The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current status of education of polish surgeons in the subject of meniscus repair possibilities. The analysis of the possible correlations between the number of knee arthroscopy procedures performed by polish surgeons and their decision whether to remove or to repair the damaged meniscus has been performed.Two-hundred and five registered orthopedic surgeons took part in surveys. The questionnaire contained the description of 20 patients with different types of meniscus damage and three questions concerning the experience in knee arthroscopy (two questions) and a choice of the treatment method (one question). Comparisons were made between knee arthroscopy experts (> 100 arthroscopies performed per year) and non-experts (≤ 100 cases).The questionnaire was completed by 194 knee surgeons from Poland with different levels in knee arthroscopy experience. For most cases, experts and non-experts agreed on the meniscus treatment method. Statistically significant differences in the recommended treatment between experts and non-experts were observed in 4 cases, where experts decided to repair the damage rather than to perform the meniscectomy.Meniscectomy remains a frequent orthopedic procedure, despite meniscal sparing having been advocated for several decades now and despite the existence of meniscus repair technique which gives good clinical outcomes—augmentation of the damaged meniscus with a collagen membrane. Polish surgeons still need education on the meniscus treatment possibilities.V. Meniscal tears may be arthroscopically treated with resection, repair or replacement of the damaged tissue. In 2016 European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) has released the consensus guidelines to help the surgeon in the decision process . The maiThe era of meniscal preservation is based on three pillars: (i) repair of the torn meniscus whenever reasonable, (ii) non-surgical treatment of asymptomatic meniscal pathologies despite a meniscal tear according to MRI, (iii) partial meniscectomy and resection of as much as necessary and as little as possible . In thisA large-scale national study has clearly shown that the number of meniscus repairs is increasing, however, the meniscectomy is still frequent worldwide , 15, 23,Group I—cases that are considered repairable ,Group II—cases considered unrepairable (cases 11 and 17),Group III—cases requiring biological support, e.g. augmentation with collagen membrane .For this study 20 case reports with the meniscal injuries that differed in morphology, patient age, chronicity and the method of a prior treatment Table  have beeThe treatments for all patients were performed by 2 orthopedists, PB and TP. The authors possess the knowledge about postoperative fate of the presented cases.A questionnaire has been presented to 205 orthopedists with various levels of clinical expertise in arthroscopy during Polish Arthroscopy Society Congress . Participants have been questioned by 5 hostesses. The same cohort of orthopedists took part in our previous research [Question 1 How many arthroscopies do you perform per year?Possible answers: 0–10, 10–30, 31–50, 50–100, 100–200, 200–500, >500.Question 2 How many arthroscopies have you performed in your carrier?Possible answers: 0–10, 10–30, 31–100, 100–500, 500–1000, 1000–2000, >2000.Question 3 What type of meniscus treatment would you suggest for each patient?Possible answers: remove, repair.The questionnaire contained the description of 20 cases with different types of meniscus damage Table  and 3 quThe expert surgeons have been defined as surgeons performing more than 100 knee arthroscopies per year independently. The non-expert surgeons have been surgeons performing up to 100 knee arthroscopies per year. This should provide information on the treatment habits of the knee arthroscopy experts and non-experts and show whether the level of knowledge in terms of the meniscus damage diagnostics and treatment is linked to the level of experience. Of the surgeons, 55 (26%) have been classified as “experts”, whereas the remaining 144 (74%) participants have been defined as “non-experts”.p < 0.05.The statistics have been conducted using Prism8 software . The power analysis has been conducted to identify the minimum number of the participants required in each group to detect the statistical significance. The sample size calculation showed that with a power of 80% (2-sided testing at a significance level of 0.05), a cohort size of 43 participants was needed. To test proportional differences in categorical variables, a Chi-square test was performed. Fisher exact tests were used when cells contained less than five subjects. Statistical significance was determined as Most of the surgeons would perform meniscus repair in 50% of cases: 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18, 19 and 20. The meniscus removal would be performed by surgeons in cases: 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16 and 17.This chapter compares the responses received from expert and non-expert surgeons. Experts were choosing an option “repair” 539 times  and non-experts—1 394 times . The results are presented in Table For most cases, no correlation between the number of knee procedures performed per year and the decision to repair or to remove the meniscus was observed. The only differences were noticed for: case 4 (most surgeons who performed 31–50 knee arthroscopies per year recommended meniscus repair), case 5 , case 9  and case 16 . In case 2 and case 13 the most experienced surgeons, who performed more than 500 knee arthroscopies per year recommended meniscus repair.The most important finding of the present study was that meniscectomy remains a frequent orthopedic procedure, despite meniscal sparing having been advocated for several decades now and despite the existence of meniscus repair technique which gives good clinical outcomes—augmentation of the damaged meniscus with a collagen membrane , 11, 18.The agreement between expert and non-expert arthroscopic knee surgeons in the decisioning whether to remove or to repair the damaged meniscus has been observed. 50% of cases were qualified by all questioned polish surgeons (experts and non-experts) for meniscal resection and 50% for meniscal repair.There is a general agreement about preserving the meniscus whenever possible . DespiteIn this study, a consensus has been reached between young and expert surgeons to repair the meniscus in 30% (6 of 20) studied cases: cases 1, 3, 12, 14, 16, 20. However, it has been hypothesized that the repair group would comprise also cases 5, 7, 9, 12, 18 and 19. Case 5 is a bucket handle damage, that is 89% repairable by experts, as opposed to non-experts (66%). Additionally, the experts would prefer to repair meniscal root tears , which implicates that they are aware that the treatment of the root tears is of great importance in the prevention of knee arthrosis. However, there was a greater reluctance to repair the posterior root tear noticed by non-experts in older patients . One could imagine that younger surgeons are not yet well trained in meniscus repair methods. There is a need for training, education and increasing awareness, especially in young surgeons.More than half of questioned surgeons (both experts and non-experts) decided to recommend the remove a recurrent bucket handle tears (cases 6 and 16). This is a poor results, taking into considerations patients age (17 and 23 y.o.) and worldwide recommendations. Possibly the decision to remove might be dictated by a reluctance to take responsibility for a possible subsequent unsuccessful treatment.This study had limitations. Although 100% of the participants returned the questionnaires, some of them were not fully completed and therefore excluded from the final analysis which reduced the sample size. Bias may have been introduced due to the invitation of surgeons taking part in the Polish Arthroscopy Society Congress, which also limited the cohort size. Defining the level of expertise at a cutoff of 100 knee arthroscopies per year independently could be considered a biased decision for this study.The clinical relevance of the work is important. Meniscus resection is still widely used in Poland and Polish surgeons need a proper education on the meniscus treatment possibilities.Polish surgeons follow the worldwide trends in the management of acute and chronic meniscal tears. Meniscectomy still remains a frequent orthopedic procedure, despite meniscal sparing having been advocated for several decades now. There is a disproportion between the conclusions drawn from scientific studies in favor of conservation and actual practice. Meniscus resection is still widely used in Poland, despite the existence of meniscus repair technique which gives good clinical outcomes—augmentation of the damaged meniscus with a collagen membrane. Polish surgeons still need education on the meniscus treatment possibilities.


Periodontal Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (pEDS) is a rare disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in complement 1 subunit genes C1R and C1S. To date, 148 cases have been described in the literature.We describe a case of a suspected de novo‐mutation of pEDS with generalized Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD) and cerebral leukoencephalopathy. We describe a case of pEDS with moderate dentition but generalized periapical cemental dysplasia as a possible late sequela and additional cerebral leukoencephalopathy. The minor clinical criteria are joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility and fragility, abnormal scarring, and increased rate of infections, hernia, and marfanoid facial features. These criteria consolidate the diagnosis. As a pathognomonic feature, a lack of attached gingiva is assumed.Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD) is considered a non‐neoplastic proliferation of fibrous tissues and cementum‐like hard tissues.2A 39‐year‐old woman visited our clinic with painless swelling of the gums in the area of the upper right canine and anterior mandible. In addition, the patient reported loosened teeth.The patient was the first and only child after three miscarriages of the mother. The patient's father died early of gastric cancer with osseous involvement. However, he had problems with his teeth from the age of 10 years and tooth loss from the age of 30 years as well as a retinal detachment. The patient's mother and seven siblings of the father were interviewed with regard to pEDS typical symptoms and denied having noticed any symptoms in themselves and the father. In addition, molecular genetic testing was performed on all relatives with no evidence of pEDS.The patient noticed easy bruising following slight trauma since childhood and brown pretibial hematomas with atrophic scars. She reported an increased growth period during her time in school and was the tallest in the elementary school class, even before puberty. She had an early onset of gingivitis and discolorations of the teeth. Uterus bicornae were confirmed gynecologically. A dermatological consultation revealed hyperextensibility of the skin. Other extraoral manifestations were a marfanoid habit with a body mass index of 21, hypermobility, and generalized hyperextensibility of the joints with a Beighton score of 5/9.Treponema denticola (x < 105) and Tannerella forsythia (x < 104). No Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia were present. The patient had no history of recent dental extraction/oral surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.Intraoral findings: The patient reported tooth loss of the upper right and lower left molars at 12–14 years of age due to previous orthodontic treatment. We tested the positive vitality of all the remaining teeth. The gingival and periodontal indices utilized were the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPI‐TN) (WHO)Blood investigation: Calcium, potassium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D3 , and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23) were all normal. There was slightly reduced beta‐Crosslaps (CTX) and osteocalcin. Based on the pretibial discolorations, marfanoid habitus, non‐attached gingiva, and prepubertal length growth spurt, molecular genetic testing was performed. The genetic analysis revealed pEDS, subtype c.890G > A, G297D. Anoctamin 5 was tested as negative.3We performed cone beam computed tomography  after the initial orthopantomography (OPT)  to investigate the sclerotic apical changes on the OPT. As a result, we detected sclerotic apical changes using CBCT associated with all the teeth in Hounsfield unit and categorized these according to Jamdade and John.99Tcm MDP; 520.0 MBq after 2 h; Pixel Size 2.1, SL 1880; SP 4.2 mm/sec) in the anteroposterior and lateral projections.We compared the CBCT osteodensitometric results (CBCT‐O) to each other and assigned them according to the clinical‐radiological categories of maturation of periapical dysplasias.The patient provided informed consent for an investigation using a technetium bone scan.The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the neurocranium revealed a medium‐sized, symmetrical ventricular system. The cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres were regular. Small‐spot confluent hyperintensities subcortically in the fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence were recognizable Figures , and 3. 499Tcm uptake intensity as follows: No 99Tcm uptake (BSgrade: 0); 1: mild 99Tcm uptake (BSgrade: 1); 2: moderate 99Tcm uptake (BSgrade: 2); and 3: solid 99Tcm uptake (BSgrade: 3). The categories were summarized and compared to the CBCT findings. Based on the categories of maturation99Tcm uptake, we found the following densities in the CBCT.All of the periapical regions had radiological findings. We identified several areas in the upper jaw and the mandible with a nuclide enrichment in the scintigraphy. Therefore, we decided to separate the four groups of the 99Tcm scintigraphy (BS grade: 1). In regions 12, 22, 38, 35, 33, and 31–45: CBCT°2 (Grade 2): apico‐central sclerosis and sclerotic margin (edging) to cancellous bone increasing accumulation on the 99Tcm scintigraphy (BS grade: 2). In regions 14, 13, 26, 27, and 46–47: CBCT°3 (Grade 3): sclerotic remodulation of the bone marrow and intense accumulation on the 99Tcm‐scintigraphy (BS grade: 3). Finally, in regions 36 and 37: CBCT°4 (Grade 4): periapical drumstick formation, hypercementosis, and decreasing accumulation on the 99Tcm ‐scintigraphy (BS grades: 1–2).In regions 15, 11, 21, 23, 34, and 32: CBCT°1 (Grade 1): intraosseous ballooning, thinning of the cortical bone; and the beginning accumulation on the 99Tcm in the scintigraphy, nor did we find it in the highly atrophic maxilla regions of 17 and 16. Morphological changes could be seen in the edentulous regions, but no technetium enrichment. No calcification of the pulp and no pulp stones were detected.In regions 24 and 25, we did not find an accumulation of the 5Fibro‐osseous lesions begin with a central focus (nidus) of mineralization, primarily at the apical portion of the teeth.HPT‐JT is a genetic disorder associated with multiple parathyroid adenomas, renal tumors, and multiple ossifying fibromas. In a previous study, an investigation of blood did not reveal changes in the parathormone, nor did any co‐morbidity show evidence of HPT‐JT.A few studies have reported periapical manifestations in classical EDSLeukoencephalopathy was previously reported by Spranger in 1996It remains unclear whether the extent of the periapical inflammation in the sense of microangiopathic processes can be understood. As such, we assumed that vascular changes could be a trigger for periapical cement dysplasia. The same consideration of a microangiopathic genesis would also make sense concerning the deterioration of vision, with unfortunately no ability to be detected or objectified using an ophthalmological investigation.www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.MN contributed to the interdisciplinary planning, performing the surgical interventions, documentation of the case, and writing and editing of the manuscript. MHN contributed to the genetic counseling and writing of the manuscript. CM contributed to the pathologic examination and writing of the manuscript. BK contributed to the surgical and cardiovascular counseling and writing of the manuscript. GL contributed to counseling in oral surgery and writing and editing of the manuscript. MK contributed to the ophthalmologic examination and writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the study's conception and design; commented on previous versions of the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript. We also thank LetPub . This manuscript is in line with the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals and aims to include representative human populations  as per those recommendations. This article does not contain any experiments that used human or animal subjects.Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this report in accordance with the journal's patient consent policy.


To investigate the differences in HPV genotypes and clinical indicators between cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and to identify independent predictors for differentiating cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.A total of 319 patients with cervical cancer, including 238 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 81 patients with adenocarcinoma, were retrospectively analysed. The clinical characteristics and laboratory indicators, including HPV genotypes, SCCAg, CA125, CA19-9, CYFRA 21–1 and parity, were analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses, and a classification model for cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma was established. The model was validated in 96 patients with cervical cancer.P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that SCCAg and HPV genotypes (high risk) were independent predictors for differentiating cervical squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. The AUC value of the established classification model was 0.854 (95% CI: 0.804–0.904). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the model were 0.846, 0.691 and 0.899, respectively. The classification accuracy was 0.823 when the model was verified.There were significant differences in SCCAg, CA125, CA19-9, CYFRA 21–1, HPV genotypes and clinical symptoms between cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (The histological type of cervical cancer patients with persistent infection of high-risk HPV subtypes and low serum SCCAg levels was more prone to being adenocarcinoma. When the above independent predictors occur, the occurrence and development of cervical adenocarcinoma should be anticipated, and early active intervention treatment should be used to improve the prognosis and survival of patients. Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumour of the female reproductive system, and it ranks fourth in both the number of new cases of cancer and the proportion of cancer deaths among women in the world. In 2020, there were approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths worldwide, so cervical cancer poses a serious threat to the lives and health of women worldwide . SquamouScreening and Treatment Guidelines for Cervical Precancerous Lesions released by the World Health Organization (WHO) clearly recommended human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing as the preferred screening method for cervical cancer [In 2021, the second edition of the l cancer . Persistl cancer . When HPl cancer . HPV spel cancer . Therefol cancer , 19, butAt present, clinical indicators such as tumour markers are often used in relevant studies on the identification of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Such indicators are easy to obtain clinically and play an important role in the differential diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tumours –25. LehtThe inclusion criteria of this study were as follows: (1) the surgical method was radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, and cervical cancer was confirmed by postoperative pathology combined with immunohistochemistry; (2) preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, coning or other treatments were not performed; and (3) the preoperative clinicopathological data were complete. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) other malignant tumours or major diseases; and (2) rare histological types of cervical cancer, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, or small cell carcinoma.In this study, a total of 415 cases of cervical cancer admitted to the Department of Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2018 to September 2021 were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The 319 cases (238 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 81 cases of adenocarcinoma) from January 2018 to December 2020 were used as the primary cohort for retrospective analysis and establishing a clinical classification model; 96 cases (76 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 20 cases of adenocarcinoma) from January 2021 to September 2021 were used as the validation cohort to verify the model effect. The demographics information of the study population are shown in Table General clinical features and laboratory indicators included age, clinical symptoms, smoking history, parity, gravidity, menopausal status, BMI, red blood cell count , white blood cell count , platelets , neutrophil percentage , lymphocyte percentage , SCCAg , CA125 , CA19-9 , CYFRA 21–1 , carcinoembryonic antigen , and HPV genotypes.The above indicators were collected after the patients were admitted to hospital and before radical hysterectomy. Patients' blood routine data  and tumour marker data  were obtained by blood samples drawn from veins. The patient's HPV-DNA test was carried out using cervical secretions and exfoliated cells of the cervix. The specific method was as follows: a disposable cervical sampler special cervical brush was placed in the cervical opening, rotated 5 times clockwise, put into 2 ml cell special preservation solution, fully rinsed, and then broken along the crease of the brush handle, leaving the brush head for examination.The clinical symptoms were assessed as follows: contact bleeding, irregular vaginal bleeding, asymptomatic or other. For the HPV risk subtypes, high risk refers to HPV negative or only HPV alpha 7 positive; medium risk refers to both HPV alpha 7 and HPV alpha 9 being positive; and low risk refers to positive only for HPV alpha 9 or other HPV genotypes , 19.t tests. If not normally distributed, the measurement data are expressed as the median (interquartile range), and significant differences between two groups were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test. The qualitative data are represented as n (%) and were compared using the chi-square (χ2) test or Fisher's exact test. Spearman correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis. Independent predictors of cervical squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were analysed by binary logistic regression. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test was used to analyse the goodness-of-fit of the model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves were drawn to evaluate the prediction efficiency of the model. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software version 22.0. The measurement data conforming to a normal distribution are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and the comparison between the two groups was performed by two independent sample P < 0.05). The SCCAg level was significantly higher in cervical squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The main clinical symptoms of the cervical squamous cell carcinoma group were contact bleeding (54.2%), followed by irregular vaginal bleeding (27.7%). The clinical symptoms of the adenocarcinoma group were mainly contact bleeding (45.7%), followed by asymptomatic or other symptoms (32.1%), and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Regarding the HPV risk subtypes, the high-risk subtype (61.7%) was more common in the adenocarcinoma group, while the low-risk subtype (86.1%) was more common in the squamous cell carcinoma group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05) . The distribution of clinical indicators and HPV risk subtypes between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma is shown in Table The levels of CA125 and CA19-9 in the cervical adenocarcinoma group were higher than those in the squamous cell carcinoma group, while the level of CYFRA 21–1 was lower, and the differences were statistically significant  and HPV risk subtypes  were independent predictors for distinguishing cervical squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. For each unit increase in the SCCAg level, the risk of the cervical cancer subtype being adenocarcinoma decreased by 0.671 times. Patients infected with high-risk HPV subtypes were 19.722 times more likely to develop adenocarcinoma of cervical cancer than those infected with low-risk HPV subtypes. The details are shown in Table Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using the significantly different indicators between cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma combined with clinical experience indicators as independent variables and the classification of the two as dependent variables. It was found that SCCAg (P = 0.963) indicated that the model had a high goodness of fit. A ROC curve was drawn for the classification model of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.854 , and the model accuracy rate was 0.846. The prediction probability under the maximum Youden index (0.59) was taken as the cut-off value (cut-off = 0.277), and the sensitivity and specificity of the model were 0.691 and 0.899, respectively, as shown in Fig. According to the multivariate analysis of HPV risk subtypes and clinical indicators, a clinical classification model mainly based on SCCAg and HPV risk subtypes was established. The nonparametric Hosmer–Lemeshow test results P = 0.96 indicateP > 0.05). Among them, there was no significant difference in parity or BMI between cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which was consistent with previous research results [In current study, the age and distribution proportion of histological subtypes of the study population were consistent with previous studies and known knowledge . In our  results , 30. How results , 31.P < 0.05), which was consistent with previous research results [P = 0.084), which was consistent with previous research results [P < 0.05). This result may be because CYFRA 21–1 is a product of cytokeratin 19, which is mainly distributed in squamous and monolayer epithelial cells [P = 0.009, OR = 0.671, 95% CI = 0.497–0.905). SCCAg is a subcomponent of TA-4 extracted from cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and its serum level can be used as one of the auxiliary indicators for the diagnosis, efficacy evaluation and prognosis prediction of cervical squamous cell carcinoma [In the study of tumour markers, we jointly studied SCCAg, CA125, CA19-9, CYFRA 21–1 and CEA. The results showed that the levels of CA125 and CA19-9 in cervical adenocarcinoma were higher than those in squamous cell carcinoma, while the level of SCCAg in cervical squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in adenocarcinoma; the difference was statistically significant . That is, cervical adenocarcinoma is more likely to show no HPV infection or only HPV alpha 7  positivity, whereas cervical squamous cell carcinoma is more likely to show only HPV alpha 9  positivity or positivity of other HPV genotypes. This result may be because HPV 18, as the most common genotype of HPV alpha 7, is most associated with cervical adenocarcinoma, while HPV 16, as the most common genotype of HPV alpha 9, is closely related to cervical squamous cell carcinoma [P < 0.001, OR = 19.722, 95% CI = 9.252–42.040). Patients with high-risk cervical cancer who are HPV negative or only infected with HPV alpha 7 have a worse clinical prognosis [In the correlation study of HPV risk subtypes and the identification of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the results of this study showed that the HPV-negative rate of cervical adenocarcinoma was approximately 22.2%, while that of cervical squamous cell carcinoma was approximately 3.8%. This is consistent with the results in previous studies that approximately 20%-30% of patients with cervical adenocarcinoma were HPV negative, while only approximately 5% of patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma were HPV negative –38. Morearcinoma . In furtrognosis . Our resP < 0.001), and the model accuracy was 0.846. The prediction probability under the maximum Youden index was taken as the cut-off value, and the sensitivity and specificity of the model were 0.691 and 0.899, respectively. Nonparametric Hosmer–Lemeshow test results (P = 0.963) indicated that the model had a high goodness of fit, suggesting that the classification model had good differentiation and calibration abilities and could distinguish cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma well. In addition, the data of cervical cancer patients from January 2021 to September 2021 were used for model validation, and the classification accuracy was 0.823, indicating the good stability and reproducibility of the model.At the same time, this study established a clinical classification model for the differential diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma based on SCCAg and HPV risk subtypes, and the ROC curve was drawn. The AUC of the model was 0.854  As a retrospective study, this study has a certain selection bias. For example, the sample size of the smoking group was small, which makes it difficult to evaluate the difference in smoking history between cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. (2) Imaging features were not included in this study, and we only explored the differences in clinical features and laboratory parameters between cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In the future, we will combine imaging features for further research.In conclusion, HPV risk subtypes and SCCAg are independent predictors for differentiating cervical squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma and can play a good role in classification. The histological type of cervical cancer patients with persistent infection of high-risk HPV subtypes and low serum SCCAg levels is more prone to being adenocarcinoma, while the histological type of cervical cancer patients with persistent infection of low-risk HPV subtypes and high serum SCCAg levels tends to be squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical attention should be given to the occurrence and development of cervical adenocarcinoma, and early intervention should be given to improve the prognosis and survival of patients.


The dataset derives from a thorough laboratory characterization of all existing stabilization technologies suitable for coarse-graded aggregates. They include two traditional binders (based on cement and bitumen) and eleven nontraditional binders . The dataset derives from four laboratory test operations: repeated load triaxial test performed both before and after exposing the investigated samples to ten freeze-thaw cycles, weight measurement of Marshall specimens during ten freeze-thaw cycles and a modified version of rolling bottle test. Repeated load triaxial tests assess the resilient modulus and the resistance to permanent deformation of both unstabilized and stabilized specimens. The mass loss of Marshall specimens expresses the susceptibility of each additive to lose its binding property when exposed to freezing action. The modified version of the rolling bottle test characterizes the propensity to stripping for each additive coating the aggregates subjected to mechanical stirring action. Given the surging necessity to improve the construction and maintenance operations for road pavements worldwide, this dataset containing information about several stabilization technologies can be very useful for transport agencies, contractors, industry and university researchers as well as companies manufacturing and supplying stabilization technologies.  Specification Table•Connected with the surging necessity to improve the construction and maintenance operations for road pavements worldwide, this dataset derives from a thorough laboratory characterization and comparison of all the existing binder technologies suitable for stabilizing coarse-graded aggregates.•Considering the global relevance of road infrastructures, the dataset derived from an independent investigation of several stabilization technologies can become a very useful resource for transport agencies, contractors, industry and university researchers as well as companies manufacturing and supplying stabilization technologies.•The data can be used to evaluate and compare the mechanical behavior associated to all the types of existing binder technologies that can stabilize coarse-graded aggregates. Furthermore, the data can be interpreted according to various regression models and their analysis can indicate the directions for possible further laboratory or field tests.•As unpaved low-volume roads form most of the road infrastructures worldwide and are often in very poor condition due to lack of maintenance operations, the dataset formed in this single independent laboratory testing campaign represents a valuable resource for objective comparison across several stabilization technologies.1https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/xvb2dtjdch) This work reports on the dataset “Mechanical properties of coarse aggregates stabilized with traditional and nontraditional additives: stiffness, deformation, resistance to freezing and stripping” (2https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/xvb2dtjdch) The dataset derives from a thorough investigation assessing the mechanical properties of all the existing binder technologies suitable for stabilizing coarse-graded aggregates ,3. The d2.1The data derived from RLTTs are reported in the folder “Data from RLTT before 10 FT cycles” and “Data from RLTT after 10 FT cycles”. 14 subfolders contain the data for each stabilization treatment listed in t since the sequence started, temperature T (namely room temperature), deviatoric pulse number and frequency f (fixed to 10 Hz) are listed in column B, C, D and E, respectively. In the RLTT device the specimen is subjected to a triaxial stress state achieved by means of a hydraulic piston acting vertically and pressurized water acting in all the directions. The deviatoric stress dσ exerted by the hydraulic piston is made of two components, a dynamic part  and a static part ; the values of the former one are reported in column F and the values of the latter one  are shown in column G. In a similar way for the triaxial stress tσ, the dynamic part  and the static part  are specified in columns H and I, respectively. Six Linear Variable Displacement Transformers (LVDTs) measure the deformations of the sample. Three LVDTs assess the vertical deformations classified as elastic components  and plastic components ; their values are reported in columns J, L, N and in columns K, M, O, respectively. Similarly, three LVDTs probe the radial deformations referred to as elastic components  and plastic components ; they are reported in columns P, R, T and in columns Q, S, U, respectively.The content of all the spreadsheets is structured according to the same logic as described elsewhere RM .The two main mechanical properties assessed by RLTTs are the resilient modulus RM can be modelled according to the formulations proposed by Hicks & Monismith The raw data contained in the dataset can be further processed according to several regression expressions to analyse the experimental findings 2.2MRSML . Three replicate specimens are tested for each binder additive and are named “1”, “2” and “3”. The abbreviations of the used stabilization technologies are reported in line 2. Based on these data, it is possible to assess the mass loss The folder “Marshall sample pictures” contains 13 subfolders that display the images in .jpg format of each dried specimen for every FT cycle. Each subfolder contains up to 33 images according to the designation presented in 2.3RBTML (parameter defined in The data derived from the modified version of the Rolling Bottle Test (RBT) are reported in the folder “Data from modified version of RBT” which contains two files, namely “Weight of RBT specimens.xlsx” and the folder “RBT sample pictures”. The spreadsheet file “Weight of RBT specimens.xlsx” contains the weight of all the 588 RBT samples at three main stages: dried before the application of the additive, dried after the application of the additive and dried after testing considering 14 rotation time intervals . Three replicate specimens are tested for each rotation time interval and they are sequentially named from “1” to “42”. The abbreviations of the tested stabilization technologies are reported in line 2. Based on these data, it is possible to assess the mass loss deriving from the modified version of the rolling bottle tests Furthermore, the folder “RBT sample pictures” contains 28 subfolders that display the images in .jpg format of each specimen before and after RBT. Consistently with the number of tested samples, each subfolder contains 42 images according to the designation reported in 3The tested rock aggregate material derives from Vassfjell, Heimdal, Norway. The thirteen binder technologies are obtained from industrial producers and the categories these additives belong to are representative of all the existing commercial products suitable to stabilize coarse aggregates As for road pavement engineering, the investigation and comparison of several stabilization technologies for construction aggregates is a very relevant topic to create more sustainable transportation infrastructures tσ and deviatoric stress dσ as reported in tσ and a variation in the dynamic deviatoric stress d,dynΔσ, the resilient modulus RM is determined asa,elε is the mean axial resilient strain measured by the three axial LVDTs.RLTTs were performed according to the Multi-Stage Low Stress Level (MS LSL) procedure; a RLTT is composed of thirty loading sequences as defined in the standard 1M) and after (2M) the selected amount of FT repetitions, the mass loss MRSML is assessed asMarshall specimens containing the different binder technologies were created using the mould and laboratory procedure traditionally adopted for asphalt mixtures, with 50 compaction blows per side The procedures adopted to perform each FT repetition were: specimen submersion in water , retrieval and release of water excess , freezing  and thawing  [3M) and after (4M) the testing while preserving the same rotating and stirring actions defined by the standard. In addition, the adjective “modified” also applies since several additive types were considered (and not only bituminous binder) and that 14 time intervals, namely 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14h, 16 h, 20 h and 24 h, were evaluated (the code specifies to run the test only referring to 6 h and 24 h). The aggregates had size comprised between 8 mm and 11 mm; each RBT specimen was fabricated by blending 150 g of aggregates with 3% by mass of binder RBTML is assessed asThe RBT is originally a standardized procedure to evaluate the degree of adhesion between aggregate and bituminous binder covering the aggregate after the application of rotating and stirring actions Ethical guidelines have been complied with during the collection of laboratory data. This work did not involve human subjects, animal experiments or data collected from social media platforms.Diego Maria Barbieri: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Project administration. Baowen Lou: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Robert Jason Dyke: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing. Hao Chen: Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Umesh Chandra Sahoo: Visualization, Supervision. Jeb S Tingle: Visualization, Supervision. Inge Hoff: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


Myotis daubentonii) in vitro with ultra-high-speed video  and using deep learning networks to extract their motion, we provide the first direct observations that vocal membranes exhibit flow-induced self-sustained vibrations to produce 10 to 95 kHz echolocation and social communication calls in bats. The vocal membranes achieve the highest fundamental frequencies (fo’s) of any mammal, but their vocal range is with 3 to 4 octaves comparable to most mammals. We evaluate the currently outstanding hypotheses for vocal membrane function and propose that most laryngeal adaptations in echolocating bats result from selection for producing high-frequency, rapid echolocation calls to catch fast-moving prey. Furthermore, we show that bats extend their lower vocal range by recruiting their ventricular folds—as in death metal growls—that vibrate at distinctly lower frequencies of 1 to 5 kHz for producing agonistic social calls. The different selection pressures for echolocation and social communication facilitated the evolution of separate laryngeal structures that together vastly expanded the vocal range in bats.Echolocating bats produce very diverse vocal signals for echolocation and social communication that span an impressive frequency range of 1 to 120 kHz or 7 octaves. This tremendous vocal range is unparalleled in mammalian sound production and thought to be produced by specialized laryngeal vocal membranes on top of vocal folds. However, their function in vocal production remains untested. By filming vocal membranes in excised bat larynges ( Echolocating bats produce very diverse vocal signals for echolocation and social communication that span an impressive seven octaves. This study uses high-speed video and audio to reveal that distinct laryngeal structures underlie echolocation and agonistic social calls in bats. In addition, many bat species produce social communication calls [fo range further down to 1 kHz [fo range of 1 to 120 kHz or 6 to 7 octaves, while humans and other mammals typically only produce 3 octaves and in exceptional cases 4 to 5 [The evolution of powered flight, echolocation, and subsequent fast buzzing allows bats to hunt and capture fast-moving airborne prey and thereby exploit the riches of the night: flying insects ,2. To deduration –5. Some  250 kHz , and, ason calls  of whichto 1 kHz ,9. Thus,Bat calls are produced laryngeally as in most mammals ,12, but fo range and different call types bats produce. Indeed, other mammals, such as marmosets can switch from vocal fold to vocal membrane vibration over postnatal development [fo than can be achieved by the vocal folds alone [A combination of different laryngeal structures may serve to facilitate the tremendous elopment . In humaelopment . This reds alone ,21. Addids alone ,23. In ads alone . HoweverMyotis daubentonii) that have an extreme 77 octave fo range from 1 to 95 kHz [Here, we test the hypothesis that specialization of different laryngeal structures supports the extreme frequency range of FM bats. We test this hypothesis in Daubenton’s bats .An important characteristic of myoelastic-aerodynamic systems  is the mE. fuscus [N = 5) at a pressure rate change of 130.8 ± 85.0 kPa/s. Thus, for bat vocal membranes, two pressure requirements need to be met for the system to bifurcate to stable limit cycle oscillation: a minimal pressure and a high pressure rate of change.However, for vocal membrane vibration, the onset requirements were strikingly different. Interestingly, we could not consistently induce self-sustained oscillation of the vocal membranes at slow pressure ramps . Only wh. fuscus  did we sfo ranges for vocal membranes (10 to 20 kHz) and ventricular fold (1 to 5 kHz) produced by the different structures in the larynx in vitro correspond to the fo ranges of the distinct call types used by most Vespertilionids; echolocation versus social communication calls. However, echolocation calls in M. daubentonii can extend much higher with fo’s up to 95 kHz [fo range to 70 kHz. Thus, in vitro the vocal membranes oscillated from 10 to 70 kHz, which overlaps well with the fo range in vivo of both echolocation and several types of social calls of M. daubentonii  calls are often described as broadband, noisy sounds [fo distribution was 1 to 5 kHz  correspond well to the in vivo range of 8 to 20 kHz after bilateral ablation of the superior laryngeal nerve in E. fuscus [E. fuscus [M. daubentonii and thus its PTP may deviate from M. daubentonii. However, when comparing across mammals, such PTP values are, if anything, on the high side and certainly not lower. The unsteady aerodynamic conditions required to initiate vocal membrane vibration are fascinating. Low Reynolds number airfoils show peaks in drag and lift coefficients due to rapid acceleration of relative airspeed [Mammalian vocal membranes have been hypothesized to serve 3 specific purposes  that we . fuscus . In cont. fuscus , we obse. fuscus . This spairspeed , which aairspeed  in a manairspeed . Our datThe role of the peculiar ventricular apical membranes remains unclear. The ventricular and vocal membranes form a drumhead with a narrow slit over the ventricle of Morgagni , this coAnatomical adaptations in the bat larynx, such as the ossified cricoid and thyroid in combination with hypertrophied muscles, are purportedly adaptations to high pressures in the larynx during sound production . Howeverfo by reducing the mass of the vibrating vocal membranes. Second, a strong selection to increase call repetition rate led to very low muscle force [Taken together, we propose the evolutionary scenario that many laryngeal morphological adaptations in echolocating bats are the result of selection for producing (1) high-frequency and 2) rapid echolocation calls to catch fast moving prey. This scenario would be concurrently followed by a complimentary specialization of the auditory system that affords bats sensitive hearing at high frequencies and over a wide frequency range . First,  rapid ecfo in bats. However, the vocal range of vocal membrane produced echolocation calls with 10 to 95 kHz in Daubenton’s bat is only 3 to 4 octaves and thereby comparable to other mammals [The vocal membranes achieve unparalleled high voiced fo for mammals. First, vocal folds can exhibit different vibratory patterns, aka registers, due to differential posturing by laryngeal muscles [fo in other mammals is by coupled oscillation to vocal folds, as in tigers [fo is the result of mechanical coupling between laryngeal structures. However, because we could not get the vocal folds to oscillate, we venture to speculate that in bats, the ventricular folds have taken on the role of lower frequency vibrations.There is only limited known ways to lower  muscles ,23. In h muscles , but no n tigers , gruntinn tigers , human tn tigers , and metn tigers . In our fo is highly directional sound emission, i.e., sound pressure attenuates rapidly at angles away from the main broadcast axis. This has substantial benefits for navigation through echolocation [Rousettus echolocate by tongue clicks and communicate via laryngeal sounds [An additional effect of high location , but liklocation . Thus, tl sounds , indicatM. daubentonii in total . Animals were caught under license 2020–9239 from the Ministry of Environment. Animals were housed in bat keeping facilities at 11L:13D photoperiod at approximately 22°C and 60% relative humidity. All experiments were conducted at the University of Southern Denmark and were in accordance with the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate .We used the larynges of 8 adult specimens of All animals were euthanized with isoflurane (Baxter laboratories). The trachea, larynx, and surrounding tissue were dissected in ice-cold oxygenated buffer . Five specimens  were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. Two specimens (MD13 and MD14) were used fresh in the setup described below. For 1 specimen (MD12), the larynx was transferred to a sylgard-covered petri dish on ice for inspection under a stereomicroscope . This specimen was then also flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. Later, this specimen was thawed and fixed in 4% PFA on a roller for cross-sections.Before an experiment, we thawed the tissue in a refrigerator and then submerged it in refrigerated ringer’s solution in a dish on ice and removed additional tissue surrounding the larynx and trachea. We then mounted the larynx on a rounded, blunted 21G needle . The larynx was slid over the blunt needle until the caudal edge of the cricoid touched the tube exit and secured with a 10 to 0 monofilament suture  around the trachea.We mounted the larynges in the excised larynx setup described previously ,27. The To capture the laryngeal configuration during the experiments, we used a Leica DC425 camera mounted on the stereomicroscope, controlled using LAS . To record tissue vibration, we used a high-speed camera  filming at 10,000 to 20,000 fps for ventricular folds and 100,000 to 250,000 fps for vocal membranes, controlled by Photron FASTCAM Viewer 4. For illumination, we used a Leica GLS150 lamp through a liquid light guide connected to the stereomicroscope (static images) or a Thorlabs plasma light source (HPLS200 Series) (high-speed-imaging). All control and analysis software were written in MATLAB (MathWorks).We removed the epiglottis to give an unobstructed view of the ventricular folds and make adduction of the arytenoids easier. To induce ventricular fold vibration, we applied a linear increase in bronchial pressure from 0 to 6 kPa at a speed of 1 kPa/s. We wanted to minimize the amount of air flowing over the delicate laryngeal structures to prevent them from drying out. Because the PTP values were rather high, we did not always start at 0 kPa, but sometimes at 3 kPa. Ventricular fold vibration was induced in 4 larynges . We then turned on the plasma light source and repeated this ramp while triggering the camera when the pressure was passing the PTP. In 3 of these , we successfully filmed their vibration.To expose the vocal membranes, we carefully cut in a horizontal plane between the ventricular and vocal membranes with adventitia scissors  through the ventricle of Morgagni. To induce their vibration, we applied a slow pressure ramp from 0 to 7 kPa at 1 kPa/s. This type of pressure function only yielded oscillation for 1 out of the first 4 individuals, and we did not apply it for the last 2 to minimize experimental time. Next, we applied a sequence of 4, 300 ms duration fast pressure modulation between 0 and 4 kPa. This readily resulted in oscillation in 5 specimens . Because we needed to film at rates up to 250,000 fps, we only had short buffer available and sometimes needed several runs to trigger the camera during vocal membrane vibration with correct lighting conditions. We successfully filmed vocal membrane oscillation in 4 animals.fo of the vocal membrane vibrations, we mimicked cricothyroid muscle contraction. We applied 5 to 7 kPa pressure for 1.5 seconds and manually rotated the thyroid downward to increase the tension of the vocal fold and membrane in 5 individuals . Since the yin algorithm tends to fail for fo’s above 1 quarter of the sampling rate [To increase the ing rate , we insting rate .imdilate function in MATLAB) and filled (imfill), which resulted in an outline of the glottis. The glottis width was the sum of the vertical opening pixels scaled for magnification. To determine the position of the vocal membrane edges, we could not use a simple image grayscale threshold, because the vocal membranes were too translucent, and the trailing edge was crossing the underlying vocal folds with nearly the same pixel values. This led to erroneous detection of the thin vocal membrane parts as glottis. Instead, we trained a deep learning model to detect the vocal membrane edges using the deep learning Python package DeepLabCut (2.2b) [Each video was rotated to make the glottal midline vertical and cropped around the glottis. We then calculated the opening of the vocal folds as a function of anterior-posterior position (AP) and time, i.e., the glottovibrogram (GVG), by automated detection of the glottis shape per image. For the ventricular folds, the glottis was defined as all pixels below a manually set threshold gray value. The resulting logical image was horizontally and vertically dilated with a 2-pixel line (t (2.2b) ,49. We dfo, we first determined the anterior-posterior (AP) location where the mean opening was maximal. Then, we extracted the opening at this location along the AP axis from the GVG. We resampled all other physiological signals  to the framerate of the video (resample function in MATLAB). The fo of the sound and glottal opening signal was determined using the yin algorithm [fo per 10 frames.To calculate the lgorithm , combiniptp, we first low pass filtered the pressure signal at 500 Hz with a sixth order Butterworth filter (butter and filtfilt functions in MATLAB) to eradicate any high-frequency fluctuations. The rate or speed of the pressure change was then calculated by first finding the pressure change between time steps (diff function in MATLAB), this value was then multiplied by the acquisition rate (250 kHz) to get the pressure speed (per second rate of pressure change). We defined PTP and Sptp as the pressure and pressure speed at the time where the sound power crossed 0.2 mPa.To determine PTP and SM. daubentonii in the literature, we recorded 9 additional males in Odense, Denmark caught under license 2021–1194. Daubenton’s bats do not spontaneously produce low-frequency calls as easily as, e.g., Pipistrellus pygmaeus, and only 3 individuals produced such calls when (1) they were joined with others into 1 enclosure after daily weighting; or (2) when stroked roosting in the large flight cage at SDU. We recorded calls with an Olympus LS-100 24-bit recorder at sampling rate of 96 kHz and a Grass 40BF ¼” microphone connected to a Avisoft 16-bit USG at 375 kHz. We selected small segments that included calls and extracted the fo of the sound with the yin algorithm [Because we could not find detailed quantification of the low-frequency calls of lgorithm .fo of sound and vocal fold vibrations was established with linear regression (regress function) in MATLAB (MathWorks). The boxplots were constructed using the MATLAB toolbox IoSR , with no limit for outliers, meaning horizontal lines indicate minimum, maximum, median, and interquartile range.All values listed are mean ± SD. The correlation between the S1 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.S2 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.S3 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.S1 MovieIndividual MD13; filmed at 20,000 frames per second.(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S2 MovieThe edge of the vocal membranes are detected at 10 locations with a neural network. Individual MD13; filmed at 125,000 frames per second.(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S1 DataFile contains data points for time and AP position axis, as well as the width of the opening in pixels and millimeters at the corresponding AP positions.(MAT)Click here for additional data file.S2 DataFile contains data points for time and AP position axis, as well as the width of the opening in pixels and millimeters at the corresponding AP positions.(MAT)Click here for additional data file.S3 Datafo of vibration (x) and sound (y).File contains data points for (MAT)Click here for additional data file.S4 DataFile contains data points for the spectrogram frequency, power, and time.(MAT)Click here for additional data file.S5 DataFile contains data points for the spectrogram frequency, power, and time, as well as the onset times. Stored as MATLAB data file (.mat).(MAT)Click here for additional data file.S6 Datafo’s.File contains extracted (MAT)Click here for additional data file.


In this work, an intercomparison of sensitization effects produced by gold (GNP) and dextran-coated iron oxide (SPION-DX) nanoparticles in M059J and U87 human glioblastoma cells was performed using 6 MV-photons. Three variables were mapped: the nanoparticle material, treatment concentration, and cell radiosensitivity. For U87, GNP treatments resulted in high sensitization enhancement ratios (SER It is categorized as a grade IV astrocytic glioma, and the most common brain malignancy, accounting for more than 60% of all brain tumours in adults2. GBM is particularly difficult to treat because of the intrusive penetration of isolated cells into adjoining tissues, preventing the complete surgical removal from the brain3. The invasive, infiltrative disease component is the ultimate cause of recurrence, resistance, and death4. Traditional GBM therapies include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (RT)5. The current standard RT for GBM management consists of 60 Gy of high energy X-rays in 2 Gy/day fractions6. As the dose required to eradicate GBM is high, it can trigger side effects in normal brain tissues around the tumor site, including the risk of necrosis6. Therefore, in spite of huge advances in beam delivery methods, the challenge to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of RT, while sparing surrounding healthy tissues remains. One strategy involves the use of radiosensitizers.Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a 5-year survival rate of 5.5% and a median survival rate of less than 15 months9. Originally, the rationale for using high-Z materials was based on their energy absorption properties10. The cross-section of the photoelectric effect which governs the probability of photon absorption is proportional to Z nanoparticles. Indeed, Monte Carlo simulations indicate pronounced enhancement effects for NPs of small radii and made of heavy elements13. However, as interaction cross sections decrease with photon energy, this effect would only be significant for low energy (keV) X-rays and negligible dose enhancements would be expected at clinical photon energies reaching several MeV13. In spite of that, numerous in vitro studies have reported significant radiosensitization effects of nanoparticles, specially those made of Au, when MV X-rays  are used18. Reported radiosensitization enhancement effects are usually larger than the predictions for the corresponding maximal physical dose increase. Therefore, other mechanisms must be involved in the process, including chemical and biological effects triggered by the presence of the NPs, which are yet not properly understood19. Moreover, a large variability in sensitization ratios is found among different studies, even when conducted with apparently similar conditions9. Results are far from being conclusive, and substantial controversy remains. There are a number of variables that need to be controlled and their role fully understood 23 in order to allow successful translation of NP-enhanced radiotherapy into the clinics.In the last years, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) with high atomic number (Z), such as metal-based NPs , as radiosensitizers in cancer treatment24) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), which in spite of their relatively low Z are excellent candidates for theragnostic agents in MRI-guided radiotherapy28. We provide an intercomparison of radiosensitization effects produced by the two NPs at different treatment concentrations in radiosensitive (M059J) and radioresistent (U87) human glioblastoma cell lines, showing that the combination of NPs with radiotherapy is more effective in eliminating the radioresistant strain. We observed high enhancement factors and significant changes in the shape of the survival curve for Au treatments and more modest effects for SPIONs, and demonstrate that the sensitization enhancement ratio increases linearly with the actual degree of metal internalization in the cells, but not necessarily with the concentration of NPs during incubation.Here we investigate sensitization effects of gold nanoparticles  was employed to access the mass fraction of the organic coating of the SPION-DX preparation . About 78% of the mass of the SPION-DX is composed by the dextran coating and 22% by the Fe32, a coating layer thickness of about 3.7 nm is estimated.The zeta potential . This trend was also observed for M059J, especially at low exposure concentrations. When comparing uptake between cell lines, U87 showed a considerably higher uptake of SPION-DX than M059J cells  for U87 and M059J cells are plotted as a function of dose in Figs. entclass1pt{minima48 reported a SER53. To the best of our knowledge, higher values of SER37. Recent reviews of in vitro studies of cell death enhancement by GNPs and their respective SER54.For U87 GBM cells treated with GNPs Fig. a and b, 57. For example, dextran supplementation increased the survival of endothelial cells56. In another study, Easo and Mohanan57 showed an increase in levels of lymphocyte proliferation (3–6%) after incubation with dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles. This favorable consequence of NP exposure may initially counterbalance their radiosensitization effect, but SER48.In the case of U87 treated with SPION-DX Fig. c,d, the entclass1pt{minimaIn addition, contrary to what is seen for GNPs, the enhancement effect of SPION-DX tend to saturate at high treatment concentrations Fig. . Actuallmentclass2pt{minim54, derived in some cases from seemingly similar experimental conditions, may in part reflect negligence in this aspect.Such result highlights the importance of measuring the actual NP uptake in order to extract meaningful enhancement factors in radiosensitization experiments. Providing only exposure levels is clearly insufficient. However, quantitative analysis of the actual elemental incorporation in cells is often neglected. The widely varying SER values encountered in the literature58 provided a radiobiological significance for such parameters in his LPL  repair model. According to Curtis‘s model, the non-repairable lesions produce single-hit lethal effects associated with the linear component of survival fraction [exp than in the radiosensitive M059J, as can be seen in Fig. In this work, an intercomparison of radiosensitization effects produced by gold and dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in M059J and U87 human glioblastoma cell lines was performed using 6 MV photons. Three different variables were mapped: the NP material, the treatment concentration, and the cell radiosensitivity. For U87 cells, GNPs treatments resulted in high sensitization enhancement ratios, reaching a 2-fold increase, superior to values reported previously. More modest effects were induced by SPION-DX, but still significant reduction in cell survival was achieved, with a maximum SERQualitative differences were also found in the effect of NP treatments in the shape of the survival curves, which were quantified through the fold change in the In addition, we demonstrate that, for both nanoparticles and cell lines, the sensitization enhancement ratio increases proportionally to the actual degree of metal internalization in the cell, but not necessarily with the concentration of NPs during incubation. This is an important aspect to consider, as quantitative analysis of the elemental incorporation in cells is often not provided. For Au treatments, where exposure levels and elemental uptake were found to be proportional, SEROverall, the combination of NPs with radiotherapy was more effective in eliminating radioresistant than radiosensitive GBM cells, an interesting finding, as radiosensitization of resistant cells is an important target to improve treatment outcome in patients. To ensure that this is not a peculiarity of the cell line it would be worth investigating in future work whether cell killing in other types of radiosensitive cancer cells is equally poorly affected by the action of nanoparticles, as seen here.High-purity water (resistivity of 18.6 M76. Aminated dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION-DX) were prepared from a mixture of Fe (II) and Fe (III) salts, according to Oliveira et al.29 and following the method of coprecipitation with nucleation of nanoparticles directly in the presence of dextran77. An additional crosslinking step of the dextran shell was performed by adding 5 M NaOH and 14 mL of epichlorohydrin into the NPs solution, under magnetic stirring for 10 h. Finally, for amination of the coating, 60 mL of NHGold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized via the reduction of chlorouric acid  and dynamic light scattering (DLS). For TEM observations a Tecnai G2 T20 - FEI was used. A drop of the NP suspension was dripped on carbon film TEM grids, and left at room temperature until dry. The grids were kept in vacuum for at least 24 h before analysis. The average diameter of the NPs was measured using the ImageJ software, counting at least 100 individual particles for each formulation. Additional TEM images of the SPION-DX at higher magnifications are available in the Supplementary Material Figure Human U87 and M059J GBM (from ATCC) cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle medium (DMEM)  supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained in a cell incubator at TEM was performed to identify the intracellular distribution of NPs. After exposure to the NPs, cells were fixed for 2 h with a solution containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2% parafolmadeide, and phosphate buffer. After fixing, the samples were washed three times with 0.1 M phosphate for 30 min. Post-fixation was done with Osmium tetroxide and 0.2 M phosphate buffer for 45 min and washed again. Then, the samples were dehydrated with acetone and soaked in resin for 24 h. The cells already embedded in pure resin were left in the oven at a constant temperature of 60 Quantification of elemental cellular uptake was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Cells were seeded in 12-well plates and treated with NPs as described before. Following the incubation period of 24 h, the NPs were removed, and the wells were gently washed twice with PBS. Cells were trypsinized and counted using trypan blue to determine the total number of cells per sample. The cell suspension was centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 RPM to produce pellets which were then dissolved with aqua regia (three parts hydrochloric acid to one-part nitric acid). The final solution was diluted with ultrapure water. Reference measurements were also carried out on a known concentration of each metal, to obtain a calibration curve relating the ICP counts to the metal concentration. Each sample was then processed and counts were related to the reference curve to determine the elemental concentration per sample. Results were then reported as the mass of metal (Au or Fe) per cell (pg per cell). Based on ICP mass quantification and considering the nanoparticles as spherical, and with the same density as in the bulk, one may also estimate the cellular uptake in terms of nanoparticle concentration. Uptake values in units of NP/cell can be obtained multiplying the cellular uptake in pg/cell by the conversion factor of Cell viability was determined by MTT  assay. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at Photon irradiations were performed in the Radiotherapy Center of São Lucas Hospital at PUCRS in a 6 MV clinical accelerator (Clinac IX and Clinac Trilogy by Varian). To perform the irradiations, we have developed an acrylic sample holder of 30 cm The irradiations were carried out in a 78. After irradiation, cells were detached from the plates using trypsin / 0.05% EDTA for 5 min. Cells were counted and seeded in triplicates in 6-cm dishes at the appropriate concentrations, depending on the irradition dose. After 10–14 days, colonies were fixed and stained with a mixture of glutaraldehyde and crystal violet for 30 min. Colonies containing at least 50 cells were counted. All survival fractions were normalized for control plating efficiency (0 Gy). The sensitization enhancement ratio at a 10 % survival  of the irradiated cells, following the procedure described inSF curves as a function of dose (D) were also obtained and fitted to the linear-quadratic (LQ) modelAll the experiments were repeated in triplicate on separate days. Curve fittings were performed with the software GraphPad Prism. To evaluate the statistical differences between the experimental and corresponding control samples, the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni correction. Supplementary Information.


A zinc hydroxystannate/sepiolite (SEPZHS) hybrid additive was successfully prepared following a facile wet chemical route synthesis where zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) nanoparticles were grown on the sepiolite’s surface. SEPZHS particles have a fibrillar structure with ZHS nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed and with significantly smaller particle sizes than the synthesized ZHS nanoparticles alone. Sepiolite and SEPZHS were organically modified and introduced in a basic ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) formulation for cable to evaluate the nanocomposite behavior under direct fire sources. The results confirmed the synergistic effect of the hybrid SEPZHS additive in the formation of a most stable and efficient char barrier, thus improving the flame-retardant behavior of EPDM nanocomposite in terms of heat emission, with reductions of more than 40% in the peak of Heat Release Rate , and smoke suppression, with more than 25% reduction in the Total Smoke Production and Smoke Density parameters (smoke chamber test). Moreover, the addition of sepiolite-based additives increased the mechanical properties (hardness) of the nanocomposites, as a result of the matrix reinforcement. This suggests that the SEPZHS hybrid additive may provide a promising option for a new, cost-effective, eco-friendly, yet efficient flame-retardant solution. Polymeric materials are present, in one way or another, in almost every application nowadays. Textile, packaging, building and construction, cable, transport, electronics, and household devices are some of the applications where polymers have wide use due to their outstanding performance in terms of mechanical properties, chemical, corrosion and aging resistance, lightweight, ease of processing and design possibilities, among others. The widespread use of polymeric materials makes it necessary to ensure safety for users. The resistance to fire is one of the most important aspects related to the safety of these materials owing to their inherent flammability due to their structure and organic composition .The combustion of polymers is a complex multi-step cycle process that involves degradation chemistry with heat transfer and mass diffusion simultaneously . At the In recent years, the safety requirements of polymeric formulations regarding their fire behavior have become stricter. This is the case, for example, of the Fire Protection on Railway Vehicles European Standard (EN 45545) or the Construction Product Regulation (CPR). In addition to this, some flame-retardant solutions, such as some halogenated FRs and synergists, have been already banned or are being watched due to their potential health and environmental risks ,9,10.6 (ZHS), act as smoke suppressant synergists by the combination of condensed phase mechanism (as a char promoter) and, in halogenated formulations, a vapor phase mechanism based on the volatilization of tin and zinc [Under this perspective exposed above, synergistic additives to flame retardants are a necessary alternative to achieve the requirements demanded in the regulation, while using solutions that are safe for health and for the environment. Tin-based smoke suppressant additives such as, for example, zinc hydroxystannate, ZnSn(OH)and zinc ,12,13. Mand zinc ,17,18,19On the other hand, clay-based synergists have proven to be an efficient alternative to achieving the required behavior of polymeric materials . These tA lot of investigation has been done to study clay FR synergists and, from among all types of clays, montmorillonite (MMT), a layered phyllosilicate that belongs to the dioctahedral smectites group, is probably the most studied and reported ,23. Apar2O3, ZnO, Ce2O, Zr2O, etc.), glass particles, etc. So far, no works have been published on the synthesis of smoke suppressants on clay particles and their use as advanced synergistic materials with flame retardants.In addition to its flame-retardant synergism and due to the versatility of the chemistry and structure of its surface, sepiolite can be used as a template to grow different particles homogeneously distributed controlling their size and phase of them ,32. ThesIn this work, a novel additive based on sepiolite is designed to obtain the benefits of the clay as a flame-retardant synergist while boosting char reinforcement and smoke suppression by synthesizing ZHS nanoparticles homogeneously on its surface. The use of sepiolite as a substrate for particle growth brings the advantage, in comparison with simple particle mixing, of the improvement on the efficiency of ZHS by obtaining smaller particle sizes completely avoiding any agglomeration. This results in a more efficient combination of sepiolite and ZHS FR mechanisms. The effectiveness of the additive has been tested by the preparation of a compound based on ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as the main flame retardant. To improve the dispersion of the sepiolite-based additives into the polymeric matrix, an organic surface modification was made via silane, which is different from the traditional alternatives that can catalyze the vulcanization process of rubber.2/g, was prepared by TOLSA . Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate (99%) and Sodium Stannate Trihydrate (95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich . Sulfuric acid  was purchased from Panreac Química . Amino-silane (3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (>99%), Dynasylan AMEO) was kindly supplied by Evonik .Purified and micronized sepiolite grade from Vicálvaro (Madrid), with a sepiolite content higher than 95% and a specific surface of 320 mMaterials for reference cable formulation were collected as follows: EPDM  was supplied by Resinex Spain . Aluminum Hydroxide  was supplied by Martinswerk . Peroxide masterbatch formulation (Perkadox 14-40 MB) was supplied by Nouryon . Coagent for peroxide crosslinking, Triallyl Cyanurate (TAC) 97% pure, was purchased at Sigma Aldrich. Stearic Acid , Paraffinic Oil, and Zinc Oxide (>95% pure) were purchased at Quimipur .A single synthesis of zinc hydroxystannate particles was performed using zinc sulphate and sodium stannate as precursors. The reasons why this synthesis was carried out were, on the one hand, to establish the most suitable reaction conditions for the preparation of the SEPZHS hybrid additive and, on the other hand, to obtain a reference to compare and evaluate the particle size and homogeneity of ZHS nanoparticles synthesized if using the clay as a substrate with abundant nucleation centers available. The synthesis occurs through the following reaction:4 and Na2SnO3) were dissolved using a magnetic stirrer in deionized water (5 g in 100 mL of solution). Solution of Na2SnO3 was added slowly drop by drop into the ZnSO4 solution, under magnetic stirring. A white precipitate appeared while adding the stannate solution and increased its presence with pH evolution. Once sodium stannate was completely added, stirring remained for 24 h and then, the solution was centrifuged at 5.000 rpm. Solid obtained (approx. 5 g) was dried at 80 °C for 4 h.ZHS precursors  in order to obtain a homogeneous dispersion of individualized sepiolite fibers. Dispersion in acid media leaches magnesium cations from sepiolite’s structure borders forming silanol groups that act as active spots for particle growth [To prepare the additive SEPZHS, sepiolite was dispersed in an He growth . A sepioe growth ,35. For Synthesis of ZHS particles was done following the route explained previously in To test the nanocomposites’ efficacy against fire, EPDM compounds were prepared based on a cable formulation shown in For the compound preparation, components were processed in a Banbury mixer at 160 °C with a rotor speed of 60 rpm. After all components were incorporated, mixture was homogenized in an open two-roll mill where a vulcanization system was added. Compounds were vulcanized in a hot plate press at 180 °C during optimum vulcanization time , previously determined by a moving die rheometer (Monsanto MDR 2000E). It has been confirmed that the sepiolite-based additives do not affect significatively the vulcanization parameters .The crystalline structure was analyzed by a Bruker AXS D8 Advanced  X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15042 nm) generated at 40 kV and 35 mA. The microstructure of the materials was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy  with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy  for quantitative chemical microanalysis of samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using a JEOL FXII . TEM images were obtained at 120 kV.2. Square specimens (100 × 100 × 4 mm3) were wrapped with aluminum foil and placed over refractory fiber material. A retention frame with 4 retention metallic cables to avoid sample deformation was used. The distance between the specimen surface and the radiation source was 25 mm. Vertical burning tests were conducted according to UL-94 standard on a vertical burning test instrument with sheet dimensions of 130 × 13 × 3.2 mm3 and performing 5 repetitions. A smoke chamber test according to ISO 5659-2 was performed at a heat flux of 50 kW/m2 with a distance between the specimen surface and the radiation cone of 25 mm. Smoke density is determined by means of the transmission measured between a photo-emissor and a photodetector placed inside the chamber. Squared specimens (75 × 75 × 4 mm3) were wrapped in aluminum foil, tested using a retention frame, and placed directly over a calcium silicate plate that is, at the same time, over refractory fiber material. Tests had a duration of 1200 s and were run in triplicate. Test specimens for cone calorimeter and smoke chamber tests were conditioned until constant weight (variation less than 0.1% in 24 h) in a controlled atmosphere (23 ± 2 °C and 50% ± 5% of relative humidity). International Rubber Hardness Degree  was measured in a Wallace Rubber Hardness Tester . EPDM compounds were characterized against fire using a cone calorimeter , following the procedures in ISO5660-1 at a heat flux of 50 kW/mObtained particles were characterized by XRD  and compZHS particles obtained have been characterized in powder form after the synthesis by FE-SEM . Soft/fl6).SEPZHS was characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. Diffractograms  show thaTo check the influence of the nanocomposite sepiolite-based additives in char formation for EPDM formulations, pieces of the compound were cut and placed into porcelain crucibles and then treated in an oven at 1000 °C for 1 h. In All the EPDM formulations presented an excellent resistance to fire due to the high content of inorganics, passing UL-94 without flaming dripping and very short burning times (less than 10 s) after two applications of a controlled flame to the test bar for 10 s (V-0 rating) To find differences between formulations, an additional third flame exposure of 10 s was performed. Illustrative photographs taken during vertical burning tests are shown in Cone calorimeter and smoke chamber test results are shown in Although no significant differences were observed between OSep and OSepZHS formulations in cone calorimeter results, better performance of OSepZHS is shown in smoke chamber test results. With the addition of OSep in the EPDM formulations, a decrease of 21% in total smoke production after 1200 s (TSP 1200 s), a decrease of 17% in the maximum specific optical density obtained within the 20 min test period (Ds max 20′) and a decrease of 10% in VOF4 parameter (a measurement of the rate of smoke production during the first four minutes of the test) are achieved. When OSepZHS additive is incorporated, further reductions of total smoke production, specific optical density, and VOF4 are achieved . These positive outcomes were due to the formation of a compact char protective layer where SEP and ZHS work synergistically taking advantage of ZHS particles as a smoke suppressor . The hardness (IRHD) of the compounds was tested obtaining 81 ± 1, 84 ± 1, and 83 ± 1 as values for REFERENCE, 3% OSep, and 3% OSepZHS, respectively. The addition of sepiolite-based additives slightly increases the material hardness due to the mechanical reinforcement because of the presence of sepiolite particles and also to the sepiolite’s capacity to absorb the oil from the formulation. In OSepZHS additive, the available surface and sepiolite quantity incorporated is less than in OSep, so this increase in hardness is observed to a lesser extent.Reinforcement of materials is a confirmation that the different phases have been correctly dispersed into the polymeric matrix, which is not trivial . To checZinc hydroxystannate/sepiolite hybrid additive with homogeneous nanoparticle distribution has been successfully prepared. The incorporation of 3 wt% of this additive into the EPDM polymer matrix led to an important heat release delay in time and a significant reduction of the pHRR values (40%), compared to those of reference EPDM. This means that barrier char generated with sepiolite-based additives slow down the intensity and spread rate of fire. Additionally, the amount of smoke released during the combustion in terms of density and production was significantly reduced. The notable reduction of the fire hazard was mainly attributed to the improved char formation due to the synergy between sepiolite and ZHS synthesized nanoparticles. In addition, sepiolite-based additives slightly increased the hardness of the EPDM materials without significant interference in the vulcanization process.


The present study was to investigate the extraction conditions of dietary fiber from dried cassava pulp (DCP) and cassava distiller’s dried grains (CDG) under different NaOH concentrations, and the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to determine the dietary fiber components.The dried samples (DCP and CDG) were treated with various concentrations of NaOH at levels of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% using a completely randomized design with 4 replications of each. After extraction, the residual DCP and CDG dietary fiber were dried in a hot air oven at 55°C to 60°C. Finally, the oven dried extracted dietary fiber was powdered to a particle size of 1 mm. Both extracted dietary fibers were analyzed for their chemical composition and determined by FTIR.The DCP and CDG treated with NaOH linearly or quadratically or cubically (p< 0.05) increased the total dietary fiber (TDF) and insoluble fiber (IDF). The optimal conditions for extracting dietary fiber from DCP and CDG were under treatment with 6% and 4% NaOH, respectively, as these conditions yielded the highest TDF and IDF contents. These results were associated with the FTIR spectra integration for a semi-quantitative analysis, which obtained the highest cellulose content in dietary fiber extracted from DCP and CDG with 6% and 4% NaOH solution, respectively. The principal component analysis illustrated clear separation of spectral distribution in cassava pulp extracted dietary fiber (DFCP) and cassava distiller’s dried grains extracted dietary fiber (DFCDG) when treated with 6% and 4% NaOH, respectively.The optimal conditions for the extraction of dietary fiber from DCP and CDG were treatment with 6% and 4% NaOH solution, respectively. In addition, FTIR spectroscopy proved itself to be a powerful tool for fiber identification. These polysaccharides can be found naturally in feedstuffs include cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectic substances, gums, mucilage, and a non-carbohydrate component lignin ,2. Dieta poultry . TherefoCassava by-products in the form of dried cassava pulp (DCP) and cassava distiller’s dried grains (CDG) are annually generated in large amounts (approximately 2 to 3 and 0.74 to 0.95 million tons per year) from starch factories and by the bioethanol production process in Thailand, respectively. These by-products contain high NSPs which are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin . The fibFourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy has be come an attractive alternative to traditional methods since it is a rapid analytical technique which uses non-destructive samples and minimizes hazardous chemical use. The FTIR can provide information regarding the functional groups, chemical bonds, composition, structure, and quality of a product. Infrared (IR) spectra combined with chemometric techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA), can be used to obtain accurate dietary fiber components –12. FTIRThe present study primarily focused on the investigation of the extraction conditions of dietary fiber from DCP and CDG by using different NaOH concentrations, with the purpose of producing dietary fiber. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study of dietary fiber estimation using FTIR analysis to determine dietary fiber components combined with multivariate data analysis using PCA.Fresh cassava pulp was obtained from the Korat Flour Industry Co., Ltd, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Fresh CDGs were obtained from the Thai ethanol power Pub Co., Ltd, Khon Kaen, Thailand. These were dried in a hot air oven at 55°C to 60°C for 2 d and then were ground to pass through a 1.0 mm mesh sieve before being stored at 4°C until further use. Prior to extraction, DCP and CDG were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ash, and ether extract according to the standard methods of AOAC . The conDietary fiber from DCP and CDG were treated with various concentrations of NaOH at levels of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% using a completely randomized design with 4 replications of each. The extraction procedure was slightly modified from Daou and Zhang [The DFCP and the DFCDG were analyzed to determine the amounts of TDF, SDF, and IDF by using a total dietary fiber Kit , according to the manufacturer’s instructions.−1. The measurements were performed with a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1 with 64 scans co-added . OPUS software was used for data acquisition and the spectra evaluation. The spectral changes of the functional groups were performed at the integral area of each peak such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and starch by using OPUS software.The infrared spectra were collected using attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy with single reflection ATR sampling module and coupled with a DTGS detector over the measurement range from 4,000 to 400 cmThe FTIR spectra were exported to the Unscrambler X 10.5  for using PCA analysis. The spectral data were preprocessed by taking the 2nd derivative with Savitzky-Golay method , normalization with extended multiplicative signal correction and PCA were performed for the determination of a significant variation between the spectra sets. In this study, PCA was used to compare the FTIR spectra of dietary fiber sources under treatment with different conditions of NaOH solution . The output of PCA can be presented as the sources of variability of data which were concentrated into the principal component (PC). The spectra were processed using the second derivative and vector normalized by the Savitzky–Golay method, and using the third polynomial and nine smoothing points setting .The experimental design was completely randomized design. Determinations for analysis were made using a total of 4 replicates. Statistical analyses of dietary fiber contents  and peak area proportions from integrating FTIR spectra were performed using SPSS software version 18.0 [The DCP and CDG were treated with different concentrations of NaOH solution  to determine the optimal conditions for dietary fiber extraction. The contents of TDF, SDF, and IDF after extraction are shown in This study showed that the optimum levels of NaOH for the extraction of dietary fiber from DCP and CDG were 6% to 8% and 4% to 8%, respectively. The IDF represented a major component in both dietary fiber sources. In general, some hemicellulose such as β-glucans, pectin, and gums are defined as SDF, whilst cellulose and lignin are defined as IDF ,19. Cell−1. A total of 428 and 434 FTIR spectra of DFCP and DFCDG were analyzed. The fingerprint regions of specific interest in this study were between 1,700 and 800 cm−1, although many absorption bands associated with various NaOH solutions from vibrational modes in the wavelength region are also present in DFCP and DFCDG. The FTIR spectra measurements were carried out to reveal the molecular characteristics of functional groups of dietary fiber such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This technique can give information about the functional groups of C–O, C–O–C glycoside, and C–C from cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, and glucose in extracted dietary fiber [The band assignment of FTIR spectra of isolated dietary fiber is shown in ry fiber –24.−1 for the peak area integration, and the total area of integrated peaks was defined as 100%. The peak area units were expressed as relative proportions of the components in DFCP and DFCDG. The results of the semi-quantitative analysis of DFCP and DFCDG using FTIR spectra in term of proportions (%) of the functional groups are presented in The semi-quantitative analysis of FTIR spectra was car ried out by using OPUS software. The presented FTIR spectra were used to average the single spectra of each sample. The wavenumber of the FTIR spectra was determined to be in the region of 3,500 to 800 cmIn this study, the DCP and CDG treated with NaOH solutions at a concentration of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% were identified by their spectral distribution by using PCA. The PCA scores were plotted to characterize the sample relationships between the spectra and the dietary fiber extraction treatments. The FTIR characterizes chemical structure by identifying the functional groups present in each sample.−1), C–O vibrations of cellulose , C–O and ring stretching , which was oppositely correlated with the positive score plots in DFCP treated with 2% and 4% NaOH group from the second derivative spectrum. While the treatment using 6% NaOH shows the scores plot differ from 8% NaOH and almost appear on the positive side of PC-2. The positive loading plot in PC-2 reveals O–H bending of adsorbed water , C–H bending of crystalline cellulose , C–O and C–O–C stretching , and C–O stretching of starch (centered at 981 cm−1).The results of the PCA scores from DFCP are presented in −1), C–O and ring stretching , and vibrations of the pyranose ring, glucose ring stretch (centered at 954 cm−1). The DFCDG derived from CDG treated with 4% NaOH show the scores plot differs from that of 2% NaOH and almost appears in the positive PC-2 score plot. The positive loading plot in PC-2 reveals O–H bending of adsorbed water , C–H bending of crystalline cellulose , and C–O stretching and C–C stretching of cellulose .The score plot of the FTIR spectra of DFCDG is presented in −1. This band is the fingerprint of polysaccharides. These results show that FTIR spectroscopy can be used as a very reliable and quick tool for evaluating and monitoring dietary fiber.The results of DCP and CDG using different NaOH solu tions indicate that PCA analysis of FTIR spectroscopy reveals differences in DCP and CDG treated with 6% and CDG 4% NaOH solutions, respectively. These results are related to the semi-quantitative analysis by integral area obtained from the spectra. The results also show the main components of cellulose in both dietary fiber sources. These results are consistent with those of Uthumporn et al , who fouIt was demonstrated that DCP and CDG treated with 6% and 4% NaOH solutions respectively, obtained the highest TDF and IDF contents. These results are associated with the FTIR spectra integration from a semi-quantitative analysis, which indicates the spectral distribution of dietary fiber components of DCP treated with 6% NaOH and CDG treated with 4% NaOH have a clearly separated spectral distribution. This study reveals that FTIR spectroscopy is a useful and rapid technique for fiber identification and the semi-quantitative analysis.