In the non-ambulant group of patients, the MRI data of the lower legs muscles were characterized by a high inverse correlation  with tasks D3 and a noticeable inverse correlation  with tasks D1 of the MFM scale. Conclusion: The Motor Function Measure scale allows effective assessment of the motor capabilities of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy at different stages of the disease, which is confirmed by visualization of fibro-fatty muscle replacement. The research was aimed on the study of motor capabilities on the Motor Function Measure (MFM) scale in ambulant and non-ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and to conduct a correlation analysis between the results of the MFM scale and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. A total of 46 boys who had genetically confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy (age from 2.1 to 16.7 years) and were in clinical rehabilitation were investigated. An assessment was performed according to the Motor Function Measure scale , an MRI obtaining T1-VI of the muscles of the pelvic girdle was conducted, and the thighs and lower legs were further assessed in terms of the severity of fibrous-fat degeneration according to the Mercuri scale. In ambulant patients, the ability to stand up and move (D1) was 74.4%, axial and proximal motor functions (D2)—97.6%, distal motor functions (D3)—96.2%, and total score was 87.9%. In non-ambulant patients, the ability to stand up and move (D1) was 1.7%, axial and proximal motor functions (D2)—47%, distal motor functions (D3)—67.5%, and the total score—33.1%. A high inverse correlation (r = −0.7,  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe and common form among childhood muscular dystrophies due to a mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) ,2. The iCurrently, in the field of MR imaging of skeletal muscles, various quantitative methods for assessing the fibro-fatty degeneration of skeletal muscles in DMD and other neuromuscular diseases are widely used, such as three-point Dixon, T2 MSME, IDEAL-CPMG, etc., demonstrating high sensitivity in the dynamic monitoring of the disease progression. However, the presence of technical and software limitations in many clinics requires consideration of the possibilities of semi-quantitative methods for determining the severity of fat replacement as an alternative widely available assessment method ,30,31.Based on the foregoing, the aim of the study was to assess motor capabilities on the MFM scale in patients with DMD, and to conduct a correlation analysis between the results of the MFM scale and MRI data.A total of 46 patients (boys) with genetically confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy at the age from 2.1 to 16.7 years were examined. All patients were divided into 2 groups, depending on motor capabilities. The first group  consisted of 34 patients aged 2.1 to 11.5 years (mean age = 6.7 years). The second group (without the possibility of independent movement) consisted of 7 patients aged 10.2 to 16.7 years (mean age = 13.9 years).All patients were assessed for motor abilities on the Motor Function Measure (MFM) scale: tasks D1 (lifting and moving), D2 , D3 , and the total score, including all 3 groups of tasks. For subjects over 7 years old, a version of the scale consisting of 32 tasks (MFM-32) was used. For children under 7 years old, an abbreviated scale of 20 tasks was used (MFM-20).Magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscles for 32 patients was performed. The study was carried out on a Philips Ingenia 1.5T magnetic resonance imager using an external body coil with T1-VI . Investigation of the muscles of the pelvic girdle , hips , and lower legs  with two sides was performed. The data obtained on a semi-quantitative Mercuri scale were evaluated  [32]. SuThe MFM score was performed by a board-certified neurologist, one of the authors of this article who specializes in neuromuscular diseases and has received specialized training in the use of the MFM score. The same specialist, who has completed training in and has long-term experience of muscle MRI—including international internships and professional specialist certification—performed and assessed the MRI. In order to avoid errors, strict clinical evaluation of the patients was carried out before muscle MRI.For the sum of points on the Mercuri scale and the MFM scale , the average values were calculated and the Spearman correlation analysis was carried out with the assessment of the correlation strength on the Cheddock scale, and the level of statistical significance was calculated.Statistical analysis using the IBM SPSS 23.0 software (Statistics v.23) was performed. Means and confidence intervals were calculated. Correlation analysis of clinical data and age was carried out according to the Pearson method for the group with the preserved ability to move, and according to the Spearman method for the group without the ability to move. Correlation analysis of semi-quantitative MRI data was carried out according to the Spearman method.The research was performed in the clinic of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University from January 2017 to October 2020. The research was approved by the decision of the local ethics committee, protocol No. 1/2 of 16 January 2017. Several limitations in this study were considered. Firstly, among the 46 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, MRI muscle studies were performed only in 32 patients due to early childhood and behavioral disorders in some patients. Secondly, drug sedation was not performed during muscle MRI due to the high risk of rhabdomyolysis in patients with DMD. Thirdly, the study was performed including only the lower extremities in patients with DMD. At the same time, the Motor Function Measure scale allows you to comprehensively evaluate the functions of both the lower and upper limbs, which is of great importance when working with patients in the late stages of the disease. Carrying out a correlation analysis between the functions of the upper extremities and the severity of fatty muscle degeneration (according to MRI data of patients with advanced stages of the disease) will be relevant to future studies.Quantitative evaluation of FF (%) and water T2, as well as evaluation of the cross-sectional area, were also carried out by us. Nevertheless, according to the authors, due to the frequent technical and software limitations that are encountered in many centers, it is of great importance to evaluate the possibilities of alternative methods for assessing muscle damage, including semi-quantitative methods. MRI and clinical assessment were performed and evaluated by a specialist investigator. In addition, MRI data were evaluated by staff radiologists. In a blind comparison, the differences in scores were practically the same.n = 7). For statistical analysis, in this case nonparametric statistical methods were chosen in order to reduce the probability of error. The number of patients able to move makes it possible to obtain reliable information about the severity of the course of the disease.The small number of patients is due to the relatively low incidence of DMD  and a number of serious difficulties and limitations when working with patients at non-outpatient stages of the disease, which leads to a small sample  was noted, the average values of which were 96.2%. In terms of the functions of the proximal and axial departments (D2), the average values were 97.6%.The ability to lift and move (D1) in this group was reduced to 74.4%. The total score of motor capabilities averaged 87.9%. The group of patients incapable of walking was characterized by the highest preservation of the distal extremities (D3)  and proximal and axial muscles (D2) . The ability to lift and move (D1) averaged only 1.7%. The total score of motor capabilities was on average 33.1% .The average Mercuri score for a group of patients with intact mobility was 17 points for the pelvic muscles, 26.8 points for the muscles of the hips, 11.3 points for the muscles of the legs, and 55.0 points for the total score of the lower extremities . For a group of patients unable to move, the average values for the muscles of the pelvic girdle were 28.3 points, for the muscles of the hips 43 points, for the muscles of the legs 25.3 points, and for the total score of the lower extremities 96.6 points .p ≤ 0.01), as well as the sum of the MRI scores for the lower extremities  . Tasks D1 also showed a noticeable inverse correlation with the MRI data of the calf muscles . Tasks D2 were characterized by a noticeable inverse correlation with the results of MRI of the muscles of the pelvic girdle and hips . Assignments D3 also showed a noticeable inverse correlation with MRI of the leg muscles . When analyzing the total score of the MFM scale and the sum of the scores of the pelvic girdle, hips, and lower legs according to MRI, a noticeable inverse correlation was revealed   .p ≤ 0.05). Tasks D1 showed a noticeable inverse correlation with MRI of the leg muscles . No correlation was found between tasks D1 and the results of MRI of the muscles of the pelvic girdle and hips, as well as with the total score for the lower extremities (r = −0.3). Tasks D2 and the results of MRI of the muscles of the pelvic girdle and hips were characterized by moderate inverse correlation (r = −0.4). The total MFM score and the sum of the MRI scores  were characterized by a noticeable inverse correlation   .p ≤ 0.01), as well as a noticeable inverse correlation with the subsection D3 , were revealed. The age of patients incapable of independent movement was characterized by a high inverse correlation with all subsections and the total score of the MFM scale .During the correlation analysis, a high inverse correlation of the age of patients able to move with the subsections D1, D2, and the general score of the MFM scale , and a noticeable positive correlation with damage to the muscles of the legs . The age of patients unable to move was characterized by a high direct correlation with all MRI data   .At the late outpatient stage, the muscles of the pelvic girdle are characterized by heavy fat substitution of the gluteus maximus and middle muscles (stages 3 and 2b), as well as the muscles straining the fascia lata of the thigh (stage 2b), while the long and short adductor muscles are preserved . In the Comparative results of assessing the severity of fibro-fatty degeneration of muscles according to the Mercuri scale (point) of patients in accordance with clinical examples  are presThe study assessed the motor capabilities of patients with DMD who were capable or not capable of independent walking. In both groups, the greatest decrease in the ability to lift and move with the relative preservation of axial, proximal, and distal motor functions was revealed.It is known that ultrasound assessment of skeletal muscle with advanced quantitative image analysis can be an effective alternative method for assessing skeletal muscle in DMD, especially in early childhood, when MRI of muscles without anesthesia is not possible. However, this method has limitations due to the difficulty in assessing the deep muscles of the thighs and pelvic girdle. In older patients with DMD, this method may have significant limitations due to the fact that being overweight is associated with corticosteroid therapy .In the group of patients capable of independent walking, a decrease in the ability to lift and move (D1) was noted in tasks such as moving from a sitting position to a standing position, lifting from a chair, maintaining a standing position on one leg, tilting to the floor from a standing position, walking 10 steps on the heels, running a distance of 10 m, jumping on one leg, and squats. The decrease in axial and proximal motor functions (D2) was due to difficulties in performing tasks for lifting and tilting the head to the chest in the supine position, raising the legs in the supine position, and a coup from the back to the stomach. The decrease in the distal function indices (D3) was due to tasks involving extending the foot, as well as difficulties when trying to tear paper folded in four layers.In the group of patients incapable of independent walking, the ability to lift and move was 1.7%. The safety in this subsection was determined by the task of moving from a lying position to a sitting position due to compensatory movements, resting on hands, or completing a task through a sideways flip. The relative preservation of axial and proximal motor functions (D2) was due to tasks involving turning the head to the side in the supine position, holding the position while sitting on a chair, raising the head in the sitting position, raising the arms to the head in the sitting position, and extending the elbow and lifting both hands at the same time on the table. The decrease in distal functions (D3) in this group was mainly due to the extension of the foot, the holding of 10 coins in the hand, the inability to tear paper folded in four or two layers, and the supination of the brush.In our study, we performed a correlation analysis of the results of the MFM scale with the severity of fibro-fatty degeneration of the skeletal muscles of the pelvic girdle, thighs, and lower legs, estimated using the Mercuri scale, as well as with the age of the patients. A group of patients with intact mobility was characterized by a strong inverse correlation between the MFM scale and MRI results, which coincides with the data of Schmidt S., Hafner P., and others. The study showed a strong relationship between the results of quantitative MRI of skeletal muscles of the hips with the MFM scale  and a 6-min walk test. However, in this work, only children with the ability to move independently were examined at the age from 6.5 to 10.8 years (mean age—8.2 years) . AccordiThe data of our research coincide with the study, where a strong negative correlation of D1 indices and total MFM score (r = −0.9) with quantitative MRI of the thigh muscles was demonstrated . Howeverp < 0.05) with the NSAA scale. The results of our study also demonstrate a strong correlation of fibro-fatty degeneration of the muscles of the pelvic girdle, hips, and lower legs with motor abilities in patients at outpatient stages of the disease [Quantitative MRI of the skeletal muscles of the thighs and legs in DMD is a proven effective biomarker of the severity of the disease, an effective method for dynamic follow-up. Quantitative MRI has a good correlation with motor tests such as the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and time tests . One potential biomarker is vastus lateralis (VL) fat replacement. Additionally, quantitative MRI data showed a strong inverse correlation  when assessing according to the MFM scale. For patients without the ability to move independently, the most informative were tasks aimed at assessing axial and proximal (D2), as well as distal (D3) motor capabilities.The Motor Function Measure scale allows you to effectively assess the motor capabilities of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy at different stages of the disease, which is confirmed by visualization of fibro-fatty muscle replacement.p = 0.01). Quantitative MRI of the lower leg muscles was characterized by a noticeable and moderate strength of correlation with these scales and a high correlation with the age of the patients (p = 0.01).Correlation analysis in the study groups revealed the predominance of a high and noticeable strength of the relationship between quantitative MRI of the muscles of the pelvic girdle and hips with the MFM and MRC scales, as well as with the age of the patients (Semi-quantitative MRI of the muscles of the pelvic girdle, hips and lower legs in all studied groups was characterized by the predominance of a noticeable, moderate, and weak correlation with the MFM and MRC scales, and a high correlation with the age of patients.Semi-quantitative skeletal muscle imaging techniques may be an alternative method for assessing the severity of DMD in outpatient stages in the context of technical limitations, when it is impossible to perform a quantitative assessment. However, our study did not show a significant correlation in the non-ambulatory stages of DMD. This may be associated with severe motor impairment in the lower extremities in the later stages of the disease, and requires additional study of the shoulder girdle and further comparison with the results of the assessment of subsections D1 and D2 of the MFM scale or other scales for assessing the motor abilities of the upper extremities, for example, Performance Upper Limb.


Trpm8 gene expression in the anterior hypothalamus. Thermosensitive ion channel TRPM8 plays a critical role in the transduction of moderately cold stimuli that give rise to cool sensations. In normotensive animals, the activation of skin TRPM8 is known to induce changes in gene expression in the hypothalamus and induce alterations of thermoregulatory responses. In this work, in hypertensive rats, we studied the effects of activation of the peripheral TRPM8 by cooling and by application of a 1% menthol suspension on (1) the maintenance of body temperature balance and (2) mRNA expression of thermosensitive TRP ion channels in the hypothalamus. In these hypertensive animals, (1) pharmacological activation of peripheral TRPM8 did not affect the thermoregulatory parameters either under thermoneutral conditions or during cold exposure; (2) the expression of Trpm8 in the anterior hypothalamus approximately doubled  under the influence of (a) slow cooling and (b) at pharmacological activation of the peripheral TRPM8 ion channel. The latter fact seems the quite important because it allows the proposal of a tool for correcting at least some parameters that distinguish a hypertensive state from the normotensive one.ISIAH  rats are characterized by high blood pressure and decreased  According to a number of authors at present ,2,3,4,5,Trpm8 expression  cyclohexanol; cat. # M-2258, Sigma, Kawasaki, Japan} in saline was applied to the abdominal skin for 20 min. Control animals were subjected to a 20 min application of 1 mL of saline. The solutions for application and the tip of pipette for taking 1 mL were stored at 37 °C to avoid the accidental cooling of the abdominal skin.In the rats, the following parameters were measured: oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production , electrical activity of neck muscles (to assess shivering thermogenesis), rectal temperature , the temperature of the ear and tail skin (to assess the vascular response), and intradermal temperature in the cooled area (to control the rate of cooling and determine threshold skin temperatures of thermoregulatory reactions). All the studied parameters were registered continuously with an MP100 system (set of instruments) . Data preprocessing was performed in the AcqKnowlege software supplied with this system. The following changes during the cooling were defined as threshold values of changes: 0.1 °C for temperature, 1 mL/(min × kg) for oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion, and 1 µV for electrical muscle activity.Each anesthetized animal was restrained on a thermostated table and subjected to the following manipulations: application of one of the solutions (20 min), measurement of physiological parameters after the application of a solution  (5 min), cooling of the animal , and decapitation. The cooled animals were decapitated when their rectal temperature decline by 3 °C. Control animals (not exposed to the cold) were decapitated when the cooling was initiated in the experimental group.Six experimental groups of rats were set up: groups 1 and 2, animals treated with either saline or the 1% suspension of menthol; groups 3 and 4, animals subjected to rapid cooling after the application of either saline or menthol; groups 5 and 6, animals subjected to slow cooling after the application of either saline or menthol. There were 10 animals in each group, and only hypertensive rats were studied.tuber cinereum with its preoptic part, and mamillary bodies were excised at approximately 1.5 mm depth (the chiasma opticus and hypophysis were removed previously). The hypothalamus was subdivided into anterior and posterior parts by vertical cutting in the middle of the sample. Then, the tissue samples were placed in sterile tubes, frozen under liquid nitrogen, and stored at −70 °C until total RNA extraction.After decapitation, rat brains were rapidly removed on ice and the hypothalamic area, including the Tph1; this gene is not expressed in the brain) at the maximal number of cycles used in this study. All the primers utilized in this study were composed on the base of the sequences published in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) nucleotide database and were synthesized in the Biosan Company . The sequences of the primers, their characteristics, and the concentrations of genomic DNA used as an external standard for the quantitative determination of the mRNA level of thermosensitive TRP ion channels’ genes in the rat hypothalamus have been published earlier [Ppia), i.e., in copies/100 Ppia copies. The genomic Tph1 fragment was undetectable in the samples used in the present study.The expression of the TRP ion channel genes was assayed by the method of quantitative RT-PCR, described in detail previously ,36,37,38 earlier ,36,37,38t-test  and experimental (menthol suspension application) groups under the same temperature conditions; for comparison of identical parameters in saline application (or menthol suspension application) groups under different temperature conditions) and to multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher’s post hoc test for multigroup comparisons . A difference was considered significant at p < 0.05.Statistica 8 software package (StatSoft Russia) and Microsoft Excel software were employed for statistical analysis. The data are presented as mean ± SEM and were subjected to Student’s The results obtained in this study, together with the data provided during their discussion, indicate the important value of TRPM8 both in the elevation of blood pressure and in metabolic changes that can provoke hypertension as a metabolic disease. The activation of peripheral TRPM8 (by menthol or cooling) contributes to the normalization of some metabolic processes as well as the expression of the gene of this ion channel in hypothalamus. The activation of TRPM8 located in the gastrointestinal tract ,40 leads


It could be observed that the cubic compressive strength, axial compressive strength, and flexural strength increased and then decreased as the content of basalt fiber increased, while the permeability and porosity of the pervious concrete decreased with the increase in the basalt fiber content. The mesostructure of pervious concrete was also studied through industrial computed tomography (ICT); the testing phenomenon showed that the fibers had a significant influence on the arrangement of the aggregate, cement paste, and the interfacial transition zone, and excessive basalt fiber resulted in poor characteristics of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and inferior strength properties. It was found that incorporating a basalt fiber content of 4 kg/m3 could achieve a balance between the mechanical and physical properties of pervious concrete, which was suitable for structural applications.The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of fiber-reinforced pervious concrete. Ordinary cement, silica fume, coarse aggregate, and basalt fibers were used to produce the concrete mix. The fibers were mixed with pervious concrete at the levels of 0 kg/m Nowadays, various types of concrete gradually appear with the development of the economy, such as pervious concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete, and self-healing concrete ,2,3,4. AIn order to protect the environment, recycled aggregate is gradually being introduced as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregate ,13,14. T2 of the cement [Supplementary cementitious materials could improve the mechanical and physical properties of concrete due to the effects of microfilling and pozzolanic reactivity ,24. Amone cement . Chen ete cement  studied e cement  found the cement  observedBesides the silica fume, another technique that is being widely used is fiber reinforcement. The reinforcing fibers could not only improve the seismic behavior of the structure ,30, but 3, 4 kg/m3, 6 kg/m3, and 8 kg/m3) on the mechanical and physical performance of pervious concrete. This paper is an attempt to establish a balance between the strength and permeability of pervious concrete. The cubic compressive strength, axial compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, permeability, porosity, acidic corrosion behavior, and mesostructure of pervious concrete were studied. The compressive strength and flexural tensile strength increased and then decreased with higher amounts of basalt fiber, while the porosity and permeability decreased as the basalt fiber content increased. Therefore, basalt fibers could achieve enhanced improvement in the physical and mechanical performance of pervious concrete. The research methodology is given in In this paper, we further investigated the effect of basalt fiber with different levels of content , and the performance index provided by this company is given in Silicon fume is collected and treated from the smoke and dust escaping from the waste gas in the process of melting industrial silicon and ferrosilicon at high temperature in an electric furnace. Adding an appropriate amount of silica fume can improve the fluidity, compactness, and strength of pervious concrete. The silica fume was purchased from Henan Yuanheng Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd. , and the technical indexes given by the company are presented in The performance of pervious concrete is affected by the type, size, and porosity of the aggregate. In this paper, limestone was selected as the aggregate. The physical properties and grain size distribution of the aggregate were investigated, according to Chinese Code GB/T 14685-2011 , as presBasalt fiber could improve the mechanical and physical performance of concrete. The basalt fibers used in this paper were provided by Zhejiang Jinshi Co., Ltd. , and the material characteristics were tested and provided by the company, as shown in Polycarboxylate high-performance water reducer is used to reduce the water consumption in the preparation of pervious concrete, so as to improve the fluidity of the concrete. The Q8081PCA liquid equilibrium polycarboxylate acid high-performance water reducer was used in this paper, and the dosage of the water reducer was determined by the trial matching of the specimen. The water used in the pervious concrete was running water.3, 4 kg/m3, 6 kg/m3, and 8 kg/m3. The detailed mix design for the experiments is given in The impact of material additives was studied by adding basalt fiber into the concrete mix at the levels of 2 kg/mThe pervious concrete was designed to meet the requirements of Chinese Code CJJ/T 135-2009 . The cubTo fully investigate the compressive strength of the pervious concrete, two sizes of specimens were designed: (i). 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, (ii). 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm. The groups (i) and (ii) were used to obtain the cubic compressive strength, axial compressive strength, and flexural tensile strength of the pervious concrete, respectively. The failure patterns of the cubic specimens are given in 3, which increases by 24% compared to the control specimen. The red dashed line in The compressive strength of concrete is related to the shape of the specimen. The prism specimen can better reflect the actual compressive strength of concrete than that of cube samples. Therefore, the axial compressive strength of the pervious concrete was tested in this paper. The failure patterns of concrete prisms under the action of axial load are given in 3) to 20.63 MPa for a basalt fiber content of 4 kg/m3, and then decreases to 18.00 MPa for a basalt fiber content of 8 kg/m3. The results also indicate that the addition of basalt fiber can improve the axial compressive strength of pervious concrete.The effect of basalt fiber on the axial compressive strength of the pervious concrete is presented in Pervious concrete is inevitably subjected to flexural and tensile loads in the practical usage process. Therefore, it is essential to study the flexural tensile strength to prevent the appearance of cracks in pervious concrete. 3, and then the strength value decreases to 2.84 MPa for the basalt fiber content of 8 kg/m3. In CJJ/T 135-2009 [The effect of basalt fiber on the flexural tensile strength of the pervious concrete is presented in 135-2009 , it is sCombining the results of the cubic compressive strength, axial compressive strength, and flexural tensile strength, it could be concluded that the mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced pervious concrete can meet the requirements of CJJ/T 135-2009 , and thaT °C, Q is the amount of water seeping out within t seconds, L is the thickness of the specimen, A is the upper surface area of the specimen, H is the water level difference, and t is the time. The results of the calculation are shown in Cylinder specimens were prepared to obtain the permeability coefficient, as given in 3) and then slowly (2–8 kg/m3) with the increasing of the basalt fiber content. As can be seen, the permeability coefficient is roughly 2.9–7.1 mm/s, which is higher than the regulation of CJJ/T 135-2009 [As shown in 135-2009  , whose surface was at least 20 mm higher than the upper surface of the specimens, as shown in 3) is shown in The corrosion phenomenon of the specimens  was used to scan the specimen. The same trend can be seen from 3, 2 kg/m3, and 4 kg/m3), three failure modes could be observed, while for the specimens with a higher basalt fiber content (6 kg/m3 and 8 kg/m3), the failure was mainly along the ITZ. The same phenomenon could also be seen in the testing of axial compressive strength. Considering the changes in the strength value of mechanical performance, it could be concluded that the proper addition of basalt fiber helps to achieve the strength balance of the aggregate, cement paste, and the ITZ, which will ensure the strength of the specimen. Although excessive basalt fiber results in poor characteristics of the ITZ and inferior strength properties. As described in , perviouIt is widely accepted that porosity is vital to the mechanical performance and physical properties of pervious concrete. As described in the testing results of permeability and porosity, and taking the mesostructure of the fiber-reinforced pervious concrete into account, the addition of basalt fiber causes more cement to bond to the fibers, which blocks the pores in pervious concrete. It is also clear that porosity has a positive relationship with permeability, and the addition of basalt fibers does not change this trend. 3 (control samples) and 4 kg/m3, the cubic compressive strength and axial compressive strength increased by 24% and 39%, respectively, while the flexural tensile strength, permeability, and porosity were reduced by 17%, 42%, and 35%, respectively, with the 4 kg/m3 basalt fiber content. For the specimens for acidic corrosion of 0 day, 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days, the cubic compressive strength of the samples with a basalt fiber content of 4 kg/m3 was 21%, 12%, 14%, and 7% higher than that of the control specimens, respectively. All the testing results meet the requirements of specification, indicating that the optimum basalt fiber content should be determined as 4 kg/m3.In order to improve the physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete and promote the application of pervious concrete in actual construction, the optimum basalt fiber content should be established. Comparing the samples with a basalt fiber content of 0 kg/m3, 4 kg/m3, 6 kg/m3, and 8 kg/m3. The strength testing, porosity testing, permeability testing, and acid corrosion testing were conducted on the testing specimen. The following conclusions were made:3 increased by 24% and 39%, respectively.The incorporation of basalt fiber enhances the cubic and axial compressive strength, and the compressive strength increases and then decreases with the increasing of the basalt fiber content. Compared to the matrix without basalt fiber, the cubic and axial compressive strength of the matrix with a basalt content of 4 kg/m3 reduces by 17%.The contribution of basalt fiber to the flexural strength of the concrete matrix reduces with the increasing of the basalt fiber content. Compared to the control samples, the flexural tensile strength of the matrix with a basalt fiber content of 4 kg/m3 were 42% and 35% lower than those of the control samples.A pervious concrete matrix incorporating basalt fiber showed a lower permeability and porosity than that of the mix without fiber. Moreover, the permeability coefficient and the porosity of the pervious concrete with a basalt fiber content of 4 kg/m3, the cubic compressive strengths of the matrix with acidic corrosion of 0 day, 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days were 21%, 12%, 14%, and 7% higher than those of the control group, respectively. The compressive strength increased and then decreased with the increase in the corrosion time, and the addition of basalt fibers does not change this trend.For the concrete matrix with the basalt fiber content of 4 kg/mThe testing results of ICT scanning indicated that the basalt fiber obviously affects the distribution of the cement paste and aggregate, hence affecting the physical and mechanical properties of the pervious concrete. The optimum basalt fiber content can realize the balance between the cement paste, aggregate, and the ITZ.This study investigated the effect of basalt fiber on the physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete. To achieve the aim of this paper, the pervious concrete matrix was mixed incorporating basalt fiber at the level of 2 kg/mThe physical and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced pervious concrete could satisfy the requirements of CJJ/T 135-2009. The obtained results indicated that it is possible to investigate whether pervious concrete is suitable for structural application by the addition of basalt fiber, which can maximize the application of pervious concrete.


All patients underwent PDT of the cervix using a chlorin e6 photosensitizer; after which, the affected areas of the cervix were evaluated using video and spectral fluorescence diagnostics. PDT effectiveness was assessed on the basis of colposcopy data, a cytological examination of exo- and endocervix and PAP test scrapings or the liquid cytology method, and polymerase chain reaction for HPV carriage 4 weeks after PDT, as well as on the basis of histological and immunohistochemical studies of biopsy materials 5 weeks after PDT. The expression levels of the Ki-67 and p16 markers in the affected areas of the cervix were also assessed. (3) Results. All patients included in the study tolerated the intravenous administration of the photosensitizer well, with no side effects or allergic reactions observed. In 88.2% of patients with CIN III/HSIL and in 85.7% of women with preinvasive cervical cancer, the effect of the treatment was noted after the first PDT procedure, while complete regression of the dysplasia foci was observed in 15 women (88.2%) with CIN III/HSIL and in 25 patients (89.3%) with preinvasive cervical cancer. Partial regression to the form of LSIL/CIN I was noted in two cases (11.8%) in the CIN III/HSIL group and in three cases (10.7%) in the group of patients with preinvasive cervical cancer. After PDT, a statistically significant decrease in the expression of the Ki-67 and p16 levels relative to the initial values was noted. (4) Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the high efficiency of PDT with intravenous administration of the chlorin photosensitizer for the treatment of intraepithelial lesions of the cervix with a selective effect on pathologically altered tissue. The use of this approach makes it possible to preserve the normal anatomical and functional characteristics of the cervix, which is especially important for maintaining the fertility of patients. Cervical cancer (CC) remains one of the most common oncological diseases of the female reproductive system ,2. CerviAccording to the 2014 WHO classification, CIN lesions are classified as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) . Most clSince HPV infection is often diagnosed in women of childbearing age with a high probability of reinfection after treatment, it seems necessary to search for and test the application of alternative treatment methods for precancerous cervical changes that would be no less effective than traditional approaches but with a lower incidence of side effects ,11,12,13It was shown that the selective effect of PDT in areas of photosensitizer accumulation triggers the destruction of tumor tissue. At the same time, PS has a minimal effect on nearby areas of healthy tissues due to its more pronounced accumulation in tumor tissues compared to healthy ones. Nowadays, the method has proven itself in the treatment of a number of skin and mucous membranes diseases, the uses of which, in these cases, are characterized by high clinical efficacy and safety ,14. The The use of PDT has shown effectiveness in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by HPV-HCR, including genital warts, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia ,18,19. HActive screening among the female population for precancerous lesions and their treatment, if detected, especially in developing countries, provides very high chances of reducing mortality from CC. Given the rather high prevalence of CC in young patients of reproductive age, this determines the importance of maintaining fertility when using this method of treatment. At the same time, reports on the use of the proposed method of treatment for severe intraepithelial squamous lesions of CIN and carcinoma in situ (CIS) are isolated and unorganized.All this indicates the need for an in-depth analysis of the results of the PDT use in precancerous lesions of the cervix and CC in order to improve the clinical efficacy and safety of this treatment.The term “phototheranostics” refers to the combined use of spectral and video fluorescence diagnostics methods and treatment using PDT. This is an effective, relatively safe, minimally invasive treatment and diagnostic method for precancerous changes in the cervical epithelium, the use of which makes it possible to achieve the eradication of HPV infection as well.According to the results of a previous study on the effectiveness of intraepithelial cervical lesions and neoplasia treatment, including preinvasive, microinvasive, and squamous CC associated with HPV infection, based on the use of the phototheranostics method, a high clinical efficacy and safety of this approach was demonstrated . ConsideThe aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of using the method of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of severe intraepithelial squamous lesions of the cervix and CIS associated with HPV infection in women of reproductive age.The study was conducted at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Clinical Hospital No. 1. It included 45 patients aged 22–49 years with morphologically confirmed HPV-associated severe intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix and CIS. The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of the L.L. Levshin on the basis of the University Clinical Hospital No. 1 of Sechenov University. All patients signed informed consent to participate in the study.The distribution of the patients according to the characteristics of their lesions is shown in Intraepithelial lesions of the cervix were verified using histological and cytological methods determined before PDT.Prior to PDT, the following oncogenic HPV types were identified in all patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR): in 18 patients (40.0%)—type 16, in 14 women (31.1%)—type 18, in 6 patients (13.4%)—type 33, in 2 patients (4.4%)—type 11, in 3 patients (6.7%)—type 35, and in 2 patients (4.4%)—type 56 .® . The maximum accumulation contrast of Ce6 in the tumor tissue was observed 2–3 h after intravenous injection.Patients were administered a chlorin e6 photosensitizer 2 h before the procedure. In this study, the active substance of the photosensitizer is the imegluminum chlorinum e6 sodium salt of chlorin e6 (Ce6)—Fotoditazin ®—1 mg/kg of body weight—was dissolved in 200 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Two hours before the start of the procedure, each patient was infused with a solution, prepared ex tempore, intravenously for 30 min, which was administered in a darkened room. The patients were instructed about the importance of observing a strict light regimen: avoiding exposure to direct sunlight, insolation, viewing gadgets, the need to reduce the brightness on the phone screen to a minimum, use of sunglasses, and UVA/UVB SPF sunscreens from the moment the solution with a photosensitizer was introduced until 48 h after the PDT procedure.The calculated dose of Fotoditazin Of the possible side effects of the drugs, it should be noted: an increase in body temperature (37–38 °C) for 30 min, pain in the area of impact of laser irradiation, increased blood pressure in patients with concomitant diseases of the cardiovascular system, mild phototoxicity of the skin in the form of hyperemia, and allergic reactions. The half-life of the drug, according to the instructions, is 12 h; 28 h after intravenous administration, trace amounts of the drug were found in the blood.PDT of the cervix was performed in the operating room under intravenous anesthesia. A targeted biopsy of the affected areas of the cervical mucosa was performed using video fluorescence imaging. A two-channel fluorescent video system was used to perform video fluorescence diagnostics . The vidBefore the diagnostics, each patient underwent normalization of the contrast index in the area with the lowest fluorescent signal , which was assigned a contrast index value of 10 rel. units. Video fluorescence diagnostics at the beginning of the study made it possible to identify areas of the highest PS accumulation, which is typical for pathologically altered tissues (contrast index > 10 rel. units). After preliminary processing of the external genital organ’s skin, the vaginal mucosa, and the vaginal portion of the cervix under aseptic conditions, the cervix is exposed in the mirrors.With the help of a fiber spectrometer, normal and pathologically altered cervical tissue (ectocervix and endocervix) were assessed with a quantitative measurement of the contrast indices at several points .For spectral fluorescence diagnostics, a fiber spectrometer with PS fluorescence excitation by a He-Ne laser  was used. Spectral fluorescence diagnostics was performed using a Y-shaped optical fiber. In the process of diagnosis, the fluorescence spectra of normal and pathologically altered cervix tissue were assessed . RegistrPhototheranostics was performed in several stages: first, a solution of a chlorin e6 photosensitizer was injected into the patient’s body; then, the affected areas of the cervix were assessed using video fluorescence and spectral fluorescence diagnostics. The studied areas were periodically washed of blood or sanies secretions. After that, the tumor tissue, which accumulated in the photosensitizer, was treated with light radiation with the appropriate wavelength directly with PDT.2 and, for the columnar epithelium of the cervical canal, 200 J/cm2. The average power density for impact on the cervical tissue was 0.29 W/cm2 and, for the cervical canal, 0.25 W/cm2. To irradiate the endocervix, an optical fiber with a cylindrical diffuser 15 mm long was used, which made it possible to carry out equable irradiation along the entire surface of the cervical canal. After polypositional therapy of the ectocervix with laser radiation with a spot diameter of 1–1.5 cm and the endocervix, contrast indices were quantitatively recorded at the same points of normal and pathologically altered cervix tissue (ectocervix and endocervix) by the spectral fluorescence method.PDT was performed using a semiconductor laser source with a generation wavelength of 660 ± 5 nm and an output power of up to 2 W. The doses of light energy during PDT of the mucous vaginal portion of the cervix amounted to 250–300 J/cmPS photobleaching was calculated by analyzing the fluorescence indices before and after PDT, which made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy. In the case of insufficient photobleaching of PS, additional irradiation was performed. According to the results of a number of studies, photobleaching at the level of 50–70% is the most effective ,24,25,26All procedures for the assessment and processing of fluorescence spectra were performed using the Uno Momento program developed in the Laboratory of Laser Biospectroscopy of the GPI RAS.In all patients included in the study, images of the cervical mucosa were obtained before and after PDT in three modes: black and white (fluorescent), color, and combined.The effectiveness of phototheranostics in the treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix was assessed based on the data of extended colposcopy, cytological examination of exo- and endocervix and PAP test scrapings or the liquid cytology method, and real-time PCR for HPV carriage 4 weeks after PDT, as well as according to the results of the histological verification and immunohistochemistry of the biopsy material 5 weeks after the end of the PDT course.While conducting histological and immunohistochemical research methods, the expression levels of markers Ki-67 and p16 were evaluated. As material for the study, a biopsy sample of the cervical mucosa was used, which was fixed in 10% buffered pH-neutral formalin and subjected to the standard automated histological processing. Micro-preparations were stained with hematoxylin–eosin. With light microscopy, the degree of squamous epithelial lesion (degree of dysplasia) was assessed in accordance with the WHO classification of Tumors 5th edition Female Genital Tumor.Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies of CINtec p16  and Ki-67  was performed on a BENCHMARK XT immunohistotainer . The expression of p16 was defined as positive, while a “blocky”, strong nuclear, and cytoplasmic expression in a continuous segment of cells (at least 10–20 cells), Ki-67 was defined as the percentage of nuclei with positive staining in the epithelial layer.Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the StatSoft STATISTICA 10  and Microsoft Excel 2016 software packages . The distribution normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Continuous quantitative parameters were presented as the median and lower and upper quartiles: Me . Comparison of the indicators in related samples was carried out using the Wilcoxon test.p < 0.05.For all qualitative indicators, the frequency of occurrence of signs as a percentage of the number of groups was calculated. Frequency comparisons were performed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for pairwise comparisons. Differences were considered significant at All patients included in the study tolerated intravenous PS administration. There were no side effects or allergic reactions. In six women, slight phototoxicity of the skin was noted within a day after the injection, which manifested in the form of hyperemia, but the symptoms quickly stopped without taking any measures within 2 days.In 15 out of 17 patients with CIN III/HSIL (88.2%), the effect of the treatment was noted after the first PDT procedure and, in 2 women (11.8%), after the second therapy session . In the An analysis of the treatment results showed that complete regression of the dysplasia foci was observed in 15 women (88.2%) with severe intraepithelial squamous lesions and in 25 patients (89.3%) with CIS . At the In 35 (78.7%) women, according to the cytological examination, they had a normal cytological picture of NILM 6 weeks after the first course of phototheranostics, and the remaining 10 (21.3%) cases had a mild squamous intraepithelial lesion of the cervix—CIN I/LSIL. Of the six patients who underwent a second course of phototheranostics after 6 weeks, according to the cytological conclusion, NILM was observed in four (66.7%) cases and CINI/LSIL in two (33.3%) cases. After 3 months, 2 patients (4.4%) had cytologically verified LSIL, and the remaining 43 (95.2%) women had NILM. In all patients, the normal cytological picture of NILM was determined cytologically after 6, 9, and 12 months.In all patients, HPV elimination was recorded according to the DNA-PCR amplification method of the cervical canal detachable. In all patients after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, HPV was also not detected.An analysis of the results of a colposcopy after PDT showed that the number of patients with abnormal signs in the CIN III/HSIL group was two (11.7%) cases, and among patients with CIS, one (3.6%) . Thus, tAccording to the extended colposcopy performed before PDT, during a test with a 3.5% solution of acetic acid, abnormal signs were observed in the form of a dense aceto-white epithelium, rough puncture, and rough mosaic in 15 out of 17 patients with subsequent histologically confirmed CIN III\HSIL neoplasm and in 27 out of 28 patients with CIS, as well as iodine-negative zones in the Schiller test. In two patients with CIN III\HSIL and in one patient with CIS, mild signs of cervical lesions were noted in the form of delicate mosaics, punctures, and thin acetowhite epithelium.The results of the colposcopy performed after the first course of PDT showed that 15 out of 17 patients with CIN III\HSIL and 27 out of 28 patients with CIS had normal colposcopic pictures with the absence of acetowhite epithelium in a sample with a 3.5% solution acetic acid and iodine-negative zones in the Schiller test. In two patients with CIN III\HSIL and in one patient with CIS after the first PDT procedure, mild signs of cervical lesions were revealed in the form of delicate mosaics, punctures, and thin acetowhite epithelium.After 3 months, three patients (6.6%) had mild cervix lesions in the form of delicate mosaics and thin acetowhite epithelium. After 6 months, two patients (4.4%) were found to have mild cervix lesions in the form of a thin acetowhite epithelium. After 9 and 12 months, all patients were diagnosed with a normal colposcopic picture.The results of the immunohistochemical analysis are presented in p < 0.05) relative to the initial values, amounting to 30.0 % in women with severe intraepithelial squamous cell lesions; in the group of patients with CIS, the value of the indicator was 29.0 %.The study of the dynamics of Ki-67 expression showed high levels of this marker in both groups before treatment; the median values were 84.0  and 85.0 (85.0) % . After PAn assessment of the dynamics of p16 expression also indicated its sharp decrease after the treatment with PDT. Before treatment, the values of this indicator were 97.0  and 96.0 % in the CIN III/HSIL and CIS groups, respectively, while, after PDT, the p16 expression was not determined .In general, the obtained results indicated the high efficiency of PDT with intravenous administration of the chlorin PS for the treatment of intraepithelial lesions of the cervix with a selective effect on the pathologically altered tissue.Since CC dominates in the structure of malignant tumors in women aged 15–39 years, it is important to improve the treatment methods of precancerous cervical pathologies and early invasive CC ,3,4,5. TPhototheranostics is an alternative organ-preserving therapeutic approach to cancer treatment. The method is based on a combination of selective PS accumulation in pathological foci and the specific damaging effect of laser radiation on malignant cells or foci of precancerous tissue. This method provides the possibility of its repeated application ,10,11,12The results obtained in the course of the present work indicate the high efficiency of phototheranostics with intravenous administration of chlorin PS in the treatment of intraepithelial cervical lesions and CIS. It has been established that, in 85–88% of patients, a complete effect is observed already after the first session of phototheranostics; in 88–89% of cases, a complete regression of lesions on the cervical mucosa is achieved.Our data are consistent with the results of other authors. Thus, systematic reviews performed to date show that the rate of complete remission during PDT for CIN and cervical HPV infection is 81.0% (from 31.3 to 100%) and 80.4% (range 53.4–94.4%), respectively ,21. One In a study performed by Su Y. et al. (2021), the clinical efficacy and safety of PDT with 5-ALA in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia was evaluated. A retrospective analysis of 48 patients diagnosed with CIN and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia who underwent PDT with 5-ALA was performed. It was found that the rate of complete remission in patients after treatment was 88.64% (39 out of 44) 3–6 months after treatment, while the overall HPV clearance rate was 46.34 and 60.98% after 3 and 12 months of follow-up, respectively. It is noteworthy that atypical lesions of the vessels and the endocervical canal significantly affected the effectiveness of PDT with 5-ALA. In addition, five patients had residual lesions (11.36%) during follow-up, and one patient had a relapse (2.56%) .2 and power density 400–500 mW/cm2). Thirty days after treatment, conization of the cervix with curettage of the cervical canal was performed, evaluating the results of the PDT. According to the results of the histological examination of the postoperative material, the effect of the treatment in four patients was assessed as complete regression, seven patients had small foci of CIN I, and one patient had a foci of CIN II. In 8 out of 10 HPV-positive patients, complete eradication of HPV was obtained after the treatment. No serious adverse events were reported during the irradiation procedure.Currently, PDT is mainly used to treat patients with CIN I–II. The limited use of the method in severe cervix dysplasia is due, in most cases, to fears of malignancy ,29,30,31The authors concluded that the pronounced therapeutic effect, high antiviral activity, and good tolerability make it possible to consider PDT an alternative organ-preserving treatment for early CC and CIN .2). The result of the treatment in 26 (86.7%) patients was qualified as a complete regression of the tumor and in 4 (13.3%) as a partial regression. In groups with a clinical diagnosis of cervical erosion, stage II dysplasia and carcinoma in situ complete regression was observed in all cases. In the group with stage III dysplasia, complete regression after the first course of PDT was achieved in 77% of patients and, in women with CC stage Ia, in 75% of patients. No adverse reactions associated with the use of radachlorin or PDT were recorded during treatment and follow-up [Filonenko E.S. et al. (2015) presented the results of a clinical study on the effectiveness of PDT with radachlorin in patients with precancerous and neoplastic cervical pathology. The study enrolled 30 patients, including 4 patients with cervical erosion, 5 patients with stage II dysplasia, 13 patients with stage III dysplasia, 4 patients with carcinoma in situ, and 4 patients with a diagnosis of CC stage Ia. Radachlorin was administered once intravenously as a 30-min infusion at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight 3 h before irradiation (wavelength 662 nm, energy density 300–350 J/cmollow-up .Thus, our data, as well as literature data, confirm that the high selectivity of the effect on the affected tissues of the cervix, the low risk of developing serious adverse reactions and complications, the short period of systemic photosensitivity, and high therapeutic efficacy favorably distinguish PDT with Ce6 from the traditional methods of treatment CIN III/HSIL and CIS, which are based on the local destruction of affected tissues. PDT using Ce6 is an effective, relatively safe, and minimally invasive method of treatment.The results of the study indicate that the phototheranostic method is a clinically effective and safe integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of CIN and CIS. The performance of spectral and video fluorescent diagnostics and simultaneous PDT contribute to the successful treatment of neoplasia foci on the cervical mucosa and the elimination of the etiological factor—HPV. In this case, a selective effect is proceeded on pathologically altered tissue sections of this area, which does not cause damage to the normal surrounding tissues, coarse scarring, and stenosis of the cervical canal. Thus, the use of PDT makes it possible to preserve the normal anatomical and functional characteristics of the cervix, which ensures the preservation of fertility in the considered group of patients. It also confirms a number of advantages of the diagnostic and treatment approach used in the present work for severe intraepithelial cervical neoplasia and CC compared to alternative methods of treatment such as ablation, excision, and conization of the cervix.


The main function zone (MFZ) is the major strategy of China’s economic development and ecological environment protection. Clarifying the logical relationship between “MFZ strategy” and “territorial spatial layout” is vital to construct regional economic layout and territorial spatial supporting system of high-quality development. However, few studies have revealed the evolution process and formation mechanism of the production-living-ecological space (PLES) structure of China’s MFZ over a long period of time. To bridge the gap, based on the land use dataset in China from 1980 to 2020, this study analyzed the evolution patterns of PLES in China’s MFZs using multiple methods and measured the formation mechanism of PLES in different types of MFZs with the GeoDetector model. Results showed that the spatial structure of China’s national territory has evolved drastically in the past 40 years, showing significant horizontal regional differentiation and vertical gradient differentiation. Ecological space has been continuously decreasing, while production space and living space have been continuously increasing, and the evolution of PLES varied significantly in different MFZs. During the study period, the gravity center of PLES in China all moved westward. The spatial distribution pattern of production space and living space was from northeast to southwest, and the ecological space was from east to west. The evolution of China’s territorial spatial structure was subject to the combined effects of natural and socio-economic factors, exhibiting significant differences in different MFZs. Land use intensity had the most prominent influence on the formation of PLES, followed by elevation. The influences of different factors on PLES structure were strengthened mainly through two types of nonlinear enhancement and dual-factor enhancement. This study can provide scientific support for the optimal management and high-quality development of territorial space in China. Outline of the People’s Republic of China 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035 put forward the further implementation of regional major strategy, regional coordinated development strategy, main function zone (MFZ) strategy to improve the system of regional harmonious development mechanism, and achieve high-quality development of the regional economic layout and the supporting system for the territorial spatial development [National Plan for Main Function Zones issued by the State Council and the Plan for China’s Main function Zoning (V1.0), the MFZs are divided into optimized development zone, key development zone, restricted development zone, and prohibited development zone according to their development modes [The past 40 years has witnessed remarkable achievements in China’s socio-economic development and has also brought about drastic changes in territorial spatial pattern ,2. The lelopment . How to elopment . The plaelopment ,9. The Melopment . Since telopment . Accordint modes ,12. The nt modes .Pieces of previous research have been conducted on the MFZ, mainly focusing on the conceptual theory ,14,15,16PLES is the carrier and path of territorial spatial optimization, which can not only reflect the development and utilization orientation of national strategy at the level of territorial space but also mirror the public’s real demands for PLES . Land isChina is a vast country with significant regional differences in natural environment, resource endowment, stage, and characteristics of socio-economic development. It is vital to explore the evolution process of PLES structure and regional differentiation mechanism of China’s MFZ over a long period of time for the construction of high-quality regional economic layout and territorial spatial support system . Therefohttp://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 12 July 2022). Based on Landsat TM/ETM and Landsat 8 remote sensing images, this dataset was generated by Liu et al. through manual visual interpretation with 5-year interval [https://www.worldpop.org/, accessed on 12 July 2022), with a resolution of 100 × 100 m. The data of MFZ used in this study were derived from the National Planning for MFZ issued by The State Council and the Plan for China’s Main Function Zoning (V1.0) [The data of 1 × 1 km land use data in China in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were obtained from Resources and Environmental Science and Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (RESDC)  . To fullCurrent Land Use Classification (GB/T21010-2007), classified the PLES in China, and constructed the classification system of PLES in China for specific reference [Building a scientific and reasonable classification system of PLES is the premise and basis for studying the structural evolution of PLES . Territoeference ,48,49,50ijS is the area of category i territorial spatial type at the early stage of the study converted to category j territorial spatial type at the late stage of the study; n is the number of types of territorial spatial utilization.The national spatial transfer matrix takes the land use transfer area as the matrix, reflecting the structure and current situation of the dynamic change of land use . TransfeLandscape pattern metrics can well represent landscape dynamics and functions ,53. The ix, iy) is the geometric center coordinate of county unit i; iw is the weight; θ is azimuth; δx and δy are, respectively, the standard deviation along the major axis and the minor axis.Standard deviation ellipse method can quantitatively and accurately reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of geographical and socio-economic elements, such as centrality, spatial range, and evolution direction, through the parameters of ellipse center, long axis, short axis, azimuth angle, and flattening ,60. In tD,HP is the detection power indicator of factors influencing the differentiation of PLES, and it values 0~1. If the independent variable has stronger explanatory power to the dependent variable, the value of D,HP will be higher. N and hN are the number of sample units in the study area and the number of sample units in the sub-level area, respectively. L is the number of layers or partitions of independent variables or dependent variables; σ2 and hσ2 are the variances of the whole region and the sub-region. GeoDetector mainly includes four detectors, namely factor detection, interaction detection, risk area detection, and ecological detection. This study focused on the formation mechanism of PLES detection, so factor detection and interaction detection are selected for quantitative elaboration and analysis. The types of interaction between two factors can be divided into the following five categories , normalized difference vegetation index , population density (X3), annual average temperature (4X), annual average precipitation (X5), and average elevation (X6) were selected from two aspects of natural factors and socio-economic factors. Socio-economic factors mainly include X1 and X3, among which X1 can effectively measure the intensity of human activities [X3 is used to represent the pressure of population pressure on territorial space development and utilization [X2 was used to characterize the effect of vegetation growth on PLES structure. X4 and X5 are used to represent the influence of climate factors on the evolution of territorial spatial structure, while X6 is used to represent the impact of topographic factors on territorial spatial evolution [Referring to previous studies, territorial spatial evolution is formed under the comprehensive action of natural and socio-economic factors ,49,64. Itivities . X3 is ulization . X2 was From 1980 to 2020, ecological space played an absolutely dominant role in China’s territorial space, accounting for a significantly higher proportion than production space and living space. During the study period, the proportion of ecological space continued to decrease from 79.87% in 1980 to 78.40% in 2020. Production space and living space continued to increase, with production space increasing from 18.67% in 1980 to 19.30% in 2020 and living space from 1.46% in 1980 to 2.29% in 2020 . There aDuring the study period, the production space of different types of MFZs varied greatly. The proportion of production space in optimized development zone was the highest (>50%) and showed a gradual decline trend, followed by the proportion of production space in key development zone (>36%), which also showed a continuous decline trend. The proportion of production space in restricted development zone (key eco-function zone) is <10%, and the proportion of production space in restricted development zone  is approximately 30%, both showing a continuous increase trend. During the study period, the living space of different types of MFZs showed an overall increasing trend. The living space proportion of restricted development zone (key eco-function zone) was the lowest (<0.60%), followed by restricted development zone , which accounted for <4%; while the living space proportion of optimized development zone was the highest, which increased from 9.90% in 1980 to 22.28% in 2020.Owing to its vast territory, complex terrain, and diverse climate, China’s territorial space utilization types are significantly different. Production space and living space showed similar spatial distribution patterns during the study period, mainly distributed in the east of Hu line . Specifi2 and 251,574.11 km2, respectively. The area of grassland ecological space converted to other space was the largest, reaching 681,424.70 km2. Meanwhile, the area of other space converted to grassland ecological space was also the largest, reaching 672,171.73 km2. The area of agricultural production space converted to other space reached 578,143.31 km2. The conversion of industrial and mining production space to other space was the smallest, and the area of other space to forestland ecological space was also relatively large, reaching 543,864.98 km2. From 1990 to 2000, the conversion of forestland ecological space to agricultural production space, forestland ecological space to grassland ecological space, and other ecological space to grassland ecological space were relatively evident, accounting for 21.95%, 21.34%, and 18.19% of the national spatial transformation area, respectively. From 1990 to 2000, the area of grassland ecological space converted to other space was the largest, reaching 695,586.91 km2, followed by agricultural production space and forestland production space converted to other space, reaching 582,231.59 km2 and 555,507.73 km2. The grassland ecological space converted from other space was the largest, reaching 668,095.14 km2, followed by the agricultural production space and forestland ecological space converted from other space, reaching 611,079.11 km2 and 543,198.54 km2, respectively.Based on the conversion of PLES between 1980 and 2020, this study visualized land use transition matrices of four periods by using Sankey diagram . From 192, followed by the agricultural production space converted to other space, reaching 607,092.58 km2. From 2010 to 2020, the area of other space converted to grassland ecological space was the largest, reaching 7,760,669.25 km2, followed by other space to other ecological space and agricultural production space, 615,643.26 km2 and 603,473.00 km2, respectively.From 2000 to 2010, grassland ecological space turned into agricultural production space, agricultural production space turned into urban living space, and grassland ecological space turned into forestland ecological space, accounting for 11.94%, 9.51%, and 7.94% of the transformation area of territorial space from 2000 to 2010, respectively. From 2010 to 2020, the transition between other ecological space and grassland ecological space was the most intense, accounting for 28.73% of the national spatial transformation area from 2010 to 2020, followed by grassland ecological space to forestland ecological space, accounting for 9.73% of the national spatial transformation area. From 2010 to 2020, the area of grassland ecological space converted to other space was 1,066,650.67 kmDuring the study period, the proportions of industrial and mining production space, urban living space, and rural living space continued to increase, while the water ecological space decreased from 1980 to 1990 and continued to increase from 1990 to 2020. From 1980 to 2000, the agricultural production space increased continuously, and then decreased continuously in the following 20 years. On the contrary, the forestland ecological space decreased continuously from 1980 to 2000 and increased continuously in the following 20 years. During the study period, grassland ecological space continued to decrease, while other ecological space showed a general decline trend. The COHESION index of ecological space was significantly higher than that of living space and production space, and the COHESION index of rural living space was the lowest b. DuringBased on Equations (2)–(5), this study drew the standard deviation ellipse of PLES in China from 1980 to 2020, which was used to analyze the overall patterns of China’s territorial spatial distribution and its spatial movement direction . ProductX1 had the most prominent influence on the formation of PLES, while other influencing factors had significant differences in different regions. Specifically, from a national scale, the impact of X1 on PLES gradually increased during the study period, and the similar impact of X2 on PLES also gradually increased. The impact of X3 on ecological space was greater than that of living space and production space, while the impact of X4, X5, and X6 on ecological space was stronger than that of production space and living space. In major agricultural producing areas, the impact of X2 on living space was significantly lower than that of production space and ecological space. Similar to the national scale, the impact of X3 on ecological space was higher than that of living space and production space. The impact of X4 on living space was stronger than that of production space and ecological space, while the impact of X5 on living space was lower than that of production space and ecological space. The impact of X6 on PLES was lower than that of X1, and the impact of X6 on production space was lower than that of living space and ecological space.Based on Equation (6), this study explored the mechanism of territorial spatial regional differentiation in the whole country and four types of MFZs. The results showed that the evolution of PLES structure in China was influenced by natural and socio-economic factors. In general, X2 and X3 on production space and living space in 2000 was significantly higher than that in 2010 and 2020, while the impact of X2 and X3 on ecological space in 2010 and 2020 was significantly higher than that in 2000. The impact of X4 on ecological space was higher than that of production space and living space, the impact of X5 on production space was significantly higher than that of living space and ecological space, and the impact of X6 on living space was the biggest. In key development zone, the impact of X2 on production space and living space was significantly higher than that of ecological space, and the impact of X3 on ecological space was significantly higher than that of living space and production space. The impact of X4 and X5 on living space was significantly lower than that of production space and ecological space. The impact of X6 on ecological space was significantly higher than that of living space and production space. In key eco-function zone, the impact of X2 on PLES increased gradually, while the impact of X3 on production space and ecological space gradually decreased, and the impact on living space gradually increased. The impact of X4 and X5 on production space were higher than those of ecological space and living space, and the impact of X6 on ecological space was significantly higher than those of production space and living space.In the optimized development zone, the impact of each influencing factor on PLES fluctuated greatly in different years. Specifically, the impact of X1 and other factors was significantly stronger than the interaction between other factors During the study period, China’s ecological space was absolutely dominant, and its proportion continued to decrease, while the production space and living space continued to increase. There were significant differences in the proportion of PLES in different types of MFZs.(2)During the study period, the conversion between land types was frequent, among which the conversion between grassland and other land use spaces was the most frequent. From 1980 to 2000 and 2000 to 2010, the largest conversion was grassland ecological space to other space, and from 2000 to 2010, it was the grassland ecological space to agricultural production space; while from 2010 to 2020, other land use space converted to grassland ecological space was the largest.(3)During the study period, the COHESION index of ecological space was significantly higher than that of living space and production space, and the COHESION index of rural living space was the lowest. The PD index of agricultural production space and grassland ecological space was high, while the ENN_MN of industrial and mining production space and urban living space was relatively large.(4)The spatial distribution pattern of production space and living space was northeast to southwest, and the spatial distribution pattern of ecological space was east to west. There was a gradual shift of the PLES to the west during the study period.(5)The land use intensity had the most prominent influence on the formation of PLES, and the intensity of other influencing factors varied significantly in different regions. The evolution of China’s territorial spatial pattern was a synergistic enhancement effect of natural factors and socio-economic factors through nonlinear enhancement and dual-factor enhancement.Based on China’s land use data from 1980 to 2020, this study explored the evolution process and the formation mechanism of the PLES structure of China’s MFZs in the past 40 years by combining the theories and methods of territorial spatial pattern evolution, such as territorial spatial transfer matrix, landscape pattern index, standard deviation ellipse, and GeoDetector model. The results are as follows:It is expected that the results of this study and the proposed policy recommendations can provide scientific support for the optimal management and high-quality development of territorial space in China and other regions with similar dominant functions.