OBPs (OBP6 and OBP10), in the grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi 0 h, 2 h, 1 day, 3 days, 10 days, and 20 days after adult emergence. Both winged and wingless aphids were examined to further uncover phenotypic specification. Then, the expression patterns before and after EBF induction were analyzed. Throughout adulthood, only OBP7 had significantly higher antennal expression in winged aphids; however, there was no significant difference in the antennal expression of OBP3 between wing morphs at most time points. Except it was lower in newly emerged winged aphids but increased rapidly to the same level in wingless aphids at 1 day. OBP9 did not differ in expression between the morphs and was the only OBP that did not exhibit an expression trough at the beginning of the adult stage (0 h). The expression of OBP9 remained relatively stable and high throughout the adult stage in both phenotypes, showing the highest level among the three EBF-binding proteins. After EBF induction, its expression was further up-regulated in both morphs. Therefore, this protein may be an important molecule for EBF recognition in aphids. OBP7 strongly responded to EBF but only in winged aphids, suggesting that this protein is important in the more sensitive EBF recognition process of winged aphids. In addition, the antennal expression level of OBP3 did not respond to EBF induction. These findings revealed a temporal expression pattern of OBPs in aphids and showed that figuring out the pattern is critical for correctly selecting morphs and sampling times, which will support the discovery of reliable findings and allow solid conclusions to be drawn. Our findings also inspire on the interaction mode of the three EBF-binding proteins in relation to EBF perception in aphids.High chemosensitivity of insects to volatile organic compounds (VOC) stimuli is mediated by odorant binding proteins (OBPs). In aphids, three OBPs  are E-β-farnesene (EBF)-binding proteins. Winged aphids are generally more sensitive than wingless aphids to VOCs, thus, wing presence is a phenotypic correlate of olfaction sensitivity. Here, we investigate the detailed temporal expression of these EBF-binding proteins and two other  Compared with other insects, aphids generally express fewer OBPs (between nine and twelve), such as Acyrthosiphon pisum with 11 identified genes encoding complete OBPs (Aphis gossypii with nine (Myzus persicae with 11 (Sitobion avenae with twelve (Megoura viciae with 10 (Aphis glycines with 11 (Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) with high antennal expression levels have been widely identified among insect species since 1981 . The widete OBPs , Aphis gith nine , Myzus p with 11 , Sitobioh twelve , Megoura with 10 , and Aph with 11 . However with 11 , OBP7 .Spatial expression profiles showed that insect gs e.g., . Besidesgs e.g., , reprodugs e.g., , mandibugs e.g.,  and saligs e.g.,  as well.gs e.g., , 2021. FOBPs in the nymph stage than in adults. However, considering that the body undergoes a substantial transformation from the nymph to adult stage and that the adult stage lasts up to an average of 19 d  in the laboratory at 22 ± 1°C with a 75% relative humidity and 16 h light/8 h dark. Our recent investigation showed an average adult longevity of 19 d in S. miscanthi , 1 day (24–36 h), and 3 days (72–84 h) after adult emergence as the beginning of the adult stage, 10 d as the middle of adult stage and 20 d as the end of adult stage to explore the temporal expression patterns of n-hexane) was applied to a 1 cm square filter paper and quickly placed into the Petri dish. Filter paper (1 cm) with 1 μl of n-hexane served as a control. Sampling was performed after 30 min of treatment. Thirty-five pairs of antennae were dissected into 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes in triplicate for each time point as well as EBF treatment and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Antenna samples were ultimately stored at −80°C before total RNA extraction.Fourth-instar (the last nymph stage) winged and wingless nymphs were placed in 9-cm-diameter Petri dishes (10 aphids/dish) and fed wheat seedlings grown in 2 ml centrifuge tubes. Antennae at each time points were collected from both wingless and winged aphids. For the EBF treatment experiment, 4th-instar winged and wingless nymphs were placed into 9-cm-diameter Petri dishes (10 aphids/dish) lined with filter paper moistened with water. The nymphs were fed wheat seedlings grown in 2 ml centrifuge tubes. Twenty-four hours after they emerged as adults, 400 ng of EBF , and n-hexane was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich .Total RNA was extracted using total RNA extraction reagent  following the manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration of RNA  was measured by a Nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer . Then, the first strand of cDNA was synthesized using 400 ng of total RNA using the 1st strand cDNA synthesis kit .OBP3, OBP6, OBP7, OBP9, and OBP10 transcripts at different time points of the adult stage as well as in the EBF treatment experiment were quantified by RT-qPCR. The sequences of primers used for RT-qPCR were designed based on SaveOBP3 (GenBank accession number KU140607), SaveOBP6 (KU140610), SaveOBP7 (KU140611), SaveOBP9 (KU140613) and SaveOBP10 (KU140614), which were previously reported by The antennal expression levels of S. avenae  followed by Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS version 23.0 software . Differences in antennal transcript expression between winged and wingless aphids were analyzed by two-sample OBP3 between winged and wingless aphids at most time points  in the two morphs and then decreased to the level observed at 0 h , which increased rapidly to the same level as that in the wingless aphids at 1 day and remained steady and equivalent to that level over time. This is in sharp contrast with the patterns observed for OBP6, OBP7, and OBP10 . This OBP showed relatively stable and high expression throughout the adult stage and the highest expression level among the three EBF-binding proteins  was the same as that in the wingless aphids during the whole adult stage after 1 day. Thus, once samples at these two time points were selected, it was not surprising that OBP7 expression was not significantly different between winged and wingless aphids, as previously reported in some studies  for ordinary EBF perception by the antennae. Furthermore, OBP7 may enable greater sensitivity to EBF in winged aphids because of its significantly higher expression level in these aphids than in wingless aphids. Further functional studies are needed to clarify why OBP3, which has an EBF affinity, does not respond to EBF induction.In summary, our findings will be helpful for understanding the interaction mode of the three EBF-binding proteins mediating EBF perception in aphids. Obviously, both phenotypes possess a molecular basis (OBPs in aphids. They showed that figuring out the temporal expression patterns is critical for correctly selecting morphs and sampling times and will help researchers obtain reliable findings and draw solid conclusions.The above findings revealed the detailed temporal expression patterns of The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/JF conceived and designed the study. JF and JC supervised the project. SZ and QZ carried out the laboratory work. SZ, JF, XJ, YQ, and WW performed the RT-qPCR data analysis. SZ, JF, XJ, and QL worked on the statistical analysis and charting. JF and SZ wrote the original manuscript. All authors contributed on polishing and revising the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Food production on our planet is dominantly based on agricultural practices developed during stable Holocene climatic conditions. Although it is widely accepted that climate change perturbs these conditions, no systematic understanding exists on where and how the major risks for entering unprecedented conditions may occur. Here, we address this gap by introducing the concept of safe climatic space (SCS), which incorporates the decisive climatic factors of agricultural production: precipitation, temperature, and aridity. We show that a rapid and unhalted growth of greenhouse gas emissions (SSP5–8.5) could force 31% of the global food crop and 34% of livestock production beyond the SCS by 2081–2100. The most vulnerable areas are South and Southeast Asia and Africa's Sudano-Sahelian Zone, which have low resilience to cope with these changes. Our results underpin the importance of committing to a low-emissions scenario (SSP1–2.6), whereupon the extent of food production facing unprecedented conditions would be a fraction.  •Safe climatic space method to assess climatic niche for global food production•Climate change risks pushing 1/3 of food production outside safe climatic space•Following the Paris Agreement would reduce this risk considerably•We call for interlinked climate change mitigation and adaptation actions Food production systems developed under stable Holocene climate conditions. To identify these conditions for the first time, we developed the novel concept of safe climatic space. We show that unhalted growth of greenhouse gas emissions could force nearly one-third of global food crop production and over one-third of livestock production beyond this safe space by 2081–2100. The most vulnerable areas are South and Southeast Asia and Africa's Sudano-Sahelian Zone, where a high risk of leaving these safe climatic conditions is combined with low resilience. Our findings reinforce existing studies showing that if warming cannot be limited to 1.5–2°C, humanity will be forced into a new era in which past experience is of reduced validity and uncertainties increase dramatically. Future policies should concentrate on actions that simultaneously mitigate climate change and increase sustainably the resilience of food systems and societies. We developed the novel concept of safe climatic space, which allows us, for the first time, to identify the climatic conditions under which food production developed during the stable Holocene climate conditions. We show that nearly one-third of global food crop production and over one-third of livestock production could be forced beyond these suitable conditions by 2081–2100 if we cannot limit the warming to 1.5–2°C. The most vulnerable areas would be South and Southeast Asia and Africa's Sudano-Sahelian Zone. The use of the HLZ concept allows us to do this. SCS is defined here as the climate conditions to which current food production systems  are accustomed , an analWe estimated the HLZs for baseline conditions (1970–2000) as well as for future conditions  under two climate change scenarios on both extremes  under the most recent Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) framework. We used spatially high-resolution  data from eight global circulation models (GCMs), downscaled and bias corrected by WorldClim2 (Mkm2) to 14.8 or 8.0 Mkm2 . Under future conditions, the largest positive net increase is the growing tropical dry forest zone, from 15.0 to 19.2 or 27.7 Mkm2, ending up being globally the largest zone together with tropical desert (see 2) and boreal forest (−20% or –57%). In contrast, the largest increase in relative terms would occur in boreal desert (+159% or +75%), temperate desert (+24% or +110%), and temperate forest (+48% or +118%) , indicating drier conditions in many regions.Among the largest changes under the climate change scenarios assessed by 2081–2100 in HLZs is the shrinking of the boreal forest zone, from 18.0 million kmsert see . The larr +118%) . ParticuAs the Holdridge concept allows one to assess not only changes in climate zones, but also the magnitude and direction of change , we wereSocieties have varying abilities to react to changes in climatic zones, depending on their resilienceWhen considering resilience with the HLZ change, the difference between the two scenarios is remarkable. Under the low-emissions scenario (SSP1–2.6), the areas under most critical risk  lie in the Sahel and the Middle East, covering around 1% of global crop and livestock production A. If natth percentile) chosen for low-resilience class, we tested this sensitivity by doing the analyses with the 20th to 30th percentiles, too. We found that the crop and livestock production in the critical-risk zone under the high-emissions scenario would vary between 28% and 36% and between 30% and 39%, respectively  for crop and livestock production areas  only rather limited parts of current crop production .Further information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the lead contact, Matti Kummu .All data were downloaded from WorldClimFor assessing the potential impacts of climate change on food production, we used openly available global spatial datasets. For crop production, we used the total crop production data from SPAM,-cattle, 1.0 AU-sheep, 0.15 AU-goats, 0.10 AU-horses, 1.8 AU-buffalo, 0.7 AU-chickens, 0.01 AU-pigs, 0.2 AUFor the distribution of livestock production, we used Gridded Livestock of the World (GLW3)To quantify the resilience of human societies to cope with the future changes, we used the recent resilience concept by Varis et al.−1) was calculated from monthly precipitation data, as defined by the HLZ method,1] and observing that the original PET method  and aridity  using the thresholds given by Holdridge.P and R axes, a given value of P and R translates into Cartesian coordinates x and y  as follows:To implement the HLZ diagram computationally, we constructed a version in Cartesian coordinates from precipitation  and, instead of just mapping the cells where the HLZ class would change, we calculated the distance between the current and the future location see A as wellTo extract spatial patterns for the changes in HLZs, for each raster cell, we scaled the change between current and future HLZ coordinates by dividing by the distance between two HLZ centroids. Hence, a change of one means that the observed change in the HLZ coordinates is equal to the difference between two HLZ centroids. The scaled HLZ change values were also divided into classes based on area-weighted percentiles: 0%–25% (low), 25%–50% (moderate), 50%–75% (high), and 75%–100% (very high).To map the most critical areas with low capacity to cope with future changes, we used an indicator for resilience.After dividing the HLZ change and resilience values into the four percentile classes, we compared them with crop production in kilocaloriesWe further assessed and estimated the crop and livestock production areas under risk of falling outside the corresponding SCS, i.e., moving beyond climatic conditions under which the majority (95%) of the food is currently produced under baseline conditions. To define and map the SCSs, we first placed each grid cell with, for example, food crop production in the Holdridge triangle D using tThen we compared the future climatic conditions of these major production areas , and estimated which would fall beyond the SCS under both emission scenarios. Finally, utilizing simulation results across the eight GCMs, the likelihood of falling beyond the SCS was mapped for each grid cell, as well as being aggregated to the national level.


Background: It is known that ischemia-reperfusion damage in the kidney is one of the most common causes of acute kidney failure. It is also known that reduced renal damage has a nephroprotective effect by reducing the release of inflammatory and vasoactive peptides that cause tissue damage. Therefore, we think that reperfusion caused by ischemia in kidney damage may be an important focus for clinical research.Methods: A total of 21 healthy 230-250 g female rats were used in our experimental study. During the experiment, animals were randomly divided into three groups, each containing seven rats. Group 1: The group that underwent left nephrectomy with a sham operation. Group 2: Left renal ischemia for 60 minutes, then left nephrectomy followed by 45 minutes of reperfusion. Group 3: Left renal ischemia for 60 minutes, then reperfusion for 45 minutes, followed by left nephrectomy. In this group, sugammadex was given intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/kg at the beginning of reperfusion. In the histomorphological examination, damage findings of tubules atrophy, dilation and cast formation, tubular epithelial brush border loss and vacuolization, presence of fibrosis as interstitial structural change, capillary vasodilatation/congestion and neutrophilic cell infiltrates in interstitial spaces, and morphological changes in glomeruli were evaluated.Results: When evaluated based on tubular brush border, there were no significant differences between Group 2 and Group 1 (P = 0.454), while the damage in Group 3 was less significant than Group 2 (P = 0.017). When evaluated in terms of tubular vacuolization, there was no significant difference between Group 2 and Group 1 (P = 0.902), while the damage in Group 3 was less significant than Group 2 (P = 0.017).Conclusion: We believe that 100 mg/kg sugammadex given at the beginning of reperfusion after one hour of ischemic condition on rats has a histochemically detectable nephroprotective effect. Resumption of blood flow to an organ after a critical period of ischemia causes parenchymal injury. This phenomenon occurring through different clinical and laboratory findings is generally known as ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury . HistoloSugammadex is a modified ɣ-cyclodextrin molecule that has recently been used widely in daily anesthesia applications. Neuroprotective effects of cyclodextrins have been shown in various previous studies ,8. Our rThis study was initiated after the approval of the Bezmialem Vakif University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Protocol number: 21.02.2020-2020/30). In our experimental study, a total of 21 healthy female, two- to three-month-old 230-250 g Sprague-Dawley rats were used.Animals and experimental protocolDuring the experiment, these rats were kept alive in rooms with light/dark lighting for 12-hour periods and automatically adjusted for temperature (22 ± 2ºC) and humidity (60 ± 5%). Before starting the experiment, the animals were adapted to the ambient conditions for a week. During this time, all rats were allowed free access to standard rat food and water in their cages. Animals were fasted overnight before experiments but were given free access to water. Intramuscular anesthesia was applied to all subjects with 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (HCl)  and 20 mg/kg xylazine HCl .During the experiment, the animals were randomly divided into three groups of seven rats each:Group 1: Sham control group (n = 7). The group whose abdomen was dissected by performing a sham operation, but left nephrectomy was performed without clamping the kidney.Group 2: IR (n = 7). Group in which the abdomen was dissected and given left renal ischemia for 60 minutes, then left nephrectomy after 45 minutes of reperfusion.Group 3: IR + sugammadex-treated group (n = 7). Group in which the abdomen was dissected and given left renal ischemia for 60 minutes, then left nephrectomy after 45 minutes of reperfusion. In this group, sugammadex  was administered intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/kg at the beginning of reperfusion.After left lateral laparotomy, the left renal artery and vein were clamped for 60 minutes with a hemostasis clip to create the IR model. The clip was then removed to allow reperfusion. After nephrectomy, rats were sacrificed by creating diaphragm rupture. This was determined as the endpoint of the experiment.Histopathological evaluationThe dissected nephrectomy specimens were fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for 24 hours. On macroscopic examination, the kidneys were cut from the lateral surface to the hilar area in two halves, one being anterior and posterior. Sagittal sections of 3-mm thickness containing the cortex and medulla were taken from each specimen. Tissue samples were embedded in paraffin blocks after routine tissue monitoring . The 4-μm-thick sections prepared from the paraffin blocks in the microtome were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) dye in an automatic stainer. All sections of the preparations were examined histomorphologically under an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope  by a single pathologist blindly.In the histomorphological examination, atrophy in the tubules, dilatation and cast formation, brush-like edge loss and vacuolization in the tubulus epithelium, presence of fibrosis as interstitial structural changes, capillary vasodilation/congestion in interstitial areas and neutrophilic cell infiltration, and morphological changes in the glomeruli were evaluated. Histological damage scoring was semiquantitatively graded from 0 to 4 as 0 = none, 1 = 1%-25%, 2 = 26%-50%, 3 = 51%-75%, and 4 = 76%-100%.Statistical analysisAll data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 . Differences between data were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance level was accepted as P < 0.05.A total of 21 Wistar rats were included in the study, in three equal groups. The parameters evaluated in the histological classification and the data of the rats are given in Table The data of the total score evaluations of the three groups are given in Table Parameters showing the acute histological damage of the groups are given in Table Histopathological differences between the groups are shown in Figures In the IR model created with this experimental study on rats, we found findings that sugammadex may play a protective role in kidney damage. Renal ischemia that develops during arterial occlusion, shock, and organ transplantation is generally associated with cell death, renal failure, delayed graft function in kidney transplantation, and renal graft rejection . FollowiIschemic preconditioning is also a method to protect organs from damage that may be caused by ischemia. In our study, we found that sugammadex, which we applied at the beginning of reperfusion after ischemia, decreased kidney damage by causing a decrease in tubular brush border and tubular vacuolization histologically. The effects of different drugs were investigated on kidney IR models created in rats. Kocoglu et al. investigated renal damage and the effects of dexmedetomidine in the IR model they created on 30 rats. In the results of this study, they reported that kidneys of untreated ischemic rats showed tubular cell swelling, cellular vacuolization, pycnotic nuclei, medullary congestion, and moderate to severe necrosis, and kidneys in the dexmedetomidine-injected group showed mild edema in normal glomeruli and tubular cells . This isIn the study conducted by Kianian et al., 30 mg/kg celecoxib was administered orally to subjects before ischemia. In this study, the gender difference was also investigated, and they reported that celecoxib improves kidney function and histopathological damages and reduces oxidative stress equally in both sexes in similar pathological conditions. In addition, as a result of this study, they stated that these protective effects of celecoxib on IR-induced kidney damage were independent of gender . In an eThe IR model has also been studied on other vital organs besides the kidney, and the tissue-protective effects of both the model and the drugs used still remain a mystery in many subjects. For example, the neuroprotective efficacy of sugammadex has been reported in an experimental model in which global cerebral ischemia was created by bilateral carotid artery clamping . In anotNeuromuscular blocking agents have been used in anesthesia for a long time. Various drugs such as neostigmine, suramin, purified human plasma cholinesterase, and cysteine have been used to reverse the effects of these drugs . CyclodeSome limitations of our study should be noted. Most importantly, the detection of renal damage worked only histochemically. Analysis of these findings together with biochemical examinations could provide more concrete evidence. Different results could be obtained with different doses. Necrotic and apoptotic cell evaluation requires special dyes such as tunnel, e-nos, and quantitative counting. We could not look at these parameters in our study because it was not in our laboratory facilities.As a result, strategies exist that attempt to prevent or at least reduce the severity of renal injury and damage to renal tubular cells after IR injury. We believe that 100 mg/kg sugammadex given at the beginning of reperfusion after one hour of ischemic state in rats has a histopathologically detectable nephroprotective effect. We believe that large-based studies with frequently used drugs and different strategies in anesthesia practice will be useful in preventing renal damage after ischemia.


Due to the increasing frequency of wildfires in recent years, there is a strong need for developing mitigation strategies to manage the impact of smoke exposure of vines and occurrence of ‘smoke taint’ in wine. One plausible approach would be to prevent or inhibit the uptake of volatile phenols from smoke into grape berries in the vineyard. In this study we describe a model system we developed for evaluating under controlled conditions the effectiveness of a range of surface coatings  for reducing/preventing the uptake of volatile phenols and their subsequent conversion to phenolic glycosides. Grapes were coated with the materials to be tested and then exposed to gaseous phenols, via evaporation from an aqueous solution, in a semi-closed glass container. Analysis of volatile phenols and their glycosidic grape metabolites demonstrated that the treatments typically did not provide any significant protection; in fact, some resulted in higher concentrations of these compounds in the grapes. The highest concentrations of volatile phenols and their glycosides were observed after application of oily, hydrophobic materials, suggesting that these materials may enhance the adsorption or transfer of volatile phenols into grape berries. Therefore, it is important to consider the types of sprays that are being applied in the vineyard before and during smoke events to prevent the potential of exacerbating the uptake of smoke compounds by grape berries. The presence of smoke in vineyards, from wildfires or prescribed burns, is of major concern to viticulturists and winemakers as grapevines are susceptible to the uptake of volatile phenols contained in smoke, such as guaiacol, isomeric cresols and syringols ,2,3,4. OGiven the increased incidence of bushfires and wildfires impacting the wine industry globally, there is a growing need to mitigate the effects of smoke exposure of vines. Mitigation strategies evaluated to date have been summarized in two review papers ,12. The The application of horticultural products  to grapevines is common practice in viticulture to negate the quality and economic impacts of pests and disease ,18,19. FSmoke taint research in wine grape vineyards is challenging because of the relatively short ripening period of grapes along with the inherent unpredictable occurrence and danger of bushfires. This necessitates the use of model systems such as purpose-built smoke tents where grapevines can be exposed to smoke generated from the combustion of model fuels such as straw ,26,27,28The aims of this study were to (i) establish a model system for studying the consequences of exposure of grape bunches to volatile phenols; (ii) investigate if excised grape bunches can absorb gaseous volatile phenols generated by their evaporation from an aqueous mixture and if they will subsequently convert them to phenolic glycosides; and (iii) utilize this model system to evaluate a range of horticultural surface coating products currently permitted for use by Australian growers, and other materials, for their potential to reduce or prevent the uptake of volatile phenols by grape berries and their subsequent conversion to phenolic glycosides.o-cresol, m-cresol, syringol and phenol. Following exposure, the concentrations of volatile phenols and phenolic glycosides in grape homogenates were quantified and compared to those of control grape bunches stored in the absence of volatile phenols. Due to their availability all year round, initial experiments were performed with white seedless table grapes (variety unknown) and confirmed by model studies involving field-grown wine grapes once mature grapes became available close to harvest.Initial experiments focused on whether excised grape bunches  are able to absorb volatile phenols and convert them to phenolic glycosides. Previous work by Kennison et al. (2007) had demonstrated that post-harvest smoke exposure of whole Verdelho grape bunches resulted in smoke-affected wine . The preo-cresol   .o-cresol and guaiacol were observed compared to m-cresol and syringol, which likely reflects the higher volatility and faster evaporation of these phenols from the aqueous solution.In contrast to what has been observed for grapes collected in vineyards sometime after smoke exposure from bushfires , the conTo validate the initial study with table grapes, the experiments were repeated with excised bunches of Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon grapes during the 2017 harvest. Concentrations of the phenolic glycosides in the control and treated Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon grapes are given in o-cresol and phenol  was upscaled to a larger 156 L glass container suitable for exposing multiple bunches in parallel to volatile phenols. Three separate experiments were performed, two with Muscat Gordo grapes and one with Shiraz grapes and each involved testing the twelve materials listed in To achieve uniform coverage, the surface coatings were applied to grapes  by dippiThe concentrations of total volatile phenols and total phenolic glycosides present in Muscat Gordo (Experiment 1) and Shiraz grape homogenates after grapes had been treated with surface coatings and then exposed to volatile phenols are presented graphically in ®, Ecoprotector®, Fruit Drying Oil, Parka Plus and Peratec were applied compared to the control  was found to reduce the uptake of volatile phenols. In addition, the application of a cuticle supplement  to the grape surface did also not provide any protection against the uptake of volatile phenols. The data are not consistent with the findings of a recent study which simulated exposure to forest fire smoke that suggested the application of an artificial grape cuticle one week prior to smoke exposure may significantly reduce volatile phenols at harvest [In this current study, none of the sunburn protectants  resulted also in statistically significant increases in the total phenolic glycosides  compared to those observed in the control (note: only significantly higher when using Parka Plus on Shiraz grapes). While for many treatments their application to the grape surface resulted in a trend towards increased mean concentrations of phenolic glycosides, they were not statistically higher than those contained in the control grapes. In some experiments the activated carbon and titanium dioxide coated grapes had somewhat lower average glycoside concentrations, but they were not significantly lower than the control. Any observed reductions for these grape coatings are likely attributable to the action of carbon and titanium dioxide and not the product they were applied in, since Raynox application alone has a trend towards increasing total glycoside concentrations , although none of these results were statistically higher than the control (®WP). Discrepancies in results between grape varieties possibly may be attributed to the rate of application and extent of coverage [When considering the concentrations of phenolic glycosides in the control and treated Muscat Gordo grapes  and Shir control . Previoucoverage , and furo-cresol and guaiacol were observed in the Muscat Gordo and Shiraz grape homogenates compared to m-cresol and syringol  where concentrations were much higher. This outcome may be a consequence of the smaller berry sizes for Shiraz grapes compared to Muscat Gordo grapes, therefore resulting in a higher surface area to volume ratio.To summarize and wholistically assess all results, principal component analysis was conducted on the most abundant individual phenolic glycosides  for each treatment for each of the three experiments  . The dat®, Fruit Drying Oil and Parka Plus, are least effective at mitigating the uptake of smoke compounds and this was consistent for all three experiments. For most treatments, there is good reproducibility between the two Muscat Gordo experiments with the same treatments being located in close proximity, though there are a few exceptions . Even the treatments between the Muscat Gordo and Shiraz grape varieties align relatively well on the y-axis, indicating similar trends were observed regardless of grape variety. When considering the loadings, separations were driven by the relative changes compared to the control for SyGG (0.625), GuMG (0.463), GuGG (0.425), CrGG (0.374) and CrMG (0.332) in PC-1 and SyGG (0.625), PhPG (−0.364), CrPG (−0.369) and GuPG (−0.458) in PC-2.PC-1 and PC-2 explained 87% and 7% of the variation in the data, respectively . Separat®, Parka Plus and Fruit Drying Oil. The hydrophobic nature of these materials and/or the disruption to the grape cuticle by their application to the grape surface may be responsible for enhanced adsorption and/or transfer of volatile phenols into the berry.In summary, the absorption of volatile phenols by grapes was influenced by the surface coating applied, with none of the treatments tested providing effective protection against uptake. Higher concentrations of volatile phenols and their glycosidic metabolites were observed for grapes coated with BiopestWhile activated carbon and titanium dioxide may be capable of effectively reducing the levels of volatile phenols under certain conditions , the practicality of their use in the vineyard appears limited. Since both materials are solids, obtaining adequate coverage on grapes is an issue and would require large quantities to be used. Even with dipping grape bunches in slurries of carbon or titanium dioxide in Raynox (30 mg/mL), it was difficult to get good coverage of these materials on the grape surface. Furthermore, the use of these materials is not really feasible as they would need to be removed prior to grape processing and carbon, being black, acts as a heat sink and its presence on grapes can cause sunburn.Good spray coverage in the vineyard is an important factor which must be considered if any coatings are found to prevent the update of volatile phenols into grape berries. Even for good disease control, it has been estimated that spray coverage of 80% or more is required . For sund3-guaiacol, d3-4-methylguaiacol, d7-o-cresol, d3-syringol, d3-guaiacol β-D-glucoside and d3-syringol gentiobioside) were synthesized in-house, as previously reported [Solvents (HPLC grade) were purchased from Merck . Deuterium-labelled internal standards ; FPS activated carbon from Vason Group ; Deccoshield® from Decco Italia s.r.l. ; Ecoprotector® from Organic Crop Protectants Pty Ltd. ; Envy from AgroBest Australia Pty Ltd. ; Victoria Fruit drying oil  from Victorian Chemical Co. Pty Ltd. ; Parka Plus from InSense Pty Ltd. ; Peratec Plus from Jaegar Australia ; Raynox from Collin Campbell  Pty Ltd. ; Silicone oil 47v50 to 47v1000 from Victoria Lub Pty Ltd. ; Surround®WP from AgNova Technologies Pty Ltd. ; and Titanium dioxide from Sigma Aldrich Inc. .The horticultural products and materials were sourced from the following suppliers: BiopestTable grapes  were purchased from local supermarkets in South Australia. Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon grapes (600–700 g for each) were harvested at 19.8, 19.8 and 15.4 °Brix, respectively, in February 2017 from the Coombe Vineyard at the University of Adelaide’s Waite Campus in Urrbrae, South Australia . Grapevines were planted (in 1998) in north–south aligned rows on their own roots; trained to a bilateral cordon, vertical shoot positioned trellis system; hand-pruned to a two-node spur system; and drip irrigated. Muscat Gordo grapes (approx. 20 kg) and Shiraz grapes (approx. 10 kg) were harvested from the SARDI Research Centre  in February 2017. Grape bunches were stored at 5 °C until needed.m-cresol (0.12 g), o-cresol (0.12 g), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (0.12 g) and phenol (0.12 g) were weighed into a volumetric flask (200 mL). The flask was made up to the mark with deionized water making a solution with a concentration of 600 mg/L of each of the phenols (or collectively 3 g/L). This solution was further diluted 1 in 10 to give a concentration of 60 mg/L of each of the phenols (or collectively 300 mg/L).Guaiacol (0.12 g), Table grapes: Initial experiments were performed with table grapes (variety unknown) due to their availability outside of vintage. Grape bunches  were placed into a glass desiccator (volume of approximately 6 L) which contained an aqueous volatile phenols mix  in a glass Pyrex dish. A second desiccator contained control grape bunches  which were not exposed to volatile phenols . Desiccators were left outside (unstoppered) for approximately 60 h (2–5 December 2016). After this time, grape bunches were placed in individual zip lock plastic bags and frozen at −20 °C until ready for volatile phenols and phenolic glycoside analysis. Wine grapes: One bunch (128–142 g) of each of the white wine grape varieties  was placed in two desiccators which contained an aqueous volatile phenols mix  in a glass Pyrex dish. Both desiccators were left outside (unstoppered) for approximately 60 h (14–17 February 2017), where maximum daily temperatures were 22–30 °C and minimum night temperatures were 15–20 °C. After this time, grape bunches were placed in individual zip lock plastic bags and frozen at −20 °C until ready for volatile phenols and phenolic glycoside analysis.®: 15 mL added to water (485 mL); Carbon: 30 mg/mL solution in Raynox® (1 in 40 dilution); Deccoshield®: 10 mL added to water (490 mL); Ecoprotector®: 10 mL added to water (490 mL); Envy: 25 mL added to water (475 mL); Victoria fruit drying oil: 7.5 mL added to water (492.5 mL) containing 10 g potassium carbonate; Parka Plus: 5 mL added to water (495 mL); Peratec: 5 mL added to water (495 mL); Raynox®: 10 mL added to water (390 mL); Silicone oil: used “as is”, no preparation required; Surround: 25 g added to water (500 mL) plus the addition of wetter ; 25 µL); Titanium dioxide: 30 mg/mL in Raynox® (1 in 40 dilution).Solutions of the horticultural products/materials were prepared in concentrations recommended by the manufacturer via dilution in MilliQ water and were as follows. BiopestThree separate experiments were performed, two on Muscat Gordo grapes and one on Shiraz grapes, testing twelve different surface coatings  alongsidFor each experiment, all coated grape berries and the uncoated controls were placed inside a glass vessel  at the same time and exposed to gaseous volatile phenols. Within the base of the tank, 6 × Pyrex dishes  were evenly placed. Aqueous phenol solution  was placed in each of the Pyrex dishes and two dishes were under each of three custom made stainless steel platforms (29.5 cm × 36.5 cm × 11.5 cm), each containing 17 × 21 holes (5 mm in diameter).m-cresol, o-cresol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol) and phenol. It was prepared by dissolving 120 mg of each of the phenols in 200 mL of MilliQ water . This stock solution was diluted 1 in 2.3 with MilliQ water to give a solution containing 260 mg/L of each phenol. With 120 mL of this solution used in the experiments, 20 mL in each of six Pyrex dishes, approximately 31.2 mg of each phenol was contained in that 120 mL quantity, or collectively 156 mg, in a tank of 156 L capacity. Grape bunches were randomly placed on the stainless-steel platforms, arranged to ensure there was one of each treatment on each of the three platforms. A data logger recording temperature and humidity was placed inside the glass vessel. The glass lids were placed on the top of the fish tank and a small fan was used to circulate air within the tank. The grapes remained in the vessel for 60 h. Specific details for each of the three experiments were as follows. Muscat Gordo Experiment 1: Experiment started at 9 pm on 24 March 2017 and finished at 9 am on 27 March 2017. Range of bunch weights: first replicate 205–232 g; second replicate: 157–175 g; third replicate: 112–165 g. For the duration of the experiment, the temperature in the tank ranged from 20.8 °C to 35.9 °C. Muscat Gordo Experiment 2: Experiment started at 9 pm on 4 April 2017 and finished at 9 am on 7 April 2017. Range of bunch weights: first replicate 194–255 g; second replicate: 150–188 g; third replicate: 132–157 g. For the duration of the experiment, the temperature in the tank ranged from 11.5 °C to 30.4 °C. Shiraz Experiment: Experiment started at 9 pm on 23 April 2017 and finished at 9 am on 26 April 2017. Range of bunch weights: first replicate 193–237 g; second replicate: 145–183 g; third replicate: 122–152 g. For the duration of the experiment, the temperature in the tank ranged from 11.5 °C to 28.1 °C.The aqueous phenol solution consisted of guaiacol, After being exposed to gaseous phenols in a fish tank for 60 h, grape bunches underwent a semi-abrasive cleaning procedure to remove as much of the coating as possible . It was difficult to remove the oily substances, particularly difficult for silicone oil. Tissues and wipes were used to wipe off as much oil as possible but there was still some residue. Grape bunches were then placed in individual zip lock plastic bags and stored at −20 °C until ready for volatile phenols and phenolic glycoside analysis.When ready for homogenization and extraction, grapes were defrosted at ambient temperature, all berries were removed from stalks and the number of berries counted and weighed. All berries were homogenized at 8000 rpm for 20 s using a Grindomix GM200 blender . Homogenate samples, 25 g and 5 g, were weighed out in 50 and 10 mL centrifuge tubes for volatile phenol and phenolic glycosides analysis, respectively.m-, o- and p-cresols, syringol and methylsyringol concentration in grape samples was quantitated, against calibration curves consisting of each of those individual volatile phenols and using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and stable isotope dilution methods reported previously [3-guaiacol (for guaiacol), d3-4-methylguaiacol (for 4-methylguaiacol), d3-syringol  and d7-p-cresol (for p-cresol) were synthesized via methods previously described [The guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, eviously ,40,41. I3-syringol gentiobioside (d3-SyGG) used as the internal standard [3-SyGG (25 µL of 100 µg/mL solution) to give a final concentration in the homogenate of 500 μg/kg. After mixing by vortex, samples were centrifuged (3500 rpm for 5 min) and a portion of juice supernatant (2 mL) was extracted by solid phase extraction according to the method used by Hayasaka et al., 2013 [Smoke glycosides were quantified using stable isotope dilution analysis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) with dstandard . Grape hp = 0.05), correlation analysis  and principal component analysis (PCA) using Minitab 18  and The Unscrambler , respectively.Chemical data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive and multivariate techniques, including one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test  were observed for the more oily, hydrophobic materials; this indicates that the hydrophobic nature of these materials may enhance the adsorption and/or transfer of volatile phenols from smoke into grape berries. Therefore, it is important to consider what sprays are being applied in the vineyard before and during smoke events to prevent unintentionally exacerbating the uptake of smoke compounds by grapes.Excised table and wine grape bunches are capable of forming a range of mono- and di-saccharides as a consequence of exposure to volatile phenols, with the glycoside profiles broadly similar to what has been previously observed after smoke exposure of grapes on vines. A model system was developed that was capable of evaluating the effectiveness of applying a broad range of horticultural product surface coatings to grapes for reducing/preventing the uptake of volatile phenols guaiacol, syringol,


Can 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) be used as a substitute for frozen plasma (FP) for treatment of bleeding related to coagulation factor deficiency in cardiac surgery?In this pilot trial, 101 adult patients were successfully randomized to receive PCC or FP for bleeding during cardiac surgery. In exploratory analyses, the PCC group had significantly lower chest tube blood loss and received fewer allogeneic blood transfusions, whereas the number of thromboembolic events was similar.Four-factor PCC may be a suitable alternative to FP for management of cardiac surgery–associated coagulopathy, pending assessment by adequately powered multicenter trials. Approximately 15% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery receive frozen plasma (FP) for bleeding. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) have logistical and safety advantages over FP and may be a suitable alternative.To determine the proportion of patients who received PCC and then required FP, explore hemostatic effects and safety, and assess the feasibility of study procedures.Parallel-group randomized pilot study conducted at 2 Canadian hospitals. Adult patients requiring coagulation factor replacement for bleeding during cardiac surgery . Data analysis was initiated on September 15, 2020.Prothrombin complex concentrate (1500 IU for patients weighing ≤60 kg and 2000 IU for patients weighing >60 kg) or FP (3 U for patients weighing ≤60 kg and 4 U for patients weighing >60 kg), repeated once as needed within 24 hours (FP used for any subsequent doses in both groups). Patients and outcome assessors were blinded to treatment allocation.Hemostatic effectiveness , protocol adherence, and adverse events. The analysis set comprised all randomized patients who had undergone cardiac surgery, received at least 1 dose of either treatment, and provided informed consent after surgery.P = .25) nor at the 24-hour time point for 41 patients (76%) in the PCC group and for 31 patients (66%) patients in the FP group (P = .28). The median numbers of units for 24-hour cumulative allogeneic transfusions  were 6.0 U  in the PCC group and 14.0 U  in the FP group . After exclusion of FP administered as part of the investigational medicinal product, the median numbers of units were 6.0 U  in the PCC group and 10.0 U  in the FP group . For red blood cells alone, the median numbers were 1.5 U  in the PCC group and 3.0 U  in the FP group . During the first 24 hours after start of surgery, 15 patients in the PCC group (28%) and 8 patients in the FP group (17%) received no red blood cells (P = .24). Adverse event profiles were similar.Of 169 screened patients, 131 were randomized, and 101 were treated (54 with PCC and 47 with FP), provided consent, and were included in the analysis . The PCC group received a median 24.9 IU/kg  of PCC . The FP group received a median 12.5 mL/kg  of FP . Hemostatic therapy was not required at the 4-hour time point for 43 patients (80%) in the PCC group and for 32 patients (68%) in the FP group (This randomized clinical trial found that the study protocols were feasible. Adequately powered randomized clinical trials are warranted to determine whether PCC is a suitable substitute for FP for mitigation of bleeding in cardiac surgery.NCT04114643ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:  This parallel-group randomized pilot study assesses whether 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate can substitute for frozen plasma in the treatment of bleeding related to coagulation factor deficiency in adult patients during and after cardiac surgery. Frozen plasma, which contains the full complement of procoagulant and anticoagulant factors that are present in blood, has long been the mainstay of therapy for this purpose. In the United States, FP is administered to approximately 15% of all cardiac surgery patients and to one-third of all bleeding patients.12 The advantages of PCCs relative to FP are that they are pathogen reduced, do not require ABO blood group matching or thawing , are manufactured from pooled plasma (decreasing the risk of transfusion-related acute lung injury), require substantially lower volumes to achieve dose equivalence with FP (decreasing the risk of transfusion-associated circulatory overload), and may lead to greater thrombin generation (improving hemostatic effectiveness).15 On the other hand, because PCCs do not contain the full, balanced complement of procoagulants and anticoagulants that are present in FP, they may be less effective in restoring hemostasis, may carry a higher thrombosis risk , or both.16Purified from pooled plasma and widely available, PCCs offer a potential alternative to FP for management of bleeding. Although specific compositions vary depending on the manufacturer, 4-factor PCCs contain vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors , the anticoagulant proteins C and S , and small amounts of heparin.17 However, to our knowledge, large-scale comparative randomized clinical trials assessing the broader use of PCCs for treatment of coagulopathy due to coagulation factor deficiency in cardiac surgery have not been conducted. In preparation for such a study, we conducted this randomized pilot trial comparing PCC with FP in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were bleeding and required coagulation factor replenishment to determine the proportion of patients who first received PCC but also required FP, to compare the hemostatic effects and safety of the 2 therapeutics, and to assess the feasibility of study procedures.Several high-quality randomized clinical trials have shown that PCCs are superior to FP for reversal of vitamin K antagonists, and they are now the agent of choice for that indication.18 and was conducted by the Anesthesia Clinical Trials Unit at the University Health Network . The trial was overseen by an independent data and safety monitoring committee, and study monitors independently reviewed all primary outcomes and adverse events. The trial was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki19 and applicable regulatory requirements. The trial protocol and statistical analysis plan are provided in CONSORT) reporting guideline. Research ethics board approval was obtained at each site before trial initiation, with permission to obtain written informed consent from patients or surrogates as soon as possible after surgery. All participants or their surrogates provided written informed consent unless otherwise indicated, and no one received compensation or was offered any incentive for participating in this study.This was an investigator-initiated, randomized clinical trial conducted at 2 centers in Canada . The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.govAdult patients undergoing cardiac surgery for whom coagulation factor replacement with FP or PCC was ordered during surgery for management of bleeding were eligible for inclusion. Blood bank technologists screened  and randomized eligible patients if they had none of the following exclusion criteria: receipt of FP or PCC within 48 hours before surgery; history of severe allergic reaction to FP or PCC; refusal of blood components; known pregnancy; anticipated high risk of death within 24 hours of surgery; undergoing heart transplantation, ventricular assist device implant or removal, or thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair; history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; receipt of warfarin with an international normalized ratio higher than 1.5 at the time of surgery; or receipt of direct oral anticoagulants within 48 hours of surgery.Participants were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to study groups using a pseudorandom number generator (PROC PLAN procedure in SAS) in randomly permuted blocks of 4, stratified by center. Allocation was blinded; the randomization schedule was kept at the blood banks in sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes (prepared by Ergomed GmbH), which were opened when the order for PCC or FP was received. For the first and second orders up to 24 hours after randomization, patients assigned to the PCC group received Octaplex (Octapharma AG), 1500 IU if the patient weighed 60 kg or less or 2000 IU if the patient weighed more than 60 kg, and those assigned to the FP group received FP (Canadian Blood Services), 3 U if the patient weighed 60 kg or less or 4 U if the patient weighed more than 60 kg (each unit approximately 250 mL) for each order. For any additional orders, FP was administered to both groups.Given that the products have different physical properties, it was not possible to blind treating clinicians to group assignment. To minimize bias, the first set of products was released in weight-matched, tamper-sealed containers that were opened immediately before initiating treatment, thereby ensuring that clinicians remained blinded to group allocation until after the decision was made to administer the investigational product. Clinicians not involved in product administration, patients, family members, and all study personnel remained blinded to group assignment. Medical record labels for both products stated “FARES Study Product 1 U.”20 Administration of hemostatic adjuncts and cell salvage was conducted according to hospital practice. Tranexamic acid was administered prophylactically to all patients. Protocol deviations were classified as major if inclusion or exclusion criteria were violated, an unassigned investigational product was administered, or less than 80% of the assigned first dose was administered.There were no other alterations to patient care. Both hospitals used a transfusion algorithm that used point-of-care and standard coagulation assays and recommended a targeted, stepwise approach for management of bleeding .21 The measures for assessing feasibility of study procedures were successful randomization, treatment according to group allocation, and attainment of informed consent after surgery. To assess the suitability of PCC as a substitute for FP, the number of patients in the PCC group who ultimately required FP was recorded.The primary measures of hemostatic effects were (1) treatment response, based on receipt of any hemostatic therapies from 60 minutes to 4 and 24 hours after initiation of the intervention; (2) cumulative and individual allogeneic blood component units  administered within 24 hours after start of surgery ; and (3) avoidance of red cell transfusion within 24 hours after start of surgery. Other measures of hemostatic effects included cumulative and individual allogeneic blood component units administered within 24 hours and 7 days after cardiopulmonary bypass and within 24 hours after start of intervention; blood loss, as measured by chest tube drainage at 12 and 24 hours after surgery; number of patients receiving hemostatic factor concentrates; and bleeding severity, as measured by the universal definition of perioperative bleeding score.22 it was anticipated that approximately 120 randomized patients would yield 100 treated patients.No formal sample size calculation was carried out. It was deemed that a sample of 100 treated patients would be sufficient to assess the feasibility of study procedures, to determine the proportion of patients who received PCC and would require FP, and to determine event rates for other measured outcomes. Based on previous experience,t test, the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and negative binomial regression analysis as appropriate. Allogeneic blood component comparisons were based on the PCC to FP treatment group ratio of the least-squares mean number of units transfused. Comparisons were prespecified as superiority analyses with α = .05. Variables with missing values are noted when applicable, and patients with missing values were excluded from the relevant analyses. Analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc).Data analysis was initiated on September 15, 2020. All analyses followed the a priori defined statistical analysis plan, unless otherwise specified. The analysis set comprised all randomized patients who had undergone cardiac surgery, received at least 1  dose of either treatment, and provided informed consent after surgery (either directly or via surrogate). Outcomes were examined using descriptive statistics, point estimates with 2-sided 95% CIs, the Fisher exact test, the Patient recruitment continued from September 23, 2019, to June 19, 2020, with the final follow-up visit on July 17, 2020. The study was terminated when the prespecified number of evaluable patients was recruited, and no interim analyses were conducted. Of the 1360 patients who underwent cardiac surgery during the study period, coagulation factor replacement was requested for 169 patients (12.4%), and 131 patients (77.5%) were randomized . Of the P = .19) , 28 patients (28%) were female, and 82 patients (81%) underwent complex operations. Baseline demographic and surgical characteristics were well balanced . The medP = .19) . PatientP = .19)  and 2 paP = .19) . Four paP = .19) .P = .25) nor at the 24-hour time point for 41 patients (76%) in the PCC group and for 31 patients (66%) patients in the FP group (P = .28) (P < .001) in the PCC group, primarily because of the FP component, which was 94% lower , followed by red cell transfusions, which was 31% lower . After exclusion of FP administered as part of the investigational medicinal product, the median numbers of units were 6.0 U  in the PCC group and 10.0 U  in the FP group  (P = .24). Chest tube drainage was significantly lower in the PCC group both at 12 hours  and at 24 hours  after surgery  in the PCC group and for 32 patients (68%) in the FP group (P = .28) . IndividP = .28) . For theP = .15) . During  surgery .Treatment emergent adverse events and thromboembolic events were similar between groups, as were the durations of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay . No tranP < .001) to allogeneic blood components .24To date, several observational studies and a single randomized pilot study have compared the use of PCC with FP in cardiac surgery.25 Second, unlike the highly variable coagulation factor content of FP,26 PCCs are standardized according to their factor IX content, which may lead to more reliable factor replenishment and response.12 Third, PCCs are more concentrated than FP; thus, a substantially lower PCC volume is required to achieve dose equivalence for increasing thrombin generation .15 Thus, PCCs are less likely than FP to exacerbate the obligatory hemodilution that occurs during cardiac surgery, which is an important cause of anemia and red cell transfusion.28Although PCCs do not contain the full complement of procoagulant factors that are present in FP, they have several important characteristics that may confer hemostatic superiority over FP. First, transfusion of PCC may lead to greater increases than FP in procoagulant to anticoagulant levels , thereby enhancing thrombin generation.20 Recognizing that the most affected parameters in cardiac surgery are platelet count and function and fibrinogen levels,2 the recommended order of therapy was to first administer platelets and fibrinogen concentrate (cryoprecipitate was not used), followed by FP or PCC to increase coagulation factor levels and thrombin generation.Despite the reduced blood loss and red cell transfusions in the PCC group, suggesting hemostatic superiority to FP, exposure to other blood components, namely platelets and fibrinogen concentrate, was similar. This discordance is most likely due to the stepwise approach to coagulation management at the participating institutions.29 and were consistent with the doses used for approved indications30 as well as institutional practice. Patients who did not receive the full dose of FP were not disadvantaged because none of them required additional transfusions or hemostatic adjuncts.One objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the study protocol, which was met. We successfully identified the approximately 12% of patients who were deemed to require coagulation factor replacement by the surgical team and appropriately randomized patients who were eligible for the study. The postoperative consent process was also successful because consent could not be obtained for only 3 patients. Important aspects of the protocol were adhered to in both groups, with the sole exception being the between-group difference (FP > PCC) in the number of patients who received less than 80% of the assigned dose. This difference can be attributed to the usual practice of titrating blood component administration to treatment effect. Because a full dose of FP (10-15 mL/kg) represents a substantially larger volume and takes longer to administer than PCC, clinicians would have had a longer opportunity to observe an incremental treatment effect during FP administration, leading them to not administer the full recommended dose. The doses used in this study reflected existing guideline recommendationsOne limitation of the study is that, because it compared the products under usual conditions of care, a standardized transfusion protocol could not be strictly enforced, which may have led to practice variability. Both hospitals, however, had 1 established transfusion algorithm, and processes of care measures  were similar between the groups, suggesting that the transfusion practice was consistent between groups. Another limitation is that, owing to the nature of the therapeutics, treating clinicians could not be blinded to group assignment . Finally, as already noted, this was a pilot study, and between-group comparisons were exploratory.For patients who require coagulation factor replacement for bleeding during cardiac surgery, this pilot study illustrates that a multicenter randomized trial comparing PCC with FP is feasible. Our results suggest that PCC may be a suitable substitute for FP because it markedly decreases the need for FP and may have hemostatic superiority without increasing the occurrence of adverse events. Adequately powered multicenter randomized clinical trials are warranted to delineate the risk-benefit profile of PCC relative to FP for the management of bleeding during cardiac surgery and other settings.


To increase competitiveness, the aquaculture flatfish industry demands animals with optimal growth rates and a high shape quality. Genetic breeding is an essential tool to achieve these goals but it requires the estimation of the genetic components of these traits under industrial conditions. The current study provides phenotypic data and genetic parameters of eight traits related to growth and shape quality. The high heritabilities and correlations obtained support that genetic breeding programs can be successfully implemented in Senegalese sole to optimize production.Solea senegalensis) is a valuable flatfish with a highly elliptic body that slightly changes with age and size, and it is prone to accumulating malformations during the production cycle. The present study aims to investigate the genetic parameters of two growth traits (weight and standard length) and six shape quality predictors  and two ratios (BMH/BHP and BMH/CPH)). These traits were measured before the on-growing stage (age ~400 days (d)) and at harvest (~800 d). Phenotypic data, heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations between the traits are presented and discussed. High or very high heritabilities (0.433–0.774) were found for growth traits, body heights and ellipticity and they were higher at 400 than 800 d. In contrast, the ratios of BMH/BHP and BMH/CPH were less heritable (0.144–0.306). Positive and very high (>0.95) correlations between growth traits and the three heights were found and decreased with age. In contrast, ellipticity had negative and medium-high genetic correlations with growth traits and heights, indicating fish selected for bigger size would also become rounder. The ratio of BMH/CPH showed low genetic correlations with all traits and provided complementary information to ellipticity for a better fitting to the expected lanceolate body morphology of sole. The genetic correlations for all traits at both ages were very high, indicating that selection before entering the growth-out stage in recirculation aquaculture systems is recommended to accelerate genetic gains.Shape quality is very important in flatfish aquaculture due to the impact on commercialization. The Senegalese sole ( Flatfish is a general name for a diverse group of highly appreciated species worldwide, both in fisheries and aquaculture. They are morphologically unique among fishes due to their body asymmetry, which is acquired after the migration of one eye to the opposite side and the cranium remodeling in early larval stages. This process, known as metamorphosis, also entails a drastic reorganization of the abdominal cavity, skin pigmentation patterns and the development of sensory structures for the adaptation to a bottom-dwelling mode of life. As a consequence, the new flattened bodies acquire species-specific shapes for swimming, and camouflage capabilities as adaptive mechanisms to specific ecological niches . In a geSolea senegalensis) is a marine flatfish of high economic value whose aquaculture is rapidly growing in Southern Europe. The shape of this right-eyedflatfish is well-recognized by the lanceolate bodies, short jaws and long fins. However, this species exhibits a high plasticity of the skeletal components, such as the vertebral number, which oscillates between 44 and 48 (mode = 45) with 8–9 in the abdominal region, 34–35 in the caudal region and 3–4 in the caudal complex [Senegalese sole  shifts the relative body proportions toward a wider head and a shortened caudal region with an enlarged peduncle [Solea solea, the body ellipticity measured using image analysis was proposed as an optimal trait to assess the quality of external sole shape [Nutritional factors and environmental conditions have been identified as two major modulators of morphological features and malformations in Senegalese sole. High levels of vitamin A increase the mean number of vertebrae and the malformation rates in the vertebrae and caudal fin . Moreovepeduncle . A high peduncle . In the le shape . This trle shape . This stn = 9) responding simultaneously in the same thermocycle. Hence, with the objective to increase the number of families in the population upon evaluation, seven evaluation batches (EBs) obtained after different thermocycles were created by mixing proportionally the volume of eggs from each tank that contributed offspring in each thermal treatment. To facilitate the data comparison and convergence, the offspring of a breeder tank (n = 6) were always included in all EBs. Larval rearing and weaning protocols for each EB were those previously described [Broodstock used to produce families comprised 150 wild specimens approx. 8 years old caught in salt marshes from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). They were fed with frozen feed including mussels, small squids and polychaeta worms  on alternative days. Mass spawning strategy to create the families was previously described . Brieflyescribed ,17 and e® [For genetic evaluation, fish (ranging from 200 to 550 specimens per EB) were intraperitoneally tagged, with ages ranging between 150 and 278 days post-hatch (dph) as previously reported ,18. Late® . Image a®  were calDNA isolation from blood (broodstock and non-sacrificed offspring) or caudal fin  was carried out using the Isolate II genomic DNA kit  following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA was quantified using a Nanodrop ND-8000 and quality was evaluated by agarose gene electrophoresis. Genotyping of breeders and offspring was carried out using an 11-loci supermultiplex PCR  on an ABAll data were tested for normality and homogeneity of variance using SPSS v.23 . Weight at 400 and 800 d were cube square root and square root transformed, respectively, to fit normality. ANOVA analysis using the General Linear. Models (GLM) procedure was carried out using the gender, EB and AD as fixed factors. To test the effect of age , a repeated measures ANOVA was carried out for each trait using the same fixed factors. Regression analysis and slope significance testing were carried out with Prism 9.0 . Genetic estimates of heritability and correlations were calculated using restricted maximum likelihood adjusted linear mixed models (REML) in WOMBAT : y = Xβ p < 0.05) were found that ranged between 18.9 and 63.3 g at 400 d for EB3 and EB7, respectively, and between 126.8 and 376.7 g at 800 d for EB3 and EB6, respectively (2) were ≥ 0.95 with slopes between 3.32 and 3.34  (The phenotypic mean ± Standard error (SE) of growth traits (weight and SL) at 400 and 800 d are depicted in ectively . A totalectively . A repeaificant) .Due to the flattened morphology of sole, the body height at the insertion of the pectoral fin (BHP), body maximum height (BMH) and caudal peduncle height (CPH) and the two ratios of BMH/BHP and BMH/CPH were determined both at 400 and 800 d . Mean BH2 > 0.97) than CPH and BMH (R2 > 0.86). Moreover, slopes for males were statistically significantly smaller than females at 800 d at both ages , an ANCOVA analysis using the weight as a covariate was carried out and significant differences associated with the EB and gender at both ages were still observable. An analysis of ellipticity by weight class indicated that females were statistically less elliptic than males in class 0–10 g at 400 d and classes 0–100, 300–400, 400–500 and > 600 g at 800 d.As ellipticity was significantly and negatively correlated with weight (RHeritabilities and correlations for growth and shape-related traits at 400 and 800 d are depicted in Genetic correlations between growth and height traits were very high both at 400 and 800 d (>0.95). The ratio of BMH/BHP had moderate-high genetic correlations with growth and height traits that were higher at 400 (0.858–0.881) than 800 d (0.412–0.612). The genetic correlations of BMH/CPH were low (<0.28). The ellipticity had negative and high genetic correlations with growth and height traits ranging from −0.724 to −0.828 at 400 d and from −0.509 to −0.733 at 800 d, and a negative and low correlation with height ratios .Genetic and phenotypic correlations between both ages are depicted in Genetic breeding programs for growth performance and shape quality are essential for flatfish aquaculture industry competitiveness. This highly plastic taxonomic group transforms during development from a bilateral symmetry to an asymmetric, highly specialized flattened body. Evolutionary studies have demonstrated that different ecological traits act as a driver of body shape in flatfish, acquiring a wide range of body depths, jaw lengths and fin lengths . Hence, The reproduction of Senegalese sole is extremely complex due to three singularities: the courtship behavior, the dominance and fidelity of highly successful spawners and the low production of sperm ,23. TakiIn addition to the EB, gender also had an important effect on growth and shape-related traits. The females appeared 12.2–16.1% heavier and 2.1–2.8% longer than males in the evaluation period. These data are in agreement with the differences previously found in sole juveniles and at harvest ,18,24. MS. solea, although these authors did not follow a longitudinal approach or provide information about gonad development that could explain such differences. The significant effects of EB conditions, as indicated above, on the ellipticity trajectory also denote the importance of culture conditions on shape, and the relevance of controlling this important feature to maintain high shape-quality standards for fish commercialization.The ellipticity of the sagittal plan was proposed as the best trait to measure shape quality in sole since this trait could be easily derived from direct measures on fish (using body height and body length) or by image analysis, fitting theoretical ellipses with a similar precision . This thS. solea, cultivated in RAS, were low-moderate (0.23–0.25), although this species has very low growth rates compared to S. senegalensis [n = 2171 offspring) also estimated higher heritabilities for growth traits in juveniles before growth-out than later at harvest [Heritabilities for growth traits in flatfish are highly influenced by the age and production system. Previous studies in Japanese flounder reported high or very high heritabilities (>0.6) for growth traits (weight and body length) in juvenile stages <300 dph) that gradually decreased in older flatfish ,28,29,300 dph thagalensis ,31,32. A harvest . These r harvest ,34. RAS  harvest . Moreove harvest . InteresS. solea (0.34) [Oreochromis niloticus (0.12–0.45) [Shape predictors such as ellipticity had very high heritabilities >0.74) at both ages. These values were considerably higher than those obtained in a (0.34)  or Oreoc12–0.45) ,38. Alth4 at both12–0.45) ,11, our S. solea, a moderate negative genetic correlation (rg = −0.44) between ellipticity and weight was reported [It should be noted that ellipticity was dependent on fish size. In reported . Similarreported . A combireported . HoweverThe three heights showed a positive and very high genetic correlation with growth traits (>0.95). However, the heritabilities for the two height ratios were low-moderate and the BMH/CPH ratio had very low genetic correlations with growth and height traits. This latter ratio is strongly related to the swimming speed and performance ,40. A deThis study provides phenotypic and genetic estimates for growth and shape-related traits and supports selective breeding as an effective strategy to improve these traits in Senegalese sole. The gender, EB and AD had significant effects on most traits when evaluated using a longitudinal approach, indicating that these factors need to be carefully controlled to achieve accurate estimates. Moreover, the high correlations at both ages support that selection can be carried out before growth-out in RAS, accelerating the breeding cycles. A combination of ellipticity, BMH/CPH and weight could be used in a multi trait selection index to control the roundness associated with weight gain and select animals with an optimal lanceolate morphology and growth rate.


The paper presents the morphology, topography and corrosion behavior of epoxy resin/zinc hybrid coatings obtained by electrodeposition from zinc sulphate electrolyte. The effect of current density and mean diameter size of polymer particles used for electrodeposition of the epoxy resin/zinc coatings on the morphology, topography and roughness of the surfaces were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The corrosion behavior of the hybrid coatings in 0.5 M sodium chloride solution was evaluated using electrochemical methods. For microbiological corrosion, the effect of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) on the surfaces was evaluated using epifluorescence microscopy. The surface roughness before and after bacteria attachment was evaluated using Atomic force microscopy. Polymer particles provide an influence in restricting the growth of zinc crystals as well as a catalytic role in nucleation sites increase. The results of electrochemical tests indicate a very good corrosion resistance of hybrid coatings comparing with zinc coatings. Epifluorescence images demonstrate that hybrid coating surfaces are slightly attacked by sulphate reducing bacteria. Zinc coatings are often used for protection of steel and iron from corrosion, due to the “sacrificial” role of zinc, low cost, easy application and good corrosion properties in natural atmosphere. Under an aggressive corrosive environment , the corrosion properties of zinc coatings dramatically decrease ,2,3,4. Fnal zinc ,7,8,9,10Polymers like epoxy resin are usually used as polymeric coatings because they separate the steels from external environments and serve as a barrier to protect steel surface areas from assertive environmental attack. Their good protection has resulted in reliable materials that are being widely used in industrial applications ,12. EpoxInitially, epoxy resins were used to coat surfaces. Since 1980, the worldwide capacity of epoxy resins has been 600,000 tons per year, but at this time, the companies use only 50–60% of them. Considering that 10 million tons of thermoreactive resins are consumed annually in the world, epoxy resins occupy about 3%. Western Europe and the USA produce about 40% of the market need, while Japan accounts for about 10%. This situation has not changed much since then, so in the year 2000, the market for epoxy resins reached around 750,000 tons per year. Epoxy resins are considered the best synthetic resins due to their high modulus of elasticity and high mechanical strength. They are used in different fields: surface engineering (as additive agents), in painting, for encapsulation of electronic components, for lamination etc. They are excellent insulating materials, exhibiting high dielectric strength, electric arc resistance, good thermal stability (over 260 °C), very low water absorption and equally high tolerance to corrosion in various conditions ,18,19,20In the present work, we report the influence of the current density and mean diameter size of epoxy resin particles used for electrodeposition on the morphology, topography and corrosion resistance of epoxy resin/zinc composite coatings obtained in a zinc sulphate electrolyte bath. In terms of surface observations, morphology was studied via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and topography and roughness were analyzed with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results show that hybrid coatings surfaces are smooth, uniform, compact and do not present irregularities. Corrosion resistance in 0.5 M sodium chloride was estimated using potentiodynamic polarization method and all hybrid coatings tested have very good corrosion resistance. The microbiological corrosion in the presence of SRB was evaluated using Epifluorescence Microscopy (EFM) and AFM The results of values of average roughness and maximum peak to valley height of the surfaces after attachment of bacteria and biofilm formation are higher compared with values before the attachment of bacteria.Global demand for zinc has increased continuously such that current market demand has outstripped global production capability. Epoxy resins have been used for anticorrosive properties in paints and coatings for decades, but when embedded in a zinc matrix they have been shown to significantly decrease the corrosion rate of the naked metal. Thus, the methods proposed here could be readily applied at an industrial scale to sustainably increase the service lifetime of electrogalvanized zinc. The starting materials are not expensive, are non-toxic, and would have a low environmental impact if the epoxy employed is bisphenol A (BPA) free. Moreover, clean-up and recycling of the erased sulphate electrolyte bath is expected to be facile, as is wastewater treatment, because no surfactants are employed in the process.4·7H2O; 0.232 mol/L Na2SO4·10H2O; 0.045 mol/L Al2(SO4)3·18H2O. Sodium sulphate was used to increase the conductivity of the solution and aluminium sulphate was used to stabilize the electrolyte acidity. The electrolyte solution registered a pH of 3.8. Deposition was carried out at current densities of 40 mA/cm2 and 50 mA/cm2, electrodeposition time of 30 min, 10 g/L epoxy resin particles in zinc sulphate electrolyte solution with mean diameter size of particles 0.1–5 and 6–10 μm, stirring rate of 800 rpm at room temperature. Surfactants or additives were not used in the zinc sulphate electrolyte because they could react with resin particles. The epoxy resin  used as the disperse phase has molecular weight 900–1200 g/mol, density 1.18–1.25 g/cm3, epoxy index 0.185–0.220 equivalents in 100 g resin 100%, melting point 64–76 °C and volatile substances content of maximum 1%. The obtained samples were submitted to experimental determinations and the symbols of tested samples are presented in Carbon steel sheets DC04  were used as substrates. They were polished with abrasive papers, from 80 °C to 600 °C, degreased with an alkaline solution and washed with distilled water. The sample used as substrate had the following composition in percent weight: C = 0.04, Mn = 0.20, Si = 0.02, P = 0.018, S = 0.012, Al = 0.060 and Fe up to 100. For electrodeposition, a sulphate electrolyte was used, with the following composition: 1.078 mol/L ZnSOThe morphology of deposits was examined by SEM using a microscope type Philips FEI; QUANTA 200 . The thickness of the coating was evaluated via cross-section samples using optical microscopy and SEM. EDX analysis was used to evaluate inclusion of polymer particles in zinc matrix. The roughness and topography of the hybrid coatings were evaluated using JPK NanoWizard II Atomic Force Microscope  performed by contact mode in air. A silicon cantilever CSC37 A with the following characteristics was used for AFM images: standard length of 250 μm; width of 35 μm; thickness of 2 μm; resonance frequency of 41 kHz as well as nominal force/ spring constant of 0.65 N/m. Each AFM image has a resolution of 512 × 512 pixels.Roughness is a measure of surface topography and AFM is considered one of the most dominant technique for characterization of surface roughness because it is a non-vacuum method and the results are accurate ,22,23,242Cl2), final potential (F.P.) was −0.6 V (Hg/Hg2Cl2) and a scan rate of 0.5 mV/s. The potentiodynamic polarization curves have been conducted in electrolyte solution after 30 min of immersion. The Tafel parameters were defined by extrapolating the Tafel anode as well as cathode curves of the specific samples. The reproducibility of the realized investigations is an average of three samples per specimen type.Electrochemical measurements used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of coatings were made using a Voltamaster 4 (PGP 201) . In order to evaluate the stability of the system in 0.5 M sodium chloride, all tests started with monitoring of corrosion potential . Potentiodynamic polarization measurements were performed in a three-electrode open cell with epoxy resin/Zn hybrid coatings as working electrode (W.E.), a platinum plate as counter electrode (C.E.) and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as reference electrode (SCE = +241 mV/NHE). Initial potential (I.P.) was −1.7 V (Hg/HgDesulfovibrio Vulgaris) with a pH = 6.2 and a concentration of cells of about 109 cells/mL were added on the tested samples. Attachment of cells was made in the following steps:Step 1: putting a drop from preparate solution cells on the surface of coatings;Step 2: waiting to dry (15–20 min);Step 3: it was polymerized for 24 h with glutaraldehyde 2.5%;Step 4: the biofilm formation of SRB on hybrid coatings surfaces was examined using epifluorescence microscopy. Sessile bacteria on coupons were stained with 0.01% DAPI  for 10 min and visualized by epifluorescence microscopy. In epifluorescence microscopy, excitation filter wheels control the illumination spectrum before it enters the objective, whereas emission filter wheels are mounted on the camera port and select a unique emission wavelength.In order to evaluate corrosion resistance of the hybrid coatings under microbiology induced corrosion, cells suspensions with Sulphate Reducing Bacteria  composition of the coatings was used to evaluate the inclusion of polymer in zinc matrix. The average content of unit molecular weight of polymer from hybrid coatings was calculated using the average content of carbon and described in The influence of current density and the mean diameter size of polymer particles used for electrodeposition on topography and roughness of the polymer/zinc surfaces are presented in 2 it could be observed that the crystal grains are bigger, which in general leads to a surface roughness increase. The reinforcing particles in zinc matrix are not concentrated at a particular region, all the surfaces are smooth, compact, do not present irregularities and the hybrid composites layers are uniform.By increasing the current density for obtained hybrid coatings with mean diameter size of particles 0.1–5.0 μm it could be observed that layers become uniform, with smaller grains, randomly orientated. By increasing the mean diameter size of polymer particles and maintaining current density at 40 mA/cma, Rq and Rt) were evaluated and their values were presented in From the histograms of the scanned surfaces, different roughness parameters  versus time curves shifted towards the more positive (anodic) direction.The results obtained for the changes of the open-circuit potential values of all tested samples are presented in Ecorr), corrosion current density (jcorr), corrosion rate (CR) and anodic/cathodic Tafel slopes (βa and βc) derived from the slope of the curve according to the Stern-Geary equation [The polarization measurements were carried out in the potential range from −1.7 to −0.6 V using a corrosive medium of 0.5 M sodium chloride solution. The Tafel plots of tested samples are given in equation ,28 are tComparing the tested samples, it can be clearly found that all polarization curves had similar shapes, implying similarities in polarization behavior and corrosion mechanism. The exposed specimens had undergone corrosion to different extents, depending on the different parameters used for obtaining these hybrid coatings by electrodeposition. Nonetheless, for exposed specimens, both the anodic and cathodic processes were apparently inhibited, meaning that the corrosion products formed on epoxy resin/zinc hybrid coatings surface could offer protection against the aggressive medium.2, with mean diameter size of particles 0.1–5.0 μm and with a value of 7.65 μm/year. For the other tested samples, the corrosion rate was in range of 20.71 μm/year to 27.48 μm/year.From the Tafel parameters it could be observed that the smaller corrosion rate was evaluated for epoxy resin hybrid coatings obtained at 40 mA/cm2 covered with Pluronic F127 has a value of 150 μm/year, hybrid coating Zn–PANI–SiO2 covered with Pluronic F127 and benzalacetone in ethanol used as additive for electrodeposition has a corrosion rate of 165 μm/year and ordinary zinc electrodeposits in the same condition has a corrosion rate of 240 μm/year [Some reports indicate that the corrosion rate in 5% NaCl solution of hybrid coating Zn–PANI–SiO μm/year . For oth μm/year .Comparing the values of corrosion rate obtained for epoxy resin/zinc hybrid coatings with the values of corrosion rate for zinc and other coatings obtained from zinc and polymer as disperse phase reported in the literature, it could be concluded that epoxy resin/zinc hybrid composite coatings have a very good corrosion resistance in an aggressive environment. More than that, these coatings could be used for industrial purposes to decrease the losses of zinc generated from corrosion, because the method of obtaining is easier, with low equipment cost and starting materials.To describe the bacterial attachment on the coating surfaces, the fluorescence observations were performed on samples. Attachments of bacteria on different surfaces create a biofilm formed by microbial aggregates and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) including exopolysaccharides, proteins and DNA. The production of EPS is important for the survival and development of biofilm that will influence the corrosion of the surface on which the bacteria are attached. The blue light points/areas in the fluorescence images in 2, with particles of 0.1–5.0 μm mean diameter size. For the other tested samples, the attachment of SRB has the same aspects. The values of roughness calculated from histograms after attachment of SRB on the hybrid coating surfaces indicate values of Ra = 310.1 nm, Rt = 3.303 μm for sample A and Ra = 1.132 μm, Rt = 6.296 μm for sample C, that indicate an increase in values of average roughness and maximum peak to valley height of the surfaces after attachment of bacteria and biofilm formation.From the epifluorescence images it could be observed that a lower quantity of bacteria was attached on epoxy resin/Zn hybrid coating obtained at 40 mA/cmIn this research, the effect of current density and mean diameter size of epoxy resin particles used for electrodeposition in zinc sulphate electrolyte, on morphology, topography, roughness and anticorrosion properties of hybrid epoxy resin/zinc coatings on steel is evaluated. The key results are outlined as follows:Epoxy resin particles used for obtaining hybrid coatings do not affect the electrodeposition process; they only modify the morphology and topography of the layer’s surfaces. The hybrid coating surfaces are smooth, uniform, compact and do not present irregularities. Polymer particles provide an influence in restricting the growth of zinc crystals as well as a catalytic role in nucleation sites increase.The values of roughness parameters for obtained samples show that the hybrid coating surfaces with the higher mean diameter size of polymer being rougher than those of the hybrid coating surfaces with smaller mean diameter size. The atomic force microscopy analysis suggested that using epoxy resin particles with smaller mean diameter size could decrease the roughness of coatings.From potentiodynamic polarization curves it could be concluded that all of them had similar shapes, implying similarities in polarization behavior and corrosion mechanism. All hybrid coatings tested in 0.5 M sodium chloride have very good corrosion resistances. More than that, these coatings could be used for industrial purposes to decrease the losses of zinc generated from corrosion, the method obtained is easier, with low costs for equipment and starting materials.Epifluorescence images demonstrate that hybrid coating surfaces are slightly attacked by sulphate reducing bacteria, and these coatings have a good microbiological corrosion behavior. Values of average roughness and maximum peak to valley height of the surfaces after attachment of bacteria and biofilm formation are higher compared with values before the attachment of bacteria.