Cadra figulilella), causing significant damage to agriculture and the environment, as well as stored food products. The potential distribution of the raisin moth may become even more widespread due to climate change. We newly assessed the potential distribution of the raisin moth globally, under current and future climate scenarios using a climate dataset projected with 23 climate models under two emissions scenarios, and using both CLIMEX and MaxEnt niche modeling tools. Our results indicated that the area of suitable distribution for the raisin moth could increase by 5.24 to 36.37% by the end of the century. Analysis of single predictor showed that excessive precipitation and a temperature range of 0–18 °C during the wettest quarter of the year may impact the species’ establishment. The study highlights the need for using a combined modeling approach, such as CLIMEX and MaxEnt, in future research and the results could be used to inform international trade decisions and environmental risk assessments.The global trade system is contributing to the spread of invasive species, like the raisin moth (Cadra figulilella) is an invasive pest that poses a significant threat to fruits and dried foods. Climate change may exacerbate this threat by expanding moth’s distribution to new areas. In this study, we used CLIMEX and MaxEnt niche modeling tools to assess the potential global distribution of the raisin moth under current and future climate change scenarios. Our models projected that the area of suitable distribution for the raisin moth could increase by up to 36.37% by the end of this century under high emission scenario. We also found that excessive precipitation decreased the probability of raisin moth establishment and that the optimum temperature range for the species during the wettest quarter of the year was 0–18 °C. These findings highlight the need for future research to utilize a combined modeling approach to predict the distribution of the raisin moth under current and future climate conditions more accurately. Our results could be used for environmental risk assessments, as well as to inform international trade decisions and negotiations on phytosanitary measures with regards to this invasive species.Global trade facilitates the introduction of invasive species that can cause irreversible damage to agriculture and the environment, as well as stored food products. The raisin moth ( Cadra (=Ephestia) figulilella (Gregson) , is one of the most economically important worldwide pests of fresh and stored fruits [The raisin moth, d fruits . The raid fruits ,2,3. In d fruits . In somed fruits .Venturia canescens and Habrobracon hebetor) [The raisin moth has a relatively short adult life approx. 16 days) and feeds only during larval form . It unde days andThe raisin moth was first recorded as a pest of raisins in California in 1928, and since then, it has spread throughout tropical areas around the world . The raiCydia pomonella) [Vespa velutina) [Tuta absoluta) [Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used for predicting the past, current, and future species distributions in many ecological, biological and biogeographical studies, especially in the context of climate change. Generally, two types of SDMs, namely correlative approaches and mechanistic approaches are commonly used . Correlamonella) , the yelelutina) , and tombsoluta) .Here we aimed to (1) assess the global potential distribution of raisin moth under current and future climate scenarios using two different SDMs , and (2) explore the key environmental drivers associated with the potential distribution and suitable habitat changes of the raisin moth. Distribution predictions resulting from this study will provide useful information to help with the developing region-specific quarantine measures for better monitoring, prevention and control of the raisin moth.www.gbif.org (accessed on 23 May 2022)), (2) Moth Photographers Group at the Mississippi Entomological Museum (http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu (accessed on 23 May 2022)), (3) Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation ), (4) Integrated Digitised Biocollections ) as well as from published studies [https://www.geo-locate.org/web/WebGeoref.aspx (accessed on 24 May 2022)) for those locations which were not given by the published studies.Distribution records of the raisin moth  were com 2022)),  Integrat studies ,21. In tClimate data for the CLIMEX model: historical climate data (1951–2020) with the 0.5° × 0.5° resolution were extracted from the monthly gridded Climate Research Unit , Time-series data version 4.0.5 . We extrwww.worldclim.org (accessed on 7 June 2022); The climate dataset used to run climate change scenarios came from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 6 models in projections. We extracted the same five groups of meteorological data as above by calculating a multi-model ensemble mean climate dataset, which covers twenty-three Global Climate Models (GCMs) available in the WorldClim database (https://www.worldclim.org/data/worldclim21.html (accessed on 7 June 2022)) and was used to generate the variables slope , and aspect , using the terrain function in “raster” R-package. These variables were selected on the basis of their potential biological relevance to the raisin moth and on their use in previous niche modelling studies of the insect pests [raster.lat function in “red” R-package) as one of the environmental variables, since latitude together with seasonality determined photoperiod [www.worldclim.org (accessed on 7 June 2022)) for the two selected scenarios, SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 in the two time periods, 2041–2060 and 2081–2100.Climate Data for MaxEnt Model: two types of environmental variables were used to parameterize the MaxEnt Model: (1) 19 bioclimatic variables (the average for the years 1970–2000) at 0.16° × 0.16° spatial resolution (∼18 km); (2) topographic variables relative to land morphology, such as elevation (ELEV), aspect (ASPE) and slope (SLOP)  and both a low biological relevance and a low contribution to explaining the distribution of raisin moth were removed from the model. As a result, a total of twelve variables were selected to establish the final model: bio2, bio4, bio8, bio13, bio15, bio17, bio18, bio19, ELEV, SLOP, ASPE and latitude  using the tude see .To calculate species distributions, CLIMEX generates monthly and annual growth indices and four annual stress indices  based on temperature, soil moisture, light, diapause indices and other covariables. It further produces an integrative index, the Ecoclimatic Index (EI), to measure climatic suitability for each given species, which ranges from 0–100, where 0 indicates a location where the climate is totally unsuitable for the species whereas 100 is a location where the climate is optimal in every respect ,26. The −1 all year round was applied in our model [To better represent the potential distribution of raisin moth populations in agricultural scenarios, we included an irrigation scenario into our model. A top-up irrigation value of up to 1.5 mm dayur model . The topur model . If a loTemperature index: lower temperature threshold (DV0) was set to 11 °C based on the previous study showed that none of the eggs hatched at 10 °C or 12.5 °C . AccordiMoisture index: we used soil moisture (SM), values from the Mediterranean temperate template  to fit t−1 to fit the model to the current distribution of the raisin moth in Europe.Cold stress: the cold stress temperature was adjusted at 0 °C to match the raisin moth’s coldest distribution record in Southern Sweden where the winter is generally mild with an average temperature above 0 °C , whereas−1 to better match the known distribution of the raisin moth to match its known distribution in Mediterranean climates.Heat stress: the heat stress temperature threshold (TTHS) was set to 36 °C to match the raisin moth’s hottest distribution record in Queensland, Australia. Additionally, heat stress temperature rate (THHS) was set to 0.0001 weekDry stress: we used dry stress threshold (SMDS) and dry stress rate (HDS) value from the Mediterranean template  to fit tWet stress: wet stress threshold was modified to 2.5 based on SM3, whereas the wet stress rate (HWS) was set to 0.0015 based on the parameters provided in the Mediterranean template.Hot-wet stress: integrating with the Mediterranean template parameters, the hot-wet maximum temperature threshold (TTHW) was set to 23 °C, and hot-wet stress accumulation rate (PHW) was set to 0.075. The hot-wet stress index (MTHW) was increased from 0.5 to 1.35 to fit the actual distribution of the raisin moth in hot-wet states of the United States .The positive degree day sum: the number of degree days required to complete one generation (PDD) were set to 292, since the tested PDD ranged 236–348 degree-days for each generation . All parMaxEnt uses presence-only data as an input to predict the potential distribution of a given species, which is one of the most suitable methods for our raisin moth occurrence data, since absence data are not available for raisin moth at global scale. Instead of using the default parameters in MaxEnt Model, we used the “ENMeval” R-package  to perfoAfter determining the optimal model parameters, we used “dismo” R-package to stimulate the model in 10-fold cross-validation procedure in MaxEnt, and final output was the average of this procedure. A total of 25% occurrence records were extracted randomly and used to test the dataset, and the remaining 75% of the dataset was used as a training dataset . The maxModel performance is quantitatively evaluated by using two types of metrics: threshold-dependent and threshold-independent. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC) is widely in use since it is the threshold independent measure of model performance. The value of the AUC range is 0–1, and as the AUC value increases, the model’s prediction results become more precise. The model performance is considered poor if the AUC value is less than 0.7, reasonable if the AUC is in the range of 0.7–0.9, and outstanding if the AUC is greater than 0.9 . FurtherThe projected potential global distribution of the raisin moth resulting from the parameters used in our CLIMEX model covered 98.55% of the current global distribution records for this species  a, which The model optimization results indicated that the model included linear, quadratic and hinge (LQ) features, RM = 0.5 and had the lowest AICc value, i.e., delta.AICc = 0 a. The avMaxEnt model revealed that the most influential environmental variables, based on both percentage contribution and permutation importance, were temperature seasonality (bio4), the mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio8), the precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19), elevation, latitude, and precipitation seasonality (bio15) . The cum7 km2) are not expected to change much from the global predicted distribution under current climate (4.7 × 107 km2) (2 at the current climate conditions to 2 by the middle of this century). Towards the end of this century, the distribution of the raisin moth is predicted to shift further north, even reaching Southern Canada and Northern Europe (2 at current climate conditions to 2).CLIMEX projections of potential future global distribution of the raisin moth, under SSP1-2.6 scenarios, showed that the climatic suitability will increase in Europe but slightly decrease in central China, and part of Sub-Saharan Africa . The pre107 km2) . However107 km2) . The totn Europe . The ove2 to future 2) (2 to future 2) (2 to future 2)  . By the 07 km2) . Under t07 km2) . By the 07 km2) .Both CLIMEX and MaxEnt models predicted areas to be highly-suitable for the survival of the raisin moth in Europe and in the east coast of United States, as well as around the Mediterranean coast. However, the MaxEnt model predicts a larger number of suitable areas for the establishment of the raisin moths than CLIMEX predictions. Additionally, predictions in some areas, such as South America, are rather different. The northern boundary of the raisin moth distribution was predicted by both models would move northwards. MaxEnt predicted larger suitable areas in Eastern Europe and the Central of Africa than CLIMEX did, while CLIMEX predicted suitable areas to include the southern part of Africa, which MaxEnt did not predict.Projections of the potential distribution of the raisin moth developed with both CLIMEX and MaxEnt models match the present recognized distribution of this pest both in its indigenous habitats and in areas where it has been introduced. Both models predicted a similar climatic suitability for a number of regions like the Western United States, Southern Europe and some areas in Middle East and Australia, covering almost all the Mediterranean climatic zone. However, there was a mismatch between CLIMEX and MaxEnt model spatial predictions. For instance, CLIMEX projected somewhat larger areas as highly-suitable in Eastern Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia, whereas MaxEnt projected larger suitable areas in Northern Europe, encompassing Norway, Sweden and Finland. These differences may stem from the varying levels of complexity employed during model fitting, disparities in the algorithms utilized by each niche model, or the absence of comprehensive surveys in certain remote regions that are difficult to reach ,40. AddiCadra cautella) [The important role of temperature and humidity for the raisin moth was highlighted by both MaxEnt and CLIMEX and they seem to be the dominant factor determining this insect’s distribution. In the MaxEnt model, the response curve of the mean temperature of the wettest quarter implied that high temperature combined with high rainfall decreased the probability of the raisin moth to establish, which was in agreement with available information from previous studies which indicated that temperature and humidity had a combined impact on the life-cycle of the raisin moth  and of oautella) . The curCadra figulilella and C. calidella  decrease to 23% due to a 2.5 °C increase in the optimal temperature [Cadra calidella, was reduced and the mortality increased when the insects were kept at 20% r.h. compared to when they were kept at a higher humidity (70% r.h.), which supported our result that humidity affects larval development [According to MaxEnt, temperature seasonality  was one of the most important limiting climatic factors playing a role in the potential future distribution of the raisin moth. This resuts corresponds with an earlier study showing that the survival rate of larvae of perature , a similperature . PrecipiCydia pomonella), in North America [Latitude, which serves as an indicator of daylight hours, appears to be a crucial element in shaping the raisin moth’s potential future distribution predicted by the MaxEnt model . Without America .A large number of previous studies have demonstrated that climate change would shift the species distribution to north or higher latitudes, especially in high-altitude areas ,17,46. IIt should be noted that CLIMEX and MaxEnt modeling outputs, like any other bioclimatic modeling software, have some limitations , with the exception of CLIMEX that also can include biological data of the species and non-climatic factors (like irrigation). As a result, projections of the potential future distribution of the raisin moth derived from our study should be interpreted carefully given some uncertainties in the role that a number of biotic aspects (e.g., species competition , habitatThere are other potential limitations for both CLIMEX and MaxEnt models that may affect projection outputs. For instance, the output of CLIMEX model is mainly validated by the visual comparison with the current known distribution, and there is no standard statistical approach to optimize this so far . The selHere, we report our combined results using both MaxEnt and CLIMEX models to predict the potential distribution of raisin moth under current climate conditions and the distribution shift in response to climate change. Our results show similarities between the two models but also differences, which indicate that future studies should consider using both models together rather than separately. The combined outputs of these two models could serve as a helpful tool for national plant protection organizations to conduct pest risk assessments, and for policy makers and trade negotiators when developing phytosanitary and control measures against high-risk quarantine species like the raisin moth.


Inorganic salt passage is high , which greatly affected beer flavor. During the dealcoholization process, the membrane underwent changes which substantially increased its salt rejection values (MgSO4 passage decreased fourfold) while permeance loss was minimal (less than 10%). According to our sensory evaluation, the process yielded an acceptable tasting beer which could be greatly enhanced by the addition of the lost salts and glycerol.Membrane-based beverage dealcoholization is a successful process for producing low- and non-alcoholic beer and represents a fast-growing industry. Polyamide NF and RO membranes are commonly applied for this process. Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) NF membranes are emerging as industrially relevant species, and their unique properties  underlines the importance of testing them in the food industry as well. To test PEM NF membranes for beer dealcoholization at a small pilot scale, we dealcoholized filtered and unfiltered lager beer with the tightest available commercial polyelectrolyte multilayer NF membrane (NX Filtration dNF40), which has a MWCO = 400 Da, which is quite high for these purposes. Dealcoholization is possible with a reasonable flux (10 L/m The non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beer market has steadily grown in recent years, driven by factors, such as health, legal restrictions, and social regulations. Consumers seeking non-alcoholic beer alternatives, mainly for health reasons, look for those with sensory characteristics, such as flavor, that are similar to conventional beer ,2,3,4,5.Modified fermentation processes employed in the production of low-alcohol beer are limited fermentation and the utilization of specialized yeast strains. These processes are commonly executed utilizing traditional brewery equipment; however, the final product is often characterized by the presence of off-flavors imparted by the wort . AccordiDealcoholization, the production of non-alcoholic beers from regular beer, involves many challenges and compromises which affect flavor. In this process, the goal is preserving the original taste of ordinary beer, but aroma losses are non-negligible and production costs can increase significantly . ThermalDealcoholization via membrane-based separation has several advantages over thermal concentration processes, including low energy consumption, high efficiency and selectivity, and minimal degradation of initial feed components due to mild temperatures . This usAs a compromise between aroma retention and alcohol passage, the use of polyamide loose RO and tight NF membranes for dealcoholization has become a staple in the industry in the past decade . By usinRO requires high pressures for an optimal dealcoholization process , so it iPolyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membranes represent a unique type of NF membrane, which are produced by the layer-by-layer method (LbL) ,24,25,264 rejection of 93%. These membranes have shown exceptional selectivity for volatile fatty acid separation [For our dealcoholization study, we chose the tightest commercially available polyelectrolyte multilayer membrane, namely dNF40 from NX Filtration, which has a nominal molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) value of 400 Da and a minimal MgSOparation , micropoparation , and monparation .Feed composition is well known to affect ion rejections of NF and RO membranes. The influence of electrostatic effects is known to affect rejection simply by changing the feed concentration of simple salts ,53. EvenPore tightening can also occur from organic fouling, as shown by Elimelech et al. . Colloid2) has been utilized in brewing to enhance the perceived mouthfeel, creaminess, and overall character of beers [PEM NF membranes are well known to have a high inorganic salt passage; the salt loss can have a substantial effect on the taste of treated beverages. The presence of sodium has a discernible impact on the perceived mouthfeel of beer. While a maximum level of 50 parts per million is generally recommended, certain beer styles (particularly in darker beers) may benefit from elevated levels of sodium obtained through the addition of table salt or baking soda ,65,66. Cof beers ,66. Optiof beers ,66.Glycerol also plays an important role in contributing to the sensory characteristics, body, and flavor of beer . Having Post dealcoholization aromatization is also a viable strategy to improve flavor, which has been successfully tested for wines  as well In our study, we tested the dealcoholization of beer using the tightest commercially available PEM NF membrane, which has a nominal MWCO of 400 Da, which is considered loose for this purpose, raising questions about its applicability. On the other hand, the high organic rejection characteristic of PEM NF membranes validated the trial. We took careful measures to obtain samples for sensory evaluation, in order to provide a proof-of-concept that this membrane type is viable for this purpose. The hollow fiber geometry of the applied membrane enabled the direct dealcoholization of unfiltered beer, so we compared the membrane separation process of two batches of lager beer, filtered and unfiltered. Due to the low salt rejection of PEM membranes, we monitored the ion losses and examined the effect of re-salting (and glycerin addition) on the taste of the obtained samples.A custom made  closed-circuit small pilot system see  was usedThe system is capable of accepting up to two membrane modules (denoted M1 and M2). The MP025/RX300 membrane modules (300 × 25 mm hollow fiber or tubular modules) are enclosed with AISI316L stainless steel endcaps , with ITV STX super-rapid fitting stainless quick connectors, connected to 6/4 Teflon tubing, which serve as the permeate outlets.Crossflow flow rate is measured with a Siemens FM100 magnetic flow transmitter (FT), which also measures the temperature of the internally circulating fluid. Crossflow velocity is maintained by adjusting the speed of a small stainless steel centrifugal pump (Shurflo COMSV024D), denoted as P1. The inner temperature is controlled by circulating cooling water from a 100 L thermostated tank by a small plastic centrifugal pump, through a stainless steel (AISI 316) Wagner OVB 20 kW tubular heat exchanger. Pressure is measured by two analog manometers and logged by hand.During filtration mode, V2 is closed and V1 is opened; during flush mode this is reversed (the latter was not applied in the experiment described in this article).This setup allows the direct control of the permeate flux by using a positive displacement pump as a feed pump (denoted P2). Similarly to large-scale membrane systems, the variable is the transmembrane pressure and not the permeate flow during the separation process. For this experiment, we used a Grundfos DDA dosing pump, which enables the precise control of the feed flow at pressures up to 10 bar.2 each), originating from different production batches .The M1 and M2 membrane modules used for the experiment were dNF40 membranes (MWCO ≈ 400 Da) supplied by NX Filtration BV., in MP025 membrane modules  was maintained by adjusting the circulation pump (P1) speed, at which the pressure drop over one membrane module was approximately 0.1 bar; this was taken into consideration when calculating the transmembrane pressures. The internal volume of the system is 1.65 L, but it was only filled with 1.6 L to leave gas space to act as a pulse dampener. The system was sterilized by circulating pH = 12.5 40 °C NaOH solution, and was then washed with 40 °C ultrapure water.2h average flux through the membranes. Within a minute, the beer feed was switched to boiled and cooled (deoxygenated) ultrapure water, and feeding continued for 3 h with 1 L/h. No concentrate was released throughout the 5 h of the experiment. After 5 h, argon was fed into the top of the system by switching a manometer to the gas inlet. The concentrated dealcoholized beer was drained on the bottom through V2 into a plastic bottle filled with argon.Beer samples (filtered and unfiltered Pécsi Prémium Lager) were supplied by Pécsi Brewery. Measures were implemented to ensure an oxygen-free environment to protect the beer aroma compounds from oxidation. After draining the system (by opening V2 and removing a manometer), it was washed and filled with 5.0 purity argon gas. It was filled with the feed pump with 1.6 L beer and closed by reinstalling the manometer. The pre-concentration phase took place in the first two hours of the experiment, when 2 L of beer was fed into the system with a constant flow rate of 1 L/h which constitutes a 10 L/mPermeate samples were taken; however, because there was no mode of taking concentrate  samples, rejections were only calculated (according to Equation (2)) at the end point of the experiment.After the dealcoholization experiments, the membranes were cleaned by filling up the closed-circuit system with warm (35 °C) demineralized water, which was circulated at a high crossflow velocity (0.75 m/s) for 5 min and drained. This was repeated two times. Subsequently, the system was filled with 35 °C 0.02 M NaOH (pH = 12.3) and this was circulated at a 0.75 m/s crossflow velocity for 15 min. This was also repeated, and the system was left in this solution for 10 h. Before continuing the next experiment , the caustic was washed from the system with water, by filling up the closed-circuit system with warm (35 °C) demineralized water, which was circulated at a high crossflow velocity (0.75 m/s) for 5 min and drained. After three repetitions, during the final segment, water was fed through the feed pump with 2 L/h and the permeate let out for 60 min to thoroughly clean the permeate side as well.After thorough cleaning with water (see previous subsection), the closed-circuit system was filled with 5 mmol/L solutions of simple inorganic salts. After determining the approximate rejection by feeding with demineralized water, the feed was set to a concentration of the estimated permeate concentration, thereby enabling an equilibrium state during the measurement. Temperature was set to 20 ± 1.5 °C. Transmembrane pressure was set to 3 bar, and crossflow velocity to 0.5 m/s. Concentrations were determined by conductivity measurements.The pH was measured by a Hanna Instruments HI9812-5 portable unit, while conductivity was measured by a benchtop Consort C3210 unit with SK12T electrodes. The beer analysis  was performed using an Anton Paar Alcolyzer Plus system. Ion chromatography measurements were carried out on a Thermo Scientific Dionex Aquion system equipped with an AS-DV autosampler. Samples were diluted 1:25 with demineralized water in plastic vials, and non-permeate samples were filtered with 0.22 μm PTFE filter cartridges. The uncertainty of the IC measurements was ±5%.2h bar) by applying the following Equation (1):k is the permeance, ΔV is the total volume of the permeate (L) collected at Δt, the filtration time (h), Am is the effective membrane filtration area (m2), and p is the applied transmembrane pressure.The permeance was calculated in liters per square meter per hour per bar , as follows:Descriptive sensory evaluation based on the IFS Food Standard was carried out on four samples per source type (filtered or unfiltered Pécsi Prémium Lager). First, the undiluted concentrate was tested. Then, a batch of concentrate was diluted with carbonated demineralized water in 1:1 ratio. Afterwards, 22.5 mg NaCl and 325 mg KCl were added to 500 mL of the diluted carbonated sample. Glycerol was added to the salted samples (0.5 g to 250 mL) for the final sensory evaluation.Due to the constant feed flux, the transmembrane pressure increased steadily during the concentration phase in the first 120 min of the experiment see . After sThe original unfiltered lager sample was more concentrated and, therefore, resulted in a higher TMP.In The high passage of Na and K ions , then the final product practically has no change in divalent cation concentration.Mg rejection was observed to be two times higher (99% vs. 98%) than Ca, which is typical for NF membranes, but the opposite can be observed for negatively charged PEM membranes. In fact, for the latter, magnesium rejection can be significantly lower compared to monovalent sodium ions.4. This suggests that the strongly negative charge of the membrane surface decreased, thereby increasing the rejection of the divalent Mg ion compared to Na.The membrane was successfully cleaned by caustic cleaning at a pH of 12.3. Permeance was efficiently recovered after the cleaning process, with non-significant changes see . Salt reThe increase in rejection while maintaining permeance is a notable improvement which substantiates further investigation of this phenomenon in the future.Unfiltered beer can also be directly dealcoholized with this process. Yeast have been observed to adsorb a variety of aromatic compounds present in beer during fermentation, which impacts the overall flavor and aroma profile of the final product. The adsorbed compounds are retained with the yeast cells during the membrane separation process, boosting the aroma content of the concentrate. This was supported by our sensory evaluation result, in which the unfiltered beer received more positive descriptions.Summarizing the results of the sensory evaluation, we suggest the addition of mineral substances and glycerin after alcohol removal with PEM NF membranes. The sensory properties are enhanced by salt replenishment, masking the empty or overly bitter taste, although the amount of sodium added was a bit over the optimal level. By reducing the NaCl, the ratio of sodium and potassium will become balanced. Adding glycerin greatly improved the flavor, resulting in a full and rounded out taste for the beer.We suggest the study of mineral and glycerol replacement for other membrane-based dealcoholization methods also performed by tight NF or loose RO polyamide membranes. Potassium generally has a lower rejection for polyamide membranes, and the passage of glycerol could also significantly affect the taste. The addition of hops aroma or dry-hopping after the dealcoholization process could also improve the final product by replacing the lost volatile aroma compounds.We successfully dealcoholized two samples of Pécsi Prémium lager beer (filtered and unfiltered) with the commercially available hollow fiber polyelectrolyte membrane, dNF40, at a small pilot scale. This study provides evidence of the successful dealcoholization of unfiltered beer for the first time using a pressure-driven membrane process, and the first-ever application of PEM NF membranes in food processing. Even though the nominal pore size of the applied membrane can be considered high for this purpose, sensory evaluation showed satisfactory results after replenishing lost salts and glycerin. The transmembrane pressure in our experiment was close to the pressure tolerance limits of this particular membrane, but the advantages offered by PEM NF membranes, such as directly treating hazy unfiltered beer and high permeability, justify further research in this area.Lots of questions remain open for future investigations, such as the followingTesting the effect of the temperature of the membrane separation process on taste;Instead of direct preconcentration, starting with dilution of the feed, which could help overcoming pressure limits. This leads to longer processing times, although PEM NF membranes are known to swell in higher salinity feeds, which lowers the rejection of organics;Testing tighter and/or more pressure tolerant PEM-NF membranes;Optimizing the salt and glycerol amount added. The addition of hop aroma concentrates to the final product can further enhance the aroma of these beers;There are many variables yet to optimize, which holds the possibility of creating a novel technology for beer dealcoholization.


Introduction: Musculoskeletal model-based simulations have gained popularity as a tool for analyzing human movement biomechanics. However, when examining the same gait, different models with varying anatomical data and assumptions may produce inconsistent biomechanical results. This inconsistency is particularly relevant for children with cerebral palsy, who often exhibit multiple pathological gait patterns that can impact model outputs.Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selecting musculoskeletal models on the biomechanical analysis results in children with cerebral palsy. Gait data were collected from multiple participants at slow, medium, and fast velocities. Joint kinematics, joint dynamics, and muscle activation were calculated using six popular musculoskeletal models within a biomechanical simulation environment.Results: The degree of inconsistency, measured as the root-mean-square deviation, in kinematic and kinetic results produced by the different models ranged from 4% to 40% joint motion range and 0%–28% joint moment range, respectively. The correlation between the results of the different models (both kinematic and kinetic) was good (RPPDiscussion: These results provide insights into the consistency of model results, factors influencing consistency, characteristics of each model’s outputs, mechanisms underlying these characteristics, and feasible applications for each model. By elucidating the impact of model selection on biomechanical analysis outcomes, this study advances the field’s understanding of musculoskeletal modeling and its implications for clinical gait analysis model decision-making in children with cerebral palsy. Biomechanical analysis plays an important role in forecasting the impact of musculoskeletal injury on gait, developing rehabilitation devices for patients with pathological gaits, and understanding the biomechanics of human movement. Musculoskeletal models are widely used in motion biomechanical analysis , particuMusculoskeletal models of specific joints, segments, and the whole body have been built by researchers. In general, such models are comprised of bones with three-dimensional (3D) geometries, joints with kinematics definitions, and muscles with force generation characteristics. The parameters of muscle tendon units were usually determined based on autopsy data and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging data. The models of lower limb joints  are wideBiomechanical analysis of children with cerebral palsy (CP) has been widely conducted with musculoskeletal models. CP patients often suffer from pathological gaits such as equinus, crouch, and excessive hip flexion . ResearcThe same analyses performed with different models or software are expected to produce consistent results. However, several studies  showed dThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of model choices on the outputs of biomechanical analysis, consistency between the outputs of different models, and factors affecting the consistency in children with cerebral palsy. We collected patient data and used a biomechanical analysis method based on musculoskeletal models to calculate joint kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation in a simulation environment. We defined and calculated the degree of inconsistency between the model outputs and analysed factors affecting the consistency. We tried to relate the differences in results to the underlying modelling and computational assumptions. We hope to help physicians or researchers understand the characteristics of musculoskeletal model results and select the appropriate model for their own research.This study included six generic three-dimensional full-body musculoskeletal models  were placed on the medial gastrocnemius (m.GAS) and the rectus femoris (RF) of participants’ bilateral legs respectively to record the sEMG signals during locomotion at a frequency of 500 Hz see . Raw sEMIn the experiments, the subjects first wore sensors and held the still standing posture which was the default pose of the musculoskeletal models we set for at least 10 s. The motion capture system recorded the positions of markers in the static pose for scaling of the generic musculoskeletal models. The treadmill velocity then increased from 0.3 m/s to the maximum velocity that the patient could bear, in increments of 0.05 m/s. Subjects walked at each walking velocity for at least 30 s. The data of the first stable step in each velocity for each subject was used for subsequent analysis.N ⋅ m/kg−1. The CMC tool was used to generate a set of muscle activations, resulting in a coordinated muscle-actuated simulation of the subject’s movements. In order to study the effect of different models on the results, all procedures and parameter settings were the same on all models.We performed model-based biomechanical analysis in Matlab R2021b by calling the API of Opensim 4.1, including scaling with the scale tool, inverse kinematics with the IK tool, inverse dynamics with the residual reduction algorithm (RRA) tool, and simulated muscle activation with the computed muscle control (CMC) tool . Each seTo quantify the consistency between the biomechanical results yielded by different models, we averaged the joint angle waveforms yielded by six models for each participant at each velocity trial, and calculated the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) between the joint angle waveform yielded by each model and the averaged waveform. Then we normalized the RMSD to the ranges of joint angles. The RMSD and the normalized RMSD of the joint torque were calculated using the same method.θ⌉, respectively), and the average and range of joint moments  for each participant for the entire gait cycle using each model at each velocity trial. Then we calculated the means of θ⌉ at each velocity trial (represented as ⌊θ⌉-MAV), and the means of ⌊τ⌉ at each velocity trial (represented as ⌊τ⌉-MAV) for each participant using each model. Finally, we calculated the means of θ⌉-MAV across participants (represented as ⌊θ⌉-MAV-MAP), and the means of ⌊τ⌉-MAV across participants (represented as ⌊τ⌉-MAV-MAP) with each model.We calculated the average and range of joint angles .−2N ⋅ m/kg to 19.8 × 10−2N ⋅ m/kg respectively  of different joints were shown in The means and the ranges (Correlation coefficients between outputs (dynamics and kinematics) yielded by different models on all joints were all greater than 0.85  but not the difference between outputs and actual values (accuracy). In this paper, the RMSD and the normalized RMSD were calculated to represent the consistency in results across models.−2N ⋅ m/kg-19.8 × 10−2N ⋅ m/kg) were similar to the results of Kainz et al. (kinematics: below 5° and kinetics: 0.15 N ⋅ m/kg) (Our reported results of the RMSD (kinematics: 1.5°–7.3° and kinetics: 1.2 × 10 ⋅ m/kg) , which w ⋅ m/kg) , which wThe possible reason for the wide variation in the RMSDs across patients was the variation in gait between patients. There was a wide distribution of age, weight, height, cerebral palsy subtype, and degree of pathological gait among the patients participating in this study, so there were large differences in gait between patients. Gait characteristics have an impact on the consistency of the results, for example, The magnitude of the differences between the model results varied across joints. One study  comparedThe output values produced by the different models  showed the same order in multiple subjects. Although it was not known which was closer to the true value, it helped us understand whether each model’s output was skewed larger or smaller across the six models. The differences in definitions and parameters of the models were partly responsible for difference of the outputs. The planar knee model specified the transformation between the femur, tibia, and patella reference frames as a function of knee angle. The functions were based on Yamaguchi et al.  Gait235 Run mod (RajagopThe difference of the model outputs was also affected by marker placement errors and the model scaling algorithm. Although we took carefully to place both virtual model markers and actual markers on participants at the same anatomical locations, kinematics had been shown to be highly sensitive to model marker locations . The locIn all studies involving muscle actuation simulations, including this one , obtainiThe results showed differences in kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation between the outputs yielded by the different models. Accurate modelling of muscles, bones and joints is important for consistency in joint kinematics, joint dynamics and muscle force estimation across different models . In ordeIn conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the differences in biomechanical results obtained from different models. It highlights the importance of accurate modeling of muscles, bones, and joints for achieving consistency in joint kinematics, dynamics, and muscle force estimation. Further research can focus on exploring and addressing the variations between models and improving the algorithms used in biomechanical analysis of locomotion.In our study, we conducted a comprehensive comparison of joint kinematics, kinetics, and simulated muscle activation results obtained from six commonly used models. The consistency of the kinematic results was similar across speed experiments, and the consistency of the kinematic results normalized by joint range decreased with increasing speed. The output values of the model showed the same characteristics in multiple subjects. Correlations between kinetic results from different models were stronger than those between kinematic results, and correlation coefficients for both kinetics and kinematics were greater than 0.85. The muscle activation yielded by RUN model and the activation yielded by Lai’s model were the most correlated with the sEMG signals of m. GAS and RF, respectively. We analysed the effects of model definition and parameter differences, the model scaling algorithm, and marker errors on the results. By quantifying the differences between the output results of different models, our research provides valuable insights for researchers in selecting the most appropriate model for their studies. Moreover, we believe that future research should focus on improving musculoskeletal models, developing methods for personalizing models, and advancing biomechanical analysis algorithms. These advancements will contribute to enhancing the accuracy and consistency of the results in this field.


Due to Human Wharton’s Jelly (HWJ) could be applied in tissue engineering as a bio scaffold, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of HWJ hydrogel on in vitro culture and auto-transplantation of mouse ovarian follicles.HWJ was isolated from umbilical cord and decellularized with SDS/Tris/EDTA. DNA, Collagen and Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured. Decellularized Wharton’s Jelly (DWJ) was dissolved to make Wharton’s Jelly Hydrogel (WJH), and composited with Alginate (ALG) (1.5%) in equal ratio (WJH+ALG). Then, mouse preantral follicles were isolated and encapsulated in 10μL droplets of WJH and randomly considered for both 14 days culture and auto-transplantation.Collagen, GAGs and DNA evaluations showed majority of WJ cells have been removed and MTT approved no toxicity. Degradation rate and rheological analysis represented optimal hydrogel compatibility. The data from in vitro culture revealed significant antral formation in WJH+ALG (P≤0.05). In transplantation, follicles failed to survive in ALG; however, survived in WJH+ALG to antral stage (P<0.05). VEGF and CD34 had greater expression in WJH+ALG than ALG (P< 0.05).Wharton’s jelly hydrogel and Alginate compound is interesting composite for successful development of mouse preantral follicles in both 3D in vitro culture and transplantation. Subfertility is a serious concern in women afflicted with cancer and undergoing gonadotoxic medical therapies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy . PrematuWith respect to assembly of artificial ovary, an appropriate scaffold with optimum degradability to support follicular development, cell migration and angiogenesis is of utmost significance and various natural, and synthetic polymers have been applied for encapsulation of isolated follicles as well. In this regard, one of the scaffold materials that have been used for encapsulation of ovarian follicles is alginate, which is a family of polysaccharides composed of copolymers of b-D-mannuronic acid (M) and a-L-guluronic acid and is generated by brown algae and bacteria. While alginate is easy-to-handle, versatile, nonantigenic, biocompatible and biodegradable, it is an inert polymer without adhesion molecules, which may negatively influence cell survival and proliferation. Moreover, its slow degradation rate limits homogeneous vascularization throughout the matrix. To circumvent these problems, alginate can be combined with biological scaffolds consisting of extracellular matrix, as they are composed of a complex combination of macromolecules including glycosaminoglycans, collagen, laminin and fibronectin as well as a plethora of growth factors. Such features mimic microenvironment more efficiently that cell require for proliferation, differentiation, migration, homing, angiogenesis and normal function. In this context, there are successful reports on utilization of natural ECM for tissue engineering of heart, kidney, and intestine ,10.One of the natural tissues used in biomaterials is Wharton’s Jelly (WJ), a connecting tissue which has one vein and two arteries and is located within the umbilical cord (UC) and thus is a good source of nutrient and growth factors ,12. The The current study was performed based on Royan institute  ethical committee guideline  and performed in three steps:Human Wharton’s jelly preparation, decellularization and hydrogel productionMouse follicular 3D culture using human Wharton’s jelly hydrogelMouse follicular 3D transplantation using human Wharton’s jelly hydrogelIn this study, the 14 UCs tissues were collected from healthy women with no immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis virus type B, hepatitis virus type C, or syphilis, (ages between 30–35 years old) who had cesarean section in Arash Hospital (Tehran-Iran). The women included in the study were asked in advance to fill out informed consent form to authorize the experimental use of their tissues. Then plunged in Dulbecco’s phosphate- buffered saline  containing 1% streptomycin and penicillin and stored at 4°C. Following that, they were washed several times with PBS solution, containing 1% streptomycin, to remove the blood cells and debris. Through the next stage, the tissues were cut into 3–4 cm fragments, opened in the middle and peeled off the outer and vascular tissue to obtain WJ. It should be stated here that sterile conditions were observed throughout all the procedures as well .Having finished WJ isolation procedures, decellularization protocol was performed as per the steps stated below:The WJ was then plunged into hypotonic Tris- Buffered- Salin  with pH = 5 within ethylene diamine tetra acidic acid (EDTA 0.1% w/v) at 4°C for 16 h and was treated with a 0.03% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in TBS and EDTA, pH = 7.6 for 24 h at RT under shaking. Through the next step, the samples were washed in TBS to remove SDS. The final solution included Tris hydrochloric acid (50 mM) and Magnesium Chloride (10 mM), pH = 7.5 at 37 for 3 h. As the eventual stage, WJ tissues were washed with PBS for 24 h by agitation and lyophilization for subsequent experiment.Both indigenous and decellularized HWJ were analyzed with histology evaluation techniques. Each sample was fixed in Blouin’s and Formalin 10% for 24 h and 72 h respectively, and then embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned with 5 μm thickness. The tissue slides were processed using the standard staining procedures as follows: Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Masson’s Trichrome (for Collagen). Applying 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), each sample was labeled in order to clarify any DNA left in the tissue under fluorescent rays. All sections were observed under a light microscope .DNA quantity applied both on intact and decellularized human Wharton’s Jelly (HWJ). Scaffolds was homogenized in lysis buffer  and was located in a water bath of 10 λ proteinase K overnight at 55°C.This vortex solution was then put in RT to form a two-phase feature. Following that, 0.5 mL Phenol Chloroform was added to this solution and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 4°C (13700 rpm). The top part of this aqueous phase which has got DNA was transferred into a new tube to which an equal volume of Chloroform was added. Having this solution centrifuged, we came to two more phases out of which the upper part was removed and replaced with equal amount of ethanol 100% which was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4°C (13700 rpm). Then the same procedures were performed for 70% ethanol. Later on, the derived pellet was dissolved in Tris-HCl for 15minutes at 37°C and the content of DNA was finally measured by the spectrophotometer at 260 nm (Thermo Fisher). To evaluate the total GAG content (μg/mg) in intact and decellularized HWJ per dry tissue weight, Blyscan assay  was used according to the manufacture datasheet. Finally, the GAGs concentration was measured at 565 nm. S2000 SIRCOL kit  was applied to calculate the total Collagen content in WJ-ECM, according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The total Collagen concentration was performed by evaluating absorbance at 555 nm by micro plates spectrophotometer.To assess the ultrastructure of the scaffolds, morphological analysis was conducted taking advantage of SEM. In this regard, the samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for one day, and then were washed twice with PBS for 10 minutes and plunged into the 1% Osmium Tetroxide for 2 h. The samples were then dehydrated through an increased graded of ethanol at 30, 50, 70, 90 and 100% (20 minutes for each concentration). Following this stage, scaffolds were fixed onto polaren suptturn coater and were coated with thin layer gold at 10–24 KV. During the finally, the samples were observed under a KY-EM 3200 scanning electron microscopy (XL30) in Amirkabir University of technology .In order to make a hydrogel, WJ was first lyophilized. Then 30 mg of lyophilized WJ was weighted and dissolved in 1ml digest solution including acetic acid 0.5 M and 1mg/ml pepsin and then was magnetically stirred for at least 48 hours at RT. Through the coming stage, the solutions containing different densities of lyophilized WJ were neutralized with NaOH 2M and then got mixed with ALG (1.5%), was prepared by dissolving 0.15 g sodium alginate in 10 mL NaCl in ratio of 1:1 with WJH. To get it synchronized, it was relocated on stirrer machine for at least 3 hours. To form WJH+ALG a few droplets of CaCl2 were added as calcium bath.4 cells of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) were cultured in 96-well and were exposed to the conditioned medium of WJH for 24–48 and 72 h. This procedure was followed by adding MTS and incubated at 37°C for at least 3–4 h. The absorbance rate was then evaluated at a wave length 490 nm by Elisa reader .The evaluation of MTS -2,5 diphenyltetrozolium bromide) was performed to find out the toxicity rate of WJH. The cultured medium was exposed to the WJH bead for 72 h. Following that, 2×10G′) and loss modulus (G″). The hydrogel samples were prepared to yield discs of 2 mm diameter and 0.5 mm thickness by rheometer device (MCR 300) .Hydrogel mechanical properties of ALG and WJ were measured by storage modulus . During the next odd days , the hydrogel was separated from the fluid and was dried for 12 h to get the weight stabilized. The samples were lyophilized and final mass (Mf) were weighed and rate of weight loss was estimated based on the following equation:Wt% = 100 × (Wt −Wo)/WO, where, WO is the initial dry weight and Wt is the dry weight of the samples at time. The degradation rate was analyzed based on change in hydrogel weight before and after incubation in media during the days aforementioned and finally the weight loss was figured out.14-day-old NMRI  mice derived from the animal house of Royan institute  were housed in conditioned environment . Each animal was sacrificed with cervical dislocation and the ovaries were removed from the body and placed in 50μm droplet of alpha Minimal Essential Medium  with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS (Gibco. USA)). The preantral follicles (100 to 150 μm in diameter) were mechanically isolated using 29-G needle. After collecting all preantral follicles, they were evaluated for viability, using 20 μl of 0.4% trypan blue for one second and then pipetted five times into α-MEM medium. Follicles were immediately observed under invert stereomicroscope  and the ones stained blue were considered dead and eliminated, while the non-colored follicles were used for encapsulation and randomly divided and allocated to both experiments of follicular 3D in vitro culture and in vivo transplantation.The preliminary evaluation of WJH, ALG and WJH+ALG droplets revealed that WJH lacked the adequate solidity for encapsulation of ovarian follicles and could not be hold by syringe ; therefo2, for 13 days (base medium). Considering this rule that 40 μL of culture medium was exchanged with new medium every 2 days. The study groups were categorized as follow : preantral follicles were individually cultured in base medium.Group 2 (ALG group): preantral follicles were individually encapsulated in Alginate 0.75% and cultured in base medium.Group 3 (WJH+ALG group): preantral follicles were individually encapsulated in hydrogel composite of Wharton’s jelly hydrogel+alginate and cultured in base medium.The site of transplantation was preliminarily validated through using whole ovary transplantation  SubsequeIntact ovary group: 5 times for whole intact ovaries were transplanted in subserosal facia region.ALG group: Isolated preantral follicles were encapsulated in ALG and transplanted in subserosal facia region in 5 times.WJH+ALG group: Isolated preantral follicles were encapsulated in WJH+ALG composite and transplanted in subserosal facia region in 7 times.Finally, the grafts retrieved after two weeks of transplantation and then evaluated.Mice (n = 5) received intraperitoneal injection of ketamine  and Xylazine  cocktail to induce general anesthesia and a midline incision was performed for further oophorectomy. Then, upon making a small incision in the subserosal fascia, their intact ovary was inserted inside the cavity between subserosal fascia and muscular layer of abdominal wall . FinallyThe mice were anesthetized and prepared using the same method described for evaluation of transplantation site. The scaffolds were placed inside the pouch between subserosal fascia and muscular layer of abdominal wall  or immunohistochemistry technique with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD34 as factors promoting angiogenesis following transplantation. Finally, slides were assessed using optic microscope .2O2) for 30 min at RT to block endogenous peroxidase activity and washed by PBS afterwards. Thereafter, they were treated with primary antibodies of VEGF  and CD34  at the dilution of 1:100 and incubated at 4°C overnight. After washing with PBS, slides were treated with secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature, which was followed with washing by PBS and treatment with diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution . Finally, the slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. Negative controls were subjected to the same protocol excluding the primary antibody  in order to log-transform data without normal distribution before analysis. Thereafter, data were analyzed using t-test (comparisons with two groups) or GLM (comparisons with more than two groups) procedures. In case required, LSMEANS statement was used for multiple comparisons. All analyses were conducted in SAS . Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Differences with P<0.05 were considered significant.Due to assess the impact of decellularization process on ECM structure, the histological analyses were performed. The cell nuclei remnants could not be tracked in ECM coming along with multiple various staining methods H&E and DAPI and it was found out that decellularization process was successful in eliminating the cells . BesidesThe quantity of extracted DNA was checked on aforementioned protocol and the data from intact and decellularized tissues show that the mean content of intact WJ was 244.00 ± 19.73 per ng/mg while in DWJ this rate was 1.33± 0.15 ng/ mg. This data indicates that the majority of DNA remnants were removed in the matrix of WJ. The Collagen content in intact and decellularized WJ revealed that the decellularization procedure had no significant effect on Collagen content compared to the control (P>0.05) (1.49±0.72). In addition, the data from GAG assay showed that the decellularization treatment had no significant impact on the control group (P>0.05) (4.77±1.82) .Prior to lyophilization process, the particles were found to be evenly distributed in the polymer matrix which leads to forming these porous substrates. The morphological characteristics of the HWJ were evaluated before and after decellularization procedure. Our results confirmed that, the decellularized tissues were devoid of the cells. Further, it showed the good maintenance of WJ ECM 3D structure in decellularization and also the architecture of ECM was remained intact .The rheology investigation showed the modulus G’ & G" as viscoelastic fluid properties of WJH+ALG and ALG hydrogels. The results revealed this fact that in both hydrogels storage modulus (G’) has got a remarkable difference as compared with the loss modulus (G") in which represents to an appropriate gelation after crosslinking in both hydrogels. Also, the ratio of G’ to G" (Gelation factor) in ALG is higher than WJH+ALG composition .Survival rate of MEFs did not change over time in control group. Yet, it was higher on/during 48 h than 24 h, and on/during 72 h compared with 24 and 48 h (P<0.001). In hour 24, survival rate did not differ between the control and WJH groups; however, on/during hour 48 and 72, it was higher in WJH than the control group (P<0.001) .The hydrogel weight loss was assessed; coming to the degradation rate of WJH showed a significant weight loss from day 3 onward (P<0.001) and reached 67.86 ± 2.88% of its original weight on day 9 of experiment .Preantral follicles with diameter of 130–150 μm were isolated from the ovary and divided under a randomized distribution condition in ALG, WJH and 2D for in vitro culture purpose. The cultured follicles within ALG and WJH matrices kept their spherical architecture, and clearly covered with granulose cells. Further, disorganization morphologies along with scattered granulosa cells were found in mouse ovarian preantral follicles cultured in two-dimensional system . In ordeAt the time of retrieval, the grafted scaffold was easily identifiable and seemed shrunk compared with its size at the time of grafting . FurtherHistological examination showed development of follicles in whole ovaries transplanted to the cavity between subserosal fascia and muscular layer of abdominal wall . AdditioIn the retrieved transplants, stromal cells were observed in the matrix of both ALG and WJH+ALG groups. Given that the grafts were merely consisted of scaffolds (ALG or WJH+ALG) and preantral follicles, observation of these cells implicate cellular infiltration from surrounding tissues during post-transplantation period . MoreoveFurther, no preantral follicles were observed in ALG and WJH+ALG groups . Also, nIn histological examination, there were some structures with various morphologies similar to a mass of granulosa cells and devoid of antrum, which were probably the remnant of antral follicles that were ruptured inside the graft . Some ofAntral follicles developed inside WJH+ALG were comparable to antral follicles detected in intact ovaries in terms of morphology . In spitExpression of both VEGF and CD34 in mural granulosa cells were observed inside ALG and WJH+ALG transplanted ovaries, in which it was higher in WJH+ALG group compared with the ALG group P<0.05; .In cumulus cells, intensity of CD34 and VEGF expression did not differ between antral follicles developed following encapsulation with WJH+ALG and antral follicles of intact ovaries . AdditioAlthough collapsed follicles did not form corpora lutea, the expression of VEGF and CD34 in the remnants of collapsed follicles in transplants was not different from that in corpora luteal belonging to intact ovaries P> 0.05; .To preserve the fertility of women and young girls suffering from cancer or other reproductive disorders, in vitro culture of ovarian follicles  and tranTo seize our goals in this research study, the decellularization procedure was performed based on SDS, Tris and EDTA. Applying EDTA, as an alone component to decellularization, is ineffective and should be in conjunction with enzymatic methods. Histological analysis, H&E and DAPI staining showed that the majority of nuclear and cellular materials were removed after decellularization process and the DNA quantification confirmed this result. Collagen is momentous in the tissue engineering because plays an important role in cell proliferation and adhesion and hence its perseverance is so critical after decellularization. Quantitative data from the GAG and collagen indicate that the ECM is preserved after decellularization procedure in DWJ. Some prior research studies have applied natural ECM resources from human and animal, such as liver, contained great amount of collagens , hyaluronic acid, and several sulfated GAGs. This fact not to be neglected in this study that decellularization process also had no significant effects on ECM content. It is approved by MTS technique that in vitro viability and proliferation of MEFs through supplementation of WJ conditioned medium in culture medium was nontoxic for the cells applied in the medium.Following the first phase of the present study, we evaluated the positive impact of the WJH on mouse preantral stage follicles during the 14 days of 3D culture. Wang et al., 2014, applied the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in single follicular 3D culture in the alginate bead, as supportive factor during 13-day culture. He showed that the diameter and survival rate remarkably goes up in comparison with the other groups without bFGF ,37. It iImproving the effects of hydrogel systems and also supporting in vitro culture of ovarian follicles in several hydrogel-combinations have been proposed up to now . Low degWharton’s Jelly is an ECM rich in collagen, hyaluronic acid (HA) and glycosaminoglycans and also contains various bioactive molecules such as peptide growth factors, principally insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in which are appropriate factors for follicular growth and development in vitro. Besides, WJ is a rich source of reservoir of mesenchymal stromal cells which has been applied for various clinical particle with proven reparative effects following skin graft procedure and treatment of foot ulcers and diabetic ulcers with osteomyelitis ,46.The present study revealed that the composite of alginate with WJH could successfully support development of preantral follicles toward antral stage as well as expression of VEGF and CD34 in the transplant. However, alginate did not contribute to survival and development of ovarian follicles and resulted in less pronounced expression of such angiogenic factors. By contrast, Vanacker et al.  showed tInterestingly, the pattern of angiogenic factors expression was comparable between antral follicles formed post-transplantation and native antral follicles. The similar pattern of angiogenic factors expression may implicate normal development of transplanted follicles in the grafts. Moreover, approximately 40% of the survived follicles in the WJH+ ALG group were devoid of antrum, which could have resulted from follicular rupture. Yet whether this rupture was associated with ovulation was not assessed in the present study. Given the results of the present study, it appears that the composite of alginate with WJH could support rupture of antral follicles but failed to trigger morphological development of corpus luteum. Regardless, the main intention for transplantation of encapsulated preantral follicles is to enhance their development up to antral stage, so that the engulfed oocyte could be retrieved from the graft and be used for ensuing reproductive purposes. Irrespective of scaffold material, the present study also substantiated that subserosal fascia of abdominal wall could serve as a functional transplantation site for either ovarian tissue or encapsulated follicles, which is in accord with the findings of the study conducted by Tavana et al.  in rat.In conclusion, the present study showed that the composite of alginate and WJH could support in vitro and in vivo development of encapsulated murine preantral follicles up to the antral stage. Different studies revealed that WJ hydrogel as a rich source of ECM components can improve in vitro condition and provide an appropriate environment for culture of isolated ovarian follicles. In addition, WJH enhanced the expression of VEGF and CD34 as contributing factors to angiogenesis in transplanted encapsulated follicles. Yet further research is required to evaluate the application of this scaffold for foresight purposes in human fertility preservation.


Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is deemed to play an important role in kidney outcomes, while the association between FGF21 and various kidney diseases remains largely unclear and inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to find out the role of FGF21 in various renal diseases.The outcome indicator of our study was assessed by the pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) which were calculated by random-effect model analysis. The risk of bias was assessed by Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Funnel plot combined with Egger’s and Begg’s tests was performed to estimate the publication bias that existed in the study.A total of 28 eligible studies with 19348 participants were included in our research. The agreement between authors reached a kappa-value of 0.88. Overall, the serum FGF21 level was strongly higher in CKD patients (SMD = 0.97 (ng/L); 95% CI, 0.70—1.24 (ng/L)) and the renal outcomes in T2DM patients (SMD = 0.54 (ng/L); 95% CI, 0.39–0.70 (ng/L)) compared with the control group. Consistent with this, the incidence of CKD  and the incidence of renal outcomes  in T2DM patients was significantly higher in the patients with high FGF21 concentration, indicating that high serum FGF21 level may predict the incidence of CKD and the renal outcomes in T2DM patients.Serum FGF21 may be one of the strong predictors for various kidney diseases including the progression of CKD and the hard renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients, but more large-scale clinical research are needed to confirm this finding. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the fibroblast growth factor gene family, is a novel hepatoadipokine that is mainly produced from the liver and has been revealed as an important biomarker or metabolic regulator for various clinical diseases , coronarIn the context of renal diseases, high FGF21 has recently been revealed as one of the significant markers in various renal dysfunction including the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) ,9 and thvia its lipid-lowing, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, the circulating concentration of FGF21 is increased in various metabolic diseases [So far, GFR and albuminuria are the most commonly used method to estimate renal function, while the disadvantages of being time-consuming and difficulty in measuring GFR make them limited . Severaldiseases . Serum Fdiseases . Consistdiseases ,20. TakeTo further confirm the relationship between FGF21 level and renal function, we conducted this meta-analysis on the value of FGF21 in predicting renal dysfunction in various diseases.This meta-analysis was conducted rigorously performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines, as previously described .Supplementary Table 1. Additional papers were identified by performing manual searches of the references of relevant articles and tracking citations to obtain more relevant studies. All articles published by 20 December 2022 with no language restrictions were included.We searched for included researches from 1 November 2021 to 20 December 2022. Four databases including PubMed (20 December 2013–2022), EMBASE (20 December 1960–2022), Cochrane Library (20 December 1960–2022) and Web of Science (20 December 1950–2022) were searched for eligible articles. All published articles related to both FGF21 and CKD or renal function were screened. The following terms were employed: ‘fibroblast growth factor 21’, ‘FGF21’, ‘renal’, ‘kidney’. The search strategy was demonstrated in Two authors (YG and LL) independently reviewed all searched studies, and the determination of eligible researches were finalized. Disagreements were figured out through consensus or the help of a third reviewer (SH). All the articles included in this study met the following criteria: (1) they contain the information on FGF21 in the subjects with CKD; and (2) Studies including at least two groups, the CKD and control group. Articles were excluded if they met the following criteria: (1) articles lacking information or data necessary for the purpose of this article and (2) they were published as letters, editorials, reviews or conference abstracts.All relevant articles were imported into EndNote X9 software and reviewed independently by two authors (YG and LL). Discrepancies between authors were settled with the help of a third reviewer (SH). The Cohen’s kappa value was used to access the agreement during the systematic searches. The following information was extracted from the selected studies by two independent investigators: author, year, country, type of study, age, sample size, population and FGF21 levels. All the extracted data were then imported into Excel.Definition of the renal outcomes was carried out as previously described ,23. The 2 statistics were used to assess the degree of heterogeneity as follows: 25%, 50%, and 75% represented low, moderate, and high degrees of heterogeneity, respectively. Additionally, Begg’s and Egger’s tests and funnel plots were used to detect potential publication bias, with a p-value <0.05 suggesting the presence of bias.All analyses were performed using Stata (Version 13.0). The correlation between FGF21 levels and CKD or renal outcomes was expressed as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A random-effects model was used for all results of our meta-analysis. In = 980); and (2) the data was unextractable (n = 110). Therefore, the final 28 articles [The flow diagram of the search progress was shown in articles  were incQuality assessment was performed among each included study by ROBINS-I. The results of the included studies in this meta-analysis were at moderate risk.2 = 85.5%, p < 0.001) ) and Egger’s test (p = 0.009) showed the abnormal distribution, the Begg’s test also (p = 0.009) demonstrated that the publication bias may exist in this part. However, the trim and fill analysis were further conducted, and found that our results were stable ). Additionally, the sensitivity analysis performed by excluding one study one time did not change our results ), indicating that our results remain stable.A total of 14 studies were included in the comparison of FGF21 levels in CKD and control groups. In general, FGF21 level was significantly increased in the CKD patients compared with the control (SMD = 0.97 (ng/L) 95% CI, 0.70–1.24 (ng/L)) with high heterogeneity (I< 0.001) . Strong < 0.001) , while t< 0.001) . Both thSupplementary Figure 2(A)), Egger’s test (p = 0.079), and Begg’s test (p = 0.452), the publication bias did not exist. The sensitivity analysis also revealed that this result was stable ).Overall, 5 studies have reported related data concerning the effect of high FGF21 on CKD morbidity. Consistent with the result of the high FGF21 level in CKD patients , the risp = 1.00) showed no statistical significance, both the results of the funnel plot ) and the Egger’s test (p = 0.048) revealed that there is publication bias exists in this result. The trim and fill analysis were further conducted and found our results may be still stable ). The sensitivity analysis by removing one study at a time showed that two studies are inconsistent with the results, while as the limited included studies, we have not further excluded these two results ).Overall, FGF21 level was significantly increased in T2DM with positive renal outcomes (SMD = 0.54 (ng/L) 95% CI, 0.39–0.70 (ng/L)) . Althougp = 0.979) and Begg’s test (p = 0.806) showed no statistical significance. Consistently, the funnel plot also showed symmetric distribution ). Sensitivity analysis also proves the stability of our results ).Only 4 eligible studies with 5 results have mentioned the effect of high FGF21 levels on the incidence of renal outcomes in T2DM patients. All the included studies in this part were cohort designs. In detail, circulating FGF21 was positively associated with the increasing prevalence of renal outcomes in T2DM . Egger’sThere are three researches contained the association between FGF21 and renal outcomes in other diseases . For detOur meta-analysis conducted to determine the association between FGF21 and renal function included various renal diseases such as CKD and diabetic nephropathy, which provides sufficient evidence for the inverse relationship between high FGF21 and the health of the kidney. In detail, the FGF21 level was significantly higher in CKD patients . High FGThe mechanisms accounting for the association between FGF21 and renal function remain unclear, while the following mechanisms may partly explain the phenomenon. Firstly, emerging solid evidence has demonstrated the beneficial role of FGF21 in preventing diet-induced obesity , weight Another hypothesis of the potential role of FGF21 in renal outcomes may be FGF21 resistance, which is similar to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. FGF21 resistance has previously been described in obesity, of which the mRNA level of FGF21 was observed higher in the white adipose and liver tissues of the obese mice . HoweverThirdly, one clinical study  has reveThe theoretical aim of our study was mainly to determine FGF21 as the prognosis factor in the clinical diagnosis. Consistent with the hypothesis, FGF21 was greatly higher in the patients suffering from renal diseases and high FGF21 increased the incidence of CKD disease and the renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients. Therefore, FGF21 could be a strong biomarker of early diagnosis and treatment for CKD and positive renal outcomes. For the research significance, our study has pointed out the necessity and urgency for researching the potential pathogenic effects of FGF21 in renal diseases.There are following limitations existing in our meta-analysis. First, although the results of the relationship between FGF21 level in renal function were consistent, the high heterogeneity in our results still remained, while we performed the subgroup analysis and found that cohort analysis significantly decreased the heterogeneity in the subgroup analysis. Additionally, although the publication bias remained in the primary analysis of some parts of the results, the trim and fill analysis was performed, and found that our results were stable. And the study design of the included studies contained cross-sectional and cohort design, it is known that a cross-sectional study cannot establish a causal relationship between FGF21 and kidney disease. Although the outcome of the subgroup based on study design demonstrated that both cross-section and cohort study showed the inverse relationship between FGF21 and risk of renal disease, a more well-designed cohort is urgent to improve or deny our findings. Second, the number of eligible studies on the association between high FGF21 levels and other renal disease outcomes was very limited, leading to the instability of the conclusion of this part. Additionally, our study has not registered in the PROSPERO in advance, which is also one of our limitations.In summary, our study discovered that FGF21 was significantly associated with worse renal outcomes in various renal diseases including CKD and diabetic nephropathy. Further clinical studies were needed to determine the critical role of FGF21 in renal outcomes to provide a more therapeutic target for renal diseases.Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file.


Matta scoring standard is one of the most frequently used postoperative imaging evaluations for acetabular fracture reduction, but has obvious shortcomings. This study, for the first time, proposed the concept of inclined angles of acetabular quadrilateral plate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the normal range of the inclined angles in adults by digital measurement and explore the feasibility of using them to evaluate the reduction quality of acetabular quadrilateral fractures after surgery.Firstly, the pelvic CT three-dimensional reconstruction data of 40 healthy adults including 20 males and 20 females were collected. The normal range of the anterior, middle, and posterior inclined angles were measured via Mimics software. Secondly, a modified Matta criteria that combined the classic Matta criteria and evaluation criteria of the inclined angles was proposed. And we classified modified Matta criteria into three grades including excellent, good and poor. Finally, a total of 125 cases with quadrilateral plate fractures was included and the postoperative CT data were analyzed by using both the classic Matta criteria and our modified Matta criteria. Then, the accuracy and consistency of both criteria to evaluate postoperative hip function was investigated.p < 0.05). Among 125 cases with quadrilateral plate fractures, 101 cases (80.8%) were graded as excellent, 18 cases (14.4%) as good, and 6 cases (4.8%) as poor according to the classic Matta criteria. While based on modified Matta criteria, there were excellent in 37 cases (29.6%), good in 76 cases (60.8%), and poor in 12 cases (9.6%). According to the Harris hip score system, the functional outcomes were excellent in 59 cases (47.2%), good in 26 cases (20.8%), fair in 24 cases (19.2%), and poor in 16 cases (12.8%). Our results showed that among the cases evaluated as excellent according to the classic Matta criteria and modified Matta criteria, the excellent-to-good rates of hip function were 70.3% and 78.4%, respectively. And among the cases evaluated as poor according to the modified Matta criteria, the fair-to-poor rate of hip function was 75%, while this value was 50% for classic Matta criteria. Both differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05).The average anterior inclined angle: male (97.11° ± 2.59°), female (90.63° ± 2.09°); middle inclined angle: male (105.57° ± 1.93°), female (100.64° ± 2.46°); and posterior inclined angle: male (112.62° ± 2.54), female (106.37° ± 2.53°). Whether in males or in females, the anterior, middle, and posterior inclined angles showed a progressively increasing trend. All the three inclined angles in males were all significantly larger than those in females (Inclined angles of the quadrilateral plate could be used to assess the quality of fracture reduction and provide a basis for evaluating the rotational displacement of fracture blocks in the quadrilateral plate, which compensates the shortage of classic Matta criteria. The structural integrity of the acetabulum serves as the foundation for maintaining hip joint stability and normal function. As for acetabular fractures, anatomical reduction is essential for obtaining biomechanical stability and functional recovery. Acetabular fractures could cause step or fissure displacement, which increases the pressure between the femoral head and acetabular articular surface, and leads to altered stress distribution in the hip joint, ultimately resulting in the development of post-traumatic arthritis , 2. At pThe acetabular quadrilateral plate forms the medial wall of the acetabulum and plays a critical role in preventing the femoral head from dislocating into the pelvis . AccordiIn view of this, this study proposed to incorporate the assessment of the quadrilateral plate inclination angle based on the Matta criteria, which considered not only the fracture line alignment but also the angle alignment, thus making up for the shortcomings of the Matta criteria and proposing a modified version of the Matta standard. Furthermore, a group of pelvic CT 3D reconstructions of patients with acetabular quadrilateral fractures was collected and the reduction quality was evaluated by Matta criteria and modified Matta criteria , respectively. We aimed to explore the feasibility of using this modified Matta criteria to evaluate the reduction quality of acetabular quadrilateral fractures after surgery.In this study, pelvic CT 3D reconstruction data were collected from our hospital. The inclusion criteria were complete pelvis without any lesion, anatomical abnormality, fracture of the healthy adults (aged between 30 and 60 years). Finally, a total of 40 pelvises was obtained. Among them, there were 20 male and 20 female cases with an age range of 31 to 58 years .The CT scanning parameters were set as follows: 120 kV, 300mAs, 0.75 mm layer thickness. All CT data were saved in the DICOM format. Then the images were exported from PACS and imported into Mimics software . The threshold segmentation, region growth and mask editing functions were utilized to remove soft tissue, bilateral femurs, and sacrum to establish a clearer and complete 3D pelvis model.As shown in Fig. As shown in Fig. Patients with acetabular fracture underwent surgical treatments between June 2009 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Inclusion criteria: Patients with acetabular fractures involving the quadrilateral plate; (2) underwent surgical treatment; (3) aged between 20 and 75 years old; (4) closed fractures and underwent surgery within 2 weeks after injury. Exclusion criteria: (1) pathologic acetabular fractures; (2) patients with pre-existing abnormal conditions or avascular necrosis of the femoral head; (3) patients with severe cardiovascular or pulmonary dysfunction, or preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade ≥ IV; (4) patients with a history of mental disorders.A total of 125 cases met the above criteria. Among them, there were 74 male and 51 female patients aged 22 ~ 71 years with an average age of 45.6 years. Fractures were located on the left side in 63 cases and on the right side in 62 cases. The causes of injury were traffic accidents in 82 cases, falls from height in 39 cases, and crushing injuries in 4 cases. Associated injuries included ipsilateral central dislocation of the femoral head in 9 cases, pelvic ring fractures in 11 cases, vertebral body fractures in 5 cases, fractures of the extremities in 13 cases, head trauma in 2 cases, abdominal organ injury in 7 cases, and sciatic nerve damage in 3 cases.Pelvic X-ray, CT scan and 3D reconstruction were routinely performed before surgery. All operations were performed with the same groups of senior surgeons using general anesthesia. A standard ilioinguinal approach was performed in all patients to gain the surgical fields of acetabular anterior column, the pelvic boundary, and the upper part of the quadrilateral plate. For patients combined with posterior wall fracture or difficult to reduce posterior column fracture, the Kocher–Langenbeck (K–L) approach was applied. As the fixation of fracture blocks in quadrilateral plate, a novel internal fixation system called the dynamic anterior plate-screw system for quadrilateral plates (DAPSQ) designed by our group was used. The detailed operation steps of DAPSQ were described in our previous reports , 12.After surgery, prophylactic antibiotics were used regularly for 24 h. The drainage tube was removed when the drainage flow < 20 mL. Patients were encouraged to start non-weight-bearing rehabilitation such as passive and active ipsilateral hip flexion or extension motion after awakened from anesthesia. And then gradually progress to protected weight-bearing exercises and full-weight bearing. All patients underwent pelvic X-ray, CT scan and 3D reconstruction on the 3th ~ 5th postoperative day. After discharge, patients were requested to regular outpatient review at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and yearly thereafter. During the follow-up, fracture healing, radiographic progress, functional scores and complications were recorded.Classic Matta grading scores were classified as excellent , good , and poor  based on millimeters of residual displacement evaluated from postoperative pelvic CT 3D reconstruction [The quadrilateral plate could be divided into the first and second half areas. The abnormal alignment of the first half quadrilateral plate was reflected by the anterior and middle inclined angles, whereas the abnormal alignment of the second half quadrilateral plate was reflected by the middle and posterior inclined angles. Therefore, changes in the middle inclination angle were particularly important. If the anterior, middle, and posterior inclination angles were all within the normal range, it indicated that both the first and second half of the quadrilateral plate had good alignment. If the anterior, middle, and posterior inclination angles were are all out of the normal range, or only the middle inclination angle was abnormal, it indicated that both the first and second half of the quadrilateral plate had poor alignment. As illustrated in Table Modified Matta criteria was the combination of classic Matta criteria and evaluation criteria of the inclined angles of quadrilateral plate. We also classified modified Matta criteria into three grades including excellent, good, and poor. The main definition is summarized in Table The postoperative hip joint function was evaluated using the Harris hip score system, which takes into account factors such as joint pain, deformity, range of motion, ambulation, and activities of daily living. The evaluation criteria were as follows: excellent: 90 ~ 100 points; good: 80 ~ 89 points; fair: 70 ~ 79 points; poor: < 70 points. The excellent and good rates were calculated as the percentage of the sum number of cases rated as excellent and good to the total number of cases .The postoperative CT 3D reconstructions of 125 cases were evaluated by using both the classic Matta criteria and our modified Matta criteria. If the distribution of excellent, good, and poor postoperative hip function as evaluated by the modified Matta criteria is more accurate and consistent than the classic Matta criteria, it can be demonstrated that the modified Matta criteria is superior to the classic Matta criteria. For example, in the cases of Harris Hip Score rated as excellent, if the modified Matta criteria could grade more excellent cases than classic Matta criteria, or in the cases of Harris Hip Score rated as poor, if the modified Matta criteria could grade more poor cases, that means modified Matta criteria is more reliable to accurately predict the functional status after surgery.t test. Categorical variables were presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. Categorical data were tested using the chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Statistical analysis was conducted by using the SPSS software . The continuous variables were firstly tested by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normal distribution and data with normal distribution were expressed as mean ± SD and non-normal distribution data were expressed as median (and interquartile range). Comparisons between two independent groups were conducted by independent sample p < 0.05). Meanwhile, whether in males or in females, the anterior, middle, and posterior inclined angles showed a progressively increasing trend. The average difference between the anterior and middle inclined angles in male was about 8°, and the average difference between the middle and posterior angles was about 7°. As for female, the average difference between the anterior and middle inclined angles was about 10°, while the average difference between the middle and posterior angles was about 6°.The measurement results of the anterior, middle, and posterior inclined angle of quadrilateral plate for male and female are shown in Fig. According to the Harris hip score system, the functional outcomes were excellent in 59 cases (47.2%), good in 26 cases (20.8%), fair in 24 cases (19.2%), and poor in 16 cases (12.8%). Postoperative classic Matta grading scores showed that 101 cases (80.8%) were graded as excellent, 18 cases (14.4%) as good, and 6 cases (4.8%) as poor. According to our modified Matta criteria, there were excellent in 37 cases (29.6%), good in 76 cases (60.8%), and poor in 12 cases (9.6%). As shown in Table p < 0.05). A typical case is shown in Fig. As depicted in Tables The acetabular quadrilateral plate is a square area on the medial side of the acetabulum. Based on the definition of the quadrilateral plate by previous researchers, we collectively refer to the relatively flat area that below the pelvic boundary line and above the level of the ischial spine as the quadrilateral plate , 15. TheAnatomic and stable reduction in quadrilateral plate fractures is of paramount importance for obtaining a reasonable functional outcome , 17. CurDue to the extremely complex structure of the acetabulum, it is unrealistic to perform 3D quantitative analysis of its morphology under gross anatomy or X-ray images. In contrast, the structure of the medial area is relatively flat, so quadrilateral plate may indirectly reflect acetabular fracture reduction by studying this area . The greIn present study, we have used the Mimics digital software to measure the average values of the three angles and also compared the difference between male and female. Our result showed that whether in males or in females, the anterior, middle, and posterior inclined angles showed a progressively increasing trend. Meanwhile, all the three inclined angles in males were all significantly larger than those in females. This result could be related to the special physiological structure between males and females. The quadrilateral plate on both sides forms the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity. The male pelvic cavity is funnel-shaped, while the female pelvic cavity is barrel-shaped. The measurement data from this study further confirms this. In addition, this investigation used CT data from health adults. If cadaveric pelvic specimens are chosen as the subject of this study, there are many disadvantages such as inaccurate positioning, poor repeatability, angular measurement errors, and high costs . 3D recoApart from that, we also compared the results of classic Matta criteria and our modified Matta criteria in clinical use. Our results showed that among the cases evaluated as excellent according to the classic Matta criteria, the excellent-to-good rates of hip function were 70.3%. In contrast, among the cases evaluated as excellent according to the modified Matta criteria, the excellent-to-good rates of hip function were 78.4%. Among the cases evaluated as poor according to the modified Matta criteria, the fair-to-poor rate of hip function was 75%, while for classic Matta criteria, this value was 50%. As can be seen, cases with hip function rated as excellent and good were randomly distributed among cases evaluated as excellent, good, and poor graded by classic Matta criteria, whereas they were distributed concentrically among cases evaluated as excellent and good in modified Matta criteria. In addition, cases with hip function rated as fair and poor were randomly distributed among cases evaluated as excellent, good, and poor graded by classic Matta criteria, whereas they were distributed concentrically among cases evaluated as fair and poor in modified Matta criteria. The results indicated that our modified Matta criteria could accurately predict the functional recovery of the hip in addition to correctly assessing the quality of fracture reduction. The changes of inclined angles, especially in the middle inclined angle, could inevitably lead to changes in the acetabular structure or position. The change of acetabular structure is mainly manifested as step displacement and gap displacement. Previous studies showed that gap displacement was not correlated with hip function, whereas the larger the step displacement, the poorer the hip function . In addiAlthough this study is the first to present the concept of inclined angle of acetabular quadrilateral plate, it should be noted that there are still some limitations. Firstly, the health sample size for the measurement of normal inclined angles was small, and there was a possibility of type II statistical error. Therefore, future research with larger sample sizes is needed. Secondly, in this study, although the postoperative imaging evaluation of acetabular plate fracture was analyzed in depth, it should be further discussed whether there is a closer relationship between the postoperative imaging evaluation of acetabular plate fracture and patients’ functional outcomes. In our experience, achieving good functional results after acetabular fracture not only lies in the anatomical repositioning of the acetabulum, but also requires patients to adhere to a reasonable rehabilitation after surgery . ThirdlyThere exist inclined angles in the acetabular quadrilateral plate and they have gender differences. Inclined angles of the quadrilateral plate could be used to assess the quality of fracture reduction and provide a basis for evaluating the rotational displacement of fracture blocks in the quadrilateral plate, which compensates the shortage of classic Matta criteria. Moreover, the modified Matta criterion was more accurate in assessing the postoperative functional recovery in patients with acetabular plate fractures, and further confirmed the feasibility of using inclined angles for the evaluation of the fracture reduction quality. In addition, the modified Matta criteria could also provide important reference information for the postoperative plans of rehabilitation exercise of acetabular fracture patients, and ultimately achieve the goal of improving clinical outcomes.