The aim of this study in intermediate intraoperative severity patients undergoing LT was to assess the role of intraoperative ECCO2R on emergency ECMO requirement in patients.The use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal , not associated with hemodynamic instability. Of these 38 patients, twenty-three patients were treated in the 2007–2010 interval by receiving “standard intraoperative treatment,” while 15 patients were treated in the 2011–2014 interval by receiving “standard intraoperative treatment + ECCO2R.”Thirty-eight consecutive patients undergoing lung transplantation (LT) with “intermediate” intraoperative severity in the intervals 2007 to 2010 or 2011 to 2014 were analyzed as historical comparison of case-matched cohort retrospective study. The “intermediate” intraoperative severity was defined as the development of intraoperative severe respiratory acidosis with maintained oxygenation function . The use of ECCO2R improved pH and PaCO2 while mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) decreased.ECMO requirement was more frequent among patients that received “standard intraoperative treatment” alone than in those treated with “standard intraoperative treatment + ECCO2R reduces the ECMO requirement.In intermediate intraoperative severity patients, the use of ECCO Perioperative management of patients undergoing lung transplant (LT) encompass to address serious respiratory and cardiac complications including systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular dysfunction, hypercapnia, and hypoxemia , 2. Alth2R) has been successfully used in moderate ARDS to selectively reduce arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) [2R use is not associated with improved oxygenation, this device induces PaCO2 reduction by a single venous double lumen catheter at a lower flow rate than ECMO [2R has been used before LT as a “bridge” to organ availability and in patients with PGD after LT, but there is no report on intraoperative ECCO2R use during LT [Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO (PaCO2) . This te (PaCO2) . Despitehan ECMO , 12. In uring LT , 14.2R on emergency ECMO requirements.This case-matched cohort retrospective study in patients undergoing LT is intended to evaluate the role of intraoperative ECCO2R) as a bridge to transplant, those undergoing re-transplant or those who developed intraoperative severe acute hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 ≤150) or hemodynamic instability  ≤ 60 mmHg and Cardiac Index (CI) ≤ 2.5 L/min/m2, despite vasopressors infusion) were considered “high severity” and excluded from data analysis. Patients that intraoperatively maintained respiratory stability  were considered “low risk” and excluded from this data analysis. Patients that developed intraoperative severe respiratory acidosis with maintained oxygenation function , not associated with hemodynamic instability, were considered at “intermediate” intraoperative severity and their data were selectively analyzed. Data from patients presenting “intermediate” intraoperative severity treated between in the intervals 2007–2010 or 2011–2014 were analyzed as a historical comparison of case-matched cohort. Patients with “intermediate” intraoperative severity treated in the 2007–2010 interval received “standard intraoperative treatment” as compared with those treated in the 2011–2014 interval that received “standard intraoperative treatment + ECCO2R.”The clinical records of all consecutive patients undergoing LT at Transplant Centre of Policlinico Umberto I, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, between November 2007 and March 2014, were retrieved with the approval of the Ethical Committee of Policlinico Umberto I (Protocol Number 756/13). Patients were categorized according to the clinical conditions into 3 groups: “high”, “low,” and “intermediate” intraoperative severity. Patients receiving preoperatively extracorporeal lung support  6–8 cmH2O, and FiO2 up to obtain peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) >90% [For both groups, “standard intraoperative treatment” included protective mechanical ventilation, permissive hypercapnia ≤60 mmHg, and inhaled nitric oxide or a continuous infusion of prostaglandin. Pressure controlled mechanical ventilation  was set in order to achieve a tidal volume (TV) of 6–8 ml/kg, a plateau pressure <30 cmHO2) >90% –17.2 and a MAP ≥60mmHg. To reduce pulmonary hypertension and to avoid lung ischemic-reperfusion damages, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) 10–20 ppm was administered  along with prostaglandin E2 continuous intravenous administration at 10–20 ng/kg/min rate [2/FiO2 ≤150) or persistent severe respiratory acidosis  received intraoperative ECMO. When ECMO was initiated during surgery, venous-arterial RotaFlow®  was used after femoral artery and vein cannulation: the vein cannula was inserted using percutaneous Seldinger technique and the arterial with surgical preparation. Extracorporeal blood flow was started at 30% of CI. It was then modified according to hemodynamic parameters.Dobutamine and norepinephrine were titrated to maintain a CI ≥2.5 L/min/mmin rate . Anemia 2 >60 mmHg, and PaO2/FiO2 >150), CO2 removal was achieved using ECCO2R . The femoral or jugular vein was accessed via a double lumen catheter  inserted and connected to the extracorporeal circuit. Blood flow was driven through the circuit by a non-occlusive low flow roller pump (80–350 ml/min) through a polimethylpentene oxygenator cartridge membrane connected to an 8 L/min sweep gas flow source delivering FiO2 1.0 oxygen.In patients undergoing LT during the 2011–2014 period and presenting “intermediate” clinical severity  that always occurred after the beginning of the first OLV and before the clamping of the pulmonary artery.The ECCO2R treatment was started at the intraoperative development of severe respiratory acidosis with maintained oxygenation function  between 120 and 150s in patients undergoing ECCO2R, while in patients undergoing ECO our anticoagulation target was an ACT between 180 and 200s with an activated partial thromboplastin Time (aPTT) ratio >2.2 venous saturation (SvO2), CO2 end-tidal (EtCO2), SpO2, body temperature, and diuresis. The primary endpoint was the emergency ECMO requirement in the 2 groups. Secondary endpoints were efficacy of ECCO2R measured as changes in blood gas analysis (BGA) and impact on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic  recorded every 20 min after the beginning of CO2 removal and throughout the intraoperative period. Length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, and mortality at 30 postoperative days were also recorded. Complications related to ECCO2R use were also recorded, including mechanical complications due to circuit components or pump malfunction and patient-related complications: vascular damages, bleeding, hemodynamic instability, myocardial dysfunction, or cardiac arrhythmias and intravascular embolism.The following variables were recorded in all patients: MAP, heart rate (HR), mPAP, CI , central venous pressure (CVP), mixed Oχ2 test with 95% confidence intervals for categorical variables was used; Student’s t test was used to analyze continuous variables. Statistical significance was set at a p value lower than 0.05 for all variables. Assuming that 20% of the subjects in the reference population have the factor of interest, and after applying continuity correction, the study would require a sample size of 15 for each group , to achieve a power of 80% for detecting a difference in proportions of 0.6 between the two groups (test - reference group) at a two-sided p value of 0.05.Continuous variables were described by medians (interquartile ranges) or mean (standard deviation) as appropriate. SPSS Software (IBM) was used for statistical analysis. To evaluate differences between the 2 groups, Fisher’s exact test and 2R as a “bridge” to transplant, and 1 was recipient of re-transplant   in standard intraoperative treatment group (p: 0.004 OR = 11.3 CI = 2.36–54.5)  in standard intraoperative treatment + ECCOIn the “Standard intraoperative treatment” group, acidosis and hemodynamic instability were determining factors for urgent ECMO: in 8 patients, it happened during the first OLV period, in 4 patients during the first pulmonary artery clamping, in 2 patients during the second OLV time, in the last 3 patients after the second pulmonary artery clamping.2R” group, causing factors for ECMO were mainly respiratory adverse events, during the second pulmonary artery clamping, related to the PGD of the first lung implanted.In the “Standard intraoperative treatment + ECCO2 values along with an improvement in pH values, starting after 20 min and thereafter throughout the intraoperative period, while systemic hemodynamic variables and PaO2/FiO2 remained stable (Table 2R” group and 39% (9/23) in the “standard intraoperative treatment” (p = 0.55). Mortality among patients who received ECMO was similar among “standard intraoperative treatment + ECCO2R” and “standard intraoperative treatment” .Data analysis of hemodynamic and respiratory variables showed a decrease in mPAP and PaCOle Table , Fig. 2.2R included tube damages occurred twice with the system, but never with ECMO circuit. Three patients required wound and thoracic surgical revision because of ECMO-related bleeding (1 in the “standard intraoperative treatment + ECCO2R” group and 2 in the “standard intraoperative treatment” group). No other complications were reported.Complications of ECCO2R decreases emergency ECMO requirement. In these patients, when intraoperative respiratory acidosis develops, ECCO2R use safely and effectively blunts pH/PaCO2 changes and associates with reduced mPAP  and in ARDS patients, and extend its role to the perioperative treatment of patients undergoing LT [2R in thoracic surgery, and these include a 69-year-old man undergone left pneumonectomy treated with resection of a single right upper lobe lesion; and the report of ECCO2R adjunct to conventional treatment as a bridge to LT [2R use has also been tested in the immediate postoperative period in case PGD when conventional therapies  were not sufficient to provide adequate gas exchange and control pulmonary hypertension [This case-matched cohort retrospective study, in patients undergoing LT and presenting “intermediate” clinical severity, originally reports that intraoperative ECCOgoing LT –21. Limige to LT . The ECCrtension –25.2R, and are not scheduled for re-transplant neither present with severe refractory arterial hypotension or reduced CI; on the other hand, the respiratory function was severely compromised and associated with advanced respiratory acidosis. For this reason, we consider that the presented data intended to fulfill the need for a therapeutic intraoperative “precision medicine” strategy [2 >60mmHg) and respiratory acidosis (pH< 7.25), while ventilation was optimized within the limitations imposed by lung-protective ventilation [2 40–60 mmHg with pH >7.25) was considered acceptable in order to reduce the risk of dynamic hyperinflation, barotrauma, and volutrauma [2 >60 mmHg) were free from metabolic and perfusion mismatch, maintaining a MAP ≥60 mmHg and CI ≥2.5 l/min/m2, with or without vasopressors infusion [2/FiO2 <150 were excluded and underwent to an ECMO support.Patients selected for this cohort study represent an “intermediate group” in terms of clinical severity, do not present severe hypoxemia, are not receiving preoperative extracorporeal lung support with either ECMO or ECCOstrategy . In bothstrategy . Prior ttilation , 27. Perlutrauma . Patientinfusion . PatientThe present study has some limitations: first, it is a single-center case-matched cohort retrospective study. This methodological approach does not provide evidence that possesses an equivalent strength than those derived by a randomized controlled trial; furthermore, we could not apply matched analysis techniques with propensity score without significantly reducing the sample size. Nevertheless, the number of recruited patients  is sufficient to support the presented results and it should be considered as a preliminary experience for designing a multicenter prospective study.2R use in patients undergoing LT is safe and along with “optimal” mechanical ventilation and hemodynamic management, effectively contributes to prevent respiratory acidosis and hypercapnia. This approach, when accomplished in patients presenting with “intermediate severity” and compared to ECMO has the advantage of using smaller intravascular cannulation and lower blood flow, thus exposing to a reduced risk for vascular damage and bleeding complications. The safety and efficacy of intraoperative ECCO2R use potentially make this treatment a safe and useful step into an escalating step-wise work-up to support respiratory function in patients undergoing LT. Future studies are necessary to define the clinical indications, to improve the design of membrane CO2 removal, and to further reduce invasiveness.In conclusion, intraoperative ECCO


Upward income mobility is associated with better health outcomes and reduced stress. However, opportunities are unequally distributed, particularly so for those in rural communities and whose family have lower educational attainment.To test the impact of parental supervision on their children’s income two decades later adjusting for parental economic and educational status.This study is a longitudinal, representative cohort study. From 1993–2000, annual assessments of 1,420 children were completed until age 16, then followed up at age 35, 2018–2021, for further assessment. Models tested direct effects of parental supervision on child income, and indirect effects via child educational attainment.This study is an ongoing longitudinal population-based study of families in 11 predominately rural counties of the Southeastern U.S.About 8% of the residents and sample are African American and fewer than 1% are Hispanic. American Indians make up 4% of the population in study but were oversampled to make up 25% of the sample. 49% of the 1,420 participants are female.1258 children and parents were assessed for sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent educational attainment, family structure, child behavioral problems, and parental supervision. The children were followed up at age 35 to assess their household income and educational attainment.r = .392, p < .05). Parental supervision of the child was associated with increased household income for the child at age 35, adjusting for SES of the family of origin. Children of parents who did not engage in adequate supervision earned approximately $14,000 less/year  than those who did. The association of parental supervision and child income at 35 was mediated by the child’s educational attainment.Parental educational attainment, income, and family structure were strongly associated with their children’s household income at age 35 (e.g., This study suggests adequate parental supervision during early adolescence is associated with children’s economic prospects two decades later, in part by improving their educational prospects. This is particularly important in areas such as rural Southeast U.S. Adultearnings . Income earnings  is an imearnings  and is aearnings .Opportunities for upward income mobility are not distributed equally across SES. Children from rural communities and whose families are less educated are less likely to improve their lot , 11. ThoParenting behaviors are proven modifiable factors affecting children’s economic mobility. Upward mobility is associated with increased one-on-one time and verbal interactions , 13–15, During middle and high school, academic engagement and motivation often decline , 23. KnoThe Great Smoky Mountains Study is a longitudinal, representative study of children in 11 predominantly rural counties of North Caroline [Annual assessments were completed until the children reached age 16  and again in their late 30s . Interviews were completed by a parent figure and the participant to age 16, and by the participant thereafter. Before interviews, the parent and child signed informed consent/assent forms. The study protocol and consent forms were approved by the Duke University Medical Center Institutional Review Board. Each respondent received an honorarium for participating. The current analysis only includes data from early adolescence (ages 13–16).All items were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) interview , 34, admChild race/ethnicity and sex were parent-reported.The parent reported whether they were single . If single when the child was 13–16, they were coded as “single,” and as “not single” otherwise.Consumer Price Index Data from 1913 to 2022 | US Inflation Calculator, 2008).Household income between child ages 13 and 16 was reported by a parent each year between 1993–2000 on the following scale: 0 = No Income; 1 = 0,001–5,000; 2 = 5,001–10,000; 3 = 10,001–15,000; 4 = 15,001–20,000; 5 = 20,001–25,000; 6 = 25,001–30,000; 7 = 30,001–35,000; 8 = 35,001–40,000; 9 = 40,001–45,000; 10 = 45,000–50,000; 11 = 50,001–55,000; 12 = 55,001–60,000; 13 = 60,001 or more. The maximum parental household income reported was used and adjusted for 2021 inflation in descriptive conclusions to better make comparisons with child income assessed around 2021 ; 6 = Some college (0–2 years); 7 = 2 year associate degree; 8 = Some college (2–4 years); 9 = four year college degree; 10 = Some graduate or professional school training; and 11 = Completed graduate or professional degree.= “Appropriate supervision/control for age and circumstances,” 1 = “Whereabouts of child not known at least once per week; or parent unable to exercise effective control at least once per week,” or 2 = “Whereabouts of child unknown at least 5 times per week; or parent usually (>50% of the time) unable to exercise effective control.” The maximum score across caregivers at child ages 13 to 16 was used for subsequent analyses (Range: 0–2). Extreme groups, 0 and 2, will be referred to as “adequate” and “inadequate” supervision, respectively.Inadequate parental supervision is defined in the CAPA as “parent fails to provide sufficient supervision as shown by frequent lack of knowledge of child’s whereabouts, activities, or company; and/or fails to maintain effective control/ or disciplinary strategies; and/or is not concerned, or does not attempt to intervene, when child’s behavior is deviant, or likely to lead him/her into trouble.” Parents were administered prompts including, “Do you expect X to let you know where s/he is?”, Do you always know where X is when s/he isn’t home?” and “What happens when X doesn’t want to do what you say?”. Interview coded responses into 3 categories of 0 Inadequate supervision included the possibility of endorsement due to parent’s inability to “maintain effective control over child.” Child behavioral symptoms were included as a covariate as the focus of this analysis is on parent’s–not child’s—behavior. Behavioral symptoms included the nine symptoms of Oppositional Defiant disorder (ODD) and fifteen symptoms of Conduct Disorder (CD), then assessed using the CAPA (parent-report). If a symptom was endorsed by either parent or participant, it was counted. All symptoms summed to create a behavioral symptom total at age 16.Household income was reported at age 35 in 2018–2021 on the scale: 1 ’$0–25,000’; 2 ’$25,001–50,000’; 3 ‘$50,001–75,000’; 4 ’$75,001–100,000’; 5 ’100,001–150,000’; 6 ‘$150,001+’.Education was reported at age 35 on the following scale: 0 ’did not finish high school;’ 1 GED or high school equivalency;’ 2 ’Associates Degree;’ 3 ’bachelor’s degree;’ and 4 ’Graduate program’.Cognition. A subsample of participants included in these analyses (n = 510) were administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition at age 30 . Given the role of intelligence in life outcomes [outcomes , we weret(452.3) = -.825, p = .410, or childhood behavioral symptoms t(1278) = -.678, p = .498. those who dropped out had parents with lower education t(1256) = 5.24, p < .001, and lower household income t(501.9) = -5.48, p < .000 at age 16, common in longitudinal research [Eighty-two percent (ranging from 74–94%) of all possible interviews were completed across waves. All participants completed at least 1 assessment by age 16 ; 94.3% had ≥3 assessments (median = 7). 76% of eligible participants had adult assessments at age 35 (when outcomes were assessed). There were no differences in attrition from age 16 to 35 by inadequate parent supervision research , 38. Theresearch , 40.Each participant was assigned a sampling weight inversely proportional to their probability of selection. all percentages provided are weighted and sample sizes are unweighted in descriptive tables. We incorporate the sampling weight into a series of multivariate ordinal logistic regression models to establish the relationship between early adolescent characteristics and income levels at age 35. Models adjusted for familial/demographic covariates including child sex, race/ethnicity , parent structure, parent education, and household income. In subsequent models, we included parenting-relevant variables: inadequate supervision and child behavioral symptoms. Mediation tests  were performed to evaluate indirect effects of parenting variables on child income during adulthood . The conTable 1. The sample is ~50% female, majority white. 25% of parents were single, ~30% had bachelor’s degrees, and average household income adjusted for inflation was ~$56,491 in 2021 (when participant adult income was assessed). Most parents knew where their children was at all times, and the average number of child behavior symptoms was low. ~38% of participants attained at least a bachelor’s degree, and their average household income in 2021 was $60,250. The correlation between parental and participant adult income was r = .37, p < .05.Descriptive analyses provided in Table 2). Neither participant gender nor race (African American or American-Indian compared to white) reached statistical significance. Parental education and income were significantly associated with participant adult income. For every ~2 years of parental post-high school education, there was a yearly increase of $4,464  in the child’s adult income. For every $5,000 increase in parental income, there was a yearly increase of $4,199  in the child’s adult income. Being raised in a single parent household appeared to have a positive effect on income mobility in the multivariate regression model, however, post hoc analyses revealed family structure and parental income were confounded; altering the direct effect of family structure to represent only 3% of single parents in the sample who earned more than the mean household earnings  and is not discussed hereafter.We tested a model with all family demographic variables predicting adult household income (Table 3). Participant behavioral symptoms were included to account for inadequate supervision due to challenging child behavior. Parental supervision during early adolescence was significantly associated with adult income. For every decrement in adequate parental supervision , there was a decrease of $7,087  in the child’s adulthood income. Participant behavior symptoms were also associated with adult income: For each behavioral symptom during adolescence, adult income decreased by $4,114 .We added parental supervision and child behavioral symptoms to the family demographic model  for whom were administered IQ testing during the study. In this subsample controlling for all previously stated factors, full IQ was significantly associated with adult income , however, inadequate parental supervision continued to significantly to predict adult income .p = .0001). Participant education was strongly associated with participant adult income. The inclusion of participant education in the model rendered the direct effect of parental supervision non-significant  raising their own income by $10,000 per year. However, examination of more potentially confounding variables  must occur prior to concluding that simple improvement of parental supervision itself would increase future adult earnings. We know financial resources improve child outcomes, and this study suggests parental behavior likely also has a role. Based on our findings, policy could be implemented to focus on helping parents in their capacity to supervise their children via providing more family and community resources, and/or psychoeducation. For instance, a brief video intervention increased awareness of adolescent risk behaviors and led to increases in supervision and parent-adolescent concordance in one study .


However, in thin flakes of MoTe2, it is unclear if the layer stacking follows the Td, 1T′, or an alternative stacking sequence. Here, we use atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy to directly visualize the MoTe2 layer stacking. In thin flakes, we observe highly disordered stacking, with nanoscale 1T′ and Td domains, as well as alternative stacking arrangements not found in the bulk. We attribute these findings to intrinsic confinement effects on the MoTe2 stacking-dependent free energy. Our results are important for the understanding of exotic physics displayed in MoTe2 flakes. More broadly, this work suggests c-axis confinement as a method to influence layer stacking in other 2D materials.The layer stacking order in 2D materials strongly affects functional properties and holds promise for next-generation electronic devices. In bulk, octahedral MoTe 2 display stacking arrangements different from bulk crystals.The layer stacking order in 2D materials can be used to control functional properties. Here, the authors find a thickness effect, where thin flakes of MoTe When the twist angle of a homo-structure is zero, the in-plane displacement between layers, i.e., the layer stacking order, offers an additional control parameter. Examples include emergent ferroelectricity in hexagonal boron nitride5, magnetic order in CrI36, and quantum transport in trilayer graphene7. In certain cases, the layer stacking order can be dynamically controlled through external stimuli10, which is attractive for device applications. However, our basic understanding of layer stacking energetics, as well as layer-sliding transitions, remains limited.In layered van der Waals (vdW) solids, exotic quantum phenomena can be engineered via the layer stacking. For instance, the twist angle in bilayer graphene influences the low-energy electronic band structure, allowing for control over magnetic2 and WTe2 are prime candidates for stacking order-dependent devices. In bulk, two stable stacking arrangements exist12: the low-temperature Td phase, a ferroelectric Weyl semimetal13, and the high-temperature 1T′ phase, a higher-order topological insulator14  of ~250 K for MoTe215 and ~565 K for WTe216. In thin mechanically exfoliated flakes of MoTe2 less than ~20 nm, the temperature-dependent layer stacking transition is suppressed; however, the preferred layer stacking in such flakes is unclear. Raman spectroscopy studies have reached conflicting conclusions, finding either that thin flakes prefer 1T′ stacking, or Td stacking, or alternative stacking sequences distinct from the known bulk phases22. Electronic transport and quantum oscillation studies suggest that thin flakes adopt Td stacking, but the evidence is indirect23. In this thickness range, MoTe2 flakes show a myriad of intriguing phenomena, e.g., enhanced superconductivity18, superconducting edge currents24, giant out-of-plane Hall effect25, helical 1D hinge states26, and in-plane, third-order nonlinear Hall effect27. To fully understand and exploit these behaviors, the stacking order—which dictates the symmetry and topology—must be determined. Moreover, determining the stacking in thin MoTe2 may serve as a general platform for understanding dimensional effects in other 2D materials. In contrast to MoTe2, the layer stacking in WTe2 has not been studied as a function of thickness.Octahedrally coordinated MoTer14 Fig.  with a t2 and WTe2 flakes by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). We find that the layer stacking in thin exfoliated flakes of MoTe2 does not follow the ordered 1T′ or Td phases; rather, we observe a number of alternative stacking sequences which lack long-range order. In contrast, the stacking in WTe2 is well-ordered Td, even for thin flakes. To explain the disordered stacking in MoTe2, we consider and rule out extrinsic factors such as sample oxidation or interface effects, and we discuss the intrinsic coupling between the flake thickness, stacking arrangement, and free energy. These results are crucial for our interpretation of the various quantum properties exhibited by MoTe2 flakes, for the future design of MoTe2-based devices, and for our understanding of thickness-effects in layered 2D materials.Here, we determine the layer stacking of MoTe2 through electrical transport measurements and Raman spectroscopy. Transport measurements of a bulk crystal show a clear thermal hysteresis loop centered at ~250 K, indicative of the expected first-order stacking transition 19. This mode is Raman silent in the centrosymmetric 1T′ phase but emerges in the Td phase owing to inversion symmetry breaking29. For our measurements of a relatively thick flake (90 nm), the inter-layer shear mode is absent at room temperature as expected and then activated when measured at 80 K, consistent with the bulk 1T′ to Td transition , though the peak is broadened and softened. This finding is similar to that of ref. 17.With Raman spectroscopy, the most direct signature of the stacking transition in bulk MoTeion Fig. . Conversd phase is stabilized up to (at least) room temperature. This interpretation has been advocated in prior reports18. However, the precise relation between the layer stacking and the electrical resistance is unclear31. Moreover, the emergence of the inter-layer Raman mode does not guarantee the Td phase; rather, this mode simply indicates inversion symmetry breaking29. Alternative stacking sequences could also break inversion symmetry, and for thin flakes, inversion symmetry is necessarily broken at interfaces, even for centrosymmetric crystals. Hence, symmetry-based Raman analysis cannot unequivocally identify the layer stacking, and atomic-scale visualization is needed.Taken together, our transport and Raman data suggest that for thin flakes, the stacking transition is quenched, and the T2 and WTe2 flakes, we performed high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) STEM imaging. First, we observe flakes in plan-view (the ab-plane) by transferring exfoliated flakes to a STEM grid via a PDMS stamp. In this geometry, the 1T′ and Td stacking sequences are easily differentiated, as shown with the atomic schematics and STEM image simulations in Fig. 2 flakes reveals a number of distinct structures, none of which match the pure 1T′ or Td phases , which allows direct determination of the layer stacking order. As schematically shown in Fig. d phases can be differentiated based on the Te-Te pairs bridging the vdW gap. For 1T′ stacking, the in-plane displacement component of this pair (the inter-layer shift) is always in the same direction (↓↓↓↓ or ↑↑↑↑), while for the Td phase, the shift direction alternates (↑↓↑↓). Fig. 2, prepared in the cross-sectional geometry using a focused ion beam (FIB). The inter-layer shift , and bulk WTe2 follows the expected Td stacking sequence (↑↓↑↓). We note that both bulk crystals show some degree of stacking disorder, e.g., twin boundaries  since certain local stacking sequences break inversion symmetry. Additionally, the mixed and disordered stacking observed in Fig. ab-plane STEM data shown in Fig. ab-plane STEM simulations of mixed stacking arrangements are consistent with the unexpected image contrast observed experimentally by plan-view STEM , which allows easy differentiation between the various stacking geometries. Specifically, simulations show that Td stacking yields diffraction spots at L = N (N is any integer) while 1T′ gives spots at L = N ± δ. The offset δ is due to the 1T′ monoclinic angle of β ~ 93.9°, and the doubling is due to the two twin variants; ↓↓↓↓ and ↑↑↑↑ stacking domains give L = N + δ and L = N – δ , indicating a measurable degree of stacking disorder. For flakes 26 and 11 nm thick, spots corresponding to both 1T′ and Td are present (see arrows), and the diffuse scattering along L is further enhanced. These diffraction measurements show that stacking disorder in MoTe2 flakes is a global effect. In contrast to MoTe2, both bulk and exfoliated WTe2 show ordered Td stacking with no apparent thickness effect . As shown in Fig. L) spots, indicating that intrinsic size effects are negligible and that streaking of the  spots is related to stacking. Note that when viewed in the bc-plane, the bulk 1T′ and Td stacking sequences are indistinguishable, and the bridging Te-Te pairs have no component along the b-axis (λb = 0 Å). The diffraction data in Fig. b = 0 Å, and this is confirmed by HAADF-STEM imaging , we next consider whether well-ordered Td stacking can be stabilized in MoTe2 at sufficiently low temperature. We find that FIB sample preparation restricts layer sliding in bulk MoTe2  diffraction pattern symmetry. However, the layer stacking does influence the  diffraction spot intensities  diffraction spot intensities with H ≤ 5 and K ≤ 3. We then model the spot intensities with multi-slice electron scattering calculations, using the flake thickness, orientation, and bending as fitting parameters. Fits are performed assuming Td, 1T′, and disordered stacking, and the resulting χv2 values are compared TEM data . This model, labeled Td-Rnd, is schematically illustrated in Fig. d stacking after cooling to liquid He temperatures, but there is no transition to a fully ordered Td state. This conclusion is supported by both our qualitative Laue zone analysis and the quantitative multi-slice fitting method.We next analyze the diffraction data quantitatively. To do so, we extract all the experimental  of ~50033), and all bulk crystals yielded thin flakes with disordered stacking (“Methods”). Hence, the parent crystal quality cannot explain the disordered stacking found in thin flakes. Electron irradiation effects must also be considered34. In our STEM cross-section experiments, we observed the gradual amorphization of MoTe2 and WTe2 in a layer-by-layer fashion; however, we did not observe any layer sliding under the electron beam. Thus, STEM-induced effects cannot account for the observed disorder. FIB-induced damage can also be ruled out since both bulk and thin-flake samples were prepared with the same FIB procedure, but only the thin flakes displayed disorder.The starting crystal quality, such as the concentration of vacancies and interstitials, may influence the layer stacking. However, our bulk MoTeure Fig. , as wellure Fig. . Both fi2 and MoTe235. If mechanical exfoliation were responsible for the disordered stacking in MoTe2, then exfoliated WTe2 should show similar levels of disorder, which is not the case  offers a possible explanation for our findings; however, there are several reasons to doubt this mechanism. First, with our experimental method, the normal and shear strains applied to a flake during exfoliation are independent of the flake thickness , and rev+U42). These discrepancies are not wholly unexpected, given the challenging nature of the problem: the layer stacking energy scale is ~1 meV/formula unit, which is approaching the uncertainty of DFT calculations; the layer stacking energetics are determined by vdW interactions, which are difficult to capture with DFT and depend sensitively upon the chosen vdW correction; and for thin flakes, surface and boundary effects present compounding challenges. Thus, we cannot make any definitive claims regarding the stability of 1T′ or Td stacking for any specific flake thickness. Still, meaningful trends can be extracted from DFT calculations of bulk structures. Specifically, Kim et al. found a larger inter-layer coupling for MoTe2 compared to WTe236. The same study found that upon transitioning from the 1T′ to Td phase, the electronic bands are strongly altered for MoTe2 but not for WTe2. Taken together, these findings suggest that in thin flakes of MoTe2, the band structure will experience a thickness effect (owing to the strong inter-layer coupling), which will then modulate the layer stacking energetics. In contrast, for WTe2, thickness-effects (and their influence on the stacking energetics) should be reduced. This reasoning is in line with our observations of disordered stacking in thin MoTe2 flakes but ordered Td stacking in WTe2 flakes.We next discuss the possibility of intrinsic coupling between the MoTe2 may be an entropic—rather than an energetic—effect. When calculating the total free energy of a material, the phonon energies dictate the vibrational entropy and lower energy phonons yield a lower free energy43. In bulk MoTe2, the energy of the inter-layer shear phonon is significantly higher for the Td phase than the 1T′ phase (1.71 versus 1.55 meV)44. Moreover, it was argued by Heikes et al. that the MoTe2 stacking transition is driven by the differing inter-layer phonon energies and their effect on the vibrational entropy9. In the context of our work, if reducing the MoTe2 flake thickness alters the energy of the inter-layer phonon modes, then the relative free energy of 1T′ and Td stacking would be affected. Indeed, it is well-established that the inter-layer phonon modes in MoTe2 are strongly thickness-dependent19. Thus, it is possible that our observations of disordered stacking in MoTe2 are driven by a coupling between thickness, phonon energy, and entropy.Alternatively, the disordered stacking in MoTe2 flakes and disordered stacking in thin MoTe2 flakes. As noted in the prior section, DFT results from Kim et al. suggest that a stronger coupling between thickness, stacking, and energy for MoTe2 compared to WTe2 may be responsible for this difference. There is also experimental evidence that suggests a more complex stacking landscape in MoTe2 versus WTe2. Specifically, neutron diffraction measurements of bulk single-crystal MoTe2 show that upon cooling, the 1T′ to Td phase transition occurs through an intermediate disordered phase33 and that upon warming, the transition occurs through a metastable Td* phase, which can be described as ↓↓↑↑ stacking30. In contrast, for bulk WTe2 single crystals, the 1T′ to Td phase transition is abrupt upon both heating and cooling, with no intermediate phases or thermal hysteresis16. Hence, even in bulk, there is a propensity for disordered and alternative stacking in MoTe2 compared to WTe2, which is mirrored in our thin flake results.A major finding of our work is the contrast between ordered stacking in thin WTed stacking is desirable, and strategies to obtain fully ordered stacking should be developed. Based on DFT calculations36, charge doping can stabilize 1T′ stacking (hole doping) or Td stacking (electron doping). This proposal should be studied experimentally in thin exfoliated flakes. We note that our data provide strong evidence that surface oxidation does not stabilize ordered 1T′ stacking via hole doping, as previously suggested in the literature21. Alternatively, to stabilize the Td phase, the application of a strong out-of-plane electric field may promote the ferroelectric phase due to the electrostatic coupling. Lastly, if the disordered stacking is due to mechanical strain during exfoliation, then films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) should be explored. However, CVD growths primarily yield monolayer and bilayer flakes, wherein 1T′ and Td stacking orders cannot be defined, or trilayer flakes, wherein only ordered 1T′ (↓↓ or ↑↑) or Td (↓↑ or ↑↓) stacking arrangements are possible51. Alternative stacking arrangements require thicker specimens.For most device applications, ordered 1T′ or T2 flakes through atomic-resolution HAADF-STEM imaging, in situ cryogenic TEM, Raman spectroscopy, electronic resistance measurements, and DFT calculations. We found that thin exfoliated flakes of MoTe2 are not well-ordered 1T′ or Td but rather possess disordered layer stacking. Our results raise important questions regarding the electronic structure, topology, and charge transport mechanisms in exfoliated MoTe2 flakes, as well as how thickness may influence layer stacking in other 2D materials which exhibit stacking-dependent functionality, e.g., magnetic 2D materials. This work also highlights the importance of atomic-scale analysis in determining the structure of 2D materials.In conclusion, we studied the effect of thickness on the layer stacking of exfoliated MoTe2 crystal sources: commercially purchased flux-grown MoTe2 from 2D Semiconductors, commercially purchased CVT grown MoTe2 from HQ Graphene, and high-quality  flux-grown MoTe2 as previously reported in refs. 33. Crystals from 2D Semiconductors were used for the experiments and data presented in the main text. Supplementary Fig. 2 crystals described in refs. 33, and Supplementary Fig. 2 was obtained commercially from 2D Semiconductors. Flakes were prepared via conventional scotch tape exfoliation.We tested three bulk MoTe2/Si substrates. Electron-beam lithography and thermal evaporation were then used to fabricate 4-probe devices, using 10 nm Cr as the adhesion layer followed by 100 nm of Au. Electronic resistance versus temperature data were collected using a physical property measurement system, using heating and cooling rates of 2 K/min.Flakes were first exfoliated onto SiO2/Si substrates and then transferred to sapphire substrates using a PPC stamp. The sapphire substrate offers lower background scattering in the low-frequency regime. Measurements were made using a custom-built Raman micro-spectrometer system52. A frequency-stabilized 785-nm laser (Toptica iBEAM-SMART-785-S-WS) was used as the excitation source, which was focused onto the sample using a long-working distance objective . The power of the laser was adjusted to be below 5 mW by a neutral density filter. The Raman signal was collected by the same objective and guided to a spectrograph (Horiba iHR550) and onto a CCD camera (Horiba Syncerity). A set of five narrow-linewidth, reflective volume Bragg grating notch filters (OptiGrate) was used to block the laser to enable measurements of Raman signals down to about 5 cm−1. The Raman signal was spatially filtered by a pair of 75-mm focal length achromatic lens and a 50 µm pinhole before being sent into the spectrograph. The sample was mounted into an optical cryostat (Janis VPF-100), and the pressure of the cryostat was maintained to be below 1 × 10−4 Torr during the measurement.Flakes were initially exfoliated onto SiOSTEM measurements were performed on an aberration-corrected Thermo Fisher Scientific (TFS) Spectra 300 X-FEG, as well as an aberration-corrected TFS Titan Themis 300 X-FEG. We used accelerating voltages ranging from 120 to 300 kV and probe currents of 50–200 pA. Cross-sectional specimens were prepared using a standard Ga focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out procedure on a TFS Helios G4 X FIB, with final thinning performed at 5 kV. Plan-view specimens were prepared using a PDMS stamp to transfer flakes from scotch tape to holey SiN TEM grids.53. For each simulation, the probe was defined with a defocus of 1.7 nm, a spherical aberration coefficient of 1.5 μm, and a convergence semi-angle of 30 mrad at 300 keV to match the experimental conditions. Transmission and probe wave functions of 2048 × 2048 pixel2 were used, resulting in a maximum scattering angle of 401 mrad. The inner and outer collection angles of 80 and 220 mrad, respectively, were used. Phonon effects were not included in the simulations. The final images were blurred by a Gaussian kernel with a width of ~0.7 Å to simulate the effect of finite source size.The HAADF-STEM image simulations Fig.  were car2 measurements and the in situ annealing of MoTe2, electron diffraction was performed on a TFS Osiris TEM operated at 200 kV. The annealing experiment was performed using the Protochips Aduro 300DT System. Exfoliated flakes were transferred to the Protochips e-chip using a PPC stamp. For the liquid He measurements of MoTe2, data were collected on a JEOL ARM operated at 200 kV using a Gatan liquid-helium cooling holder (HCTDT 3010). The sample temperature is measured using a diode ~6 inches away from the sample. For TEM sample preparation, flakes were initially exfoliated onto a SiO2/Si substrate. Then, a lacey carbon grid was placed on top of the SiO2, and a drop of 10% HF solution was applied to etch the SiO2 and release the MoTe2 onto the lacey carbon. The grid was then flushed with DI water.For WTed MoTe2 were taken from ref. 11, and the structures were fully relaxed. For the Rev+U simulations, we used U = 5 eV for Mo and U = 2 eV for W.The DFT calculations were performed using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functional of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) as implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). The starting atomic structures for 1T′ and TSupplementary InformationPeer Review File


The results indicated that participants present a higher disposition to normative over non-normative political action, although both lose strength as the studies temporally move away from the social outburst. Also, our research established that emotions directed towards different events related to the Chilean political process play a conspicuous role in predicting the disposition to mobilize in a normative and non-normative way.This article analyzes the role of Chileans’ emotions as predictors of normative and non-normative political action in the context of the post-social outbreak and the constituent process. We carried out three descriptive studies: first, a study conducted 1 year after the social outburst ( AlthougThe demonstrations spread throughout the national territory, originating a response with high levels of violence from State agents, specifically from the Armed Forces and Law Enforcement . This scIn a framework of massive mobilizations and a high level of police repression, on November 15, 2019, representatives of the ruling party and the opposition signed the “Agreement for Peace and the New Constitution,” which accelerated the process of creating a new constitution. Thus, on April 26, 2020, an initial referendum was held so that the population could vote “I approve” or “I reject” to change the Political Constitution of 1980, inherited from the civil-military dictatorship, winning “I approve.” Subsequently, the Constitutional Convention  was elected. This entity was in charge of drafting a proposal for the Political Constitution of the Republic. On September 4, 2022, Chilean citizens voted in a last referendum to determine whether they agreed or disagreed with the proposed new constitution. Approximately 13 million Chileans voted in this referendum; the rejection side obtained 61.8% of votes over 38.13% approval. This fact constituted a heavy defeat for Chile’s progressive forces.1.1.In the 2019 demonstrations, protesters demanded diverse social claims articulated in the collective action cycle of the last decade. Since the mid-2000s, Chile has experienced the rise of new forms of political action and organization, which achieved public visibility from the student mobilizations of 2011 . From thHistorically, this cycle of mobilizations occurs in a context of questioning the political and economic system consolidated in the Chilean post-dictatorship . The manTherefore, the social outburst represents the connection of ordinary people who recognized themselves in moral indignation in the face of inequality . It was In the literature on social outburst, it is possible to find several works focused on emotions. For example, some authors described the outbreak as the result of the accumulated discomfort that turned into rage and indignation from the gap between subjectivity and social structure . Other aThis article aims to contribute to studies on emotions, empirically addressing the place of positive and negative feelings in the willingness to participate in political actions in the context of the post-social outburst.1.2.One of the ways of classifying political action is the distinction between conventional and unconventional political action. For Some researchers have problematized this taxonomy beyond the canonical character of the conventional-unconventional distinction. Authors have questioned its dichotomous nature , its abiNotwithstanding the above, empirical results at the international level continue to confirm the existence of two forms of political action , one oriThis paper assumes a two-dimensional concept of political action, normative and non-normative . Normati1.3.Since the late 20th century, a systematic line of research on emotions and their influence on protest actions began to take shape. In recent decades , empiricAs Studies on emotions and collective action have also addressed the relation that some feelings establish with protest actions. In the case of positive emotions, they have been studied in the context of social mobilizations, showing the facilitating character that hope, for example, would have in the maintenance and development of protest actions . In thisOn the other hand, antagonistic negative emotions, such as anger or rage in situations perceived as unfair or undesirable, have a relevant impact on the willingness to mobilize , playingFinally, negative emotions of resignation, such as fear, also influence forms of political action . In thisAs seen above, the available literature on the role of emotions in protest actions is significant, highlighting the study of emotions in pairs, batteries, or chains of positive and negative emotions . From th1.4.Objectives:To determine the predictive value of negative antagonistic and negative emotions of resignation and positive emotions on normative and non-normative political action.To investigate the incidence of antagonistic negative emotions and resignation and positive emotions before relevant milestones as mediating variables in the relation between emotions towards the political system and protests – predictive variables – with normative political action and non-normative political action – criterion variables.Based on the theoretical review, the following hypotheses are proposed:Antagonistic negative emotions during the social outburst and toward police repression will predict a higher disposition toward normative and non-normative political action.Positive emotions during the social outburst and toward protests will predict a higher disposition toward normative and non-normative political action.Antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression and corruption and negative emotions of resignation toward police repression mediate the relation between hope toward protests and normative political action and non-normative political action.Negative antagonistic and resigned emotions and positive feelings towards the triumph of the rejection option in the referendum and towards the protests will mediate the relation between antagonistic negative emotions towards the political system and normative political action and non-normative political action.2.2.1.2.1.1.The study participants were 607 Chileans with an average age of 28.02 years (SD = 12.21), of whom 72.5% were female, 24.4% were male and 3.2% identified with another gender. The participants were from different regions of Chile . Regarding their political position, 34.7% considered themselves left-wing, while 42.4% said they had no political position and 9% considered themselves right-wing. Regarding religious orientation, 32.9% were Catholic, 50.5% did not belong to any religion and 16.5% were of other religions.Participants were invited to fill in an online questionnaire via the SurveyMonkey@platform. Participants were recruited by snowballing sampling procedure. That is, the invitation to fill in the survey was distribute through e-mail and using social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The data collection started on October 18, 2020, 1 year after the social outburst in Chile, and was extended for 4 weeks until November 15 of the same year.2.1.2.Antagonistic negative emotions during the social outburstnot at all) to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “hatred,” “annoyance” and “rage” during the social outburst (α = 0.85).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt “fear,” “dread,” and “nervousness” during the social outburst (α = 0.86).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt hope, joy, pride and interest (α = 0.82).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “hatred,” “annoyance” and “rage” towards protests (α = 0.90).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt “fear,” “dread,” and “nervousness” towards protests (α = 0.82).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt hope, joy, pride, interest, sympathy, empathy and respect (α = 0.94).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “hatred,” “annoyance” and “rage” to police repression (α = 0.93).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt “fear,” “dread,” and “nervousness” towards police repression (α = 0.92).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt joy, pride and sympathy (α = 0.88).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (extremely willing) to what extent they would be willing to “Sign a petition,” “Participate in legal/sanctioned demonstrations (marches),” “Give opinions about politics on social networks ,” and “Vote in municipal, parliamentary or presidential elections.” The scale was reliable (α = 0.73).We captured intentions to participate in non-normative action by asking participants about their general willingness to participate in political activities in Chile. Specifically, they were asked to indicate on a scale from 1  to 7 (extremely willing) to what extent they would be willing to “Support boycotts,” “Participate in illegal strikes (work stoppages),” “Occupy buildings or factories (seizure),” “Participate in violent actions such as throwing stones, burning or breaking urban furniture, barricades, etc..” The scale showed good internal consistency (α = 0.84).Non-normative collective action intentions were measured with other four items. Participants responded on a scale from 1  as the criterion variable and variables measuring emotions as predictor variables in different regression models. We used SPSS software, version 24. The regression model is based on a predictive relationship between the predictor variables (emotions) and the criterion variables , as posited in the reviewed literature and illustrated in 2.2.2.2.1.r(555) = 0.31, p < 0.01 and positive emotions toward protests r(558) = 0.61, p < 0.01; and was negatively associated with antagonistic negative emotions toward protests r(558) = −0.25, p < 0.01 and positive emotions toward police repression r(555) = −0.20, p < 0.01.We found a significant correlation between most variables analyzed. As r(548) = 0.56, p < 0.01 and with positive emotions toward protests r(552) = 0.53, p < 0.01. And non-normative political action was negatively associated with antagonistic negative emotions toward protests r(552) = −0.18, p < 0.01 and with positive emotions toward police repression r(549) = −0.18, p < 0.01.On the other hand, we found a significant association between non-normative political action with antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression Based on these results, we can establish that the variables are independent, which allows us to perform regression analyses to investigate the role of emotions as explanatory variables of the disposition to political action (normative and non-normative).2.2.2.These regression analyses allow us to determine the effects of negative emotions (antagonistic and resignation) and positive emotions during the outburst towards protests and police repression on normative and non-normative political action. To accomplish this, we presented four regression models below see .2.2.2.1.β = 0.13, t(537) = 18.02, p < 0.001 have a significant effect on non-normative political action, as do positive emotions during the outburst β = 0.42, t(537) = −11.79, p < 0.001. The R2 value was 0.32. Therefore, the model would explain 32% of the total variance. On the other hand, Model 2 also shows that antagonistic negative emotions during the outburst β = 0.24, t(516) = 5.43, p < 0.001 and positive emotions during the outburst β = 0.14, t(516) = 2.37, p < 0.05, have a significant effect on the criterion variable. Further, when we introduced new predictor variables, positive emotions toward protests β = 0.19, t(516) = 2.65, p < 0.01 and antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression β = 0.29, t(516) = 4.71, p < 0.001 have a significant effect on non-normative political action, increasing the R2 value to 0.39. This second model would explain 39% of the total variance.In model 1, the results show that antagonistic negative emotions during the outburst 2.2.2.2.β = 0.23, t(543) = 6.15, p < 0.001 has a significant effect on normative political action, as does positive emotions during the outburst β = 0.52, t(543) = 15.13, p < 0.001. The R2 value was 0.36, indicating that the model would explain 36% of the total variance. On the other hand, in Model 4, it is also shown that antagonistic negative emotions during the burst β = 0.13, t(522) = 3.13, p < 0.001 and positive emotions during the burst β = 0.19, t(522) = 3.47, p < 0.01, have a significant effect on the criterion variable. On the other hand, when we introduced new predictor variables, positive emotions toward protests β = 0.17, t(522) = 2.57, p < 0.05, and antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression β = 0.32, t(522) = 5.47, p < 0.001 have a significant effect on normative political action, increasing the R2 value to 0.47. This fourth model would explain 47% of the total variance.In model 3, the results show that antagonistic negative emotions during the outburst 3.3.1.3.1.1.The study participants were 320 Chileans with an average age of 35.51 years (SD = 11.08), of whom 45.6% were female, 52.6% were male and 1.0% identified with another gender. The participants were from different regions of Chile . Participants were invited to fill in an online questionnaire via the SurveyMonkey@ platform. Participants were recruited by snowballing sampling procedure. That is, the invitation to fill in the survey was distribute through e-mail and using social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The data collection started on July, 2022, before the Chilean constitutional plebiscite3.1.2.Negative emotions antagonistic towards police repressionnot at all) to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “indignation,” “annoyance” and “rage” to police repression (α = 0.98)Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt “fear,” “dread,” and “nervousness” towards police repression (α = 0.96).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “hatred,” “annoyance” and “indignation” towards corruption. These four items were used as an overall indicator of negative emotions antagonistic towards corruption (α = 0.91).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented hope towards protests.Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (extremely willing) to what extent they would be willing to “Sign a petition,” “Participate in legal/sanctioned demonstrations (marches),” “Give opinions about politics on social networks ,” and “Vote in municipal, parliamentary or presidential elections” (α = 0.61).We captured intentions to participate in non-normative action by asking participants about their general willingness to participate in political activities in Chile. Specifically, they were asked to indicate on a scale from 1  to 7 (extremely willing) to what extent they would be willing to “Support boycotts,” “Participate in illegal strikes (work stoppages),” “Occupy buildings or factories (seizure),” “Participate in violent actions such as throwing stones, burning or breaking urban furniture, barricades, etc..” The scale showed good internal consistency (α = 0.81).Non-normative collective action intentions were measured with other four items. Participants responded on a scale from 1  = 0.52, p < 0.01, negative feelings of resignation toward police repression r(317) = 0.37, p < 0.05, and hope toward protests r(317) = 0.52, p < 0.01.Regarding the association between the variables analyzed, we found a significant correlation between all variables. As r(317) = 0.53, p < 0.01, negative feelings of resignation toward police repression r(317) = 0.33, p < 0.05 and hope toward protests r(317) = 0.52, p < 0.01.On the other hand, we also found a significant association between non-normative political action with antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression Based on these results, we can establish that the variables are independent, which allows us to conduct mediation analyses that investigate the role of emotions as explanatory variables of normative and non-normative political action.3.2.1.3.2.1.1.B = 0.80, ET = 0.03, t = 23.93, p < 0.001, 95% CI ), with the negative emotions of resignation toward police repression  and with the antagonistic negative emotions toward corruption . With respect to antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression  these were significantly associated with normative political action , an effect that was also significant when including mediating variables . In one case, the indirect effect test, based on the Bootstrap procedure, was significant. Hope toward protests through antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression  on normative political action presents a significant indirect effect.In relation to the total effect, hope toward protests was related to normative political action , with negative emotions of resignation toward police repression  and with antagonistic negative emotions toward corruption . Antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression  and negative emotions of resignation toward police repression  were significantly associated with non-normative political action . This effect was also significant when including mediating variables . Indirect effects tests based on the Bootstrap procedure were significant in two cases. Both hope toward protests through antagonistic negative emotions toward police repression  and through negative emotions of resignation toward police repression  present a significant indirect effect on normative political action.In relation to the total effect, hope toward protests was related to normative political action , of whom 37.7% were female, 61.9% were male and 0.4% identified with another gender. The participants were from the Valparaíso region. Participants were invited to fill in an online questionnaire via the SurveyMonkey@platform. Participants were recruited by a quota sampling. That is, the invitation to fill in the survey was distribute through e-mail and using social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The data collection started on October 18, 2022, after the Chilean constitutional plebiscite, and was extended until December 6 of the same year.4.1.2.Antagonistic negative emotions towards the Chilean political systemnot at all) to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “annoyance” and “rage” towards the Chilean political system (α = 0.85).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “annoyance” and “rage” towards the protests (α = 0.92).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt “fear,” “dread,” and “nervousness” towards the protests (α = 0.92).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt hope, joy, pride, sympathy and empathy (α = 0.93).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they experimented “anger,” “annoyance” and “rage” towards the triumph of the rejection in the plebiscite (α = 0.91).Participants were asked to indicate on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt “fear,” “dread,” and “nervousness” towards the triumph of the rejection in the plebiscite (α = 0.91).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (a lot) to what extent they felt joy, pride and sympathy (α = 0.91).We asked participants to report on a scale ranging from 1  to 7 (extremely willing) to what extent they would be willing to “Sign a petition,” “Participate in legal/sanctioned demonstrations (marches),” “Give opinions about politics on social networks ,” and “Vote in municipal, parliamentary or presidential elections.” The scale was reliable (α = 0.78).We captured intentions to participate in non-normative action by asking participants about their general willingness to participate in political activities in Chile. Specifically, they were asked to indicate on a scale from 1  to 7 (extremely willing) to what extent they would be willing to “Support boycotts,” “Participate in illegal strikes (work stoppages),” “Occupy buildings or factories (seizure),” “Participate in violent actions such as throwing stones, burning or breaking urban furniture, barricades, etc..” The scale showed good internal consistency (α = 0.80).Non-normative collective action intentions were measured with other four items. Participants responded on a scale from 1  = 0.48, p < 0.01, with negative emotions of resignation toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite r(197) = 0.41, p < 0.01, and with positive emotions toward protests r(196) = 0.35, p < 0.01. And it was negatively associated with positive emotions toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite r(197) = −0.21, p < 0.01.In relation to the association between the variables analyzed, we found a significant correlation between most variables. As r(194) = 0.46, p < 0.01, with negative emotions of resignation toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite r(194) = 0.40, p < 0.01. And it was negatively associated with positive emotions toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite r(194) = −0.25, p < 0.01, and negative emotions of resignation toward the protests r(193) = −0.17, p < 0.05.We also found a positive association between non-normative political action with antagonistic negative emotions toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite Based on these results, we can establish that the variables are independent of each other, which allows for mediation analysis. This analysis lets us investigate the role of emotions as explanatory and mediating variables of the disposition to political action (normative and non-normative).4.2.2.4.2.2.1.B = 0.16, ET = 0.08, t = 2.07, p < 0.05, 95% CI ), with negative emotions of resignation toward protests , and with positive emotions toward protests . Concerning negative emotions of resignation toward protests , these were significantly associated with normative political action , an effect that was also significant when including the mediating variables . The indirect effect test based on the Bootstrap procedure was significant in one case. Antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system mediated by positive emotions toward protests  present a positive effect on normative political action.Concerning the total effect, antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system were related to normative political action , with negative emotions of resignation toward protests , and with positive emotions toward protests . Concerning negative emotions of resignation toward protests  and positive emotions toward protests  these were significantly associated with non-normative political action . This effect was also significant when including mediating variables . The tests of indirect effects, based on the Bootstrap procedure, were significant in two cases. Antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system mediated by negative emotions of resignation toward protests  exhibit an indirect effect on non-normative political action. As do positive emotions toward protests .About the total effect, antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system were positively related to non-normative political action  and to negative emotions of resignation toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite . Concerning antagonistic negative emotions toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite , these were significantly associated with normative political action . This effect was also significant when including the mediating variables . Also, significant in one case was the bootstrap-based indirect effect test of antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system through antagonistic negative emotions toward the rejectionist triumph in the plebiscite  on normative political action.In relation to the total effect, antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system were related to normative political action , and to negative emotions of resignation toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite . With respect to antagonistic negative emotions toward the triumph of rejection in the plebiscite , these were significantly associated with normative political action . However, this effect was not significant when including mediating variables. The indirect effect test, based on the Bootstrap procedure, was significant in one case. Antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system mediated by antagonistic negative emotions toward the rejectionist triumph in the plebiscite  present an indirect effect on non-normative political action.Regarding the total effect, antagonistic negative emotions toward the political system were related to normative political action  and positive emotions as drivers or inhibitors of people’s dispositions towards political action in Chilean citizens, specifically in their willingness to participate in normative and non-normative actions.The results show that the disposition to normative political action presents a higher mean than non-normative political action in our three studies. In addition, we observed a progressive decrease in the mean values of both variables in each of the studies. This fact could indicate that Chileans are willing to mobilize politically but in a normative rather than a non-normative way. As we temporarily move away from the social outburst during the post-constitutional plebiscite period, there is less disposition to political action.Regarding emotions, the results indicate that the highest negative antagonistic emotionality is directed towards police repression (Studies 1 and 2), corruption (Study 2), and the political system (Study 3), all relevant situations in the context of the social outburst and during the subsequent constituent process. There is a negative emotionality of resignation towards police repression; and a low negative emotionality towards protest actions (Studies 1 and 3). Meanwhile, positive emotionality is high towards protests and very low towards police violence.From these results, it is possible to interpret that the police violence that occurred during the outbreak and in the subsequent mobilizations triggered fear and anger in the population. People also experienced hope for the outbreak and for the protest actions that developed after it. The above confirms what has been described in some studies  in relatOn the other hand, correlation analyses show a differentiated directionality among the emotions evaluated, according to their sign and the object toward which they were directed. People who experienced anger during the social outburst also experienced anger towards police violence. Similarly, people who experienced fear during the riot also felt fear toward the protests and police violence. On the contrary, those who experienced hope during the social outburst also felt hope towards the protests that occurred after, but not towards police violence, which is consistent with the type of emotional object assessed.Coincidentally with With respect to the hypotheses (H1 and H2), these are fulfilled for both normative and non-normative political action disposition. Antagonistic negative emotions during the social outburst and toward police repression predict disposition to political action – both normative and non-normative – in all models. Relative to positive emotions during the uprising and toward protests, they also predict support for willingness to normative and non-normative political action in all models.Regression analyses show that the different models that included negative emotions (resignation and antagonism) and positive emotions towards the social outburst, protests, and police repression predict differentially the willingness to participate in normative and non-normative political actions. In all cases, we found a satisfactorily explained variance. However, not all the emotions studied have the same predictive value. In the case of willingness to participate in normative political actions, antagonistic negative emotions, both during the outburst and towards police repression, have a significant effect on the model, with a relevant explanatory power. On the other hand, negative emotions of resignation towards the outbreak, protests, and police repression have no predictive value.On the other hand, in the case of willingness to participate in non-normative actions, we observed a similar result. Negative antagonistic emotions, both during the outburst and towards police violence, have a relevant effect on increasing the criterion variable. In contrast, negative feelings of resignation toward the protests have no effect. These findings confirm what has been raised by several authors , who fouRegarding hypothesis 3, the mediation analysis results indicate that the higher the level of hope towards the protests, the more participants show more antagonistic negative emotions and resignation towards police repression and more antagonistic negative emotions towards corruption. This fact generates a higher disposition to non-normative political action. In this model, only two variables play a mediating role. On the other hand, the higher the level of hope towards protests, the more participants show more antagonistic negative emotions and resignation towards police repression and more antagonistic negative emotions towards corruption. This fact is associated with a higher disposition towards normative political action. Only one variable plays a mediating role, as would be the case of antagonistic negative emotions towards police repression. Based on these results, hypothesis 3 is partially fulfilled.Concerning hypothesis 4, mediation analyses results indicate that the higher the level of negative antagonistic feelings towards the political system, the participants show more negative antagonistic emotions and resignation towards the protest and, at the same time, more positive emotions towards the protest. In these models, negative emotions of resignation and positive feelings towards protests play a mediating role with political action, inhibiting or driving it, respectively. Conversely, the higher the level of antagonistic negative emotions towards the political system, the participants show more antagonistic negative emotions and resignation towards the triumph of rejection. This fact generates a higher disposition to normative political action. In this model, antagonistic negative emotions towards the triumph of rejection play a mediating role. Based on these results, the hypothesis is partially fulfilled, given that only some variables play a mediating role.The results of this study allow us to conclude that emotions directed toward different objects related to the Chilean political process play a relevant role in predicting the disposition to mobilize in a normative and non-normative way. In this sense, antagonistic negative emotionality strongly predicted the relation with the dependent variables. At this point, it is worth noting how negative emotions towards police violence is one of the variables that best explain protest actions, coinciding with theoretical approaches that highlight the importance of this emotion in taking a defiant position against an enemy or authority perceived as threatening . As qualFinally, positive emotionality (hope) is a dimension that explains the criterion variable  in all three studies. People associate hope with the inclination to feel inspired, plan for a better future (for oneself and others), and be motivated to change adverse life circumstances . This faThese results are consistent with other studies conducted in Chile on the social outburst. They recognize the relevant role of anger or rage as the emotion that explain the willingness to participate in protests; and the role of hope as the emotion that explains the maintenance of mobilizations over time . That isThis study has limitations. First, any research on emotions, especially when using self-report, is limited by the ability of participants to recall and verbally report feelings . This reThe social outburst cannot be explained solely based on rational dimensions of collective action. The emotions described in this paper played a central role in its development and maintenance. We could conclude by saying that the social outburst, as an event, generated changes in the way of feeling what had been experienced for decades as a diffuse malaise and transformed it into the concrete emotions that shaped the Chilean October experience.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethical Committee of the University of Valparaíso. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.FH, JS, XF, J-MG, MB, and PI made a significant contribution to the present study. FH and JS participated in the conception and design. FH, JS, and XF also contributed to the writing of the document and the elaboration of the theoretical framework. J-MG and PI worked on the critical review of the article and wrote sections of it. FH, J-MG and MB contributed to specialized data analyses. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This work was supported by the FONDECYT Iniciación 11180664; Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Cultura Política, Memoria y Derechos Humanos de la Universidad de Valparaíso.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.