The “Narratives” collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli . This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14818587 The neural machinery supporting this language faculty presents a particular challenge for neuroscience. Certain aspects of language are uniquely human2, limiting the efficacy of nonhuman animal models and restricting the use of invasive methods . Language is also very dynamic and contextualized. Linguistic narratives evolve over time: the meaning of any given element depends in part on the history of elements preceding it and certain elements may retroactively resolve the ambiguity of preceding elements. This makes it difficult to decompose natural language using traditional experimental manipulations7.We use language to build a shared understanding of the world. In speaking, we package certain brain states into a sequence of linguistic elements that can be transmitted verbally, through vibrations in the air; in listening, we expand a verbal transmission into the intended brain states, bringing our own experiences to bear on the interpretation14. Functional MRI measures local fluctuations in blood oxygenation—referred to as the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal—associated with changes in neural activity over the course of an experimental paradigm18. Despite relatively poor temporal resolution (e.g. one sample every 1–2 seconds), fMRI allows us to map brain-wide responses to linguistic stimuli at a spatial resolution of millimeters. A large body of prior work has revealed a partially left-lateralized network of temporal and frontal cortices encoding acoustic-phonological22, syntactic25, and semantic features27 of linguistic stimuli . This work has historically been grounded in highly-controlled experimental paradigms focusing on isolated phonemes32, single words35, or contrasting sentence manipulations41 (with some exceptions44). While these studies have provided a tremendous number of insights, the vast majority rely on highly-controlled experimental manipulations with limited generalizability to natural language45. Recent work, however, has begun extending our understanding to more ecological contexts using naturalistic text46 and speech47.Noninvasive neuroimaging tools, such as functional MRI, have laid the groundwork for a neurobiology of language comprehension49. Neurally-inspired computational models are beginning to excel at complex linguistic tasks such as word-prediction, summarization, translation, and question-answering51. Rather than using symbolic lexical representations and syntactic trees, these models typically rely on vectorial representations of linguistic content52: linguistic elements that are similar in some respect are encoded nearer to each other in a continuous embedding space, and seemingly complex linguistic relations can be recovered using relatively simple arithmetic operations54. In contrast to experimental traditions in linguistics and neuroscience, machine learning has embraced complex, high-dimensional models trained on enormous corpora of real-world text, emphasizing predictive power over interpretability57.In parallel, the machine learning community has made tremendous advances in natural language processing58. Public, well-curated benchmark datasets can both accelerate research and serve as useful didactic tools . Furthermore, there is a societal benefit to sharing human brain data: fMRI data are expensive to acquire and the reuse of publicly shared fMRI data is estimated to have saved billions in public funding61. Public data also receive much greater scrutiny, with the potential to reveal (and rectify) “bugs” in the data or metadata. Although public datasets released by large consortia have propelled exploratory research forward63, relatively few of these include naturalistic stimuli . On the other hand, maturing standards and infrastructure69 have enabled increasingly widespread sharing of smaller datasets from the “long tail” of human neuroimaging research70. We are beginning to see a proliferation of public neuroimaging datasets acquired using rich, naturalistic experimental paradigms84. The majority of these datasets are not strictly language-oriented, comprising audiovisual movie stimuli rather than audio-only spoken stories.We expect that a reconvergence of these research trajectories supported by “big” neural data will be mutually beneficial85. The Narratives collection comprises fMRI data collected over the course of seven years by the Hasson and Norman Labs at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute while participants listened to 27 spoken story stimuli ranging from ~3 minutes to ~56 minutes for a total of ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli , and are publicly available via OpenNeuro87 : https://openneuro.org/datasets/ds002345. Derivatives of the data, including preprocessed versions of the data and stimulus annotations, are available with transparent provenance via DataLad89 : http://datasets.datalad.org/?dir=/labs/hasson/narratives.With this in mind, we introduce the “Narratives” collection of naturalistic story-listening fMRI data for evaluating models of language95. These hypotheses can be formalized as quantitative models and evaluated against the brain data97 . Demographics for each dataset are reported in the “Narrative datasets” section. Both native and non-native English speakers are included in the dataset, but all subjects reported fluency in English (our records do not contain detailed information on fluency in other languages). All subjects reported having normal hearing and no history of neurological disorders.124 or PsychoPy127. In some cases a centrally-located fixation cross or dot was presented throughout the story stimulus; however, participants were not instructed to maintain fixation. Auditory story stimuli were delivered via MRI-compatible insert earphones ; headphones or foam padding were placed over the earphones to reduce scanner noise. In most cases, a volume check was performed to ensure that subjects could comfortably hear the auditory stimulus over the MRI acquisition noise prior to data collection. A sample audio stimulus was played during an EPI sequence (that was later discarded) and the volume was adjusted by either the experimenter or subject until the subject reported being able to comfortably hear and understand the stimulus. In the staging/ directory on GitHub, we provide an example stimulus presentation PsychoPy script used with the “Pie Man (PNI)”, “Running from the Bronx (PNI)”, “I Knew You Were Black”, and “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” stories (story_presentation.py), as well as an example volume-check script .Upon arriving at the fMRI facility, participants first completed a simple demographics questionnaire, as well as a comprehensive MRI screening form. Participants were instructed to listen and pay attention to the story stimulus, remain still, and keep their eyes open. In some cases, subject wakefulness was monitored in real-time using an eye-tracker. Stimulus presentation was implemented using either PsychtoolboxFor many datasets in this collection, story scans were accompanied by additional functional scans including different stories or other experimental paradigms, as well as auxiliary anatomical scans. In all cases, an entire story stimulus was presented in a single scanning run; however, in some cases multiple independent stories were collected in a single scanning run . In scanning sessions with multiple stories and scanning runs, participants were free to request volume adjustments between scans . Participants were debriefed as to the purpose of a given experiment at the end of a scanning session, and in some cases filled out follow-up questionnaires evaluating their comprehension of the stimuli. Specifical procedural details for each dataset are described in the “Narrative datasets” section below.https://www.audacityteam.org). These audio files served as stimuli for the publicly-funded psychological and neuroscientific studies described herein. The stimuli are intended for non-profit, non-commercial scholarly use—principally feature extraction—under “fair use” or “fair dealing” provisions; (re)sharing and (re)use of these media files is intended to respect these guidelines128. Story stimuli span a variety of media, including commercially-produced radio and internet broadcasts, authors and actors reading written works, professional storytellers performing in front of live audiences, and subjects verbally recalling previous events (in the scanner). Manually written transcripts are provided with each story stimulus. The specific story stimuli for each dataset are described in more detail in the “Narrative datasets” section below. In total, the auditory stories sum to roughly 4.6 hours of unique stimuli corresponding to 11,149 TRs (excluding TRs acquired with no auditory story stimulus). Concatenating across all subjects, this amounts to roughly 6.4 days worth of story-listening fMRI data, or 369,496 TRs.To add to the scientific value of the neuroimaging data, we provide waveform (WAV) audio files containing the spoken story stimulus for each dataset (e.g. pieman_audio.wav). Audio files were edited using the open source Audacity software  written transcripts were manually transcribed by the authors and supplied to the Gentle forced-alignment algorithm alongside the audio file. The first-pass output of the forced-alignment algorithm was visually inspected and any errors in the original transcripts were manually corrected; then the corrected transcripts were resubmitted to the forced-alignment algorithm to generate the final time-stamped transcripts.By including all stimuli in this data release, researchers can extract their choice of linguistic features for model evaluationThe Gentle forced-alignment software generates two principal outputs. First, a simple word-level transcript with onset and offset timing for each word is saved as a tabular CSV file. Each row in the CSV file corresponds to a word. The CSV file contains four columns (no header) where the first column indicates the word from the written transcript, the second column indicates the corresponding word in the vocabulary, the third column indicates the word onset timing from the beginning of the stimulus file, and the fourth column indicates the word offset timing. Second, Gentle generates a more detailed JSON file containing the full written transcript followed by a list of word entries where each entry contains fields indicating the word (“word”) and whether word was found in the vocabulary , the onset (“start”) and offset (“end”) timing of the word referenced to the beginning of the audio file, the duration of each phone comprising that word (“phones” containing “phone” and “duration”), and a field (“case”) indicating whether the word was correctly localized in the audio signal. Words that were not found in the vocabulary are indicated by “<unk>” for “unknown” in the second column of the CSV file or in the “alignedWord” field of the JSON file. Words that are not successfully localized in the audio file receive their own row but contain no timing information in the CSV file, and are marked as “not-found-in-audio” in the “case” field of the JSON file. All timing information generated by Gentle is indexed to the beginning of the stimulus audio file. This should be referenced against the BIDS-formatted events.tsv files accompanying each scan describing when the story stimulus began relative to the beginning of the scan (this varies across datasets as described in the “Narratives datasets” section below). Some word counts may be slightly inflated by the inclusion of disfluencies (e.g. “uh”) in the transcripts. Transcripts for the story stimuli contain 42,989 words in total across all stories; 789 words (1.8%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 651 words (1.5%) were not found in the vocabulary (see the get_words.py script in the code/ directory). Concatenating across all subjects yields 1,399,655 words occurring over the course of 369,496 TRs.Gentle packages the audio file, written transcript, CSV and JSON files with an HTML file for viewing in a browser that allows for interactively listening to the audio file while each word is highlighted (with its corresponding phones) when it occurs in the audio. Note that our forced-alignment procedure using Gentle was fully automated and did not include any manual intervention. That said, the time-stamped transcripts are not perfect—speech disfluencies, multiple voices speaking simultaneously, sound effects, and scanner noise provide a challenge for automated transcription. We hope this annotation can serve as a starting point, and expect that better transcriptions will be created in the future. We invite researchers who derive additional features and annotations from the stimuli to contact the corresponding author and we will help incorporate these annotations into the publicly available dataset.133 (COBIDAS), and are also included in the BIDS-formatted JSON metadata files accompanying each scan. All studies used a repetition time (TR) of 1.5 seconds. Several groups of datasets differ in acquisition parameters due to both experimental specifications and the span of years over which datasets were acquired; for example, several of the newer datasets were acquired on a newer scanner and use multiband acceleration to achieve greater spatial resolution  while maintaining the same temporal resolution. The “Pie Man”, “Tunnel Under the World”, “Lucy”, “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes”, “Milky Way”, “Slumlord”, “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time”, “It’s Not the Fall that Gets You”, “Merlin”, “Sherlock”, and “The 21st Year” datasets were collected on a 3 T Siemens Magnetom Skyra  with a 20-channel phased-array head coil using the following acquisition parameters. Functional BOLD images were acquired in an interleaved fashion using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (EPI) with an in-plane acceleration factor of 2 using GRAPPA: TR/TE = 1500/28 ms, flip angle = 64°, bandwidth = 1445 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution = 3 × 3 mm, slice thickness = 4 mm, matrix size = 64 × 64, FoV = 192 × 192 mm, 27 axial slices with roughly full brain coverage and no gap, anterior–posterior phase encoding, prescan normalization, fat suppression. In cases where full brain coverage was not attainable, inferior extremities were typically excluded  to maximize coverage of the cerebral cortex. At the beginning of each run, three dummy scans were acquired and discarded by the scanner to allow for signal stabilization. T1-weighted structural images were acquired using a high-resolution single-shot MPRAGE sequence with an in-plane acceleration factor of 2 using GRAPPA: TR/TE/TI = 2300/3.08/900 ms, flip angle = 9°, bandwidth = 240 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution 0.859 × 0.859 mm, slice thickness 0.9 mm, matrix size = 256 × 256, FoV = 172.8 × 220 × 220 mm, 192 sagittal slices, ascending acquisition, anterior–posterior phase encoding, prescan normalization, no fat suppression, 7 minutes 21 seconds total acquisition time.All datasets were collected at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute Scully Center for Neuroimaging. Acquisition parameters are reproduced below in compliance with the guidelines put forward by the Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) Committee on Best Practices in Data Analysis and SharingThe “Schema” and “Shapes” datasets were collected on a 3 T Siemens Magnetom Prisma with a 64-channel head coil using the following acquisition parameters. Functional images were acquired in an interleaved fashion using gradient-echo EPI with a multiband  acceleration factor of 4 using blipped CAIPIRINHA and no in-plane acceleration: TR/TE 1500/39 ms, flip angle = 50°, bandwidth = 1240 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution = 2.0 × 2.0 mm, slice thickness 2.0 mm, matrix size = 96 × 96, FoV = 192 × 192 mm, 60 axial slices with full brain coverage and no gap, anterior–posterior phase encoding, 6/8 partial Fourier, no prescan normalization, fat suppression, three dummy scans. T1-weighted structural images were acquired using a high-resolution single-shot MPRAGE sequence with an in-plane acceleration factor of 2 using GRAPPA: TR/TE/TI = 2530/2.67/1200 ms, flip angle = 7°, bandwidth = 200 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution 1.0 × 1.0 mm, slice thickness 1.0 mm, matrix size = 256 × 256, FoV = 176 × 256 × 256 mm, 176 sagittal slices, ascending acquisition, no fat suppression, 5 minutes 52 seconds total acquisition time.The “Pie Man (PNI),” “Running from the Bronx,” “I Knew You Were Black,” and “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” datasets were collected on the same 3 T Siemens Magnetom Prisma with a 64-channel head coil using different acquisition parameters. Functional images were acquired in an interleaved fashion using gradient-echo EPI with a multiband acceleration factor of 3 using blipped CAIPIRINHA and no in-plane acceleration: TR/TE 1500/31 ms, flip angle = 67°, bandwidth = 2480 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution = 2.5 × 2.5 mm, slice thickness 2.5 mm, matrix size = 96 × 96, FoV = 240 × 240 mm, 48 axial slices with full brain coverage and no gap, anterior–posterior phase encoding, prescan normalization, fat suppression, three dummy scans. T1-weighted structural images were acquired using a high-resolution single-shot MPRAGE sequence with an in-plane acceleration factor of 2 using GRAPPA: TR/TE/TI = 2530/3.3/1100 ms, flip angle = 7°, bandwidth = 200 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution 1.0 × 1.0 mm, slice thickness 1.0 mm, matrix size = 256 × 256, FoV = 176 × 256 × 256 mm, 176 sagittal slices, ascending acquisition, no fat suppression, prescan normalization, 5 minutes 53 seconds total acquisition time. T2-weighted structural images were acquired using a high-resolution single-shot MPRAGE sequence with an in-plane acceleration factor of 2 using GRAPPA: TR/TE = 3200/428 ms, flip angle = 120°, bandwidth = 200 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution 1.0 × 1.0 mm, slice thickness 1.0 mm, matrix size = 256 × 256, FoV = 176 × 256 × 256 mm, 176 sagittal slices, interleaved acquisition, no prescan normalization, no fat suppression, 4 minutes 40 seconds total acquisition time.134 prior to further processing (using the run_pydeface.py script in the code/ directory). MRI data were subsequently preprocessed using fMRIPrep 20.0.5136 . FMRIPrep is a containerized, automated tool based on Nipype 1.4.2138 (RRID:SCR_002502) that adaptively adjusts to idiosyncrasies of the dataset (as captured by the metadata) to apply the best-in-breed preprocessing workflow. Many internal operations of fMRIPrep functional processing workflow use Nilearn 0.6.2139 (RRID:SCR_001362). For more details of the pipeline, see the section corresponding to workflows in fMRIPrep’s documentation. The containerized fMRIPrep software was deployed using Singularity 3.5.2-1.1.sdl7140. The fMRIPrep Singularity image can be built from Docker Hub . The fMRIPrep outputs and visualization can be found in the fmriprep/ directory in derivatives/ available via the DataLad release. The fMRIPrep workflow produces two principal outputs: (a) the functional time series data in one more output space (e.g. MNI space), and (b) a collection of confound variables for each functional scan. In the following, we describe fMRIPrep’s anatomical and functional workflows, as well as subsequent spatial smoothing and confound regression implemented in AFNI 19.3.0142 (RRID:SCR_005927).Anatomical images were de-faced using the automated de-facing software pydeface 2.0.0143, distributed with ANTs 2.2.0144 (RRID:SCR_004757), and used as T1w-reference throughout the workflow. The T1w-reference was then skull-stripped with a Nipype implementation of the antsBrainExtraction.sh (from ANTs) using the OASIS30ANTs as the target template. Brain tissue segmentation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), white-matter (WM), and gray-matter (GM) was performed on the brain-extracted T1w using fast145 . Brain surfaces were reconstructed using recon-all147 , and the brain mask estimated previously was refined with a custom variation of the method to reconcile ANTs-derived and FreeSurfer-derived segmentations of the cortical gray-matter from Mindboggle148 (RRID:SCR_002438). Volume-based spatial normalization to two commonly-used standard spaces  was performed through nonlinear registration with antsRegistration (ANTs 2.2.0) using brain-extracted versions of both T1w reference and the T1w template. The following two volumetric templates were selected for spatial normalization and deployed using TemplateFlow149: (a) ICBM 152 Nonlinear Asymmetrical Template Version 2009c150 , and (b) FSL’s MNI ICBM 152 Non-linear 6th Generation Asymmetric Average Brain Stereotaxic Registration Model151 . Surface-based normalization based on nonlinear registration of sulcal curvature was applied using the following three surface templates152 (FreeSurfer reconstruction nomenclature): fsaverage, fsaverage6, fsaverage5.The anatomical MRI T1-weighted (T1w) images were corrected for intensity non-uniformity with N4BiasFieldCorrection154. Registration was performed with antsRegistration (ANTs 2.2.0), and the process was regularized by constraining deformation to be nonzero only along the phase-encoding direction, and modulated with an average fieldmap template155. Based on the estimated susceptibility distortion, a corrected EPI reference was calculated for more accurate co-registration with the anatomical reference. The BOLD reference was then co-registered to the T1w reference using bbregister (FreeSurfer 6.0.1), which implements boundary-based registration156. Co-registration was configured with six degrees of freedom. Head-motion parameters with respect to the BOLD reference  are estimated before any spatiotemporal filtering using mcflirt (FSL 5.0.9)159. BOLD runs were slice-time corrected using 3dTshift from AFNI 20160207160. The BOLD time-series were resampled onto the following surfaces: fsaverage, fsaverage6, fsaverage5. The BOLD time-series (including slice-timing correction when applied) were resampled onto their original, native space by applying a single, composite transform to correct for head-motion and susceptibility distortions. These resampled BOLD time-series are referred to as preprocessed BOLD in original space, or just preprocessed BOLD. The BOLD time-series were resampled into two volumetric standard spaces, correspondingly generating the following spatially-normalized, preprocessed BOLD runs: MNI152NLin2009cAsym, MNI152NLin6Asym. A reference volume and its skull-stripped version were first generated using a custom methodology of fMRIPrep. All resamplings were performed with a single interpolation step by composing all the pertinent transformations . Gridded (volumetric) resamplings were performed using antsApplyTransforms (ANTs 2.2.0), configured with Lanczos interpolation to minimize the smoothing effects of other kernels161. Non-gridded (surface) resamplings were performed using mri_vol2surf (FreeSurfer 6.0.1).The functional MRI data were preprocessed in the following way. First, a reference volume and its skull-stripped version were generated using a custom methodology of fMRIPrep. A deformation field to correct for susceptibility distortions was estimated using fMRIPrep’s fieldmap-less approach. The deformation field results from co-registering the BOLD reference to the same-subject T1w-reference with its intensity inverted162. The three global signals are extracted within the CSF, the WM, and the whole-brain masks. Additionally, a set of physiological regressors were extracted to allow for component-based noise correction (CompCor)163. Principal components are estimated after high-pass filtering the preprocessed BOLD time-series (using a discrete cosine filter with 128 s cut-off) for the two CompCor variants: temporal (tCompCor) and anatomical (aCompCor). The tCompCor components are then calculated from the top 5% variable voxels within a mask covering the subcortical regions. This subcortical mask is obtained by heavily eroding the brain mask, which ensures it does not include cortical GM regions. For aCompCor, components are calculated within the intersection of the aforementioned mask and the union of CSF and WM masks calculated in T1w space, after their projection to the native space of each functional run (using the inverse BOLD-to-T1w transformation). Components are also calculated separately within the WM and CSF masks. For each CompCor decomposition, the k components with the largest singular values are retained, such that the retained components’ time series are sufficient to explain 50 percent of variance across the nuisance mask . The remaining components are dropped from consideration. The head-motion estimates calculated in the correction step were also placed within the corresponding confounds file. The confound time series derived from head motion estimates and global signals were expanded with the inclusion of temporal derivatives and quadratic terms for each164. Frames that exceeded a threshold of 0.5 mm FD or 1.5 standardised DVARS were annotated as motion outliers. All of these confound variables are provided with the dataset for researchers to use as they see fit. HTML files with quality control visualizations output by fMRIPrep are available via DataLad.Several confounding time-series were calculated based on the preprocessed BOLD: framewise displacement (FD), DVARS, and three region-wise global signals. FD and DVARS are calculated for each functional run, both using their implementations in Nipype165, can benefit from spatial smoothing due to variability in functional–anatomical correspondence across individuals—at the expense of spatial specificity . The smoothed and non-smoothed outputs  can be found in the afni-smooth/ and afni-nosmooth/ directories in derivatives/ available via DataLad. To smooth the volumetric functional images, we used 3dBlurToFWHM in AFNI 19.3.0142 which iteratively measures the global smoothness  and local smoothness (estimated within 4 mm spheres), then applies local smoothing to less-smooth areas until the desired global smoothness is achieved. All smoothing operations were performed within a brain mask to ensure that non-brain values were not smoothed into the functional data (see the brain_masks.py script in the code/ directory). For surface-based functional data, we applied smoothing SurfSmooth in AFNI, which uses a similar iterative algorithm for smoothing surface data according to geodesic distance on the cortical mantle168. In both cases, data were smoothed until a target global smoothness of 6 mm FWHM was met . Equalizing smoothness is critical to harmonize data acquired across different scanners and protocols170.We provide spatially smoothed and non-smoothed versions of the preprocessed functional data returned by fMRIPrep (smoothing was implemented using the run_smoothing.py script in the code/ directory). Analyses requiring voxelwise correspondence across subjects, such as ISC analysis171. With this in mind, we used a modest confound regression model informed by the rich literature on confound regression for resting-state functional connectivity173. AFNI’s 3dTproject was used to regress out the following nuisance variables (via the extract_confounds.py and run_regression.py scripts in the code/ directory): six head motion parameters , the first five principal component time series from an eroded CSF and a white matter mask174, cosine bases for high-pass filtering , and first- and second-order detrending polynomials. These variables were included in a single regression model to avoid reintroducing artifacts by sequential filtering175. The scripts used to perform this regression and the residual time series are provided with this data release. This processing workflow ultimately yields smoothed and non-smoothed versions of the “clean” functional time series data in several volumetric and surface-based standard spaces.We next temporally filtered the functional data to mitigate the effects of confounding variables. Unlike traditional task fMRI experiments with a well-defined event structure, the goal of regression was not to estimate regression coefficients for any given experimental conditions; rather, similar to resting-state functional connectivity analysis, the goal of regression was to model nuisance variables, resulting in a “clean” residual time series. However, unlike conventional resting-state paradigms, naturalistic stimuli enable intersubject analyses, which are less sensitive to idiosyncratic noises than within-subject functional connectivity analysis typically used with resting-state data177 , as well as the Anaconda distribution (https://www.anaconda.com/) and conda package manager . Many analyses relied on scientific computing software in Python , including NumPy179 , SciPy181 , Pandas182 , NiBabel183 , IPython184 , and Jupyter185 , as well as Singularity containerization140 (https://sylabs.io/docs/) and the Slurm workload manager186 (https://slurm.schedmd.com/). All surface-based MRI data were visualized using SUMA188 (RRID:SCR_005927). All other figures were created using Matplotlib189 , seaborn , GIMP , and Inkscape . The “Narratives” data were processed on a Springdale Linux 7.9 (Verona) system based on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution . An environment.yml file specifying the conda environment used to process the data is included in the staging/ directory on GitHub .In addition to software mentioned elsewhere in this manuscript, all data processing relied heavily on the free, open source GNU/Linux ecosystem and NeuroDebian distributionEach dataset in the “Narratives” collection is described below. The datasets are listed in roughly chronological order of acquisition. For each dataset, we provide the dataset-specific subject demographics, a summary of the stimulus and timing, as well as details of the experimental procedure or design.The Moth, a non-profit storytelling event, in New York City in 2008 (freely available at https://themoth.org/stories/pie-man). The “Pie Man” audio stimulus was 450 seconds (7.5 minutes) long and began with 13 seconds of neutral introductory music followed by 2 seconds of silence, such that the story itself started at 0:15 and ended at 7:17, for a duration 422 seconds, with 13 seconds of silence at the end of the scan. The stimulus was started simultaneously with the acquisition of the first functional MRI volume, and the scans comprise 300 TRs, matching the duration of the stimulus. The transcript for the “Pie Man” story stimulus contains 957 words; 3 words (0.3%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm, and 19 words (2.0%) were not found in the vocabulary (e.g. proper names). The “Pie Man” data were in some cases collected in conjunction with temporally scrambled versions of the “Pie Man” stimulus, as well the “Tunnel Under the World” and “Lucy” datasets among others, and share subjects with these datasets (as specified in the participants.tsv file). The current release only includes data collected for the intact story stimulus . The following subjects received the “Pie Man” stimulus on two separate occasions (specified by run-1 or run-2 in the BIDS file naming convention): sub-001, sub-002, sub-003, sub-004, sub-005, sub-006, sub-008, sub-010, sub-011, sub-012, sub-013, sub-014, sub-015, sub-016. We recommend excluding subjects sub-001 (both run-1 and run-2), sub-013 (run-2), sub-014 (run-2), sub-021, sub-022, sub-038, sub-056, sub-068, and sub-069 (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/ directory) based on criteria explained in the “Intersubject correlation” section of “Data validation.” Subsets of the “Pie Man” data have been previously reported in numerous publications198, and additional datasets not shared here have been collected using the “Pie Man” auditory story stimulus202. In the filename convention (and figures), “Pie Man” is labeled using the task alias pieman.The “Pie Man” dataset was collected between October, 2011 and March, 2013, and comprised 82 participants . The “Pie Man” story was told by Jim O’Grady and recorded live at X Minus One series, a collaboration between the National Broadcasting Company and Galaxy Science Fiction magazine (freely available at https://www.oldtimeradiodownloads.com). The “Tunnel Under the World” audio stimulus is 1534 seconds (~25.5 minutes) long. The stimulus was started after the first two functional MRI volumes  were collected, with ~23 seconds of silence after the stimulus. The functional scans comprise 1040 TRs (1560 seconds), except for subjects sub-004 and sub-013 which have 1035 and 1045 TRs respectively. The transcript for “Tunnel Under the World” contains 3,435 words; 126 words (3.7%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 88 words (2.6%) were not found in the vocabulary. The “Tunnel Under the World” and “Lucy” datasets contain largely overlapping samples of subjects, though were collected in separate sessions, and were, in many cases, collected alongside “Pie Man” scans (as specified in the participants.tsv file). We recommend excluding the “Tunnel Under the World” scans for subjects sub-004 and sub-013 (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/ directory). The “Tunnel Under the World” data have been previously reported by Lositsky and colleagues203. In the filename convention, “Tunnel Under the World” is labeled using the task alias tunnel.The “Tunnel Under the World” dataset was collected between May, 2012, and February, 2013, and comprised 23 participants . The “Tunnel Under the World” science-fiction story was authored by Frederik Pohl in 1955 which was broadcast in 1956 as part of the https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/91705-lucy). The “Lucy” audio stimulus is 542 seconds (~9 minutes) long and was started after the first two functional MRI volumes  were collected. The functional scans comprise 370 TRs (555 seconds). The transcript for “Lucy” contains 1,607 words; 22 words (1.4%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 27 words (1.7%) were not found in the vocabulary. The “Lucy” and “Tunnel Under the World” datasets contain largely overlapping samples of subjects, and were acquired contemporaneously with “Pie Man” data. We recommend excluding the “Lucy” scans for subjects sub-053 and sub-065 (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/ directory). The “Lucy” data have not previously been reported. In the filename convention, “Lucy” is labeled using the task alias lucy.The “Lucy” dataset was collected between October, 2012 and January, 2013 and comprised 16 participants . The “Lucy” story was broadcast by the non-profit WNYC public radio in 2010 . The “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” story was authored by J. D. Salinger for The New Yorker magazine (1951) and subsequently published in the Nine Stories collection (1953). The spoken story stimulus used for data collection was based on an adapted version of the original text that was shorter and included a few additional sentences, and was read by a professional actor. The “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” audio stimulus is 712 seconds (~11.9 minutes) long and began with 18 seconds of neutral introductory music followed by 3 seconds of silence, such that the story started at 0:21 (after 14 TRs) and ended at 11:37, for a duration of 676 seconds (~451 TRs), with 15 seconds (10 TRs) of silence at the end of the scan. The functional scans comprised 475 TRs (712.5 seconds). The transcript for “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” contains 1,970 words; 7 words (0.4%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 38 words (1.9%) were not found in the vocabulary.a) in the “affair” group, subjects read a short passage implying that the main character was having an affair; (b) in the “paranoia” group, subjects read a short passage implying that the main character’s friend was unjustly paranoid . The two experimental groups were randomly assigned such that there were 20 subjects in each group and each subject only received the stimulus under a single contextual manipulation. The group assignments are indicated in the participants.tsv file, and the scans.tsv file for each subject. Both groups received the identical story stimulus despite receiving differing contextual prompts. Immediately following the scans, subjects completed a questionnaire assessing comprehension of the story. The questionnaire comprised 27 context-independent and 12 context-dependent questions . The resulting comprehension scores are reported as the proportion of correct answers (ranging 0–1) in the participants.tsv file and scans.tsv file for each subject. We recommend excluding the “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” scans for subjects sub-038 and sub-105 (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/directory). The “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” data have been reported in existing publications204. In the filename convention, “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” is labeled using the task alias prettymouth.The “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes” stimulus was presented to two groups of subjects in two different narrative contexts according to a between-subject experimental design: (a) the original story , which describes a man who visits a hypnotist to overcome his obsession with an ex-girlfriend, but instead becomes fixated on Milky Way candy bars; (b) an alternative version (labeled vodka) where sparse word substitutions yield a narrative in which a woman obsessed with an American Idol judge visits a psychic and becomes fixated on vodka; (c) a control version (labeled synonyms) with a similar number of word substitutions to the vodka version, but instead using synonyms of words in the original version, yielding a very similar narrative to the original. Relative to the original version, both the vodka and synonyms versions substituted on average 2.5 ± 1.7 words per sentence (34 ± 21% of words per sentence). All three versions were read by the same actor and each sentence of the recording was temporally aligned across versions. All three versions of the “Milky Way” story were 438 seconds  long and began with 18 seconds of neutral introductory music followed by a 3 seconds of silence , such that the story started at 0:21 and ended at 7:05, for a duration 404 s, with 13 seconds of silence at the end of the scan. The functional runs comprised 297 volumes (444.5 seconds). The transcript for the original version of the stimulus contains 1,059 words; 7 words (0.7%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 16 words (1.5%) were not found in the vocabulary. The vodka version contains 1058 words; 2 words (0.2%) were not successfully localized and 21 words (2.0%) were not found in the vocabulary. The synonyms version contains 1,066 words; 10 words (0.9%) were not successfully localized and 13 words (1.2%) were not found in the vocabulary.The “Milky Way” dataset was collected between March, 2013, and April, 2017, and comprised 53 participants . The “Milky Way” story stimuli were written by an affiliate of the experimenters and read by a member of the Princeton Neuroscience Institute not affiliated with the experimenters’ lab. There are three versions of the “Milky Way” story capturing three different experimental conditions:  and is specified in the events.tsv file accompanying each run. The data corresponding to the original and vodka versions were collected between March and October, 2013, while the synonyms data were collected in March and April, 2017. Subjects completed a 28-item questionnaire assessing story comprehension following the scanning session. The comprehension scores for the original and vodka groups are reported as the proportion of correct answers (ranging 0–1) in the participants.tsv file and scans.tsv file for each subject. We recommend excluding “Milky Way” scans for subjects sub-038, sub-105, and sub-123 (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/ directory). The “Milky Way” data have been previously reportedhttps://themoth.org/stories/slumlord). The “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” story was told by Richard Garriott and also recorded live at The Moth in New York City in 2010 (freely available at https://themoth.org/stories/reach-for-the-stars). The combined audio stimulus is 1,802 seconds (~30 minutes) long in total and begins with 22.5 seconds of music followed by 3 seconds of silence. The “Slumlord” story begins at approximately 0:25 relative to the beginning of the stimulus file, ends at 15:28, for a duration of 903 seconds (602 TRs), and is followed by 12 seconds of silence. After another 22 seconds of music starting at 15:40, the “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” story starts at 16:06 , ends at 29:50, for a duration of 825 seconds (~550 TRs), and is followed by 12 seconds of silence. The stimulus file was started after 3 TRs (4.5 seconds) as indicated in the events.tsv files accompanying each scan. The scans were acquired with a variable number of trailing volumes following the stimulus across subjects, but can be truncated as researchers see fit (e.g. to 1205 TRs). The transcript for the combined “Slumlord” and “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” stimulus contains 5,344 words; 116 words (2.2%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm, and 57 words (1.1%) were not found in the vocabulary. The transcript for “Slumlord” contains 2,715 words; 65 words (2.4%) were not successfully localized and 25 words (0.9%) were not found in the vocabulary. The transcript for “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” contains 2,629 words; 51 words (1.9%) were not successfully localized and 32 words (1.2%) were not found in the vocabulary. We recommend excluding sub-139 due to a truncated acquisition time (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/ directory).The “Slumlord” and “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” dataset was collected between May, 2013, and October, 2013, and comprised 18 participants . The “Slumlord” story was told by Jack Hitt and recorded live at The Moth, a non-profit storytelling event, in New York City in 2006  to the best of their ability. The free responses were evaluated using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) crowdsourcing platform. MTurk workers rated the response to each omitted segment on a scale from 0–4 of relatedness to the correct response, where 0 indicates no response provided, 1 indicates an incorrect response unrelated to the correct response, and 4 indicates an exact match to the correct response. The resulting comprehension scores are reported as the proportion out of a perfect score of 4 (ranging 0–1) in the participants.tsv file and scans.tsv file for each subject. Comprehension scores for “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” are not provided. The “Slumlord” and “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” data have not been previously reported; however, a separate dataset not included in this release has been collected using the “Slumlord” story stimulushttps://themoth.org/stories/its-not-the-fall-that-gets-you). In addition to the original story (labeled intact), two experimental manipulations of the story stimulus were created: (a) in one version, the story stimulus was temporally scrambled at a coarse level (labeled longscram); (b) in the other version, the story stimulus was temporally scrambled at a finer level (labeled shortscram). In both cases, the story was spliced into segments at the level of sentences prior to scrambling, and segment boundaries used for the longscram condition are a subset of the boundaries used for the shortscram condition. The boundaries used for scrambling occurred on multiples of 1.5 seconds to align with the TR during scanning acquisition. We recommend using only the intact version for studying narrative processing because the scrambled versions do not have a coherent narrative structure (by design). All three versions of the “It’s Not the Fall that Gets You” stimulus were 582 seconds (9.7 minutes) long and began with 22 seconds of neutral introductory music followed by 3 seconds of silence such that the story started at 0:25 (relative to the beginning of the stimulus file) and ended at 9:32 for a duration of 547 seconds (365 TRs), with 10 seconds of silence at the end of the stimulus. The stimulus file was started after 3 TRs (4.5 seconds) as indicated in the events.tsv files accompanying each scan. The functional scans comprised 400 TRs (600 seconds). The transcript for the intact stimulus contains 1,601 words total; 40 words (2.5%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 20 words (1.2%) were not found in the vocabulary.The “It’s Not the Fall that Gets You” dataset was collected between May, 2013, and October, 2013, and comprised 56 participants . The “It’s Not the Fall that Gets You” story was told by Andy Christie and recorded live at The Moth, a non-profit storyteller event, in New York City in 2009  or the shortscram stimulus (24 participants). The group assignments are indicated in the participants.tsv file, and the scans.tsv file for each subject. Due to the mixed within- and between-subject design, the files are named with the full notthefallintact, notthefalllongscram, notthefallshortscram task labels. We recommend excluding the intact scans for sub-317 and sub-335, the longscram scans for sub-066 and sub-335, and the shortscram scan for sub-333 (as specified in the scan_exclude.json file in the code/ directory). The “It’s Not the Fall that Gets You” data have been recently reported207. The “Merlin” stimulus file is 915 seconds (9.25 minutes) long and began with 25 seconds of music followed by 4 seconds of silence such that the story started at 0:29 and ended at 15:15 for a duration of 886 seconds (591 TRs). The transcript for the “Merlin” stimulus contains 2,245 words; 111 words (4.9%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 13 words (0.6%) were not found in the vocabulary. The “Sherlock” stimulus file is 1,081 seconds (~18 minutes) long and began with 25 seconds of music followed by 4 seconds of silence such that the story started at 0:29 and ended at 18:01 for a duration of 1,052 seconds (702 TRs). The stimulus files for both stories were started after 3 TRs (4.5 seconds) as indicated in the events.tsv files accompanying each scan. The “Merlin” and “Sherlock” scans were acquired with a variable number of trailing volumes following the stimulus across subjects, but can be truncated as researchers see fit . The transcript for “Sherlock” contains 2681 words; 171 words (6.4%) were not successfully localized and 17 words (0.6%) were not found in the vocabulary. The word counts for “Merlin” and “Sherlock” may be slightly inflated due to the inclusion of disfluencies (e.g. “uh”) in transcribing the spontaneous verbal recall.The “Merlin” and “Sherlock” datasets were collected between May, 2014, and March, 2015, and comprised 36 participants . The “Merlin” and “Sherlock” stimuli were recorded while an experimental participant recalled events from previously viewed television episodes during fMRI scanning. Note that this spontaneous recollection task (during fMRI scanning) is cognitively distinct from reciting a well-rehearsed story to an audience, making this dataset different from others in this release. This release contains only the data for subjects listening to the auditory verbal recall; not data for the audiovisual stimuli or the speaker’s fMRI data207. In the filename convention, “Merlin” is labeled merlin and “Sherlock” is labeled sherlock.All 36 subjects listened to both the “Merlin” and “Sherlock” verbal recall auditory stimuli. However, 18 subjects viewed the “Merlin” audiovisual clip prior to listening to both verbal recall stimuli, while the other 18 subjects viewed the “Sherlock” audiovisual clip prior to listening to both verbal recall stimuli. In the “Merlin” dataset, the 18 subjects that viewed the “Sherlock” clip  are labeled with the naive condition as they heard the “Merlin” verbal recall auditory-only stimulus without previously having seen the “Merlin” audiovisual clip. The other 18 subjects in the “Merlin” dataset viewed the “Merlin” audiovisual clip (and not the “Sherlock” clip) prior to listening to the “Merlin” verbal recall and are labeled with the movie condition. Similarly, in the “Sherlock” dataset, the 18 subjects that viewed the “Merlin” audiovisual clip  are labeled with the naive condition, while the 18 subjects that viewed the “Sherlock” audiovisual clip  are labeled with the movie condition. These condition labels are indicated in both the participants.tsv file and the scans.tsv files for each subject. Following the scans, each subject performed a free recall task to assess memory of the story. Subjects were asked to write down events from the story in as much detail as possible with no time limit. The quality of comprehension for the free recall text was evaluated by three independent raters on a scale of 1–10. The resulting comprehension scores are reported as the sum across raters normalized by the perfect score (range 0–1) in the participants.tsv file and scans.tsv file for each subject. Comprehension scores are only provided for the naive condition. We recommend excluding the “Merlin” scan for subject sub-158 and the “Sherlock” scan for sub-139 . Two of the eight stories were presented in each of four runs. Each run had a fixed presentation order of a fixed set of stories, but the presentation order of the four runs was counterbalanced across subjects. The functional scans were acquired with a variable number of trailing volumes across subjects, and in each run two audiovisual film clips (not described in this data release) were also presented; the auditory stories must be spliced from the full runs according to the events.tsv file. Overall, the transcripts for the auditory story stimuli in the “Schema” dataset contain 3,788 words; 20 words (0.5%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 69 words (1.8%) were not found in the vocabulary. The “Schema” data were previously reported116. In the filename convention, the “Schema” data are labeled using the task alias schema.The “Schema” dataset was collected between August, 2015, and March, 2016, and comprised 31 participants . The “Schema” dataset comprised eight brief (~3-minute) auditory narratives based on popular television series and movies featuring restaurants and airport scenes: 208. The movie itself is available for download at https://www.headspacestudios.org. The two verbal descriptions based on the movie used as auditory stimuli in the “Shapes” dataset were: (a) a purely physical description of the animation , and (b) a social description of the animation intended to convey intentionality in the animated shapes . Note that the physical description story  is different from other stimuli in this release in that it describes the movements of geometrical shapes without any reference to the narrative embedded in the animation. Both stimulus files are 458 seconds (7.6 minutes) long and began with a 37-second introductory movie (only the audio channel is provided in the stimulus files) followed by 7 seconds of silence such that the story started at 0:45 and ended at roughly 7:32 for a duration of ~408 seconds (~272 TRs) and ended with ~5 seconds of silence. The stimulus files for both stories were started after 3 TRs (4.5 seconds) as indicated in the events.tsv files accompanying each scan. The functional scans were acquired with a variable number of trailing volumes following the stimulus across subjects, but can be truncated as researchers see fit (e.g. to 309 TRs). The transcript for the shapesphysical stimulus contains 951 words; 9 words (0.9%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 25 words (2.6%) were not found in the vocabulary. The transcript for the shapessocial stimulus contains 910 words; 6 words (0.7%) were not successfully localized and 14 words (1.5%) were not found in the vocabulary.The “Shapes” dataset was collected between May, 2015, and July, 2016, and comprised 59 participants . The “Shapes” dataset includes two related auditory story stimuli describing a 7-minute original animation called “When Heider Met Simmel” . The movie uses two-dimensional geometric shapes to tell the story of a boy who dreams about a monster, and was inspired by Heider and Simmel209.Each subject received both the auditory physical description of the animation , the auditory social description of the animation , and the audiovisual animation itself (not included in the current data release) in three separate runs. Run order was counterbalanced across participants, meaning that some participants viewed the animation before hearing the auditory description. The run order for each subject  is specified in the participants.tsv file and the subject-specific scans.tsv files. Immediately following the story scan, subjects performed a free recall task in the scanner . They were asked to describe the story in as much detail as possible using their own words. The quality of the recall was evaluated by an independent rater naive to the purpose of the experiment on a scale of 1–10. The resulting comprehension scores are reported normalized by 10 (range 0–1) and reported in the participants.tsv file and scans.tsv file for each subject. Comprehension scores are only provided for scans where the subject first listened to the story stimulus, prior to hearing the other version of the story or viewing the audiovisual stimulus. We recommend excluding the shapessocial scan for subject sub-238 . The story stimulus was written and read aloud by author Christina Lazaridi, and includes two seemingly unrelated storylines relayed in blocks of prose that eventually fuse into a single storyline. The stimulus file is 3,374 seconds (56.2 minutes) long and began with 18 seconds of introductory music followed by 3 seconds such that the story started at 0:21 and ended at 55:59 for a duration of 3,338 seconds  followed by 15 seconds of silence. The functional scans comprised 2,249 volumes . The story stimulus contains 8,267 words; 88 words (1.1%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 143 words (1.7%) were not found in the vocabulary. Data associated with “The 21st Year” have been previously reported211 to facilitate automated conversion to BIDS format using HeuDiConv 0.5.dev1212. The transcript for the “Pie Man (PNI)” stimulus contains 992 words; 7 words (0.7%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 19 words (1.9%) were not found in the vocabulary. The transcript for “Running from the Bronx” contains 1,379 words; 23 words (1.7%) were not successfully localized and 19 words (1.4%) were not found in the vocabulary.The “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” data were collected between May and September, 2018, and comprised 47 participants . The “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” story stimuli were told by Jim O’Grady while undergoing fMRI scans at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute (PNI). The spoken story was recorded using a noise cancelling microphone mounted on the head coil and scanner noise was minimized using Audacity. The “Pie Man (PNI)” stimulus file is 415 seconds (~7 minutes) long and begins with a period of silence such that the story starts at :09 and ends at 6:49 for a duration of 400 seconds (267 TRs) followed by 7 seconds of silence. The “Pie Man (PNI)” stimulus conveys the same general story as the original “Pie Man” stimulus but with differences in timing and delivery . The “Running from the Bronx” stimulus file is 561 seconds (9.4 minutes) long and begins with a period of silence such that the story starts at 0:15 and ends at 9:11 for a duration of 536 seconds (358 TRs) followed by 10 seconds of silence. The “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” functional scans comprised 294 TRs (441 seconds) and 390 TRs (585 seconds), respectively. Both stimulus files were started after 8 TRs (12 seconds) as indicated in the accompanying events.tsv files. The program card on the scanner computer was organized according to the ReproIn convention213. The “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” data are labeled with the piemanpni and bronx task aliases in the filename convention. The “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” data were collected in conjunction with the “I Knew You Were Black” and “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” data and share the same samples of subjects.At the end of the scanning session, the subjects completed separate questionnaires for each story to evaluate comprehension. Each questionnaire comprised 30 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions testing memory and understanding of the story. The resulting comprehension scores are reported as the proportion of correct answers (ranging 0–1) in the participants.tsv file and the scans.tsv file for each subject. Data for both stories have been previously reportedhttps://themoth.org/stories/i-knew-you-were-black). The “I Knew You Were Black” story is 800 seconds  long and occupies the entire stimulus file. The “I Knew You Were Black” functional scans comprised 550 TRs (825 seconds). The transcript for the “I Knew You Were Black” stimulus contains 1,544 words; 5 words (0.3%) were not successfully localized by the forced-alignment algorithm and 4 words (0.3%) were not found in the vocabulary. “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” was written and read aloud by author Neil Gaiman at the Aladdin Theater in Portland, OR, in 2011 (freely available at https://soundcloud.com/neilgaiman/the-man-who-forgot-ray-bradbury). The “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” audio stimulus file is 837 seconds  long and occupies the entire stimulus file. The “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” functional scans comprised 574 TRs (861 seconds). The transcript for “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” contains 2,135 words; 16 words (0.7%) were not successfully localized and 29 words (1.4%) were not found in the vocabulary. For both datasets, the audio stimulus was prepended by 8 TRs (12 seconds) and followed by 8 TRs (12 seconds) of silence. The program card on the scanner computer was organized according to the ReproIn convention211 to facilitate automated conversion to BIDS format using HeuDiConv 0.5.dev1212.The “I Knew You Were Black” and “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” data were collected by between May and September, 2018, and comprised the same sample of subjects from “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” data . Unlike the “Pie Man (PNI)” and “Running from the Bronx” story stimuli, the “I Knew You Were Black” and “The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury” stimuli are professionally recorded with high audio quality. The “I Knew You Were Black” story was told by Carol Daniel and recorded live at The Moth, a non-profit storytelling event, in New York City in 2018 ” and “Running from the Bronx” stories, the subjects completed separate questionnaires for each story to evaluate comprehension after scanning. Each questionnaire comprised 25 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions testing memory and understanding of the story. The resulting comprehension scores are reported as the proportion of correct answers (ranging 0–1) in the participants.tsv file and the scans.tsv file for each subject. Data for both stories have been previously reportedhttps://openneuro.org/datasets/ds002345 (10.18112/openneuro.ds002345.v1.1.4)85. All data and derivatives are hosted at the International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative (INDI)214 (RRID:SCR_00536) via the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse (NITRC)215 : http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/retro/Narratives.html (10.15387/fcp_indi.retro.Narratives)216. The full data collection is available via the DataLad data distribution (RRID:SCR_019089): http://datasets.datalad.org/?dir=/labs/hasson/narratives.The core, unprocessed NIfTI-formatted MRI data with accompanying metadata and stimuli are publicly available on OpenNeuro: 86, which follows the FAIR principles for making data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable217. A detailed description of the BIDS specification can be found at http://bids.neuroimaging.io/. Organizing the data according to the BIDS convention facilitates future research by enabling the use of automated BIDS-compliant software (BIDS Apps)218. Briefly, files and metadata are labeled using key-value pairs where key and value are separated by a hyphen, while key-value pairs are separated by underscores. Each subject is identified by an anonymized numerical identifier (e.g. sub-001). Each subject participated in one or more story-listening scans indicated by the task alias for the story (e.g. task-pieman). Subject identifiers are conserved across datasets; subjects contributing to multiple datasets are indexed by the same identifier (e.g. sub-001 contributes to both the “Pie Man” and “Tunnel Under the World” datasets).Data and derivatives have been organized according to the machine-readable Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) 1.2.1a) a dataset_description.json containing top-level metadata, including licensing, authors, acknowledgments, and funding sources; (b) a code/ directory containing scripts used for analyzing the data; (c) a stimuli/ directory containing the audio stimulus files (e.g. pieman_audio.wav), transcripts (e.g. pieman_transcript.txt), and a gentle/ directory containing time-stamped transcripts created using Gentle ; (d) a derivatives/ directory containing all MRI derivatives ; and (e) descriptive README and CHANGES files.The top-level BIDS-formatted narratives/ directory contains a tabular participants.tsv file where each row corresponds to a subject and includes demographic variables , the stories that subject received (task), as well as experimental manipulations (condition) and comprehension scores where available (comprehension). Cases of omitted, missing, or inapplicable data are indicated by “n/a” according to the BIDS convention. The top-level BIDS directory also contains the following:  images using dcm2niix 1.0.20180518220. In instances where multiple scanner runs were collected for the same imaging modality or story in the same subject, the files are differentiated using a run label . All anatomical and functional MRI data files are accompanied by sidecar JSON files containing MRI acquisition parameters in compliance with the COBIDAS report133. Identifying metadata  have been omitted, and facial features have been removed from anatomical images using the automated de-facing software pydeface 2.0.0134. All MRI data and metadata are released under the Creative Commons CC0 license (https://creativecommons.org/), which allows for free reuse without restriction.BIDS-formatted MRI data for each subject are contained in separate directories named according to the subject identifiers. Within each subject’s directory, data are segregated into anatomical data (the anat/ directory) and functional data (the func/ directory). All MRI data are stored as gzipped (compressed) NIfTI-1 images89 . DataLad uses git  and git-annex  to track changes made to the data, providing a transparent history of the dataset. Each stage of the dataset’s evolution is indexed by a unique commit hash and can be interactively reinstantated. Major subdivisions of the data collection, such as the code/, stimuli/, and derivative directories, are encapsulated as “subdatasets” nested within the top-level BIDS dataset. These subdatasets can be independently manipulated and have their own standalone version history. For a primer on using DataLad, we recommend the DataLad Handbook221 .All data and derivatives are version-controlled using DataLad223 to derive a variety of image quality metrics . MRIQC was deployed using Singularity140. The MRIQC Singularity image can be built from Docker Hub . The MRIQC outputs can be found in the mriqc/ directory in derivatives/ available via the DataLad release, and includes dozens of IQMs per scan as well as a summary across the entire dataset. These IQMs can be visualized in a browser (e.g. group_bold.html) and are aggregated in tabular format across the entire data collection (e.g. group_bold.tsv). Here we do not exclude any subjects based on IQMs, but subsequent researchers can use the available IQMs to exclude scans as they see fit.To provide an initial assessment of the data, we used MRIQC 0.15.1224 for each functional scan across all subjects and story stimuli . Although this indicates relatively low head motion, some subjects have notably high motion; researchers may opt to censor time points with high FD (e.g. greater 0.5 mm) or omit entire scans with high overall FD as they see fit. To quantify the intrinsic spatial smoothness of the raw functional data, we used 3dFWHMx in AFNI 19.3.0, which computes the ratio of variance of first differences across voxels to global variance across the image and expresses smoothness as the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of a 2D Gaussian filter225. Smoothness was computed in each subject’s native brain space within an anatomically-defined brain mask, and the functional time series were temporally detrended prior to smoothness estimation (using the get_fwhm.py script in the code/ directory). Spatial smoothness varied considerably across datasets due to different acquisition parameters used with different scanner models  axis, whereas newer scans acquired using multiband acceleration have higher overall spatial resolution (resulting in lower smoothness), and are smoothest in anterior–posterior phase-encoding (y-) axis. Finally, we computed the temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) as a measure of functional signal quality using MRIQC. A tSNR map was constructed for each scan by computing the voxelwise average of the signal magnitude over time divided by the standard deviation of the signal over time in each subject’s native space following realignment using 3dvolreg and brain extraction using 3dSkullStrip in AFNI226; the median of this tSNR map was used to summarize tSNR across voxels for a given scan . We also computed vertex-wise tSNR in fsaverage6 space following preprocessing with fMRIPrep to visualize the spatial distribution of tSNR across cortex 229; that is, the mean data from other subjects serves as a surrogate for the optimal model that generalizes across subjects . ISC was computed only on functional volumes corresponding to presentation of the story stimulus, and we trimmed the first 6 TRs (9 seconds) after story onset to reduce the impact of stimulus onset transients. All ISC values were Fisher z-transformed prior to averaging, and the mean was inverse Fisher z-transformed for visualization230. ISC analysis was implemented using the Brain Imaging Analysis Kit (BrainIAK)233 (RRID:SCR_014824).To measure the reliability of stimulus-evoked responses across subjects, we performed an intersubject correlation (ISC) analysisISCs were computed separately for different experimental groups or manipulations; for example, ISCs were computed separately for the “affair” and “paranoid” contextual manipulation conditions for “Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes.” On the other hand, ISCs were computed as a single group for datasets where the only experimental manipulation was naively listening to the story stimulus versus listening to the story stimulus after viewing the audiovisual movie . ISCs were computed separately for the “Slumlord” and “Reach for the Stars One Small Step at a Time” stories despite being presented in the same scanning run. The brief “Schema” stories and the scrambled versions of “It’s Not the Fall that Gets You” were excluded from ISC analysis for the sake of simplicity.fsaverage6 space as combination of five areas  from a multimodal cortical parcellation235 (see the roi_masks.py script in the code/ directory). The non-smoothed response time series following preprocessing with fMRIPrep and confound regression with AFNI were averaged across vertices in the left and right EAC ROIs (using the roi_average.py and roi_regression.py scripts in the code/ directory). We used two measures of temporal alignment in left EAC as quality-control criteria for excluding scans. First, we computed leave-one-out ISCs and set an exclusion cut-off at ISC < 0.10 in left EAC , and yield a partly overlapping group of scans for exclusion. Overall, the combined criteria resulted in excluding 27 scans from 19 subjects, or 3.0% of the 891 total scans. We do not exclude these subjects from the dataset entirely because some analyses (e.g. comparing methods for mitigating artefacts) may in fact benefit from the inclusion of lower-quality scans. Rather, we provide a scan_exclude.json file listing scans to exclude (and a convenience function exclude_scans.py) in the code/ directory so that researchers can easily exclude scans flagged as poor quality according to the criteria above. Note that some studies206 temporally shift response time series to ensure that peak lags match across subjects; here, we do not shift or edit the scans, but provide the lagged ISCs for all scans (group_roi-EAC_lags.json in derivatives/afni-nosmooth/) so that researchers can apply temporal shifting as they see fit. Ultimately, mean ISC in left and right EAC across all scans was 0.549 (SD = 0.173) and 0.493 (SD = 0.179), respectively. This analysis also revealed qualitatively higher ISC in left EAC than right EAC across several stories  region of interest (ROI). The left- and right-hemisphere EAC ROIs were defined on the cortical surface in ies Fig. . This mafsaverage6 surface space following preprocessing using fMRIPrep, spatial smoothing to 6 mm, and confound regression using AFNI (via the run_isc.py script in the code/ directory). ISCs were computed separately for each story stimulus , then averaged across all stories to construct a summary ISC map  areas such as the angular gyrus and precuneus. Cortical ISC maps are strikingly similar across stories with considerable variability in sample size, duration, and content , the Brainlife cloud platform (https://brainlife.io/), and Neuroscout244 (https://neuroscout.org/). The full data collection can be easily “installed” using DataLad . This clones the file hierarchy without downloading any large content files, which can be installed selectively as needed . Particular subsets of the full dataset can be retrieved using datalad get with shell wildcards. For example, particular stories can be retrieved using, e.g. datalad get sub-*/func/*task-pieman*; or derivatives in a particular output space can be retrieved using, e.g. datalad get derivatives/afni-nosmooth/sub-*/func/*task-pieman*space-fsaverage6*. For convenience, we also include the task_meta.json file in the code directory, which contains a dictionary mapping from each task (i.e. story) to subjects and filenames beloging to that task. We also recommend the Python-based PyBIDS tool for querying and manipulating BIDS data245.The MRI data are organized according to the BIDS standard, and are therefore well-suited for automated processing using BIDS Apps (e.g. MRIQC, fMRIPrep, FitLinsSupplementary Information


Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The pretreatment with IAA had a significant effect on the induction of ethanol tolerance by reducing the doubling time of S. cerevisiae growth without the pretreatment. However, the pretreatment did not significantly affect the induction of thermo- or osmotolerance. The IAA pretreatment decreased the lethal effects of ethanol on S. cerevisiae cells. Although yeasts produce ethanol to outcompete sympatric microorganisms, IAA is not a byproduct of this process. Nevertheless, the accumulation of IAA indicates an increasing number of microorganisms, and, thus, greater competition for resources. Since the “wine trait” is shared by both phylogenetically related and distinct lineages in Saccharomycetales, we conclude that IAA-induced ethanol tolerance is not specific to S. cerevisiae; it may be widely detected in both pre-whole genome duplication (WGD) and post-WGD yeasts belonging to several genera of Saccharomycetales.Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an exogenous growth regulatory signal that is produced by plants and various microorganisms. Microorganisms have been suggested to cross-communicate with each other through IAA-mediated signaling mechanisms. The IAA-induced tolerance response has been reported in several microorganisms, but has not yet been described in Saccharomycetales yeasts. In the present study, three common stressors  were examined in relation to the influence of a pretreatment with IAA on stress tolerance in 12 different lineages of  Jun-Yi Leu ; S. paradoxus and S. eubayanus, which were examined in Ka. servazzii and Kl. marxianus from milk kefir (Z. bisporus from coffee cherry (unpublished data), Z. rouxii from fermented vinegar (Torulaspora sp. from living Drosera spatulata (Kluyveromyces sp. from the rhizosphere of cherry tomato (unpublished data), and Dekkera bruxellensis from a kombucha culture (unpublished data)  and incubated at 28°C for 24 h. After the pretreatment, yeast suspensions were adjusted to a density of ~1.28×106 cells mL–1 in YPD medium by a 10-fold dilution of the suspensions with the corresponding optical density (0.81) of 660 nm. To remove IAA from the medium, 3 mL of the yeast suspension was centrifuged at 13,000×g for 1 min, the supernatant was discarded, the pellet was washed with 3 mL sterile water, centrifuged again at 13,000×g for 1 min, the supernatant was discarded, and the yeast pellet was finally suspended in 200 μL YPD medium.The effects of IAA on osmo-, thermo-, and ethanol tolerance were examined. To test osmo- and ethanol tolerance, prepared yeast suspensions were examined in 3 mL YPD medium at 28°C with 1 M NaCl and 11% (v/v) ethanol, respectively. To assess thermo-tolerance, prepared yeast suspensions were examined in 3 mL YPD medium at 40°C because the majority of Saccharomycetales yeast species grow optimally below 35–37°C and die at high temperatures (>50°C). All examinations were conducted using 3 sets of yeast suspensions and were repeated twice.dT, min), calculated with the equation dT=t/log2(2f/1f), was used to represent growth efficiency. In this equation, t represents the reaction time ; 1f represents the initial number of cells; and 2f represents the final number of cells.Yeast growth was monitored at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h by measuring absorbance at 660 nm with a microplate reader (Thermo Scientific Multiskan GO). The doubling time  on the cell death rate. Cell death was detected using the apoptosis fluorescent dye SYTOX Green . Yeast cells were cultured in YPD medium with 11% (v/v) ethanol and prepared as described above. At 0, 12, and 15 h, 1 mL of each yeast culture was transferred to a 1.5-mL microtube and centrifuged at 13,000–16,000×g for 1 min. The supernatant was then discarded and the sample was washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Samples were vortexed with 10 μL of PBS and 1 μL SYTOX Green in the dark for 10 min. Samples were observed and photographed using a Leica DM2500 fluorescence microscope, and 200–500 cells from each sample were randomly counted to assess the death rate.After 50% of the 6 cells were transferred into 3 mL YPD medium with 11 or 13% (v/v) ethanol and incubated until analyzed. Five microliters of the yeast suspension was spotted onto YPD agar plates and observed after 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Images were taken once distinct colonies of the samples that were spotted at the last time point were observed (approximately 24–48 h after the inoculation). The abundance of the colonies was monitored at each of the time points to compare the effects of the IAA pretreatment on the growth of Saccharomycetales yeasts.We performed a cell viability assay using two post-WGD and four pre-WGD genera of Saccharomycetales to establish whether the inhibition of lethal effects following IAA-induced ethanol tolerance is common in Saccharomycetales yeasts  using a general linear mixed model (LMM). We considered doubling time to be a response variable, IAA titer to be a fixed factor variable, and the two experimental replications to be random factors. The significance of the fixed factor variable was assessed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). In further examinations to clarify whether changes to doubling time were induced by stress or by a general response to IAA, we added an interaction term to the two-factor LMM to investigate the parallel response of yeast pretreated with and without stress to IAA. This model is similar to the previous one, with stress as an additional fixed factor variable, and an interaction term in the two fixed factor variables. We tested the significance of the interaction term in the two fixed factor variables using ANOVA. To understand the general response of the IAA pretreatment on the 12 S. cerevisiae strains under each type of stress , we calculated tolerance levels using the observed doubling time ratio in the following formula: (tD–cD)/(tD+cD). In this formula, tD represents the doubling time of IAA-pretreated yeast, and cD represents the mean doubling time of non-IAA-pretreated yeast. doubling time ratio values fell in the range of –1 to 1, with a ratio of 0 indicating that the IAA pretreatment had no effects on stress tolerance. The significance of the doubling time ratio compared to 0 was calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. The cell death rate was analyzed by Fisher’s exact test to assess the significance of the IAA pretreatment.We modeled the effects of IAA titers on the doubling time of each Model-building and hypothesis tests were conducted using basic functions and the “ImerTest” package in R .S. cerevisiae strains cultured with environmental stress grew more slowly, as shown by longer doubling times, than those cultured without stress. However, stress tolerance significantly varied among strains according to the IAA pretreatment  that were not exposed to any environmental stress, six strains  that were treated with ethanol, two strains (273614N and YS9) that were treated with heat, and one strain (Sigma 1278b) that was treated with osmotic stress. Only two strains showed an increased doubling time in the IAA pretreatment: YS9, which was not exposed to environmental stress, and Yllc17_E5, which was treated with osmotic stress , most strains displayed a significantly shorter doubling time at the second highest (900 μM) IAA titer , which implied that the effects of IAA on doubling time were not attributed to stress tolerance, but were rather a general effect.All reatment . Among tc stress . DespiteAA titer . In someDt–Dc]/[Dt+Dc]) ranged between –0.282 (in S228c) and –0.143 (in UWOPS83-787.3).At all examined titers, the pretreatment with IAA significantly induced ethanol tolerance, but did not significantly affect osmo- or thermotolerance . Among tS. cerevisiae strains, suggesting that the IAA pretreatment stimulated an adaptive response by alleviating cell death. Among the six strains, four  had a significantly lower cell death rate on at least one time point after the IAA pretreatment    , and at JYC2595) . TherefoS. cerevisiae yeast strains responding to environmental stresses. The IAA pretreatment promoted cell growth in some S. cerevisiae strains exposed to certain stress conditions, similar to that reported in the bacteria Rhizobium and E. coli  belonging to the families Pichiaceae and Saccharomycetaceae. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol production is a commonly evolved strategy in Saccharomycetales yeasts  Exogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid Induced Ethanol Tolerance in Phylogenetically Diverse Saccharomycetales Yeasts. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME21053Supplementary Material


Studies suggest that exercise may be neuroprotective when implemented before the clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD). Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), theorized to play a role in neuroprotection, are affected by its genotype and exercise. Here we explore this previously unstudied interaction on age at diagnosis and severity of symptoms.76 participants with PD submitted buccal cells to determine BDNF genotype, completed the modified Lifetime Physical Activity Questionnaire to determine exercise habits, and were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (MDS-UPDRS-III) and the Mini-Balance Evaluations Test (MBT). For aim 1 (age at diagnosis), 60 participants  were analyzed. For aim 2 (severity of symptoms), 54 participants  were analyzed.2 = 0.146, p = .033; however, the only significant variable in the final model was average moderate physical activity from ages 20s to 40s (p = .009). The regression for MDS-UPDRS III was not significant; however, the regression for MBT was, p = .0499. In the final model, 23.1% of the variance was explained. Years since diagnosis (p = .014) and average vigorous physical activity from ages 20s to 40s (p = .047) were the only predictors in the final model.The final hierarchical regression model for age at diagnosis produced an RWhile a strong interaction between BDNF genotype and lifetime physical activity was not observed, our results suggest that lifetime exercise may be neuroprotective in PD. Specifically, higher amounts of moderate PA were associated with an older age at diagnosis. •This is the first study to show that pre-diagnosis exercise is associated with age at diagnosis.•Higher amounts of moderate physical activity were associated with an older age at diagnosis.•Every hour increase in weekly moderate physical activity from ages 20–40 was associated with a PD diagnosis 3 months later. In addiExercise has also been theorized to trigger several neuroplasticity events in human PD that have the potential to be neuroprotective ,9. Pre-cOne purported mechanism in PD neuroprotection is exercise-induced increases in neurotrophins, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) . BDNF plA single nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene  has functional consequences for the amount of BDNF produced. That is, the presence of a methionine allele in place of valine decreases the amount of BDNF that is released in animal models  and humaTherefore, Aim 1 of this study was to determine if BDNF genotype interacts with lifetime self-reported physical activity (PA) levels to affect age at PD diagnosis. Aim 2 was to determine if BDNF genotype interacts with self-reported PA on disease severity as determined by measures of motor function, gait, and postural stability. We predicted that individuals with a more favorable BDNF genotype  and higher lifetime PA levels would be older at clinical diagnosis and would demonstrate fewer current PD motor symptoms, including balance and gait, after controlling for years since diagnosis.22.1This cross-sectional study involved a one-time assessment of participants with PD on the following: demographic information , fall history, Hoehn and Yahr Stage, PD medications), self-reported lifetime PA habits, BDNF genotype, PD motor symptoms, and measures of gait and balance function. Assessments took place in an academic research laboratory, community senior centers, and participant homes from October 2016 to March 2018. The study was approved by the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Institutional Review Board.2.2Seventy-six individuals with PD participated as a sample of convenience. To be included, participants had to be diagnosed by a neurologist with idiopathic PD. Participants with a MoCA score below 20.5 were excluded from the analysis because most of the variables were self-report and this cutoff was considered optimal for dementia in PD . Additio2.3n = 15) in this study and showed good reliability with ICCs  ranging from 0.77 to 0.91 at all of the time points between 20s to 5 years before diagnosis for moderate and vigorous PA [PA levels were determined using a modified version of the Lifetime Physical Activity Questionnaire (LPAQ) . The queorous PA . Walking2.4Buccal cells were harvested using individually wrapped, sterile swabs, and stabilized using a desiccating capsule placed into a plastic tube with the swab head . DNA isolation was performed using commercially available reagents, and BDNF genotype was determined via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A 10 μl PCR reaction per sample was prepared in a thin-walled, 0.2 ml PCR tube using 2× Taq Red Master mix , 0.2 μM each of P1, P2, P3, and P4 primers, and 20 ng genomic DNA. Thermocycling condition followed a three-step PCR program: Initial denaturation at 98 °C for 3 min; 30 cycles of 95 °C for 50 s, 64 °C for 60 s, 72 °C for 60 s; and final extension at 72 °C for 2 min. PCR products were loaded in 2% agarose gel , and amplicons were resolved at 100 V for 90 min. Gel was imaged using GE Typhoon 9410 Variable Mode Imager at XXXX Genomics Core facility and band sizes were determined using 100 bp DNA ladder . To ensure fidelity, genotyping was replicated through an additional separate, independent PCR. All DNA assessors were blinded to the aims and purposes of the study.2.5PD motor symptoms were measured using the motor subscale (section 3) of the Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) . The MDS2.6Gait and balance function were quantified using both a self-reported measure, the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC),  as well 2.7ncss.com/software/pass). For the prediction of age at diagnosis, 37 participants were needed  with one variable (BDNF genotype) conservatively estimated to have a low R2 of 0.150 entered first and two other variables  entered next at low to moderate R2 of 0.200. For the prediction of current PD motor symptom severity (MDS-UPDRS III), 45 participants were needed  with two variables entered first  and conservatively estimated (R2 of 0.150) and four other variables  at low to moderate R2 of 0.200.Sample size was estimated using the multiple regression module from PASS 16.0  at α = 0.05. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between predictor variables (BDNF genotype and PA levels) on the following dependent variables: age at diagnosis, PD motor symptoms (MDS-UPDRS III), and measures related to gait and balance . For age at diagnosis, the following variables were entered into the hierarchical model: step 1 (BDNF genotype) and step 2 . For PD motor symptoms (MDS-UPDRS III) and gait and balance , the following were entered into the model: step 1  and step 2 . Dependent variable outliers, defined as those with standardized residual values above 3.3 or below −3.3, were screened for removal from the analyses (none identified). Normality, collinearity diagnostics (Variance Inflation Factor cutoff of 10), and bivariate correlations were also conducted. There were no major deviations from normality. Due to multicollinearity, the PA for the 20s, 30s, and 40s was averaged rather than entered into the regression analyses individually.33.12 = 0.146, F = 3.125, p = .033 (p = .009). Neither BDNF genotype (p = .377) or 20–40 vigorous PA (p = .664) were statistically significant. When 20–40 vigorous PA was removed from the model, the final model R2 was 0.143 and was still significant (p = .013). When BDNF genotype was removed from the model, the final R2 decreased to 0.115 but was still significant (p = .008).The final hierarchical regression model for age at diagnosis produced an Rp = .033 ; however3.2p = .526. In the final model, none of the variables were statistically significant (ps ≥ 0.140).The hierarchical regression for MDS-UPDRS III was not statistically significant, F = 0.867, 3.3p = .0499. In the final model, 23.1% of the variance was explained  and 20–40 vigorous PA (p = .047) were statistically significant predictors in the final model. For the ABC, the final hierarchical model explained 24.7% of the variance, F = 2.508, p = .035 (Supplement A). In the final model, the only variable that was statistically significant was years since diagnosis (p = .002).The final hierarchical regression for MBT was statistically significant, F = 2.304, 4Our results suggest that self-reported moderate PA during the 20s, 30s, and 40s is associated with age at diagnosis. Specifically, those who reported having spent more time in moderate PA during those three decades were older at diagnosis. This is consistent with the notion that exercise may be neuroprotective in PD and is consistent with other studies that have shown that exercise/physical activity is associated with a lower risk of PD . Our resOther studies have demonstrated similar neuroprotective effects of exercise in PD ,21,23,62While moderate PA was predictive of age at diagnosis, vigorous activity was not. On the surface, it seems logical that vigorous activity, much like moderate PA, would be associated with age at diagnosis. However, it is possible that vigorous activity, which is typically close to or over the anaerobic threshold, may produce more pro-inflammatory signals thereby increasing the inflammatory milieu. Since inflammation is a known pathophysiologic mechanism ,64 and aNone of the predictor variables in our study were associated with current PD motor symptoms as measured by MDS-UPDRS-III score. We had anticipated that greater PA and a favorable BDNF genotype  would hAnother noteworthy finding of this study is that two variables were significantly associated with gait and balance. First, we found that years since diagnosis was negatively correlated with balance. Essentially, the longer an individual had been diagnosed with PD, the worse their gait and balance. This is logical and consistent with the literature ,69. SecoSelf-reported levels of PA were remarkably high for the sample with 78% to 89% of the participants reporting having met Centers for Disease Control recommendations for PA  at all sAn important limitation was that we could not verify if the PD diagnoses were made using well-established clinical criteria and we could not verify that the diagnoses were made by qualified neurologists. We depended solely on the veracity of the participant self-report of neurologist diagnosis. Another limitation is that we used age of diagnosis instead of age of onset. The reason is that we felt it would be easier to remember the actual year of diagnosis and would be less susceptible to recall bias than their “best guess” of disease onset. Another study limitation is that the buccal collection method may not have provided the ideal yield of usable DNA. Moreover, oral health and medication may negatively affect the quality of the DNA. However, the quality and quantity of the DNA extracted through buccal collection was sufficient to run each sample in duplicate in all cases.5Our results suggest that people with PD who reported more moderate PA from the 3rd through 5th decades of life were older at diagnosis than those who reported lower levels of PA. BDNF did not appear to play a large role in age at diagnosis or current PD motor symptoms.The authors does not have any conflict of interest.