text: those

text: First

text: Amendment

text: rights

text: that

text: attend

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: newspaper

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: reflect

text: an

text: intent

text: to

text: expand

text: those

text: rights

text: by

text: converting

text: a

text: curricular

text: newspaper

text: into

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: Finally

text: that

text: students

text: were

text: permitted

text: to

text: exercise

text: some

text: authority

text: over

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: was

text: fully

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: Curriculum

text: Guide

text: objective

text: of

text: teaching

text: the

text: Journalism

text: II

text: students

text: leadership

text: responsibilities

text: as

text: issue

text: and

text: page

text: editors

text: App

text: A

text: decision

text: to

text: teach

text: leadership

text: skills

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: a

text: classroom

text: activity

text: hardly

text: implies

text: a

text: decision

text: to

text: relinquish

text: school

text: control

text: over

text: that

text: activity

text: In

text: sum

text: the

text: evidence

text: relied

text: upon

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: fails

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: clear

text: intent

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: Cornelius

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: that

text: existed

text: in

text: cases

text: in

text: which

text: we

text: found

text: public

text: forums

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: created

text: See

text: id

text: at

text: citing

text: Widmar

text: v

text: Vincent

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: Madison

text: School

text: District

text: v

text: Wisconsin

text: Employment

text: Relations

text: Comm

text: n

text: U

text: S

text: n

text: Southeastern

text: Promotions

text: Ltd

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text: Conrad

text: U

text: S

text: School

text: officials

text: did

text: not

text: evince

text: either

text: by

text: policy

text: or

text: by

text: practice

text: Perry

text: Education

text: Assn

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: any

text: intent

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text: open

text: the

text: pages

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: to

text: indiscriminate

text: use

text: ibid

text: by

text: its

text: student

text: reporters

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text: editors

text: or

text: by

text: the

text: student

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text: generally

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text: reserve

text: d

text: the

text: forum

text: for

text: its

text: intended

text: purpos

text: e

text: id

text: at

text: as

text: a

text: supervised

text: learning

text: experience

text: for

text: journalism

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text: Accordingly

text: school

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text: entitled

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: in

text: any

text: reasonable

text: manner

text: Ibid

text: It

text: is

text: this

text: standard

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text: our

text: decision

text: in

text: Tinker

text: that

text: governs

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text: case

text: B

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text: question

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text: the

text: First

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text: requires

text: a

text: school

text: to

text: tolerate

text: particular

text: student

text: speech

text: the

text: question

text: that

text: we

text: addressed

text: in

text: Tinker

text: is

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: question

text: whether

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: requires

text: a

text: school

text: affirmatively

text: to

text: promote

text: particular

text: student

text: speech

text: The

text: former

text: question

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text: educators

text: ability

text: to

text: silence

text: a

text: student

text: s

text: personal

text: expression

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text: happens

text: to

text: occur

text: on

text: the

text: school

text: premises

text: The

text: latter

text: question

text: concerns

text: educators

text: authority

text: over

text: school

text: sponsored

text: publications

text: theatrical

text: productions

text: and

text: other

text: expressive

text: activities

text: that

text: students

text: parents

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: might

text: reasonably

text: perceive

text: to

text: bear

text: the

text: imprimatur

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: These

text: activities

text: may

text: fairly

text: be

text: characterized

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: curriculum

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: they

text: occur

text: in

text: a

text: traditional

text: classroom

text: setting

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: supervised

text: by

text: faculty

text: members

text: and

text: designed

text: to

text: impart

text: particular

text: knowledge

text: or

text: skills

text: to

text: student

text: participants

text: and

text: audiences

text: Educators

text: are

text: entitled

text: to

text: exercise

text: greater

text: control

text: over

text: this

text: second

text: form

text: of

text: student

text: expression

text: to

text: assure

text: that

text: participants

text: learn

text: whatever

text: lessons

text: the

text: activity

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: teach

text: that

text: readers

text: or

text: listeners

text: are

text: not

text: exposed

text: to

text: material

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: inappropriate

text: for

text: their

text: level

text: of

text: maturity

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: views

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: speaker

text: are

text: not

text: erroneously

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: Hence

text: a

text: school

text: may

text: in

text: its

text: capacity

text: as

text: publisher

text: of

text: a

text: school

text: newspaper

text: or

text: producer

text: of

text: a

text: school

text: play

text: disassociate

text: itself

text: Fraser

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: not

text: only

text: from

text: speech

text: that

text: would

text: substantially

text: interfere

text: with

text: its

text: work

text: or

text: impinge

text: upon

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: other

text: students

text: Tinker

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: but

text: also

text: from

text: speech

text: that

text: is

text: for

text: example

text: ungrammatical

text: poorly

text: written

text: inadequately

text: researched

text: biased

text: or

text: prejudiced

text: vulgar

text: or

text: profane

text: or

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: immature

text: audiences

text: A

text: school

text: must

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: set

text: high

text: standards

text: for

text: the

text: student

text: speech

text: that

text: is

text: disseminated

text: under

text: its

text: auspices

text: standards

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: higher

text: than

text: those

text: demanded

text: by

text: some

text: newspaper

text: publishers

text: or

text: theatrical

text: producers

text: in

text: the

text: real

text: world

text: and

text: may

text: refuse

text: to

text: disseminate

text: student

text: speech

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: meet

text: those

text: standards

text: In

text: addition

text: a

text: school

text: must

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: emotional

text: maturity

text: of

text: the

text: intended

text: audience

text: in

text: determining

text: whether

text: to

text: disseminate

text: student

text: speech

text: on

text: potentially

text: sensitive

text: topics

text: which

text: might

text: range

text: from

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: Santa

text: Claus

text: in

text: an

text: elementary

text: school

text: setting

text: to

text: the

text: particulars

text: of

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: in

text: a

text: high

text: school

text: setting

text: A

text: school

text: must

text: also

text: retain

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: refuse

text: to

text: sponsor

text: student

text: speech

text: that

text: might

text: reasonably

text: be

text: perceived

text: to

text: advocate

text: drug

text: or

text: alcohol

text: use

text: irresponsible

text: sex

text: or

text: conduct

text: otherwise

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: the

text: shared

text: values

text: of

text: a

text: civilized

text: social

text: order

text: Fraser

text: supra

text: at

text: or

text: to

text: associate

text: the

text: school

text: with

text: any

text: position

text: other

text: than

text: neutrality

text: on

text: matters

text: of

text: political

text: controversy

text: Otherwise

text: the

text: schools

text: would

text: be

text: unduly

text: constrained

text: from

text: fulfilling

text: their

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: principal

text: instrument

text: in

text: awakening

text: the

text: child

text: to

text: cultural

text: values

text: in

text: preparing

text: him

text: for

text: later

text: professional

text: training

text: and

text: in

text: helping

text: him

text: to

text: adjust

text: normally

text: to

text: his

text: environment

text: Brown

text: v

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: U

text: S

text: Accordingly

text: we

text: conclude

text: that

text: the

text: standard

text: articulated

text: in

text: Tinker

text: for

text: determining

text: when

text: a

text: school

text: may

text: punish

text: student

text: expression

text: need

text: not

text: also

text: be

text: the

text: standard

text: for

text: determining

text: when

text: a

text: school

text: may

text: refuse

text: to

text: lend

text: its

text: name

text: and

text: resources

text: to

text: the

text: dissemination

text: of

text: student

text: expression

text: Instead

text: we

text: hold

text: that

text: educators

text: do

text: not

text: offend

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: by

text: exercising

text: editorial

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: style

text: and

text: content

text: of

text: student

text: speech

text: in

text: school

text: sponsored

text: expressive

text: activities

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: their

text: actions

text: are

text: reasonably

text: related

text: to

text: legitimate

text: pedagogical

text: concerns

text: This

text: standard

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: our

text: oft

text: expressed

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: education

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: s

text: youth

text: is

text: primarily

text: the

text: responsibility

text: of

text: parents

text: teachers

text: and

text: state

text: and

text: local

text: school

text: officials

text: and

text: not

text: of

text: federal

text: judges

text: See

text: e

text: g

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: of

text: Hendrick

text: Hudson

text: Central

text: School

text: Dist

text: v

text: Rowley

text: U

text: S

text: Wood

text: v

text: Strickland

text: U

text: S

text: Epperson

text: v

text: Arkansas

text: U

text: S

text: It

text: is

text: only

text: when

text: the

text: decision

text: to

text: censor

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: publication

text: theatrical

text: production

text: or

text: other

text: vehicle

text: of

text: student

text: expression

text: has

text: no

text: valid

text: educational

text: purpose

text: that

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: is

text: so

text: directly

text: and

text: sharply

text: implicate

text: d

text: ibid

text: as

text: to

text: require

text: judicial

text: intervention

text: to

text: protect

text: students

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: III

text: We

text: also

text: conclude

text: that

text: Principal

text: Reynolds

text: acted

text: reasonably

text: in

text: requiring

text: the

text: deletion

text: from

text: the

text: May

text: issue

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: of

text: the

text: pregnancy

text: article

text: the

text: divorce

text: article

text: and

text: the

text: remaining

text: articles

text: that

text: were

text: to

text: appear

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: pages

text: of

text: the

text: newspaper

text: The

text: initial

text: paragraph

text: of

text: the

text: pregnancy

text: article

text: declared

text: that

text: a

text: ll

text: names

text: have

text: been

text: changed

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: identity

text: of

text: these

text: girls

text: a

text: secret

text: The

text: principal

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: students

text: anonymity

text: was

text: not

text: adequately

text: protected

text: however

text: given

text: the

text: other

text: identifying

text: information

text: in

text: the

text: article

text: and

text: the

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: pregnant

text: students

text: at

text: the

text: school

text: Indeed

text: a

text: teacher

text: at

text: the

text: school

text: credibly

text: testified

text: that

text: she

text: could

text: positively

text: identify

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: girls

text: and

text: possibly

text: all

text: three

text: It

text: is

text: likely

text: that

text: many

text: students

text: at

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: successful

text: in

text: identifying

text: the

text: girls

text: Reynolds

text: therefore

text: could

text: reasonably

text: have

text: feared

text: that

text: the

text: article

text: violated

text: whatever

text: pledge

text: of

text: anonymity

text: had

text: been

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: pregnant

text: students

text: In

text: addition

text: he

text: could

text: reasonably

text: have

text: been

text: concerned

text: that

text: the

text: article

text: was

text: not

text: sufficiently

text: sensitive

text: to

text: the

text: privacy

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: boyfriends

text: and

text: parents

text: who

text: were

text: discussed

text: in

text: the

text: article

text: but

text: who

text: were

text: given

text: no

text: opportunity

text: to

text: consent

text: to

text: its

text: publication

text: or

text: to

text: offer

text: a

text: response

text: The

text: article

text: did

text: not

text: contain

text: graphic

text: accounts

text: of

text: sexual

text: activity

text: The

text: girls

text: did

text: comment

text: in

text: the

text: article

text: however

text: concerning

text: their

text: sexual

text: histories

text: and

text: their

text: use

text: or

text: nonuse

text: of

text: birth

text: control

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: unreasonable

text: for

text: the

text: principal

text: to

text: have

text: concluded

text: that

text: such

text: frank

text: talk

text: was

text: inappropriate

text: in

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: publication

text: distributed

text: to

text: year

text: old

text: freshmen

text: and

text: presumably

text: taken

text: home

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: by

text: students

text: even

text: younger

text: brothers

text: and

text: sisters

text: The

text: student

text: who

text: was

text: quoted

text: by

text: name

text: in

text: the

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: divorce

text: article

text: seen

text: by

text: Principal

text: Reynolds

text: made

text: comments

text: sharply

text: critical

text: of

text: her

text: father

text: The

text: principal

text: could

text: reasonably

text: have

text: concluded

text: that

text: an

text: individual

text: publicly

text: identified

text: as

text: an

text: inattentive

text: parent

text: indeed

text: as

text: one

text: who

text: chose

text: playing

text: cards

text: with

text: the

text: guys

text: over

text: home

text: and

text: family

text: was

text: entitled

text: to

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: defend

text: himself

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: journalistic

text: fairness

text: These

text: concerns

text: were

text: shared

text: by

text: both

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: s

text: faculty

text: advisers

text: for

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: who

text: testified

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: not

text: have

text: allowed

text: the

text: article

text: to

text: be

text: printed

text: without

text: deletion

text: of

text: the

text: student

text: s

text: name

text: Principal

text: Reynolds

text: testified

text: credibly

text: at

text: trial

text: that

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: that

text: he

text: reviewed

text: the

text: proofs

text: of

text: the

text: May

text: issue

text: during

text: an

text: extended

text: telephone

text: conversation

text: with

text: Emerson

text: he

text: believed

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: time

text: to

text: make

text: any

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: articles

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: newspaper

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: printed

text: immediately

text: or

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: It

text: is

text: true

text: that

text: Reynolds

text: did

text: not

text: verify

text: whether

text: the

text: necessary

text: modifications

text: could

text: still

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: articles

text: and

text: that

text: Emerson

text: did

text: not

text: volunteer

text: the

text: information

text: that

text: printing

text: could

text: be

text: delayed

text: until

text: the

text: changes

text: were

text: made

text: We

text: nonetheless

text: agree

text: with

text: the

text: District

text: Court

text: that

text: the

text: decision

text: to

text: excise

text: the

text: two

text: pages

text: containing

text: the

text: problematic

text: articles

text: was

text: reasonable

text: given

text: the

text: particular

text: circumstances

text: of

text: this

text: case

text: These

text: circumstances

text: included

text: the

text: very

text: recent

text: replacement

text: of

text: Stergos

text: by

text: Emerson

text: who

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: entirely

text: familiar

text: with

text: Spectrum

text: editorial

text: and

text: production

text: procedures

text: and

text: the

text: pressure

text: felt

text: by

text: Reynolds

text: to

text: make

text: an

text: immediate

text: decision

text: so

text: that

text: students

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: deprived

text: of

text: the

text: newspaper

text: altogether

text: In

text: sum

text: we

text: cannot

text: reject

text: as

text: unreasonable

text: Principal

text: Reynolds

text: conclusion

text: that

text: neither

text: the

text: pregnancy

text: article

text: nor

text: the

text: divorce

text: article

text: was

text: suitable

text: for

text: publication

text: in

text: Spectrum

text: Reynolds

text: could

text: reasonably

text: have

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: students

text: who

text: had

text: written

text: and

text: edited

text: these

text: articles

text: had

text: not

text: sufficiently

text: mastered

text: those

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: Journalism

text: II

text: curriculum

text: that

text: pertained

text: to

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: controversial

text: issues

text: and

text: personal

text: attacks

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: privacy

text: of

text: individuals

text: whose

text: most

text: intimate

text: concerns

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: revealed

text: in

text: the

text: newspaper

text: and

text: the

text: legal

text: moral

text: and

text: ethical

text: restrictions

text: imposed

text: upon

text: journalists

text: within

text: a

text: school

text: community

text: that

text: includes

text: adolescent

text: subjects

text: and

text: readers

text: Finally

text: we

text: conclude

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: s

text: decision

text: to

text: delete

text: two

text: pages

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: delete

text: only

text: the

text: offending

text: articles

text: or

text: to

text: require

text: that

text: they

text: be

text: modified

text: was

text: reasonable

text: under

text: the

text: circumstances

text: as

text: he

text: understood

text: them

text: Accordingly

text: no

text: violation

text: of

text: First

text: Amendment

text: rights

text: occurred

text: The

text: judgment

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: for

text: the

text: Eighth

text: Circuit

text: is

text: therefore

text: Reversed

text: JUSTICE

text: BRENNAN

text: with

text: whom

text: JUSTICE

text: MARSHALL

text: and

text: JUSTICE

text: BLACKMUN

text: join

text: dissenting

text: When

text: the

text: young

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: of

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: High

text: School

text: registered

text: for

text: Journalism

text: II

text: they

text: expected

text: a

text: civics

text: lesson

text: Spectrum

text: the

text: newspaper

text: they

text: were

text: to

text: publish

text: was

text: not

text: just

text: a

text: class

text: exercise

text: in

text: which

text: students

text: learned

text: to

text: prepare

text: papers

text: and

text: hone

text: writing

text: skills

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: forum

text: established

text: to

text: give

text: students

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: express

text: their

text: views

text: while

text: gaining

text: an

text: appreciation

text: of

text: their

text: rights

text: and

text: responsibilities

text: under

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: F

text: d

text: CA

text: A

text: t

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: each

text: school

text: year

text: id

text: at

text: the

text: student

text: journalists

text: published

text: a

text: Statement

text: of

text: Policy

text: tacitly

text: approved

text: each

text: year

text: by

text: school

text: authorities

text: announcing

text: their

text: expectation

text: that

text: Spectrum

text: as

text: a

text: student

text: press

text: publication

text: accepts

text: all

text: rights

text: implied

text: by

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: Only

text: speech

text: that

text: materially

text: and

text: substantially

text: interferes

text: with

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: appropriate

text: discipline

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: unacceptable

text: and

text: therefore

text: prohibited

text: App

text: quoting

text: Tinker

text: v

text: Des

text: Moines

text: Independent

text: Community

text: School

text: Dist

text: U

text: S

text: The

text: school

text: board

text: itself

text: affirmatively

text: guaranteed

text: the

text: students

text: of

text: Journalism

text: II

text: an

text: atmosphere

text: conducive

text: to

text: fostering

text: such

text: an

text: appreciation

text: and

text: exercising

text: the

text: full

text: panoply

text: of

text: rights

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: free

text: student

text: press

text: School

text: sponsored

text: student

text: publications

text: it

text: vowed

text: will

text: not

text: restrict

text: free

text: expression

text: or

text: diverse

text: viewpoints

text: within

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: responsible

text: journalism

text: App

text: Board

text: Policy

text: This

text: case

text: arose

text: when

text: the

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: administration

text: breached

text: its

text: own

text: promise

text: dashing

text: its

text: students

text: expectations

text: The

text: school

text: principal

text: without

text: prior

text: consultation

text: or

text: explanation

text: excised

text: six

text: articles

text: comprising

text: two

text: full

text: pages

text: of

text: the

text: May

text: issue

text: of

text: Spectrum

text: He

text: did

text: so

text: not

text: because

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: articles

text: would

text: materially

text: and

text: substantially

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: appropriate

text: discipline

text: but

text: simply

text: because

text: he

text: considered

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: inappropriate

text: personal

text: sensitive

text: and

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: student

text: consumption

text: F

text: d

text: at

text: In

text: my

text: view

text: the

text: principal

text: broke

text: more

text: than

text: just

text: a

text: promise

text: He

text: violated

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: s

text: prohibitions

text: against

text: censorship

text: of

text: any

text: student

text: expression

text: that

text: neither

text: disrupts

text: classwork

text: nor

text: invades

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: and

text: against

text: any

text: censorship

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: narrowly

text: tailored

text: to

text: serve

text: its

text: purpose

text: I

text: Public

text: education

text: serves

text: vital

text: national

text: interests

text: in

text: preparing

text: the

text: Nation

text: s

text: youth

text: for

text: life

text: in

text: our

text: increasingly

text: complex

text: society

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: duties

text: of

text: citizenship

text: in

text: our

text: democratic

text: Republic

text: See

text: Brown

text: v

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: U

text: S

text: The

text: public

text: school

text: conveys

text: to

text: our

text: young

text: the

text: information

text: and

text: tools

text: required

text: not

text: merely

text: to

text: survive

text: in

text: but

text: to

text: contribute

text: to

text: civilized

text: society

text: It

text: also

text: inculcates

text: in

text: tomorrow

text: s

text: leaders

text: the

text: fundamental

text: values

text: necessary

text: to

text: the

text: maintenance

text: of

text: a

text: democratic

text: political

text: system

text: Ambach

text: v

text: Norwick

text: U

text: S

text: All

text: the

text: while

text: the

text: public

text: educator

text: nurtures

text: students

text: social

text: and

text: moral

text: development

text: by

text: transmitting

text: to

text: them

text: an

text: official

text: dogma

text: of

text: community

text: values

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Pico

text: U

text: S

text: plurality

text: opinion

text: citation

text: omitted

text: The

text: public

text: educator

text: s

text: task

text: is

text: weighty

text: and

text: delicate

text: indeed

text: It

text: demands

text: particularized

text: and

text: supremely

text: subjective

text: choices

text: among

text: diverse

text: curricula

text: moral

text: values

text: and

text: political

text: stances

text: to

text: teach

text: or

text: inculcate

text: in

text: students

text: and

text: among

text: various

text: methodologies

text: for

text: doing

text: so

text: Accordingly

text: we

text: have

text: traditionally

text: reserved

text: the

text: daily

text: operation

text: of

text: school

text: systems

text: to

text: the

text: States

text: and

text: their

text: local

text: school

text: boards

text: Epperson

text: v

text: Arkansas

text: U

text: S

text: see

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Pico

text: supra

text: at

text: We

text: have

text: not

text: however

text: hesitated

text: to

text: intervene

text: where

text: their

text: decisions

text: run

text: afoul

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: See

text: e

text: g

text: Edwards

text: v

text: Aguillard

text: U

text: S

text: striking

text: state

text: statute

text: that

text: forbade

text: teaching

text: of

text: evolution

text: in

text: public

text: school

text: unless

text: accompanied

text: by

text: instruction

text: on

text: theory

text: of

text: creation

text: science

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Pico

text: supra

text: school

text: board

text: may

text: not

text: remove

text: books

text: from

text: library

text: shelves

text: merely

text: because

text: it

text: disapproves

text: of

text: ideas

text: they

text: express

text: Epperson

text: v

text: Arkansas

text: supra

text: striking

text: state

text: law

text: prohibition

text: against

text: teaching

text: Darwinian

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: in

text: public

text: school

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Barnette

text: U

text: S

text: public

text: school

text: may

text: not

text: compel

text: student

text: to

text: salute

text: flag

text: Meyer

text: v

text: Nebraska

text: U

text: S

text: state

text: law

text: prohibiting

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: foreign

text: languages

text: in

text: public

text: or

text: private

text: schools

text: is

text: unconstitutional

text: Free

text: student

text: expression

text: undoubtedly

text: sometimes

text: interferes

text: with

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: pedagogical

text: functions

text: Some

text: brands

text: of

text: student

text: expression

text: do

text: so

text: by

text: directly

text: preventing

text: the

text: school

text: from

text: pursuing

text: its

text: pedagogical

text: mission

text: The

text: young

text: polemic

text: who

text: stands

text: on

text: a

text: soapbox

text: during

text: calculus

text: class

text: to

text: deliver

text: an

text: eloquent

text: political

text: diatribe

text: interferes

text: with

text: the

text: legitimate

text: teaching

text: of

text: calculus

text: And

text: the

text: student

text: who

text: delivers

text: a

text: lewd

text: endorsement

text: of

text: a

text: student

text: government

text: candidate

text: might

text: so

text: extremely

text: distract

text: an

text: impressionable

text: high

text: school

text: audience

text: as

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: orderly

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: See

text: Bethel

text: School

text: Dist

text: No

text: v

text: Fraser

text: U

text: S

text: Other

text: student

text: speech

text: however

text: frustrates

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: legitimate

text: pedagogical

text: purposes

text: merely

text: by

text: expressing

text: a

text: message

text: that

text: conflicts

text: with

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: without

text: directly

text: interfering

text: with

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: expression

text: of

text: its

text: message

text: A

text: student

text: who

text: responds

text: to

text: a

text: political

text: science

text: teacher

text: s

text: question

text: with

text: the

text: retort

text: socialism

text: is

text: good

text: subverts

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: inculcation

text: of

text: the

text: message

text: that

text: capitalism

text: is

text: better

text: Even

text: the

text: maverick

text: who

text: sits

text: in

text: class

text: passively

text: sporting

text: a

text: symbol

text: of

text: protest

text: against

text: a

text: government

text: policy

text: cf

text: Tinker

text: v

text: Des

text: Moines

text: Independent

text: Community

text: School

text: Dist

text: U

text: S

text: or

text: the

text: gossip

text: who

text: sits

text: in

text: the

text: student

text: commons

text: swapping

text: stories

text: of

text: sexual

text: escapade

text: could

text: readily

text: muddle

text: a

text: clear

text: official

text: message

text: condoning

text: the

text: government

text: policy

text: or

text: condemning

text: teenage

text: sex

text: Likewise

text: the

text: student

text: newspaper

text: that

text: like

text: Spectrum

text: conveys

text: a

text: moral

text: position

text: at

text: odds

text: with

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: official

text: stance

text: might

text: subvert

text: the

text: administration

text: s

text: legitimate

text: inculcation

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: perception

text: of

text: community

text: values

text: If

text: mere

text: incompatibility

text: with

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: pedagogical

text: message

text: were

text: a

text: constitutionally

text: sufficient

text: justification

text: for

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: student

text: speech

text: school

text: officials

text: could

text: censor

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: or

text: student

text: organizations

text: in

text: the

text: foregoing

text: hypotheticals

text: converting

text: our

text: public

text: schools

text: into

text: enclaves

text: of

text: totalitarianism

text: id

text: at

text: that

text: strangle

text: the

text: free

text: mind

text: at

text: its

text: source

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Barnette

text: supra

text: at

text: The

text: First

text: Amendment

text: permits

text: no

text: such

text: blanket

text: censorship

text: authority

text: While

text: the

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: of

text: students

text: in

text: public

text: school

text: are

text: not

text: automatically

text: coextensive

text: with

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: adults

text: in

text: other

text: settings

text: Fraser

text: supra

text: at

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: schools

text: do

text: not

text: shed

text: their

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: to

text: freedom

text: of

text: speech

text: or

text: expression

text: at

text: the

text: schoolhouse

text: gate

text: Tinker

text: supra

text: at

text: Just

text: as

text: the

text: public

text: on

text: the

text: street

text: corner

text: must

text: in

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: fostering

text: enlightened

text: opinion

text: Cantwell

text: v

text: Connecticut

text: U

text: S

text: tolerate

text: speech

text: that

text: tempt

text: s

text: the

text: listener

text: to

text: throw

text: the

text: speaker

text: off

text: the

text: street

text: id

text: at

text: public

text: educators

text: must

text: accommodate

text: some

text: student

text: expression

text: even

text: if

text: it

text: offends

text: them

text: or

text: offers

text: views

text: or

text: values

text: that

text: contradict

text: those

text: the

text: school

text: wishes

text: to

text: inculcate

text: In

text: Tinker

text: this

text: Court

text: struck

text: the

text: balance

text: We

text: held

text: that

text: official

text: censorship

text: of

text: student

text: expression

text: there

text: the

text: suspension

text: of

text: several

text: students

text: until

text: they

text: removed

text: their

text: armbands

text: protesting

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: war

text: is

text: unconstitutional

text: unless

text: the

text: speech

text: materially

text: disrupts

text: classwork

text: or

text: involves

text: substantial

text: disorder

text: or

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: School

text: officials

text: may

text: not

text: suppress

text: silent

text: passive

text: expression

text: of

text: opinion

text: unaccompanied

text: by

text: any

text: disorder

text: or

text: disturbance

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: speaker

text: Id

text: at

text: The

text: mere

text: desire

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: discomfort

text: and

text: unpleasantness

text: that

text: always

text: accompany

text: an

text: unpopular

text: viewpoint

text: id

text: at

text: or

text: an

text: unsavory

text: subject

text: Fraser

text: supra

text: at

text: BRENNAN

text: J

text: concurring

text: in

text: judgment

text: does

text: not

text: justify

text: official

text: suppression

text: of

text: student

text: speech

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: school

text: This

text: Court

text: applied

text: the

text: Tinker

text: test

text: just

text: a

text: Term

text: ago

text: in

text: Fraser

text: supra

text: upholding

text: an

text: official

text: decision

text: to

text: discipline

text: a

text: student

text: for

text: delivering

text: a

text: lewd

text: speech

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: a

text: student

text: government

text: candidate

text: The

text: Court

text: today

text: casts

text: no

text: doubt

text: on

text: Tinker

text: s

text: vitality

text: Instead

text: it

text: erects

text: a

text: taxonomy

text: of

text: school

text: censorship

text: concluding

text: that

text: Tinker

text: applies

text: to

text: one

text: category

text: and

text: not

text: another

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: is

text: censorship

text: to

text: silence

text: a

text: student

text: s

text: personal

text: expression

text: that

text: happens

text: to

text: occur

text: on

text: the

text: school

text: premises

text: Ante

text: at

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: is

text: censorship

text: of

text: expression

text: that

text: arises

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: school

text: sponsored

text: expressive

text: activities

text: that

text: students

text: parents

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: might

text: reasonably

text: perceive

text: to

text: bear

text: the

text: imprimatur

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: Ibid

text: The

text: Court

text: does

text: not

text: for

text: it

text: cannot

text: purport

text: to

text: discern

text: from

text: our

text: precedents

text: the

text: distinction

text: it

text: creates

text: One

text: could

text: I

text: suppose

text: readily

text: characterize

text: the

text: students

text: symbolic

text: speech

text: in

text: Tinker

text: as

text: personal

text: expression

text: that

text: happens

text: to

text: have

text: occur

text: red

text: on

text: school

text: premises

text: although

text: Tinker

text: did

text: not

text: even

text: hint

text: that

text: the

text: personal

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: speech

text: was

text: of

text: any

text: much

text: less

text: dispositive

text: relevance

text: But

text: that

text: same

text: description

text: could

text: not

text: by

text: any

text: stretch

text: of

text: the

text: imagination

text: fit

text: Fraser

text: s

text: speech

text: He

text: did

text: not

text: just

text: happen

text: to

text: deliver

text: his

text: lewd

text: speech

text: to

text: an

text: ad

text: hoc

text: gathering

text: on

text: the

text: playground

text: As

text: the

text: second

text: paragraph

text: of

text: Fraser

text: evinces

text: if

text: ever

text: a

text: forum

text: for

text: student

text: expression

text: was

text: school

text: sponsored

text: Fraser

text: s

text: was

text: Fraser

text: delivered

text: a

text: speech

text: nominating

text: a

text: fellow

text: student

text: for

text: student

text: elective

text: office

text: Approximately

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: attended

text: the

text: assembly

text: Students

text: were

text: required

text: to

text: attend

text: the

text: assembly

text: or

text: to

text: report

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: hall

text: The

text: assembly

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: educational

text: program

text: in

text: self

text: government

text: Fraser

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: emphasis

text: added

text: Yet

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: sentence

text: of

text: its

text: analysis

text: see

text: id

text: at

text: Fraser

text: faithfully

text: applied

text: Tinker

text: Nor

text: has

text: this

text: Court

text: ever

text: intimated

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: personal

text: and

text: school

text: sponsored

text: speech

text: in

text: any

text: other

text: context

text: Particularly

text: telling

text: is

text: this

text: Court

text: s

text: heavy

text: reliance

text: on

text: Tinker

text: in

text: two

text: cases

text: of

text: First

text: Amendment

text: infringement

text: on

text: state

text: college

text: campuses

text: See

text: Papish

text: v

text: University

text: of

text: Missouri

text: Board

text: of

text: Curators

text: U

text: S

text: n

text: per

text: curiam

text: Healy

text: v

text: James

text: U

text: S

text: and

text: n

text: One

text: involved

text: the

text: expulsion

text: of

text: a

text: student

text: for

text: lewd

text: expression

text: in

text: a

text: newspaper

text: that

text: she

text: sold

text: on

text: campus

text: pursuant

text: to

text: university

text: authorization

text: see

text: Papish

text: supra

text: at

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: involved

text: the

text: denial

text: of

text: university

text: recognition

text: and

text: concomitant

text: benefits

text: to

text: a

text: political

text: student

text: organization

text: see

text: Healy

text: supra

text: at

text: Tracking

text: Tinker

text: s

text: analysis

text: the

text: Court

text: found

text: each

text: act

text: of

text: suppression

text: unconstitutional

text: In

text: neither

text: case

text: did

text: this

text: Court

text: suggest

text: the

text: distinction

text: which

text: the

text: Court

text: today

text: finds

text: dispositive

text: between

text: school

text: sponsored

text: and

text: incidental

text: student

text: expression

text: II

text: Even

text: if

text: we

text: were

text: writing

text: on

text: a

text: clean

text: slate

text: I

text: would

text: reject

text: the

text: Court

text: s

text: rationale

text: for

text: abandoning

text: Tinker

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: The

text: Court

text: offers

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: an

text: obscure

text: tangle

text: of

text: three

text: excuses

text: to

text: afford

text: educators

text: greater

text: control

text: over

text: school

text: sponsored

text: speech

text: than

text: the

text: Tinker

text: test

text: would

text: permit

text: the

text: public

text: educator

text: s

text: prerogative

text: to

text: control

text: curriculum

text: the

text: pedagogical

text: interest

text: in

text: shielding

text: the

text: high

text: school

text: audience

text: from

text: objectionable

text: viewpoints

text: and

text: sensitive

text: topics

text: and

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: need

text: to

text: dissociate

text: itself

text: from

text: student

text: expression

text: Ante

text: at

text: of

text: the

text: excuses

text: once

text: disentangled

text: supports

text: the

text: distinction

text: that

text: the

text: Court

text: draws

text: Tinker

text: fully

text: addresses

text: the

text: first

text: concern

text: the

text: second

text: is

text: illegitimate

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: is

text: readily

text: achievable

text: through

text: less

text: oppressive

text: means

text: A

text: The

text: Court

text: is

text: certainly

text: correct

text: that

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: permits

text: educators

text: to

text: assure

text: that

text: participants

text: learn

text: whatever

text: lessons

text: the

text: activity

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: teach

text: Ante

text: at

text: That

text: is

text: however

text: the

text: essence

text: of

text: the

text: Tinker

text: test

text: not

text: an

text: excuse

text: to

text: abandon

text: it

text: Under

text: Tinker

text: school

text: officials

text: may

text: censor

text: only

text: such

text: student

text: speech

text: as

text: would

text: materially

text: disrup

text: t

text: a

text: legitimate

text: curricular

text: function

text: Manifestly

text: student

text: speech

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: disrupt

text: a

text: curricular

text: function

text: when

text: it

text: arises

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: a

text: curricular

text: activity

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: teach

text: something

text: than

text: when

text: it

text: arises

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: a

text: noncurricular

text: activity

text: Thus

text: under

text: Tinker

text: the

text: school

text: may

text: constitutionally

text: punish

text: the

text: budding

text: political

text: orator

text: if

text: he

text: disrupts

text: calculus

text: class

text: but

text: not

text: if

text: he

text: holds

text: his

text: tongue

text: for

text: the

text: cafeteria

text: See

text: Consolidated

text: Edison

text: Co

text: v

text: Public

text: Service

text: Comm

text: n

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: U

text: S

text: STEVENS

text: J

text: concurring

text: in

text: judgment

text: That

text: is

text: not

text: because

text: some

text: more

text: stringent

text: standard

text: applies

text: in

text: the

text: curricular

text: context

text: After

text: all

text: this

text: Court

text: applied

text: the

text: same

text: standard

text: whether

text: the

text: students

text: in

text: Tinker

text: wore

text: their

text: armbands

text: to

text: the

text: classroom

text: or

text: the

text: cafeteria

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: It

text: is

text: because

text: student

text: speech

text: in

text: the

text: noncurricular

text: context

text: is

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: disrupt

text: materially

text: any

text: legitimate

text: pedagogical

text: purpose

text: I

text: fully

text: agree

text: with

text: the

text: Court

text: that

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: should

text: afford

text: an

text: educator

text: the

text: prerogative

text: not

text: to

text: sponsor

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: a

text: newspaper

text: article

text: that

text: is

text: ungrammatical

text: poorly

text: written

text: inadequately

text: researched

text: biased

text: or

text: prejudiced

text: or

text: that

text: falls

text: short

text: of

text: the

text: high

text: standards

text: for

text: student

text: speech

text: that

text: is

text: disseminated

text: under

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: auspices

text: Ante

text: at

text: But

text: we

text: need

text: not

text: abandon

text: Tinker

text: to

text: reach

text: that

text: conclusion

text: we

text: need

text: only

text: apply

text: it

text: The

text: enumerated

text: criteria

text: reflect

text: the

text: skills

text: that

text: the

text: curricular

text: newspaper

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: teach

text: The

text: educator

text: may

text: under

text: Tinker

text: constitutionally

text: censor

text: poor

text: grammar

text: writing

text: or

text: research

text: because

text: to

text: reward

text: such

text: expression

text: would

text: materially

text: disrup

text: t

text: the

text: newspaper

text: s

text: curricular

text: purpose

text: The

text: same

text: cannot

text: be

text: said

text: of

text: official

text: censorship

text: designed

text: to

text: shield

text: the

text: audience

text: or

text: dissociate

text: the

text: sponsor

text: from

text: the

text: expression

text: Censorship

text: so

text: motivated

text: might

text: well

text: serve

text: although

text: as

text: I

text: demonstrate

text: infra

text: at

text: cannot

text: legitimately

text: serve

text: some

text: other

text: school

text: purpose

text: But

text: it

text: in

text: no

text: way

text: furthers

text: the

text: curricular

text: purposes

text: of

text: a

text: student

text: newspaper

text: unless

text: one

text: believes

text: that

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: newspaper

text: is

text: to

text: teach

text: students

text: that

text: the

text: press

text: ought

text: never

text: report

text: bad

text: news

text: express

text: unpopular

text: views

text: or

text: print

text: a

text: thought

text: that

text: might

text: upset

text: its

text: sponsors

text: Unsurprisingly

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: claims

text: no

text: such

text: pedagogical

text: purpose

text: The

text: Court

text: relies

text: on

text: bits

text: of

text: testimony

text: to

text: portray

text: the

text: principal

text: s

text: conduct

text: as

text: a

text: pedagogical

text: lesson

text: to

text: Journalism

text: II

text: students

text: who

text: had

text: not

text: sufficiently

text: mastered

text: those

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: curriculum

text: that

text: pertained

text: to

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: controversial

text: issues

text: and

text: personal

text: attacks

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: privacy

text: of

text: individuals

text: and

text: the

text: legal

text: moral

text: and

text: ethical

text: restrictions

text: imposed

text: upon

text: journalists

text: Ante

text: at

text: In

text: that

text: regard

text: the

text: Court

text: attempts

text: to

text: justify

text: censorship

text: of

text: the

text: article

text: on

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: s

text: judgment

text: that

text: the

text: pregnant

text: students

text: anonymity

text: was

text: not

text: adequately

text: protected

text: despite

text: the

text: article

text: s

text: use

text: of

text: aliases

text: and

text: the

text: judgment

text: that

text: the

text: article

text: was

text: not

text: sufficiently

text: sensitive

text: to

text: the

text: privacy

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: boyfriends

text: and

text: parents

text: Ante

text: at

text: Similarly

text: the

text: Court

text: finds

text: in

text: the

text: principal

text: s

text: decision

text: to

text: censor

text: the

text: divorce

text: article

text: a

text: journalistic

text: lesson

text: that

text: the

text: author

text: should

text: have

text: given

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: one

text: student

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: defend

text: himself

text: against

text: her

text: charge

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: Court

text: s

text: words

text: he

text: chose

text: playing

text: cards

text: with

text: the

text: guys

text: over

text: home

text: and

text: family

text: Ante

text: at

text: But

text: the

text: principal

text: never

text: consulted

text: the

text: students

text: before

text: censoring

text: their

text: work

text: T

text: hey

text: learned

text: of

text: the

text: deletions

text: when

text: the

text: paper

text: was

text: released

text: F

text: d

text: at

text: Further

text: he

text: explained

text: the

text: deletions

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: broadest

text: of

text: generalities

text: In

text: one

text: meeting

text: called

text: at

text: the

text: behest

text: of

text: seven

text: protesting

text: Spectrum

text: staff

text: members

text: presumably

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: full

text: class

text: he

text: characterized

text: the

text: articles

text: as

text: too

text: sensitive

text: for

text: our

text: immature

text: audience

text: of

text: readers

text: F

text: Supp

text: ED

text: Mo

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: later

text: meeting

text: he

text: deemed

text: them

text: simply

text: inappropriate

text: personal

text: sensitive

text: and

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: the

text: newspaper

text: ibid

text: The

text: Court

text: s

text: supposition

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: intended

text: or

text: the

text: protesters

text: understood

text: those

text: generalities

text: as

text: a

text: lesson

text: on

text: the

text: nuances

text: of

text: journalistic

text: responsibility

text: is

text: utterly

text: incredible

text: If

text: he

text: did

text: a

text: fact

text: that

text: neither

text: the

text: District

text: Court

text: nor

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: found

text: the

text: lesson

text: was

text: lost

text: on

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: psychic

text: Spectrum

text: staffer

text: B

text: The

text: Court

text: s

text: second

text: excuse

text: for

text: deviating

text: from

text: precedent

text: is

text: the

text: school

text: s

text: interest

text: in

text: shielding

text: an

text: impressionable

text: high

text: school

text: audience

text: from

text: material

text: whose

text: substance

text: is

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: immature

text: audiences

text: Ante

text: at

text: footnote

text: omitted

text: Specifically

text: the

text: majority

text: decrees

text: that

text: we

text: must

text: afford

text: educators

text: authority

text: to

text: shield

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: from

text: exposure

text: to

text: potentially

text: sensitive

text: topics

text: like

text: the

text: particulars

text: of

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: or

text: unacceptable

text: social

text: viewpoints

text: like

text: the

text: advocacy

text: of

text: irresponsible

text: se

text: x

text: or

text: conduct

text: otherwise

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: the

text: shared

text: values

text: of

text: a

text: civilized

text: social

text: order

text: through

text: school

text: sponsored

text: student

text: activities

text: Ante

text: at

text: citation

text: omitted

text: Tinker

text: teaches

text: us

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: educator

text: s

text: undeniable

text: and

text: undeniably

text: vital

text: mandate

text: to

text: inculcate

text: moral

text: and

text: political

text: values

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: general

text: warrant

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: thought

text: police

text: stifling

text: discussion

text: of

text: all

text: but

text: state

text: approved

text: topics

text: and

text: advocacy

text: of

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: official

text: position

text: See

text: also

text: Epperson

text: v

text: Arkansas

text: U

text: S

text: Meyer

text: v

text: Nebraska

text: U

text: S

text: Otherwise

text: educators

text: could

text: transform

text: students

text: into

text: closed

text: circuit

text: recipients

text: of

text: only

text: that

text: which

text: the

text: State

text: chooses

text: to

text: communicate

text: Tinker

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: and

text: cast

text: a

text: perverse

text: and

text: impermissible

text: pall

text: of

text: orthodoxy

text: over

text: the

text: classroom

text: Keyishian

text: v

text: Board

text: of

text: Regents

text: U

text: S

text: Thus

text: the

text: State

text: cannot

text: constitutionally

text: prohibit

text: its

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: from

text: recounting

text: in

text: the

text: locker

text: room

text: the

text: particulars

text: of

text: their

text: teen

text: age

text: sexual

text: activity

text: nor

text: even

text: from

text: advocating

text: irresponsible

text: se

text: x

text: or

text: other

text: presumed

text: abominations

text: of

text: the

text: shared

text: values

text: of

text: a

text: civilized

text: social

text: order

text: Even

text: in

text: its

text: capacity

text: as

text: educator

text: the

text: State

text: may

text: not

text: assume

text: an

text: Orwellian

text: guardianship

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: mind

text: Thomas

text: v

text: Collins

text: U

text: S

text: Jackson

text: J

text: concurring

text: The

text: mere

text: fact

text: of

text: school

text: sponsorship

text: does

text: not

text: as

text: the

text: Court

text: suggests

text: license

text: such

text: thought

text: control

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: school

text: whether

text: through

text: school

text: suppression

text: of

text: disfavored

text: viewpoints

text: or

text: through

text: official

text: assessment

text: of

text: topic

text: sensitivity

text: The

text: former

text: would

text: constitute

text: unabashed

text: and

text: unconstitutional

text: viewpoint

text: discrimination

text: see

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Pico

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: BLACKMUN

text: J

text: concurring

text: in

text: part

text: and

text: concurring

text: in

text: judgment

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: impermissible

text: infringement

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: right

text: to

text: receive

text: information

text: and

text: ideas

text: id

text: at

text: plurality

text: opinion

text: citations

text: omitted

text: see

text: First

text: National

text: Bank

text: v

text: Bellotti

text: U

text: S

text: Just

text: as

text: a

text: school

text: board

text: may

text: not

text: purge

text: its

text: state

text: funded

text: library

text: of

text: all

text: books

text: that

text: offen

text: d

text: its

text: social

text: political

text: and

text: moral

text: tastes

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: plurality

text: opinion

text: citation

text: omitted

text: school

text: officials

text: may

text: not

text: out

text: of

text: like

text: motivation

text: discriminatorily

text: excise

text: objectionable

text: ideas

text: from

text: a

text: student

text: publication

text: The

text: State

text: s

text: prerogative

text: to

text: dissolve

text: the

text: student

text: newspaper

text: entirely

text: or

text: to

text: limit

text: its

text: subject

text: matter

text: no

text: more

text: entitles

text: it

text: to

text: dictate

text: which

text: viewpoints

text: students

text: may

text: express

text: on

text: its

text: pages

text: than

text: the

text: State

text: s

text: prerogative

text: to

text: close

text: down

text: the

text: schoolhouse

text: entitles

text: it

text: to

text: prohibit

text: the

text: nondisruptive

text: expression

text: of

text: antiwar

text: sentiment

text: within

text: its

text: gates

text: Official

text: censorship

text: of

text: student

text: speech

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: that

text: it

text: addresses

text: potentially

text: sensitive

text: topics

text: is

text: for

text: related

text: reasons

text: equally

text: impermissible

text: I

text: would

text: not

text: begrudge

text: an

text: educator

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: limit

text: the

text: substantive

text: scope

text: of

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: publication

text: to

text: a

text: certain

text: objectively

text: definable

text: topic

text: such

text: as

text: literary

text: criticism

text: school

text: sports

text: or

text: an

text: overview

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: Unlike

text: those

text: determinate

text: limitations

text: potential

text: topic

text: sensitivity

text: is

text: a

text: vaporous

text: nonstandard

text: like

text: public

text: welfare

text: peace

text: safety

text: health

text: decency

text: good

text: order

text: morals

text: or

text: convenience

text: Shuttlesworth

text: v

text: Birmingham

text: U

text: S

text: or

text: general

text: welfare

text: of

text: citizens

text: Staub

text: v

text: Baxley

text: U

text: S

text: that

text: invites

text: manipulation

text: to

text: achieve

text: ends

text: that

text: cannot

text: permissibly

text: be

text: achieved

text: through

text: blatant

text: viewpoint

text: discrimination

text: and

text: chills

text: student

text: speech

text: to

text: which

text: school

text: officials

text: might

text: not

text: object

text: In

text: part

text: because

text: of

text: those

text: dangers

text: this

text: Court

text: has

text: consistently

text: condemned

text: any

text: scheme

text: allowing

text: a

text: state

text: official

text: boundless

text: discretion

text: in

text: licensing

text: speech

text: from

text: a

text: particular

text: forum

text: See

text: e

text: g

text: Shuttlesworth

text: v

text: Birmingham

text: supra

text: at

text: and

text: n

text: Cox

text: v

text: Louisiana

text: U

text: S

text: Staub

text: v

text: Baxley

text: supra

text: at

text: The

text: case

text: before

text: us

text: aptly

text: illustrates

text: how

text: readily

text: school

text: officials

text: and

text: courts

text: can

text: camouflage

text: viewpoint

text: discrimination

text: as

text: the

text: mere

text: protection

text: of

text: students

text: from

text: sensitive

text: topics

text: Among

text: the

text: grounds

text: that

text: the

text: Court

text: advances

text: to

text: uphold

text: the

text: principal

text: s

text: censorship

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: articles

text: was

text: the

text: potential

text: sensitivity

text: of

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: Ante

text: at

text: Yet

text: the

text: District

text: Court

text: specifically

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: did

text: not

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: principle

text: oppose

text: discussion

text: of

text: said

text: topi

text: c

text: in

text: Spectrum

text: F

text: Supp

text: at

text: That

text: much

text: is

text: also

text: clear

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: principal

text: s

text: approval

text: of

text: the

text: squeal

text: law

text: article

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: page

text: dealing

text: forthrightly

text: with

text: teenage

text: sexuality

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: contraceptives

text: by

text: teenagers

text: and

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: App

text: If

text: topic

text: sensitivity

text: were

text: the

text: true

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: s

text: decision

text: the

text: two

text: articles

text: should

text: have

text: been

text: equally

text: objectionable

text: It

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: likely

text: that

text: the

text: objectionable

text: article

text: was

text: objectionable

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: viewpoint

text: it

text: expressed

text: It

text: might

text: have

text: been

text: read

text: as

text: the

text: majority

text: apparently

text: does

text: to

text: advocate

text: irresponsible

text: sex

text: See

text: ante

text: at

text: C

text: The

text: sole

text: concomitant

text: of

text: school

text: sponsorship

text: that

text: might

text: conceivably

text: justify

text: the

text: distinction

text: that

text: the

text: Court

text: draws

text: between

text: sponsored

text: and

text: nonsponsored

text: student

text: expression

text: is

text: the

text: risk

text: that

text: the

text: views

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: speaker

text: might

text: be

text: erroneously

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: Ante

text: at

text: Of

text: course

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: erroneous

text: attribution

text: inheres

text: in

text: any

text: student

text: expression

text: including

text: personal

text: expression

text: that

text: like

text: the

text: armbands

text: in

text: Tinker

text: happens

text: to

text: occur

text: on

text: the

text: school

text: premises

text: ante

text: at

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: majority

text: is

text: certainly

text: correct

text: that

text: indicia

text: of

text: school

text: sponsorship

text: increase

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: such

text: attribution

text: and

text: that

text: state

text: educators

text: may

text: therefore

text: have

text: a

text: legitimate

text: interest

text: in

text: dissociating

text: themselves

text: from

text: student

text: speech

text: But

text: e

text: ven

text: though

text: the

text: governmental

text: purpose

text: be

text: legitimate

text: and

text: substantial

text: that

text: purpose

text: cannot

text: be

text: pursued

text: by

text: means

text: that

text: broadly

text: stifle

text: fundamental

text: personal

text: liberties

text: when

text: the

text: end

text: can

text: be

text: more

text: narrowly

text: achieved

text: Keyishian

text: v

text: Board

text: of

text: Regents

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: quoting

text: Shelton

text: v

text: Tucker

text: U

text: S

text: Dissociative

text: means

text: short

text: of

text: censorship

text: are

text: available

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: It

text: could

text: for

text: example

text: require

text: the

text: student

text: activity

text: to

text: publish

text: a

text: disclaimer

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Statement

text: of

text: Policy

text: that

text: Spectrum

text: published

text: each

text: school

text: year

text: announcing

text: that

text: a

text: ll

text: editorials

text: appearing

text: in

text: this

text: newspaper

text: reflect

text: the

text: opinions

text: of

text: the

text: Spectrum

text: staff

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: necessarily

text: shared

text: by

text: the

text: administrators

text: or

text: faculty

text: of

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: App

text: or

text: it

text: could

text: simply

text: issue

text: its

text: own

text: response

text: clarifying

text: the

text: official

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: matter

text: and

text: explaining

text: why

text: the

text: student

text: position

text: is

text: wrong

text: Yet

text: without

text: so

text: much

text: as

text: acknowledging

text: the

text: less

text: oppressive

text: alternatives

text: the

text: Court

text: approves

text: of

text: brutal

text: censorship

text: III

text: Since

text: the

text: censorship

text: served

text: no

text: legitimate

text: pedagogical

text: purpose

text: it

text: cannot

text: by

text: any

text: stretch

text: of

text: the

text: imagination

text: have

text: been

text: designed

text: to

text: prevent

text: materia

text: l

text: disrup

text: tion

text: of

text: classwork

text: Tinker

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: Nor

text: did

text: the

text: censorship

text: fall

text: within

text: the

text: category

text: that

text: Tinker

text: described

text: as

text: necessary

text: to

text: prevent

text: student

text: expression

text: from

text: inva

text: ding

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: ibid

text: If

text: that

text: term

text: is

text: to

text: have

text: any

text: content

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: limited

text: to

text: rights

text: that

text: are

text: protected

text: by

text: law

text: Any

text: yardstick

text: less

text: exacting

text: than

text: that

text: could

text: result

text: in

text: school

text: officials

text: curtailing

text: speech

text: at

text: the

text: slightest

text: fear

text: of

text: disturbance

text: F

text: d

text: at

text: a

text: prospect

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: completely

text: at

text: odds

text: with

text: this

text: Court

text: s

text: pronouncement

text: that

text: the

text: undifferentiated

text: fear

text: or

text: apprehension

text: of

text: disturbance

text: is

text: not

text: enough

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: school

text: context

text: to

text: overcome

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: freedom

text: of

text: expression

text: Tinker

text: supra

text: at

text: And

text: as

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: correctly

text: reasoned

text: whatever

text: journalistic

text: impropriety

text: these

text: articles

text: may

text: have

text: contained

text: they

text: could

text: not

text: conceivably

text: be

text: tortious

text: much

text: less

text: criminal

text: See

text: F

text: d

text: at

text: Finally

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: majority

text: were

text: correct

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: could

text: constitutionally

text: have

text: censored

text: the

text: objectionable

text: material

text: I

text: would

text: emphatically

text: object

text: to

text: the

text: brutal

text: manner

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: did

text: so

text: Where

text: t

text: he

text: separation

text: of

text: legitimate

text: from

text: illegitimate

text: speech

text: calls

text: for

text: more

text: sensitive

text: tools

text: Speiser

text: v

text: Randall

text: U

text: S

text: see

text: Keyishian

text: v

text: Board

text: of

text: Regents

text: supra

text: at

text: the

text: principal

text: used

text: a

text: paper

text: shredder

text: He

text: objected

text: to

text: some

text: material

text: in

text: two

text: articles

text: but

text: excised

text: six

text: entire

text: articles

text: He

text: did

text: not

text: so

text: much

text: as

text: inquire

text: into

text: obvious

text: alternatives

text: such

text: as

text: precise

text: deletions

text: or

text: additions

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: made

text: rearranging

text: the

text: layout

text: or

text: delaying

text: publication

text: Such

text: unthinking

text: contempt

text: for

text: individual

text: rights

text: is

text: intolerable

text: from

text: any

text: state

text: official

text: It

text: is

text: particularly

text: insidious

text: from

text: one

text: to

text: whom

text: the

text: public

text: entrusts

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: inculcating

text: in

text: its

text: youth

text: an

text: appreciation

text: for

text: the

text: cherished

text: democratic

text: liberties

text: that

text: our

text: Constitution

text: guarantees

text: IV

text: The

text: Court

text: opens

text: its

text: analysis

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: by

text: purporting

text: to

text: reaffirm

text: Tinker

text: s

text: time

text: tested

text: proposition

text: that

text: public

text: school

text: students

text: do

text: not

text: shed

text: their

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: to

text: freedom

text: of

text: speech

text: or

text: expression

text: at

text: the

text: schoolhouse

text: gate

text: Ante

text: at

text: quoting

text: Tinker

text: supra

text: at

text: That

text: is

text: an

text: ironic

text: introduction

text: to

text: an

text: opinion

text: that

text: denudes

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: protection

text: that

text: Tinker

text: itself

text: prescribed

text: Instead

text: of

text: teach

text: ing

text: children

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: diversity

text: of

text: ideas

text: that

text: is

text: fundamental

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: system

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Pico

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: BLACKMUN

text: J

text: concurring

text: in

text: part

text: and

text: concurring

text: in

text: judgment

text: and

text: that

text: our

text: Constitution

text: is

text: a

text: living

text: reality

text: not

text: parchment

text: preserved

text: under

text: glass

text: Shanley

text: v

text: Northeast

text: Independent

text: School

text: Dist

text: Bexar

text: Cty

text: Tex

text: F

text: d

text: CA

text: the

text: Court

text: today

text: teach

text: es

text: youth

text: to

text: discount

text: important

text: principles

text: of

text: our

text: government

text: as

text: mere

text: platitudes

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: v

text: Barnette

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: The

text: young

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: of

text: Hazelwood

text: East

text: expected

text: a

text: civics

text: lesson

text: but

text: not

text: the

text: one

text: the

text: Court

text: teaches

text: them

text: today

text: I

text: dissent

text: NOTES

text: Ronald

text: A

text: Zumbrun

text: and

text: Anthony

text: T

text: Caso

text: filed

text: a

text: brief

text: for

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Legal

text: Foundation

text: as

text: amicus

text: curiae

text: urging

text: reversal

text: Briefs

text: of

text: amici

text: curiae

text: urging

text: affirmance

text: were

text: filed

text: for

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: Liberties

text: Union

text: et

text: al

text: by

text: Janet

text: L

text: Benshoof

text: John

text: A

text: Powell

text: Steven

text: R

text: Shapiro

text: and

text: Frank

text: Susman

text: for

text: the

text: American

text: Society

text: of

text: Newspaper

text: Editors

text: et

text: al

text: by

text: Richard

text: M

text: Schmidt

text: Jr

text: for

text: People

text: for

text: the

text: American

text: Way

text: by

text: Marvin

text: E

text: Frankel

text: for

text: the

text: NOW

text: Legal

text: Defense

text: and

text: Education

text: Fund

text: et

text: al

text: by

text: Martha

text: L

text: Minow

text: Sarah

text: E

text: Burns

text: and

text: Marsha

text: Levick

text: for

text: the

text: Planned

text: Parenthood

text: Federation

text: of

text: America

text: Inc

text: et

text: al

text: by

text: Eve

text: W

text: Paul

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: Student

text: Press

text: Law

text: Center

text: et

text: al

text: by

text: J

text: Marc

text: Abrams

text: Briefs

text: of

text: amici

text: curiae

text: were

text: filed

text: for

text: the

text: National

text: School

text: Boards

text: Association

text: et

text: al

text: by

text: Gwendolyn

text: H

text: Gregory

text: August

text: W

text: Steinhilber

text: Thomas

text: A

text: Shannon

text: and

text: Ivan

text: B

text: Gluckman

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: School

text: Board

text: of

text: Dade

text: County

text: Florida

text: by

text: Frank

text: A

text: Howard

text: Jr

text: and

text: Johnny

text: Brown

text: The

text: two

text: pages

text: deleted

text: from

text: the

text: newspaper

text: also

text: contained

text: articles

text: on

text: teenage

text: marriage

text: runaways

text: and

text: juvenile

text: delinquents

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: general

text: article

text: on

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: Reynolds

text: testified

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: no

text: objection

text: to

text: these

text: articles

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: deleted

text: only

text: because

text: they

text: appeared

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: pages

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: objectionable

text: articles

text: The

text: Statement

text: also

text: cited

text: Tinker

text: v

text: Des

text: Moines

text: Independent

text: Community

text: School

text: Dist

text: U

text: S

text: for

text: the

text: proposition

text: that

text: o

text: nly

text: speech

text: that

text: materially

text: and

text: substantially

text: interferes

text: with

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: appropriate

text: discipline

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: unacceptable

text: and

text: therefore

text: be

text: prohibited

text: App

text: This

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Statement

text: does

text: not

text: of

text: course

text: even

text: accurately

text: reflect

text: our

text: holding

text: in

text: Tinker

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: Statement

text: nowhere

text: expressly

text: extended

text: the

text: Tinker

text: standard

text: to

text: the

text: news

text: and

text: feature

text: articles

text: contained

text: in

text: a

text: school

text: sponsored

text: newspaper

text: The

text: dissent

text: apparently

text: finds

text: as

text: a

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: Statement

text: was

text: published

text: annually

text: in

text: Spectrum

text: however

text: the

text: District

text: Court

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: conclude

text: that

text: the

text: Statement

text: appeared

text: on

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: occasion

text: In

text: any

text: event

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: Statement

text: says

text: what

text: the

text: dissent

text: believes

text: that

text: it

text: says

text: the

text: evidence

text: that

text: school

text: officials

text: never

text: intended

text: to

text: designate

text: Spectrum

text: as

text: a

text: public

text: forum

text: remains

text: overwhelming

text: The

text: distinction

text: that

text: we

text: draw

text: between

text: speech

text: that

text: is

text: sponsored

text: by

text: the

text: school

text: and

text: speech

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: is

text: fully

text: consistent

text: with

text: Papish

text: v

text: University

text: of

text: Missouri

text: Board

text: of

text: Curators

text: U

text: S

text: per

text: curiam

text: which

text: involved

text: an

text: off

text: campus

text: underground

text: newspaper

text: that

text: school

text: officials

text: merely

text: had

text: allowed

text: to

text: be

text: sold

text: on

text: a

text: state

text: university

text: campus

text: The

text: dissent

text: perceives

text: no

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: analysis

text: applied

text: in

text: Tinker

text: and

text: that

text: applied

text: in

text: Fraser

text: We

text: disagree

text: The

text: decision

text: in

text: Fraser

text: rested

text: on

text: the

text: vulgar

text: lewd

text: and

text: plainly

text: offensive

text: character

text: of

text: a

text: speech

text: delivered

text: at

text: an

text: official

text: school

text: assembly

text: rather

text: than

text: on

text: any

text: propensity

text: of

text: the

text: speech

text: to

text: materially

text: disrup

text: t

text: classwork

text: or

text: involv

text: e

text: substantial

text: disorder

text: or

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: Indeed

text: the

text: Fraser

text: Court

text: cited

text: as

text: especially

text: relevant

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: Justice

text: Black

text: s

text: dissenting

text: opinion

text: in

text: Tinker

text: disclaim

text: ing

text: any

text: purpose

text: to

text: hold

text: that

text: the

text: Federal

text: Constitution

text: compels

text: the

text: teachers

text: parents

text: and

text: elected

text: school

text: officials

text: to

text: surrender

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: public

text: school

text: system

text: to

text: public

text: school

text: students

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: quoting

text: U

text: S

text: at

text: Of

text: course

text: Justice

text: Black

text: s

text: observations

text: are

text: equally

text: relevant

text: to

text: the

text: instant

text: case

text: We

text: therefore

text: need

text: not

text: decide

text: whether

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: correctly

text: construed

text: Tinker

text: as

text: precluding

text: school

text: officials

text: from

text: censoring

text: student

text: speech

text: to

text: avoid

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: of

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