Stylophoronychus is a small genus of six species that belongs to the tribe Aponychini which was reinstated as a valid taxon containing three genera . Here, a new species Stylophoronychus wangaePan, Jin & Yi sp. nov. from Majiang Country, Guizhou Province, China  is described based on the deutonymph and adults. Two species, S. guangzhouensis  and S. lalli  are considered junior synonyms of S. vannus . The taxonomy of the genus Stylophoronychus is reviewed and the studies on its ontogenetic development are discussed.The spider mite family Tetranychidae includes 85 genera and more than 1300 species worldwide, and is the group of phytophagous mites that has the greatest impact on the agricultural economy. Stylophoronychus, S. baghensis  and S. guangzhouensis , have been recorded in China. Herein we describe a new species Stylophoronychus wangaePan, Jin & Yi sp. nov. based on characteristics of the deutonymphs and adults. The synonym of S. guangzhouensis  and S. lalli  with S. vannus  is proposed. A redescription of S. vannus  based on the adults of both sexes, deutonymphs and a protonymph is given. The ontogenetic changes of leg chaetotaxy in two species are given and discussed. The updated key to the species of Stylophoronychus of the world is provided.Only two species of the genus  Stylophoronychus belongs to the tribe Aponychini of the subfamily Tetranychinae and contains six species  [Bambusa spp., with the exception of S. insularis which has been reported only from Araliaceae sp. in the Ethiopian realm [Stylophoronychus was originally erected as the subgenus of Aponychus by Prasad to accommodate S. baghensis based on two strong lobes of the stylophore [Stylophoronychus were reclassified based on this character [The genus  vannus) ,2,3,4. Man realm ,3,5. Styylophore ,6. Laterylophore  to the gharacter ,7. For mharacter .Stylophoronychus guangzhouensis is endemic to China and resembles S. vannus and S. lalli [Stylophoronychus and one species of Aponychus. Zhang et al. [Stylophoronychus. They considered A. bambusae a junior synonym of S. vannus while S. guangzhouensis (not examined), S. lalli and S. vannus were separate and valid species. There is a slight difference in the shape of setae h1 being more palmate in S. vannus in comparison to the relatively slimmer shape observed in S. lalli and S. guangzhouensis. After performing a comparative analysis of the morphological characters of five species  of the genus (not S. insularis and S. nakaoi), we consider S. guangzhouensis and S. lalli to be junior synonyms of S. vannus. We examined Ma’s collection of S. guangzhouensis  which included 13 females, six males, and five deutonymphs from Jinghong City, Yunnan Province. We also examined new collections of S. guangzhouensis collected by Tian-Ci Yi from leaves of Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Fenzi) Makino in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province which included one protonymph, one deutonymph and six females. In addition, specimens of S. vannus from six collections that include one paratype female, two females, three males and one paratype female of S. lalli, and two paratype females of S. baghensis borrowed from the USNM, were compared and studied. S. lalli ,2,5,8,9.g et al.  conducteS. vannus and a deutonymph and adults of S. wangaesp. nov. were collected and reared to examine the ontogenetic development and provide a description of the immature stages of these species.The ontogenetic development of leg chaetotaxy in spider mites having one pair of duplex setae on tarsus I, which is rare, is poorly known. To reach a better understanding of this genus, a protonymph, deutonymphs and adults of v2 to h1, while width was measured from the center of the setal base of c1 to c3. The measurements are presented for the holotype followed by the range of paratypes in parentheses. Morphological terminology follows that of Lindquist [The mite specimens studied were examined using a Leica DM 5000B microscope with differential interference contrast. Line drawings were prepared with the aid of a drawing tube attached to the microscope. Photographs were taken under oil immersion using a camera (Nikon DS-Ri 2) attached to the microscope (Nikon Ni E). Measurements were obtained using software (Nikon NIS Elements AR 4.50) and are provided in micrometers (µm). Length of the idiosoma was measured from the center of the setal base of indquist . These three species were compared based on the following characteristics: (1) Idiosoma. The body shapes of the adult females for all three species have the idiosoma nearly oblong, slightly longer than wide, and margins on both sides approximately parallel .e1 subequal and less than the distance between their bases to distinguish among the three species, but this character is unreliable. According to Hernandes and Feres [h1 is the only character that can distinguish these three species reliably but only when a large series of specimens is examined. However, after examining 19 female specimens of S. guangzhouensis, we found the shape of setae h1 is variable, ranging between spatulate, fan-like or palmate. S. guangzhouensis shares the shapes of h1 setae with the other two species. This variation of the shape of h1 is most likely intraspecific polymorphism and cannot be used as a character to distinguish the three species.2) Dorsal setae. For the three species shown in  Dorsal sS. guangzhouensis, S. lalli and S. vannus have a protuberance on the hysterosomal median that arched upward, shaped like the outline of butterfly wings, densely covered with irregular patterns of circles or the fusion of many circles ((3) Patterns of hysterosomal median protuberance.  circles . S. guangzhouensis, S. lalli and S. vannus have a nearly square bulge on the prodorsal median area with a conspicuous pattern of highly wrinkled ornamentation that resembles a brain cortex (described by Hernandes and Feres) ((4) Patterns of integument on medial prodorsum. d Feres) . S. guangzhouensis, S. lalli and S. vannus ((5) Stylophore. There are similar apicodorsal granulations on the two strong lobes of the stylophore with a median convex area in . vannus . S. vannus were examined, and one paratype female shows 6-6(1) on tarsus III–IV, while the other two females show 7-7(1). Leg chaetotaxy of tarsus III–IV in S. guangzhouensis is more variable.(6) Leg chaetotaxy. Females of the three species have the same legs chaetotaxy I–IV (eupathidia and solenidia in parentheses): trochanters 1-1-1-1; femora 6-5-3-1; genua 1-1-1-1; tibiae 3(1)-1-1-1; tarsi 7(3)(2)-7(3)(1)-6-6(0)(1). However, the leg chaetotaxy shows an intraspecific polymorphism for the three species. Three females of S. guangzhouensis, S. lalli and S. vannus are considered to be synonymous, the latter species having priority. The variations on tarsus III–IV of Stylophoronychus vannus as shown in Based on the above common typical characteristics analysis, Family Tetranychidae DonnadieuSubfamily Tetranychinae BerleseTribe Aponychini Rimando & Corpuz-RarosStylophoronychus Prasad, 1975Genus Aponychus vannus Rimando, 1968Aponychus (Stylophoronychus) vannus (Rimando); Prasad, 1975Stylophoronychus vannus (Rimando); Meyer, 1987RedescriptionFigure 19n = 23) Adult female , and bears setae d1 and e1. Dorsum . Idiosomv2 31–39, sc1 30–40 and sc2 44–56. Distances between setal bases: v2–v2 79–87, sc1–sc1 111–127, sc2–sc2 224–239. Prodorsum with a pattern resulting in highly wrinkled ornamentation on those transverse ridges.Prodorsum with three pairs of palmate to spatulate setae, covered with short longitudinally aligned spinules, c1–3, d1–2, e1–2, f2, h1–3), f1 absent and f2 marginally positioned. Setae c1, c3, d1 and e1 elongate palmate to long linear, c2 much shorter than other dorsal setae, about as long as one third of seta c1; e2, f2 and h1 palmate or spatulate. Setae h2–3 of differing morphology, similar to other ventral setae and inserted posteroventrally. Seta c1 slightly longer than the distance to setae d1. Seta d1 shorter than the distance to seta e1. Length of setae: c1 58–78, c2 24–29, c3 50–65, d1 60–76, d2 34–51, e1 59–72, e2 43–48, f2 40–47, h1 37–42, h2 18–27, h3 15–25. Distances between setal bases: c1–c1 39–53, c2–c2 120–133, c3–c3 272–280, d1–d1 85–100, d2–d2 233–248, e1–e1 76–90, e2–e2 154–171, f2–f2 104–130, h1–h1 38–64, c1–d1 59–76, d1–e1 79–91, e1–f2 59–86, f2–h1 25–28. Hysterosoma dorsally with a pattern may be resulting in highly wrinkled ornamentation that somewhat round convex on protuberances, oblique wide ridges laterally, and opisthosoma dorsally with longitudinal ridges.Hysterosoma with 11 pairs of setae , two pairs of smooth genital setae (g1–2). Length of setae: 1a 19–22, 3a 18–23, 4a 14–21, ag 13–17, g1 25–36, g2 25–35, ps1 11–15. Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 19–28, 3a–3a 37–46, 4a–4a 80–92, ag–ag 20–25, g1–g1 25–32, g2–g2 48–63, ps1–ps1 16–44.Venter A. Striaem smooth, 18–19 in length. Palp setation and notation as shown in e). Palptarsus: terminal eupathidium (suζ) club-like with blunt tip end, 4.4–5.9 long, two lateral eupathidia, ul′ζ 4.4–5.8 and ul″ζ 4.3–5.3 long, one solenidion (ω) 2.9–4 long; three short, smooth, tactile setae .Gnathosoma B,C. Stylω′ 8–9, one additional ventral solenidion (vω) at the same transverse level with u setae, 10–14 long, tectal seta (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae on tarsus I; tibia I with one solenidion φ 10–12 long; tarsus II without duplex setae, solenidion ω″ 10–13 long, tectal seta (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae; tarsus III without solenidion, tectal setae paired; tarsus IV with one proximal solenidion ω′ 6–7 long, tectal setae paired. Number of tactile setae on leg (I–IV) segments: trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 6-5-3-1, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 3-1-1-1, tarsus 7-7-6 (or 7) -6 (or 7). Number of eupathidia on tarsus I–IV: 3-3-0-0. Legs I–IV setation and notation as shown in Legs A–D. Empou′, u″, ft′, ft″, pv′, pv″) on both right and left tarsus III; six  with seven tactile setae  on both right and left tarsus III; three  with seven tactile setae on right tarsus III and six tactile setae on left; one (from Guangdong Province China)with six tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) on right tarsus III and six tactile setae on left; one  with seven tactile setae on left tarsus III and unknown the right side due to the broken tarsus III. Among 23 adult females, 15  with six tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) on both right and left tarsus IV; four  with seven tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) on both right and left tarsus IV; two  with seven tactile setae and one solenidion on left tarsus IV and six tactile setae and one solenidion on right; one  with seven tactile setae on left tarsus IV and six tactile setae and one solenidion on right; one  with six tactile setae and one solenidion on left tarsus IV and unknown the right side due to the broken tarsus IV. The variations in the setal count of tarsus III and IV are here considered intraspecific in nature, and attributed to the geographical position of the samples and different host plant species. In order to express the ontogenetic development of leg chaetotaxy conveniently, tarsus III with six tactile setae and tarsus IV with six tactile setae and one solenidion are regarded as normal setal count.Number of tactile setae on Tarsus III–IV varies among specimens, and differs between right and left legs in the same specimen . Among 2l1 on femur I, pair v1 on tarsus I, pair l1 on femur II, pair v1 on tarsus II, v′ on trochanter III, v′ and l′1 on femur III, l′ on genua III, v′ on trochanter IV, l″ on genua IV and ω′ on tarsus IV. According to the normal ontogenetic setal additions for the family [v′1 on tarsus I suppressed on protonymph stage, v″1 on tarusus I, v′1 on tarsus II, v′ on trochanter III and IV, l on genua III and IV are suppressed on deutonymph stage. Setal counts (solenidion in parentheses following tactile setae) on legs I–IV are: femora 6-5-3-1, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 3(1)-1-1-1, tarsus 7(2)-7(1)-6(0)-6(1). There is a significant amount of setal suppression on the legs in this species, with a total of 15 setae being added to the legs in the adult female stage of this species: pair e family , seven on = 9)Male , similar in shape to prodorsal setae, except with setae h2–3 of differing morphology, similar to other ventral setae and inserted posterodorsally. Seta c2 slightly shorter than other dorsal setae. Dorsal central setae  much shorter than the distance to setae in the next setal row. Length of setae: c1 17–19, c2 13–15, c3 24–26, d1 16–18, d2 19–20, e1 13–16, e2 20–22, f2 21–26, h1 17–23, h2 13–23, h3 13–16. Distances between setal bases: c1–c1 21–25, d1–d1 37–40, e1–e1 25–25, f2–f2 57–59, h1–h1 28–31. Hysterosoma dorsally with irregular fine granulate, except for band of transverse striae between paired c1 and d1. Hysterosoma with 11 pairs of setae  club-like with sharp tip end, 2.8–3 long, two lateral eupathidia, ul′ζ 5–6 and ul″ζ 5–7 long, one solenidion (ω) 3–5 long; three short, smooth, tactile setae . Gnathosoma B–D. Stylω′ 12–14, ω″1 8–11 long, one additional ventral solenidion (vω) at the same level with u setae, 13–16 long, tectal setae (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae on tarsus I; tibia I with four solenidion, φ 12–13, φ′ 8–9, φ″ 6–8, φ″1 8–10 long; tarsus II without duplex setae, solenidion ω″ 11–14 long, tectal setae (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae; tibia II with two solenidion, φ′ 8–9, φ″ 8–9 long, tarsus III with one solenidion ω′ 7–9, tc paired; tarsus IV with one proximal solenidion ω′ 7–9 long, tc paired. Number of tactile setae on leg (I–IV) segments: trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 6-5-3-1, genua 2-2-1-1, tibiae 3-1-1-1, tarsus 7-7-7-7. Number of eupathidia on tarsus I–V: 3-3-0-0. Legs I–IV setation and notation as shown in Legs A–D. Empou′, u″, ft′, ft″, pv′, pv″, v′1) and one solenidion (ω′) on both right and left tarsus III; one  with eight tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) on both right and left tarsus III; one  with eight tactile setae and one solenidion on left and seven tactile and one solenidion on right. Among nine adult males, four  with six tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) on both right and left tarsus IV; three  with 7 tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) on both right and left tarsus IV; and two  with eight tactile  and one solenidion (ω′) on right Tarsus IV and seven tactile setae and one solenidion on left. The variations in the setal count of tarsus III and IV are here considered intraspecific in nature, and attributed to the geographical position of the samples and different host plant species. In order to express the ontogenetic development of leg chaetotaxy conveniently, tarsus III–IV with seven tactile setae and one solenidion are regarded as normal setal counts. The number of tactile setae on tarsus III and tarsus IV varies among specimens, and differs between right and left legs in the same specimen. Among nine adult males, seven  with seven tactile setae -1(2)-1-1, tarsus 7(3)-7(1)-7(1)-7(1). The male adds four more tactile setae to legs than the dose for the female, accurately, v′ on Genua I and II suppressed in larva stage, v′1 on tarsus I suppressed on protonymph stage, and v″1, ω″1 on tarusus I, v′1 on tarsus II, v′ on trochanter III and IV, l′ on genua III and IV, and ω′ on tarsus III are suppressed on deutonymph stage. Tarsus III in male of S. vannus does not express standard adult seta v′1, replaced by v″1.A total of 26 setae were added to the legs in the adult male stage of this species, and 11 additional setae are delayed additions: Aedeagus A,B. Aeden = 6)Deutonymph , similar in shape to prodorsal setae, except with setae h2–3 of differing morphology, similar to other ventral setae and inserted posteroventrally. Seta c2 much shorter than other dorsal setae. Dorsal central setae  shorter than the distance to setae in the next setal row. Length of setae: c1 27–30, c2 13–15, c3 24–26, d1 62–68, d2 25–25, e1 24–27, e2 26–29, f2 25–26, h1 22–25, h2 12–13, h3 14–15. Distances between setal bases: c1–c1 26–32, d1–d1 40–42, e1–e1 26–34, f2–f2 51–61, h1–h1 33–34. Hysterosoma dorsally with irregular fine granulate, except for band of transverse striae between paired c1 and d1, and oblique broken striae on opisthosoma.Hysterosoma with 11 pairs of setae  and one pair of smooth genital setae (g1). Length of setae: 1a 12–15, 3a 11–16, 4a 9–10, ag 9–11, g1 9–10, ps1 7–7. Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 26–31, 3a–3a 40–47, 4a–4a 54–58, ag–ag 10–10.Venter. Striae mostly transverse. All ventral setae thin and smooth. Setae m smooth, 13–16 in length. Length of setae on palptarsus: suζ 3–3.4, ul′ζ 4.8–6, ul″ζ 5.5–7, ω 2–2.8.Gnathosoma . Stylophft′ and ω′ separated, solenidion ω′ 5–6, one additional ventral solenidion (vω) at the same level with u setae, 7–10 long, tectal seta (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae on tarsus I; tibia I with one solenidion 5–8 long; tarsus II without duplex setae, solenidion ω″ 8–10 long, tectal seta (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae; and tarsus III and tarsus IV without solenidion. Number of tactile setae on leg (I–IV) segments: trochanters 1-1-1-0, femora 4-3-1-1, genua 1-1-0-0, tibiae 3-1-1-1, tarsus 5-5-6-6. Number of eupathidia on tarsus I–V: 3-3-0-0. Legs I–IV setation and notation as shown in Legs A–D. Empol′ is added to femur I. v′ on trochanter I–III, respectively. A total of 50 setae are suppressed on legs I–IV in the deutonymphal stage of this species: two on femur I, four on genua I, four on tibia I, eight on tarsus I, four on genua II, four on tibia II, three on tarsus II, one on femur III, three on genua III, four on tibia III, three on tarsus III, one on femur IV, three on genua IV, four on tibia IV, and two on tarsus IV.Four setae are added to the legs of the deutonymph of this species during ontogeny: n = 1)Protonymph , similar in shape to prodorsal setae, except with setae h2–3 is of differing morphology, similar to other ventral setae and inserted posteroventrally. Seta c2 much shorter than other dorsal setae. Dorsal central setae  slightly longer than the distance to setae in the next setal row. Length of setae: c1 43, c2 22, c3 34, d1 42, d2 44, e1 37, e2 38, f2 30, h1 29, h2 12, h3 10. Distances between setal bases: c1–c1 29, d1–d1 48, e1–e1 35, f2–f2 63, h1–h1 36. Hysterosoma dorsally with irregular fine granulate, except for band of transverse striae between paired c1 and d1, narrow band of transverse striae between d1 and e1, and oblique broken striae on opisthosoma.Hysterosoma with 11 pairs of setae . Length of setae: 1a 13, 3a 33, ag 11, ps1 7. Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 24, 3a–3a 33, ag–ag 11.Venter. Striae mostly transverse. All ventral setae thin and smooth. Setae m smooth, 12 in length. Length of setae on palptarsus: suζ 3.6, ul′ζ 5.6, ul″ζ 6.7, ω 2.Gnathosoma . Stylophft′ and ω′ separated, solenidion ω′ 5, one additional ventral solenidion (vω) at the same level with u setae, 8 long, tectal seta (tc′) unpaired, thicker than other tactile setae on tarsus I; tibia I with one solenidion φ 7 long; tarsus II without duplex setae, solenidion ω″ 6 long, tectal seta (tc′), thicker than other tactile setae; tarsus III and tarsus IV without solenidion. Number of tactile setae on leg (I–IV) segments: trochanters 0-0-0-0, femora 3-3-1-1, genua 1-1-0-0, tibiae 3-1-1-1, tarsus 5-5-6-6. Number of eupathidia on tarsus I–V: 3-3-0-0. Legs I–IV setation and notation as shown in Legs A–D. Empotc″) to tarsus I–II and ω′ to tarsus I, as is normal for the family. A total of 34 setae are suppressed on legs I–IV in the larval-protonymphal stage of this species: three on genua I, two on tibia I, four on tarsus I, three on genua II, four on tibia II, two on tarsus II, one on femur III, two on genua III, four on tibia III, two on tarsus III, one on femur IV, two on genua IV, and four on tibia IV.As we do not have the larva to examine, we cannot determine which setae are added to the legs in the protonymph, although based on what is already known for the ontogenetic setal additions for the family, it would appear that the protonymph maintains the larval chaetotaxy on femora I–IV, genua I–IV, tibiae I–IV and tarsus III–IV, adding only the tectal .Etymology. The name of the new species is named after the late Professor Huifu Wang in honor of her contributions to Acarology in China.DescriptionFigure 36n = 15)Female , seta v2 spatulate, on two slightly developed anterior lobes, two times as long as wide, more than twice as long as sc1, seta sc1 smaller, fan-shaped; setae sc2 set on strong tubercles, linear, all covered with short barbs; v2 26 (25–30), sc1 14 (12–15), sc2 59 (50–62), v2–v2 87 (81–90), sc1–sc1 129 (120–129), sc2–sc2 244 (222–244).Dorsum . Body obc1, d1 and e1, oblique wide ridges laterally, full of irregular wrinkles and finely granulated; the dorsocentral setae  long linear, similar in shape to sc2, the dorsolateral setae  are greatly different in morphology and size, setae c2 and d2 spatulate but the former smaller, seta e2 long linear; setae e2, f2, h1 are nearly the same length and similar in shape to the dorsocentral setae. The length of dorsal central setae  is equal to or longer than the distances between the seta and the next setal row . Length of dorsal setae: c1 68 (53–68), c2 13 (11–13), c3 62 (54–62), d1 66 (56–72), d2 19 (15–23), e1 56 (45–57), e2 61 (52–61), f2 57 (53–62), h1 58 (48–58); distance between dorsal setae: c1–c1 39 (39–47), c2–c2 168 (151–175), c3–c3 277 (251–277), d1–d1 54 (41–54), d2–d2 221 (206–230), e1–e1 42 (35–44), e2–e2 165 (150–165), f2–f2 115 (99–115), h1–h1 60 (53–60), c1–d1 53 (39–53), d1–e1 61 (41–67), e2–f2 118 (103–120), e1–h1 40 (33–40).Hysterosomal dorsum with convex bulge that bears setae 1a, 3a and 4a shorter than distance between their bases, respectively. Coxal setal count 2-1-1-1, one pair of anal setae (ps1), two pairs of genital setae (g1–2). Length of ventral setae: 1a 18 (16–20), 3a 22 (12–23), 4a 15 (15–19), 1b 25 (23–28), 1c 28 (26–31), 2b 22 (17–28), 3b 17 (17–28), 4b 26 (22–26); distance between intercoxal and coxae setae: 1a–1a 22 (21–27), 3a–3a 59 (55–67), 4a–4a 82 (53–82); aggenital setae: ag 13 (9–15), ag–ag 17 (17–21); genital setae: g1 31 (29–31), g2 40 (34–40), g1–g1 25 (24–28), g2–g2 55 (49–55); anal setae one pair: ps1 14 (10–14), ps1–ps1 28 (18–28); para-anal setae two pairs h2 31 (25–32), h3 32 (27–32), h2–h2 57 (28–57), h3–h3 77 (48–77).Venter . Striae m smooth, 19 (14–19) in length. m–m 34 (31–34). Palp setation and notation as shown in suζ) elongate, blunt tipped, 4.4 (3.5–5.8) in length, 2.4 (2.2–2.9) in width; two lateral eupathidia (ul′ζ and ul″ζ) subequal in length, 4.8 (4.2–5.8); one solenidion (ω), 3.1 (2.2–3.1); three tactile setae: a 4.5 (4.5–6.3), b 5.3 (5.3–6.5), c 7.5 (4.9–7.6). Measurements of setae on other palp segments: dPFe 36 (32–38), l″PGe 17 (17–19), dPTi 11 (7–11), l′PTi 12 (9–12), l″PTi 14 (14–18). Peritreme slightly enlarged at distal end  at the same transverse level with u. Two solenidia vω 12 (11–14), ω′ 13 (9–13), single tc on tarsus I (tc″ absent); tibia I with one solenidion φ 13 (12–14) long; tarsus II with one solenidion ω″ 12 (11–12) long; tarsi III and IV with one solenidion ω′ 8 (7–10), ω′ 6 (6–10), respectively. Segmental length of legs: leg I: trochanter 31 (27–32), femur 95 (93–102), genua 51 (45–51), tibia 58 (46–58), tarsus 80 (65–84); leg II: trochanter 26 (20–27), femur 79 (75–80), genu 44 (38–47), tibia 43 (35–43), tarsus 70 (57–76); leg III: trochanter 26 (20–26), femur 72 (62–72), genua 38 (33–38), tibia 50 (41–50), tarsus 80 (68–81); leg IV: trochanter 31 (24–31), femur 98 (84–98), genua 44 (38–44), tibia 56 (50–56), tarsus 92 (79–92); legs chaetotaxy I–IV (eupathidia and solenidia in parentheses): trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 6-5-3-1, genua 2-1-1-1, tibiae 3(0)(1)-2-1-1, tarsi 6(3)(2)-6(3)(1)-6(0)(1)-6(0)(1).Legs . Tarsus n = 3)Male , sc1 10 (10–11), sc2 18 (17–18), c1 16 (16–20), c2 7, c3 27 (27–30), d1 15 (15–17), d2 13 (11–13), e1 17 (14–17), e2 20 (20–29), f2 28 (28–29), h1 26; distance between dorsal setae: v2–v2 60 (59–60), sc1–sc1 87, sc2–sc2 178 (177–178), c1–c1 21 (19–21), c2–c2 99 (99–102), c3–c3 173 (162–173), d1–d1 33 (29–33), d2–d2 117 (110–117), e1–e1 19 (18–19), e2–e2 83 (83–86), f2–f2 64, h1–h1 37 (37–38), c1–d1 26 (26–31), d1–e1 31 (29–31), e1–f2 59 (56–59), f2–h1 19 (17–19).Dorsum . Idiosom1a, 3a and 4a shorter than distance between their bases respectively. Coxal setal count 2-1-1-1, one pair of anal setae (ps1), two pairs of genital setae (g1–2). Length of ventral setae: 1a 20, 3a 20, 4a 14 (14–17), 1b 19 (19–23), 1c 17 (17–22), 2b 16 (16–23), 3b 20 (20–24), 4b 20 (18–20); distance between intercoxal and coxae setae: 1a–1a 22 (19–22), 3a–3a 43 (38–43), 4a–4a 32 (32–37); aggenital setae: ag 16 (15–16), ag–ag 5 (5–6); genital setae: g1 5 (5–7), g2 8, g1–g1 17 (13–17), g2–g2 29 (25–29); anal setae one pair: ps1 8 (8–9), ps1–ps1 20; para-anal setae two pairs h2 12 (6–12), h3 12 (12–13), h2–h2 15 (15–18), h3–h3 35 (35–37).Venter . Striae m smooth, 16 (13–16) in length, m–m 28 (27–28). Palp setation and notation as shown in suζ) elongate, blunt tipped, 3.4 (3.4–3.8) in length, 1.6 (1.4–1.6) in width; two lateral eupathidia (ul′ζ and ul″ζ) subequal in length, 3.9 (3.8–3.9); one solenidion (ω), 2.4 (2.4–2.5); three tactile setae: a 3.8 (3.8–5.3), b 3.8 (3.8–6.5), c 3.4. Measurements of setae on other palp segments: dPFe 17 (15–17), l″PGe 9 (9–11), dPTi 6.5 (6.5–10.1), l′PTi 8.9 (8.9–9), l″PTi 7.9 (6.9–10.8). Peritreme ending in small expansion  and one additional dorsal solenidion ω″1, three solenidia, ω′ 14 (13–14), vω 11 (11–13) long, ω″1 13 (13–14) long; tibia I with three solenidia, φ 14 (9–14), φ′ 11 (11–13), φ″ 14 (14–16) long; tarsus II with two solenidia ω″ 16 (13–16), ω″1 12 long; tibia II with one solenidion, φ 10 (10–12); tarsi III and IV with one solenidion ω′ 12 (11–12), ω′ 10 (9–10), respectively. Segmental length of legs: leg I: trochanter 27, femur 86 (86–94), genua 53 (53–54), tibia 58 (58–60), tarsus 67 (67–72); leg II: trochanter 22, femur 70 (70–77), genua 46 (46–47), tibia 48 (47–48), tarsus 59 (59–68); leg III: trochanter 20 (20–22), femur 63 (63–65), genua 33 (33–37), tibia 49 (49–50), tarsus 72 (72–74); leg IV: trochanter 26 (22–26), femur 81 (81–87), genua 41, tibia 55 (55–56), tarsus 72 (72–80); legs chaetotaxy I–IV (eupathidia and solenidia in parentheses): trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 7-5-3-1, genua 3-3-1-1, tibiae 3(0)(3)-2(0)(1)-1-1, tarsi 6(3)(3)-6(3)(2)-6(0)(1)-6(0)(1).Legs . Tarsus n = 1)Deutonymph  is much longer than the distances between bases of setae and setae in next row . Length of dorsal setae: v2 48, sc1 13, sc2 43, c1 55, c2 9, c3 43, d1 58, d2 18, e1 42, e2 46, f2 47, h1 44; distance between dorsal setae: v2–v2 66, sc1–sc1 107, sc2–sc2 205, c1–c1 40, c2–c2 141, c3–c3 211, d1–d1 42, d2–d2 180, e1–e1 31, e2–e2 119, f2–f2 82, h1–h1 44, c1–d1 28, d1–e1 34, e2–f2 21, e1–h1 90.Dorsum . Length 1a, 3a and 4a shorter than distance between their bases, respectively. Coxal setal count 2-1-1-1, one pair of anal setae (ps1), two pairs of genital setae (g1–2). Length of ventral setae: 1a 11, 3a 14, 4a 13, 1b 20, 1c 18, 2b 17, 3b 13, 4b 12; distance between intercoxal and coxae setae: 1a–1a 25, 3a–3a 45, 4a–4a 65; aggenital setae: ag 10, ag–ag 13; genital setae: g1 19, g1–g1 31; anal setae one pair: ps1 7, ps1–ps1 11; para-anal setae two pairs h2 14, h3 19, h2–h2 19, h3–h3 34.Venter . Ventralm smooth, 13 in length, m–m 30. Palp setation and notation as shown in suζ) elongate, blunt tipped, 5.3 in length, 1.5 in width; two lateral eupathidia (ul′ζ and ul″ζ) subequal in length, 3.4; one solenidion (ω), 2.3; three tactile setae: a 4.3, b 3.2, c 3. Measurements of setae on other palp segments: dPFe 32, l″PGe 16, dPTi 7, l′PTi 7, l″PTi 16. Peritreme ending in small expansion : trochanters 1-1-1-0; femora 4-3-1-1; genua 2-1-0-0; tibiae 3(0)(1)-2-1-1; tarsi 4(3)(2)-4(3)(1)-5-5.Legs . SimilarStylophoronychus Key to species of S. insularis (Flechtmann)-Most dorsal setae long linear or spatulate, coxal setal count 2-1-1-1.....................2 All dorsal setae club-like, coxal setal count 2-2-1-1...................S. vannus (Rimando)-Hysterosoma arched upward or not and without protuberance..............................3Hysterosoma with a central protuberance that arches upward, covered with an irregular pattern of circles or the fusion of many circles...........................c1 and d1 as long as, or longer than the distances between their respective setal bases and those of the setae in next row.................S. wangaePan, Jin & Yi sp. nov.-c1 and d1 less than the distances between their respective setal bases and those of the setae in next row................................................................................4Length of Length of c1, d1 and e1 decreasing in size successively..................S. nakaoi (Ehara & Wongsiri)-c1, d1 and e1 subequal in length...............................................S. baghensis (Prasad)Setae Setae Stylophoronychus were known only as adults; nothing was known of their ontogenetic development. Here, we discuss the ontogeny of the two species to give a preliminary insight into the evolution of the genus.Studying the ontogeny of spider mites will provide a better system for the classification and identification of these species. Several articles have been published to address this issue to reach a better understanding of the ontogenetic development of spider mites ,20,21,22S. vannus is mentioned in the description section above. Compared with the basic pattern of Tetranychinae described by Lindquist [Stylophoronychus wangaesp. nov. have large amounts of setae suppressed.Ontogenetic development of indquist , the patS. wangaesp. nov. follow the basic pattern for Tetranychinae described by Lindquist [v′ is absent on all legs of larval and protonymphal stages and present on deutonymphal trochanters I–III, but not on trochanter IV until reaching the adult stage.Trochanters. The pattern and setal additions on the trochanter of legs I–IV in indquist . The setS. wangaesp. nov. is 4-3-1-1, bearing three setae d, bv″, v′ and l′ on femur I, three setae d, bv″ and v′ on femur II, only d on femur III and IV. Two setae l″ and v″ are suppressed on leg I and ev′ is suppressed on leg III and leg IV compared with the date (6-3-2-2) of Lindquist [l′1 and l″1 are added to female femur I, while v″, l′1 and l″1 are added to male femur I; l′1 and l″1 are added to adult femur II; v′ and l′1 added to adult femur III and none is added on femur IV. In total, six setae and seven setae are added to the femora of the female and male of this species, respectively, during ontogeny. Compared with the normal chaetotaxy of the female described by Lindquist [l″, v″, v′1 and v″1 are absent on the female femur I of S. wangaesp. nov., v″1 is suppressed on femur II, and ev′ is absent on legs III–IV. A total of four setae are suppressed on formula of deutonymphal stage and seven on adult female of this species.Femora. The formula pattern of deutonymphal legs I–IV in indquist . The setindquist , four seS. wangaesp. nov. is 2-1-0-0, l′ and l″ present on genu I, only l′ on genu II. The basic pattern of deutonymphal genual setation in Tetranychinae as described by Lindquist [S. wangaesp. nov., three setae d, v′ and v″ are suppressed on genua I, four setae d, l″, v′ and v″ are suppressed on genu II, and genua III and IV each lack three setae . Adult female genual setal count is similar to deutonymphal, except seta l′ is added on adult genua III–IV and the male has one more seta (v″) on the genu I and two more setae (l″ and v′) on the genu II than the female. In total, two setae and five setae are added to the genua of the female and male of this species, respectively, during ontogeny. Based on the basic adult genual of 5-5-4-4 in Lindquist [Genua. The genual setation of deutonymphal legs I–IV in indquist  is 5-5-3indquist , a totalS. wangaesp. nov. is 3(1)-2-1-1, with three tactile setae  and one solenidion (φ) on tibia I, two tactile setae (d and v′) on tibia II, and seta d on tibia III and IV, respectively. No seta is added in adult female; compared to female, two solenidia φ′ and φ″ are added on male tibia I and one solenidion (φ) is added on tibia II. In total, no setae and three solenidia are added to the tibiae of the female and male of this species, respectively, during ontogeny. Compared with the deutonymphal pattern of Tetranychinae described by Lindquist [l′1, l″1, l′ and l″) suppressed on tibia I of S. wangaesp. nov., three tactile setae  suppressed on tibia II, and four tactile setae  suppressed on tibia III and IV, respectively. In the female adult, six tactile setae  suppressed on tibia I, five tactile setae  suppressed on tibia II, five tactile setae  suppressed on tibia III, six tactile setae  suppressed on tibia IV. A total of 15 setae are suppressed on tibiae of deutonymphal stage and 22 on adult female of this species.Tibiae. The tibial setation of deutonymphal legs I–IV in indquist , four tapv″, setae tc and ft unpaired on tarsi I–II, only present one seta tc′ but no tc″ and one fastigial seta ft′ but not ft″. In the deutonymph, four tactile setae , three eupathidia  and two solenidia(ω′ and vω) present on leg I; four tactile setae , three eupathidia  and one solenidion (ω″) on leg II, five tactile setae  present on tarsus III–IV respectively. Adult female tarsal setae are similar to deutonymphal, except v′1 and v″1 are added on tarsi I–II, v″1 and ω′ are added on tarsi III–IV and the male added one more seta (ω″1) than the female on tarsi I–II. In total, no setae and three solenidia are added to the tarsi of the female and male of this species, respectively, during ontogeny.Tarsi. All stages lack one ventral seta ft″, tc″, l′, l″, v′2 and pv″) and one solenidion (ω″1) are suppressed on deutonymphal leg I of S. wangaesp. nov., four tactile setae  suppressed on leg II, three tactile setae  and one solenidion (ω′) suppressed on leg III, three tactile setae  are suppressed on leg IV and, in total, 18 setae are suppressed on deutonymphal legs I–IV in S. wangaesp. nov. In the adult female, seven setae  are suppressed on tarsus I; six setae  are suppressed on tarsus II; three setae  are suppressed on tarsus III; four setae  are suppressed on tarsus IV. In total, 20 setae are suppressed on adult female legs I–IV in S. wangaesp. nov.Compared with the basic pattern of Tetranychinae described by Lindquist , it appeStylophoronychus, as follows: Compared with the data presented by Lindquist  for the (1)vω) on tarsus I and ventral seta (v″1) on tarsus III in male of S. vannus and S. wangaesp. nov., do not express setal standard for the Tetranychidae;Two additional setae, ventral solenidion ((2)tc′) and fastigial seta (ft′) present on tarsi I and II, and paired are tc suppressed on tarsus III and IV in two species and unpaired ventral seta pv″ presents in S. wangaesp. nov.;Unpaired tectal seta ((3)ev′ is suppressed on femur III and IV;Seta (4)v′ on trochanter IV is suppressed in deutonymph and delayed additions in adult.Seta


Coffelt, Edwards, and colleagues provide deep phenotypic analysis of mouse γδ T cells. They focus functional studies on IL-17A–producing γδ T cell subsets, showing that the co-inhibitory molecules, PD-1 and TIM-3, regulate cell expansion in tumor-bearing mice, which counteracts anti–PD-1 or anti–TIM-3 immunotherapy. + tissue-resident cells and Vγ4+ circulating cells. How these γδ T cell subsets are regulated during homeostasis and cancer remains poorly understood. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytommetry, we show that lung Vγ4+ and Vγ6+ cells from tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice express contrasting cell surface molecules as well as distinct co-inhibitory molecules, which function to suppress their expansion. Vγ6+ cells express constitutively high levels of PD-1, whereas Vγ4+ cells upregulate TIM-3 in response to tumor-derived IL-1β and IL-23. Inhibition of either PD-1 or TIM-3 in mammary tumor–bearing mice increased Vγ6+ and Vγ4+ cell numbers, respectively. We found that genetic deletion of γδ T cells elicits responsiveness to anti–PD-1 and anti–TIM-3 immunotherapy in a mammary tumor model that is refractory to T cell checkpoint inhibitors, indicating that IL-17A–producing γδ T cells instigate resistance to immunotherapy. Together, these data demonstrate how lung IL-17A–producing γδ T cell subsets are differentially controlled by PD-1 and TIM-3 in steady-state and cancer.IL-17A–producing γδ T cells in mice consist primarily of Vγ6  Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and flow cytometry, we show that Vγ6+TCRδ+ cells isolated from the lungs of WT FVB/n mice  cells from IFNγ-producing (CD27+) cells , was both localized to Cluster 2.2 and dispersed throughout Cluster 1  cells . Express and 2.2 , suggest and Maf . Expressluster 1 . Expressoduction , was enroduction . These dterature .− γδ T cells was enriched in genes from the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, including S100a4, S100a6, S100a10, and S100a11. Members of the Galectin family including Lgals1  and Lgals3 , which are carbohydrate binding proteins, were enriched in Cluster 1. Galectin-1–expressing γδ T cells are known to suppress antigen-specific anti-tumor immunity in a TLR5-dependent manner , Sox13, and Cd9  are highly similar to the transcriptome of IL-17A–producing Vγ6+ cells from skin, thymus, adipose, uterus, and lymph nodes , was more prevalent in Cluster 1 than Cluster 2. Two NK cell–associated molecules, Klrb1c and Klrk1, were highly enriched in Cluster 1. These genes encode NK1.1/CD161 and NKG2D, respectively, which are two proteins known for their involvement in target recognition and cancer cell killing. In addition, Amica1 and Icos, two co-stimulatory receptors, and Pdcd1 (PD-1), a co-inhibitory receptor, were enriched in Cluster 1 (Amica1 gene encodes junction adhesion molecule-like (JAML), which is an activator of skin-resident, Vγ5 cells  was highly reminiscent of CD8+ tissue resident memory (Trm) T cells  as well as the NK cell markers Klrb1c (NK1.1/CD161) and Klrk1 (NKG2D). Flow cytometry analysis of lung γδ T cells isolated from FVB/n mice revealed that CD27− γδ T cells expressed higher levels of CXCR6, ICOS, JAML, NK1.1, NKG2D, and PD-1, when compared to lung CD27+ γδ T cells  is dissimilar between strains.NK1.1/CD161 is an established marker of IFNγ-producing CD27 T cells . Therefo T cells , corrobo/6J mice . These d− γδ T cells from WT FVB/n mice revealed that Vγ6+ cells expressed higher levels of all these molecules compared with Vγ4+ cells with the exception of ICOS, which was highly expressed by both populations  with PD-L1 reduced phosphorylation of FOXO1  model of triple negative breast cancer, which develops invasive ductal carcinoma in one or more mammary glands at around 8 mo of age  were shared between two or more clusters. We noticed that 315 of these shared genes were ribosomal-related genes . After e+ γδ T cell Cluster 7 was defined by cell responses to chemical stress, viruses, or reactive oxygen species  and Tcrg-C2, two surrogate markers of Vγ4+ cells (Cd163l1 (SCART1) and Tcrg-C1 to identify Vγ6+ cells, which showed that these cells are enriched in Clusters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, making up the majority of cells in the scRNAseq dataset. Vγ4+ and Vγ6+ cell markers were mostly absent from Cluster 7 , Tcrg-C2, and Trgv2 were featured, indicating that Vγ4+ cells were more abundant in the lungs of tumor-bearing mice than tumor-free mice, which was also noted by flow cytometry , Areg (amphiregulin), Irf4, Ly6a (SCA-1), and Tnfsf8  increased Vγ6+ cell numbers when compared with control  mice and treated these mice as shown in Tcrd−/− mice. We found that the time from transplantation to tumor initiation was delayed in tumor-bearing mice treated with either anti–PD-1 or anti–TIM-3 immunotherapy (Tcrd−/− mice (Tcrd−/− mice treated with control isotype antibody (6 out of 6) succumbed to metastatic disease, whereas only 1 out of 5 Tcrd−/− mice treated with anti–PD-1 and 0 out of 6 Tcrd−/− mice treated with anti–TIM-3 developed lung metastases  axis is critical for the development of IL-17A–producing γδ T cells. ICOS-deficient mice develop increased numbers of Vγ4+ cells than WT controls, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is more severe in these mice as a result of increased IL-17A levels  is their spatial location, tissue compartmentalization, and interaction with other cells at these sites. A previous study has shown that Vγ4+ cells are mainly found in lung parenchyma, whereas putative Vγ6+ cells are mostly found in non-parenchymal locations  colony  were also bred in-house, and these mice were WT for every allele. Female Tcrb−/− mice on C57BL/6J background (purchased from Jackson Labs) were bred in-house. For KB1P tumor transplantation studies, female FVB/n mice (6–8 wk old) were purchased from Charles River. Purchased mice were allowed to acclimatize before procedure until 10 wk old. Transplantation of tumor fragments was performed as previously described  were used throughout the study. These mice were bred at the Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute from the ) colony , which wescribed . Once tuFor short-term antibody inhibition studies, WT female FVB/n mice (Charles River) aged 10–12 wk, with or without transplanted KB1P tumors, were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 200 μg anti–PD-1 , anti-ICOS , or anti–TIM-3 , followed by single injections of 100 μg antibody on two consecutive days. Control mice followed the same dosage regime with isotype control . We used the same treatment regimen and dosage for spontaneous KB1P tumor-bearing mice given anti–IL-1β  and anti–IL-23 . Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the third antibody injection.Tcrd−/− mice on FVB/n background  were transplanted with KB1P tumor fragments as described  or escribed . Mice weLungs were mechanically dissociated using a scalpel and transferred to collagenase solution consisting of DMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 1 mg/ml collagenase D (Roche) and 25 µg/ml DNase 1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Enzymatic dissociation was carried out using the gentleMACS Octo Dissociator, run: 37C_m_LDK_01 (Miltenyi Biotec), as described . Lung suCre negative and four tumor-bearing KB1P mice) from the KB1P colony by gating on DAPI−CD3+TCRδ+ cells (E-MTAB-10677). Gene signatures defining clusters were analyzed by Reactome pathway analysis (http://reactome.org).Total γδ T cells were sorted from lungs of eight littermate mice . After stimulation, cells were centrifuged at 800 g for 2 min. Cells were incubated in blocking buffer  for 20 min at 4°C. Antibodies for surface antigens were prepared in Brilliant stain buffer (BD Biosciences) and cells were stained for 30 min at 4°C in the dark. Cells were washed with PBS/0.5% BSA, centrifuged at 800 g for 2 min, followed by ice-cold PBS, and incubated with Zombie NIR Fixable Viability dye (Biolegend) to exclude dead cells for 20 min at 4°C. After washing the cells with PBS/0.5% BSA, cells were fixed and permeabilized in FOXP3 Transcription Factor Fixation/Permeabilization solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 20 min at 4°C, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Intracellular antibodies were prepared in permeabilization buffer and cells were incubated for 30 min at 4°C. Cells were washed with permeabilization buffer, followed by PBS/0.5% BSA, and resuspended in PBS/0.5% BSA. Fluorescence minus one control samples (where only one antibody is left out of the panel) were prepared from spare cells to discriminate positive and negative staining. All experiments were performed using a five-laser BD LSRFortessa flow cytometer with DIVA software (BD Biosciences). Compensation was determined automatically using Ultracomp eBeads . Data were analyzed using FlowJo Software version 9.9.6 or 10.8.1. Antibodies utilized for analysis are listed in Single-cell suspensions were added to 96-well V bottom plates at a maximum density of 4 × 10+ T cells from lung single-cell suspensions (1 × 107 cells) harvested from Cre negative KB1P FVB/n or Tcrb−/− mice on C57BL/6J background were isolated by negative selection using the MojoSort mouse CD3+ T-cell Isolation kit  according to the manufacturer’s instructions. γδ T cell isolation was performed by TCRγδ isolation kit  according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells after enrichment were counted with a hemocytometer and plated at a density of 1 × 106 CD3+ T cells/ml or 2–3.5 × 105 γδ T cells/ml in round-bottomed 96-well plates in IMDM medium, 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10,000 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, and 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol. Where indicated, wells were coated with 6 μg PD-L1-Fc chimera protein (R&D Systems) or anti-ICOS  in PBS overnight at 4°C. T cells were cultured in the presence of these antibodies for 3, 15, or 24 h as indicated. Cells were stimulated for last 30 min of incubation with 2.5 ng/ml recombinant IL-1β (ImmunoTools) and IL-23 (R&D Systems).CD3+ T cell cultures were determined by ELISA after 24 h stimulation (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Individual groups were tested in triplicate for technical replicates. Each experiment was repeated at least five times.IL-17A levels in conditioned medium from lung, CD3For Western blot, cell suspensions were harvested directly into pre-cooled Eppendorf tubes rinsed twice with ice-cold PBS. The collected cell suspensions were spun at 6,000 rpm for 2 min and supernatants were completely removed. Protein was extracted from each tube and entire contents resolved on 4–12% NuPage polyacrylamide gels essentially as described . PrimaryLung sections from FVB/n mice transplanted with KB1P tumor fragments and treated with anti–PD-1 or anti–TIM-3 or control were stained with H&E. Tumor nodules were counted by a researcher blinded to the treatment groups on a light microscope.Non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare two groups, while one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s or Tukey’s posthoc test was used to compare groups of three or more. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was tested by log-rank test. Sample sizes for each experiment were based on a power calculation and/or previous experience of the mouse models. Analyses and data visualization were performed using GraphPad Prism (version 9.1.2) and Adobe Illustrator CS5.1 (version 15.1.0).Cd163l1- and 5830411n06Rik-expressing cells from − γδ T cells from WT and KB1P mice corresponding to The supplementary information shows gating strategy for γδ T cell isolation, and staining patterns of cell surface molecules , signaliTable S1lists differentially expressed genes between Clusters 1, 2.1, and 2.2 from Fig. 1 A.Click here for additional data file.Table S2lists differentially expressed genes between Clusters 1–7 from Fig. 5 A.Click here for additional data file.Table S3lists top pathways enriched in Clusters 1–7 from Fig. 5 A.Click here for additional data file.Table S4Cd163l1- and 5830411n06Rik-expressing cells from Fig. 5 E.lists differently expressed genes between Click here for additional data file.Table S5− γδ T cells from WT and KB1P mice corresponding to Fig. 6 A.lists differently expressed genes between CD27Click here for additional data file.


The title 1,2-diazole derivative is highly twisted with the dihedral angle between the pendant rings being 74.5 (1)°. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O interactions feature predominantly within the three-dimensional architecture. 20H15ClN2O, the non-aromatic six-membered ring adopts a distorted envelope conformation with methylene-C atom nearest to the five-membered ring being the flap atom. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and chlorobenzene rings is 74.5 (1)°. The heterocyclic ring forms dihedral angles of 37.9 (1) and 64.3 (1)° with the phenyl and chlorobenzene rings, respectively. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O interactions feature predominantly within the three-dimensional architecture. The intermolecular interactions are further analysed with the calculation of the Hirshfeld surfaces highlighting the prominent role of C—H⋯O interactions, along with H⋯H (36.8%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (26.5%) contacts.In the title compound, C For example, 1,2-diazole derivatives are known to possess anti-depressant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities  and C(15) motifs, respectively. The first named interaction serves to connect the molecules along the along [001] and the latter along [101], Fig. 3The molecular packing features two ring motifs, Crystal Explorer  through white to blue . The different types of intermolecular interactions can be identified by colour-coding distances from the surface to the nearest atom exterior (de) or interior (di) plots to the surface. The three-dimensional Hirshfeld surfaces and selected two-dimensional fingerprint plots (with percentage contributions) are given in Fig. 4The intermolecular interactions in the crystal state can be visualized through the calculation of the Hirshfeld surfaces and associated two-dimensional fingerprint plots. These were generated by The presence of spikes due to O⋯H/H⋯O interactions (8.6%) correspond to C—H⋯O intermolecular interactions, which feature predominantly within the crystalline assembly. The contribution of C⋯H/H⋯C contacts (26.5%), leading to a pair of well-defined wings, is also noteworthy. The H⋯H interactions contribute 36.8% with widely scattered points of high density, which is consistent with the large number of hydrogen atoms at the surface of the molecule. The Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl contacts also make a notable contribution to the total Hirshfeld surfaces, comprising about 12.9%. The large number of H⋯H, Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl, O⋯H/H⋯O interactions suggest that van der Waals interactions play a significant role in the packing in the crystal.H-indazol-4-one, (1 mmol) and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol followed by the addition of NaOH. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h to afford (E)-5-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-1-phenyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-ones as the precipitate. This was filtered off and recrystallized from ethanol to afford colourless crystals; yield: 95%, m.p. 183–184°C.A mixture of 1-phenyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 210.1107/S2414314621011950/tk4071sup1.cifCrystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S2414314621011950/tk4071Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2414314621011950/tk4071Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: 2121290CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


The syntheses and low-temperature (90 K) crystal structures of 1-benzoyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine and 1-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenylpiperazine are presented. 17H17N3O3, (I) and 1-(4-bromobenzoyl)-4-phenylpiperazine, C17H17BrN2O, (II) are described. Compounds I and II crystallize in the orthorhombic and monoclinic crystal systems with space groups Pna21  and P21 , respectively. The crystal of II was a two-component aggregate, treated as a ‘twin’ for data-acquisition purposes. There are no conventional hydrogen bonds in either I or II, but there are weaker C—H⋯O contacts. Each molecule consists of a central piperazine ring in a chair conformation, with either benzoyl and nitrophenyl (I) or 4-bromobenzoyl and phenyl (II) groups attached to different nitrogen atoms of the piperazine. The various atom–atom contact coverages as quantified by Hirshfeld surface analysis fingerprint plots are given.Synthesis and crystal structures of 1-benzoyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine, C The asymmetric unit of I (see scheme) contains two molecules, suffixed ‘A’ and ‘B’ in Fig. 1A and B, respectively. The phenyl rings are twisted out of planarity with the carbonyl group and its linkage to the piperazine rings, giving N1—C11—C12—C13 torsion angles of −46.8 (3) and 45.4 (3)° for A and B, respectively. The dihedral angles between the phenyl and nitrobenzene rings are 51.52 (6)° in A and 57.23 (7)° in B. Compound II on the other hand has just one molecule in its asymmetric unit °.There are no unusual bond distances or angles in either it Fig. 2. The pip3.I or II, but there are weaker C—H⋯O contacts  x, y, z + 1] occur between the A and B molecules in adjacent  asymmetric units. In combination, these interactions lead to double chains that extend parallel to [001]  x, y + 1, z] piperazine  and the resulting mixture was stirred for 20 min at 273 K. A solution of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine  or 1-phenylpiperazine  in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 ml) was then added and stirring was continued overnight at ambient temperature. Reaction schemes are summarized in Fig. 7−3), a saturated solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate, and lastly with brine. The organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Crystals suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction were grown by slow evaporation, at ambient temperature and in the presence of air, of solutions in ethyl acetate .Synthetic routes for compounds similar to 6.I, an orange, irregular block-shaped crystal was mounted using polyisobutene oil on the tip of a fine glass fibre in a copper mounting pin. Cu Kα radiation was chosen to facilitate setting the correct absolute structure, which was definitively established by variants of Flack’s parameter  and 0.99 Å (R2CH2). Uiso(H) parameters were set to 1.2Ueq of the attached atom.For rkin 2021. The abs10.1107/S2056989022009008/tx2058sup1.cifCrystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, II, global. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989022009008/tx2058Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989022009008/tx2058IIsup3.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) II. DOI: 2205954, 2205953CCDC references:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


The structures of two solvates of the zwitterionic prodrug of the psychedelic 4-HO-DiPT are reported. N,N-diisopropyltryptamine were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, namely, 5-[(3-{2-[bis(propan-2-yl)azaniumyl]ethyl}-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]-5-oxopentanoate methanol monosolvate, C21H30N2O4·CH3OH, and the analogous ethanol monosolvate, C21H30N2O4·C2H6O. In both compounds, the 4-glutarato-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine exists as a zwitterion with a protonated tertiary ammonium and a deprotonated glutarato carboxylate. The tryptamine zwitterions and alcohol solvates in both structures combine to produce near identical hydrogen-bonding networks, with N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds joining the molecules together in two-dimensional networks parallel to the (100) plane.The solid-state structures of two solvated forms of 4-glutarato- This is due not just to their structural similarities to the neurotransmitter serotonin , but because many have desirable drug characteristics including oral availability, lowered susceptibility to monoamine oxidase (MAO) degradation, and short duration of action , Alzheimer’s disease, and chronic pain  is one example of a psilocin analog, first synthesized in 1977, in which both methyl groups on the ethylamino moiety of psilocin are replaced with isopropyl groups  receptor agonist that, like psilocin, produces a head-twitch response (HTR) in mice, indicating its competence in producing psychedelic effects   and 180.0 (2)°. In both structures, the glutarato and ethylamino arms are turned to opposite sides of the indole. This differs from the structures observed in other zwitterionic indoles where intramolecular hydrogen bonding leads to two groups being on the same side of the aromatic rings  and having the groups on opposite sides of the indole is sterically preferred.In the solid state, the compound exists as a zwitterion, with a protonated tertiary ammonium group and a deprotonated carboxylate of the glutarato group. Both of the solvate structures possess one zwitterionic molecule and one alcohol molecule in the asymmetric unit Fig. 1. In the 3.+—H⋯O− and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds that produce infinite two-dimensional networks parallel to the (100) plane. The most significant hydrogen bonds are N2—H2⋯O4 bonds between the diisopropyltryptammonium cation and the carboxylate anion of another zwitterionic molecule. These interactions form centrosymmetrical dimers, which form rings with graph-set notation of et al., 1990In both crystals, the zwitterionic molecules and alcohol solvents are held together by N4.N-methyl-N-isopropyl derivatives: N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium hydrofumarate , 4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptammonium hydrofumarate  were dissolved in 5 mL of chloroform. 0.3 mL of triethylamine (5 mmol) followed by 490 mg of glutaric anhydride (10 mmol) were then added to the solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, resulting in a precipitate which was isolated via filtration. The precipitate was triturated with tetrahydrofuran and washed with chloroform to obtain 73 mg of white powder (65% yield).112 mg of 4-hydroxy-1H NMR : δ 11.02 , 7.22 , 7.16 , 7.02 , 6.64 , 3.10 , 2.77–2.63 , 2.31 , 1.88 , 1.00 .The powder was recrystallized from boiling methanol to yield single crystals of the methanol solvate suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. Slow evaporation of an ethanol solution of the powder produced single crystals of the ethanol solvate suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis.6.A were found in a difference-Fourier map and in the ethanol solvate, hydrogen atoms H1 and H2 were found in a difference-Fourier map. These hydrogens were refined isotropically, using DFIX restraints with N—H(indole) distances of 0.87 (1) Å, N—H(ammonium) distances of 0.90 (1) Å, and O—H distances of 0.99 (1) Å. Isotropic displacement parameters were set to 1.2Ueq of the parent nitrogen atoms and 1.5Ueq of the parent oxygen atom. All other hydrogens were placed in calculated positions . The hydrogen atoms in the disordered ethanol molecule were placed in calculated positions [O—H = 0.82 Å]. Isotropic displacement parameters were set to 1.2Ueq of the parent carbon atoms and 1.5Ueq of the parent oxygen atoms.Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 310.1107/S2056989022009094/zn2023sup1.cifCrystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, II, global. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989022009094/zn2023Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989022009094/zn2023IIsup3.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) II. DOI: 2206880, 2206879CCDC references:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


An intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond helps to ensure near coplanarity of the 4,6-dichlorophenol and imidazole rings in the title compound. 31H26Cl2N2O, the 4,6-dichlorophenol and the imidazole rings are almost coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 8.89 (6)° between them and an intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond occurs between the rings. The dihedral angles subtended by the tert-butylphenyl ring and the two phenyl rings with the imidazole ring are 85.18 (9), 81.22 (9) and 19.00 (8)°, respectively. The methyl groups of the tert-butyl grouping are disordered over two sets of sites in 0.589 (5):0.411 (5) ratio. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of weak C—H⋯Cl interactions generate R22(24) loops.In the title compound, C The C17, C18 and C19 carbon atoms of the tert-butyl group are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.59:0.41 ratio. A short and presumably strong intramolecular O1—H1⋯N2 hydrogen bond is formed between the O1 atom of the 4,6-dichlorophenol ring and atom N2 of the imidazole ring (Table 1S(6) ring, which helps to establish the near coplanarity of the imidazole and phenol rings.Imidazole is an active part of antifungal compounds like clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, isoconazole and econazole  and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10 mmol) with ammonium acetate (10 mmol) in a glacial acetic acid (20 ml) medium. The mixture was refluxed for 6 h at 343 K, the progress of the reaction being monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into 100 ml of ice-cold water. The resulting precipitate was filtered, dried and further purified by column chromatography (7:3 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) and isolated in good yield (85%). Colourless needles were recrystallized from methanol solution.The title compound was synthesized by the one-pot reaction of benzil (10 mmol), 4-Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 210.1107/S2414314620008706/hb4352sup1.cifCrystal structure: contains datablock(s) global, I. DOI: 10.1107/S2414314620008706/hb4352Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2414314620008706/hb4352Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: 2012170CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


The effects of temperature on the crystalline structure of different iPP/TMB-5, as well as the crystallization and melting behaviors were investigated. It was found that strong polar solvent treated TMB-5 (TMB-5DMSO and TMB-5DMF) could induce more β-crystal at high Tc = 140 °C than the other TMB-5 NAs, while the β-crystal inducing efficiency of untreated TMB-5 (TMB-5UT) and non-polar solvent treated TMB-5 (TMB-5LP) is seriously reduced at high Tc = 140 °C. TMB-5DMSO can induce a high and stable content of β-crystal with Kβ = 83–94% within Tc = 90–140 °C, and TMB-5ODCB can induce a high content of β-crystal with Kβ > 91.3% within Tc = 90–130 °C. TMB-5DMF is the most temperature-sensitive one, but can induce a high fraction of β-crystal with Kβ > 92% both at low Tc = 90 °C and high Tc = 140 °C. High temperature pre-crystallization at Tpc = 150 °C tremendously reduces the β-crystal inducing efficiency of all TMB-5 NAs. TMB-5UT and TMB-5LP exhibit higher nucleating efficiency than TMB-5DMSO, TMB-5DMF and TMB-5ODCB. During the non-isothermal crystallization process, TMB-5UT induced β-crystal possesses higher structural perfection and stability, while TMB-5LP is more likely to induce α-crystal with considerable quantity and stability. The structural perfection and stability of TMB-5 induced β-crystal can be enhanced with appropriate increasing of Tc.TMB-5 nucleating agent (NA) treated by different solvents were used as the  The polymorphic phenomenon is commonly found in semicrystalline polymers resulted from the different conformations and/or packing modes of molecular chains in the crystal cells . The finα-form, trigonal β-form, orthorhombic γ-form, smectic and ε-form [α-iPP is the thermodynamically most stable phase among all crystalline modifications of iPP, which is obtained under common melting processing conditions [β-iPP crystals with special performances [β-iPP, apart from its crystalline structure, is its melting temperature, that is, the β-iPP crystals melt at a lower temperature (~154 °C) compared with the α-iPP crystals (~165 °C) and can recrystallized into α-iPP after melting [Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is a semicrystalline polymer which exhibits different crystalline modifications, such as monoclinic d ε-form . As knownditions ,4. The uormances . The maiystals ~15 °C and β-iPP has attracted much attention in both academic and industrial research. Some researchers found that the Izod impact strength, flexural modulus and heat distortion temperature of an injection molded polypropylene increased with the β-crystal content within a certain range [β-iPP crystals can only be obtained by certain specific nucleating agents (NAs) [β-NA is the most reliable method to produce iPP samples rich in β-modification [β-NA was γ-quinacridone that could dramatically enhance the relative fraction of the β-crystal  in iPP even at an extremely low content range [N,N’-dicyclohexyl-terephthalamide, N,N’-dicyclohexyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide (NJS) are also the most studied β-NAs for iPP [Due to the better toughness, improved heat resistance , high imin range . The thets (NAs) ,10, in sts (NAs) . Among afication ,12. The nt range ,14. Someβ-NAs depends heavily on the concentration, dispersion and assemble morphology of the NAs, as well as the thermal history [β-iPP crystal is higher than that of α-iPP crystal in a special temperature range about 100–140 °C [β-to-α growth transition takes place which hinders the formation of β-iPP crystal. Dong et al. [β-NA of iPP, and found the β-crystal content remarkably increases above a critical NA concentration (0.05 %) and obviously decreases at higher crystallization temperatures Tc = 140 °C, 150 °C. Intelligent works of Li et al. [β-form. Luo et al. [β-α transformation occurred when applied a die drawing consequently with a huge reduction in β-crystal. Kang et al. investigated the crystallization behavior and polymorphic compositions of TMB-5 modified iPP/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites, and found that higher cooling rate encourages the formation of higher proportion of β-phase with higher thermal stability, and the end temperature of cooling Tend = 100 °C can eliminate the β-α recrystallization during the subsequent heating enhancing the thermal stability of the β-phase [The efficiency of  history ,15,16,170–140 °C ,18,19. Wo et al.  investig β-phase .β-form NA for iPP which has been widely used to study the crystallization behavior and crystalline structure of β-nucleated iPP [β-NA, and also the earliest industrial application of a class of β-NA [β-crystal formation of iPP on crystallization conditions, and found that the β-crystal fraction of TMB-5 nucleated iPP decreases with increasing cooling rate until a stable value [β-nucleated iPP with different stereo-defect distribution also indicated that slow cooling rate favors the formation of high β-fraction, furthermore, high crystallization temperature favors the crystallization of α-phase accelerated by TMB-5 due to the dual-selectivity of TMB-5 NA [β-iPP crystal [β-iPP crystal [TMB-5 is a commercialized ated iPP . It is t of β-NA . He et ale value . The resTMB-5 NA . However crystal . TMB-5 h crystal ,25. It h crystal ,26. The  crystal . The sel crystal . β-NA of iPP. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effects of crystallization temperature on the β-iPP inducing efficiency of the different solvent-treated TMB-5, as well as the crystallization behaviors and crystalline structures of iPP.Among the literatures, few studies have been focused on the influence of the solvent-treated TMB-5 NA on the crystalline structures and crystallization behaviors of iPP. In present work, different solvent-treated TMB-5 NAs with different initial particle morphologies were used as the 5 g/mol, Mn = 7.4 × 104 g/mol and the melting temperature 167.7 °C) used in this study was provided by Yanshan Petrochemical Corp. Inc. .IPP , dimethyl formamide (DMF), ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and liquid paraffin (LP), were kindly provided by School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University. For the sake of description, the solvent-treated TMB-5 NAs are designated as TMB-5DMSO, TMB-5DMF, TMB-5ODCB and TMB-5LP, and the untreated raw TMB-5 is named as TMB-5UT. The optical microscopic pictures of the five TMB-5 NAs are provided in An aryl amide-based compound (trade name TMB-5) was used as the UT, TMB-5DMSO, TMB-5DMF, TMB-5ODCB and TMB-5LP) at 190 °C for 10 min via the 60 mL chamber of XSS-300 torque rheometer with a rotation speed of 30 r/min. The TMB-5 modified iPP samples are named as iPP/xTMB-5y, where x represents the NA concentration and y represents the solvent used to treat the raw TMB-5 NA. For example, iPP/0.1TMB-5LP means iPP containing 0.1 wt% TMB-5LP NA.The iPP granules were, respectively, melt-blended with 0.1 wt% and 0.05 wt% TMB-5 NAs  was used to control the crystallization conditions. The iPP/TMB-5 blends were individually heated to 200 °C and kept for 10 min removing the mechanical and thermal history, then cooled to the set temperature for isothermal crystallization. The heating/cooling rate was 30°/min. The temperature set in the experiment included the crystallization temperature TThe crystalline structures of iPP and iPP/TMB-5 specimens were investigated via wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements, which were conducted by synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction at beamline 1W2A of the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility  with a wavelength λ = 0.154 nm. A Mar165-CCD was employed for collection of 2D WAXD images. The sample-to-detector distance was 126 mm for the WAXD measurements. The 2D WAXD patterns were analysed with the fit2D software and transformed into linear WAXD profiles.2 atmosphere. Both the heating and cooling rates were 10 °C/min.The melting and non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of iPP/TMB-5 samples were investigated via DSC measurements (TA Q-2000) under Nβ-crystal (Kβ) in the crystallized iPP/TMB-5 specimens was calculated according to the method of Turner-Jones et al. [β(300), Aα(110), Aα(040) and Aα(130) are the areas of β(300), α(110), α(040) and α(130) diffraction peaks in the WAXD profiles, respectively.The relative amount of s et al. , which ws et al. . The calβ-nucleating agent for iPP which can induce the formation of both α-iPP and β-iPP depending on the thermal conditions [β-iPP at crystallization temperature Tc = 135 °C and α-iPP at Tc = 145 °C, respectively [cs, the WAXD results are shown in cs set in the present experiment was 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 125 °C, 130 °C and 140 °C. The crystallization time was set as 6 h to ensure full crystallization of the samples. The β(300), α(110), α(040) and α(130) diffraction peaks involved in Equation (1) are marked in the WAXD profiles. For comparison, WAXD profiles of pure iPP individually crystallized at 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 125 °C, 130 °C and 140 °C are also presented in α-iPP crystal at 2θ = 14.1° (α(110)), 2θ = 16.8° (α(040)) and 2θ = 18.4° (α(130)) tremendously decreased while the intensity of the characteristic β(300) peak at 2θ = 16.0° distinctly increased  iPP/0.1TMB-5DMSO (Kβ = 93.8%) and iPP/0.1TMB-5DMF (Kβ = 94.2%) exhibit the highest Kβ values at Tc = 90 °C , Tc = 110 °C (Kβ = 96.4%), Tc = 120 °C (Kβ = 93.1%) and Tc = 125 °C (Kβ = 93.6%)  and iPP/0.1TMB-5ODCB (Kβ = 92.6%) exhibit the highest Kβ values at Tc = 130 °C (see the magenta line in DMF (Kβ = 92.6%) exhibit the highest Kβ value at Tc = 140 °C  exhibits a steady and high β-crystal inducing efficiency with Kβ = 93–96.4% within a broad temperature range Tc = 100–130 °C. The DMSO-treated TMB-5 NA (TMB-5DMSO) also exhibits a steady and relatively high β-crystal inducing efficiency with Kβ = 83–94% within the studied temperature range Tc = 90–140 °C. The DMF-treated TMB-5 NA is the most temperature-sensitive one, but it can induce a high fraction of β-crystal both at low temperature Tc = 90 °C (Kβ = 94.2%) and at high temperature Tc = 140 °C (Kβ = 92.6%). The untreated TMB-5 NA (TMB-5UT) and the LP-treated TMB-5 NA (TMB-5LP) exhibit a relatively steady β-crystal inducing efficiency within Tc = 90–130 °C with Kβ value around 80%.From DMSO and TMB-5DMF) induce more content of β-iPP crystal at high crystallization temperature (such as Tc = 140 °C) than the untreated TMB-5 (TMB-5UT) and the weak polar/non-polar solvent treated TMB-5 NAs (TMB-5ODCB/TMB-5LP).Considering the polarity sequence of the solvents (DMSO > DMF > ODCB > LP), it can be concluded that the strong polar solvent treated TMB-5 NAs  and β-crystal  are shown in UT, iPP/0.1TMB-5DMSO, iPP/0.1TMB-5DMF, iPP/0.1TMB-5ODCB and iPP/0.1TMB-5LP, respectively. βmp, results, and αmp, results. The same color of the column in c = 90 °C) in αmp, than pure iPP . This is also the case when Tc = 100 °C  and Tc = 100 °C (red columns).Notably, there is a difference in melting temperatures of  process . This phαmp, results in c (110–130 °C), the difference of Tαmp, between pure iPP and the five iPP/TMB-5 specimens are nearly eliminated, indicating less β-α transformation/recrystallization in iPP/TMB-5 occurred during DSC heating process. In other words, more stable and perfect β-crystal can be obtained at relatively high Tc, such as 110–130 °C herein. Next, we investigated the dependence of melting behaviors of pure iPP and different TMB-5 nucleated iPP on the crystallization temperature. The DSC melting curves are shown in According to the dashed lines marked in αmp, and Tβmp, increase with the crystallization temperature, except for iPP/TMB-5DMSO. This is consistent with the variation trends of dashed line marked in αmp, and Tβmp, of iPP/0.1TMB-5DMSO  and the peak melting temperature of β-crystal  corresponding to The non-isothermal crystallization and the subsequent melting behaviors of pure iPP and different TMB-5 nucleated iPP were investigated via DSC with the heating/cooling rate of 10 °C/min. The crystallization and melting curves are shown in α-melting peak at lower temperature around 163–166 °C represents α1-phase with less structure perfection and stability, while the peak at higher temperature around 170 °C represents α2-phase with higher structure perfection and stability. The α-crystal might come from two aspects: first, the crystallization of α-crystal during the previous DSC cooling procedure when considering the dual nucleating ability of TMB-5 [β-α recrystallization during DSC heating process [α2-phase, that is, the less perfect or less stable α1-phase melted and recrystallized into the more stable α2-phase during DSC heating process. It can also be observed that Tαmp,s  of all iPP/0.1TMB-5 specimens are higher than the Tαmp, of pure iPP, which indicates that TMB-5 NAs can not only induce the formation of β-iPP crystal, but also enhance the stability of α-iPP crystal.The of TMB-5 ,30, seco process ,26,31. Aβ-crystal melting peak width of iPP/0.1TMB-5UT is the narrowest and the Tβmp, of iPP/0.1TMB-5UT is relatively higher than the others. It indicates that the TMB-5UT induced β-crystals formed via the non-isothermal crystallization possess a relatively higher structure perfection and stability. On the other hand, iPP/0.1TMB-5LP exhibits the widest β-crystal melting peak , iPP/0.1TMB-5DMF (6.1 °C) and iPP/0.1TMB-5ODCB (5.2 °C). The results indicate that the untreated TMB-5 (TMB-5UT) and non-polar solvent treated TMB-5 (TMB-5LP) exhibit higher nucleating efficiency than the polar solvent treated TMB-5 NAs  during the non-isothermal crystallization of iPP.In addition, we use the value of Tβ-crystal in iPP containing 0.1 wt% TMB-5. In present work, we used different solvent-treated TMB-5 as the β-NA for iPP. A high-temperature pre-crystallization at 150 °C (Tpc = 150 °C) for 1 h (tpc = 1 h) was introduced before the isothermal crystallization at 135 °C (Tc = 135 °C) for 6 h (tc = 6 h). The TMB-5 concentration was 0.1 wt% and 0.05 wt%, and the corresponding WAXD results are shown in As reported, TMB-5 is a dual-selective nucleating agent for iPP depending on the thermal conditions ,24,29,30α-crystal (α(110), α(040) and α(130)) and β-crystal (β(300)) are marked in β(300) peaks are tremendously decreased and the α-peaks are predominant, indicative of a serious reduction in β-crystal in the 150 °C pre-crystallized iPP/0.1TMB-5 specimens. A similar phenomenon is also observed for iPP containing 0.05 wt% TMB-5 NAs  are shown in β values of iPP/TMB-5 with a 150 °C pre-crystallization are far less than those isothermally crystallized at 90–140 °C (comparing results in The representative diffraction peaks of  NAs see b. The coUT) induced more β-crystal than the solvent treated TMB-5 NAs. Furthermore, TMB-5 treated by strong polar solvent (TMB-5DMSO) induced more β-crystal than those treated by less polar solvent (TMB-5DMF and TMB-5ODCB) and non-polar solvent (TMB-5LP). As reported in our previous work, TMB-5 induced iPP to form α-crystal instead of β-crystal at 150 °C, in other words, the pre-formed α-crystal induced by TMB-5 at 150 °C inhibits the β-crystal inducing ability of TMB-5 [β-crystal fraction of iPP/0.1TMB-5UT is considered to result from the less formation of TMB-5UT induced α-crystal at high temperature (Tpc = 150 °C). It can also be inferred that α-crystals are tremendously formed at 150 °C in iPP/0.1TMB-5DMSO, iPP/0.1TMB-5DMF, iPP/0.1TMB-5ODCB and iPP/0.1TMB-5LP, thus inhibiting the formation of β-crystal.Comparing the red columns in of TMB-5 . Thus, tβ values of iPP/0.1TMB-5UT and iPP/0.1TMB-5DMSO are, respectively, larger than that of iPP/0.05TMB-5UT and iPP/0.05TMB-5DMSO, while Kβ values of iPP/0.1TMB-5DMF, iPP/0.1TMB-5ODCB and iPP/0.1TMB-5LP are, respectively, smaller than that of iPP/0.05TMB-5DMF, iPP/0.05TMB-5ODCB and iPP/0.05TMB-5LP. It can be explained that with the addition of 0.1 wt% TMB-5DMF, 0.1 wt% TMB-5ODCB and 0.1 wt% iPP/0.1TMB-5LP, large amounts of α-crystals would be induced during the 150 °C pre-crystallization of iPP, tremendously restraining the generation of β-crystal. On the contrary, less α-crystals would be induced to form during 150 °C pre-crystallization with less loading of TMB-5DMF, TMB-5ODCB and TMB-5LP (CNA = 0.05 wt%), thus reducing the restriction on β-crystal formation to some extent. However, as shown in β values are less than 10%, indicating that no matter what kind of TMB-5 NA is used, high temperature pre-crystallization is not conducive to the formation of β-crystal.Comparing the black columns with the red columns in β-iPP crystal. The stronger polarity of the solvent used to treat TMB-5, the higher β-crystal fraction of the TMB-5 nucleated iPP at high Tc = 140 °C. The β-crystal inducing efficiency of untreated TMB-5 (TMB-5UT) and non-polar solvent treated TMB-5 (TMB-5LP) is seriously reduced at high Tc = 140 °C. TMB-5DMSO and TMB-5ODCB can induce iPP to form a high and stable content of β-crystal within Tc = 90–140 °C. In addition, iPP crystals induced by TMB-5DMSO exhibit a relatively high structural consistency within Tc = 90–140 °C, and β-crystal induced by TMB-5ODCB keeps with an outstanding high content that Kβ > 91.3% within a broad temperature range Tc = 90–130 °C. TMB-5DMF is the most temperature-sensitive one, but can induce a high content of β-crystal with Kβ > 92% both at low Tc = 90 °C and high Tc = 140 °C. High temperature pre-crystallization at Tpc = 150 °C evidently inhibits the formation of β-crystal for all iPP/TMB-5 specimens, with the Kβ values dropping sharply to below 10%.In present work, the effects of temperature on the crystalline structure of iPP containing different TMB-5 NAs, as well as the crystallization and melting behaviors of different iPP/TMB-5 specimens were investigated. The TMB-5 NAs were previously treated with different solvents before blending with iPP matrix. WAXD results indicate that within the studied isothermal crystallization temperature range 90–140 °C, the addition of 0.1 wt% TMB-5 NAs tremendously promotes the formation of β-crystal at low Tcs exhibits less structural perfection and less stability. Appropriate increase of Tc is in favor of the structural perfection and stability of β-crystal. Among the five different TMB-5 NAs, iPP crystals induced by TMB-5DMSO possess a relatively high structural consistency within Tc = 90–140 °C. The non-isothermal crystallization and melting DSC results indicate that TMB-5 is an effective nucleating agent to improve the crystallization temperature and the crystallization rate of iPP. Among the five different TMB-5 NAs, the untreated TMB-5 (TMB-5UT) and non-polar solvent treated TMB-5 (TMB-5LP) exhibit higher nucleating efficiency than the polar solvent treated TMB-5 NAs . Furthermore, β-crystal induced by TMB-5UT possesses higher structural perfection and stability than the other TMB-5 NAs, while TMB-5LP is more likely to induce the formation of α-crystal with considerable quantity and stability during the non-isothermal crystallization process.DSC melting results of the isothermally crystallized iPP/0.1TMB-5 specimens indicate that TMB-5 induced The findings in our present work can be used to guide the processing and production of iPP products, tailoring the crystalline structure and properties of iPP by selecting the appropriate TMB-5 NA and the corresponding temperature conditions. In the future, we will study how to achieve artificial control of nucleating agent morphology through solvent treatment and subsequently to quantitatively regulate the crystalline structure and properties of iPP.