Eurotium cristatum, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. The 12-week administration of E. cristatum in HFD-fed obese mice reduced body weight and improved glucolipid metabolism disorders. The administration of E. cristatum also efficiently promoted thermogenesis by increasing the expression of UCP1 and PRDM16 in both interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, E. cristatum shaped the gut microbiome by increasing the abundance of Parabacteroides and Akkermansia muciniphila, and also elevated the levels of cecal short-chain fatty acids, particularly propionate and acetate. Of note, A. muciniphila was highly negatively correlated with body weight gain  and the iWAT index , suggesting that A. muciniphila may play an important role in the thermogenic mobilization induced by E. cristatum. Continuous supplementation with A. muciniphila suppressed adipose accumulation, improved glucolipid metabolism, and enhanced the thermogenic activity of iWAT and iBAT. Collectively, our results propose that boosted A. muciniphila acts as a key microbe in tea-derived probiotic E. cristatum-mediated fat-thermogenic and anti-obesity effects.This study investigated the potential fat-thermogenic effects of  E. cristatum is the dominant fungus responsible for creating the “golden flower” bloom on the surface of FBT following microbial community succession [E. cristatum during fermentation serves as an important indicator for evaluating the quality of FBT. E. cristatum not only absorbs nutrients from tea leaves to promote its growth during the fermentation process but also triggers a series of reactions that contribute to the development of FBT’s distinct color, aroma, and flavor [E. cristatum secretes polyphenol oxidases, which facilitate the oxidation of catechins and their gallic acid derivatives present in FBT. This enzymatic action leads to the generation of tea pigments such as theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs), and theabrownins (TBs). TFs undergo further oxidation to TRs, which then polymerize to form TBs [E. cristatum [E. cristatum can significantly reduce fat deposition and exert hypolipidemic activity in vitro and in vivo [E. cristatum plays a significant regulatory role in the synthesis of TBs, and may serve as a crucial nutritional substance that can induce adipose thermogenic activity, potentially aiding in the prevention of obesity.Fu brick tea (FBT) is a distinctive type of fermented dark tea that undergoes a complex manufacturing process involving multiple stages, including steaming, piling, pressing, and fermentation  . Microbiccession . Therefod flavor . For insform TBs ,5. The fristatum . Additio in vivo ,8. From Adipose tissue is responsible for regulating metabolism and homeostasis by secreting various bioactive adipokines ,10. The Bacteroidetes and genera Lactobacillus, Bilophila, and A. muciniphila increased after administration of NFP [A. muciniphila has the ability to improve metabolism, and supplementation with A. muciniphila can activate the secretion of the gastrointestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide 1, a gastrointestinal hormone that plays a vital role in improving glucose homeostasis in mice [Butyricicoccus, Lactobacillus, and A. muciniphila, suggesting that gut microbiota, including A. muciniphila, are important factors affecting the process of fat thermogenesis [Retrospective studies commonly report that the gut microbiota and its metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), promote adipose thermogenesis as a mechanism for counteracting obesity and related metabolic disorders ,23. Dietn of NFP . A. muci in mice . Emerginogenesis ,28. HoweE. cristatum on the thermogenic effects of adipose tissues, including interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), as well as the underlying mechanism of E. cristatum in regulating adipose thermogenesis mediated by the gut microbiota, with special emphasis on the critical species A. muciniphila. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of E. cristatum obtained from the China Center of Industrial Culture Collection  was cultured according to our previous method [E. cristatum was activated and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28 °C for 72 h. The harvested spores were mixed with distilled water and counted using a hemocytometer. Based on the counting concentration, the working concentration was adjusted to 106 and 108 CFU/mL using distilled water. For the colon-derived A. muciniphila, it was grown in a brain–heart infusion medium under strict anaerobic conditions using a suitable anaerobic chamber (100% N2). The culture was maintained at 37 °C for 48 h, followed by storage at −80 °C for future use. The BCA Protein Assay Kits, total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute Co. Ltd. . The antibodies UCP1 , PRDM16 , and Cy3-conjugated IgG  were purchased from Abcam . Sangon Biotech  provided the TRIzol reagent, reverse transcription kit, and SYBR green mixture.s method . The stoE. cristatum on HFD-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice (n = 40) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10) after 1 week of acclimation period: the normal diet (ND) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, HFD plus 106 CFU/mL E. cristatum (HFD-ECL) group, HFD plus 108 CFU/mL E. cristatum (HFD-ECH) group. (2) Investigating the role of gut A. muciniphila in the preventive effects of E. cristatum against obesity. C57BL/6J mice (n = 30) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10) after 1 week of acclimation period: the normal diet (ND) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, HFD plus 108 CFU/mL A. muciniphila (HFD-AKK) group. Healthy male C57BL/6J mice (4 weeks old) were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Air Force Medical University . All animal experiments were conducted following the ethical requirements of the Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animal of Shaanxi Normal University . All mice were housed in a controlled environment with a temperature maintained at 22 ± 2 °C and a humidity level between 55 and 65%. They followed a 12 h light/dark cycle. During the entire experiment, the mice had unrestricted access to both water and food. The amount of food consumed and the body weights of the mice were recorded on a weekly basis. In the present work, two independent experiments were conducted: (1) Assessing the preventive effects of E. cristatum once daily for 12 weeks, while the mice of the HFD-AKK group were orally administered 0.2 mL A. muciniphila once daily for 12 weeks. The HFD, HFD-ECL, HFD-ECH, HFD, and HFD-AKK groups were fed a high-fat diet containing 30% lard, whereas the ND group received a normal diet containing 0% lard . The micBlood samples were taken from a tail clip after a 6 h fasting period. Measurements at 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after either the intraperitoneal injection of insulin (0.75 unit/kg bw) or the administration of glucose (2.0 g/kg bw) were used to test the fasting blood glucose levels.g for 15 min, the samples were mixed with the appropriate reagents according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The mixtures were thoroughly mixed and incubated for the designated periods at controlled temperatures. After the incubation period, the absorbance of the reaction mixtures was measured at specific wavelengths using a spectrophotometer. The concentrations of serum biochemical indices were determined using calibration curves provided by the experimental operation kits. After allowing the blood samples to stand at room temperature for 1 h and centrifuging them at 1000× Fresh standardized adipose tissues were submerged in 10% formalin and then embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining was used to visualize tissue morphology in thin 5 µm sections taken from the embedded tissues. Immunofluorescence staining was subsequently performed following the previous study, with the primary antibodies  diluted proportionally as necessary . The tis−ΔΔCT method was employed [The TRIzol reagent was employed to extract total RNA. Following this, double-stranded cDNA synthesis was carried out as per the instructions provided with the reverse transcription kit. The resulting cDNA served as a template for PCR amplification. To quantify the target sequence, a SYBR green mix was utilized. The primer sequences used for amplifying the target genes can be found in employed .The level of SCFAs in the mouse colon was determined using GC-MS  . BrieflyAn E.Z.N.A. Stool DNA Kit was used to extract fecal RNA. Subsequently, the extracted genomic DNA was assessed by subjecting it to 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The hypervariable V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was selected for amplicon analysis, and paired-end 300 bp sequencing was performed on a MiSeq platform . Amplification was carried out using a forward primer (338F: ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG) and reverse primer (806R: GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT). Sequencing was conducted on an Illumina Miseq PE 2500 platform. After sequencing, the paired-end reads were split using Illumina sequencing. The double-ended reads were subjected to quality control and filtering based on sequence quality. They were then spliced together based on the overlapping relationship of the paired reads to obtain optimized data after quality control and splicing [t-test were used to determine statistical differences between groups. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 8.0. A partial least-squares regression correlation analysis was conducted using R v4.0.4 with the PLS package.Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 19.0. One-way ANOVA and the Student’s 6 and 108 CFU/mL of E. cristatum resulted in a reduction in body weight of HFD-fed mice from 31.6 ± 1.5 g to 30.9 ± 1.6 g and 29.9 ± 1.7 g, respectively  were observably reduced in the HFD-ECL and HFD-ECH groups compared to the HFD group (p > 0.05). As shown in p < 0.05). However, administration of 108 CFU/mL E. cristatum significantly decreased the TC and LDL-C concentrations induced by HFD (p < 0.05).The OGTT results showed that HFD-fed mice consistently exhibited a higher glycemic response than ND mice, and administration of ese mice D. For thE. cristatum on the thermogenic ability of adipose tissues in obese mice. A 12-week intake of HFD significantly increased WAT, including iWAT, rWAT, and eWAT, and the liver weight of mice (p < 0.05), whereas 108 CFU/mL E. cristatum significantly decreased the weight of iWAT and rWAT in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.05). The intervention with E. cristatum significantly mitigated the increase in the iWAT index caused by HFD (p < 0.05), while there were no significant changes observed in the iBAT index following the intervention with E. cristatum (p > 0.05). The H&E staining further confirmed that administration of E. cristatum normalized the presence of multiple small lipid droplets of iBAT in obese mice, and the arrangement and uniformity of cells in WAT was improved . The effects of E. cristatum on Ucp1 expression were further confirmed using immunofluorescence staining, in which the UCP1 and PRDM16 protein levels in mouse iBAT and iWAT exhibited evident increases upon E. cristatum administration  in the content of mouse cecal SCFAs, which were dose-dependently upregulated following treatment with E. cristatum (p < 0.05). In particular, in contrast to ND, HFD significantly reduced the cecal contents of propionate and acetate by 42.19% and 70.67%, respectively (p < 0.05), while treatment with 108 CFU/mL E. cristatum significantly increased their levels by 41.59% and 140.55% in obese mice, respectively (p < 0.05).HFD feeding for 12 weeks caused a significant decrease  while simultaneously increasing Firmicutes abundance, while the administration of 108 CFU/mL E. cristatum mitigated these HFD-induced abnormal changes in obese mice (8 CFU/mL E. cristatum significantly reduced the relative abundances of Anaerotruncus and Lachnoclostridium in obese mice induced by HFD (p < 0.05), and also significantly increased the HFD-diminished relative abundances of Parabacteroides and A. muciniphila (p < 0.05).The gut microbiota can influence the host’s energy balance and metabolic processes ,33. Sobse groups E. Via these mice A,B. Follese mice C. SpecifE. cristatum-altered gut microbiota with the obesity, fat thermogenesis, and lipid parameters, we next performed PLS correlation analysis  and positively with TC levels . Bacteroidetes was significantly correlated with both body weight  and the iWAT index . Of note, at the genus level, A. muciniphila and Faecalibaculum exhibited negative correlations with body weight . Meanwhile, a significant negative relationship was identified between A. muciniphila and the iWAT index .To clarify the associations of analysis . The Firp < 0.05). Conversely, the administration of gut A. muciniphila significantly reduced the body weight of mice on an HFD (p < 0.05). Among obese mice, there was no significant difference in food intake as shown in A. muciniphila treatment group was not attributable to the regulation of food intake. The results of the OGTT and ITT revealed that HFD-fed mice showed impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, whereas A. muciniphila administration improved insulin sensitivity and exerted a better tolerance to glucose load in HFD mice . Furthermore, the administration of A. muciniphila also resulted in increased protein levels of UCP1 and PRDM16 in the mouse iBAT , as a type of post-fermented tea, has been favored by consumers with an improvement in health awareness . The groy of FBT ,36. In t of iWAT . Herein,ristatum ,39. It i obesity . In thisE. cristatum reversed these changes in obese mice. Furthermore, at the molecular level, treatment with E. cristatum increased the UCP1 and PRDM16 expressions in mouse iBAT and iWAT  and a positive relationship with TC . Conversely, Bacteroidetes were strongly correlated with body weight  and the iWAT index . These correlations suggest that the thermogenic effects induced by E. cristatum in adipose tissues may be mediated by the gut microbiota. Consistent with our findings, the remodeling effect of green propolis on WAT was associated with an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes [Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were associated with panax-notoginseng saponin-induced thermogenesis in obese mice [E. cristatum significantly increased the genera Parabacteroides and A. muciniphila, and reduced Anaerotruncus and Lachnoclostridium in obese mice. Notably, A. muciniphila exhibited a negative correlation with body weight  and a strong positive correlation with the iWAT index . Therefore, based on our findings, it can be inferred that the species A. muciniphila may enhance the effectiveness of E. cristatum in treating obesity by promoting thermogenic mobilization and reducing lipid accumulation.As a critical prebiotic fungus in FBT,  effects . Previou effects ,47. Howecrobiota ,49. Hencroidetes . An increse mice . AnotherA. muciniphila, as a promising probiotic which can be selectively proliferated by E. cristatum ingestion, is closely associated with host health and plays a crucial role in obesity [A. muciniphila could effectively improve obesity by enhancing the thermogenic mobilization of E. cristatum. As a result, A. muciniphila supplementation led to significant reductions in body weight and improvements in lipid and glucose metabolism in obese mice, indicating that A. muciniphila had the ability to increase the energy expenditure of obese mice (A. muciniphila significantly decreased the weight of iWAT, harbored smaller brown adipocytes, and reduced the size of iWAT, and treatment with A. muciniphila also resulted in an increase in the expression of UCP1 and PRDM16 in the mouse iWAT, both at the mRNA and protein levels. This suggests that A. muciniphila can induce iWAT browning. It was also found that A. muciniphila treatment significantly increased the expression of the thermogenic genes Pgc1, Prdm16, and Ucp1 in the iBAT of HFD-fed mice, and immunofluorescent staining further showed that A. muciniphila increased the expression of UCP1 and PRDM16. Accumulating evidence supports the finding that individuals with obesity exhibit a significant decline in the abundance of A. muciniphila [A. muciniphila effectively alleviated obesity [A. muciniphila levels on obesity, there are still restrictions that prevent its direct administration or use as a dietary supplement [E. cristatum exerts a gut microbiota-dependent effect for improving obesity by enhancing the relative abundance of A. muciniphila. A. muciniphila produces acetic acid [E. cristatum significantly enhances the acetic acid concentration in obese mice. In turn, acetic acid promotes the relative abundance of A. muciniphila. E. cristatum, A. muciniphila, and SCFAs contribute to therapeutic strategies for obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. It is worth noting that A. muciniphila is not the exclusive source of acetates [E. cristatum influence on the relative abundance of A. muciniphila using pseudo-germ-free mice or fecal microbiota transplantation in the future.Interestingly, gut  obesity ,53. In oese mice . The proiniphila ,54. Cons obesity . Howeverpplement . Our fintic acid , and E. acetates ; therefoE. cristatum, the dominant fungal probiotic in FBT, suppressed obesity and ameliorated obesity-induced lipid accumulation and hyperglycemia by playing a critical role in upregulating the thermogenesis of adipose tissues. E. cristatum also ameliorated abnormalities in the gut microbiome and its metabolites, in which it especially enriched colonic A. muciniphila and acetic acid. Consistently, supplementation with A. muciniphila further revealed its involvement in E. cristatum-induced adipocyte thermogenesis. Overall, this study provided evidence for the compelling interactions between E. cristatum, A. muciniphila, acetic acid, and thermogenesis, paving the way for the confirmation of E. cristatum as an edible anti-obesity prebiotic fungus and A. muciniphila as a dietary supplement in the near future.


Neonatal sepsis, particularly gram-negative (GN) bacteria-induced, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Healthcare professionals find this issue challenging because of antibiotic resistance. This study aims to combine findings to identify the prevalence of GN bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in Iranian neonates with sepsis.2 statistics.This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The literature search was performed through international databases, including , Iranian local databases , and the first 100 records of Google Scholar. Analytical cross-sectional study checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used for the quality assessment of included studies. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software Version 2 was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The between-study heterogeneity was investigated by IP = 0.362] in Iranian neonates with sepsis, based on 31 studies with a sample size of 104,566. klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumonia)  followed by Escherichia coli (E.coli)  were more prevalent among GN bacteria. The highest resistance in K.pneumoniae was observed in Cefixime . E.coli showed greater resistance to Ampicillin .The prevalence of GN bacteria was estimated to be 53.6% [95% CI: 45.9– 61.1: GN pathogens, particularly K.pneumoniae, and E.coli, are the leading cause of neonatal sepsis in Iran. GN bacteria showed the highest resistance to Third-generation cephalosporin and Aminoglycosides.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-023-08508-1. The neonatal mortality rate is a crucial health indicator. Infections cause almost one-fourth 23%) of neonatal deaths worldwide, with 15% of these deaths resulting from neonatal sepsis   followed by Escherichia coli (E.coli)  were more prevalent. However, this pattern varied between different regions. As shown in Table P < 0.001], 17.4% , and 19.6% , respectively). Also, in the East, North, and South of Iran, E.coli  had the highest prevalence rate.Among GN bacteria that caused neonatal sepsis, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumonia)  and K.pneumonia  were the most common bacteria found in maternity hospitals. While in the children’s hospitals, K.pneumonia  followed by Enterobacter  were more prevalent.Hospitals exhibited varying patterns of GN bacteria prevalence. The data in Table 2 = 96.18, P < 0.001). Cefixime had the highest resistance rate among third-generation cephalosporins  as shown in Fig. P = 0.137] and 51.4%, ).There was a high level of heterogeneity in antibiotic resistance prevalence among GN bacteria (IP = 0.003]). High resistance to Gentamicin  was observed in the Eastern region of Iran. Ceftriaxone showed the highest resistance rate in the North, Northwest, and West regions . The South of Iran had the highest resistance to Amikacin at 63.0% . Imipenem showed the lowest resistance in the Center of Iran . Both East and West regions exhibited low resistance to Cephalothin . Gentamicin showed the lowest resistance rate in the North of Iran . Cotrimoxazole had the lowest resistance in the South . Northwest had the lowest resistance rate for Ciprofloxacin .Figure P = 0.018]). E.coli was more resistant to Ampicillin , Enterobacter was resistant to Cephalothin  and Acinetobacter was resistant to Cefotaxime . Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) was more resistant to Ceftizoxime . Table Cefixime was less effective against K.pneumonia, the most resistant GN bacteria causing neonatal sepsis  , while Gentamicin resistance has significantly decreased in the Northwest. The other antibiotics did not exhibit a significant trend (P < 0.001).In Iran, there has been a statistically significant decreasing trend in the prevalence of GN bacteria in neonates with sepsis in recent years, as shown by a meta-regression model that considers the published year of studies (01) Fig. . The metp = 0.295).Based on the funnel plot in Fig. Our study analyzed the occurrence of GN bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in septic neonates from Iran. Based on the meta-analysis, the occurrence of GN bacteria was found to be 53.6%. Based on the year of studies, the meta-regression model for GN bacteria exhibited a significant decreasing trend. Different studies have reported neonatal sepsis caused by GN agents ranging from 18 to 78% –47. In tWHO recommends Ampicillin-Gentamicin as the first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis in low- and middle-income countries . AmpicilExcessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in NICUs has led to a serious problem of infections caused by multidrug-resistant GN bacteria in some developing countries. Developed countries face this problem with less severity. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant GN bacteria in the present study is akin to that of China and India , 73. MulIn this meta-analysis, most studies did not differentiate between EOS or LOS cases in sepsis. Unfortunately, grouping by sepsis type for analysis was not feasible. The neonates were not classified based on gender, so a detailed analysis could not be conducted. Another limitation of this study was the uneven distribution of samples across the study regions.The study's findings are crucial for WHO's antibiotic recommendations for neonatal sepsis. Many neonates may not receive sufficient coverage from common first-line and second-line antibiotics. Therefore, these findings can aid in the creation of NICU-specific antibiotic use guidelines.The study emphasizes that K.pneumoniae and E.coli are the most frequent gram-negative pathogens that cause neonatal sepsis in Iran. The distribution of sepsis-causative pathogens differs among hospitals and regions, as shown in this systematic review. GN bacteria showed the greatest resistance to third-generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides. Neonatologists in Iranian hospitals should carefully discuss this alarming result and consider changing the treatment regimen if needed.Additional file 1. Pubmed search strategy. Additional file 2. Subgroup analysis for the antibiotic resistance pattern among gram-negative bacteria in Iranian neonates with sepsis.


Hyphantria cunea is a cosmopolitan quarantine pest that can sustain on a wide range of host plants. However, the role of the digestive physiology of H. cunea larvae in regulating its multi-host adaptation has not been reported. Herein, we found that α-amylase and trypsin played an important role in nutrient metabolism and host adaptation of H. cunea. Furthermore, H. cunea larvae had highly adaptable compensatory mechanisms for digestion in response to insect digestive enzyme inhibitors. The findings reveal that digestive physiology mediates the multi-host adaptation of H. cunea larvae.Hyphantria cunea larvae feeding preferences on different host plants were investigated. The results showed that the body weight, food utilization, and nutrient contents of H. cunea larvae feeding on the high-preference host plants were significantly higher than those feeding on the low-preference host plants. However, the activity of larval digestive enzymes in different host plants presented an opposite trend, as higher α-amylase or trypsin activity was observed in the group feeding on the low-preference host plants than that feeding on the high-preference host plants. Upon treatment of leaves with α-amylase and trypsin inhibitors, the body weight, food intake, food utilization rate, and food conversion rate of H. cunea larvae significantly decreased in all host plant groups. Furthermore, the H. cunea comprised highly adaptable compensatory mechanisms of digestion involving digestive enzymes and nutrient metabolism in response to digestive enzyme inhibitors. Taken together, digestive physiology mediates the adaptation of H. cunea to multiple host plants, and the compensatory effect of digestive physiology is an important counter-defense strategy implemented by H. cunea to resist plant defense factors, especially the insect digestive enzyme inhibitors.Digestive physiology mediates the adaptation of phytophagous insects to host plants. In this study, the digestive characteristics of  Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a cosmopolitan quarantine pest that originated in North America and is mainly distributed in the United States and southern Canada [H. cunea has invaded over 32 countries [H. cunea invasion began in 1979, and since then, it has spread to 613 county-level administrative regions in 14 Chinese provinces. H. cunea exhibits the characteristics of high food intake and prolonged damage time [H. cunea can eat up the whole plant leaves, inhibit the growth of trees and crops, and eventually result in severe destruction of forest and agriculture ecological balance [H. cunea often feeds and pupates on plants in public areas, such as parks and on the sides of roads, thereby affecting the daily life of local residents [H. cunea have seriously threatened agriculture and forestry production and ecological security [H. cunea as a key mission.n Canada ,2. It wan Canada . At presountries . In Chinage time . Upon insecurity . In 2022H. cunea, as a high polyphagy pest, can sustain on a wide range of host plants. It has been reported that H. cunea can feed on 636 host plants, of which 120 are found in the United States, 300 in Japan, 219 in South Korea, and 234 in Europe [H. cunea, covering almost all the tree, flower, and crop species [H. cunea exhibits a high preference for Morus alba, Platanus acerifolia, Carya cathayensis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Ulmus americana [Cornus kousa and most coniferous tree species are non-feeding species for H. cunea [Lymantria dispar larvae exhibit increased trypsin activity upon feeding on the low-preference host plant, Robinia pseudoacacia, compared with the high-preference host plant, Quercus palustris [Helicoverpa armigera exhibits enhanced larval adaptation to pigeon peas and chickpeas (low-preference host plants) through increasing gut amylase activity [H. cunea [H. cunea mainly focus on the host plant screening, as well as the feeding and oviposition selection behavior of H. cunea to different host plants [H. cunea larvae to multiple host plants from the perspective of digestive physiology.n Europe ,11,12. I species . Phytoph species . Schowalmericana . Jang etH. cunea . Numeroualustris . Sarate activity . Strong H. cunea . CurrentH. cunea. To test the above-mentioned hypothesis, we fed H. cunea larvae with leaves of high-preference , medium-preference (Juglans mandshurica and Betula platyphylla), and low-preference  host plants. Subsequently, the larval growth and food utilization status, content of nutrients, and activity of digestive enzymes were measured. Furthermore, the regulatory roles of digestive physiology on the adaptation of H. cunea to multiple host plants were demonstrated in reverse by the treatment of α-amylase and trypsin inhibitors. The relevant findings of this study helped in determining the correlation between the digestive physiology and multi-host adaptability of H. cunea and provide a theoretical foundation to analyze the outbreak of H. cunea.Digestion and absorption are two important aspects of digestive physiology and can affect the adaptability of phytophagous insects to host plants at varying degrees . The levU. pumila (UP), F. mandshurica (FM), and M. alba (MA), a medium preference for J. mandshurica (JM) and B. platyphylla (BP), and a low preference for A. kalkora (AK) and T. amurensis (TA). Therefore, these seven tree species were selected as host plants to test in this study. Except for MA, which was 2 years old , the rest of the trees were 3 years old  at the time of testing. In May 2022, all plants were planted in pots (400 × 350 mm) containing 10 kg of soil substrate. The soil substrate consisted of sand, turf soil, and vermiculite at a ratio of 1:3:1. A total of 300 host plants per species were planted and maintained under natural light conditions. During the experiment, the plants were watered every two days and weeded over time to ensure normal growth.According to the results of our previous study , the larH. cunea were collected from Hengshui, Hebei province, China. The egg masses were incubated in an incubator  at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 1%, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D [In July 2022, egg masses of f 16L:8D . After hH. cunea. When these larvae reached the 5th instar stage, they were divided into two parts. One part was propagated for the next 48 h and then collected to obtain the whole larval body or midgut tissue samples. The other part was used to determine the larval body weight and food utilization parameters.Newly molted 4th instar larvae were selected from each host plant group. These larvae from each host plant group were divided into three parts. One part was used as the non-inhibited group (denoted as CK) and continued to be reared on the original plant leaves. The other two parts were fed with leaves of host plants sprayed with either α-amylase inhibitor (denoted as AI) or trypsin inhibitor (denoted as TI), respectively. The α-amylase inhibitor was purchased from Shanghai Renbang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China and the trypsin inhibitor was purchased from Shanghai Beyotime Biotechnology . Based on the results of our preliminary experiments, the α-amylase inhibitor and trypsin inhibitor were constituted in distilled water at a concentration of 750 g/L and 200 g/L, respectively. The prepared inhibitor solutions were evenly sprayed onto the leaf surface of each host plant. A total of 1 mL of treatment solution was sprayed on every 5 leaves. After drying at room temperature, the leaves were used to feed the 4th instar larvae of H. cunea larvae was measured [H. cunea larvae. A total of three replicates were set for each group, and each replicate consisted of 10 larvae. The food intake, food consumption rate, conversion rate, and utilization rate of H. cunea larvae were calculated using the following formula:Using the method developed by Gao et al. (2022) and Jiang et al. (2018), the food utilization by measured ,25. DuriH. cunea were determined using the kit. All kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. Briefly, the larvae in each group, at a ratio of weight (g): volume (mL) = 1:9, were mixed with normal saline and ground using a mortar and pestle. The larvae tissues for trehalose determination were ground with the extracting solution provided in the kit. The homogenate was centrifuged at the speed and time per the manufacturer’s instructions . Subsequently, the supernatant was collected for nutrient content determination according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Three replicates were set for each group, and each replicate consisted of three larvae. The total protein, total amino acids, glucose, trehalose, and free fatty acids contents of H. cunea were expressed as mg/g, μmol/mg prot, mmol/g prot, mg/g tissue, and mmol/g prot, respectively.The contents of total protein (A045-4), total amino acids (A026-1-1), glucose (A54-1-1), trehalose (A49-1-1), and free fatty acids (A042-2-1) in the larvae of H. cunea larval midgut were determined using the kit. All kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. The tissue was mixed with normal saline at a ratio of weight (g): volume (mL) = 1:9. Subsequently, the samples were ground using a plastic grinding pestle in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube. After centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant was collected. The protein concentration and α-amylase and trypsin activities of the supernatant were determined according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Three replicates were set for each group, and each replicate consisted of midgut tissue from five larvae. Both α-amylase and trypsin activities were expressed as U/mg prot.The content or activity of the protein (A045-4), α-amylase (C06-1-1), and trypsin (A080-2) in t-test analysis was performed to analyze the significance of each parameter between the non-inhibited and AI treatment groups or between the non-inhibited and TI treatment groups (p < 0.05)  after testing for variance homogeneity and normal distribution or achieving variance homogeneity and normal distribution by log-transforming if necessary . Indepen < 0.05) .The larval α-amylase and trypsin activities in the BP, AK, and TA groups were significantly higher than those in the UP, FM, MA, and JM groups . CompareH. cunea larvae that were fed on high-preference host plants was significantly higher than those fed on low-preference host plants  groups were significantly higher than those in medium- and low-preference host plant groups  in larvae that were fed on the high-preference host plants were significantly higher than those fed on the low-preference host plants . Upon AIH. cunea larvae feeding on the high-preference host plants were found to be significantly higher than those feeding on the low-preference host plants. This supports the results of our previous study [H. cunea exhibits different preferences for the host plants. It is worth mentioning that the food consumption rate of H. cunea larvae in the low-preference host plant group was significantly higher than those in the high-preference host plant group. The food consumption rate is an important indicator that characterizes the food absorption capacity of phytophagous insects [H. cunea enhances the level of larval adaptation to the low-preference host plants by increasing the absorption capacity. However, inconsistent with the expected results, the α-amylase and trypsin activities in the midgut of H. cunea larvae feeding on the high-preference host plants were significantly lower than those feeding on the low-preference host plants. A possible reason is that H. cunea larvae are more easily able to digest and absorb the high-preference host plants than the low-preference host plants. Namely, it only needs relatively few digestive enzymes to efficiently absorb the nutrients from the high-preference host plants. Similarly, Chai et al. (2016) found that the amylase and cellulase activities in the gut of Agasicles hygrophila larvae were higher when feeding on the non-palatable host plants than those feeding on the palatable host plants [Dendrolimus houi larvae feeding on the high-preference host plants exhibited the highest digestive enzyme activity [Generally, phytophagous insects use their own digestive physiological mechanisms to improve the efficiency of food utilization for adapting to the host plants ,27. In tus study , indicat insects ,28. It it plants . A reveractivity . Our resH. cunea larvae by spraying the inhibitors of digestive enzymes onto the leaf surface and then analyzed the adaptability of H. cunea to different host plants. Our results revealed that the body weight, food utilization status, several nutrients content, and α-amylase activity of H. cunea larvae upon AI treatment were significantly reduced. The function of α-amylase is to convert the starch into oligosaccharides, a precursor for glucose abortion [H. cunea larvae. Trypsin is a key enzyme involved in the process of food protein hydrolysis [H. cunea larvae in the TI treatment group were consistent with those in the AI treatment group. It further indicates that the absence of trypsin may lead to inefficient uptake and utilization of nutrients  from the host plants by H. cunea, which ultimately leads to the growth retardation of H. cunea larvae. In addition to digestive physiology disorders, another possible reason for the reduced growth of H. cunea larvae caused by AI and TI is that inhibitor treatment reduces the palatability of plant leaves, as inhibitor-treated larvae in all host plant groups consume significantly less food. However, the food consumption rate increased following the addition of inhibitors across the board, irrespective of high and low preference towards host plants. This suggests once again that H. cunea larvae may be trying to adapt to adverse environmental conditions by improving their absorption capacity. This ability has also been reported in H. cunea larvae adaptation to other stressors, such as secondary metabolites and heavy metals stress [H. cunea larvae could not effectively absorb nutrients from plants with high preference. This has led to a narrowing of the differences in the degree of adaptation. Another reason may be that digestive disorders lead to weakened digestive and taste nervous system functions, but further research is needed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that α-amylase and trypsin play an important role in nutrient metabolism and host adaptation of H. cunea.To further clarify the physiological function of digestive enzymes, we perturbed the digestion physiology of abortion ,32,33. Tdrolysis . The inhs stress ,36,37. Is stress ,39,40. AEphestia kuehniella exhibited a significant increase in chymotrypsin activity in vivo after treatment with TI [H. armigera larvae that were fed on soybean upon TI treatment was significantly increased [H. cunea larvae after treatment with AI or TI. For example, the total amino acids and free fatty acids contents were significantly higher in both AI- and TI-treated MA groups. It is further shown that H. cunea larvae have highly adaptable compensatory mechanisms for digestion, including digestive enzymes and nutrient metabolism, in response to unfavorable conditions. The insect digestive enzyme inhibitors secreted by plants are a common class of chemical defense compounds against phytophagous insects [H. cunea to the digestive enzyme inhibitors may be implicated as a counter-defense strategy in response to their endogenous plant resistance factors. It is not difficult to conclude that the highly adaptable digestive physiological compensation effect may be the reason for the multi-host adaptability and host expansion of H. cunea larvae.Numerous studies have demonstrated that phytophagous insects are capable of regulating their digestive physiology to meet nutrient requirements ,42,43. T with TI . Kuwar encreased . These fncreased . Additio insects ,49. The H. cunea plays an integral role in its adaptation to multiple host plants. The H. cunea larvae can improve larval food utilization and absorption efficiency on host plants by regulating the activity of larval digestive enzymes. This helps H. cunea maximize its adaptation to a variety of host plants and ensure its spread and host expansion. Additionally, H. cunea exhibits a highly adaptable digestive physiological compensation effect involving digestive enzymes and nutrient metabolism. This is implicated as a counter-defense strategy evolved by H. cunea in response to the endogenous resistance factors of host plants, especially the inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes. The findings of this study provide new insights into potential strategies to analyze the spread and host expansion of H. cunea.The digestive physiology of


Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria were approximately similar.The northwestern border of Thailand is an area of low seasonal malaria transmission. Until recent successful malaria elimination activities, malaria was a major cause of disease and death. Historically the incidences of symptomatic All malaria cases managed in the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit along the Thailand-Myanmar border between 2000 and 2016 were reviewed.P. vivax and 94 467 for symptomatic P. falciparum malaria. Overall, 4844 (5.1%) patients with P. falciparum malaria were admitted to field hospitals, of whom 66 died, compared with 278 (0.34%) with P. vivax malaria, of whom 4 died . Applying the 2015 World Health Organization severe malaria criteria, 68 of 80 841 P. vivax admissions (0.08%) and 1482 of 94 467 P. falciparum admissions (1.6%) were classified as severe. Overall, patients with P. falciparum malaria were 15  times more likely than those with P. vivax malaria to require hospital admission, 19 (14.6–23.8) times more likely to develop severe malaria, and ≥14 (5.1–38.7) times more likely to die.There were 80 841 consultations for symptomatic P. falciparum and P. vivax infections were important causes of hospitalization, but life-threatening P. vivax illness was rare.In this area, both  Plasmodium falciparum and 80 841 with Plasmodium vivax malaria, patients with P. falciparum were 15 times more likely to require hospital admission, 19 times more likely to develop severe malaria, and 14 times more likely to die.Among 94 467 patients with  Plasmodium vivax was known as “benign tertian malaria” to differentiate it from the commonly fatal “malignant tertian” malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum ) than with P. falciparum malaria (650 of 2097 [31%])  (P. vivax (58 of 102 [57%]), and significantly less (123 of 650 [19%]) for P. falciparum. Many of the post-partum P. vivax patients admitted had reasons for admission that were unrelated to malaria. In hospitalized P. vivax malaria cases, the presenting mean hematocrit was 4.2% lower in pregnant women  and 7.3% lower in post-partum women  than for nonpregnant or non post-partum patients. Chronic disease  was much more common in patients hospitalized with P. vivax than in those hospitalized with P. falciparum   than those with P. falciparum (4 [4–6] days); P < .001) (In adults (aged >15 years) hospitalized for suspected severe malaria, more women were admitted with  < .001) . Pregnan < .001) . Patient < .001) .P. falciparum and 4 with P. vivax infection. One P. vivax malaria death occurred in a 54-year old man with Gram-negative meningitis; Escherichia coli grew in an immediate post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid culture. The parasite density was 1 in 500 white blood cells (16/µL). This suggests that the parasitemia was incidental to the fatal bacterial meningitis. Two other P. vivax deaths occurred in patients with low parasite densities (<3300/µL), leukocytosis, and a clinical diagnosis of sepsis, although blood cultures were negative. Both patients were anemic and required blood transfusions. The fourth P. vivax malaria death occurred in a malnourished woman (HIV and tuberculosis negative) in the third trimester of pregnancy ) met the WHO criteria for severe malaria  of those with P. falciparum malaria  (P. vivax cases. Pulmonary edema was a more common manifestation of severity in P. vivax (27 of 68 [40%]) than in P. falciparum malaria (167 of 1482 [11%]) . Severe anemia was also more common among the patients with severe vivax malaria (18 of 68 [26%]) than among those with severe falciparum malaria (167 of 1482 [11%])   . ImpaireP = .01) . The promalaria. .P. vivax (63 vs 67 of 278) and P. falciparum cases (1463 vs 1482 of 4844) classified as severe malaria were largely unchanged (P. vivax cases (68 of 80 841) compared with 15.7/1000 cases (14.9–16.5) P. falciparum cases (1482 of 94 467). Thus, for outpatients presenting with malaria, the risk of severe malaria was 19  times greater in P. falciparum than in P. vivax infections (P < .001).Applying the stricter research criteria for severe malaria , the pronchanged . Based oP. vivax malaria was very common along the Thailand-Myanmar border, severe vivax malaria was rare, as it is elsewhere in the Greater Mekong subregion. Nearly all malaria deaths in this region result from P. falciparum. The relatively low mortality rate of severe falciparum malaria in this series (4.4%) is explained by the high proportion of cases with prostration or otherwise uncomplicated hyperparasitemia, both of which carry a relatively good prognosis, and prompt treatment with artesunate [P. vivax malaria [P. vivax and P. falciparum is generally low and unstable, as it is in the Greater Mekong subregion [Although tesunate , 29. Our malaria . In Indiubregion , 22.P. vivax malaria has been reported extensively [P. vivax infections had severe malaria [P. falciparum malaria in our study and considerably exceeds the proportion observed for P. vivax. The case-specific mortality rate of acute vivax malaria on the Thailand-Myanmar border is >100 times lower than reported from Bikaner in Northwest India, 6 times lower than reported from Manaus in Brazil [P. vivax cases in India, suggesting greater P. vivax virulence there, or unusual susceptibility, or whether there is an ascertainment bias in the diagnoses. In contrast, the island of New Guinea has markedly higher P. vivax transmission than in other malaria-endemic areas of the world. Young children are affected particularly, and frequent P. falciparum and multiple relapsing P. vivax infections result in severe anemia and an increased risk of death [Symptomatic malaria occurs at all ages, and severe ensively . A 2021  malaria . This isn Brazil , and haln Brazil   did not have severe malaria, and their prognosis was very good. Pregnancy and the postpartum period were particular risk factors for P. vivax–associated severe anemia hospitalizations. This reflects both the cumulative impact of recurrent P. vivax malaria and the higher risk of anemia in this population generally [P. falciparum malaria) both have a relatively good prognosis, provided that there is ready access to diagnosis and treatment (with artesunate) and that blood transfusions can be given [P. vivax malaria , all but 1 patient survived [Although some patients with acute enerally . Severe be given , 29, 36.survived , 29, 37.P. vivax malaria” reporting differences between malaria regions. These relate to the criteria used, definitions applied, and use of proxy indicators to determine severity. For example, severe thrombocytopenia is often used as a severity criterion and accounts for a large proportion of reported “severe vivax” cases [P. vivax case patients have severe anemia , which iagnosed . Other fP. vivax recurrence rates, especially when anti-relapse treatment is not given, and it thereby increases the prevalence and severity of anemia. Chloroquine resistance may be a contributor to reported severe P. vivax malaria in India, although the levels of resistance reported to date in South Asia and the Greater Mekong subregion are low [Antimalarial resistance increases  are low .P. vivax and other common infections.This study had several limitations. This was a retrospective evaluation, so procedures varied in time and place, and missing inpatient records were not included and outcomes were sometimes not known for patients referred to tertiary hospitals. Full blood cell counts were routinely available only in the latter half of the study period. Results of biochemical investigations were not available. Pulmonary edema could not be confirmed with chest radiography, and pulse oximetry was not routinely available. Investigations to exclude alternative diagnoses limited our ability to differentiate causation between severe P. vivax malaria is common, but severe infections and death resulting from P. vivax are rare. Further investigation is needed to determine why there are differences in the apparent proportions of severe P. vivax malaria across different geographic regions, transmission settings, and relapse intervals.In conclusion, in northwest Thailand along the Myanmar border, Clinical Infectious Diseases online. Consisting of data provided by the authors to benefit the reader, the posted materials are not copyedited and are the sole responsibility of the authors, so questions or comments should be addressed to the corresponding author.ciad262_Supplementary_DataClick here for additional data file.


Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). Some of the worst hospital-acquired infections, often in intensive care units (ICUs), are caused by this bacterial pathogen. In recent years, the rise in multidrug-resistant A. baumannii has been linked to the overuse of antimicrobial drugs and the lack of adequate infection control measures. Infections caused by this bacterial pathogen are the result of prolonged hospitalization and ICU stays, and they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This review outlines the epidemiology, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance associated with A. baumannii in various countries, with a special focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In response to the growing concern regarding this drug-resistant bacteria, fundamental information about its pathology has been incorporated into the development of vaccines. Although these vaccines have been successful in animal models, their effectiveness in humans remains unproven. The review will discuss the development of A. baumannii vaccines, potential related obstacles, and efforts to find an effective strategy against this pathogen.There is growing concern among healthcare providers worldwide regarding the prevalence of multidrug-resistant  Acinetobacter baumannii is a widely distributed Gram-negative, non-fermentative, strictly non-motile, and oxidase-negative microbial pathogen that has been found in both natural and clinical environments [Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species [A. baumannii is a serious global nosocomial concern [A. baumannii include pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, respiratory tract infection, and urinary tract infection [A. baumannii infections have increased in many regions worldwide, ranging from 30% to 75% [A. baumannii are associated with various risk factors, including burns, preterm birth, prolonged hospital stays, mechanical ventilation, indwelling devices, and the extensive use of antibiotic therapy [ronments ,2. It is species ,4. Accor concern ,5. It is concern . The mos% to 75% ,9. Infec therapy ,11,12.A. baumannii is one of the most critical pathogens due to its resistance to numerous antibiotic classes, particularly carbapenems and third-generation cephalosporins [A. baumannii isolates to various antibiotics [A. baumannii, particularly the carbapenem-resistant strains, reached its peak in ICUs [A. baumannii against currently available antibacterial drugs [A. baumannii infections in healthcare settings in Saudi Arabia and explores potential measures to prevent their transmission.According to the World Health Organization, multidrug-resistant osporins . Severalibiotics . During  in ICUs ,15. Theral drugs ,17. Deveal drugs ,19. Befoal drugs . Furtheral drugs . This reA. baumannii [A. baumannii across diverse regions, including South East Asia [A. baumannii have been documented [Healthcare facilities are currently grappling with an outbreak of multidrug-resistant aumannii ,22. Survast Asia , the Araast Asia , and othcumented . A. baumannii, like other Gram-negative bacteria, possesses various defense mechanisms that enable it to evade the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of antimicrobial agents. These mechanisms include efflux pumps, which expel antibiotics from the cell through efflux mechanisms, and modifications to outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) that reduce the permeability of porins [A. baumannii has been found to produce metallo-β-lactamase enzymes such as imipenemase (IMP), Verona integron-mediated metallo-β-lactamase (VIM), New Delhi metallo β-lactamase (NDM), and Seoul imipenemase (SIM). These enzymes can degrade antibiotics, rendering them ineffective [A. baumannii is the production of β-lactamases, particularly enzymes that hydrolyze carbapenems [f porins . Additioffective . Howeverbapenems , penicilbapenems , cephalobapenems , and monbapenems . A. baumannii resistance. The presence of the blaOXA-23-like gene has been documented in several African countries, indicating its prevalence in these regions [A. baumannii strains carrying Guiana extended-spectrum (GES) types, including GES-11, in Tunisia [TetA, TetB, and AdeABC) [A. calcoaceticus-baumannii complex isolates from the eastern district. The findings revealed that these isolates carried the genes for carbapenem-resistant blaOXA-23-like and ISAba1 phage, and nine of the isolates also possessed the blaADC gene [Studies conducted in Africa have revealed that the emergence of class D β-lactamases  and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) represents a significant mechanism of  regions ,29,30,31 Tunisia . In addi AdeABC)  and the ADC gene . A. baumannii infections are transmitted from one medical facility to another due to the movement of infected patients. For instance, the Vietnam extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (VEB-1)-producing A. baumannii clone was responsible for spreading the VEB-1 strain across 55 hospitals in northern and southeastern France. Furthermore, European clonal types I and II have been observed circulating in healthcare settings in Italy, with evidence suggesting the transfer of this strain from healthcare settings in the Mediterranean area to those in southwestern Germany [OXA-48 β-lactamase produced by A. baumannii with outbreaks detected within the hospitals. The movement of patients and healthcare staff between healthcare providers has facilitated the spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii [There have been numerous instances in which  Germany ,36,37. Iaumannii .A. baumannii infections [A. baumannii endemic strains may spread to tracheal secretions in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation [A. baumanni [A. baumannii in hospitalized patients is a potential risk factor for antibiotic resistance and outbreaks of serious infections [A. baumannii, 36% had underlying illnesses, and 11% were diabetics [In Saudi Arabia, several investigations have been conducted to identify potential risk factors for fections ,40,41,42tilation . Patientbaumanni . The colfections . Additiofections ,46,47. Aiabetics . Saudi Arabia is geographically divided into 13 administrative regions , each wiA. baumannii over the past decade compared to the 1990s [A. baumannii was 92.1%, the highest percentage recorded to date. A study published in 2015 unveiled the high resistance of A. baumannii infections in the El-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia to multiple antibiotics [A. baumannii was present in 55% of patients in 2010 and 67% of patients in 2013 [A. baumannii over the past 15 years, with each investigation indicating a progressively higher prevalence. According to A. baumannii displayed a variable degree of resistance, up to 100%, against carbapenems, penicillins, and cephalosporins during surveys conducted between 2004 and 2015 throughout Saudi Arabia.According to the Saudi Ministry of Health, Acinetobacter infections are among the leading causes of healthcare expenditure . The neghe 1990s . A previhe 1990s . In anothe 1990s , the incibiotics . Similar in 2013 . Table 1A. baumannii has been successfully controlled through the implementation of various methods [A. baumannii, it is imperative to gather microbial susceptibility profile data from specific regions or hospitals and establish rapid and cost-effective testing methods [There have been numerous instances worldwide where multidrug-resistant  methods . The con methods . To effe methods . Several methods ,77.A. baumannii, its efficacy has been compromised due to the degradation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the emergence of lipid A target modifications [A. baumannii infections [Despite colistin being one of the few remaining effective treatments for multidrug-resistant ications . Consequfections ,80,81. Ifections .A. baumannii infections [Alternative therapies, such as phage therapy, are increasingly being used to treat multidrug-resistant fections ,84. Whilfections . In the fections .A. baumannii vaccine is currently unavailable despite several vaccine candidates being tested [A. baumannii are crucial for safeguarding individuals with weakened immune systems and patients with underlying medical conditions [A. baumannii, vaccines targeting conserved antigens may offer effective protection [A. baumannii. In this section of the review article, our objective is to assess each of these platforms, describe the experiments conducted with rodents to evaluate their ability to elicit immune responses, and assess their protective efficacy.g tested . Vaccinenditions . In the nditions , many laotection . In the A. baumannii infection. Recently, a live-attenuated vaccine against A. baumannii was developed based on a D-glutamate strain [murI1 and murI2 genes, a significantly less virulent strain of A. baumannii was created, which still elicited both antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and improved survival in immunized animals exposed to multiple pathogenic strains of A. baumannii [A. baumannii strain lacking thioredoxin (∆trxA) was investigated [A. baumannii lacking thioredoxin did not cause illness in mice vaccinated with the ∆trxA strain [Live-attenuated vaccines are produced by modifying bacteria to reduce their harmfulness, allowing the immune system to combat the infectious agent without causing illness . Since le strain . By modiaumannii . Additiostigated . ThioredA strain ,100.A. baumannii is one of the bacteria that produce OMVs [Escherichia coli [Bordetella pertussis [Burkholderia pseudomallei [Virulent Gram-negative bacteria release outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are non-infectious particles with diameters ranging from 10 to 300 nanometers ,101. A. uce OMVs . These suce OMVs . Alaniz uce OMVs  suggest uce OMVs  found thuce OMVs . The effhia coli ,108, Borertussis , and Burdomallei ,111.A. baumannii strain IB010 [lpxD gene [A. baumannii outer-membrane complexes (OMCs) utilized the same strain. Mice vaccinated with the LPS-deficient OMCs showed little to no toxicity, similar to that of the LPS-deficient OMVs. On day 7 of the same experiment, mice vaccinated with LPS-deficient OMCs had a 60% survival rate, while mice vaccinated with LPS-deficient OMCs supplemented with exogenous LPS had a 95% survival rate [When considering a vaccination based on OMVs, it is important to remember that LPS plays a significant role in immunogenicity, as well as the potential side effects that result from the excessive presence of endotoxin. Significant progress has been made in addressing some of these issues by isolating OMVs from the in IB010 . It has pxD gene . A studyval rate . A noticval rate . These iA. baumannii [OmpA gene from A. baumannii can protect mice in animal pneumonia models from potentially fatal bacterial infections [pVAX1) carrying the OmpA and proteoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) genes of A. baumannii is effective against a lethal pulmonary challenge with four heterologous strains, resulting in 50% survival rates. Additionally, a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) [OmpA expressed through the eukaryotic expression vector pBudCE4.1 protected 16% of mice from a lung infection for up to 15 days following a challenge. This vaccine also showed modest responses in Interleukin  and interferons (IFNs) [The concept of nucleic acid vaccines has gained considerable attention as a potential platform for vaccinations in recent years. However, very few studies have been conducted on nucleic acid vaccines intended to protect against aumannii . Recent fections ,115. Resge (BAL) , along ws (IFNs) . These DA. baumannii BGs (strain Ali190) via oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal administration before being infected with 108 CFU of the homologous A. baumannii strain [A. baumannii BGs proved highly effective in protecting immunized rats against A. baumannii infection in all administration modes, except for oral vaccination, which resulted in a 67% survival rate [A. baumannii BGs can confer immunity against a wide range of A. baumannii strains.Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are initially living bacteria that undergo a process in which all their cytosolic components are removed, leaving only their outer membranes intact. Due to their non-living nature, BGs possess several inherent advantages, including the inability to revert to a pathogenic phenotype when utilized . BGs cani strain . A. baumval rate . HoweverA. baumannii has fallen behind that of nosocomial pathogens such as Clostridium difficile, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus [A. baumannii has undergone clinical trials, indicating the challenges associated with creating a safe and effective vaccine against this pathogen.Despite efforts made, the development of vaccines against s aureus . No vaccA. baumannii vaccine is still in its early stages. Most studies have focused on traditional methods and platforms, such as subunit and killed vaccines. However, there are ongoing explorations of novel antigen transporters and enhanced delivery mechanisms, including nucleic acid vaccines, virus vectors, conjugated carriers, and co-delivery [A. baumannii and other infections in the coming years [A. baumannii infections.Currently, research on anti-delivery ,113,117.A. baumannii should demonstrate its protective effects in preclinical trials by improving the survival rates of immunized animals compared to non-immunized ones, reducing bacterial burdens within organs, and suppressing the levels of inflammatory markers in the serum [A. baumannii, researchers need to align their assessment procedures, including animal models, intervals between vaccinations and challenges, challenge strains, doses, and administration methods. This harmonization will enable more accurate comparisons of experimental vaccines developed in different laboratories [A promising vaccine candidate against he serum . While vratories .OmpA [A. baumannii has a high propensity for acquiring foreign DNA, leading to the emergence of novel genetic variants. Therefore, it is crucial to select conserved antigens and design vaccines with a wide range of components to provide adequate protection.Vaccine candidates have been evaluated not only against homologous strains but also against challenges posed by other clinical isolates to demonstrate a broad level of protection. However, the degree of risk reduction varied significantly depending on the specific strain, vaccination protocol, and/or challenge dose . ConsequOmpA ,119. TheOmpA . A. baumA. baumannii in Saudi Arabia without addressing other countries. To provide a more comprehensive view, further studies should be conducted in other countries to compare the data. This will enable us to better understand the global distribution of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii and the strategies needed to control its spread. Additionally, we did not highlight any of the virulence factors associated with A. baumannii infection, which should be addressed. Identifying these virulence factors is essential for understanding how this bacterium causes infections and developing strategies for their prevention and treatment. Moreover, this review did not discuss the potential risks and safety issues associated with developing a vaccine against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, nor did it provide any information regarding the costs or potential barriers associated with its development and implementation.This review has limitations, such as focusing solely on the prevalence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections are prevalent in Saudi Arabia and that combination therapies are a key strategy for overcoming drug resistance. In particular, antibiotic stewardship is essential for preventing the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and multivalent vaccines composed of outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs), bacterial ghosts (BGs), or multiple subunit vaccines hold promise in reducing these infections. The development of vaccines has undergone significant changes due to advancements in technology, particularly in the wake of COVID-19 vaccine development.The review shows that multidrug-resistant


Vibrio spp., have significantly contributed to the loss of coral cover and diversity. Habitat filtering across the globe has led to a variety structure of marine bacterial communities. Coral species, quantity and characteristics are significant differences between the Xisha Islands and Daya Bay (Guangdong Province). Thus, the Vibrio communities may be distinct between coral rich and poor areas.Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems, providing habitat for a vast of species. Reef-building scleractinian corals with a symbiotic microbiome, including bacteria, archaea, viruses and eukaryotic microbes, are referred to coral holobionts. Among them, coral diseases, mainly caused by Vibrio dynamics between coral-rich (Xisha Islands) and coral-poor (Daya Bay) locations, we uncovered differences in Vibrio abundance, diversity, community composition and assembly mechanisms associated with corals. The higher abundance of Vibrio in coral rich areas may indicate a strong interaction between vibrios and corals. V. campbellii, Paraphotobacterium marinum and V. caribbeanicus were widely distributed in both coral rich and poor areas, likely indicating weak species specificity in the coral-stimulated growth of Vibrio. Random-forest prediction revealed Vibrio species and Photobacterium species as potential microbial indicators in the coral rich and coral poor areas, respectively. Ecological drift rather than selection governed the Vibrio community assembly in the Xisha Islands. Comparatively, homogenizing selection was more important for the Daya Bay community, which may reflect a role of habitat filtration.Through comparison of Vibrio spp. between coral rich and poor areas, providing the background data for the research of Vibrio community in coral reef areas and may help the protection of coral reef at the biological level. The main reasons for the difference were different number and species of corals, environmental  and spatial factors. It reflected the strong interaction between Vibrio and corals, and provided a new perspective for the investigation of Vibrio in coral reef ecosystem.This study revealed the different distribution pattern and assembly mechanism of The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40793-023-00532-7. Though the reef . Prokarythe reef –7. Bactethe reef . Shnit-Othe reef . Furtherthe reef . In addithe reef . Thus, tVibrio including pathogenic species such as Vibrio cholerae [Acropora palifera, Acropora aspera, sandy substrate and open water) in the Great Barrier Reef has shown increased occurrence frequency of Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas and Alteromonas in coral seawater niches [Vibrio spp. in coral surrounding seawaters are still unclear.Corals and their symbiotic algae may also exert influences on microbes in the surrounding seawater. For example, corals release mucus affecting microbial abundance and composition . Coral mcholerae . Comparir niches . In a shr niches . HoweverVibrio spp. is a group of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria with facultative fermentative metabolisms [Vibrio in coral reefs mainly focuses on coral diseases, such as V. coralliilyticus causing white syndrome, V. alginolyticus causing yellow band disease and V. natriegens causing white spot disease [Vibrio multiplies rapidly, has a short generation time, and responds quickly to nutrient pulses likely due to their highly plastic genomes and wide metabolic ranges [Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio natriegens [Vibrio were underestimated for a long time. Vibrio community may rapidly respond to nutrient pulses produced by corals, which may cause the community dynamics in coral reef ecosystems differed from other marine environments. Previous study has found that V. hyugaensis, V. owensii and V. harveyi were the dominant species, and the influence of temperature on these species was evaluated in the coral reefs of Ishigaki (Japan) [Vibrio community of Dongshan Bay  was dominated by V. fortis, V. natriegens and V. pomeroyi, revealing a distance-decay pattern spanning four seasons [Vibrio community. However, the correlations between Vibrio spp. and corals needs to be further studied.abolisms , which iabolisms , 21. At  disease . Vibrio triegens , 23. Bas (Japan) . As a ty seasons . The disVibrio may have different dynamic characteristics in these two coral environments. In this study, the dynamics of Vibrio communities in seawater from the coral rich and poor areas were investigated by qPCR and high-throughput sequencing techniques. The key factors affecting the community structure and assembly mechanism of Vibrio community in distinct coral environments were illustrated.Corals can be divided into "reef" and "non-reef" coral communities, and the latter is characterized by the inability to accumulate calcium carbonate . The corVibrio communities in distinct coral areas, waters from the Xisha Islands and Daya Bay were collected by the R/V Yuezhanyuke10 from a total of 48 sites during 31 August and 30 September, 2020 , and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) analyses were collected according to our previous work [3−, NO2− and NH4+ [To explore the planktonic ous work . Dissolvand NH4+ . After aand NH4+ , 41. Detand NH4+  and Varoand NH4+ . Additioand NH4+ . Video tand NH4+ , and theVibrio on 3- and 0.22-μm-pore-size membranes were tracked. Briefly, the StepOnePlus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) and StepOne software version 2.2 was operated to performed the qPCR. V567F (5′-GGCGTAAAGCGCATGCAGGT-3′) and V680R (5′-GAAATTCTACCCCCCTCTACAG-3′) primers were utilized to quantify the Vibrio spp. [Vibrio rotiferianus WXL191 (our laboratory) and the preparation methods followed our previous work [2 values > 0.99.Genomic DNA was extracted according to the previous report . The extrio spp. , 44. Therio spp.  and Lianrio spp. . The staous work . qPCR waVibrio-specific 16S rRNA gene primers V169F (5′-GGATAACC/TATTGGAAACGATG-3′) and V680R (5′-GAAATTCTACCCCCCTCTACAG-3′) were utilized to determine the composition of Vibrio community [Vibrio spp. were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by QIIME2 software. The taxonomy of each OTUs representative sequences were assigned by local-blast against the SILVA v138 database (a minimum support threshold of 70%), and they were reassigned against the EzBioCloud database (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/) to acquire a more accurate taxonomic identification.The ommunity . The reaommunity . After community . Paired-ommunity . Moreoveommunity , 49. Thet-test. For Beta (β)-diversity, the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was performed at the OTU level by Canoco 5.0 software [Vibrio community structure. To reveal the relationship between environmental factors and microbial communities, Mantel test based on Pearson’s correlations was carried out by the “ggcor” package. To determine the relationship between Vibrio species, α-diversity, the abundance of Vibrio and various factors, the software IBM SPSS Statistica (v 23.0.) was operated to calculate Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Additionally, a null model analysis was carried out to quantify the relative contributions of different ecological processes, which was calculated using the “picante” package.To minimize biases associated with sequencing coverage, the number of sequences for each sample was homogenized to the lowest number  by running a script in R software. The differences of between separate groups of physicochemical parameters were calculated by Dunn's test. Alpha (α)-diversity was indicated by Shannon, Chao 1 and Simpsoneven indices, which were calculated using the “vegan” package. The differences between separate groups of samples were examined by software . The suba, TN, TP and pH varied significantly between Daya Bay and Xisha Islands , SS (2.61 ± 0.60 mg L−1) and Chl a (0.38 ± 0.34 μg L−1) were significantly lower in the Xisha Islands. However, the Xisha Islands featured higher temperature (30.84 ± 0.41 ℃) and TN concentration  were unique at the Xisha Islands. Detailed information on environmental parameters and coral numbers are provided in Additional file Water temperature, salinity, SS, Chl Vibrio abundance in the Xisha Islands (2.92 ± 0.78 lg copies/mL) was significantly higher than that in Daya Bay , representing an obvious spatial distribution pattern  based on a 97% sequence similarity level. And, the coverages of all samples were close to 99.9%, indicating that the current sequences could represent the real situation of Vibrio community in the studies sites.To analyze the diversity of the Vibrio were variable between the two areas , leading to a higher diversity level . Overall, correlation analysis demonstrated that Pocilloporidae, Agariciidae, Coscinaraeidae, Fungiidae, Plesiastreidae, Lobophylliidae and Euphylliidae were related to changes in α-diversity , and was more abundant in the Daya Bay than in the Xisha Islands . Furthermore, Vibrio sp. OTU30, P. leiognathi, P. aquimaris OTU37 and V. sagamiensis also had higher abundance at the Daya Bay (P < 0.05), whereas V. neocaledonicus, V. xuii, V. aquimaris, V. fortis, V. navarrensis, V. parahaemolyticus, V. ponticus, V. alginolyticus, V. maritimus, and V. stylophorae were more abundant at the Xisha Islands , Vibrio sp. OTU30 (P < 0.001), P. aquimaris OTU37 (P < 0.01), V. ponticus (P < 0.05) and P. aquimaris OTU530 (P < 0.01). Further, we calculated the niche widths of the top 30 OTUs to explore their adaptation. V. campbellii has the largest niche width, which may have the most adaptable to this environment  or stochastic (|βNTI|< 2) factors to community structure. According to the description of Stegen et al., ecological processes are divided into deterministic processes  and stochastic processes  . There wses Fig. a. The coses Fig. c.Fig. 6CVibrio is related to the health of corals, so that the dynamics of Vibrio spp. may be various between different coral environments. Previous reports on the ecological distribution of Vibrio spp. mostly focused on estuarine, bay, or general marine environments [Vibrio between coral rich (Xisha Islands) and coral poor (Daya Bay) environments. This is the first investigation regarding Vibrio distribution patterns and assembly mechanism in relation to coral species and density. Our study provides a foundation for study of the distribution dynamics of Vibrio associated with coral, and provides data support for coral conservation and restoration.Coral reefs are one of the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems on earth. The distribution patterns of microorganism in distinct coral environments often show differences , 53. Vibronments , 54, 55.Vibrio abundance in coral reef areas was 1.57 × 103 copies/mL  in the South China Sea [Vibrio. Moreover, the abundance of Vibrio in the Xisha Islands was higher than that in the Daya Bay  signal molecules to regulate the process to colonize coral under different environmental conditions [Vibrio and several corals in the Xisha Islands, while no correlation was found in the Daya Bay  in the southern South China Sea increased from about 0.28 to ~ 52.92% [Microbes in coral surrounding seawater are significantly different from those in ordinary seawater or sediments . In our hina Sea . These aBay Fig. a, b. Difnditions . We alsobundance . Bleachebundance , and corbundance , 63. It bundance . Indeed,~ 52.92% .Vibrio abundance. The importance of temperature in regulating Vibrio abundance has been widely reported [Vibrio spp. and Photobacterium spp. showed the ability of nitrogen fixation [Vibrio spp. and Photobacterium spp. may be involved in the nitrogen-fixing process in the sediments of the South China Sea, and Vibrio spp. may also be involved in the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium [Vibrio may co-exist with coral by participating in the nitrogen cycle process. We also found that the abundance of PA Vibrio in the Xisha Islands was higher than that in Daya Bay  and rpoS xenolog gene (rpoS2) [Paraphotobacterium marinum possesses the activity of a variety of enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), leucine arylamidase and acid phosphatase, which can utilize D-Glucose and D-maltose, and reduce nitrate to nitrite [V. caribbeanicus also has the activity of various enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase and esterase lipase (C8), and can use a variety of amino acids and sugars [Paraphotobacterium marinum and V. caribbeanicus may favor their growth in two areas.Microbes may have strong adaptabilities facilitating their wide spread across various marine environments . In the ectively , 45, 55.ironment . As a coironment , V. campnutrient . The envbstances , possessbstances , and exp (rpoS2) . Parapho nitrite . Similard sugars . The mulVibrio usually separated in various marine environments [V. campbellii, Paraphotobacterium marinum and V. caribbeanicus, the rest species  showed differences in their relative abundances between coral rich and poor areas  and poor areas (Daya Bay) by molecular approaches. The abundance of Vibrio in the Xisha Islands was significantly higher than that in Daya Bay, which may be related to the interaction with corals. Community composition analysis showed that coral might stimulate the growth of the whole Vibrio genus resulting in less species specificity, in which V. campbellii, Paraphotobacterium marinum and V. caribbeanicus with strong environmental adaptability were dominant in both two areas. However, there were still heterogeneity of these two areas as assessed through random forest. The indicator species of coral poor areas were mainly Photobacterium spp., whereas those in coral rich areas were dominated by Vibrio spp. The assembly mechanisms of Vibrio communities appeared dissimilarly between the two regions. In the coral poor areas, homogenizing selection and ecological drift dominated the assembly of Vibrio communities, whereas in the coral rich areas, only ecological drift dominated the assembly of Vibrio communities. Different number and species of corals, environmental  and spatial factors between these two coral reef environments may be the primary causes. However, our study only assessed the dynamics of Vibrio in the coral environments by molecular approaches, and the possible colonization status of Vibrio in corals should be further evaluated experimentally to enrich the background data of coral reef protection.We studied the distribution pattern and assembly mechanism of Additional file 1: Supplementary Material Figs. S1-S6, Tables S1-S5.


Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus is a pioneering model organism for stem cell biology, being one of only a few animals with adult pluripotent stem cells (known as i-cells). However, the unavailability of a chromosome-level genome assembly has hindered a comprehensive understanding of global gene regulatory mechanisms underlying the function and evolution of i-cells. Here, we report the first chromosome-level genome assembly of H. symbiolongicarpus (HSymV2.0) using PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding. The final assembly is 483 Mb in total length with 15 chromosomes representing 99.8% of the assembly. Repetitive sequences were found to account for 296 Mb (61%) of the total genome; we provide evidence for at least two periods of repeat expansion in the past. A total of 25,825 protein-coding genes were predicted in this assembly, which include 93.1% of the metazoan Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) gene set. 92.8%  of the predicted proteins were functionally annotated. The H. symbiolongicarpus genome showed a high degree of macrosynteny conservation with the Hydra vulgaris genome. This chromosome-level genome assembly of H. symbiolongicarpus will be an invaluable resource for the research community that enhances broad biological studies on this unique model organism. Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus is a colonial hydrozoan cnidarian species. The organism is distributed along the east coast of North America from Maine to South Carolina , including the feeding polyp (gastrozooid), reproductive polyp (gonozooid), and defensive polyp (dactylozooid), which are connected by the stolonal tissue, a shared gastrovascular system  assembly called Hsym_primary_v1.0 (https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/hydractinia/). The unavailability of a chromosome-level genome assembly has hindered investigation into many aspects of stem cell function in Hydractinia, such as promoter–enhancer interactions. As such, production of a chromosome-level genome assembly of H. symbiolongicarpus has been anticipated for a long time by the scientific community and will provide a comprehensive landscape of the genome.The genome size of H. symbiolongicarpus (HSymV2.0) using PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi) sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding. The final assembly is 483 Mb in total length with 15 chromosomes, representing 99.8% of the total assembly size. It will be an invaluable resource for studying molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying development, stem cells, regeneration, and their evolution.Here, we report the first chromosome-level genome assembly of H. symbiolongicarpus were maintained as described previously  feeding polyps of H. symbiolongicarpus were flash frozen and ground. Following the manufacturer's instructions, a Hi-C library was prepared using the Dovetail Omni-C kit . The insert size distribution of the Hi-C library was confirmed to be approximately between 350 bp and 1,000 bp using Agilent Fragment Analyzer (Agilent). The Hi-C library was sequenced with 150 bp paired-end reads using Illumina MiSeq by the Next Generation Sequencing core facility of the Vienna BioCenter.High-molecular weight genomic DNA was extracted from male feeding polyps (clone 291-10) of Statistics of the PacBio HiFi read quality were calculated using NanoPlot v1.41.0 (H. symbiolongicarpus (In order to anchor the contig sequences of the Hsym_primary_v1.0 assembly to the previously reported genetic linkage maps of gicarpus  with thegicarpus .http://www.repeatmasker.org) and the custom repeat library. A repeat-masked sequence of the HSymV2.0 assembly was also generated at this step. Finally, the output of RepeatMasker was summarized using the helper scripts from RepeatMasker v4.1.4. For comparison, repetitive sequences in the H. vulgaris strain AEP (A custom repeat library of the genome assembly was generated using RepeatModeler v2.0.4 (H. vulgaris strain 105 (GCA_022113875.1) from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome database; the genome sequence and annotation of H. vulgaris strain AEP (https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/HydraAEP/); and the genome sequence and annotation from the contig-level reference assembly of H. symbiolongicarpus (Hsym_primary_v1.0) from the Hydractinia Genome Project Portal (https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/hydractinia/). Protein sequences were generated from the reference genome sequences and the genome annotations using GffRead (The repeat-masked genome assembly of the HSymV2.0 assembly was used for gene predictions. We identified the protein-coding region and untranslated region (UTR) for each gene, with a combination of ab initio prediction, homology-based prediction, and transcriptome-based prediction using BRAKER2  colonies of gicarpus , the sam 13.2 kb . We perf Hifiasm . The tot Hifiasm . The max Hifiasm . The GC  Hifiasm . We also Hifiasm   of the HSymV2.0 assembly. The repetitive sequences are composed of total interspersed repeats (58.25%), simple repeats (0.70%), and others . The totxpansion . In contas shown , which wH. vulgaris and Hsym_primary_v1.0. For transcriptome-based prediction, publicly available RNA-seq reads were aligned to the assembly using the STAR aligner . This gene is a regulator of germ cell commitment  showed syntenic relationships suggesting the past interchromosomal translocations after the divergence between the species  were functionally annotated. The repeat and gene annotations of the genome assembly and comparative genome analysis between H. symbiolongicarpus and H. vulgaris highlight a unique genome evolution of H. symbiolongicarpus. Our novel chromosome-level genome assembly of H. symbiolongicarpus will be a significant resource for the biology of this organism. It also can be useful in comparative genomic studies in stem cell evolution in multicellular organisms.In summary, we performed de novo genome assembly of jkad107_Supplementary_DataClick here for additional data file.