To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic electrocoagulation haemostasis via a percutaneous transhepatic approach for the treatment of grade IV haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation  in children.The clinical data of 14 children with severe HC, who were admitted to Hebei Yanda Hospital between July 2017 and January 2020, were analysed retrospectively. There were nine males and five females, with an average age of 8.6 years (range: 3 to 13 years). After an average of 39.6 (7 to 96) days of conservative treatment in the hospital’s haematology department, the bladders of all patients were filled with blood clots. A small 2-cm incision was made in the suprapubic area to enter the bladder and quickly clear the blood clots, and a percutaneous transhepatic approach to electrocoagulation and haemostasis was performed.In the 14 children, a total of 16 operations were performed, with an average operation time of 97.1 (31 to 150) min, an average blood clot of 128.1 (80 to 460) mL and an average intraoperative blood loss of 31.9 (20 to 50) mL. There were three cases of postoperative bladder spasm remission after conservative treatment. During the follow-up period of 1 to 31 months, one patient improved after one operation, 11 patients were cured after one operation, and two patients were cured after recurrent haemostasis by secondary electrocoagulation, four of whom died of postoperative non-surgical blood-related diseases and severe lung infections.Percutaneous electrocoagulation haemostasis can quickly remove blood clots in the bladders of children after allo-HSCT with grade IV HC. It is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment. In China, the incidence of leukaemia in children (under 15 years of age) is four to five in every one hundred thousand , 3. HaemHaemorrhagic cystitis is one of the most common complications after allo-HSCT, with an incidence of 3% to 35% . Severe The clinical data of 14 children  who developed severe HC after allo-HSCT treatment in Hebei Yanda Hospital from July 2017 to January 2020 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria: haemorrhagic cystitis after allo-HSCT; conscious and stable vital signs; normal communication and cognitive ability; complete clinical data available for reference; voluntary participation in the study. Exclusion criteria: severe heart and lung failure; a history of bladder disease; a history (or family history) of mental illness.9/L; haemoglobin: 51 to 105 g/L; platelets: (31 to 229) × 109/L  days after allo-HSCT. The mean time for HC to progress to severe HC after conservative treatment was 39.6 (7 to 96) days. All patients had been treated previously with continuous bladder irrigation with normal saline and repeated syringe aspiration and still had haematuria with difficult urination or ureteral obstruction and lower abdominal distension and discomfort. Physical examination showed a bulging bladder area, significant tenderness when touched and dullness under percussion. Ultrasound results showed a large blood clot in the bladder, with a volume of 80 to 460 mL. Preoperative WBC: (2 to 5) × 1077 days aHaemorrhagic cystitis is persistent haematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms that occur when other disease conditions are excluded  . The criEach child was placed in the supine position, and, after general anaesthesia, a longitudinal incision of about 2 cm was made in the suprapubic midline. Each layer was incised successively, and the peritoneal reflection was pushed open. Allis forceps were used to lift the anterior bladder wall, and an electrotome was used to create an incision. Oval curved forceps were used to remove the blood clot blockage rapidly. A 12-mm laparoscopic trocar was indwelled through the bladder incision, and a suture was fixed. An F26.5 plasmakinetic resectoscope was inserted via the trocar to fill the bladder bleeding under continuous irrigation, the electrocoagulation points were punctated accurately, and normal bladder mucosa was preserved as much as possible. Drainage was performed from the lateral aperture of the trocar to create circulation and keep the surgical field clear. After observing that there was no obvious bleeding point in the bladder mucosa, an F20 three-lumen urinary catheter was selected for the cystostomy tube, continuous bladder irrigation was performed, and the incision was sutured layer by layer.The main observation indicator of this study was clinical efficacy, and the secondary observation indicators included the intraoperative indexes  of patients and the occurrence of postoperative complications.The criteria for judging efficacy were as follows:Complete remission (CR): the disappearance of haematuria and no recurrence at long-term follow-up. Partial remission (PR): a significant reduction of haematuria without transfusion therapy, or asymptomatic persistent microscopic haematuria. Non-remission (NR): no reduction of haematuria in the child or reappearance one week after the disappearance of postoperative sarcoid haematuria. The cure rate was CR / (CR + PR + NR), and the efficiency rate was (CR + PR) / (CR + PR + NR).All data were statistically analysed using SPSS16 software. Enumeration data are presented as percentages, and measurement data are presented as means ± standard deviation.A total of 16 operations were performed in 14 patients, with an average operation time of 97.1 (31 to 150) min and an average blood loss of 31.9 (20 to 50) mL; the average removed blood clots were 128.1 (80 to 460) mL. Intraoperatively, random bladder mucosal biopsies were performed on two patients who were positive for BK virus DNA. Postoperative continuous bladder irrigation was performed routinely, and the average bladder irrigation time was 25.1 (3 to 98) days. During the follow-up period of 1 to 31 months, three children had postoperative bladder spasms, which were relieved after the oral administration of M receptor blockers and the intravenous application of phloroglucinol; two patients had rebleeding and blood clot blockages after one month and were cured after reoperation, of which one had rejection after bone marrow transplantation and one had leukaemia recurrence. One child still had haematuria one month after surgery, but the symptoms of haematuria were relieved compared with those before surgery, and continuous bladder irrigation was performed. The remaining 13 children underwent slow irrigation via the bladder. After no significant bleeding, the irrigation was stopped, and the stoma tube was clamped. After urinating spontaneously for two weeks without bleeding, the fistula was clamped shut. Patients urinated on their own for two weeks without bleeding; the F8 urinary catheter was left in place, the cystostomy tube was removed, and the fistula was plugged with oil and sand strips after it healed. During the follow-up period, four patients died of non-surgery-related underlying haematological diseases and pulmonary infection after surgery, and none of the patients had complications, such as bladder contracture. The primary surgery cure rate was 78.6%, the secondary surgery cure rate was 92.9%, and the total effective rate was 100.0%.Haemorrhagic cystitis is a common complication after HSCT, in which the patient’s age at the time of allo-HSCT, the type of transplantation, GVHD and viral infection have some correlation with HC development . Severe During treatment, we found that the bladder mucosa of patients with severe HC showed diffuse lesions, the time of electrocoagulation haemostasis was relatively long, and prolonged transurethral approach electrocoagulation haemostasis could damage the urethral mucosa. The application of an electrotome under direct vision for bladder mucosal haemostasis has the problems of large trauma, unclear vision and incomplete haemostasis. Therefore, we used percutaneous transurethral resectoscope electrocoagulation for haemostasis in the treatment of severe HC in children. In the follow-up period of this study, one patient improved after one operation, 11 patients were cured after one operation, and two patients with recurrence were cured after secondary electrocoagulation haemostasis, with an overall response rate of 100.0%. In all patients, the cystostomy tube was removed successfully after surgery, and the stoma healed well. However, Kaplan et al.  retrospeAfter the operation, we found that small blood clots were often discharged from the cystostomy tube, and there was a risk of urethral blockage due to the small size of the indwelling catheter via the urethral route for haemostasis treatment. The children often complained of urethral pain and other discomforts from the indwelling catheter via the urethra; therefore, in this study, the F20 three-lumen urethral tube was chosen as the cystostomy tube, with continuous bladder irrigation used to prevent small blood clots blocking the urethra and causing rebleeding. Postoperative re-examination showed that no patients had incision infection, so this method was safe and effective.Klebsiella pneumoniae was cultured in one case, and Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis was cultured in another case. The causes of infection were analysed as follows: (i) patients after HSCT are mostly immunosuppressed and prone to infection [Recurrence was possibly related to postoperative catheter-related infection in two of the re-operated children. The urinary catheters of these two children were obtained for bacterial culture during the second operation, of which nfection ; (ii) canfection . TherefoIn summary, the percutaneous approach of electrocoagulation haemostasis in the treatment of severe HC after HSCT in children can quickly remove blood clot blockages in the bladder and solve the problem of bladder haemostasis without causing bladder contracture after surgery. It is a safe and effective minimally invasive method. However, the number of cases in this study was small, and more clinical data are needed for further verification of the results.


Introduction: Recently, laparoscopic surgery has been used in many fields of surgery. It has been reported that cuff pressure becomes high during laparoscopic surgery. Increased cuff pressure may cause postoperative sore throat and hoarseness. Considering previous reports, we hypothesized that maintenance of a fixed low cuff pressure during laparoscopic surgery might be associated with low grades of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness.Methods: The participants were 100 patients between 20 and 80 years of age who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgery lasting over 2 hours. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups with endotracheal tube cuff pressures fixed at 20 cmH2O  and 30 cmH2O . We evaluated mainly sore throat and hoarseness on postoperative day 1 using a visual analog scale . Statistical comparisons of values were performed using the unpaired t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and chi-square test with values of p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: There were no significant differences in background characteristics between the two groups. Median postoperative scores for the LPG and HPG were 1  and 0  for sore throat and 2 (0-4) and 1  for hoarseness, respectively, and the differences were not significant.Conclusion: The effects of maintenance of a fixed low cuff pressure and a fixed high cuff pressure on the degrees of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness after laparoscopic surgery were the same and the grades were low. Recently, laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery have been used in many fields of surgery because of their minimal invasiveness for patients. It was reported that the duration of laparoscopic surgery tended to be longer than that of open surgery ,2. Thus,In the postoperative intensive care field, cuff pressure of more than 20 cmH2O has been recommended for preventing ventilation-induced pneumonia . On the Subjects and study designThis prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (302-224) was approved by the institutional review board of Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan on March 14, 2019, and was registered in the UMIN clinical registry (ID: UMIN000036388) before patient enrollment. After providing written informed consent, patients who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgery were enrolled from April 2019 to January 2020. A total of 100 patients between 20 and 80 years of age who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgery that was predicted to last for more than 2 hours were enrolled. Patients taking tranexamic acid, which has an inhibitory effect on sore throat, patients taking antitussives, patients who had dementia, and patients who were unable to cooperate were excluded. Participants for whom surgery was completed in less than 2 hours were also excluded.RandomizationWe used a parallel design with an allocation ratio of 1:1, and data were collected from Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan, and Obihiro Kosei General Hospital, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan. Block randomization was used. Subjects were randomly allocated to two groups with endotracheal tube cuff pressure fixed to either 20 cmH2O as a low-pressure group (LPG) or 30 cmH2O as a high-pressure group (HPG). Attending anesthesiologists knew the group assignments before surgery, but the subjects were blinded to allocations.AnesthesiaIntubation was conducted by anesthesiologists. The method for anesthesia induction was rapid induction for all participants. For induction, propofol, rocuronium, and remifentanil were used. Although nitrous oxide was not used in this study, the agents used for the maintenance of anesthesia, whether total intravenous anesthesia or inhaled anesthesia, were decided by each anesthesiologist. A McGRATH™MAC  laryngoscope was used for all cases, and Parker endotracheal tubes with internal diameters of 6.5 mm for females and 7.5 mm for males were used. In a previous study, the use of an endotracheal tube with an internal diameter of 7.0 mm was shown to be correlated with higher risks for postoperative sore throat and hoarseness compared to an endotracheal tube with an internal diameter of 6.0 mm in women . To avoiData collectionData were collected on postoperative day 1 by anesthesiologists. Patients evaluated the degree of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness using a visual analog scale  with 0 cm indicating no sore throat or hoarseness and 10 cm indicating the most severe sore throat or hoarseness that the patient could imagine. Collected data were recorded on an electronic health record.Statistical analyses and outcome variables Data for the following items were collected for all patients: age, weight, height, sex, smoking history, preoperative diagnosis, surgical type, number of intubation attempts, duration of surgery, duration of anesthesia, type of inhaled anesthetics, amount of fentanyl, amount of remifentanil and postoperative complications other than sore throat or hoarseness. We evaluated mainly the degree of sore throat and hoarseness on postoperative day 1 using the VAS. We also examined the relative risks and odds ratios (ORs) of gender and smoking for sore throat and hoarseness. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 6 software . Age, weight, height, duration of the operation, duration of anesthesia, amount of fentanyl, and amount of remifentanil are presented as means ± SD and were analyzed using the unpaired t-test. Incidences of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness were also analyzed using the unpaired t-test. The degrees of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness are presented as medians and interquartile ranges and were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Gender, smoking history, and type of inhaled anesthetics were analyzed by the chi-square test. Relative risks and ORs of gender and smoking history were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There was no previous study on a comparison of airway symptoms with different fixed cuff pressures during laparoscopic surgery. We therefore considered the necessary sample size based on a past report on a comparison of inflation pressures in endotracheal tube cuffs . AccordiFrom April 10, 2019, to January 8, 2020, we enrolled 100 patients . Eleven patients in the LPG and 11 patients in the HPG were excluded from the final analysis because the duration of surgery was less than the planned minimum duration of 2 hours. No study protocol violation was reported during the study period. Thus, data for a total of 78 patients (39 patients in each group) were used for statistical analysis . Chi-square testing of gender (p = 0.650), smoking history (p = 0.645), amount of fentanyl (p=0.887), and amount of remifentanil p=0.249) showed no significant differences. The degrees of sore throat on postoperative day 1 for the LPG and HPG were 1 {IQR, 0-3} and 0 {IQR, 0-2} (p = 0.560), respectively, and the difference was not significant , respectively, and the difference was not significant  and hoarseness  were not significantly different between the two groups  and smoking history (smoking to non-smoking) did not affect the risk of postoperative sore throat or hoarseness. No other complications associated with tracheal intubation were evident in either group.This study firstly showed that the effects of maintenance of a fixed high cuff pressure 30 cmH2O) on the degrees of sore throat and hoarseness on postoperative day 1 after laparoscopic surgery were the same as those of a fixed low cuff pressure (20 cmH2O). Although past studies showed that laparoscopic surgery increased cuff pressure and caused airway symptoms, our results obtained by continuously maintaining a fixed cuff pressure (low or high) during laparoscopic surgery may be associated with the low grade of uncomfortable airway symptoms. Studies have shown that the incidence of postoperative sore throat is 14% to 50% and that severe postoperative sore throat can affect the eating behaviors of patients and reduce satisfaction during hospitalization . Also, t0 cmH2O oIn this study, we used a 6.5 mm tracheal tube for women and a 7.5 mm tracheal tube for men. In general, tracheal tubes of 7.0 mm for women and 8.0 mm for men are used in clinical situations. However, a 7.0 mm tube size for women showed a high OR for postoperative hoarseness in a previous study compared to a 6.0 mm tube size . We deciRecently, a prospective study showed that the incidence of postoperative sore throat in patients in whom sevoflurane was used during the operation was lower than that in patients in whom desflurane was used . The reaWe used McGRATH™MAC to reduce irritation to the respiratory tract mucosa during tracheal intubation. No other complications such as arytenoid cartilage dislocation occurred in any of the patients. Blind intubation and lack of certainty regarding exact placement may cause mucosal irritation and edema. In a past study, patients in whom Glidescope®  was used had a low incidence of postoperative sore throat compared with that in patients in whom Pentax AirwayScope  was used . In anotSome limitations to this study merit consideration. First, we did not consider the effects of position during the operation. The Trendelenburg position used during laparoscopy has been reported to increase airway pressure and endotracheal cuff pressure . AlthougIn conclusion, our analysis showed that the effects of maintenance of a fixed high cuff pressure (30 cmH2O) on the degrees of sore throat and hoarseness on postoperative day 1 after laparoscopic surgery were the same as those of a fixed low cuff pressure (20 cmH2O). The maintenance of a fixed cuff pressure (20 or 30 cmH2O) is associated with a low degree of sore throat or hoarseness and the use of Smartcuff® makes it possible to maintain these cuff pressures without being affected by the body position or pneumoperitoneum. Since the method for anesthesia and surgical technique were not standardized in this study, further research is needed.


To compare and analyze the clinical effects of bilateral natural pressure drainage and negative pressure drainage after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) to provide a reference for selecting drainage methods after lumbar surgery.A retrospective cohort study, 281 patients who underwent single-segment PLIF in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2020 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study, including 132 males and 149 females, aged 22–85 years, with an average of (53.62 ± 11.23) years. According to different postoperative incision drainage methods determined by the random number table method before surgery, they were divided into the natural pressure drainage group and negative pressure drainage group, both of which were bilateral drainage. The general observation indexes and perioperative-related indexes were recorded and analyzed.P > 0.05). The albumin on the first postoperative day in the natural pressure drainage group was higher than that in the negative pressure drainage group ; The hemoglobin on the first postoperative day in the natural pressure drainage group was higher than that in the negative pressure drainage group ; The drainage volume on the first postoperative day in the natural pressure drainage group was lower than that in the negative pressure drainage group ; The total postoperative drainage volume in the natural pressure drainage group was lower than that in the negative pressure drainage group ; The indwelling time of drainage tube in the natural pressure drainage group was lower than that in the negative pressure drainage group . There was no significant difference in platelet count on the first postoperative day, postoperative hospital stays, and complications (incision infection and hematoma) between the two groups (P > 0.05).There were 143 cases in the natural pressure drainage group and 138 cases in the negative pressure drainage group. There was no significant difference in age, gender, body mass index, disease type, blood pressure on the day of surgery, preoperative albumin, hemoglobin, platelet, prothrombin time, and intraoperative bleeding between the two groups (Bilateral natural pressure drainage and negative pressure drainage can achieve good drainage effects after PLIF, but patients with natural pressure drainage have less loss of albumin and hemoglobin, less drainage volume, and shorter drainage tube indwelling time, which is worthy of clinical application. Drainage tube placement in the spinal decompression area is routine to ensure smooth postoperative drainage and reduce hematoma compression and infection –4. With Inclusion criteria: (1) Confirmed by X-ray, CT, MRI, and other imaging examinations as degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis, lumbar stenosis, lumbar disc herniation instability, single-segment intervertebral instability, and degenerative scoliosis; (2) The clinical symptoms and signs of the patients consistent with the clinical manifestations of the corresponding diseases, and the course of the disease lasts for more than 6 months with a decrease in quality of life; (3) Progressive worsening or no significant relief of symptoms after more than 6 months of strict conservative treatment; (4) Implemented single-segment PLIF; (5) Age range from 18 to 85 years old, regardless of gender; (6) Obtained complete follow-up.Exclusion criteria: (1) Previous history of lumbar spine surgery; (2) Combined lumbar infection, tumor, and deformity; (3) Combined diabetes and severe cardiovascular disease; (4) Preoperative evaluation showed abnormal coagulation function or received blood transfusion treatment during or after surgery; (5) Intraoperative dural rupture or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak.A retrospective cohort study, 281 patients who underwent single-segment PLIF in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2020 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study, including 132 males and 149 females, aged 22–85 years, with an average of (53.62 ± 11.23) years. Before surgery, patients were assigned to the natural pressure drainage group and negative pressure drainage group using the random table method according to their case IDs. All patients were informed of the drainage method to be used before surgery and written consent was obtained from all patients. According to the different drainage methods, they were divided into 143 cases in the natural pressure drainage group and 138 cases in the negative pressure drainage group.After hospitalization, patients’ height and weight were measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated, serum albumin, hemoglobin, platelets, and prothrombin time were measured 24 h before and after surgery. Patients’ blood pressure was measured on the day of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, drainage volume within 24 h after surgery, drainage tube indwelling time, total drainage volume, and postoperative hospitalization stays were recorded. After surgery, closely observe the patients’ vital signs, lower limb nerve function, and incision dressing.Diagnostic criteria for deep incision infection: (1) Finding purulent fluid through deep incision drainage; (2) Body temperature exceeding 38 ℃, local tenderness or spontaneous pain, or spontaneous dehiscence of the deep incisions; (3) Abscess or other evidence of deep incision infection was confirmed through incision examination, secondary surgery, histopathological diagnosis, and imaging examination; (4) The surgeon made a diagnosis of deep incision infection, or obtained positive results by performing debridement and pus microbiological culture.Diagnostic criteria for symptomatic hematoma: The possibility of symptomatic hematoma is suspected when the following conditions occur after surgery. (1) Nerve root injury, unilateral or bilateral sciatica; (2) Cauda equina injury, delayed paralysis below the injury level, with sensory and motor dysfunction, loss of sphincter function, decreased muscle tension, disappearance of tendon reflexes, no pathological pyramidal signs; (3) Progressive aggravation of wound and surrounding pain, accompanied by massive wound bleeding or swelling of the wound area. Subsequently, blood routine examination and coagulation function tests were repeated to determine the existence of thrombocytopenia and coagulation dysfunction, and the final diagnosis was confirmed through MRI or surgery.The same medical team operated on all patients. In the prone position, a median longitudinal incision, 4-6 cm long, exposes the spinous process, lamina, facet joint, and the root of the transverse process layer by layer. Four pedicle screws were placed using the Magerl method. The lower 2/3 of the upper lamina of the diseased segment and the upper 1/3 of the lower lamina were removed, the hypertrophic ligamentum flavum was gradually removed, and the lateral recess was enlarged. Decompression until bilateral nerve roots are released without compression. The intervertebral disc was scraped clean and filled with autologous bone, an intervertebral cage was placed, and compression fixation between the vertebral bodies was finally performed. Irrigated the incision using normal saline 1500 ml, and posterolateral autogenous and allogenic bone grafts were performed. Hemostasis was carefully achieved until there was no active bleeding.All patients received bilateral drainage. Incise the skin with a scalpel at 1–2 cm below the incision, place two drainage tubes under the muscle layer, and fix them with 7# suture. The drainage tubes all retained three lateral holes and were placed in the space between the back of the vertebral lamina and the front of the erector spinae muscle. The outlet of the drainage tube is connected with an ordinary drainage bag  or a negative pressure drainage ball (negative pressure drainage group). Close the fascia, subcutaneous tissue, and skin layer by layer, and wrap them with sterile dressings.The diameter of the drainage tube is 4.7 mm. The drainage tubes of the natural pressure drainage group and the negative pressure drainage group are respectively connected with a disposable ordinary drainage bag and a disposable negative pressure drainage ball. They are all transparent and marked with scales, which are convenient for observing the drainage fluid’s properties, color, and flow. All drainage devices were placed on both sides below the level of the surgical incision to avoid backflow. The negative pressure ball always maintains a negative pressure of 10–20 kPa. The removal standard of drainage tubes is drainage volume ≤ 50ml/24 h  was subcutaneously injected 12 h after operation to prevent deep vein thrombosis. Treatments such as nerve nutrition and fluid replacement were given.P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Continuous variables are expressed as (mean ± standard) deviation. Chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to detect the normality of continuous variables, and two independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare normal or partial normal continuous variables respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software, P > 0.05). In addition, no patients with degenerative scoliosis were included in this study because there were no patients admitted for hospitalization for degenerative scoliosis during the study period. See Table There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, gender, height, weight, BMI, disease type, blood pressure on the day of surgery, preoperative albumin, hemoglobin, platelet, prothrombin time, and intraoperative bleeding  vs. (115.19 ± 16.25), P < 0.01]; The drainage volume on the first postoperative day in the natural pressure drainage group was lower than that in the negative pressure drainage group ; The total drainage volume in the natural pressure drainage group was lower than that in the negative pressure drainage group ; The indwelling time of drainage tube in the natural pressure drainage group was lower than that in the negative pressure drainage group . There was no significant difference in platelet count on the first postoperative day, postoperative hospital stays, and complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). The postoperative parameters of the two groups are shown in Table The albumin on the first postoperative day in the natural pressure drainage group was higher than that in the negative pressure drainage group [33.24 ± 3.52) vs. (32.17 ± 5.03), 4 ± 3.52 PLIF is a classic surgical procedure for posterior lumbar decompression, fixation, and fusion. Due to the extensive stripping of paravertebral muscles, resection of laminae, articular processes, ligamentum flavum, and other tissues, involving the handle of venous plexus in the spinal canal, the nerve roots and dural sac are directly exposed to the incision cavity, which may cause hematoma and poor drainage, resulting in serious complications such as wound infection and nerve compression . TherefoAlbumin and hemoglobin are essential components in human plasma. Invisible blood loss after PLIF often leads to patients with a low nutritional status , causing anemia or aggravation of anemia. Clinically, it is usually corrected by diet, the supplement of amino acid preparation and iron, and intravenous infusion of serum albumin and plasma. The results of this study show that under the same drainage tube removal standard, natural pressure drainage can reduce the loss of the above two proteins, which has the advantages of improving perioperative safety, improving postoperative symptoms such as fatigue and hypotension, promoting postoperative functional recovery, shortening hospital stay, reducing patient costs, improving patient satisfaction and saving albumin and blood resources. The drainage tube placement can affect postoperative recovery –23. PatiHowever, this study also has some limitations. For example, none of the participants included in this study had postoperative complications such as incision infection and symptomatic hematoma, which may be related to the fact that the operation segment was a single segment and the operation time was short. The study excluded patients with diabetes, severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and cases with intraoperative dural rupture or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage, thus not reaching the severity of infection caused by bacterial colonization . ConsideTo sum up, using bilateral natural pressure drainage after PLIF can reduce postoperative drainage volume, reduce postoperative albumin and hemoglobin loss, and shorten the indwelling time of the drainage tube, which can promote early ambulation of patients and facilitate early recovery. This is a safe and effective drainage method, which is more worthy of clinical application.


The detection of trace amounts of sulfosulfuron, a pesticideofincreasing importance, has become a pressing issue, prompting thedevelopment of effective chemosensors. In this study, we functionalizedcyclotricatechylene (CTC) with propyl-phthalimide due to the presenceof electronegative oxygen and nitrogen binding sites. Our optimizedligand displayed the highest docking score with sulfosulfuron, andexperimental studies confirmed a significant fluorescence enhancementupon its interaction with sulfosulfuron. To gain a deeper understandingof the binding mechanism, we introduced density functional theory(DFT) studies. We carried out binding constant, Job’s plot,and limit of detection (LOD) calculations to establish the effectivenessof our chemosensor as a selective detector for sulfosulfuron. Thesefindings demonstrate the potential of our chemosensor for future applicationsin the field of pesticide detection. Sensors can help to monitor the levels of pesticidesin the environment and provide data for scientists and policymakersto make informed decisions about pesticide use.7 Pesticides arewidely used in agriculture to protect crops from pests and disease.However, the excessive use of pesticides can lead to crop damage andharm to beneficial organisms. Sensors can help farmers monitor pesticidelevels and optimize their use, reducing waste and minimizing the environmentalimpact.8 There are regulations in place to ensurethat pesticides are used safely and responsibly. Sensors can providedata to ensure that these regulations are being followed and thatpesticide use is within acceptable limits.11 Sensors forpesticides are important for safety, environmental monitoring, agriculturaloptimization, and regulatory compliance. By detecting and monitoringpesticide levels, we can minimize the negative impacts of these substanceson human health and the environment.Detecting the presence of pesticides inthe environment is crucialto prevent exposure and ensure safety.14Sulfosulfuron (SS) 1 is an h18Fluorescence sensing is a selective chemical sensortechnique fordetecting and quantifying target molecules. It measures light emissionfrom excited fluorescent molecules to determine concentration in samplesand is particularly useful for small molecules in environmental pollutantsor biological fluids. It can also be used to detect changes in theenvironment, such as changes in pH or temperature, by monitoring changesin the fluorescence signal. Overall, fluorescence sensing is a powerfultool for chemical sensing and has many applications in fields suchas environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and food safety.19 Supramolecules like CTV offer unique chemicalsensing properties, enabling selective binding to target moleculesand thus the development of highly sensitive and specific sensors.22 Supramolecules can also be used to create sensor arrays, which consistof multiple sensors that each respond differently to a range of targetmolecules. By analyzing the pattern of responses from the array, itis possible to identify and quantify the target molecules in a sample.This approach can be used for the detection of complex mixtures, suchas in environmental monitoring or food safety applications.24 Overall, supramolecules like CTV have great potential for use inchemical sensing due to their unique properties and ability to selectivelybind to target molecules. Their use in chemical sensing can lead tothe development of sensitive, selective, and reliable sensors fora wide range of applications.27Cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) is a trimeric molecule studied forpotentialpesticide sensing due to its hydrophobic cavity and potential opticaldetection of properties through fluorescence or absorbance spectroscopy.In this research, the new hexaphthalimide-functionalized cyclotricatechylenederivative (CTCHN3PPh) was synthesized and tested for its abilityto detect the presence of the sulfosulfuron pesticide in dimethylformamide(DMF). The ligand was found to exhibit a significant increase in emissionintensity in the presence of the sulfosulfuron pesticide comparedwith other pesticides tested. The electron-withdrawing nature of thephthalimide group enhances the binding of the ligand to the pesticide.Additionally, the three-dimensional structure of the cyclotriveratrylenederivative may allow for specific interactions with the pesticidemolecule, resulting in increased fluorescence intensity. Further studies,such as fluorescence titration and computational modeling, can helpto better explain the nature of this interaction.Sulfonylureas, like sulfosulfuron,comprise both a sulfonyl group and a urea group, whereas propyl-phthalimideconsists of a phthalimide group and a propyl group. The phthalimidegroup is a cyclic imide group that contains two carbonyl groups anda nitrogen atom. While it is feasible for sulfonylureas and propyl-phthalimideto interact with each other, they may react to form a salt or forma complex due to hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen and oxygenatoms of the phthalimide and urea groups, respectively. Furthermore,the solubility and pH of the solution can also influence the reactivityof the compounds. In a related context, propyl-phthalimide-functionalizedcyclotricatechylene was synthesized using a conventional method, thenthe synthesized ligand and analytes were optimized using Gaussiansoftware with the Becke’s three-parameter hybrid exchange (B3LYP)method and the hybrid functional using the Coulomb attenuating method(CAM-B3LYP) with 6-31G and 6-311G basis sets; the optimizationenergy is reported in 29 . To a stirredsolution of cyclotricatechylene (CTC) in DMF (10 mL) were added N-(3-propyl)phthalimide(N3PPh) , K2CO3 , and KI . The reaction mixture was heated at 70 °C for 3–4h. After the completion of the reaction, it was quenched with water,and the product was extracted in DCM (50 mL × 3). The combinedorganic layer was dried under vacuum, and the product was purifiedby flash chromatography using 10–15% ethyl acetate/hexane asthe eluent, resulting in the isolation of a pure compound . m/z (ESI-MS) 1487.75[M – 1]+ ;NMR 24H (Ar–H) 7.83–7.84 m, 12H (CH2) 3.46–3.49(t), 12H (CH2) 3.64–3.75 (t), 12H (CH2) 1.75–1.81 (p), 6H (Ar–H) 7.52 (s), 3H (CH2) 2.75 (s), 3H (CH2) 2.90 (s) ; FTIR 1699 cm–1 (C=O), 1227 cm–1 (C–O), 1399 cm–1 (C–N).Cyclotricatechylene (CTC)was synthesized using the method first reported with the demethylationof cyclotriveratryleneThe selectivity of thesynthesized CTCHN3PPh probe toward pesticides was evaluated throughabsorption and emission spectra. The receptor showed an absorptionmaximum at 293 nm, and no change in the wavelength was observed uponinteraction with other pesticides. Emission studies were performed,and fluorescence emission of CTCHN3PPh was observed at 379 nm. Remarkableenhancement of the emission intensity  isE0 and E1 are the relative fluorescence intensitiesof the complex without the addition of analyte pesticide and withthe maximum concentration of pesticide, respectively, and n is the average number of binding sites occupied by a guestmolecule. By plotting the graph of log[(E0 – E)/(E – E1)] versus log[M], the valueof Kdiss is obtained, which is the reciprocalof the binding constant. The titration data yielded a binding constantof 1.7 × 105 M–1 with a linear fit(R2 = 0.9903).In order to evaluate the binding constant,limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of a pesticide,an emission titration was conducted using a literature procedure.The Job’splot is a graphical technique employed in analytical chemistry todetermine the stoichiometry of a complex formed between an analyteand a ligand. This method involves generating a series of solutionswith varying concentrations of CTCHN3PPh and sulfosulfuron while keepingthe total concentration constant. The measured emission intensityfrom the blank solution is subtracted from the observed emission intensitiesof the different concentrations. A value of 0.50 in the resultingplot signifies a 1:1 ratio of the analyte and the ligand  and standard deviation (s) from a linear calibration curve of different concentrationsof sulfosulfuron with respect to the signal intensity (Limit of detection(LOD) is a measure of the lowest concentration of a substance thatcan be reliably detected in an analytical measurement.ntensity 3. The se41 To assess the sensor’s speed, we conductedtime-dependent studies  than the analyte(−4.2725), suggesting that the ligand is more likely to actas a nucleophile . The energy gap (Eg) value for the complex formed between theligand and the analyte is smaller than those of the individual components.A smaller energy gap indicates that the complex may have increasedstability and reactivity compared to the individual components. Thisis because a smaller energy gap implies that electrons can be moreeasily excited from the HOMO to the LUMO, leading to a higher likelihoodof charge transfer. The calculated values of molecular propertiesare shown in the table below.Host–guestcomplexation studies use molecular properties such as hardness, softness,chemical potential, and electrophilicity index to understand the stability,reactivity, and electronic properties of the ligand, analyte, andcomplex. These properties can help predict the charge transfer mechanismsand reactivity of the system and design better host–guest systems.In the DFT study, it was observed that charge transferwas occurringbetween the CTCHN3PPh and sulfosulfuron in the host–guest complex.Specifically, electrons were being transferred from the highest occupiedmolecular orbital (HOMO) of CTCHN3PPh to the lowest unoccupied molecularorbital (LUMO) of sulfosulfuron 12. This The detailed investigation into bindingbehavior obtained through computational study is corroborated throughNMR complexation study. The major observations made into NMR complexationis detailed in 2 peaks indicate that there are likely to be intermolecular interactionsoccurring between the ligand and the analyte in the complex. The changesin the aromatic peaks could indicate that there are π–πstacking interactions occurring between the aromatic rings of theligand and analyte. The changes in the aliphatic CH2 peaks(3.60 to 3.61 ppm)  13a couldThe investigation into the bindingphenomena between the synthetic CTCHN3PPh receptor and the pesticidesulfosulfuron is a testament to the power of multidisciplinary research.The combined results from various analytical techniques, includingNBO analysis, DFT calculations, molecular docking, and NMR experiments,mutually corroborate and complement each other, offering a comprehensiveand cohesive view of the intricate host–guest interaction.The DFT and NBO studies unveil a profound charge transfer phenomenonbetween the receptor and sulfosulfuron, indicating electron flow fromthe HOMO of CTCHN3PPh to the LUMO of sulfosulfuron. This charge transfermechanism, supported by computational evidence, lays the foundationfor understanding the electronic aspects of the binding. Furthermore,this charge transfer is intimately connected to the observed π–πstacking interactions, as electrons moving between molecular orbitalsunderpin the aromatic interactions discerned through NMR and dockingstudies.The moleculardocking results, which position sulfosulfuron as the most favorableanalyte for complex formation, resonate with the charge transfer mechanismidentified in the DFT and NBO analyses. These docking findings areunderpinned by NMR titration experiments, where changes in the aromaticregions of both the ligand and the analyte are observed, stronglysuggesting π–π stacking interactions. Furthermore,molecular dynamics simulations corroborate the complex’s stability,emphasizing the persistence of the intermolecular interactions andproviding a dynamic perspective that complements the static dockingresults.2 peaks,directly support the presence of π–π stacking interactions,hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces, aligning withthe predictions from computational studies and docking.NMR titration experimentsserve as an invaluable experimental validation of the binding interactions.The changes observed in the aromatic regions of both the ligand andanalyte, along with shifts in the aliphatic CHIn essence,these diverse methodologies seamlessly converge to create a unifiednarrative of binding phenomena. The charge transfer mechanisms, aromaticinteractions, intermolecular forces, and stability of the complexare consistently reaffirmed through various analytical lenses. Thisholistic approach not only deepens our understanding of the host–guestinteraction but also exemplifies the synergy achieved through interdisciplinaryresearch. It is through this collective effort that we gain profoundinsight into the intricate binding behavior between the CTCHN3PPhreceptor and sulfosulfuron, paving the way for further advancementsin supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition studies.http://www.realsamplesolution.co.in, The results obtained show the recovered concentrations are in agreementwith desired concentration. Results of water samples analysis aregiven in 47Analyte detection in environmentalsamples was accomplished in the 50% DMF/water solvent system. Forthe tests, a standard spiking method was used. Water samples werespiked with different concentrations, and the results obtained werein good agreement with experimental data. Real sample analysis iscarried out from 5) and the limit of detection (58 μM)with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Additionally, despite difficult circumstanceswith the 50% water content, our investigation has successfully demonstratedthe practical applicability of the CTCHN3PPh sensor in accuratelydetecting sulfosulfuron in real sample analysis. This important resultdemonstrates the sensor’s potential as a useful fluorescenceprobe for accurate pesticide detection applications. Overall, ourresearch demonstrates the significant benefits of using molecularsensing methods with receptors based on cyclotriveratrylene in thestudy of pesticides. The discovery of effective and sensitive detectiontechniques for various agricultural compounds is made possible bythis work.Our study has demonstrated the remarkablepotential of phosthalimide-functionalizedcyclotricatechylene (CTCHN3PPh) as a sulfosulfuron fluorescence sensor,providing a practical means of identifying the sulfosulfuron pesticide.We validated the charge transfer, hydrogen bonding, and π–πstacking interactions involved in the binding mechanism using a comprehensiveapproach combining computational and experimental studies. We alsoestablished accurate and reliable measurements for the binding constant. A magnetic stirrer (REMI-5MLH) and a micropipette were utilized.Before use, all glassware was meticulously calibrated. Uncorrectedmelting points were determined using a VEGO model VMP-DS . Using a micromass Quarter2 instrument, electrospray ionization(ESI) mass spectra (MS) were collected . NMR spectrawere recorded on a two-channel 400 MHz NMR spectrometer . A SCHIMADZU-1900system was used to record UV–vis spectra (Ganpat University).Fluorescence spectra were acquired on a Jasco FP-6500 spectrofluorimeter(Gujarat University).All the solvents used inthe synthesis were commercially available and were used as received.All compounds, including 4-aminoacetophenone, pyrrole, methane sulfonicacid, KThe ability of CTCHN3PPh to sense pesticides was investigated usingspectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric measurements. To preparefor the spectroscopic studies, a stock solution of the receptor CTCHN3PPh(2 mM) was made using DMF as the solvent and then diluted to 20 mM.Similarly, stock solutions of various pesticides (2 mM), includingrimsulfuron (RS), sulfometuron methyl (SM), atrazine (AZ), ametryn(AN), prometryn (PM), terbutryn (TRN), pendimethaline (PDM), simetryn(SN), metsulfuron methyl (MM), propanil (PR), tebuconazole (TBC),and sulfosulfuron (SS) 14, were 50Molecular docking, molecular simulation,and DFT studies are computational techniques used to understand theinteraction between CTCHN3PPh and sulfosulfuron. Molecular dockingpredicts the binding of two molecules based on their 3D structures,providing information on binding orientation and interaction energyto determine the stability of the complex. Molecular simulation, onthe other hand, uses mathematical models to study the behavior ofmolecular systems over time, providing deeper insights into the bindingmechanism between CTCHN3PPh and sulfosulfuron. DFT, a quantum mechanicalcomputational method, calculates the electronic properties and bondinginformation of molecules, offering further insights into the bindingmechanism between the two molecules. The DFT study was carried outwith Becke’s three-parameter hybrid exchange (B3LYP) methodand the hybrid functional using the Coulomb attenuating method (CAM-B3LYP)with 6-31G and 6-311G basis sets, out of which the bestoptimized result was selected for further studies. These computationaltechniques together provide a comprehensive understanding of the bindingbehavior between CTCHN3PPh and sulfosulfuron and help to investigateexperimental results.The docked complex of CTCHN3PPh and SS wassubjected to a molecular dynamics simulation study using the Desmondprogram and the OPLS force field. To set up the system, the “SystemSetup” software was used, which involved solvation by TIP3Pwater model and neutralization of the system’s charge by counterions.The simulation was performed for 100 ns in the NPT ensemble, and variousevaluative measures, such as RMSD, RMSF, and SSC, were recorded usingthe “Simulation Interaction Diagram” module. The trajectoryfile was further analyzed using the “Desmond Trajectory Clustering”tool to identify the average and most representative structure ofCTCHN3PPh.


Polarization multispectral imaging (PMI) has been applied widely with the ability of characterizing physicochemical properties of objects. However, traditional PMI relies on scanning each domain, which is time-consuming and occupies vast storage resources. Therefore, it is imperative to develop advanced PMI methods to facilitate real-time and cost-effective applications. In addition, PMI development is inseparable from preliminary simulations based on full-Stokes polarization multispectral images (FSPMI). Whereas, FSPMI measurements are always necessary due to the lack of relevant databases, which is extremely complex and severely limits PMI development. In this paper, we therefore publicize abundant FSPMI with 512 × 512 spatial pixels measured by an established system for 67 stereoscopic objects. In the system, a quarter-wave plate and a linear polarizer are rotated to modulate polarization information, while bandpass filters are switched to modulate spectral information. The required FSPMI are finally calculated from designed 5 polarization modulation and 18 spectral modulation. The publicly available FSPMI database may have the potential to greatly promote PMI development and application. In remote sensing, PMI is closely related to marsh vegetation classification4, coastal wetland classification5 and leaf nitrogen determination6. PMI also develops rapidly in biological diagnosis, demonstrating compelling effectiveness in revealing skin complications of diabetes mellitus7 and characterizing microstructures of cancerous tissues8. Obviously, the stability, reliability, efficiency and universality of imaging methods determine the popularity of PMI technology in various fields.Polarization multispectral imaging (PMI) acquires four-dimensional information in polarization, spectral and spatial domains. Benefiting from the rich information acquired, PMI has been attracting widespread attention from researchers in various fields. Concretely, PMI shows great significance for target detection involving specular reflection inpainting9 or neural networks10. Snapshot division imaging spectropolarimeter captures multiple images simultaneously by adopting a four-quadrant retarder array11, a staircase-grid lenslet array12 or a pixelated micro-polarization array13. There is no doubt that optical device division requires advanced technology and prohibitive cost. Furthermore, compressive sensing (CS) theory14 enables conventional optical devices for compressive imaging spectropolarimeter, such as retarder19, polarizer17, coded aperture15, double Amici prism15, Wollaston prism16, digital micromirror devices18 and liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF)19. Recently, significant breakthroughs in PMI are often associated with novel materials. Full-Stokes polarization camera can be implemented by designing diffraction grating metasurfaces20, pixelated polarizer metasurfaces21, or vectorial Fourier metasurfaces22. In addition, spectral and polarization information can be obtained simultaneously by exploiting organic photodetectors24. These novel materials greatly simplify imaging systems without standard optics.Generally, PMI is being improved in both imaging systems and reconstruction algorithms. Snapshot channeled imaging spectropolarimeter usually consists of multiple retarders and polarizers, and then reconstructs information based on Fourier transform27 are extremely conducive to the multidimensional and extensive development of related technologies.Nonetheless, all PMI improvements require simulation validation based on full-Stokes polarization multispectral images (FSPMI). Obviously, it can be found that FSPMI adopted for validation are varied in current studies due to the lack of relevant databases. This phenomenon not only increases the costs and difficulties of measuring FSPMI experimentally, but also prevents researchers from efficiently comparing existing imaging methods based on uniform FSPMI. On the contrary, other publicly available databasesIn this paper, we therefore publicize an FSPMI database, including four Stokes parameters, 18 spectral bands, 512 × 512 spatial pixels and 67 stereoscopic objects. The FSPMI database is carefully measured by establishing an experimental system consisting mainly of a quarter-wave plate (QWP), a linear polarizer (LP), 18 bandpass filters and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector. By switching the bandpass filters, the broadband spectral intensities of the object reflected light are modulated and compressed into multiple narrowband spectral intensities to be sequentially detected by the CMOS. Meanwhile, by rotating the fast axis of QWP and the transmission axis of LP, the four Stokes parameters of the object reflected light are modulated and compressed into a new Stokes parameter representing the total light intensity to be also detected by the CMOS. The four Stokes parameters of the object reflected light are then calculated from the light intensities detected under five polarization modulation. Various stereoscopic objects are selected for database measurement because the polarization information can reflect the surface texture of objects. The FSPMI database is likely to enhance PMI technology development in terms of simulation validation and application popularity.To measure FSPMI, we first establish an experimental system as shown in Fig. Figure Then, the transmission axis of LP is rotated to 45° and fixed thereafter. Select a bandpass filter to perform the following polarization measurements. That is, rotate the fast axis of QWP to 0° to capture 6 images consecutively by CMOS for further averaging, and then rotate the fast axis of QWP to 22.5°, 45°, 67.5° and 90° to similarly capture the images respectively. Notably, the 18 bandpass filters are mounted in three 6-position filter wheels. By carefully replacing the filter wheels manually, the 18 bandpass filters are switched to perform the polarization measurements separately to capture a total of 540 images. Finally, the light source is turned off and 6 images are continuously captured by CMOS to reflect the dark noise of the detector. As described above, the entire process of image acquisition for an object takes about 35 min. Generally, the above steps are repeated several hours later to capture images for the next object. In total, the required images are captured for 67 plastic objects in about 19 days. The third object is 3D-printed and glued, while the remaining 66 objects are purchased refrigerator magnets.The captured images are preprocessed separately for each object to minimize the inherent influence of the experimental system. The image preprocessing is divided into four steps: system fluctuation reduction, dark noise elimination, spectral response calibration, image maximum normalization. In order to reduce the influence of system fluctuation, the 6 images captured continuously under the same bandpass filter and QWP angle are averaged to obtain a total of 90 images for each object. The 6 images captured with the light source off are also averaged to obtain dark noise for each experiment. The averaged dark image is further subtracted from each of the averaged object images to eliminate the influence of dark noise. Moreover, the pixel value less than zero in the object image with dark noise eliminated is assigned as zero to satisfy the rationality of the captured image.In addition, the spectral response of the system is determined by the combination of adopted optical devices. Figure The spectral response calibration is then performed for the object image that eliminates the system fluctuation and dark noise. Specifically, the object image under each spectral band is divided by the integral value of the spectral response of the entire system under the corresponding spectral band. Finally, image normalization is carried out for each object based on the maximum value of all 90 images. Figure S0, S1, S2, S3 represent the four Stokes parameters of the object light. Assuming that the fast axis of QWP is rotated to an angle θ(0° ≤ θ<180°), then the Mueller matrix of QWP can be expressed as follows:Full-Stokes images are calculated from the preprocessed images according to the designed polarization modulation strategy. In the experimental system, QWP and LP jointly modulate the polarization information of the light reflected by the object. Let Thus, the four Stokes parameters modulated by QWP, denoted as α(0° ≤ α<180°), the Mueller matrix of LP isWhen the transmission axis of LP is rotated to an angle The four Stokes parameters further modulated by LP are denoted as Iθ,α represent the light intensity information detected by CMOS when the fast axis of QWP and the transmission axis of LP are rotated to angles θ and α respectively. Therefore, the relationship between the detected information Iθ,α and the four Stokes parameters S0, S1, S2, S3 of the object light can be written asDuring image capture, CMOS only detects the total light intensity, which is represented by the modulated first Stokes parameter As described in the image capture, the transmission axis of LP is fixed at 45°, and the fast axis of QWP is rotated successively to 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5° and 90°. By substituting the designed QWP and LP angles into Eq. , the angle of circular polarization (AoCP), the degree of linear polarization (DoLP), the degree of circular polarization (DoCP) and the degree of polarization (DoP). The five polarization parameters are calculated as follows:Herein, we further calculate five other well-known polarization parameters, including the angle of linear polarization  method17 employs a QWP, an LP and an LCTF. Furthermore, the CFPMI method accurately solves S0 and then reconstructs S1, S2, S3 based on CS theory14. The four-dimensional compressed spectropolarimetric imaging (FDCSPI) method18 adopts a QWP and an LCTF to modulate and compress the four Stokes parameters. Moreover, the FDCSPI method firstly reconstructs S1, S2, S3 based on CS theory and then solves S0. The full polarization-compressed multispectral imaging (FPCMI) method19 also modulates and compresses the four Stokes parameters by a QWP and an LCTF. Nevertheless, the FPCMI method first reconstructs S0 and then S1, S2, S3 based on feature scaling and CS theory.The FSPMI dataset is intercepted by 400×400 spatial pixels and further applied to validate several existing compressive full-Stokes PMI methods29 and the two-step iterative shrinkage/thresholding (TwIST) algorithm30 with iteration accuracy of 0.005.The above methods are validated for all 67 objects in the FSPMI dataset. For each object data, three polarization modulation is performed in the CFPMI, FDCSPI and FPCMI methods. In the CFPMI method, the transmission axis of LP is set to 45°, 135° and 135° respectively, while the fast axis of QWP is randomly set to the same angle in the first two modulation and is changed in the third modulation. In the FDCSPI and FPCMI methods, three angles are randomly set for the fast axis of QWP. In a word, the fast axis angle of QWP is randomly set for both the three methods and 67 object data. Similarly, the transmission axis of linear polarization of the LCTF incidence plane is set to 0° in the above three methods. Meanwhile, all spectral bands of interest are provided for each object by freely switching the central wavelength of the LCTF. In addition, all the reconstruction based on CS theory use the discrete W transform basisFigure To improve the reconstruction results, the polarization modulation strategy can be further designed based on CS theory. In addition, the diversity of the 67 objects provides flexibility for studying compressive full-Stokes PMI methods in various scenarios. Meanwhile, the richness of the 67 objects contributes to the development of machine learning-based reconstruction methods in compressive full-Stokes PMI.The FSPMI dataset can serve as source data for both compressive polarization imaging and compressive multispectral imaging. This dataset significantly settles the problem of inconsistency and time-consuming in data acquisition, including simulation data and experimental data. Simulation and experiment are usually combined to investigate the effectiveness of imaging methods in terms of encoding strategies and reconstruction algorithms. In general, the encoding method is different in simulation and experiment. The numerical calculation performs the simulation encoding, while the imaging system performs the experimental encoding.Therefore, in polarization imaging, the captured polarization encoded images and the derived full-Stokes parameter images can be involved in different requirements. Less captured polarization encoded images can be used as experimental data to reconstruct full-Stokes parameter images. The derived full-Stokes parameter images can be used as simulation data to numerically calculate less polarization encoded images, and then to reconstruct full-Stokes parameter images. Furthermore, the reconstructed and derived full-Stokes parameter images are compared from various aspects to evaluate the imaging method. Meanwhile, the polarization angle images and polarization degree images can provide additional references for the evaluation.Multispectral imaging mainly involves captured and derived light intensity images at 18 spectral bands. The central wavelength of 18 spectral bands ranges from 520 nm to 690 nm with 10 nm intervals and 10 nm bandwidths. Thus, the images in each spectral band are regarded as ideal narrowband images. Moreover, multispectral images can be used as simulation data to numerically calculate less spectral encoded images, and then to reconstruct multispectral images. Similarly, the reconstructed and unencoded multispectral images are compared sufficiently to evaluate the imaging method. Notably, image registration may be required to eliminate the slight drift of object images in different spectral bands caused by the position error of multiple filters.In addition, the diversity of 67 objects ensures that the FSPMI dataset is suitable for developing machine learning-based imaging methods. The 67 objects are plastic cartoon images, including persons, animals, food, vehicles and other things. According to the object’s structural complexity, researchers can test and select appropriate objects to meet the requirements of the imaging method.


Cryptococcus, Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Filobasidium. This observation was not surprising considering the agricultural intensive environment of West Texas. Interestingly, Cladosporium, a common allergenic mold, was increased during days with dust storm events. The predominant bacterial genera observed were Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Massilia and Exiguobacterium. The relative abundance of the psychrophiles, Psychrobacter and Exiguobacterium, was surprising, given the semi-aridity of West Texas. Coupling our observations with back trajectories of the wind (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory models) demonstrated that dust storms, regional anthropogenic activity and origin of air parcels are important influences on the diversity and temporal presence of the atmospheric microbiome.Individuals often experience ailments such as allergies, asthma and respiratory tract infections throughout the year. Weather reports often include estimations of common allergens that can affect these individuals. To describe the local ‘atmospheric microbiome’ in Lubbock, Texas, USA, we examined the culturable fungal and bacterial microbiome present in the air on calm and dust storm days using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively. While some types of airborne fungi were frequently present throughout the year, distinct differences were also observed between calm and dust storm days. We also observed the influence of the origin of air parcels and wind elevation of the air trajectory. The most abundant genera of fungi identified during the study period were  Dust storms impact the atmospheric microbiome; for example they increase the abundance of Cladosporium, an allergenic fungus that may affect the health of susceptible individuals. Bioaerosols, however, are microscopic fragments suspended in the air and are present in particles like pollen, and microbes , which may be pathogenic and/or allergenic  transported by the wind for extended time periods and over a long distances (thousands of kilometers)  are responsible for ∼1.4% of deaths worldwide  back trajectory analyses. To examine the atmospheric microbiome, we used a modified approach by culturing the bacteria and fungi prior to amplicon [internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1] or 16S rRNA gene amplicon next-generation sequencing to identify fungal and bacterial genera that comprised these communities. We also examined the influence of dust storm events on the diversity and composition of the atmospheric microbiome.Forty-seven samples across 22 days were collected at Texas Tech University campus  at ground level and ∼60 m ] over a et al. Previous studies investigating the atmospheric microbiome have used culturing techniques or direct next-generation sequencing of air samples to analyze the atmospheric microbiome. Limitations of culturing techniques or direct next-generation sequencing are well-known . The ITS-1 rRNA region was targeted to characterize the fungal community, while the 16S rRNA gene V4 variable region was used to identify the bacterial community. Sequencing was performed on Illumina MiSeq platform following the manufacturer's guidelines. Raw sequencing data were deposited under BioProject accession number PRJNA637810 in the National Center for Biotechnology Information BioProject database. ITS-1 and 16S rRNA sequence data were analyzed using QIIME 2 , Shallowater, TX, USA as described at MR DNA Laboratory (https://www.arl.noaa.gov/) was used to create backward trajectories of air parcels moving through the air over 72-hour periods from the coordinates of the collection site. Using a Lagrangian framework to time-integrate air parcel advection backward through the domain, HYSPLIT outputs 3D paths of atmospheric transport based on observational and model data , Cryptococcus consortionis (∼17%), Alternaria (∼16%), Cladosporium flabelliforme (10%) and Filobasidium (∼8%) . Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the top two prevalent phyla among all samples with an average relative abundance 57% and 40%, respectively Fig. . Other p8%) Fig. .Bacillus (with an average relative abundance of ∼26%), Pseudomonas (∼9%), Psychrobacter (∼8%) and Massilia (∼5%) . The most abundant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes with average relative abundance of 40%, 35%, 19% and 1%, respectively Fig. . Among t5%) Fig. .Curtobacterium that was decreased). This analysis was performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction. Fungal taxa included Neonectria major, Rhodotorula graminis, Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum, Filobasidium globisporum, Naganishia albida, Solicoccozyma aeria, Holtermanniella takashimae, Vishniacozyma victoriae, Mortierella alpine, Fusarium, Comoclathris sedi, Stemphylium vesicarium, Cladosporium and Neoascochyta  days with a median speed of 22.5 km/h were identified. We detected 14 fungal genera and species  may potentiate SARS-CoV-2 infections  several species are pathogenic and can cause skin and lung infections  and some of them have been associated with human infections . Species in the genus Exiguobacterium are known to have broad temperature tolerances (−12 to 55°C), and are also found in Himalayan soils, permafrost in Siberia and hot springs , in contrast with an average of <1% across the rest of the days. When we observed the back trajectory maps  was isolated from soil samples and utilized in lipid production  has been associated with human infections  was recently found to be prevalent in homes, especially with dogs present  and in all collection times. In contrast, Aspergillus and Penicillium were observed in a few days with a relatively low abundance (<0.5% on average). This is because Aspergillus and Penicillium are more common indoors, while Cladosporium and Alternaria are ubiquitous both indoors and outdoors  that was increased during dust storms. This is an exciting result that requires further investigation, to find out whether the patients admitted to hospitals due to asthmatic complication (after a dust storm event) are allergic to Cladosporium. This knowledge can help susceptible patients and the healthcare system to avoid overburden after dust storms.ns Kurup . InteresStenotrophomonas was increased in dust storm days and its species S. maltophilia is an emerging respiratory pathogen . Rheinheimera soli was first isolated from a soil sample in South Korea , and efforts to harness and manage it (Alivisatos We would like to thank the Departments of Biological Sciences and Geosciences for their support, and the Graduate School for support of MME.xtaa009_Supplemental_FileClick here for additional data file.


Layered composite hydrogels have been considered attractive materials for use in osteochondral repair and regeneration. These hydrogel materials should be mechanically strong, elastic, and tough besides fulfilling some basic requirements such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. A novel type of bilayered composite hydrogel with multi-network structures and well-defined injectability was thus developed for osteochondral tissue engineering using chitosan (CH), hyaluronic acid (HA), silk fibroin (SF), CH nanoparticles (NPs), and amino-functionalized mesoporous bioglass (ABG) NPs. CH was combined with HA and CH NPs to build the chondral phase of the bilayered hydrogel, and CH, SF, and ABG NPs were used together to construct the subchondral phase of the bilayer hydrogel. Rheological measurements showed that the optimally achieved gels assigned to the chondral and subchondral layers had their elastic moduli of around 6.5 and 9.9 kPa, respectively, with elastic modulus/viscous modulus ratios higher than 36, indicating that they behaved like strong gels. Compressive measurements further demonstrated that the bilayered hydrogel with an optimally formulated composition had strong, elastic, and tough characteristics. Cell culture revealed that the bilayered hydrogel had the capacity to support the in-growth of chondrocytes in the chondral phase and osteoblasts in the subchondral phase. Results suggest that the bilayered composite hydrogel can act as an injective biomaterial for osteochondral repair applications. Articular cartilage is a tissue with avascular features, and it has the limited ability to regenerate once damaged, especially for cartilage damage with a large defect size . The carAt present, a tissue engineering technology that usually employs selected cells, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules has emerged as a promising approach for repairing OCDs . The ostTo date, various kinds of natural polymers, majorly including collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin (SF), chitosan (CH), dextran, alginate, and hyaluronic acid (HA), have been widely explored for hydrogel applications, because they usually show good biocompatibility, easy biodegradation, and better biological performance than many synthetic polymers . HA is a2O2) have been widely employed as crosslinking co-agents for catalyzing the crosslinking reaction between the tyrosine residues of SF chains, since the involved crosslinking reaction can be conducted on the physiological conditions with adequate safety by controlling the amount of HRP and H2O2 [SF is a natural fibrous protein with several demonstrated advantages such as low inflammation response, promotion of cell adhesion, supporting cell growth, and facilitation of three-dimensional colonization for many types of cells . SF can and H2O2 .Concerning the mechanical properties only, articular cartilage faces a rather complex mechanical environment in which articular cartilage has to repeatedly experience various forces, such as tension, shear, and pressure ,15. AccoWith the above-mentioned information in mind, an attempt was made in this study to build a novel type of bilayered composite hydrogel with multi-network structure and injectability for osteochondral tissue engineering using CH, SF, HA as well as CH nanoparticles (NPs) and amino-functionalized mesoporous bioglass (ABG) NPs. One layer was constructed with CH, HA, and CH NPs, and it was assigned to the chondral layer (top layer). Another layer was built with CH, SF, and ABG NPs, and it was designated as the subchondral layer (bottom layer). The CH NPs in the chondral layer play two roles: (i) they serve as a component for the multi-network construction, and (ii) they could function as a potential carrier for loading certain drugs or bioactive molecules to endue the chondral layer with more functionality. As regards the mesoporous ABG NPs in the subchondral layer, they also make several contributions to this layer. The surface amino groups of ABG NPs can be used for the crosslinking reaction, and thus, contribute to the formation of amino-involved networks. The pores of ABG NPs would be useful for loading certain agents, enriching the function of the layer. More importantly, certain dissolution products of ABG NPs, such as bioactive Si and Ca ions, have the ability to stimulate osteogenesis . In the 4, respectively. Glycerolphosphate (GP) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether , and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich . HA  was procured from Sangon Biotech Ltd. . Other chemicals were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sinopharm . Chitosan (CH) and HRP (300 U/mg) were procured from Aladdin Inc. . After treatment with a NaOH aqueous solution (50 wt%) , the degSF was isolated from cocoons using the method previously described in our study . The obtABG NPs were prepared using a two-step method. Mesoporous bioglass (BG) NPs were first synthesized, and these BG NPs were then reacted with 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to produce ABG NPs. Details for the synthesis of ABG NPs can be found in our previous study .CH NPs were prepared using a reported method with some modifications . CH was CH, HA, and CH NPs were used to prepare composite solutions. In brief, 90 mg of CH was introduced into a vial that was filled with 3.1 mL of 0.1 M HCl in five runs (18 mg each) with stirring to dissolve CH. To a HA solution  in distilled water, 50 mg of CH NPs was introduced in two runs (25 mg each) with stirring for 5 min in each run, and the mixture was then added to the vial containing the CH solution with stirring. Subsequently, the vial was moved to a water bath that was maintained at 4 °C, followed by the addition of an aqueous GP solution  with stirring for 3 min. After that, 0.2 mL of aqueous PEGDE solution (2.5%) was added to the vial with stirring additionally for 3 min to achieve the composite solution. By varying the amount of CH NPs fed, different kinds of composite solutions were produced. These composite solutions were further processed into gels by placing them in a water bath at 37 °C. Gelation time was assessed with a tube-inverting method. During the incubation of composite solutions for gelling, the fluidity of the solutions was checked regularly by inverting the vial. The estimated gelation time was recorded from the start of the vial incubation until the solution stopped flowing. These composite solutions were also subjected to pH-value measurements using an FE20 pH meter with a viscotrode . Several kinds of composite gels with designed formulations were prepared, and the optimal one will be used for building the chondral phase of bilayered gel. Some gels without embedding CH NPs were also prepared following the same protocol and used as controls.2O2 solution (100 mmol/L) and 50 μL of HRP solution (200 U/mL) were added with stirring for 2 min. Afterward, 0.5 mL of GP solution (56%) was added to the vial with stirring for 3 min, followed by the addition of 0.2 mL of PEGDE solution (2.5%) with stirring additionally for 3 min to achieve the needed composite solution. By changing the feed amount of ABG NPs while keeping the percentage of other components constant, different kinds of composite solutions were prepared. These composite solutions were further incubated at 37 °C for gelling. The gelation time and pH value of composite solutions were measured using the same methods mentioned above. Several kinds of gels were produced using the designed formulations. Among them, the gels without incorporating ABG NPs were used as controls, and the optimally achieved gel with the incorporation of ABG NPs was employed to construct the subchondral phase of bilayered gels.CH, SF, and ABG NPs were used to prepare different composite solutions. A typical procedure was shown below. A total of 60 mg of CH was introduced into a vial that was filled with 4.2 mL of 0.1 M HCl in three runs (20 mg each) with stirring to dissolve CH. ABG NPs (50 mg) were then added to the vial in two runs (25 mg each) with sonication treatments for 5 min in each run. Subsequently, 40 mg of CH was added to the vial in two runs (20 mg each) with stirring to further dissolve CH. After that, 50 mg of SF was added to the vial with stirring to dissolve SF. The vial was placed in a water bath that was maintained at 4 °C, and then, 50 μL of HBilayered hydrogels were built using homemade orifice molds in which each circular hole has a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 4 mm. The composite solution selected for use in the subchondral phase (bottom layer) of bilayered gel was injected into the holes of the mold to reach a height of 2 mm, and the mold was placed in an incubator and maintained at 37 °C for 2 min to partially thicken. Subsequently, the composite solution assigned to the chondral phase was injected atop the bottom layer, and the mold was further incubated at 37 °C for full gelling.The morphology of NPs was viewed using a transmission electron microscope . The hydrodynamic size and zeta (ζ) potential of NPs were detected with a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument . Regarding the isotherm detections of NPs, these NPs were first dried at 100 °C for 12 h under reduced pressure and degassed at 120 °C for 12 h before they were subjected to nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements using a pore size analyzer . The BET method was used to determine the specific surface areas of NPs, whereas the BJH method was used to calculate the pore size and volume of NPs. Some dry gels were prepared by freezing the prepared gels in liquid nitrogen first and then lyophilizing the frozen samples. The dry gel samples were viewed using a scanning electron microscope . Three hundred pores that were randomly selected from the SEM images of each sample were measured, and their size distribution and average pore size were determined with the virtue of analysis software. 1 is the weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with ethanol; W2 is the weight of the specific gravity bottle including ethanol and dry gel (ethanol above the mark was removed); W3 is the weight of the specific gravity bottle taken out of the ethanol-saturated gel; WS is the weight of dry gel.The porosity of dry gel samples was measured using a specific gravity bottle method based on the following formula:s) was measured after the removal of superficial water with filter paper, followed by freeze-drying for determining the weight of dry gels (Wd). The swelling index (SI) of gels was calculated by the following formula:Cylindrical gels  were used to assess their swelling. Briefly, the gel samples were immersed in PBS (5 mL) at ambient temperature until their swelling equilibrium was reached. The weight of gels  of the gels at 1 % strain was used for data analyses [Rheological tests were carried out using a rheometer  equipped with a parallel-plate sample holder. Frequency sweep tests for elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) of gels were conducted in a range between 0.1 and 100 Hz at 37 °C at a 1% constant strain. In the case of strain sweep, G′ and G″ of gels were detected by setting the temperature at 37 °C and frequency at 1 Hz, respectively. Shear viscosity tests were performed at 25 °C using liquid samples, and the shear rate was set in a range between 0.1 and 100 sanalyses ,25. For s, the crosslinking density (ρ) of gel can be estimated with the following formula provided that the Poisson’s ratio of gel is set at 0.5 [Based on SI and Gt at 0.5 ,27:ρ = GCompression tests were carried out using a testing machine  in an unconfined manner. Cylindrical gel samples with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 4 mm were prepared using homemade molds, and compression tests were conducted at a strain rate of 10%/min. The gel samples were compressed to 10 loading–unloading cycles employing a strain rate of 10%/min and a strain of 40% to determine their hysteresis curves. After each cyclic test, the gel samples were allowed to stay at zero position for 10 min for 3-dimensional restoration before the next text started. The compressive modulus (E) of gels was calculated from the slope of linear fitting of the stress–strain curves at 5% strain and blow.s%) is calculated as follows:0 is the original height of the gel sample, and h(t) is the recovered height of the gel sample after unloading.Strain-recovery rate  were placed in a series of PBS (3 mL)-filled vials with shaking at 60 rpm and 37 °C. At prescribed time points, 1 mL of supernatant was withdrawn, and the vials were added with the same volume of fresh PBS. The concentration of ions in the collected supernatants was detected using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry . Ion release of ABG NPs with the same amount of NPs in the subchondral phase (bottom layer) of bilayered gel was also measured for comparison. 2 humidified atmosphere at 37 °C. Cell suspensions in PBS were prepared for further use.Mouse articular chondrocytes and mouse osteoblasts were purchased from Newgainbio Tech Inc. . The cells were expanded using the DMEM medium with the supplement of 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cell culture was conducted in a 5% CO5 cells for chondrocytes, 105 cells for osteoblasts), were placed in confocal dishes and incubated at 37 °C for gel formation. The gels were then cultured in a complete medium for various periods up to 7 days with medium replacement every 2 days. At prescribed time points, the medium was aspirated, and the gels were cultured with serum-free medium containing calcein acetoxymethyl ester and propidium iodide in the dark for cell staining. The gels were washed PBS and imaged using a confocal microscope . Cell-containing hydrogels were used for evaluating the viability and proliferation of the seeded cells. Chondrocytes were mixed with the sterilized composite solution matching with the chondral phase to produce several kinds of chondrocyte-containing mixtures. Osteoblast-containing mixtures were also prepared with the same method but choosing the sterilized composite solution corresponding to the subchondral phase. For the live/dead staining essay, the prepared cell-containing mixtures, 100 μL apiece (2 × 106 cells), and the mold was placed in an incubator and maintained at 37 °C for 2 min to partially thicken. Subsequently, the chondrocyte-containing mixture (2 × 106 cells) was injected atop the bottom layer, and the mold was further incubated at 37 °C for full gelling. The obtained cell–gel constructs were cultured with a complete culture medium using a homemade two-compartment culture system described in our previous study [The DNA content in cell-gel constructs was measured to assess cell proliferation. The osteoblast-containing mixture was first injected into the holes of homemade orifice mold (10 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height) to reach a height of 2 mm for functioning as the bottom layer , and the isotherm matching with BG NPs showed a significantly larger adsorbed volume in the higher pressure range in comparison with ABG NPs. These results suggest that both BG and ABG NPs have mesoporous pores inside, and, additionally, BG NPs have higher pore volume than that of ABG NPs [The detected N ABG NPs ,32. Curv ABG NPs . As a rew/v)% for effectively crosslinking these gels and, meanwhile, enabling them to have sufficient safety. Frequency sweep spectra of G′ and G″ for these gels and the calculated average values of G′ and G″ at 1 Hz are presented in CH, HA, and CH NPs were used to build hydrogels for intended use in the chondral phase of layered gel considering that HA is a typical component in the ECM of articular cartilage, and CH has its molecular structure similar to GAGs widely existing in the ECM. PEGDE was employed as a crosslinker for the preparation of gels, since its diepoxy groups have high reactivity towards amino and hydroxyl groups, and, accordingly, multiple networks can be built inside the resulting gels. Five kinds of composite gels were constructed, based on many preliminary experiments, and their parameters are summarized in ρ values among these gels, and these gels changed their ρ values similarly to the variation trend of their corresponding G′. As shown in In principle, the magnitude of G′ value in the linear viscoelastic region of gels can be used for assessing the strength of gels, and a strong gel usually has a large G′ value and a high G′/G″ ratio . Figure −1 or higher, indicative of their shear-thinning properties. Since gel precursor solutions are usually utilized at ambient temperature, The gels shown in 2O2 as co-agents. Several kinds of composite gels were prepared with optimized formulations, and some parameters for them are provided in i  gels, more networks can be built inside SL-j  gels, because SF chains would build another network via HRP/H2O2 involved crosslinking. Consequently, SL-j  gels showed markedly higher G′ values, when compared to their counterparts illustrated in ρ values for these gels significantly changed with compositional variations. Similar to CH, SF, and ABG NPs were employed to build hydrogels that are intended for use in the subchondral phase of layered gel. In these gels, the SF component in the gels was independently crosslinked using HRP and HBased on the above investigations, CL-E and SL-5 gels were used to build bilayered hydrogels, and some parameters for them are given in Release profiles of Si ions for ABG NPs and bilayered gel are presented in Chondrocytes and osteoblasts were seeded in the chondral and subchondral phases of the bilayered gel, respectively, and cultured for various durations of up to 7 days to evaluate their viability. The proliferation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts that were seeded in the chondral and subchondral phases of the bilayered gel was measured, and results are explicated in Articular cartilage is an elastic and tough tissue that overlies the articulating bony ends in diarthrodial joints. It fulfills critical biomechanical functions for increasing joint congruence, protecting the subchondral bone from high stresses and reducing friction at the edge of long bones . The resSince the articular cartilage is about 4 mm thick or less, attempts to simulate the ECM of the articular cartilage by using scaffolds with precise structure and composition are extremely difficult ,3,14,15.In the search for alternative materials for the repair and regeneration of osteochondral tissues, bilayered hydrogels with or without cell-loading have gained increasing interest in this field ,43,44,452O2 were used for the construction of bilayered gels, these gels were tested to identify if they are safe and suitable for supporting the growth of seeded cells. The results in Considering that GP, PEGDE, and HRP/HSo far several studies have been conducted to develop bilayered hydrogels for osteochondral repair applications by using alginate, oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate), gellan gum, polyvinyl alcohol, collagen, glutamic acid, bacterial cellulose, SF, CH, and gelatin alone or in their combination ,51,52,53Based on the above investigations, it can draw that these bilayered gels would be conducive to the repair and reconstruction of osteochondral defects in terms of their structure, composition, and property. The present study was conducted to examine the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the bilayered gels. More studies on their in vivo applications in osteochondral repair and regeneration are underway. The relevant results will be summarized in other reports.2O2 as crosslinking co-agents. The surface amino groups of CH NPs and ABG NPs significantly contributed to the formation of multi-networks in the chondral and subchondral phases of bilayered gels. The bilayered gels with optimally formulated compositions were found to be mechanically strong, elastic, and tough. Moreover, these bilayered gels exhibited the ability to release Si or Ca ions in approximately linear manners for a few weeks. They were demonstrated to be injectable and capable of supporting the in-growth and proliferation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts that were seeded in the chondral and subchondral phases of gels, respectively. The results reveal that these bilayered gels have the potential for osteochondral repair applications.A new type of bilayered composite gel was successfully constructed using CH, HA, SF, CH NPs, and ABG NPs as components while employing GP as a physical crosslinker, PEGDE as a chemical crosslinker, and HRP/H