Compared with the comprehensive evaluation function of 0.5336 for basalt RAM with 30% RAP dosage, steel slag RAM reaches 0.7801, which represents its preferable road performance.Circular utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has received extensive attention for its economic and environmental benefits. The application of recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM) in the upper layer of asphalt pavement faces the issue of inferior anti-slip performance and durability. This study aims to recycle steel slag as virgin aggregates in RAM and quantitatively evaluate the service performance of RAM with steel slag. Steel slag and basalt RAM were firstly fabricated and the five different RAP contents were involved. Then tests of Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength and Cantabro spatter loss were conducted to investigate the moisture susceptibility of RAM. Moreover, their high temperature stability, crack resistance and skid resistance were characterized. Indirect tensile fatigue test combined with Hamburg wheel tracking test were carried out to discuss the durability of RAM. The comprehensive performance of RAM with steel slag were quantitatively assessed based on an improved radar chart evaluation method. The results show that involving steel slag reveals a remarkable enhancement function on water stability, high and low temperature performance, skid resistance and fatigue resistance of RAM. Steel slag RAM with 50% RAP content demonstrates a rutting depth of 7.60 mm and a creep slope of 2.54 × 10 With the dual development of economy and society, China’s highway construction has also entered a stage of rapid development . AsphaltThe performance of recycled asphalt mixtures was influenced by the material properties and the recycling technology ,7. The dCurrently, some modifiers are being added to the recycled asphalt and recycled asphalt mixtures to enhance their performance. It was reported that anti-stripping agents was added to recycled asphalt mixtures and demonstrated an outstanding promotion function on rutting resistance and water stability . Zhu et Steel slag, as the highest amount of solid waste generated and disposed in metallurgical industry, reveals the vantages of anti-slip and abrasion resistance and high adhesion strength . It was Overall, incorporating steel slag embodies a commendable performance indexes of recycled asphalt mixtures. Little attention has been paid to the quantitative evaluation of comprehensive performance of recycled asphalt mixtures. The purpose of this research is to explore the service performance of recycled asphalt mixtures incorporated with steel slag, including the volume performance, moisture susceptibility, high temperature stability performance, low temperature performance, skid resistance and durability. Furthermore, an improved radar chart evaluation method was used to quantitatively assess their comprehensive performance. The experimental program is shown in 3 and a viscosity of 1.780 Pa·s at 60 °C were included. SBS asphalt and rejuvenator were obtained from Hohhot and Nanjing, China. Steel slag and basalt as virgin aggregates were supplied from Wuhan and Jingshan. Steel slag coupled with SBS modified asphalt were conducted to prepare RAM with excellent performance, so as to create implementation of the maximum additional value of steel slag. The rejuvenator in this study was mainly used to restore the performance index of aged asphalt in RAP [Styrene–butadiene–styrene modified asphalt  was used in this research, which was acted as virgin asphalt. This was mainly because the recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM) in this paper was mainly used in the upper layer of the asphalt pavement. The upper layer usually had strict requirements on the performance of asphalt mixtures, thus SBS asphalt was commonly adopted . SBS aspt in RAP . Their pRAP were acquired from surface pavement on Wu-Huang highway of China. RAM with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% RAP and 13.2 mm nominal maximum size were prepared based on Marshall design method. The dosage of the rejuvenator in RAM was 6 wt%  . Steel sThe bulk density, air voids, VMA and VFA were employed to investigate the volume performance of RAM as the evaluation indexes. Tests of Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength and Cantabro spatter loss were applied to assess the moisture susceptibility of RAM. The standard wheel tracking test with a rolling speed of 42 cycles/min, a testing temperature of 60 °C and a load strength of 0.7 MPa were conducted to discuss the high temperature stability performance. Low temperature performance was characterized through a three-points bending test with a temperature of −10 °C and a loading rate of 50 mm/min. Beam specimens with a size of 250 × 30 × 35 mm were involved. Texture depth (TD) and British Pendulum Number (BPN) were used to evaluate the skid resistance.A fatigue resistance test combined with a Hamburg wheel tracking (HWT) test were carried out to study the durability of RAM. Indirect tensile fatigue test with a testing temperature of 15 °C, the stress level of 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 MPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.35 were used. The testing device and schematic diagram of HWT test are described in The radar chart method is a common graphical method to display multiple variables, which can map a multidimensional space point to two-dimensional space, indicating the feature of qualitative evaluation of each evaluation object. In the traditional radar map evaluation, the area and perimeter of the graph were extracted as feature vectors, while the feature vector area and perimeter revealed the disadvantage of varying with the ranking of indicators. Therefore, an improved radar chart evaluation method with uniqueness feature was conducted to quantitatively assess the comprehensive performance of RAM.ija)n × k for the evaluation indicators was established. Vector X = {x1, x2, x3…xn} and Y = {y1, y2, y3…yk} represent a group of objects and a set of indicators for the objects.In the improved radar chart evaluation method, the evaluation vector and evaluation function were constructed by extracting feature vectors to comprehensively reflect the level of RAM and the balanced development degree of each index . Firstlyijb and ijr represent each indicator after standardization and non-linear transformation, respectively, and j)E(y and j)σ and (2).iA and iL represent the area inside the arcs and sum length of arcs, respectively, and k represents the number of indicators. Thirdly, the characteristic vectors were calculated according to Equations (3) and (4).iν1 and iν2 are the relative area and perimeter of evaluation object. Calculation method of iν1 and iν2 are displayed in Equation (6).Fourthly, the evaluation vector is defined based on the extracted characteristic vector, as shown in Equation (5).iν1 and iν2, as displayed in Equation (7).Finally, the comprehensive evaluation function (f) was deduced through the geometric mean of The road performance indexes of the RAM were obtained through the performance test. Through the above formula, the evaluation indicators of the two RAM with different RAP content were standardized and normalized, and the comprehensive performance of the two materials was evaluated by the obtained evaluation function.The volume performance parameters of RAM are presented in 1) of RAM increase with ascending RAP dosage in contrast to RMS. This is attributed to the enhancement of the overall elasticity of RAM with aged asphalt of high modulus. The result is match to the conclusion of Oldham et al. [1 and RMS are consistent with that of steel slag RAM. While it demonstrates lower performance indexes under the same RAP content. RAM with steel slag and basalt all satisfy the requirements that the RMS of the modified asphalt mixture in the wet areas is not less than 85%.m et al. . MeanwhiFreeze-thaw splitting test can more truly reflect the water damage resistance of asphalt mixtures. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) reveals more stringent requirement than RMS, and TSR of asphalt mixture will not meet the requirements when RMS arrivals design constrain. The Cantabro spatter loss test is commonly applied to assess the adhesion between asphalt and aggregate in open-graded asphalt mixtures. Although a dense gradation was included in this study, the relative high RAP content may reveal a greater impact on the overall bonding of the asphalt mixtures due to inferior adhesion property between aged asphalt and aggregates. Given that AC-13 RAM was adopted as top layer of asphalt pavement, it suffers from surface stripping due to the dual action of rutting and rainwater. Therefore, Cantabro spatter loss can be conducted to characterize resistance to water damage of RAM.The flexural tensile strain of asphalt mixture can effectively reflect the possibility of brittle fracture at low temperature and characterize its crack resistance. Asphalt mixture with greater flexural tensile strain means the superior low-temperature crack resistance. The crack resistance indexes from bending test results of RAM are provided in The texture depth and BPN results of RAM are illustrated in Fatigue life, as the critical assessment indicator, can reflect the number of stress cycles of sample experienced failure. The fatigue life curves of RAM are depicted in Fitting coefficient of fatigue equation for RAM are presented in The Hamburg wheel tacking (HWT) test can comprehensively evaluate the rutting resistance, moisture susceptibility and stripping resistance under the coupling action of temperature and load. The deformation development of RAM with the ascending loading cycle are presented in −4, which are lower than corresponding values of 10.46 mm and creep slope of 3.97 × 10−4 for basalt RAM. It is worth mentioning that basalt RAM with 40% RAP content undergoes the stripping process under the cycles loading of 15,589 times and reaches the SIP. As the RAP dosage rises to 50%, the SIP moves back and appears at 17,065 cycles loading. The reason is that the ascending RAP content retards the cycles loading of SIP occurrences for RAM, but also elevates its stripping slop, resulting in the dramatic increase in the rutting depth at a later stage. Comparative analysis of HWT test results of RAM with steel slag and basalt state that involving steel slag endows the superior durability than basalt in high temperature and water environment.The radar chart evaluation method is conducted to quantitatively compare the effect of steel slag and basalt on the performance of RAM. The nine evaluation indicators, including residual Marshall stability, tensile strength ratio, spatter loss, dynamic stability, tensile strain, texture depth, British Pendulum Number, intercept K of fatigue equation, absolute value of creep slope in HWT test, were used in radar chart. They were denoted as RMS, TSR, SL, DS, TS, TD, BPN, Intercept K, CS, respectively. iu) and evaluation vectors (iν) in matrices can be calculated, as listed in According to Equations (3)–(7), the characteristic vectors  with steel slag and basalt were examined using volume performance, moisture susceptibility, high temperature stability performance, low temperature performance, skid resistance and durability. Then, an improved radar chart evaluation method was applied to quantitatively assess their comprehensive performance. The following conclusions can be summarized.The incorporation of steel slag elevates the residual Marshall stability (RMS), tensile strength ratio (TSR) and diminishes the Cantabro spatter loss of RAM, endowing its superior moisture susceptibility than basalt RAM. Steel slag RAM involving 50% RAP dosage demonstrates a RMS of 90.5%, TSR of 89.3% and spatter loss of 5.5%, which remains at a high level;Steel slag RAM reveals larger dynamic stability and tensile strain in comparison to basalt RAM, representing its better rutting resistance and low temperature cracking resistance. The texture depth and BPN of steel slag RAM are 0.81 mm and 63, which are higher than those of basalt RAM by 0.08 mm and 11, respectively;RAM with steel slag embodies the larger K value and higher fatigue life, representing its superior fatigue performance compared with basalt RAM. All steel slag RAM do not reach the stripping process and stripping inflection point, which exhibit the lower rutting depth and creep slope than basalt RAM, resulting in preferable durability under high temperature and water condition;An improved radar chart evaluation method is capable of quantitatively assessing the discrepancies in the improvement effect of steel slag for RAM. Steel slag virgin asphalt mixture possesses the largest comprehensive evaluation function (f) of 0.9710, and the ascending RAP content diminishes the f value of steel slag RAM. Steel slag RAM displays larger f value compared with basalt RAM under the same RAP dosage, indicating its more desirable comprehensive road performance.The above conclusions have verified that incorporating steel slag reinforces comprehensive road performance of recycled asphalt mixtures, which is conducive to promoting environmental sustainability. Further study is essential to investigate the engineering implementation and energy consumption of recycled asphalt mixtures involving steel slag.


To explore the effect of calcitriol combined with zoledronic acid in posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures of the knee joint in patients with diabetic osteoporosis.  Between January 2020 and January 2022, 60 patients with diabetic osteoporosis treated in our hospital were included. All patients underwent knee joint posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures, and they were randomized (1 : 1) into the observation group  and control group . The two groups were compared with respect to the improvement of bone mineral density and bone metabolism indexes, the pain degree (VAS) and knee joint function (Lysholm), and the incidence of refracture. p < 0.05). After treatment, VAS scores decreased in the two groups, and Lysholm scores increased compared to the corresponding values before treatment , with more notable changes in the observation group versus control group . The observation group had fewer cases of refractures than the control group (2 cases vs. 8 cases) (p < 0.05).  Both groups showed an increasing bone mineral density after treatment, and significant increase was observed in the observation group vs. control group (all  Calcitriol combined with zoledronic acid used in patients with diabetic osteoporosis after the posterior cruciate ligament tibial attachment avulsion fracture of the knee joint yields a promising result in enhancing bone mineral density and bone metabolism indicators, relieving pain, improving knee joint function, and reducing the risk of refracture. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease with high incidence rate and disability rate. Long-term hyperglycemia stimulation may cause disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in bone tissue, resulting in bone remodeling and bone microstructure damage and further undermining bone quality. The bulk of evidences recognize diabetic disease as an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Diabetic osteoporosis, a serious complication of diabetes, is a systemic bone metabolism disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, osteopenia, reduced bone turnover rate, and increased bone fragility –3. Diabep > 0.05).Totally 60 cases of diabetic osteoporosis patients undergoing surgery for avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee in our hospital from January 2020 to January 2022 were selected and randomized at a ration 1 : 1 via random envelopes into the observation group  years; body mass index (54.32 ± 5.03) kg (44~75 kg); glycosylated hemoglobin: (6.49 ± 2.22) %, (6.51 ± 2.10) %; the cause of fracture: 15 cases of sports injury, 7 cases of traffic accidents, 6 cases of accidental falls, and 2 cases of others) and the control group  years old; body mass index (54.28 ± 5.10) kg (43~78 kg); the cause of fracture: 14 cases of sports injuries, 7 cases of traffic accidents, 7 cases of accidental falls, and 2 cases of others). The baseline information were well balanced in the two groups (Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the patients were diagnosed with osteoporosis by X-ray diagnosis and imaging examination , and allμg × 10 s) after operation, at a dose of 0.25 μg each time, 1 time/d. The observation group was as follows: on the basis of the control group, zoledronic acid injection ) dissolved with 100 mL normal saline was administered via intravenous infusion, at a speed of 15 minutes or more, and the treatment was performed once in a year.All patients were treated with routine control of blood glucose. Fasting blood glucose was measured once a week to ensure good blood glucose control. The control group was as follows: patients were treated with calcitriol capsules  The VAS scale was used to evaluate the degree of pain in patients. The scale was marked on a 10 cm moving scale, and the left and right ends represent, respectively, no pain (0 point) and severe pain (10 points), mild pain (1 to 3 points): slight pain but does not affect sleep and life and can be tolerated; moderate pain (4 to 6 points): obvious pain and need to use analgesics to help sleep; and severe pain (7 to 10 points): severe pain and intolerable, seriously affects sleep, and even results in passive posture and neurological disorders [After a year of treatment, the improvement of the patient's bone mineral density and bone metabolism index before and after treatment was detected; the pain degree and the improvement of knee joint function were evaluated; whether the patient has refracture after operation was observed. (1) The bone density test mainly includes the greater trochanter and the neck of the femur, using the South Korean Auster dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer EXA-3000 . (2) 3 mL fasting in the morning peripheral venous blood was collected and centrifuged at 3000 r/min, and then the samples were processed for a total of 10 minutes to isolate the serum. Serum PINP indicators and ain 4 to  points: x ± s), respectively, and processed using X2 and t-test, respectively. A p value of <0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant.Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS22.0 software package. The counting data and measurement data were expressed as (%) and (p < 0.05). Before treatment, no distinctive difference was observed in bone mineral density between the two groups (p > 0.05), see Both groups showed an increased bone mineral density after treatment, and the increase value in the observation group was more notable . After treatment, the indexes in two groups were lower than the corresponding values before treatment, with significant reduction in the observation group (p < 0.05), as shown in The p < 0.05), and the changes was more greater in the observation group versus control group , see After treatment, significant decrease was observed in VAS scores in both groups, whereas significant increase was observed in Lysholm scores when compared to those before treatment  (As people ages, the metabolic function decreases; also, less amount of exercise and changes in dietary structure results in bone density decline. All these easily lead to diabetic osteoporosis. Diabetic osteoporosis, with insidious clinical manifestations in the early stage, can be painful and easy to fracture as the disease progresses. Among them, posterior cruciate ligament tibial attachment avulsion fracture is a very common type, which not only negatively affects knee joint function but also accelerates the degeneration of the knee joint . To our Normally, diabetic osteoporosis patients suffer pain after surgery and require immobilization, during which bone loss is likely to occur, and thus bone density enhancement should be accordingly emphasized to accelerate the recovery of patients' mobility. Calcitriol, a metabolite, is a commonly used drug for the treatment of osteoporosis and mainly metabolized by the liver and kidneys. Its product 1-25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 can promote the absorption of calcium and regulate the balance of Ca2+, which is conducive to fracture synthesis, promotes the increase of bone density and bone mass by stimulating the activity of osteoblasts, and plays a role in alleviating osteoporosis . Howeverβ-CTX and PINP are highly expressed in patients with osteoporosis, and it has been used in the evaluation of osteoporosis [Previous study pointed out that most patients with diabetic osteoporosis have abnormal bone metabolism. As important markers of bone formation in the human body, oporosis ‒13. In tTaken together, the combination of calcitriol and zoledronic acid is an alternative for patients with diabetic osteoporosis knee joint posterior cruciate ligament tibial anchor avulsion fractures, with respect to the improvement of bone density and bone metabolism, pain relief, and knee joint function enhancement and reduction of refracture risk.


Tissue expansion is an integral procedure of the vast majority of breast reconstruction and has a significant impact on the final clinical outcomes. Therefore, technological advances leading to a fewer number of unfavorable outcomes and a decrease in complication rates are imperative. In this study, using a porcine model, we investigated an effect of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) used as a tissue expander cover on the dermal changes induced by mechanical forces during tissue expansion. After 14 days of expansion, skin samples were collected from one animal, while the second animal underwent radiation, and tissue was collected 8 weeks later. Tissue expanded without the use of ADM and unexpanded skin served as the controls. Collected skin biopsies were used for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation, and for gene expression analysis. We revealed that the biological cover incorporation into host tissue is facilitated by macrophages without inducing a broad inflammatory response. The utilization of ADM mitigated disruption in the dermal structure, excessive collagen deposition, and capsule formation in non-irradiated expanded skin. The protective effect was not fully maintained in irradiated skin. These results demonstrate that tissue expansion might be improved by using the tissue expander cover. Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is commonly used in breast reconstruction to provide support to the tissue expander or implant, prevent excessive pressure on mastectomy flaps, and improve aesthetic outcomes by defining the inframammary fold . ADM proHere, using a porcine model we investigated how a biological cover affects host immune response and the dermal changes induced by mechanical forces during tissue expansion. We evaluated the activity of macrophages and the expression of inflammatory markers in expanded skin. We explored changes in collagen fibers’ organization and deposition, and evaluated capsule formation induced by mechanical forces. These data may help to modernize the original technique by optimizing existing products and/or designing novel materials for safe and successful tissue expansion.+ cells surrounded by ACTA2+ cells in ADM, indicating the ingrowth of newly formed blood vessels in ADM  (CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2) and TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) in skin biopsies surrounding the tissue expanders at weeks 2 and 10 of expansion  and ADM samples . Overall, these results indicate that tissue expansion itself might affect and induce a mild host immune response, and use of a biological cover may slightly aggravate its local activity. Most importantly, the proinflammatory response observed in both tested tissue expansion models diminished completely over time. Simultaneously, a negligible number of macrophages was detected in the dermis of the control and expanded skin at both tested timepoints, suggesting that ADM does not induce a broad inflammatory response and its incorporation into host tissue is driven by macrophages. To examine the inflammatory response of host tissue to ADM, we performed double IF staining of CD68 and iNOS, which are expressed by inflammatory cells, specifically macrophages type M1. At week 2 of expansion, we observed a large number of CD68t tissue C, wherea 0.0001) D,E. To fxpansion F. Interep-value = 0.0014) in the dermal thickness of expanded skin compared to unexpanded control skin  compared to the TE model, and 18% decrease  compared to unexpanded control skin  and 29%  decline in the TE and ADM models, respectively , indicating that the decline in dermal thickness caused by the use of ADM normalizes over time and does not progress more than in skin expanded without ADM.The highest magnitude of forces applied by the tissue expander is delivered to the dermis, the largest component of the skin. Therefore, we performed a robust histological evaluation of the dermis, including structural changes in collagen fibers’ organization, to assess the potential of the tissue expander cover in maintaining dermal homeostasis during expansion. At week 2 of expansion, we observed a decrease by 11%  and 4% wider fibers . Simultaneously, expanded skin, regardless of the tissue expansion protocol, was characterized by an increase in fiber alignment  and straightness . Moreover, while in control samples we observed a more even distribution of horizontal (defined as fibers H = 0°–45°) and vertical fibers (defined as fibers V = 45°–90°), in expanded skin, fibers oriented horizontally were detected at least 1.32 times more frequently  when skin was expanded without a biological cover  lower than average collagen deposition in the TE model. These results indicate that use of ADM during tissue expansion might prevent excessive collagen deposition induced by mechanical forces applied by the tissue expander. The biomechanical properties of skin are largely dictated by collagen organization and density . To compal cover A,B. In cp-value = 0.0003) (One of the side effects of radiation is increased collagen deposition in irradiated soft tissue due to a premature differentiation of fibroblasts into mature collagen-forming fibrocytes . As expe 0.0003) A,B. Simu+ cells formed exclusively above the expander without an ADM cover at weeks 2 and 10 of expansion  confirmed that the use of a biological cover does not induce a prolonged inflammatory response. A brief increase in CCL2 and TNFA expression was also observed in skin expanded without a biological cover. The significance of stretch-activated immune response for skin growth and regeneration has been shown previously on rats [Every biological scaffold evokes a host immune response. If the response is well tolerated, it leads to tissue remodeling and desired biomaterial incorporation ,18. Our  on rats  and in p on rats ,24. Our  on rats ,25. It has been shown that the dermis exposed to mechanical forces applied by the tissue expander becomes thinner ,27. WhilStructural changes in collagen fiber orientation are correlated with strength of the tissue and its adaptability to multidirectional loads . We notiFurthermore, we observed that the biological cover may prevent excessive collagen deposition by activated fibroblasts during tissue expansion ,30. Alth+ cells around the expander in the TE model. ACTA2+ cells are highly specific for ɑ-smooth muscle actin (SMA), whose expression by myofibroblasts can increase due to exogenous mechanical forces and has been identified as the probable cause of capsular contracture in other studies [Overactivation of the host inflammatory response often leads to the development of a capsule  or fibro studies ,36. Of t studies . As suchIt has been suggested that the implantation of a decellularized interface such as ADM between the prosthesis and surrounding tissue may block host inflammatory cells due to the absence of antigenic epitopes, prevent the development of a capsule, and lower the risk of capsular contracture ,39,40,41The animals were housed in animal facility  accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International. All experiments were conducted according to the approved protocol number IS00010747 and in accordance with guidelines established by the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. ® Pliable Acellular Hydrated dermis, MTF Biologics) and secured using absorbable sutures. After a two-week recovery, all expanders were inflated with two weekly fills of 45 mL. One week after the final inflation, the first pig was euthanized, and the second pig received unilateral single fraction radiation of 20 Gy. The second pig was subsequently euthanized 8 weeks later, on week 10 of expansion, which approximates the effects of radiation given to postmastectomy patients [The tissue expansion procedures were performed on two 2-month-old female Yucatan minipigs (Premier BioSource) . Both mipatients ,45,46. COn the day of euthanasia, the full-thickness punch biopsies were harvested from the apex of expanded skin and corresponding locations on the control grids. Three 4 mm biopsies were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 h at room temperature and embedded in paraffin blocks for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Additional six 3 mm biopsies were preserved in Allprotect Tissue Reagent  for RNA extraction.The radiotherapy protocol was established in collaboration with the Northwestern University Department of Radiation Oncology to mimic the human breast cancer treatment regimen. To avoid additional anesthetic events and unnecessary pig transportation, a plaster mold of the intended radiation field was created after the final fill B. The moParaffin-embedded formalin-fixed skin sections (4 μm), placed on Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides , were stained with Masson Trichrome Staining Kit  for histological evaluation, and mounted with Eco-Mount medium . The modifications introduced to the standard procedure of the manufacturer’s protocol are as follows: slides were incubated in Bouin’s solution at 56 °C for 1 h, stained with Working Weigert’s Iron Hematoxylin Solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min, incubated in Biebrich Scarlet-Acid Fuchsin for 10–15 min, differentiated in Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Solution for 15 min, stained in Aniline Blue Solution for 10 min and differentiated in 1% acetic acid for 3–4 min. Stained slides were imaged on a Keyence BZ-X810 microscope. The quantitative analysis of collagen deposition was performed on images taken at 20× magnification, using ImageJ Fiji software v2.1.0/1.53c  and ColoIF staining was performed on paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed cross sections as described previously . ImplemePreserved tissue was submerged in an RLT buffer (Qiagen) with β-mercaptoethanol (1:100) and homogenized in 3 cycles for 10 min at 50,000 Hz in the cold room using TissueLyser LT homogenizer (Qiagen) paired with 7 mm stainless-steel beads (Qiagen). After each cycle, tissue lysate was examined to monitor the progress of homogenization. Next, tissue lysate was incubated with 200 µg of proteinase K in the water bath at 56 °C for 20 min, followed by RNA extraction using RNAeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) with DNase I treatment (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Quality control was performed using 1% agarose gel. The concentration was measured on Nanodrop Spectrophotometers . −ΔΔCT method [RLPL0  and RPS27A .The qRT-PCR analysis was performed as described before  on QuantT method . The resThe dermal thickness was measured using ImageJ Fiji software on histological sections stained with Masson Trichrome (Sigma-Aldrich). Briefly, the surface area of the dermis was outlined using the Polygon tool found on ImageJ Fiji software and divided by the length of the bottom layer of the dermis to calculate the dermal thickness. The dermal thickness was analyzed on 1 microscopic field (images at 2× magnification) per each section (n ≥ 9). A minimum of 3 non-consecutive sections per biopsy (n = 3) were photographed and analyzed. To visualize and evaluate collagen fiber orientation, slides were stained with picrosirius red solution using Picrosirius Red Stain Kit  according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Stained slides were imaged on a Zeiss LSM880 confocal microscope using a 25× oil objective. The exposure time was identical between controls and experimental slides. CT-FIRE software  was usedOur study elucidates how use of the biological cover impacts structural changes in the dermis induced by mechanical forces during tissue expansion. We demonstrated that the biological cover is well tolerated by the recipient and macrophages are involved in its incorporation. We revealed that the biological cover may limit disturbance of dermal homeostasis induced by expansion, such as excessive collagen deposition, capsule formation, and disorganization of the dermal structure. However, the protective effect of the biological cover was not fully maintained in irradiated skin. Our work set the foundation for future studies on how to improve clinical outcomes in patients undergoing breast reconstruction.The limiting factor of our study is the utilization of one specimen per tested timepoint. However, both experimental conditions, tissue expansion with, and without ADM, and corresponding control were performed simultaneously on the same animal, ensures that observed changes are not a result of inter-individual variations between animals. Although, the results presented in this paper demonstrate a potential beneficial effect of ADM on skin growth in tissue expansion, additional biological repeats are necessary to verify clinical significance of these findings.


Experimental results show that small NPs migrate to deeper depths induced by 656 MeV Xe35+ ion irradiation. During thermal annealing, the growth of large Au NPs is limited due to the reductions in the number of small Au NPs, and the migrated Au NPs aggregate at deeper depths, resulting in a more uniform size distribution and an increased spatial distribution of Au NPs. The present work presents a novel method to modify the size and spatial distributions of embedded NPs.The size uniformity and spatial dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs) formed by ion implantation must be further improved due to the characteristics of the ion implantation method. Therefore, specific swift heavy ion irradiation and thermal annealing are combined in this work to regulate the size and spatial distributions of embedded Au NPs formed within LiTaO Due to their surface, small size, quantum size, and quantum tunneling effects, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in basic research fields, including photonics, biology, chemistry, energy, and information science ,2,3,4,5;3 and LiTaO3, are proven to be emerging platforms for forming NPs [3) through the use of ion beams and comprehensive exploration of the physical mechanisms can facilitate the development of related applications. In addition, the NP performance is closely associated with shape, size, and spatial distribution. Due to the characteristics of the ion implantation method, the size uniformity and spatial dispersion of NPs are not controlled, and further improvement is needed. During the ion implantation process, by adjusting the implantation conditions, the spatial distribution of NPs can be controlled to a certain extent [Previous research has focused on embedding NPs in amorphous silica ,15, whilming NPs ,17. By cn extent ,19. By sn extent ,21. Overn extent ,24,25,26n extent ,28. Meann extent . Under sn extent ,31. An Nn extent .3 crystals with embedded Au NPs with 656 MeV Xe35+, in combination with thermal annealing, the size and spatial distributions of Au NPs are effectively regulated, and the mechanisms of tailoring the size and spatial distribution of NPs are further discussed.In this work, by irradiating LiTaO3 samples with a (006) surface normal zone axis directions and 10 × 10 × 1 mm3 dimensions were used in this work. Three sets of ion implantation or irradiation experiments were conducted. (i) The LiTaO3 sample was implanted with 200 keV Au+ ions with a fluence of 3 × 1016 cm−2 at 300 K. (ii) The LiTaO3 sample was irradiated with 656 MeV Xe35+ ions with a fluence of 3 × 1011 cm−2 at 300 K. (iii) The LiTaO3 sample was first implanted with 200 keV Au+ ions at 300 K and subsequently irradiated with 656 MeV Xe35+ ions at 300 K. In this work, Au+ ion implantation was performed using an implanter at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Science. Swift Xe35+ ion irradiation was conducted at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In addition, the Au+-implanted sample and the Au+-implanted and subsequently Xe35+-irradiated sample were annealed in a furnace at 1073 K for 60 min in an Ar gas environment.Single-crystal LiTaO3 specimens with different irradiation conditions. Cross-sectional TEM samples were prepared using an ion milling process performed on a focused ion beam mill in addition to a lift-out process performed on an FEI Helios NanoLab 600 Dual Beam system . The TEM images were obtained with an FEI Tecnai G2 F20 transmission electron microscope . Notably, the TEM observation time for each sample was relatively short and would not induce recrystallization of the lattice damage formed under electron beam irradiation [TEM, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line scan, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF–STEM) were used to characterize the microstructures of LiTaOadiation .3 crystal and bulk Au induced by 656 MeV Xe35+ irradiation were determined through the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) 2013 full-cascade simulation code [−3 for LiTaO3 and 19.31 g cm−3 for Au and threshold displacement energies of 25 eV for Li, 25 eV for Ta, 28 eV for O sublattice. The iTS model was used to numerically calculate the spatiotemporal evolution of the energy deposition and the lattice temperature induced by the electronic energy loss under swift Xe35+ ion irradiation [−3 K−1, and −1 K−1 because 2 s−1), and 18 W m−3 K−1 [The electronic energy loss of LiTaOion code , using dadiation . The iTSlectrons ; and g of the 656 MeV Xe−13 s, and the lattice temperature peaks at 8978 K, which is much higher than the melting temperature (1923 K). Our previous studies [3 crystals. The peak lattice temperature in this work reaches 8978 K. The extremely high temperature of the thermal peak and the large kinetic energy of the central atom of the ion track cause sufficiently violent collisions to make all the atoms in the center of the thermal peak move far away; with the rapid quenching of the system, the atoms rapidly cool, forming discontinuous voids inside the track. studies  have sho+-implanted LiTaO3 sample was then irradiated with 656 MeV Xe35+ ions at a fluence of 3 × 1011 cm−2. Compared to the initial Au+-implanted sample  of the Au NP region is almost the same as that before annealing. However, the TEM  than that before annealing (~65 nm). The absence of a diffraction ring in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images  images c,h of th) images d,i of ty3 crystals were effectively regulated by the specific swift ion irradiation combined with thermal annealing. Embedded Au NPs were formed within the LiTaO3 crystal using 200 keV Au+ ion implantation and subsequently irradiated with 656 MeV Xe35+, where the diameter of the track induced by Xe35+ irradiation was larger than that of the Au NPs. In addition, small NPs migrated to deeper depths induced by Xe35+ irradiation. During thermal annealing, the growth of large Au NPs was limited due to the reduction in small Au NPs, and the migrated Au NPs aggregated in deep layers, resulting in a more uniform size distribution and an increased spatial distribution of Au NPs. This work could provide a novel tool and a powerful method for modifying the size and spatial distribution of NPs, which can be exploited in future devices for novel applications.In this work, the size and spatial distribution of Au NPs embedded in LiTaO


Alpha-PSD best predicts good neurologic outcome in OHCA survivors and is an early biomarker for prognostication. Larger studies are needed to conclusively confirm these findings.This study aimed to investigate the utility of quantitative EEG biomarkers for predicting good neurologic outcomes in OHCA survivors treated with targeted temperature management (TTM) using power spectral density (PSD), event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP), and spectral entropy (SE). This observational registry-based study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Korea using data of adult nontraumatic comatose OHCA survivors who underwent standard EEG and treated with TTM between 2010 and 2018. Good neurological outcome at 1 month  was the primary outcome. The linear mixed model analysis was performed for PSD, ESRP, and SE values of all and each frequency band. Thirteen of the 54 comatose OHCA survivors with TTM and EEG were excluded due to poor EEG quality or periodic/rhythmic pattern, and EEG data of 41 patients were used for analysis. The median time to EEG was 21 h, and the rate of the good neurologic outcome at 1 month was 52.5%. The good neurologic outcome group was significantly younger and showed higher PSD and ERSP and lower SE features for each frequency than the poor outcome group. After age adjustment, only the alpha-PSD was significantly higher in the good neurologic outcome group (1.13 ± 1.11 vs. 0.09 ± 0.09,  Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after the decision to withdraw life-sustaining therapy (WLST) is the leading cause of mortality, and accurate prediction of neurological outcomes is of utmost importance to guide the nature and duration of therapeutic interventions4. Recent recommendations proposed the strategy for predicting the neurological outcome based on a multimodal approach using clinical examination, electrophysiology, biomarkers, and brain imaging7.More than 250,000 people in the USA and Europe annually experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)8. Although the standardized critical care EEG terminology proposed by American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) and the standard EEG classification , its clinical usability is limited by poor reproducibility and low inter-rater reliability even among experts16. Some specific EEG patterns or features were suggested for prognostication after cardiac arrest18, and various confounders including examination timing, the patient’s condition, and different sedatives or anesthetics used in these patients interfere with the objective identification of these features by visual inspection19. These limitations encourage the development of quantitative EEG biomarkers for neurologic outcome prediction in OHCA instead of expert interpretation.Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most widely used and easily accessible tool to predict prognosis and detect subclinical seizures after cardiac arrestTo quantify the background EEG with standard recording, we analyzed the power, variability and randomness of each frequency band using the power spectral density (PSD), event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP), and spectral entropy (SE) in patients with OHCA treated with targeted temperature management (TTM). Finally, readily available and accurate quantitative biomarker for good outcomes was proposed with optimal cutoff values.n = 21, 52.5%) and poor  neurological outcome groups, respectively.Among 54 nontraumatic OHCA survivors who received TTM and underwent EEG, two and 11 patients were excluded due to poor ECG quality, periodic or rhythmic pattern, respectively. Thus, 41 patients were ultimately included in this study. Patients were categorized into the good (P = 0.012) and more frequently male . The patients in the good neurological outcome group also showed higher frequency of witnessed arrest , initial shockable rhythm , and shorter resuscitation duration .The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table right) and poor (left) neurologic outcome group showed symmetric, attenuated  background activities over whole record. There was no stage-II sleep transients or periodic rhythm. The dominant frequency and amplitude of background activities were difficult to differentiate between both patients in each group by visual analysis. In fact, the alpha-PSD values of this epoch in patients with poor (left panel) and good (right panel) neurologic outcomes were 0.06 and 3.07, respectively.Figure PSD, ERSP, and SE were compared between the patients in the good and poor neurologic outcome groups to quantify the power, variability, and randomness of each frequency band Table ; Fig. 2.p value < 0.001. The alpha-PSD cutoff values of the averaged C3 and C4 electrodes were 0.14 with 82.4% sensitivity and 80.5% specificity or 0.20 with 72.4% sensitivity and 87.0% specificity, respectively  of 0.903 and In this study, we quantified the power, variability, and randomness of each frequency band in OHCA survivors with routine EEG to investigate the factor that can differentiate the good and poor neurological outcomes. We identify that the alpha-PSD was most reliable biomarker to indicate good neurologic outcomes with an AUC of 0.903.20. However, the interrater variability is a challenging issue for neurologists and emergency physicians to accurately predict neurologic outcome and the agreement strength is decreased especially for background frequency interpretation21. In this study, the visual analysis of the EEG was also difficult to show the differences of predominant frequency between patients with poor and good neurologic outcomes even with time expansion with bandpass filter  with high sensitivity (86.21%) and negative predictive value (91.30%) in our previous study25. Further, this analysis allows extracting information about the time course of power changes in each frequency under specific tasks including auditory stimuli, attention, and cognitive processes27 and hyperactive state of the brain with seizure or epileptic spasms in previous studies29.The brain has continuous neuronal oscillations even in resting-state and time-related variabilities and can reflect the subclinical brain dynamics during consciousness or unconsciousness. The ERSP has a strong ability to detect the time-related shift of the spectral powers from the baseline in a specific frequency32, entropy. The entropy algorithms have already been widely used in analyzing depth of anesthesia34 and detecting seizures36.Under steady-state condition, the neuronal firing is constantly occurred to transfer the information between neuron, and a synchronous state is maintained. The weakly correlated action potentials of individual neurons, for any reason, can lead to the asynchronous state and increase randomnessTo identify the time-related variability and randomness of power in each frequency band, we calculate the ERSP and SE in this study, respectively. No significant differences of ERSP and SE in all frequencies between the groups after age adjustment indicated that the patients with OHCA had too low brain activities to measure the variability or randomness without external stimulation due to acute neuronal damage itself or treated sedatives.12. In these context, we quantify the background power of each frequency using PSD and identify that the powers of alpha frequency bands are increased in the good neurologic outcome group in line with previous studies37.The PSD analysis is a method for quantitatively evaluating the power distribution of target frequency ranges. The low amplitude of background activity of < 20 μV in the entire channels, including suppressed or attenuated EEG pattern, is classified as highly malignant or malignant EEG that predicts a poor neurologic outcome20. Alpha oscillations are the salient features during resting or wakefulness, and the change of alpha frequency is related to aging, cognitive function, sensorimotor processing, sleep, and neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer’s disease40. A recent study with OHCA patients reported that the unfavorable outcome group showed lower power spectra in around 10 Hz alpha frequency compared with the favorable outcome group41. Furthermore, another study found that the prominent alpha peaks were presented in patients with minimally conscious states and in none of the comatose patients42. Consistently, the power of alpha frequency is higher in the good outcome group than in the poor outcome group after adjustment by age and the most reliable biomarker to predict neurologic outcomes in patients with OHCA.Regarding dominant background frequency, we are interested in alpha frequency band, which is related to the good neurological outcome in our previous and current studies44. The results of the current study should be interpreted in the context of the following limitations. The retrospective study design and associated selection bias may have influenced the results. Moreover, the limited number of patients may have contributed to the lack of significance of some results of the current study. Another potential concern is the EEG timing and influence of sedative agents during EEG recording. Additionally, we used the data of patients with continuous background, who potentially had less severe spectrum of anoxic injury. However, the use of sedative agents followed the postcardiac arrest care protocol in this experienced tertiary center, and a relative homogenous standard routine EEG protocol was used. In addition, the cohort of the current study is not complicated by the WLST issue due to forbidden by law in South Korea during the study period. This results mainly focused EEG biomarker and delicate applications with other prognostic factors in actual clinical field should be considered according to present guidelines45.To our knowledge, this is first report that quantify the three characteristics of the dominant background frequency to predict neurologic outcomes in OHCA patients. The findings of the current study suggest that alpha-PSD can be used as simple and reliable biomarkers for prognostication of good neurologic outcomes. There were only few studies to predict the good neurologic outcome for OHCA patients and alpha-PSD could be one of the valuable and accurate biomarkers to predict good neurologic outcomeConsidering the poor interrater agreement and reproducibility of the visual interpretation of standard intermittent EEG, the quantitative analysis method with PSD, ERSP, and SE feature extraction presented in this study suggests alpha-PSD as early prognostic tools for neurologic outcome in patients with OHCA. Further larger studies are warranted to validate the predictive value of the alpha-PSD of early standard intermittent EEG proposed in this study.46. The Institutional Review Board of the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, reviewed and approved the study protocol (no. 2019-1883). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study by Institutional Review Board of the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (no. 2019-1883). All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.This retrospective, observational, registry-based cohort study was conducted at the emergency intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care university-affiliated teaching hospital in Korea. Data were extracted from the OHCA registry containing prospectively collected data of consecutive patients with OHCA since January 2010This study included patients with successfully resuscitated nontraumatic OHCA > 18 years old and treated with TTM due to neurologic impairments after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) between January 2014 and December 2018. Routine EEG was recorded in the first 48 h after ROSC. All patients were comatose during EEG recording and TTM. We excluded patients with poor EEG quality which is impossible to extract the representative 5-min EEG or periodic/rhythmic EEG pattern. The excluded periodic or rhythmic pattern were represented in supplementary Fig. 48. TTM was performed for all unconscious patients using Arctic Sun Energy Transfer Pad , and the target temperature (33 °C or 36 °C) was maintained for 24 h. Patients were rewarmed at a rate of 0.25 °C/h after 24 h, following maintained normothermia until 72 h from ROSC. The temperature was monitored using an esophageal temperature probe. A combination of propofol, midazolam, fentanyl, remifentanil, and morphine was used for sedation and analgesia. A neuromuscular blocking agent was administered to control shivering if necessary. Patients with seizure activity on EEG were treated with valproate or levetiracetam. All patients received standard intensive care according to institutional protocol. WLST was legally prohibited in South Korea until August 201749, and none of the patients in the current study underwent WLST.All patients were treated according to the current advanced cardiac life support guidelinesDemographic and clinical data, including age, sex, previous medical history, resuscitation profiles such as the presence of a witness on collapse, initial documented rhythm, and resuscitation duration) were obtained.runica , plugged in EEGLAB, to remove artifacts. Finally, the extracted 5 min of EEG data of each patient were divided into 10 epochs (30-s duration) per patient. The EEG from the C3 and C4 electrodes were selected for data extraction to reduce the muscle and eyeball movement artifacts.Standard EEG examination was started during TTM after ICU admission. The 30-min scalp EEG was recorded by the Stellate EEG system from 21 electrodes that were placed according to the international 10–20 electrode system  with a sampling rate of 200 and 0.1 Hz high-pass filter. EEGs were initially reviewed to select clean data without apparent artifacts or muscle activities, and 5 min of each artifact-free resting-state EEG were collected. The extracted EEGs were extended temporally, and 0.5, 15, and 30 Hz high-pass filters were used to differentiate visible background amplitude and frequency, including beta (14–30 Hz) and gamma (30–100 Hz) with sensitivities of 10 and 5 μV/mm, respectively  was computed by Welch power spectral estimation for each patient with a sampling rate (200 Hz) and 15-s window size length segments in each 30-s epoch. The average in each PSD frequency including delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (5–7 Hz), alpha (8–14 Hz), beta (15–29 Hz), and gamma (30–100 Hz) extracted from the C3 and C4 electrodes of 10 epochs were calculated.ERSP (log) was used to show dynamic brain changes with the zero point in each epoch set as the baseline. ERSPs were analyzed with fast Fourier transform and Hanning window tapering in each 30-s epoch. The mean baseline log power spectrum was subtracted to produce the baseline-normalized ERSP from each spectral estimate, and then deviations from baseline power were calculated. The detail method was described in 50. In effect, SE reflected the randomness of the power spectrum distribution. The greater SE represents the more uniform power spectral distribution51. The detail method was described in SE based on Shannon entropy in physics, quantifying the regularity/randomness of power spectrum during a given time, was used to establish one of the biomarkers for neurological prognosis after cardiac arrest in the recent study52 neurologic outcome groups were performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test and chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.Continuous variables are presented as median with interquartile range (IQR) due to the non-normal distribution using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. In addition, categorical variables are expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. The patients were categorized into two groups based on their CPC scores at 1 month: good neurologic (CPC 1 and 2) and poor neurologic (CPC 3–5)52 and we adjusted the ages as fixed effect in linear mixed model analysis. Each variable was compared between the good and poor neurologic outcome groups, and receiver operating characteristic curves with 95% confidence intervals for good neurologic outcomes were analyzed to determine the cutoff values to predict neurologic prognosis. Sensitivity and specificity for good neurological outcomes at 1 months were calculated. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows, version 21.0 .The linear mixed model analysis for PSD, ESRP, and SE values for all and each frequency band was performed to adjust the random effect of clustering from the epochs of the same patients at 10 time-points and fixed effect of ages of each patient. The age could have an influence on EEG rhythmic activities including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gammaSupplementary Information 1.Supplementary Information 2.


Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis) plants, there is an increased demand for high performing cultivars that can deliver quality products for various applications. However, scientific knowledge that can facilitate the generation of advanced cannabis cultivars is scarce. In order to improve cannabis breeding and optimize cultivation techniques, the current study aimed to examine the morphological attributes of cannabis inflorescences using novel image analysis practices. The investigated plant population comprises 478 plants ascribed to 119 genotypes of high−THC or blended THC−CBD ratio that was cultivated under a controlled environment facility. Following harvest, all plants were manually processed and an image of the trimmed and refined inflorescences extracted from each plant was captured. Image analysis was then performed using in-house custom-made software which extracted 8 morphological features  for each of the 127,000 extracted inflorescences. Our findings suggest that environmental factors play an important role in the determination of inflorescences’ morphology. Therefore, further studies that focus on genotype X environment interactions are required in order to generate inflorescences with desired characteristics. An examination of the intra-plant inflorescences weight distribution revealed that processing 75% of the plant’s largest inflorescences will gain 90% of its overall yield weight. Therefore, for the optimization of post-harvest tasks, it is suggested to evaluate if the benefits from extracting and processing the plant’s smaller inflorescences outweigh its operational costs. To advance selection efficacy for breeding purposes, a prediction equation for forecasting the plant’s production biomass through width measurements of specific inflorescences, formed under the current experimental methodology, was generated. Thus, it is anticipated that findings from the current study will contribute to the field of medicinal cannabis by improving targeted breeding programs, advancing crop productivity and enhancing the efficacy of post-harvest procedures.In recent decades with the reacknowledgment of the medicinal properties of  Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis) has been utilized by mankind as a multipurpose source for fiber and oil-seed products, as hemp, and for ritual, recreational and medicinal applications as cannabis  Characterize the morphological properties of cannabis inflorescences across various medicinal cannabis genotypes and estimate their variation and homogeneity within and between genotypes (II) Link the overall yield production and inflorescences’ features to identify key parameters for yield enhancement (III) Examine associations between inflorescences’ attributes and the plant’s physiological and phenological features.All work in the current study was carried out under the Medicinal Cannabis Research License (RL011/18) and Permits (RL01118P6 and RLO1118P3) issued by the Department of Health (DoH), Office of Drug Control (ODC), Australia.A detailed description of the plants’ material used and the cultivation and physiological evaluation methods performed has been previously published . The folIn the current study, a heterogeneous population of 119 cannabis genotypes was assessed under controlled environment (CE) conditions. Ninety-seven genotypes of the examined plant population have been imported as genetically unique seeds of medicinal cannabis cultivars from Canadian commercial companies. The remaining twenty-two genotypes have been developed by Agriculture Victoria Research as crosses between High-THC cannabis lines and high CBD accessions which contain a genetic background of an off-type hemp plant. Major cannabinoid profiles (THC and CBD) for all of the experimented genotypes were predicted through the B1080/1192 DNA marker . The molThe trial was designed in a randomized incomplete block design manner and 4–5 plant replicates of each genotype were examined in order to refine the effect of genetic factors on the phenotypic performance .® 50 mm, Zwijndrecht, Netherlands). Plant establishment took place under CE conditions with a 24/18°C (day/night) temperature regime, daylight cycle of 16/8 h (day/night), light intensity (PPFD) of 360 μmol m–2s–1  and relative humidity (RH) set to 55% in an indoor room. Thirty days after propagation, 6–7 cuttings, corresponding in size and vigor were selected for each genotype and transplanted into large coconut coir plugs . Fourteen days later, 4–5 uniform plants of each genotype were selected and transplanted into coconut coir grow slabs  with 40 and 20 cm intervals between and within rows, respectively. The overall plant density within the CE cultivation facility was 4.3 plants × m–2. Plants were cultivated over drainage trays  that were situated on a rolling bench system. The vegetative growth phase lasted 42 days (from the date of transplanting) and the transition into the reproductive growth phase was induced by shortening the daylight cycle. Light intensity  of 2,150 μmol s–1 delivered by high-pressure sodium bulbs , provided photoperiodic regimes of 18 and 12 h for the vegetative and the reproductive growth phases, respectively. Total fertigation of 1.3 liters × day–1 × plant–1 was delivered by a controlled drip irrigation system , applying 1% A and B nutrient solution  with an EC of 2.1 dS/m and pH levels of 6–6.1. Throughout the growing season, the temperature was maintained at 20°C/17°C (day/night) and the RH was set at 60%. To prevent breaking and overshading, wooden stakes were attached to tilted plants. Pest management was controlled by beneficial (arthropods) that were regularly distributed during the cultivation season.Clonal replicates for each genotype were generated from a single mother plant that was maintained under long photoperiod (18 h light). Each mother plant was utilized to extract 10 cuttings, similar in size (10.5 ± 0.5 cm) and vigor. To invigorate root development, rooting hormone  was applied at the base of each cutting before it was planted into coconut coir propagation plugs  in order to capture dependable and refined parameters. The processed inflorescences were then distributed over a scaled surface . Large field image optical distortion was controlled by enabling the camera’s ultra-wide shape correction feature. Following this, inflorescence material was placed in a drying room  for a minimum period of 14 days and the overall inflorescence dry biomass (IDB) was measured for each plant after complete dehydration was performed using a freeze dryer .Physiological and phenological parameters have been recorded individually for each plant. Phenological assessment  was performed every 3 days during the flowering phase and defined as the period that lasted between the short daylight induction and the appearance of brown-shaded stigmas on 3 independent inflorescences. Plant harvest was performed selectively when ∼70% of the overall florets’ stigmas turned brown . The spa surface  and photvia measuring tapes that were embedded in the photo’s background  whereas image analysis for cannabis inflorescence shape identification and data extraction was carried out by in-house custom-made C++ (C++17 ISO standard compliant) software. A cm:pixel ratio was calculated independently for each image ckground  to generckground . As scalckground  was a reckground  across ackground  using Gi2, using area openings  was determined from the number of pixels making up the object. The length and width of each inflorescence was determined using the best-fit ellipse  in orderxi, yi) represent the image position of the ith pixel in a boundary of n pixels.The CH of each inflorescence was determined using Andrew’s monotone chain convex hull algorithm . A geomevia (nl*pl) where nl is the length of an object in terms of pixel number and pl is the length in centimeters of an image pixel. Likewise, the area of each object was converted to absolute values viana represents the number of pixels making up the object and, given that the image pixels were square, then The estimated length of each object in terms of pixel number was converted into an absolute value ace size .2 values were generated to statistically evaluate the trendline prediction accuracy. Since all regressions have been characterized by R2 values greater than 0.9, the linear trendline equation was utilized to adjust “fresh” recorded data to its “dry” equivalent values  and dried  inflorescence material. To allow the integration between the two data sets, images of 14 plants were captured under both fresh and dry conditions. Based on these records, regression analysis between the 2 inflorescence states was performed for each parameter and a linear trendline and Rt values , in ordep) within plants were computed. Following this, phenotypic variation across clonal plant repetitions was assessed to evaluate environmental effects throughout the CE facility. Accordingly, spatial adjustments were applied to the data and an estimated value across replicates for each genotype was generated (as detailed in 2) for all recorded parameters as the proportion of phenotypic variation (VP) that can be ascribed to genetic factors (VG) as H2 = VG/VP.Statistical analysis was performed by IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0  and by R . For all2  while all other parameters had values below 0.3 with IS and CH generating the lowest H2 values of 0.15 and 0.16, respectively. Nevertheless, PH, DTM and IDB, physiological parameters which link to the plant performance as a whole unit, are characterized by relatively higher H2 values in comparison to most H2 entries recorded for inflorescences’ attributes .Broad-sense heritability estimations for inflorescence attributes are presented in r = 0.61). In addition, each of the inflorescence morphological attributes that comprise this cluster was found to be highly associated with its sd parameter (p < 0.05) correlation coefficient value of r = 0.87, r = 0.86, r = 0.87 and r = 0.87 for CH, HP, IS and IL, respectively  than with IS (r = 0.48). Yet, IS was found to be correlated with TIC (r = 0.48) but no correlation was demonstrated between IS and IN. Plants’ precocity (low DTM) was found to be correlated with elongated , wider  and larger inflorescences  and in contrast, late maturation (high DTM) was found to be correlated with rounded inflorescences  while no correlation was detected between a specific ISH and IDB.From the correlation matrix , IDB demr = 0.96, 2 was calculated for each plant by dividing the plant’s IDB (gr) by its TIC (cm2). The obtained ratio was then utilized to compute the weight of each inflorescence, in order to assess the profile of inflorescence weight distribution across the examined plants as demonstrated in From the principal component analysis , despiteP < 0.001) coefficients values (slope) of r = −0.025, r = −0.028, r = −0.021, and R2 values of 0.17, 0.16 and 0.14, respectively.Furthermore, the overall percentage of inflorescences that need to be extracted and processed, in order to accumulate 50, 75, and 90% of the plant’s IDB was calculated and ranged between 17–32%, 41–58% and 64–79% of the total inflorescence quantity, respectively . The trer = 0.61, via IW measurements. To be relevant in a production environment with plants nearing harvest under cultivation conditions, the regression model was run using estimated values of fresh rather than dried IW. In addition, as cannabis plant productivity is often expressed by copious inflorescence quantities (as demonstrated through n = 426). Prior to running the regression analysis, a linear relationship was observed between the examined variables for the prediction model and assumptions of homoscedasticity and normality of the residuals were met. IW predicted the plant’s IDB, F = 549.77, p < 0.001, accounting for 56% of the variation in IDB (R2 = 0.56). Thus, the following prediction equation for IDB was generated:Due to the relatively high correlation coefficient value observed between IW and IDB  estimations presented in this study can be divided into 2 cohorts: (1) Indices associated with attributes of the intact plant  and (2) Indices that focus on features of processed inflorescences . As depicted in 2 entries recorded for parameters within the first cohort are greater than the estimated values recorded for the second cohort (excluding ISH). These findings suggest that under the current experiment, inflorescence features are more susceptible to environmental factors as compared to physiological and phenological traits of the intact plant. Although studies examining the heritability indices of cannabis inflorescence features are scarce, a similar H2 value to that of cannabis IS (0.15) was found among the size of safflower heads  of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae) flower features and reported an h2 value of 0.24 for flower size, 0.26 for flower length (in comparison to IL H2 of 0.18 in the current study) and 0.019 for flower width (in comparison to IW H2 of 0.19 in the current study). Although these heritability estimations were examined across plants of different taxonomic orders, they all indicate that environmental factors play a major role in the determination of the flowers’ phenotypic profile. Therefore, with the relatively low H2 values typifying the characteristics of cannabis inflorescences, it is anticipated that these traits will have a limited response to selection. Hence, it is suggested that the production of inflorescences with desired morphology will combine breeding initiatives, studies examining the genotype X environment interactions and rigorous adjustments of environmental factors within the cultivation facility.The broad-sense heritability  and their compatible standard deviation (sd) parameter , 6 indicr = −0.68) indicates that rounded inflorescences (ISH closer to 1) are likely to be consistent across the plant (low ISH-sd) while a varied shape morphology (high ISH-sd) is anticipated within genotypes characterized by elongated inflorescences (ISH closer to 0). Together with the relatively high H2 value that typifies ISH (r = 0.29), breeding for this trait might come at a cost of late-maturing phenology. In contrast to this, the association between early maturing and elongated , wider  and therefore larger inflorescences  indicate that selection for precocious genotypes is likely to be coupled with inflorescence enlargement. yet, no significant correlation was found between precocity (DTM) and productivity (IDB).In addition, the association between ISH and ISH-sd . Hence, for breeding initiatives striving to improve plant productivity by focusing on inflorescences’ attributes, selection for high inflorescence quantity will provide greater advances on the overall yield enhancement in comparison to selection for increased individual inflorescence sizes.IDB displays a greater correlation coefficient value with IN than with IS . However, the correlation coefficients values generated indicate that IW can be used as a better predictor for plant productivity than IL. Interestingly, although both IW and IL determine the ISH parameter, no significant association was found between IDB and ISH  suggests that 2D measurements can be used for the assessment of inflorescence weight without the need for more complex volumetric (3D) measurements. This finding can be used to facilitate the characterization of cannabis plants for selection and breeding purposes as well as identifying optimal environmental conditions for enhancing crop productivity by applying a relatively simple measurement approach. This corresponds with the observations of In the current study, inflorescence parameters within each plant were extracted from the analysis of a single image providing a contour-based two-dimensional (2D) assessment for each object. The high correlation found between TIC and IDB  and inflorescence width (IW), a prediction equation for forecasting the plant’s IDB through width measurements of specific inflorescences was generated. However, since this equation was generated based on inflorescences’ width that formed under specific cultivation settings, to expand this selection methodology for diverse environmental conditions it is proposed to rate the predicted IDB values according to the IW ratios within populations cultivated under the same growth conditions.The knowledge obtained in the current study can facilitate the generation of desired inflorescences, improve yield productivity and increase labor efficacy in commercial production pipelines. To build on this work, future studies could investigate inflorescences’ features on a microscopic level to further explore trichomes morphology and density. Moreover, further research is needed to investigate the genetic factors that regulate inflorescence morphology, plant physiology and cannabinoids biosynthesis. These, together with the insights of this research, will improve our capability to generate and cultivate scientifically based cannabis cultivars for medicinal application.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/EN-F designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, and prepared the manuscript. EN-F and LS cultivated and processed the plant material, captured, scaled, and manually refined all images. EB designed and programmed the image analysis software and extracted inflorescence evaluation data. LP performed the trial’s design and implemented the spatial adjustments. NC and GS co-supervised all aspects of the project and assisted with the manuscript preparation and secured funding. All authors have approved the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Plants are subjected to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, which affect the rhizospheric attributes and limit agricultural crop productivity. To meet the food and energy demands of the future, several diverse approaches are used for achieving more stress-tolerant and climate-flexible crops for sustainable yields. Several organic and inorganic amendments are used to ameliorate these stresses. Crop-mediated modification  has great effects on weed management, improving rhizospheric attributes, and ultimately producing the best quality yield. Sorghum crop residues and their allelopathic extract can be used as a nutrient resource to enhance soil and crop productivity through their application. Sorghum-mediated crop modification will support the soil health and environmental sustainability, providing insight into the improvement of crop productivity. This study will help policymakers in modelling and enhancing sustainable crop production.−1) and two residue application rates (4 and 6 t ha−1), and no sorghum water extract and residues were used as the control. The results indicated that the incorporation of sorghum water extract and residue resulted in significant changes in weed dynamics and the soil quality indices. Significant reduction in weed density (62%) and in the dry weight of weeds (65%) was observed in T5. After the harvest, better soil quality indices in terms of the microbial population (72–90%) and microbial activity (32–50%) were observed in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) by the same treatment. After cropping, improved soil properties in terms of available potassium, available phosphorus soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher after the treatment of residue was incorporated, i.e., 52–65%, 29–45%, 62–84%, and 59–91%, respectively. In the case of soil enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase levels in the soil were 35–41% and 52–77% higher, respectively. However, residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest effect in improving the soil quality indices, mung bean productivity, and reduction of weed density. In conclusion, the incorporation of 6 t ha−1 sorghum residues may be opted to improve soil quality indices, suppress weeds, harvest a better seed yield (37%), and achieve higher profitability (306 $ ha−1) by weed suppression, yield, and rhizospheric properties of spring-planted mung beans. This strategy can provide a probable substitute for instigating sustainable weed control and significant improvement of soil properties in the mung bean crop, which can be a part of eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture.The reduction of herbicide use and herbicide-resistant weeds through allelopathy can be a sustainable strategy to combat the concerns of environmental degradation. Allelopathic crop residues carry great potential both as weed suppressers and soil quality enhancers. The influence of sorghum crop residues and water extracts on the weed population, soil enzyme activities, the microbial community, and mung bean crop productivity was investigated in a two-year experiment at the Student Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The experimental treatments comprised two levels of sorghum water extract (10 and 20 L ha The human population will be 8.6 billion by 2030, as estimated by the United Nations, and is projected to be 9.8 billion by 2050 . To feedWeeds are another major concern in agriculture, and a large number of herbicides have been manufactured and used in soil . The rhiFurthermore, the rise in the application of herbicides for managing weeds is a serious environmental risk to organisms and the planet. According to government statistics, Pakistan has seen an increase in the use of the pesticide glyphosate. In 2015, over 1100 tons of glyphosate were imported from other countries. In 2020, this number increased to 2000 tons, with importers including both domestic and foreign pesticide manufacturers . ExcessiAllelopathy is the best substitute compared to synthetic herbicides, as allelochemicals have no residual toxic effects; however, many allelochemicals have limited efficacy and specificity ,13. AlleIn the rhizospheric biome, there are millions of bacteria that have positive interactions with the plants and promote their growth and survival, while only a few are found to be pathogenic to plants . The benA wide range of factors, including soil health, production costs, net revenue per acre, crop yields, gross income per acre, individual farm income, and many more can be improved through sustainable agriculture . OrganicThe experiment in this study was conducted at the Student Research Farm, Department of Agronomy , Pakistan . As per the classification system, the soil belongs to the Lyallpur series. According to the US Department of Agriculture classification system, the soil type is arid sol-fine-silty, hyperthermic Ustalfic, mixed, and Haplargid. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization classification system, it is classified as Haplic Yermosols soil type.The soil samples from mung bean plants’ rhizosphere were sampled 20 days after planting and the following harvest. Before the experiment began, a composite sample of ten soil samples (0–15 cm) was taken from the experimental site. A second composite sample was then taken from the same field after the crop had been harvested to determine the enzymatic characteristics and microbial counts of the soil samples. The soil samples were subjected to air drying, grinding, and sieving (using a 2 mm sieve), and all parameters except for microbial culture and dehydrogenase activity were examined. Soil samples were kept at 4 °C for both dehydrogenase and microbiological analysis. Soil properties, nutrient dynamics, soil enzyme activities, and microbial populations of the experimental soil were measured before sowing by following standard protocols as depicted in The field data related to weather parameters for the whole period of crop growth and management were taken from the Meteorological Observatory, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan and are given in −1, sorghum water extract at 20 L ha−1, sorghum residues at 4 t ha−1, and sorghum residues at 6 t ha−1. The field experiment design involved a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The size (area) of each plot for each treatment was measured to be 15 m2 (3.0 m × 5.0 m).The field experiment in this study was designed with the treatments: control (plots with no crop residues or extract application), sorghum water extract at 10 L ha−1) was used to maintain the plant population in 30 cm apart rows using a hand drill. Urea, diammonium phosphate, and sulphate of potash were applied at the rate of 3 kg N, 58 kg P2O5, and 63 kg K2O ha−1 for the nutrient requirement. The recommended dose of P and K and 1/3rd of N was applied at the time of sowing, and the remaining N was applied with the first and second irrigation using the top-dressing method. After ten days of sowing, the first irrigation was applied (7.5 cm), while subsequent irrigation was applied upon crop requirement. To control the termites and pod borers, insecticides Fipronil and Emamectin Benzoate were applied at the rate of 1.73% w/w ha−1 and 5.03% w/w ha−1, respectively. The crop harvesting was done on the 10th and 15th of July during both years.The experimental site was ploughed twice using a tractor-drawn cultivator and then planked. Flat wooden planks were utilized for breaking up clods, and a laser leveler was used for leveling soil. Wheat was the fore-crop for mung beans. The seed of mung bean cultivar NM-92 was collected from the National Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. It was planted on 15 March 2014 and repeated on 20 March 2015. A recommended rate of mung bean seeds (25 kg haw/v%) and the filtrate liquid obtained from it was used as fresh [−1 by spraying (300 L ha−1) with the help of a T-jet nozzle using a knapsack sprayer 5 days after the sowing (3–5 leaf stage) of the mung bean plants. A total volume of sprayed liquid was determined by the calibration method.Sorghum plant residue samples were obtained from the Student Research Farm . The plant samples were harvested at maturity, shade dried, and cut into pieces (<3 cm in size) by using the electric fodder cutter. These shredded pieces of sorghum residues were then placed in distilled water for 24 h with a ratio of 1:10 . Plants were harvested at maturity, shade dried, and then cut into tiny pieces in sizes less than 3 cm with the help of a machine (electric fodder). These dried pieces of the crop were then applied to the soil before the sowing as per treatments of 4 and 6 t haFor the measurement of weeds-related, soil-related and yield-related attributes, the following protocols were followed.2 evolution was measured by acid-base titration procedure and reported as mg CO2-C kg−1 d−1. Soil dehydrogenase enzymatic activity was measured by the procedures described by Min et al. [−1 12 h−1. Alkaline phosphatase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by following the method described by Tabatabai and Bremner, [−1 h−1 in this study.Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and the pH of the soil were determined by following the protocols of Ryan et al. . Water/sn et al.  and was Bremner,  and was −2), fresh weight (g 0.25 m−2), and dry weight (g 0.25 m−2) were observed and recorded from each plot for 30 days after sowing by randomly selecting two quadrates (50 cm × 50 cm). First, weeds were counted one by one and then cut at levels above the ground surface. For determining the dry weight, weeds were dried under the sunlight for 48 h and then dried in an electric oven for 72 h, maintaining temperatures at 70 °C. The dry weight of samples was recorded by using an electric balance after attaining the constant weight.Weed dynamics such as the total number of weeds  was carried out using Statistix 8.1. For the comparison of treatments, the LSD (least significance difference) test at 5% probability was applied.Trianthema portulacastrum) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) both were dominant in each experimental unit during both years of study. This study indicated that the density and dry weight of horse purslane significantly differed with various allelopathic weed management strategies. Total weed density and dry weight also significantly differed with various allelopathic weed management strategies. However, the dry weight of purple nutsedge was non-significant among various allelopathic weed management strategies . The lowest values were observed in the control (−2) was observed with sorghum residues at 6 t ha−1, followed by sorghum residues at 4 t ha−1 (−2) was observed in the control . The lowest total weed dry weight  was observed with sorghum residues at 6 tons ha−1 and the maximum total weed density (56.85) was recorded in the control (The lowest horse purslane (13) and purple nutsedge (3) densities were recorded with sorghum residues at 6 t ha control . Total w control . In the 4 t ha−1 . The max control . In the  control .−1), harvest index (26.01%), and yield (1019.3 kg ha−1) were recorded with sorghum residues at 6 tons ha−1. The minimum values of No. of pods per plant (14.6), No. of seeds per pod (5.9), weight of 1000 seeds (50.25 g), biological yield (3206 kg ha−1), harvest index (22.74%), and yield (744.3 kg ha−1) were observed in the control  was recorded with the application of sorghum residues at 6 t ha−1 at both stages, i.e., 20 days after sowing and at the harvesting of the second year of the experiment. However, the highest bacterial population  and microbial activity  were recorded with the application of sorghum residues at 6 t ha−1 at both stages, i.e., 20 days after sowing and at harvesting. The lowest microbial activity (3.70 mg CO2-C kg−1 d−1) and the lowest populations of both bacteria (22 cfu/g × 105) and fungi (6 cfu/g × 104) were observed in the control  was observed with the application of sorghum residues at 6 t ha−1 during the second year, which was followed with the same treatment in the first year. The lowest value  was recorded in the control  was significant for the fungal population. The highest fungal population (25 cfu/g × 10 control . A linea control . In the  control .−3) and the highest soil porosity (50.22%) were observed in treatments when sorghum residues at 6 tons ha−1 were applied, as compared to the control, while the lowest bulk density (1.23 g cm−3) and highest soil porosity (51.79%) were observed in second year of the experiment  were observed during the second year when sorghum residues at 6 tons ha−1 were applied as compared to the control . Among all allelopathic weed management strategies, the statistically highest values of soil EC (1.34 dS m−1) and available K (200.83 mg kg−1) were obtained with the application of sorghum residues at 6 tons ha−1. The statistically lowest values for all parameters given above were observed in the control, which was statistically similar to sorghum water extracts at 10 and 20 L ha−1 (−1 and the highest soil pH (7.73) was observed in the control, which was statistically similar to the sorghum water extract at 10 and 20 L ha−1 , palmer amaranth , black nightshade or wonder berry (Solanum nigrum), and curled dock (Rumex crispus) were decreased severely by the impact of canola crop residues. The growth suppression of dominant weed biota in this experiment might have been observed due to the physical resistance by sorghum residues’ incorporation or the release of chemicals from these residues [Incorporating allelopathic crop residues is a green approach to manage weeds in field crops. Our results showed significant weed suppression potential with the incorporation of sorghum residues and water extract. This approach had a maximum reduction in weed density, fresh weight, and dry weight of weed species in mung bean crops . This reof weeds ,43. Zajiof weeds  showed tresidues . Allelocresidues ,46. Weedresidues ,48. The residues ,50,51. Gresidues  who statIn our study, more than a 37% increase in mung bean yield was achieved through effective allelopathic weed management strategies . This inOur results indicated that using sorghum residues as allelopathic weed management strategies in mung bean crops improved the microbial population and enzymatic activities of the soil . Microbi−1 and RDF at (125% N + 100% P) in green gram recorded significantly higher soil N, K, and P content in green gram–sunflower sequence. As a result, the incorporation of sorghum residues increased the soil’s physical characteristics, microbial activity, and nutrient cycling [The incorporation of sorghum residues not only had a positive effect in the case of reducing the weed population and biomass, but also improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation processes, as well as the physical, chemical, and nutritional statuses of field soils. Our results indicate that increased quantities of crop residues have decreased the bulk density and increased the total porosity of the soil over time . Soil po cycling ,56,75,76 cycling ,65,77. T−1. The residues favorably affected the soil properties, viz., microbial populations, activity, and soil enzymes. The improvement in soil properties and the suppression of weeds harvested a better seed yield and achieved higher profitability in spring-planted mung bean. In short, sorghum residue implementation may provide better weed control along with enhancing the soil health and seed yield of spring-planted mung bean. Different multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate sorghum crops for strategic weed control might be potential alternatives that can also serve as lead compounds for herbicide discovery programs. Future studies should also focus on the interactions of micronutrients in the soil environment under multiple allelopathic weed management techniques in the field. Additionally, there are still relevant issues to look into regarding nitrogen and weed management using different allelopathic strategies and observing the allelopathic effect between the crop residue and the crop that is applied.Due to their direct mode of action on the soil surface, herbicides are hazardous to both plants and soil microbes. Weeds and soil quality were significantly impacted by the sorghum crop’s allelopathy. In our study, the differential ability to suppress weeds was observed among various sorghum residue and water extract application treatments. A high suppression of weed density, fresh weight, and dry weight was observed when sorghum residues were incorporated into the soil at 6 t ha