The ferrimagnetic order parameter in this ferroelectric semiconductor is found to switch direction under magnetostochastic resonance with current pulses many orders of magnitude lower as for typical spin-orbit torque systems. Upon a switching event, the magnetic order spreads coherently and collectively over macroscopic distances through a correlated spin-glass state. Utilizing these observations, we apply a novel methodology to controllably harness this stochastic magnetization dynamics.The interplay between spin-orbit interaction and magnetic order is one of the most active research fields in condensed matter physics and drives the search for materials with novel, and tunable, magnetic and spin properties. Here we report on a variety of unique and unexpected observations in thin multiferroic Ge GeTe is a ferroelectric semiconductor with broken inversion symmetry, which leads to a large spin-orbit interaction. When doped with small amounts of manganese, it becomes magnetoelectric. Here, Krempasky et al show that the ferrimagnetic ordering of Mn-doped GeTe can be switched with unusually small currents under specific resonant conditions, orders of magnitude smaller than typical for spin-orbit torque based switching. With the discovery of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors (FERS)4, magnetic doping in dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) has opened pathways to exploit the electron spin associated with the Rashba-Zeeman type spin splitting of the electronic states7. To date the primary FERS representative is α-GeTe; with only two atoms per unit cell and ≈0.3 Å displacement along the 9. The combination of ferroelectric order and large spin-orbit interaction (SOI) yields a switchable Rashba-type spin structure of the bulk states10, whereby the states are fully spin polarised around the valence band maximum11. When doped with Mn, magnetic order is induced in Gex1−MnxTe while the ferroelectric order remains for dopings below x = 25%, rendering it a multiferroic semiconductor with broken inversion symmetry14. Moreover, the collinear alignment of the magnetisation and ferroelectric polarisation axes in Ge0.87Mn0.13Te ensures magnetoelectric coupling in the system10. Conversely, as there is now a cohesive picture between Berry curvature and emergence of anomalous Hall effect in non-centrosymmetric magnetic semiconductors15, the current-induced magnetization switching mechanism in this material points to a bulk Rashba-Edelstein effect7. Both spectroscopic10 and transport studies7 indicate that the key ingredient for the magnetoelectric functionality of Gex1−MnxTe is its carrier-induced magnetism20 mediated by the valence band7. Furthermore, multiferroic Gex1−MnxTe is proposed to be a unique platform to explore novel phenomena such as nonreciprocal electric transport21 or magnetic skyrmionic polarons22.Recently, combining semiconducting and magnetic properties within the same material changed from being a concept0.87Mn0.13Te is a bulk ferrimagnet (FiM). This is corroborated by complementary low-energy muon spectroscopy (LE-μSR) as a local probe to characterize the temperature-dependent magnetic transitions on the nanometer scale and SQUID magnetometry to access the macroscopic magnetisation. The results testify that the FiM order builds up below Tc1 = 100 K on top of a paramagnetic (PM) background and that below Tc2 = 40 K the system behaves as a spin-glass. By developing new analysis tools based on magnetostochastic resonance (MSR) switching we address the Ge0.87Mn0.13Te magnetism in the static and dynamical regimes. The ensemble of experimental techniques and theory yields a holistic view of a correlated spin glass with magnetization switching that can be driven by nanoampere pulsed currents using stochastic resonance. In particular we show that this switching is collective due to glassiness, and that the magnetic switching can be turned on and off by small changes in pulse periodicity.In this work, we combine a range of spectroscopic techniques based on X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) and state of the art modeling (see Methods I–IV), to reveal that Gex1−MnxTe DMS system23. The top-inset is a zoom-in into the MnL3 absorption edge, showing two distinct XMCD features separated by ≈0.5 eV. A time series of XMCD spectra for selected B-fields are shown in Fig. L3-edge can be understood from the combination of a paramagnetic background superposed with ferrimagnetic contributions  and interstitial (Mni) atoms. However, in contrast to other related systems, we find that in Ge0.87Mn0.13Te the characteristic ≈0.5 eV energy separation between Mns and Mni is not due to Mn segregation or non-magnetic surface Mn-oxides, nor to a depletion of Mn in the near-surface layer. Instead, the energy shift is an intrinsic bulk property that we also see in bulk-sensitive fluorescence yield and in NEXAFS analysis from the Mn-K edge  alloy theory (see Methods).In accordance with our earlier resonant angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) studies on Ge0.87Mn0.13Te lattice consisting of 8.9% probability occupation of Mns substituted on Ge lattice sites (Mn1) and two types of interstitial Mni atoms, Mn2 and Mn3, each one with 2.2% probability occupation. The most prominent contribution to the magnetic order comes from the Heisenberg exchange energy between Mn2,3 and between Mn1,2/3 atoms, whereas the interaction between substitutional atoms  is damped due to the presence of the interstitial Mn. The corresponding magnetic exchange couplings Ji,j are presented in Fig. Ri,j/a between atoms, where a is the lattice parameter and i, j = 1, 2, 3. The positive exchange constants  favor ferromagnetic (FM) order, whereas negative values  favor antiferromagnetic (AFM) order (see Methods).Figure x1−MnxTe, where it promotes non-coplanar (canted) arrangements between spin states. As shown by Fig. x2, 3, y2, 3 and z2, 2 appear as most prominent (see Methods). Both DMI and all Ji,j have fluctuating Ri,j/a dependences. Furthermore, the DMI is non-negligible compared to the Ji,j especially for larger length scales, leading to magnetic frustration at different length scales.The co-existence of FM and AFM order in a DMS system is one of the main ingredients for magnetic frustration in a canonical spin glass, which in our case is further enhanced by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). DMI is characteristic to non-centrosymmetric systems with large spin-orbit coupling (SOC) as clearly applies for Ge0.87Mn0.13Te stabilizes in a ferrimagnetic ground state. Since CPA allows us to derive spectral contributions from individual Mn-atoms . The combination of both energy profiles constitutes a double-well uniaxial potential with a MAE barrier of ≈0.1 meV, comparable to that of ferromagnetic 3d metals31. Having identified the general magnetic order and its bistable potential model, we now turn to the dynamics and the unexpected magnetic switching.In order to assess the energetics of the FiM switching, we compare in Fig. 32: (i) a weak periodic input and (ii) a source of noise, or amplitude modulated signal33 entrained with the periodic input. As will be elaborated in detail below, the first ingredient is provided by periodic TEY oscillations P(t) upon Ge0.87Mn0.13Te x-ray illumination, whereas the second η(t) originates from the short TEY pulse in x-ray absorption during the scan over the MnL3 absorption edge, both subjected to thermal noise. The sum of these induce the observed transition between the two FiM equilibria as depicted in Fig. The dynamical spontaneous magnetisation reversal in our system is explained by the mechanism of stochastic resonance (SR). Generally speaking, SR is a phenomenon applicable to nonlinear systems whereby a weak signal is amplified through an entraining periodic signal or even noise. Besides the bistable potential, SR requires two additional ingredientsP(t) represents a continuous sinusoidal signal with TΩ ≈ 5 min  at the MnL3-edge Te [111] direction. This current direction is collinear with both the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, as well as the ferroelectric polarisation. In line with the exertion of SOT by the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect39. Consistent with these predictions, even though the geometry and time scales are different, for Ge0.87Mn0.13Te the current-driven magnetisation switching in the milliampere regime7 is achieved under MSR with a nanoampere TEY pulse at the MnL3 absorption edge, and thus with unprecedented efficiency of low-current density pulses compared to typical spin-orbit torque systems. The TEY current is typically in the 10-100 nA range. In ref. 7 the typical current density used to switch the magnetization is ≈6 × 106 Acm−2. This huge current density is applied within a pulse current of 1 ms. On the other hand, in our case the TEY current from a sample area of ≈1 mm2 amounts to 100 × 10−9/(0.1 × 0.1) ≈ 1 × 105 Acm−2, within a period of time during the on-the-fly energy scan40 across the Mn L3-edge (ca.1–2 s). Considering the pulse duration, a coarse estimate between the two experiments yields a current density ratio of 6 × 106/(2000*10−5) ≈ 3 × 108. This indicates that for the magnetic switching, the current density per unit time is in our case >6 orders of magnitude lower compared to ref. 7. It should be noted that in conventional slow point-by-point scans the FiM switching is not observed. This underlines the relevance of dynamics in the magnetostochastic resonance switching.The phenomenological description of magnetostochastic resonance (MSR) applied to magnetization dynamics typically predicts a million times higher switching probability for bistable magnetic systemsP(t) realizes frequency modulation and η(t) implements amplitude modulation as a deterministic additive noise. These two driving frequencies, schematically depicted in Fig. 33. With such a combination of periodic and aperiodic driving frequencies the SR can be harnessed, e.g. controllably suppressed by detuning the frequencies from their optimal setting, as schematically depicted by aperiodic gray flash symbols in Fig. 32, where t1,2 is the time needed to measure one XAS spectrum, and tΩ one full XMCD dataset (i.e. two XAS spectra measured with opposite circular polarisations).A typical measurement series is represented by the green top traces in Fig. η(t). The data indicates that there is an immediate change from the MSR-off regime without FiM switching to FiM switching under the MSR-on regime. We emphasize that under MSR-on, the FiM switching holds only in the statistical average, quantified via the residence time distribution N(t)32. We quantified N(t) by counting the multiples of tΩ between subsequent FiM switching occurrences, leading to a sequence of Gaussian-like peaks with exponentially decreasing envelope as seen in Fig. 32, the peak distributions under thermal noise shifts to shorter times, as seen at 10 K. The N(t) distribution envelope is found to depend on the resonance conditions through the driving period tΩ  is independent of the magnitude of the applied field and the total magnetisation Mtot is expected to be dominated by mS, which takes a value of mS ≈ 2.1 μB/(Mn atom) at saturation. This trend is well observed in Fig. mS, whereas mL is rather constant. That the local Mn-moments deduced from the sum rules (0.13 ± 0.02 μB/Mn atom) for B = 0 differ from the theoretical values is due to the fact that most Mn-moments from the PM background do not contribute to the measured moments. Table The observed SR switching allows us to sharpen the microscopic understanding of the Ge0.87Mn0.13Te is given by SQUID magnetometry as shown in Fig. 0.87Mn0.13Te anomalous Hall component, which were attributed to noncoplanar spin textures with scalar spin chirality7. This consideration is supported by the magnetic frustration due to different Ji,j and DMI length scales summarized in Fig. 43.The macroscopic perspective of the magnetic order in Ge44. LE-μSR is the method of choice to characterize magnetically ordered volumes inside such a spin-glass from a local point of view.In addition, the temperature dependence of the magnetization shown in Fig. 0.87Mn0.13Te we find that muons stopping in magnetic regions of the sample depolarize almost immediately and do not contribute to the measured signal. However, muons that land in paramagnetic regions experience predominantly the applied field (≈5 mT). The polarization of these muons can be used to extract the three quantities presented in Fig. B sensed in the paramagnetic regions (top); (ii) the damping rate λ of the oscillations which is proportional to the width of local field distribution (middle); and (iii) the volume fraction of the paramagnetic regions (bottom). All three parameters start to change at the onset of magnetic order (≈100 K). Note that the paramagnetic  volume fraction decreases (increases) gradually at the onset of magnetic order, clearly showing the gradual nature of this transition. This is accompanied by a decrease in B, indicating that the magnetic regions have a net magnetic moment producing an increasing demagnetizing fields in the paramagnetic regions with decreasing temperatures. Below ≈40 K, most of the sample volume becomes magnetic, i.e., a long range magnetic order is established. The combination of bulk magnetization and LE-μSR data confirms the presence of a net magnetic moment imposed by the FiM order below Tc1 ≈ 100 K, followed by a spin-glass transition below Tc2 ≈ 40 K, where the coupling between the FiM clusters becomes strong enough for the sample to undergo a transition to a cluster spin-glass long range order.In GeμSR local mean field, bulk magnetization, and XMCD switching statistics. As expected with the onset of the long-range order, the spin-freezing temperature Tc2 marks a minimum rather than an onset in FiM switching probability. Strikingly, above Tc2, the switching events dramatically increase along with the decreasing size of the FiM clusters, as highlighted by the red shaded region. This trend appears to be independent on whether the system was magnetized under ZFC or field-heated field-cooling (FH-FC) indicated by green and red markers, respectively. Moreover, at T = 65 K the XMCD asymmetry sometimes reaches values as high as 60% in contrast to the expected increase of magnetic disorder at elevated temperatures  and BaF2(111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The choice for 13% Mn-doping is that for such a doping the Zeeman splitting is saturating6. A protective stack of amorphous Te- and Se-capping layers with a total thickness of ≈20 nm was used to avoid surface oxidation and degradation. Before mounting into the XTREME beamline sample holder48, it was completely removed in a ultrahigh vacuum chamber by annealing the samples for 30–45 min at 250 °C; and recapped with ≈2 nm amorphous carbon by carbon-thread evaporation within the same vacuum chamber.We have grown 200 nm Ge48 allows us to measure magnetic moments from the averaged orbital and spin contribution projected along the out-of-plane magnetization M, which is collinear to the ferroelectric polarization P along the [111] direction6. Raw TEY and TFY signals measured with Keithley 428 current amplifiers were normalized with the I0 photocurrent from the XTREME beamline refocussing mirror. All the signals were sampled from the current amplifier analog outputs, and further processed with a software control system to synchronize the on-the-fly scan for absorption measurements with the undulator40. All XMCD spectra, except those in Supplementary Fig. μ+ - μ-), where μ+ and μ- represent the XAS spectra measured by TEY, or TFY, with right- and left-handed circular light polarisation. The XMCD measurements were recorded as on-the-fly scans for a given magnetic field up to 6 T either parallel or anti-parallel to the beam direction. All data presented were measured during three independent beamtimes on fresh samples prepared in exactly the same way. The same samples were used for further NEXAFS (SuperXAS beamline at Swiss Light Source) and SQUID magnetometry.The XMCD setup at the XTREME beamlinelong the 11 directμSR) at the μE4 muon beamline at the Paul Scherrer Institut49. LE-μSR time spectra are measured with two positron detectors placed opposite to each other for the considered samples. Temperature dependent asymmetry spectra were obtained under an external magnetic field of 5 mT applied perpendicular to the initial muon spin polarization direction. The data indicate magnetically ordered islands with a net magnetic moment aligned with the applied field, embedded in a sea of paramagnetic environment. As these islands grow in size, their magnetic moment along the applied field increases and the strength of their dipolar field in the paramagnetic regions increases. This dipolar field is primarily opposite to the direction of the applied field and hence produces the observed negative shift in B(T) as seen in Fig. 50.Special extra-large samples capped with Au were prepared for low energy muon spin relaxation experiment , the muon implantation energy was adjusted to set their stopping distribution just below the sample surface. Under magnetization, the asymmetry of the transverse field the muon precession decays. The main quantity determining the LE-0.867Mn0.133Te. The calculations were carried out using the multiple scattering KKR Green function method as implemented in the spin-polarized fully relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (SPRKKR) code52. The exchange and correlation effects were incorporated within the LDA framework53. Brillouin zone integrations were performed on a 39 × 39 × 39 dense mesh of k-points. The angular momentum expansion up to l−7 Ry. The potential is constructed in full potential geometry. The influence of chemical disorder in Ge0.867Mn0.133Te can be estimated by means of the CPA alloy theory55 implemented in the SPR-KKR method.Using first-principles calculations within the density functional theory, we have investigated the ground state magnetic properties of bulk Gei atoms denoted as Mn2 and Mn3 in Fig. 0.87Mn0.13Te space group  reproduce the measured data very well, whereas multiplet calculations with s spectral contribution is rationalized by observing a significant decrease in Mns dichroism between the states right after the FH-FC@6T at 10 K, and recorded later during MSR-on conditions . Finally the Ki term in the final term accounts for the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE).The first term represents the Heisenberg exchange energy with Ji,j exchange between localized S1, S2 spin states depends on the distance between the next-nearest Mn dopants. In contrast to earlier theoretical Gex1−MnxTe studies considering only Mns atoms20, another type of interaction is coming from the ∑i,j Di,j ⋅ (Si × Sj) Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction obtained by sampling the magnetization deflection between [111] and  quantization axis and the Mn2, Mn3 spins were rotated along the out-of-plane [111] direction starting from θ = 0, which corresponds to the FM state with all spins pointing in the same direction. However, the self consistency convergence in calculations can be achieved only for a limited θ range between 40°-320°. Nevertheless, the total energy of the system reaches a minimum with Mn1 spins set to 0° and Mn2,3 spins to 180°, which confirms the FiM order. The red markers in Fig. θ, evaluated as a difference between the fully relativistic total energies calculated for quantization axes [111] and axis orthogonal to 0.867Mn0.133Te is 0.101 meV/f.u. and represents the energy barrier between the easy and hard magnetic axes. Finally, the energy landscape obtained by combination of MAE and FiM ground state was used to model the FiM double-well potential as depicted in Fig. ° and barrier height ΔV = a2/4b.The magnetic ground state of FiM exchange energy (grey markers in Fig. Supplementary informationPeer Review File


BW) = 159 ± 22 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of different grain inclusion (GI) rates in diets provided to early-weaned calves and steroidal implants (SI) utilization on growth performance and carcass characteristics, particularly intramuscular fat deposition, of beef steers. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, consisting of two GI rates  basis), each one associated or not to steroidal implant utilization (no implants vs. 80 mg trenbolone acetate (TA) + 16 mg estradiol followed by 120 mg TA + 24 mg of estradiol). After being early-weaned (124 ± 14 d of age), steers were offered an average of 4.5 kg/d (DM basis) of a concentrate-based diet with a greater or lesser GI rate for 60 d. After being fed a concentrate-based diet with different GI rates for 60 d, steers were fed a common backgrounding diet for 56 d and subsequently fed a common high-grain diet until harvested at a constant final BW (620 kg). Steers were not implanted until the beginning of the backgrounding phase and then re-implanted when initiating the finishing phase. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. There were no GI × SI interactions (P ≥ 0.62) for any of the growth performance parameters throughout the experimental period. Implanted steers tended to have a greater average daily gain (P = 0.10) during the finishing phase than nonimplanted steers. For the 12th rib fat thickness and yield grade (YG), a GI × SI interaction (P = 0.03) and a tendency for a GI × SI interaction (P = 0.10) was detected, respectively. Nonimplanted steers fed diets with greater GI rates presented the greatest 12th rib fat thickness and tended to have the greatest YG among treatments. No other interactions (P ≥ 0.33) were observed for the hot carcass weight, Longissimus muscle (LM) area, quality grade, marbling score, and kidney-pelvic-heart fat content. Steers fed diets with lesser GI rates tended to have a greater LM area than steers fed diets with greater GI rates (P = 0.10). Results from this experiment indicate that varying GI rates in diets provided to early-weaned calves and subsequent implantation with steroidal hormones did not affect marbling deposition.One hundred and twenty-one Angus × SimAngus-crossbred steers (body weight ( IMF) or marbling deposition without an overall increase in fatness prior to reaching conventional weaning ages  compared to their normal weaned contemporaries harvested at a common 12th rib fat thickness (Longissimus muscle (LM) leading to a greater IMF deposition than normal weaned calves (SI) that prioritizes muscle growth rather than adipogenesis might suppress further upregulation of adipogenic activators and mask potential improvements in MS. In addition, implanting beef cattle with SI has been suggested to decrease the MS due to intramuscular fat dilution via increased LM area  rate (58% of the dry matter [DM] basis) to early-weaned calves will improve the MS compared to feeding diets with a lesser GI rate (35% of the DM basis) to early-weaned calves, and 2) early-weaned steers fed diets with a greater GI rate (58% of the DM basis) that are not implanted with SI after initiating the backgrounding phase will present the greatest MS among treatments. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of different GI rates in diets provided to early-weaned calves and SI utilization after initiating the backgrounding phase on growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers.We hypothesized that 1) feeding diets with a greater grain inclusion  and followed the guidelines recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching .n = 120; initial body weight (BW) = 159 ± 22 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Steers were born from February to April 2021 and suckled their dams while grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures (Festuca arundinacea L.) until the time of early weaning (124 ± 14 d of age) when they were blocked by age (early-born and late-born), stratified by BW, and randomly assigned to one of four treatments . Treatments consisted of early-weaned steers fed either a concentrate-based diet (WSC) with (Hi/Imp) or without (Hi/NI) SI, or a concentrate-based diet with 35% (DM basis) of WSC with (Lo/Imp) or without (Lo/NI) SI. Diets provided to early-weaned calves were formulated to be isoenergetic by increasing the proportion of distillers grains in partial replacement of alfalfa hay and corn grain in the diet with a lesser GI rate. Steers were vaccinated with Ultrachoice 7  and with Autogenous Bacterin Maxi/Guard  at weaning. Steers were housed in pens (7.3 × 37.2 m) that included an area covered by a metal roof (7.3 × 8.5 m) and an outside loafing area (7.3 × 28.6 m). The flooring material under the covered space was comprised of crushed, compacted limestone (screenings), and the outside loafing area was concrete.Angus × SimAngus-crossbred steers  of the concentrate-based diet with a greater or lesser GI rate for 60 d until steers reached conventional weaning ages (208 ± 14 d). After being fed a concentrate-based diet with different GI rates for 60 d, steers were fed a common backgrounding diet for 56 d. Upon finalization of the backgrounding phase, steers were fed a dry rolled corn-based finishing diet for ad libitum intake until reaching harvesting target . Steers were not implanted until the beginning of the backgrounding phase, when they were implanted with Component TE-IS , and then re-implanted when initiating the finishing phase with Component TE-S . Individual feed intake was only collected during the finishing phase through the GrowSafe  feeding systems bunks (0.91 m × 0.53 m × 0.38 m). Steers were adapted to the GrowSafe bunks over a 7-d period prior to transitioning from the backgrounding to the finishing diet. All experimental diets were fortified to provide vitamins and minerals to meet or exceed nutrient requirements . A totalKPH) fat (subjectively estimated), MS, LM area, and yield grade (YG). The USDA assigned YG  was calculated using the USDA regression equation (HCW)) − (0.32 × LM area).Steers were weighed on two consecutive days at the beginning and end of the experiment, and then every 28-d throughout the experiment before the morning feeding without withdrawal from feed and water. Upon reaching the harvesting target BW, steers were transported for 2 h in a commercial truck to a commercial abattoir  for harvest. Carcass data were provided by a USDA grader. Carcasses were chilled for 48 h at −4 °C and posteriorly ribbed between the 12th and 13th ribs to determine 12th rib fat thickness, kidney-pelvic-heart  and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were analyzed using an ANKOM 200 fiber analyzer (ANKOM Technology Corporation) according to the ANKOM Technology methods 5 and 6, respectively. Ether extract (EE) was determined using the ANKOM filter bag analysis system according to procedure AM 5 − 04 (CP) content was calculated as N × 6.25. Starch was analyzed by wet chemistry using the method of Feed ingredient samples were collected biweekly throughout the experiment and frozen at −20 °C. At the end of the experiment, samples were thawed, and equal portions of each ingredient were composited and shipped for nutrient composition analysis . Composite samples were dried and ground through a Wiley mill . Ingredients were analyzed for dry matter by oven-drying (24 h at 105 °C ). Neutral detergent fiber . Growth performance and carcass characteristics were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with pen as the experimental unit. The model was fitted with individual animal data and included the GI rate, SI utilization, and their interaction as fixed effects, as well as the random effects of the block and pen within the block. The initial BW was used as a covariate to account for BW differences at the beginning of the finishing phase and the final BW. The LS-means were separated using the PDIFF and SLICE option of SAS. Significance was declared at P = 0.88) of the GI rate in diets provided to early-weaned calves was observed in the average daily gain (ADG) of steers prior to the beginning of the backgrounding phase. The ADG (± SEM) was 0.75 and 0.74 kg/d for steers fed diets with a greater and lesser GI rate, respectively (± 0.02). No effect . Implanted steers tended to have a greater ADG (P = 0.10) during the finishing phase than non-implanted steers. No other treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.16) for the growth performance parameters.No effect (DMI) often contribute with improvements in growth performance of cattle when implanted with steroidal hormones (G:F) between non-implanted and implanted steers observed herein agrees with previous literature  for the 12th rib fat thickness and the YG, respectively. Implanting steers with SI decreased the 12th rib fat thickness and tended to decrease the YG among steers fed diets with greater GI rates at weaning but not within steers fed diets with lesser GI rates. No other interactions were detected for the HCW, LM area, quality grade (QG), MS, and KPH fat content (P ≥ 0.33). Compared to a greater GI rate, a lesser GI rate in the diet provided to early-weaned calves tended to increase the LM area (P = 0.10). No other treatment effects were observed for the HCW, QG, MS, and KPH fat content (P ≥ 0.18).There was a treatment interaction (IMF tissue to greater GI rates. Alternatively, differences in the GI rates in the diets provided to early-weaned claves in our study were plausibly not wide enough to elicit adipogenic responses in the IMF tissue. Furthermore, it is also possible that intramuscular adipogenesis relies mainly on the energy intake rather than on the type of energy substrate, thus adding more starch to the diet might not be an effective method to differentially promote fat accretion at the intramuscular depot in vivo. In addition, recent studies showing that the IMF tissue uses more acetate as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis when compared with glucose (Our hypothesis that including starch at greater rates during the early weaning phase was going to improve the MS of steers was not confirmed. Results from this experiment disagree with those that reported improvements in MS as a result of feeding starch-based diets to early-weaned calves . Compare glucose  supportsRegarding the effect of SI on carcass characteristics, the use of implants usually decreases the 12th rib fat thickness and MS, and increases the LM area over nonimplanted steers harvested at equal final BW . In the In conclusion, feeding diets with greater inclusion rates of corn grain to early-weaned calves did not lead to improvements in the marbling score of beef steers. However, more divergent starch contents in diets provided to early-weaned calves managed in a nonrestricted feeding regime might be necessary to elicit a differential response of the intramuscular adipose tissue to the type of energy source. Implanting steers with steroidal hormones of lesser anabolic potency at the beginning of the backgrounding phase and subsequent re-implanting with a more potent combination of steroidal hormones had no effect on marbling deposition.


Phalaenopsis species are considered the most important commercially grown orchids. Advances in genetic engineering technology have provided researchers with new tools that can be used along with traditional breeding methods to enhance floral traits and quality. However, the application of molecular techniques for the breeding of new Phalaenopsis species has been relatively rare. In this study, we constructed recombinant plasmids carrying flower color-related genes, Phalaenopsis Chalcone synthase (PhCHS5) and/or Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (PhF3′5′H). These genes were transformed into both Petunia and Phalaenopsis plants using a gene gun or an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based method. Compared with WT, 35S::PhCHS5 and 35S::PhF3′5′H both had deeper color and higher anthocyanin content in Petunia plants. Additionally, a phenotypic comparison with wild-type controls indicated the PhCHS5 or PhF3′5′H-transgenic Phalaenopsis produced more branches, petals, and labial petals. Moreover, PhCHS5 or PhF3′5′H-transgenic Phalaenopsis both showed deepened lip color, compared with the control. However, the intensity of the coloration of the Phalaenopsis lips decreased when protocorms were co-transformed with both PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H. The results of this study confirm that PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H affect flower color in Phalaenopsis and may be relevant for the breeding of new orchid varieties with desirable flowering traits.Flower breeders are continually refining their methods for producing high-quality flowers.  Phalaenopsis hybrida currently the most desired ornamental orchids worldwide. High-quality flowers can enhance the ornamental value of plants, while also promoting the economic growth of the floral industry. Over the past decade, researchers have explored the applicability of genetic engineering for modifying floricultural plants [Phalaenopsis species are excellent model plants for studying the molecular mechanisms regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis because of their natural variations in flower color. The availability of the complete Phalaenopsis equestris genome sequence and some orchid transcriptase gene sequencing data has facilitated the identification of candidate genes [Orchidaceae is the largest angiosperm family, with more than 29,000 species, accounting for 7–10% of all angiosperms. A previous study confirmed that the orchids form one of the largest and most evolved and diverse taxa in the plant kingdom [l plants ,4. Flowel plants . Approxil plants . Floral te genes .CHS genes will directly or indirectly affect anthocyanin biosynthesis and floral coloration [CHS gene of Torenia hybrida was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi), which caused the flowers to change from blue to white or pale colors [In this study, we investigated the key enzymes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by various enzymes, including chalcone synthase (CHS) (EC.2.3.1.74). The production of CHS determines the flavonoid diversity and content in plants, with implications for flower colors and/or patterns . Thus, sloration . In an ee colors . Chalcone colors . Therefoe colors .F3′5′H gene into various flowers, such as roses and carnations, results in delphinidin production, which turns flowers purple or violet [CtA3′5′GT and the Canterbury bells gene CamF3′5′H, which contribute to anthocyanin structural modifications via B-ring hydroxylations and glucosylations, delphinidin-based anthocyanin acumulate to produce blue flowers [F3′5′H gene expression is followed by anthocyanin accumulation. Additionally, F3′5′H activity is positively correlated with the anthocyanin content [F3′5′H gene involved in the synthesis of anthocyanin in blue and fuchsia Phalaenopsis flowers, after which they transferred the gene into a red-flowered Phalaenopsis species. An analysis of the genetically modified flowers revealed that the petals changed from red to purple in 48 h, indicating that the F3′5′H gene can affect anthocyanin biosynthesis [F3′5′H gene into the genome can result in the accumulation of substantial amounts of delphinidin-type anthocyanin [F3′H gene and the insertion of the pansy F3′5′H gene coding region under the control of the rose flower-specific CHS promoter reportedly results in transgenic plants that produce blue flowers [F3′5′H and 5/3′AT genes, which changed the flower color from blue to light blue [Previous research revealed F3′5′H belongs to the CYP75B subfamily of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, and is specifically produced in flowers, wherein it is crucial for the blue coloration of petals . The regr violet . In chry flowers . Enginee flowers . A gene  content ,18. isolhocyanin . For exa flowers . Additioght blue .Phalaenopsis CHS-encoding genes , and confirmed that the PhCHS5 expression level is related to the anthocyanidin accumulation of the petals and lip during the floral pigment accumulation period [PhF3′5′H gene, which is transcribed during a late petal development stage, coinciding with the anthocyanin production in petals [We previously cloned three n period . Addition petals .Petunia hybrida is an important horticultural ornamental plant species, which has long been used as a genetic model system because its rapid growth and obvious biological characteristics make it easy to conduct molecular analyses. Moreover, it is well suited for comparative genomics studies. Thus, P. hybrida has become a useful model plant species for investigating flowers [ flowers .Phalaenopsis genes (PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H) to Petunia, after which the phenotypes and anthocyanin contents of the transgenic plants were analyzed. Additionally, transforming Phalaenopsis with endogenous PhF3′5′H or PhCHS5 showed deepened lip color. However, a co-transformation with both genes resulted in a faded lip color. Moreover, transgenic Phalaenopsis plants transformed with PhCHS5, PhF3′5′H, or PhCHS5 + PhF3′5′H exhibited morphological changes, including increased leaf differentiation and the production of multiple heads and many branches. The characterization of the PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H genes described herein may be important for improving the flower color quality of new varieties of Phalaenopsis and other ornamental plants.In the current study, we transferred the flower color-related PhF3′5′H and PhCHS5, we selected 15 different species for cluster analysis. The result showed that F3′5′Hs from different species are mainly divided into two groups, monocotyledons and dicotyledons  is the first specific enzyme in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, which is an important rate limiting step in the whole flavonoid synthesis pathway. For further study and analysis of tyledons . The phyched 95% .PhCHS5 open reading frame (ORF) with an Xba I restriction site at the 5′ and 3′ ends was generated by PCR as previously described. The amplified 1404-bp PhCHS5 fragment was inserted into the pCAMBIA2301 vector  by PCR  by PCR b. The Phn method c,d. The d rooted e,f. A PC primers g, and thnsformed h.PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H regulate flower color formation, Petunia hybrida was overexpressed with PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H to obtain genetically-modified lines. Compared with WT, PhCHS5-overexpressing lines (PhCHS5-1 and PhCHS5-2) had deeper flower color and higher anthocyanin content  and Phalaenopsis hybrid cv. Formosa roses with white petals are collected from the Vegetable and Horticulture Research Institute of the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Petunia was cultivated at a temperature of 24–26 °C with light for 16 h and dark for 8 h, the relative humidity is maintained at 74%, and the light intensity is 5000 lux. Phalaenopsis was cultured at a temperature of 18–20 °C with light for 16 h and dark for 8 h with a light intensity of 2500 lux and a relative humidity maintained at 80%.Phalaenopsis hybrid (Formosa rosa) were selected as materials, and the leaves outside the axillary buds were carefully peeled off and cut into 1 cm stem segments. Soak in soapy water and wash it many times. Rinse in running tap water and dry. It was immersed and sterilized by 5% NaClO on a clean bench for 15 min, and then rinsed 6 times with sterile water. The materials are cultured in the culture room after being inoculated into the sterilized medium. Medium formulation of induction and differentiation were shown in The well-grown shoot segments of PhCHS5 is 5′GCTCTAGAGGAGAGGGAGTTAATGGC3′ and the 3′end reverse primer is 5′GCATTTTGTGGTTTTATTGGACT3′ (Xba I linker is added to both ends of the forward primer and reverse primer). The forward primer for the 5′end of PhF3′5′H is 5′CCGCTCGAGATGTCCATCTTCCTCATCATCACACACACCC3′, and the reverse primer at the 3′end of PhF3′5′H is 5′GAAGATCTTCAAACAACCCCATACGCCGCCG3′ (with Bgl II restriction site) . Afterwards, the PCR products of PhCHS5 and the pCAMBIA2301 vector were double-digested with Xba I, Xho I; the PCR products of PhF3′5′H and the pCAMBIA2301 vector were double-digested with Xho I, Bgl II.PCR was performed using forward primers for the 5′end of Petunia leaves were cut into 0.8 × 0.8 cm (1 cm) squares, placed in MS0 solution containing Agrobacterium for infection, and incubated in the dark on MS1 at 22 °C for three days [By transgenic leaf discs, ree days . Afterwa→ mula, Kan 25 mg/mL + Cef 250 mg/mL (MS2) or Kan 25 mg/mL + Cef 500 mg/mL (MS3) were added respectively.Differentiation medium (MS1) formulation: MS, 6-BA 1 mg/L, NAA 0.1 mg/L, plant gel concentration 0.25%, sucrose final concentration 3%, pH 6.0. Differentiation liquid medium (MS0) formulation is without plant gel concentration. Rooting medium formulation: 1/2MS, plant gel concentration 0.25%, sucrose final concentration 3%, pH 5.8. Resistance screening medium formulation: on the basis of normal differentiation and rooting medium for Phalaenopsis were cut into pieces and pre-cultured in a 60 mm Petri dish containing YD3 medium . Make several holes in the protocom used for transgene. The protocol was placed in the bacterial solution, and the bacteria were shaken for 30 min. Appropriately remove excess bacteria. The protocom was clamped to YD3 see  solid mePut the petals in liquid nitrogen and grind thoroughly. Add 1 mL of the prepared acidic methanol (methanol: HCl = 24:1) to each test tube and let it shake well on the shaker. To disperse petal fragments. At 4 °C and 100 rpm, the vibrator vibrates for 2 days, during which it vibrates twice on the vibrator. After that, the anthocyanin content was measured, and the atmosphere was diluted to 2 mL with 800 mL, and then the absorbance of A530 and A657 was measured with a spectrophotometer to calculate the anthocyanin content (U/g).Kan gene was used in PCR to screen transgenic strains, designing primers based on its genetic sequences, The forward primer for the 5′end of Kan is 5′ATTTTCTCCCAATCAGGCTTGATCC3′, and the reverse primer at the 3′end of Kan is 5′CACCTATGATGTGGAACGGGAAAAG3′. DNA extraction was performed by the method [e method . After tt-test analysis and the Dumcans multiplerenge test method.The date including anthocyanin content, rate of protocorm and branch number was used in CHS5 and F3′5′H are key enzymes contributing to anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants, with crucial regulatory functions related to plant coloration. To date, the effects of CHS and F3′5′H genes on plant colors have mostly been investigated in Rosa rugosa Thunb and Petunia hybrida Vilm [Phalaenopsis species have coincided with increasing molecular research on these important orchids. However, these species have not been as well characterized as some other widely grown crops, including rice and corn. In China, much of the relevant research currently involves Phalaenopsis tissue cultures, but there are few reports describing research on the genetic basis of flower coloration [Both ida Vilm . Due to loration .F3′5′H gene has been studied by several researchers. For example, the overexpression of the violet F3′5′H gene in Rosa chinensis ‘Lavande’ increased the delphinidin accumulation by up to 44.2% [Campanula F3′5′H gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter [Phalaenopsis F3′5′H gene in lily flowers caused the petals to change from pink to blue [F3′5′H gene have been commercialized globally [PhF3′5′H-transformed Petunia were relatively intense , which may explain their inability to synthesize anthocyanin or their production of only colorless anthocyanin. However, our analysis of the flowers of Phalaenopsis plants transformed with both PhCHS5 and PhF3′5′H revealed a deepening of the lip color, indicative of the accumulation of colored anthocyanin in the lip  regulating the pH of petals have been identified [TgVit1 gene and its homolog in Centaurea cyanus (CcVit) encode vacuolar iron transporters, which promote the accumulation of iron ions in the vacuole, resulting in blue petals [Phalaenopsis species requires a more thorough elucidation of the underlying mechanism. The data derived from recent whole-genome sequencing efforts may provide a solid foundation for future comprehensive analyses of the mechanism mediating the formation of floral patterns. Additionally, like other non-model plant species, many ornamental plants are associated with specific problems adversely affecting molecular research, including a low genetic transformation efficiency, a long juvenile stage, the development of abnormal petals, and substantial variability in transgene expression. These problems must be overcome to facilitate the generation of new commercially valuable flower varieties. Our study findings described herein may provide the basis for future research on Phalaenopsis floral coloration, specifically regarding the effects of PhF3′5′H and PhCHS5 on lip color.In the current study, the application of exogenous and endogenous genes to synthesize anthocyanin was insufficient for enhancing the petal coloration of white  flowers ,30. Thusentified . Under ae petals . Changes


Gisbert et al. Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-023-42022-x (2023)1 determined a range of viscosities of basanite magma erupted from Tajogaite volcano. Their measurements involve calibrated, hours-long experiments that reached steady-state viscosity plateaus. These hard data are useful for understanding eruptive phenomena that occurred within a specified timeframe (11/14/2021–11/25/2021) in November, 2021, directly on and near (<500 m) Tajogaite’s eruptive cone. As Castro and Feisel1 conclude, the freshly emergent magma’s odd hydrodynamic behavior was in part controlled by its ultralow viscosity. Castro and Feisel1 do not apply their results to processes at more distal locations, even though their experiments in the low temperature realm  do provide additional constraints on the physical properties of extensively crystallized distal lavas.Castro and Feisel2 claim that the viscosity of freshly erupted magma at Tajogaite in November, 2021 was higher than the results of Castro and Feisel1 indicate. Their reasons include: (1) magma erupted at a lower T than geothermobarometers indicate; (2) magma contained less H2O than indicated by hygrometer-based estimates; (3) compositional differences between contemporaneous tephra and lava stemming from aerial fractionation; and 4) near-vent lavas were more crystalline than tephra. Here we address the accuracy and applicability of these comments to Castro and Feisel’s1 results.In their comment, Gisbert et al.1. This range of average values incorporates cpx rims and cores, with values of rims defining the lower-T (1160–1170 °C) and cores the higher-T (~1200 °C) range. However, the range is also underpinned by cpx microphenocryst-rim and groundmass-microlite data that were provided in the Supplementary Information of Castro and Feisel1. These data, along with their measurement variance, indeed indicate high temperatures that overlap with values of microphenocryst cores. For example, cpx microlites yield a temperature spectrum (~1169 ± 26 °C) that overlaps with cpx-microphenocryst core values (~1200 ± 23 °C)1. Thus, Castro and Feisel’s1 results do indicate plausible eruption temperatures of ~1150–1200 °C.Clinopyroxene (cpx) microphenocryst – glass compositional data from tephra yield a range of permissible eruption temperatures (T ~ 1150–1200 °C)2 contend that only the low, average cpx-rim temperature (1150 °C) is appropriate for viscosity calculations. They have ignored higher, cpx-rim and matrix-microlite-derived temperatures reported in Castro and Feisel1. However, these data are equally valid, and important for defining the full range of plausible eruption temperatures and estimated viscosities1.Gisbert et al.2 assert that eruption temperatures at the vent may have been even lower than ~1150 °C. They cite a field-based lava temperature measurement (1140 °C). This datum is presented without indication of: 1) date and time; 2) location; 3) measurement method; and 4) instrument calibration and error. These details do not appear in the references they cite. Clearly, this information is necessary to validate the inference that lower eruptive temperatures are more realistic and applicable to the exact near-vent eruption phases addressed by Castro and Feisel1. Most importantly, the locations and timing of flows on which the cited temperature measurements were made must be comparable, if not identical, to the near-vent positions and times of the flows chronicled by Castro and Feisel1. This is because measurements made on lavas that are more distal than those described by Castro and Feisel1 will yield relatively lower temperatures due to the lavas’ longer run-out distances and travel times, and commensurate cooling. In the absence of field measurement details proving that near-vent lava was cooler, we consider this argument unjustified.Gisbert et al.2 suggest that the magma cooled during ascent in the conduit. Castro and Feisel’s1 data cannot thoroughly test this idea, however, it is reasonable to posit that the conduit system at the time of their study—approximately two months into the eruption—was thermally evolved. Magma ascent rates, if rapid, would additionally preclude significant conductive cooling upon ascent3. Strong fire fountaining 1, along with plausible growth rates (~0.03 µm s−1) constrained by experiments1, could also signal very short crystal growth and residence times in the conduit, indirectly implicating fast magma rise. Further to this point, if the relatively high implied storage pressures (7–10 kbar) and commensurate depths estimates  that derive from the geothermometry on these crystals hold1, then very rapid ascent  is required to explain the crystals’ small size. Errors on pressure estimates are however large (±2 kbar)1, and thus, it is also possible that the microlites grew very late in the magma’s ascent path. In either case—deep versus shallow origin of microlites—the temperatures they record offer robust snapshots of the magma’s thermal properties during its supply and eruption, thereby defining the range of eruption temperatures (1150–1200 °C).Gisbert et al.2, is inaccurate. Castro and Feisel1 made no statements or inferences to this effect. Rather, they provided detailed descriptions of eruptive activity that marked the formation of new vents emitting extremely fast and fluid lava.Finally, Gisbert et al.’s statement: “with the additional suggestion that eruptive temperatures of effusive lavas were higher”1 estimated magmatic H2O contents (~0.8 wt. H2O) in order to define lower-bound viscosities in the framework of their experiments . They concluded that in the case that the magma was even slightly hydrous1, viscosities of freshly emergent magma would be much lower (just tens of Pa sec) than dry magma.Castro and Feisel2 indicate that H2O degassing should occur in equilibrium to low pressure. Therefore, lavas should emerge relatively dry and viscous. While this may be accurate for slow effusion driven by low magma decompression rates6, this was not the case during energetic phases of activity at Tajogaite, including the sudden increase in lava flux from the principle cone on 25 November 20214. This episode of heightened activity produced a tall . As lava fountains portend both elevated magmatic H2O and high flux7, this activity manifests a supply system in the throes of erupting magma that was likely ‘wetter’ than typical effusive basalts. As there are no direct measurements or sample-based analyses of H2O in products from the lava fountain, we must divine this magma’s water content another way. The maximum dissolved magmatic H2O depends on the lava fountain’s outlet pressure, which can be estimated from fountain height9. The 25 November 2021 fountain  distal locations (~12.7 km). These tephras compositionally overlap with one another, and with glass inclusions1. Importantly, the tephras compositionally overlap with the most primitive  lava analyzed in ref. 11. Gisbert et al.2 contend that crystal winnowing could have offset tephra compositions from lava, thus making Castro and Feisel’s1 use of tephra sub-optimal for rheometry experiments. Winnowing should result in higher SiO2 in tephra compared to lava11. If aerial fractionation was important during the transport of tephra, then not only would Castro and Feisel’s tephra compositions1 plot in more-evolved space with respect to lavas11, but proximal and distal tephras should also be compositionally offset, owing to their disparate transport distances. Neither of these indicators exists in Castro and Feisel’s data1; we conclude that winnowing was not a factor, and Castro and Feisel’s use of tephras for rheometry experiments is both optimal and entirely justified. Finally, in the event that co-erupted lavas were indeed more primitive, then Castro and Feisel’s viscosities1 are maximum values.Castro and Feisel2 speculate that the proximal lavas described by Castro and Feisel1 contained more crystals than tephras due to higher crystallization degrees and no crystal depletion from winnowing effects in the lavas. Their inference of higher near-vent lava crystallinity is based on textural measurements made on lava samples 2 that were erupted outside of the relevant eruption timeframe 1, and that were collected in very distal (>5 km) locations 2, in contrast to the proximal positioning of flow and fountain activity addressed in Castro and Feisel (lavas ≤500 m from vent)1. Owing to these discrepancies, none of Gisbert et al.’s2 samples are one-to-one spatial and temporal proxies for the freshly emergent, supercritical lavas described by Castro and Feisel1. Their measurements on distal lava samples furthermore record advanced textural development resulting from very long (days) cooling and crystallization histories. Gisbert et al. provide no details or rationale for how they differentiate the effects of drawn-out surface flow crystallization from the inherent crystallinities that these lavas would have had at the time of their emergence from the vent2. Thus, their samples and measurements are a faulty basis for comparison to near-vent, rapidly quenched materials.Gisbert et al.2 cannot prove that the near-vent lavas were more crystalline than tephras erupted during the time period of activity covered by Castro and Feisel1. Video analysis of the activity during that time1 indicates vigorous, fast-moving lavas within a half kilometer of the vent 1 and proximity to the vent, which equates to a very abbreviated cooling and crystallization period. Castro and Feisel’s analysis indicates low tephra crystallinities (~6–16 vol.%)1 and no evidence of crystal loss in the form of a geochemical trend revealing an offset from primitive lavas11. We maintain that is is possible that lavas of equivalent low crystallinity to the tephras erupted at that time.Most importantly, Gisbert et al.’s distal lava flow data2 coincide with Castro and Feisel’s data in the low-temperature, high-crystallinity range , validating some of Castro and Feisel’s ancillary findings1. However, Gisbert et al.’s assessment is only based on some, but not all of the data and eruption evidence in Castro and Feisel1, not to mention the new physical evidence we have provided in this reply (Fig. 1. Effective hazard assessments of mafic eruptions13 must implement objective analysis of all potential parameter values and observed eruption phenomena. We conclude that Gisbert et al.’s analysis does not accurately portray the full spectrum of magmatic properties and eruption behaviors at Tajogaite1.Gisbert et al.’s viscosity estimates