In this paper, a fuzzy mathematical programming method is introduced on the basis of the interval two-stage stochastic programming (ITSP) optimisation model for the wetland ecological water replenishment scheme in Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve. The minimum ecological water supply is taken as the objective function, and the lake bubble water diversion capacity, lake bubble water supply capacity, water diversion sequence, ecological service value, and minimum capacity of the wetland water supply are taken as constraints. The ecological water replenishment schemes of five lakes in the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve are optimised at the levels of low flow years, normal flow years, and high flow years, and an optimised model for the wetland ecological water replenishment scheme in Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve based on the interval fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming (IFTSP) method is constructed. The model fully considers the waste of water resources and the protection of migratory bird habitat and makes rational allocation of water resources to make full use of flood resources. The IFTSP model proposed herein fully considers the fuzzy and uncertain characteristics of the planning area in the lake bubble area of Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve and improves the decision-making efficiency of decision-makers by providing technical support for smooth implementation of the ecological water replenishment project in nature reserves. The model can also be used as a theoretical guide for ecological recharge projects in other regions of the world. Water is one of the most precious natural resources, and the survival and development of all organisms is inseparably linked to the availability of water ,2. ChinaWetlands, also called the ‘kidneys’ of the Earth, are not only among the most important living environments in nature but also the most biodiverse regions, and they occupy an important and irreplaceable position in the ecosystem ,13,14. CThus far, water resource allocation has been researched extensively: Huang et al.  combinedThe core idea of fuzzy mathematical programming is to represent fuzzy uncertainty in the form of fuzzy numbers, transform it into a general linear programming problem, and solve it to obtain the optimal solution under loose conditions . Fuzzy mIn summary, herein, we introduce a fuzzy mathematical planning method based on the ecological water replenishment model of the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve, which was developed starting from the interval two-stage optimisation method proposed by Huang et al. . The funBoluo Lake National Nature Reserve is located in Changchun City, west of Nongan County. Boluo Lake, which is located in the west of Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve, is the largest bubble in Changchun City. Moreover, it is the third largest bubble pond in Jilin Province and the only large-scale natural wetland in Changchun City. It is called the ‘natural kidney’ of Changchun City. The Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve covers an area of 24,915 hectares, of which 8600 hectares are wetlands during the period with abundant water, 6100 hectares during the flat flow water period, and 2857 hectares during the dry period . A schemThe fuzzy mathematical programming method mainly fuzzified uncertain parameters and represents variables in the form of fuzzy random variables. A fuzzy problem is transformed into a general linear programming problem and solved to obtain the optimal model solution ,28,29. Tm × n matrix; Constraints:In the process of wetland water replenishment, the state and local governments are often uncertain about the planned water supply scope of lakes and wetlands, whereas the ITSP model does not take these factors into account, and the fuzzy uncertainty of these factors makes it difficult to effectively implement wetland water supply schemes and affect the recharge efficiency of wetland recharge projects. If only the minimum value of the lake bubble area is available, it is not conducive to restoring the ecosystem. If the maximum area of the lake bubble is to be restored, relatively more water is required, which may lead to water wastage due to insufficient scientific allocation . TherefoIn this paper, a fuzzy method is introduced on the basis of the interval two-stage stochastic programming method. Moreover, an optimised model of ecological water replenishment of the Boluo Lake wetlands is developed using the interval fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming method with functional area and lake bubble area as the fuzzy variables. Moreover, minimum ecological replenishment is set as the optimisation objective by fully considering the uncertainty of the fuzzy variables such as lake bubble ecosystem planning, water surface area, and wetland area. Considering lake bubble diversion and water replenishment as constraints, optimal allocation of different types of water resources  is performed to minimise ecological replenishment and restore the ecosystem functions of the Boluo Lake wetlands.The objective function of the IFTSP model constructed in this paper is as follows:Constraints:2); 2); 2); and (1) Constraints on minimisation of ecological replenishment2); 2); 3/hm2); 3); 3/hm2), and 3).(2) Constraints on water diversion and amount of supplementation (8)(APi±2).(3) Minimum water constraint3); 3); 3); and 3).(4) Constraints on water supply capacity (11)QAIi2);(5) Constraints on functional area3).(6) Constraints on diversion and supplementation of water amount (17)∑i=13); 3); 3).(7) Constraints on water diversion and supplementation order4CNY); 4CNY); and 4CNY).(8) Constraints on ecological value (20)TEBE(9) Nonnegative constraint:In the optimisation scheme, the quantity of water replenishment for each lake and pond is nonnegative.Herein, we use the IFTSP method to solve the ecological water replenishment model of the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve in the Lingo18.0 software  environment. With the objective of minimum ecological replenishment, the ecological replenishment model based on the interval two-stage stochastic programming method constructed by Huang et al.  was fuzzThe optimal allocation of ecological replenishment water in the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve, as simulated using the IFTSP model, is summarised in Compared to the recommended project scheme, after model simulation and optimisation, the upper and lower limits of total ecological replenishment of the Toudaogang Reservoir in the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve changed , and the lower limit of total ecological replenishment was significantly lower than the recommended value. By contrast, the upper limit increased to a value higher than the recommended value in the project. The upper and lower limits of total ecological replenishment of Boluo Lake changed , and the lower limit of total ecological replenishment decreased significantly, while the upper limit, too, decreased. Compared to the recommended values in the project scheme, the upper and lower limits of total ecological replenishment of Mobopao changed , and both the lower and upper limits of total replenishment decreased significantly. Compared with the recommended values in the project scheme, the upper and lower limits of total ecological replenishment of Yuanbaowapao changed , and both the upper and lower limits of total ecological replenishment decreased significantly. Compared to the recommended values in the project scheme, the upper and lower limits of total ecological replenishment of Aobaotupao changed , where the lower limit of total ecological replenishment decreased significantly, whereas the upper limit increased significantly. A comprehensive analysis of the above results indicates that although the amount of ecological recharge altered in the five lake bubbles varied. The lower limits of ecological recharge decreased in all cases, and the amounts of decrease ranged from 2.46% to 48.42%. Meanwhile, both the upper and lower limits decreased in the case of the Boluo Lake, Yuanbaowapao, and Mobopao, and the reductions were significant . Overall4 m3 compared to that after ITSP model optimisation. The upper limit of the total ecological water supply in this area decreased, and the interval range was shortened by 19.50%. Compared to the ITSP model, the total ecological replenishment of the Boluo Lake with the IFTSP model changed by  × 104 m3, and the width of the interval was shortened from 5778.71 × 104 m3 to 2450.57 × 104 m3, a significant shortening of the decision range, with a 57.59% reduction in the decision range. Compared to the ITSP model, total ecological water replenishment of the Mobopao with the IFTSP model changed by  × 104 m3, and the decision width was shortened from 657.00 × 104 m3 to 39.60 × 104 m3, with a maximum reduction of 93.97% in the width of this lake bubble interval. Compared to the ITSP model, the total ecological water supply of Aobaotupao with the IFTSP model changed by  × 104 m3, and the decision range was significantly shortened from the original 1563.89 × 104 m3 to 708.63 × 104 m3, with a 54.69% reduction in the width of the interval. Overall, the IFTSP model exhibited an overall water recharge variation of  × 104 m3 compared to the ITSP model, and the total recharge decision range was significantly shortened from 8269.04 × 104 m3 to 3442.79 × 104 m3, with an interval range shortening ratio of 58.17%. This shows that the difference value between the upper and lower limits of the original model optimisation solution is obvious, which leads to an excessive decision range and tends to make decision-makers waste water resources and consume more decision time when carrying out ecological replenishment of the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve. After the IFTSP model constructed in this paper is optimised, the upper limit of the interval is significantly reduced, effectively avoiding water wastage, the lower limit of the interval is significantly increased, and the width of the interval is significantly shortened. In summary, the IFTSP model helps to reduce the risk of decision-making, reduce the scope of decision-making and improve the efficiency of decision-making, while improving the construction efficiency of wetland recharge projects to shorten the construction period and provide decision-makers with a more scientific and reasonable ecological recharge plan.The optimised simulation results obtained using the ITSP and IFTSP models, which are summarised and shown in Flood resources are one of the most important freshwater resources, and the full and rational use of flood resources can not only solve the problem of ecological water replenishment of Boluo Lake but also help to avoid disasters and maintain the stability of the Boluo Lake ecosystem. The IFTSP model constructed herein induces the flood volume configuration summarised in 4 m3 to  × 104 m3, respectively, indicating that the amount of flood water diverted in the low flow year was the highest. The upper and lower limits of the Mobopao flood diversion were  × 104 m3,  × 104 m3, and  × 104 m3, where the upper limit of annual flood diversion increased under the constraints of the water diversion sequence and flood resources. In Yuanbaowapao, as the annual precipitation changed, the upper and lower limits of flood diversion decreased from  × 104 m3 to  × 104 m3 and then to  × 104 m3. The upper and lower limits of flood diversion under different scenarios in Aobaotupao were  × 104 m3,  × 104 m3, and  × 104 m3. Overall, as the annual precipitation over the three flow years increased after optimisation, the upper and lower limits of flood diversion decreased from  × 104 m3 to  × 104 m3 and then to  ×104 m3. The amount of flood diversion not only meets the water supply needs of the wetlands but also conserves flood resources. Based on the above analysis, the flood diversion volume of each lake is different under different scenarios, but the overall flood diversion volume can comply with the value recommended in the project scheme, and the upper limit of the flood diversion volume is significantly higher than the value recommended in the project scheme. The amount of flood diversion in the three scenarios is different, mainly because of greater precipitation and adequate water resources in the rainy year, which means that the ecological replenishment can be reduced to some extent. Flood resources are often stored in reservoirs during the flood season in a rainy year and converted into available water resources. Therefore, flood resources can be allocated reasonably according to precipitation and ecological replenishment in different scenarios. The interval fuzzy two-stage model optimisation simulation results obtained herein fulfil the requirements outlined in the engineering recommendation scheme. Moreover, the model simulation interval represents the upper and lower limits of simultaneous indentation, and it significantly shortens the decision interval for decision-makers to allocate flood resources, which can effectively improve the decision-making efficiency.As can be inferred from 4 m3 compared to the lower limit of the ITSP model; the upper limit decreased by 354.31 × 104 m3, and the interval width was shortened from 910.70 × 104 m3 to 329.02 × 104 m3, a significant reduction in the decision range and a 63.87% reduction in the interval width. Compared to the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the flood diversion volume of Toudaogang Reservoir changed by  × 104 m3, respectively, and the decision range was significantly shortened from 335.63 × 104 m3 to 65.27 × 104 m3, with an interval width reduction ratio of 80.55%. Compared to the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the Toudaogang Reservoir changed by  × 104 m3, and the interval width was shortened from 335.63 × 104 m3 to 92.58 × 104 m3, a significant reduction in the decision range and a 72.71% reduction in the interval width. Compared to the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the flood diversion volume in the low flow year changed by  × 104 m3 in Mobopao, and the width of the interval was shortened from 431.10 × 104 m3 to 37.81 × 104 m3, with a maximum reduction in the decision range of 91.23%. Compared to the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the flood diversion volume in the normal water year changed by  × 104 m3, and the width of the interval was shortened from 431.10 × 104 m3 to 209.40 × 104 m3, a significant reduction in the decision range and a 56.27% reduction in the width of the interval. Compared to the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the flood diversion volume in the low flow year changed by  × 104 m3 in Yuanbaowapao, and the decision range was significantly shortened from 289.80 × 104 m3 to 83.25 × 104 m3, with a 71.27% reduction in the width of the interval. Compared to the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the flood diversion volume in the normal flow year changed by  × 104 m3, and the interval width decreased by 19.56%. Generally, the total flood diversion volume of each lake in the low flow water year changed by  × 104 m3 compared to the value obtained using the ITSP model, and the interval width decreased by 73.80%. The total flood diversion volume in the normal flow year changed by  × 104 m3, and the interval width decreased by 57.12%. Compared to the value obtained using the ITSP model, the total flood diversion volume in the high flow year changed by  × 104 m3, and the interval width decreased by 67.95%. After optimisation of the IFTSP model, the range of flood diversions in the three water years has been significantly shortened, and the upper limit of the simulation results has been significantly reduced, effectively avoiding the waste of flood resources, while the lower limit of the interval has been significantly increased, thus ensuring the full use of flood resources and shortening the decision-making range. In summary, the process was optimized by the interval fuzzy two-stage model to improve the decision-making efficiency of decision makers and help decision-makers to reduce the amount of flood diversion according to local conditions to meet the water demand in other areas. This helps to ensure that flood resources are fully utilised, and wastage of flood resources is avoided.According to Wetland water replenishment is one of the most effective methods for recovering wetland areas and restoring their functions . After o4 hm2. Although the lower limit was reduced by 0.06 × 104 hm2 compared to the functional area in the current project, the upper limit increased by 700.00%. Compared to the functional area in the project, the lower limit of the fish pond area decreased, but the upper limit increased by 1340.00%. The lower limit of the marsh wetland decreased by 0.02 × 104 hm2, whereas the upper limit increased by 725.00%. After simulation and optimisation of the IFTSP model in Boluo Lake, the recovery area of fish ponds was the largest at  × 104 hm2, which represents an increase of  compared to the current functional area in the project, and the upper and lower limits of the other three functional areas increased considerably by ,  and  compared to the corresponding current functional areas in the project. After simulation and optimisation of the Mobopao by using the IFTSP model, the area of the crab pond did not change. The upper and lower limits of the fish pond area increased by , and the lower limits of the reed wetland and swamp wetland area decreased, but the upper limits increased by 700.00%. After simulation and optimisation of the Yuanbaowapao by using the IFTSP model, the upper and lower limits of marsh wetlands increased greatly by , respectively. The upper and lower limits of the fish pond area remained unchanged. The lower limit of the crab pond area does not change, but upper limit increased by 100.00%. Compared to the current functional area in the project, the lower limit of the functional area of reed wetland decreased, but the upper limit increased by 900.00%. After simulation and optimisation using the IFTSP model, the upper and lower limits of the fish pond area did not change relative to the current functional area in the project in case of the Aobaotupao. However, the lower limits of crab ponds, reed wetlands, and swamp wetlands decreased, and the upper limits of the three functional areas increased greatly by 478.39%, 700.00% and 711.11%, respectively. The overall functional areas of the optimised regions increased greatly, indicating that the IFTSP model has a significant effect on restoring the functional areas in wetlands, thus ensuring the functional diversity of each region.According to 4 hm2 compared to that determined using the ITSP model, and the crab pond area changed by  × 104 hm2. Compared to the value obtained using the ITSP model, the fish pond area of Boluo Lake changed by  × 104 hm2. The upper limit of the crab pond area and the lower limit of the reed wetland increased by 0.44 × 104 hm2 and 1.58 × 104 hm2, respectively, and the upper limit of the marsh wetland decreased by 0.66 × 104 hm2. Compared to the value obtained using the ITSP model, the upper and lower limits of the Mobopao fish pond area increased by  × 104 hm2, respectively, and the functional areas of other regions did not change. Compared to the values obtained using the ITSP model, the upper limit of the crab pond area increased by 0.23 × 104 hm2 in Yuanbaowapao, the lower limit of the marsh wetland area increased by  × 104 hm2, and the sizes of the other functional areas did not change. Compared to the values obtained using the ITSP model, the upper limit of the fish pond area and reed wetland area decreased by 2.68 × 104 hm2, the upper and lower limits of the reed wetland changed by  × 104 hm2, and the sizes of the other functional areas remained unchanged. Overall, the upper and lower limits of the total functional area in the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve as simulated using the proposed model are  × 104 hm2, respectively. Moreover, the lower limit is 5.31 × 104 hm2 higher than that obtained using the ITSP model, and the possibility level is 0.32, indicating that the satisfaction of the decision-makers is low, but it is less difficult for the functional areas to return to the lower limit of the simulation result interval used in the IFTSP model. The upper limit is 5.30 × 104 hm2 lower than that determined using the ITSP model, and the possibility level is 0.64, indicating that the satisfaction of decision-makers is high, but it is difficult for the functional area of the region to return to the upper limit of the simulation result interval used in the IFTSP model, and the size of the functional area is 51.78% smaller. After introduction of the fuzzy method, the width of the restoration function area of the IFTSP model decreased compared to that determined using the ITSP model, thus reducing the upper limit and increasing the lower limit. At the same time, it reduces the risk that the actual recovery function area cannot reach the upper limit, thereby mitigating the risks involved in decision-making.In this paper, considering the changes in the overall functional area of the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve, the functional area of each lake bubble was adjusted. According to 4 hm2, and the area covered by fish ponds in Mobopao is increased by 1.04 × 104 hm2), and overall functional area is reduced by 51.78%. The range of engineering flood diversion intervals for the five lake bubbles in the three water years of low flow, normal flow, and high flow is significantly reduced . In summary, the IFTSP model constructed in this paper avoids the waste of water resources, shortens the optimal decision-making interval, and improves the decision-making efficiency of decision-makers.In this paper, IFTSP method is first applied to the ecological water replenishment project planning of Boluo Lake. The IFTSP model constructed takes into account that the planned area of the lake bubble in the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve is an interval value. When ecological replenishment of the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve is implemented, the restoration of the maximum area of the lake bubble can lead to wastage of water resources. If the restored area is considerably small, it can affect the habitat and reproduction of aquatic organisms and migratory birds in the reserve, which have fuzzy and uncertain characteristics. Therefore, the planned area of the lake bubble is defined as a fuzzy parameter when constructing the model. Compared with ITSP model, the objective function of IFTSP model constructed in this paper is fuzzy membership degree as shown in constraint 6, so as to shorten the area of lake bubble function area. Moreover, the minimum constraint of ecological replenishment is added as shown in constraint 7, the ecological replenishment obtained by the interval two-stage stochastic programming model was blurred. At the same time, constraints 10, 16 and 18 are introduced to blur functional area and lake bubble area, so as to scientifically and rationally allocate water resources. This paper makes a comparative analysis from three perspectives: ecological water replenishment, flood diversion, and restoration area. After introduction of the fuzzy mathematical programming method for optimisation, the model simulation indicates that the ecological water replenishment decision interval range of the reserve is reduced by 58.17%. The functional area division of the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve is adjusted, sizes of several functional areas are changed (for example, the area covered by fish ponds in Boluo Lake is reduced by 1.07 × 10The IFTSP model constructed herein fuzzified the functional area of the lake bubble to better address the problem of unclear delineation of protected areas. The model results are in the form of intervals, and the interval range is significantly shorter than that of the ITSP model, which improves the decision-making efficiency of decision-makers and facilitates them to recharge Boluo Lake according to the actual situation. The IFTSP model is not only suitable for the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve but can also be used as a theoretical guide for water replenishment projects in other parts of China and in other countries worldwide. When implementing a water replenishment project for a lake bubble, the general goal is to restore the water level or replenish water. However, owing to the influence of natural factors, such as river erosion and rainwater erosion, the cross section of the lake bubble is not a regular rectangle and is often in a tortuous and irregular state. Therefore, when implementing water replenishment projects, to reach the target water level height range in lake bubbles, the lake bubble area is considered as an interval. Considering the uncertainty of the lake bubble area, it is set as a fuzzy parameter in ecological water replenishment. Meanwhile, different regions have different climates, and in areas with changeable climate, precipitation can be divided into five scenarios: extremely low flow year, low flow year, normal flow year, high flow year, and extremely high flow year. In the ecological water replenishment project of Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve described herein, the influence of human activities on the water replenishment project was negligible, but when implementing water replenishment projects in densely populated areas, it is necessary to consider the impact of human activities, such as industrial water and farming activities, on wetland water replenishment. Therefore, the application of the proposed model should be adjusted according to the influence of local factors such as climate, topography, and anthropogenic activities, and the constraints should be selected according to the actual local conditions to construct an IFTSP model that meets the local reality. This can help formulate an ecological water replenishment scheme that is conducive to the coordinated development of local economic and ecological functions.Herein, we developed an IFTSP model for wetland ecological water replenishment optimisation in the Boluo Lake National Nature Reserve. The model fully considered the fuzzy uncertainty of the water replenishment area in lake bubbles and optimised water replenishment allocation for wetlands based on the minimum water resource consumption criterion. After simulation and optimisation using the proposed model, the decision-making ranges of ecological water replenishment in the lake bubble area decreased by 58.17%, which ensured the stability of the ecosystem, shortened the decision-making space, and improved the decision-making efficiency of decision-makers. The range of flood diversion volume decreased significantly, and the proportion of interval width reduction in the three scenarios was greater than 57.00%, which ensured full utilisation of the flood resources and avoided the wastage of water resources. In addition, after introduction of the fuzzy programming method, the total functional area of the restoration reserve decreased by 51.78%, and the upper limit of the restoration area increased significantly. Meanwhile, the system failure risk that the upper limit value cannot be obtained after model optimisation decreased. The result of the interval fuzzy two-stage model shortened the scope of decision-making and reduced the risk of decision-making, thus facilitating managers to make better decisions. Therefore, the interval fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming model developed herein fully considers the uncertainty of regional area, allocates water resources scientifically and rationally, and restores the ecological function and stability of wetland systems. It can help decision-makers to solve the problem of ecological water replenishment in wetlands in a better manner.


The materials were produced by self–assembled growth achieved by means of multilayer magnetron sputtering deposition. We demonstrated the successful fabrication of well-ordered 3D lattices of Ge/Al and Ge/Si3N4/Al core/shell quantum dots with a body-centred tetragonal arrangement within the Al2O3 matrix. The addition of shells to the Ge core enables a strong tuning of the optical and electrical properties of the material. An Al shell induces a bandgap shift toward smaller energies, and, in addition, it prevents Ge oxidation. The addition of a thin Si3N4 shell induces huge changes in the material spectral response, i.e., in the number of extracted excitons produced by a single photon. It increases both the absolute value and the width of the spectral response. For the best sample, we achieved an enhancement of over 250% of the produced number of excitons in the measured energy range. The observed changes are, as it seems, the consequence of the large tensile strain in Ge QDs which is induced by the Si3N4 shell addition and which is measured to be about 3% for the most strained QDs. The tensile strain causes activation of the direct bandgap of germanium, which has a very strong effect on the spectral response of the material.We investigated the production conditions and optoelectrical properties of thin film material consisting of regularly ordered core/shell Ge/Al and Ge/Si Semiconductor nanoparticles and quantum dots (QDs) were extensively investigated over the past decades due to the variety of their potential application. They are very applicable in numerous modern nanotechnology devices, such as in photovoltaics, photodetectors, and optoelectronics devices ,2,3. For2O3, Si3N4, and SiC matrices . The largest standard deviation is found for the film Ge, having no shell. QDs are not created in the sample Ge0SAl, only the multilayer structure is visible. That property is used to make continuous shells around Ge cores that are formed first in the multilayer deposition sequence. The size of the core increases, as was intended with the deposition parameters. Values of the radius standard deviation −1, which is also characteristic of amorphous Ge or very small Ge crystals. The peaks show widening with the reduction in the Ge core size that indicates a deviation of Ge-Ge bonds in tetrahedrons from the dihedral angle. No Al or Si3N4 peaks are visible, which is reasonable because of the very small thicknesses of the shells. The alumina matrix is fully amorphous, in accordance with the previous investigations on similar systems [The crystalline structure of the materials was determined using the GIWAXS and Raman methods, as shown in  systems .3N4 shell . Using the procedure given in Ref. [The shift depends on the Ge core size, and it is larger for smaller Ge core sizes. The largest shift is thus observed for the Ge1SAl sample with the smallest Ge core (1.6 deg for the Ge (111) peak and 13 cm in Ref. , we foun−1 shift of the Raman peak. The shift is largest for the smallest Ge core size, similarly to the effect of the Si3N4 shell, but with a smaller amount .The first series, with the Al shell, also shows the shift, but it is much smaller. A maximal shift for the GIWAXS peak of 0.5 deg is observed for this series and a 7 cm2O3 matrix is transparent in the considered spectral range, all absorption effects can be ascribed merely to the QDs and their structure. The measurements show a strong dependence on the deposition conditions.The optical properties of the investigated films are demonstrated in First, we shall consider the absorption coefficients of the samples with the Al shell only a. The ab3N4 shell differ significantly . Thus, the structure of these core/shell QDs and their surroundings cause an enhanced absorption. This supports the idea that the presence of an additional shell may advance photon absorption and solar energy conversion.The comparison of the absorption coefficients for two films differing only by the presence of the Si3N4 shell are shown in 3N4/Al shells, respectively. The same figures contain the plot of theoretical estimations of the Ge bandgaps caused by confinement effects. The size of the Ge QDs for the simulations was taken to be the same as the size of the Ge cores in the corresponding samples. The curves were determined according to Ref. [3N4 shell, the experimental values are significantly lower than the theoretical ones, especially for the ones with the large strain (Ge1SAl and Ge4SAl). This fact is in accordance with the theoretical calculations from Ref. [We used the absorption spectra shown in  to Ref.  (theoret to Ref. ), so therom Ref. , showing3N4 shell-based materials are shown in The quantum efficiency (QE) of the investigated materials is shown in The samples of the first series a show hi3N4 shell show significantly different QE properties, as visible in 3N4 shell addition on the quantum efficiency of the materials, we plotted together the QE spectra of films differing only by the Si3N4 shell in 3N4 shell induces the activation of the direct bandgap and probably also some combinations of the direct and indirect bandgap transitions, as well as causes a big contribution to the quantum efficiencies at higher energies. The effect is well visible in 3N4 shell. The same behaviour, but much more pronounced, is found for the Ge4SAl and Ge4Al films, shown in The QE spectra of the films with an additional SiThe additional contribution to the QE is quite broad, and the value of the QE is larger than 1 for the Ge4SAl film, indicating that multiple exciton generation occurs, i.e., a single photon generates more than one exciton. Therefore, we believe that indirect transitions also occur, so a single photon generates two excitons at the energies close to the double value of the indirect bandgap, and the combination of direct and indirect gaps, as plotted by the vertical dashed lines in 3N4/Al core/shell quantum dots regularly ordered within an alumina matrix. The effects of adding Al and Si3N4/Al shells, and the effect of the Ge core size on the material’s structural, optical, and electrical properties were explored. Our research shows that the presence of an Al shell has a significant impact on the optical and electrical properties of the material. It causes a shift of the bandgap towards smaller energies and it also prevents Ge oxidation. The presence of a thin Si3N4 shell has a drastic influence on the quantum efficiency of the material. The QE increases in the absolute value, and shows a radically widened energy range with high response. An enhancement of more than 250% in the quantum efficiency of the material was measured. The observed enhancement is the consequence of the tensile strain in Ge QDs of about 3%, which is induced by the addition of the Si3N4 shell. Such strain should lead to the transformation of the Ge core to a direct bandgap semiconductor. A peak in the quantum efficiency with the position of the Ge indirect bandgap, which actually causes its widening, was observed. We believe that the tensile strain, induced by the addition of the Si3N4 shell, causes this activation of the Ge direct bandgap, which is one of the main reasons for the strong enhancement of the quantum efficiency. In addition, the contributions of the indirect bandgap transitions, allowing for the observed multiple exciton generations, were also found to be possible. The generated materials are rather promising with respect to their application in various devices, especially those for solar energy conversion.In summary, we investigated thin film material consisting of Ge/Al and Ge/Si


Appropriate frequency and sound amplitude have been identified as significant variables for the initiation of the reaction. On the base of first principal calculations and experimental results, the mechanism of the reaction was investigated. The relative stability of the possible intermediates has been compared, including evaluation on the ionic and radical reaction pathways for the dimerization process. Theoretical results suggested that the radical mechanism is more favorable. The C-C bond formation between the calculated radical intermediates occurs spontaneously 2), which proves the possibility for the homodimerization of 3-acetylcoumarin via formation of radical species. Both experimental and theoretical data clarified the activation role of the solvent on the reactivity of the Zn-salt. The formation of complexes of solvent molecules with Zn-atom from the ZnCl2 reduces the energy barrier for the dissociation of Zn-Cl bond and facilitate the formation of the dimeric product.In the present study, the reaction conditions for homodimerization process of 3-acetylcoumarin were achieved under sonication using combination of zinc and metallic salt (ZnCl Coumarins are compounds with pharmacological functions and application as drugs for broad range of diseases ,2,3. TheModeling biscoumarin systems containing two moieties of the same or different types has recently been our focus . Moreove3 2O) were used while the amount of the metallic zinc was kept constant—5.6 eqv. The complete conversion of the monomer 4 to product 5 took place in a short time (10–15 min) with high yield (90%) in a ratio of coumarin to (ClCH2CO)2O 1:1.5. Thus, using nearly half of the previously needed amount of the anhydride, the result from the reaction is almost the same. Therefore, respecting the molecule economy principles, the 1:1.5 ratio of the reagents was used in the further experiments.The reaction was carried out in a THF/EtTo clarify the role of the used ultrasonic irradiation on the dimerization process, different ultrasound frequencies  and sound amplitudes were used at constant temperature (40 °C). The results from the study are presented in It should be noted that the yields for the dimer increase with the decreasing of the wave amplitude. Even when the low powered frequency was applied (80 kHz) an activation of the coumarin system is observed. However, a longer reaction time was needed for the complete conversion of 3-acetylcoumarin. In all the performed experiments, the product’s yield remained high, yet not so in the case of 20 kHz ultrasonic bath  . The resFurthermore, we could assume that the frequency and the amplitude of the ultrasonic bath play a major role and most probably it influences the activation of the zinc metal. In order to better understand the homodimerization reaction, we set out to explore a cost-effective synthetic protocol for the formation of biscoumarins by applying conditions where the initiator of the reaction is a combination of metal and metal salt. Moreover, the role of the reagents in the initiation step as well as the nature of the intermediate of the dimerization are valuable for the mechanism determination.To address the above-mentioned study, we firstly sought to find a suitable transition metal for the reaction, 4 was initially performed by applying zinc chloride. The zinc salt was chosen due to the possibility of its formation as a side product in the reaction with (ClCH2CO)2O and the possibility to be the actual catalyst of the process. Additionally, the ZnCl2 is a Lewis acid that by the assistance of the acetyl group in position C-3 could activate the studied coumarin 4. The zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2) was used as an analogue of ZnCl2 with better solubility in organic solvents.The homodimerization reaction of 3-acetylcoumarin Method B.4) while maintaining the amount of the used metal of 5.6 eqv., relative to the starting 3-acetylcoumarin, and increasing the amount of the used zinc acetate from 1.5 to 3.0 eqv. The reaction was carried out in THF/Et2O media with similar conditions to the ones used with chloroacetic anhydride. Comparing to the conditions listed as Method A including chloroacetic anhydride the reaction time was kept relatively short. The reactions assisted by ZnCl2 (Method B.1 and Method B.2) were also successful; however, the yields were 30% lower compared to the zinc acetate under the same conditions. It is interesting to note that even in the presence of an oxidant (Method B.9), the homodimerization product could be isolated in high yield. However, the reaction time was substantially longer.As could be seen from 2 and Zn(OAc)2, Method B.5–B.8. The dimeric product was isolated only when the reaction was performed with cobalt chloride, Method B.8, even though the full conversion of the starting coumarin was detected after one day.Other metal salts  were tested as Lewis acid analogues of ZnCl5 was studied in the presence of different metals—copper, magnesium and iron, Method B.11-B.14. As catalysts zinc (II) or copper (II) acetate and anhydrous magnesium chloride were applied in the reaction. However, the dimerization process was not initiated, Method B.11 a complete consumption of the starting 3-acetylcoumarin was detected after 240 min. Therefore, we could assume that the presence of metallic zinc is essential for the homodimerization reaction of 3-acetylcoumarin 4 in both conditions—including the anhydride -2,2′-dione, 5—The product was isolated as white crystals, mp = 196–198 °C. IR (nujol): ν = 1595, 1645, 1450 cm−1 [450 cm−1 .The quantum-chemical modeling was performed with the density functional theory (DFT) ,34,35,364 was investigated. Two reaction pathways were considered: ionic and radical. Under ultrasound irradiation with combination of Zn and zinc salt an electron transfer process occurs resulting in activation of the coumarin specie. The reaction is sensitive to several factors as the nature of the reactant, the amount of the used metal and metal salts which played a major role for the outcome of the homodimerization reaction. The formation of radical intermediates with Zn and Cu metals were evaluated using their enthalpies. Thus, the main experimental observations clarified the necessity of both Zn and Zn-salt in the reaction mixture and answered the question why the reaction occurs in the presence of Zn/Zn-salt and not with Cu/Cu-salt. The presence of Zn metal is crucial for coumarin biradical generation which is intermediate for the biscoumarin formation. Such biradical complex cannot be formed with Cu as metal. The zinc salt is important to facilitate the dimerization process. Furthermore, the frequency and the amplitude of the ultrasonic bath was identified as significant variables for the activation of the zinc metal and reaction initiation.By means of the DFT modeling and experimental results the homodimerization process of the 3-acetylcoumarin 2. These findings are in line with the experimental observations, as the reaction takes place for shorter time and higher yield in Zn(OAc)2 × 2H2O than in ZnCl2.The dimeric product of 3-acetylcoumarin was obtained in quantitative yields. The different solubility of zinc (II) salts, compared to chloroacetic anhydride, used in our previous study, required an optimization of the organic solvents where tetrahydrofuran was found as the most suitable solvent for the studied electron-transfer reactions. The theoretical data followed the experimental findings and clarified that the reaction could not be initiated in diethyl ether. On the base of bond dissociation energy between the metal and metal salts the assistance of the solvent molecules was confirmed. The most promising results and lowest Zn-ligand bond dissociation energies were observed in the case of Zn(OAc)2 as a metal/metal salt pair. The positive effect of the solvent facilitated the formation I-B-Zn to the final product 5.The experimental data and the quantum-chemical calculations demonstrated that the most plausible reaction pathway includes the formation of biradicals which later form the desired product. The most favorable reaction conditions include the use of THF as a solvent and Zn/Zn(OAc)


H), canopy coverage (CC) and canopy volume (CV), were extracted from digital images of the potato tuber formation stage (S1), tuber growth stage (S2), and starch accumulation stage (S3). Then, the correlations of VIs and MPs with the PNC were analyzed for each growth stage, and the performance of VIs and MPs in estimating PNC was explored. Finally, three methods, multiple linear regression (MLR), k-nearest neighbors, and random forest, were used to explore the effect of MPs on the estimation of potato PNC using VIs. The results showed that (i) the values of potato H and CC extracted based on UAV digital images were accurate, and the accuracy of the pre-growth stages was higher than that of the late growth stage. (ii) The estimation of potato PNC by visible light VIs was feasible, but the accuracy required further improvement. (iii) As the growing season progressed, the correlation between MPs and PNC gradually decreased, and it became more difficult to estimate the PNC. (iv) Compared with individual MP, multi-MPs can more accurately reflect the morphological structure of the crop and can further improve the accuracy of estimating PNC. (v) Visible light VIs combined with MPs improved the accuracy of estimating PNC, with the highest accuracy of the models constructed using the MLR method . The results showed that the combination of visible light VIs and morphological information obtained by a UAV digital camera could provide a feasible method for monitoring crop growth and plant nitrogen status.Plant nitrogen content (PNC) is an important indicator to characterize the nitrogen nutrition status of crops, and quickly and efficiently obtaining the PNC information aids in fertilization management and decision-making in modern precision agriculture. This study aimed to explore the potential to improve the accuracy of estimating PNC during critical growth periods of potato by combining the visible light vegetation indices (VIs) and morphological parameters (MPs) obtained from an inexpensive UAV digital camera. First, the visible light VIs and three types of MPs, including the plant height ( Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum), have a limited scope for increasing yields and high requirements for irrigation systems, which results in high production costs and low potential. Alternatively, potato (Solanum tuberosum) is becoming increasingly important in ensuring global food security as the fourth largest food crop with a short growth cycle and the ability to adapt to the environment  is an important indicator that is used to characterize the nitrogen nutritional status of crops. Quickly and efficiently obtaining the PNC information of crops is highly significant for evaluating crop growth and scientifically applying N fertilizers . AlthougCompared with ground and satellite remote sensing techniques, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging technology can obtain higher temporal and spatial resolution and is more suitable for crop growth monitoring and estimating physicochemical parameters at the farm scale . A substIn contrast to sensors, such as hyperspectral and multispectral, high-definition digital cameras are inexpensive and have high spatial resolution, simple data processing, and stable performance . The useH) and canopy cover (CC), are direct expressions of crop growth and nutritional status, as well as a comprehensive reflection of N metabolism in the crop , such as plant height  and the potato PNC, and used the three methods of multiple linear regression (MLR), k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and random forest (RF) to explore the performance of MPs and MPs combined with visible light VIs to estimate the potato PNC with the goal of providing a new method to effectively monitor the N status of crops with an inexpensive digital camera.However, there are differences in the ability of different MPs to characterize the growth status of crops. For example, ectively . With thficantly . The useficantly . Thus, tIn summary, this study utilized potato as the research object and explored the potential of MPs extracted by inexpensive digital camera and those combined with visible light VIs to estimate the potato PNC to provide technical support for the scientific and precise management of potato N nutrition. The specific goals of this study were to: (1) evaluate the accuracy of extraction of potato MPs by a UAV digital camera; (2) compare the performance of different MPs and the combination of multi-MPs to estimate the potato PNC; and (3) investigate the effect of MPs on the estimation of potato PNC by visible light VIs and evaluate the potential of combining the two to improve the accuracy of estimating PNC.2 (T0), 72,000 plants/hm2 (T1), and 84,000 plants/hm2 (T2). Two early maturing potato varieties Zhongshu 5 (Z5) and Zhongshu 3 (Z3) were the two varieties under each density treatment and the experiments were conducted in triplicate with a total of 18 plots. Four levels of N were established in the N test area, including 0 kg/hm2 urea (N0), 244.65 kg/hm2 urea (N1), 489.15 kg/hm2 urea , and 733.50 kg/hm2 urea (N3). The same two varieties (Z5 and Z3) were under each N treatment and three replicates for a total of 24 plots. Three levels were established in the potassium fertilizer test area, including 0 kg/hm2 potassium fertilizer (K0), 970.50 kg/hm2 potassium fertilizer , and 1,941 kg/hm2 potassium fertilizer (K2)under one variety treatment (Z3), which was repeated three times for a total of six plots. Both N and K plots were treated under T1 density. There were 48 test plots in total, and the area of a single plot was 32.5 m2. A total of 11 ground control points (k01~k11) were evenly buried around the test area to accurately obtain the spatial location of the test area and reduce the influence of the positional deviation of each growth period on the test results, and the three-dimensionality (3-D) of each ground control point (GCP) was measured by high-precision GPS. The location of the test field and the details of the test plan are shown in The experiment was conducted from April to July 2019 at the National Precision Agriculture Experiment Station , Changping District, Beijing, China. The average altitude is 36 m, and the climate type is a warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon. Potato seed tubers were sown on 28 March 2019 and harvested on 9 July 2019. The experimental area was divided into the density experimental area (T plots), N experimental area (N plots) and potassium fertilizer experimental area (K plots) to increase the spatial difference of potato growth . Among tUAV flight operations were conducted on April 20, May 28, June 10, and June 20, 2019, to obtain digital images of the potato bare soil stage, tuber formation stage (S1), tuber growth stage (S2), and starch accumulation stage (S3). A DJI Genie 4Pro UAV  was used as the remote sensing system platform, and it carried a COMS sensor with 20 million effective pixels and three wavelength channels, including Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B). In addition, the system was equipped with a position and orientation system (POS) to record the position and spatial altitude of the camera center during data acquisition. The UAV flights were operated in clear, cloudless, and calm weather conditions between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. local time. The flight altitude was established to 20 m; the overlap rate of heading and collateral direction was 85%, and the spatial resolution of the images obtained was approximately 0.86 cm.The digital images were pre-processed using Agisoft PhotoScan Professional software . The specific processing flow started with the digital images with POS data, and the 3-D coordinates of GCPs in the potato bare soil period and each growth period were imported into the software. Images with abnormal attitude angles were removed, and the images were initially aligned. The spatial position and attitude of the photography center at the moment of image acquisition was restored. Secondly, the images were topographically corrected based on the 3-D coordinates of the GCPs to further optimize the spatial attitude and position of the images and generate a sparse point cloud with precise spatial information attributes in the flight area. Next, the dense point cloud of the flight area was constructed to generate a spatial grid and texture information. Finally, the digital orthophoto map (DOM) and digital surface model (DSM) of the test area were generated.The ground data collection was simultaneously conducted with the UAV flight operation and primarily included digital ground photos and measurements of the plant height and PNC at each growth stage. The digital ground photos were obtained by first placing a 1.3 m × 1.3 m white box  randomly in each test plot and then using a Canon G16 digital camera to horizontally photograph at 2 m directly above the white box to obtain ground digital photo of each test plot to extract the ground coverage. The plant height was measured by selecting four representative plants in each plot and measuring the distance from the base of the stem to the tip of the leaf and recording it. Finally, the average height of the four plants was considered to be the measured plant height of the plot. The potato PNC was measured by selecting three representative plants in each plot, separating the stems and leaves, and then killing them at 105°C for 0.5 h. The plants were then dried at 80°C to a constant mass and weighed. The N contents of the stem and leaf parts were measured separately using a Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer. Finally, the PNC was calculated based on the dry mass and nitrogen content of the samples . The staBased on the existing research results in which visible light VIs were used to monitor crop N status, 10 VIs with potential performance for estimating the potato PNC were selected for follow-up studies as shown in H in the different growth stages of potato was primarily determined by the difference between the DSM in each growth stage and that in the bare soil stage. The specific methods first included obtaining the high-definition digital images of the experimental field in the bare soil period and combining them with the 3-D coordinates of GCPs. The DSM of this period, namely DSM0, was generated, which was used as the reference plane for the subsequent H extraction. Secondly, based on the digital images of different growth stages of potato, combined with GCPs, the DSM of the corresponding growth stage, namely DSMi  was generated. DSMi was then differentiated from DSM0 (Equation 4) to obtain the crop height models for the corresponding growth periods. Finally, the average plant height of each plot was extracted using ENVI 5.3 software  and the vector data of each experimental plot was used to obtain the H of each plot.The acquisition of This study extracted the CC of potato in each growth period based on the ground digital photos and UAV digital images, respectively, and used the results extracted from the ground digital photos as the CC measured values to verify the results extracted by the UAV . Among tH and CC was defined as the canopy volume , root mean square error (RMSE), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were used to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the models.A total of 48 sets of data were obtained in each growth period of potato. To enhance the reliability of the experimental conclusions, the models were constructed with repetitions 1 and 3 (32) as the training set, and the data of repetition 2 (16) was used to validate the models. The methods used to build the potato PNC estimation models included MLR, KNN, and RF. Among them, MLR is an effective linear regression method, which is often used to describe the linear relationship between multiple independent variables and dependent variables. KNN is a mature machine learning algorithm that can determine the regression values of the samples to be tested based on the features of the The crop height models based on UAV digital images can visually represent the spatial distribution of potato plant height at different growth stages, which helps to monitor the growth of potato plants, and explore the effects of varying treatment factors on the height of potato plants. In this study, the DSM of different growth stages of potato and that of the bare soil stage were calculated to obtain the crop height models of corresponding growth stages, and the results are shown in H extraction based on the DSM, the measured plant height and extracted plant height were compared and analyzed for the three reproductive stages, and the results are shown in To verify the accuracy of The ground digital photos and UAV digital images of three growth stages of the potato plants were processed by VCEA and EXG index bimodal threshold methods, respectively, and the CC values of each growth stage that were measured and extracted were obtained. The use of plot s20 as an example in The CC that was extracted using the two methods for the three growth stages was compared and analyzed to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of CC extraction based on the UAV digital images. The results are shown in H and CC, and the absolute values of the correlation coefficients were 0.77, 0.63, and 0.65 for the three growth stages S1, S2, and S3, respectively. Compared with the visible light VIs, the correlations between MPs and PNC in the three growth stages of potato were comparable to those of most of the visible light VIs, indicating that the association between MPs and PNC is stronger and that it is practical to monitor the potato PNC based on the MPs extracted from inexpensive digital cameras.Correlation analysis was performed between the visible light VIs and MPs obtained in each growth period of potato and PNC, and the results are shown in R2 of potato PNC estimation models constructed using the three methods > 0.5 for all three growth periods, indicating that the selected VIs could reflect the potato PNC status some extent. Thus, it was feasible to monitor the potato PNC status based on visible light VIs during the critical growth periods. A comparison of the results of the three reproductive stages indicated that the estimations of the S1 and S2 were clearly better than that of the S3. From the modeling and validation results, it can be seen that the potato PNC estimation models constructed by the three methods show similar R2, RMSE, and NRMSE.In this study, the top five VIs with higher correlations in each growth period were selected, and the three methods MLR, KNN and RF were used to construct estimation models for the potato PNC. The results are shown in H, CC, and constructed CV. The three were combined to investigate the effect of multiple MPs in estimating the potato PNC. The results are shown in H and CC were the worst in the S3 (2R< 0.4). The models constructed by CV had a higher R2, lower RMSE, and NRMSE and better estimation of PNC than those of H and CC. The combination of multiple MPs effectively improved the accuracy of PNC estimation at all the growth stages of potato compared with the models constructed with single MPs. However, compared with visible light VIs , the accuracy of this study was lower. There are several primary reasons for this. On the one hand, Nigon used the red edge information obtained by a hyperspectral camera to obtain more spectral information related to nitrogen  Both visible light VIs and MPs reflect the status of potato PNC, and VIs are more closely associated with the PNC. (3) Different MPs have different effects on estimating PNC, and multiple MPs can more effectively reflect the morphological structure of crops, which can further improve the accuracy of estimating PNC. (4) Visible light VIs combined with MPs can improve the accuracy of estimating the PNC. Based on these findings, the method can provide a reference to monitor crop growth and N nutrient status using a UAV digital camera to reduce agricultural production costs and improve precision agricultural management.This study developed a method to effectively estimate the growth parameters and PNC status of potato at critical growth stages based on an inexpensive UAV digital camera. First, the UAV digital camera was used to extract visible light VIs and morphological information about the potato canopy. Next, the effect of MPs and VIs combined with MPs in estimating PNC was investigated by combining various methods. Several conclusions can be drawn from these results. (1) UAV digital images can obtain potato The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.HF, YF, GY, ZL, and JY designed the experiments. HF, ZF, ZL, and YL collected the PNC and UAV digital images. YF and HF analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. XJ and HF made comments and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This study was supported by the Key scientific and technological projects of Heilongjiang province (2021ZXJ05A05), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41601346), the Platform Construction Funded Program of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (No.PT2022-24), and the Key Field Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B020216001).We thanks to the National Precision Agriculture Experiment Station for providing the test site and employees. We are also grateful to Hong Chang, Huiling Long, Yang Meng and Yu Zhao who worked hard in the field and lab to provide us with valuable data.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In view of the easy cracking of the high-performance concrete (HPC) of the subway underground station floor, the effects of fly ash, basalt fiber, expansive agent, and water reducer on the compressive strength, initial crack time, through-crack time, and crack area of the HPC on a subway underground station floor at different ages by orthogonal experiment are examined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) are used to further analyze the microstructure and product composition of the optimal ratio HPC and reference concrete. The results show that with the increase in the content of fly ash and expander, the 7 d and 28 d compressive strength of the HPC gradually decreased. However, as the content of basalt fiber increased, the 7 d and 28 d compressive strength of the HPC gradually increased. The 7 d and 28 d compressive strength of the HPC increased and then decreased with the increase in water-reducer content. When the content of fly ash, basalt fiber and expander increased, the initial crack and through-crack time of the HPC delayed gradually, and the crack area gradually decreased. When the fly-ash content reached 30%, the cracking area accounted for 65.1% of the concrete with 15% fly-ash content. When the basalt fiber content reached 0.4%, the cracking area accounted for 56.5% of the concrete with 0.1% basalt fiber content. When the expander content reached 10%, the cracking area accounted for 60.5% of the concrete with 4% expander content. With the increase in the content of water reducer, the initial crack and through-crack time of the HPC gradually advanced, and the crack area gradually increased. When the water-reducer content reached 1.3%, the cracking area accounted for 105.7% of the concrete with 1.0% water-reducer content. The addition of fly ash and expander can produce a large number of crystalline products to fill the pores, and the disordered distribution of the added basalt fibers increases the compactness of the structure; moreover, the internal micro-pores increase, and the macro-pores decrease, thus improving the crack resistance. With the rapid development of urbanization, underground space has been developed and utilized on a large scale; as one of the most effective ways to make full use of underground space to relieve the pressure of surface traffic, the subway has developed rapidly recently. At the same time, it has brought some problems: the concrete of the subway underground station faces various constraints and loads, early cracks are hard to avoid , and cra3 whisker are mixed into the cement matrix, they can cooperate with each other when damaged, inhibit the generation and expansion of micro cracks and cracks, and improve the strength and toughness of the cement matrix. The mixing effect of steel fiber and polyester fiber is better, and the total crack area is reduced by 99%. Calcium and magnesium expansion agent can expand in the early and middle stages of concrete, inhibit the concrete shrinkage deformation, and the expansion amount, is easy to control, which has a good compensation effect and an anti-cracking function [Scholars around the world have conducted a large number of experiments on the crack resistance of concrete. The shrinkage cracking performance of concrete can be improved by adding auxiliary cementitious materials . Salah Afunction ,18,19. Hfunction  simulatefunction . If the function ,23. Babafunction  studied function ,26; howefunction , so it ifunction  found thfunction  found thScholars worldwide have used different methods to conduct concrete-crack-resistance experiments. Reza Hanifeh  derived The multi-component studied in this paper is mainly mixed with different amounts of mineral admixtures, fibers, and additives. HPC for the subway underground station floor was prepared by orthogonal tests, and orthogonal experiments were designed to evaluate the influences of mineral admixture, expansion agent, basalt fiber, and water reducer on the compressive strength, initial crack time, through-crack time, and crack area of the HPC at different ages. In addition, the microstructures and product compositions of the HPC under the optimal and benchmark proportions were further studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP).According to the requirements of Chinese standards, Cement: P·II 52.5 Portland cement, class I of fly ash, silica fume, slag, natural river sand with a fineness modulus of 2.56, basalt gravel with a particle size of 5–30 mm, basalt fiber, calcium oxide expander, and water reducer are used to prepare the experimental specimens. Among them, the performance indicators of cement meet the technical requirements of GB175-2007, the performance indicators of fly ash meet the requirements of GB/T1596-2005, the performance indicators of silica fume meet the requirements of GB/T 27690-2011, the performance indicators of slag powder meet the requirements of GB/T18046-2000, and the water reduction rate of the water reducer is 30–40%. The expander and water reducer meet the requirements of GB50119-2013, the chemical composition of calcium oxide expansion agent is shown in 16 (44) is adopted. In order to study the effect of fly-ash content, basalt fiber content, expansion agent content, and water reducing agent content on the crack resistance of the HPC, combined with raw material chemical composition and performance parameters, the orthogonal test of LThe demould cubic specimens of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm were placed in the curing chamber for curing for 7 and 28 days. According to the relevant test methods in GB-T50081-2011, the compressive strength of the cubic specimens cured for 7 and 28 days was measured with a 500 t micro-electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine. The concrete crack resistance test was carried out according to CCES 01-2004, and the specimen of 60 cm × 60 cm × 6.3 cm was formed. The mold and specimen are shown in 0; when the first crack was observed, it was recorded as t1. After the crack appeard, it was observed and measured every 20 min until the crack penetrated; at this time, it was recorded as t2. It was observed and measured every hour after the crack penetrated, once every two hours after two hours, once after 10 hours, and once after 24 hours. The contents of observation and measurement include the number of cracks, the average crack width of each crack, the average crack length of each crack, the maximum crack length, and the maximum crack width.The formed specimen was cured in an environment with relative humidity of 60 ± 5% and temperature of 20 ± 2 ℃. After the concrete was poured and leveled, the time was tT1 is initial crack time of concrete (min), T2 is crack penetration time of concrete (min), A is cracking area of concrete (mm2), t0 is the initial moment after concrete leveling, t1 is the momen of the first crack in concrete, t2 is the moment of concrete crack penetration, N is the total number of concrete cracks, iW is average width of the NO.i crack in concrete (mm), and iL is average length of the NO.i crack in concrete (mm).The initial cracking time, crack penetration time, and cracking area were calculated in accordance with Equations (1)–(3):The 10 mm × 10 mm × 5 mm samples that had been cured for 28 days were soaked in anhydrous ethanol for 3 d, and the samples were taken out and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 48 h. The JSM-6510 high-resolution scanning electron microscope was used for SEM scanning analysis.The samples were taken from absolute ethanol that had been cured for 28 days, dried in the oven at 60 °C for 24 h, partially ground to powder, and sieved through 80 μm sieve. D8 advance X-ray diffractometer produced by Bruker Corporation  was used for XRD analysis under a scanning range of 10° to 80° at a scanning rate of 0.30 s/step, step size = 0.02°. Some samples were analyzed by mercury intrusion, and the test was performed by Auto Pore IV 9510 mercury injection meter produced by the Micromeritics Instrument Corporation .2 required for hydration of fly ash may be insufficient. At the same time, the moisture in the concrete migrates to the surface early, and the free water decreases, which affects the hydration of fly ash, so the compressive strength gradually decreases [The effect of each component on the compressive strength is displayed in ecreases .As illustrated in As shown in As shown in As illustrated in As illustrated in The microstructure of the HPC was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. BG is the reference concrete, and OG is the optimal mix HPC in The X-ray diffraction analysis of the high-performance concrete was performed. BG is the reference concrete, and OG is the optimal mix HPC in 2, C-S-H, Aft, Ca(OH)2, and C2S. The main components of sand was SiO2; C-S-H, AFt, and Ca(OH)2 were hydration products; and C2S was the clinker of cement. The positions of the characteristic peaks of each phase of the two groups of concrete basically coincided, and no new phase was found. The diffraction peak of C2S in OG concrete became lower than BG concrete, which indicated that the C2S in the optimal mix concrete was more completely hydrated and the strength was more developed than in BG concrete; the diffraction peaks of AFt and Ca(OH)2 in the optimal mix concrete OG became higher, which showed that the addition of expander produced more hydration products.In order to analyze the internal pore characteristics of the HPC, mercury injection analysis was carried out. BG is the reference concrete, and OG is the optimal mix HPC. The pore size distribution diagram is shown in Through the experimental research on the crack resistance of the HPC for the subway underground station floor with different material components, the following conclusions are obtained:(1) Considering the effect of the fly ash, the basalt fiber, the expander, and the water reducer, the 7 d and 28 d compressive strength of the HPC will gradually decrease with the increase in fly ash and expander content. On the contrary, as the content of basalt fiber increases, the 7 d and 28 d compressive strength of the HPC will gradually increase, but when the content is more than 0.3%, the 28 d compressive strength does not increase significantly. With the increase in the content of the water reducer, the 7 d and 28 d compressive strength of the HPC increases first and then decreases, but the effect on the compressive strength of the HPC is not obvious.(2) As the content of the fly ash, the basalt fiber, and the expansion agent increases, the initial crack time and through-crack time of the HPC are gradually delayed. On the contrary, with the increase in the content of water reducer, the initial crack time and through-crack time of the concrete will gradually increase.(3) When the content of the fly ash, the basalt fiber, and the expansive agent increase, the cracking area of the concrete gradually decreases. However, with the increase in the amount of water reducer, the cracking area of the concrete gradually increases. When the water-reducer content reached 1.3%, the cracking area accounted for 105.7% of the concrete with 1.0% water-reducer content.(4) The addition of the fly ash and the expansive agent can cause a large number of crystalline products to fill the pores, and the cement hydration is more sufficient. At the same time, the disorderly distribution of the basalt fibers can also increase the compactness of the structure; as a result, the proportion of small pores in the concrete increases, and the proportion of large pores decreases significantly, which effectively improves the crack resistance of concrete.The conclusions obtained can provide guidance for the construction of subway concrete engineering in China and can also be used as a reference for the cracking research of concrete engineering abroad.


Cucumis sativus L.) reference genome has been sequenced and assembled into 8035 contigs, a small fraction of which have been mapped to individual chromosomes. Currently, bioinformatics methods based on comparative homology have made it possible to re-order the sequenced contigs by mapping them to the reference genomes. The B10v3 genome  was rearranged against the genomes of cucumber 9930 (‘Chinese Long’ line) and Gy14 (North American line). Furthermore, a better insight into the organization of the B10v3 genome was obtained by integrating the data available in the literature on the assignment of contigs to chromosomes in the B10v3 genome with the results of the bioinformatic analysis. The combination of information on the markers used in the assembly of the B10v3 genome and the results of FISH and DArT-seq experiments confirmed the reliability of the in silico assignment. Approximately 98% of the protein-coding genes within the chromosomes were assigned and a significant proportion of the repetitive fragments in the sequenced B10v3 genome were identified using the RagTag programme. In addition, BLAST analyses provided comparative information between the B10v3 genome and the 9930 and Gy14 data sets. This revealed both similarities and differences in the functional proteins found between the coding sequences region in the genomes. This study contributes to better knowledge and understanding of cucumber genome line B10v3.The availability of a well-organized and annotated reference genome is essential for genome research and the analysis of re-sequencing approaches. The B10v3 cucumber ( Cucurbitaceae family, many genomes have already been obtained, belonging to the tribes Benincaseae, Cucurbiteae, Sicyoeae, Momordiceae, and Siraitieae. These genomes vary in size from 204.8 to 919.76 Mb and in the genomic draft arrangements in chromosomal structures, while they share common features encoded by genes [Cucumis sativus, several genomes have been described previously.The cognitive process of genomes is being refined constantly, and newer versions of sequenced genomes are being produced based on progressively more advanced sequencing techniques. In the Cucumis sativus are 9930 [Cucumis sativus genome was described in a publication about assembly of B10v3 genome [Among the most well-known and described reference lines of are 9930 , a Chine3 genome , where rCucumis sativus was constructed from 12 cucumber line sequences [Recently, the graph-based pan-genome for equences , where fFor the B10v3 genome, part of the contigs were assigned to the corresponding chromosomes as a result of experimental studies. A genome-wide study of B10v3  describeAspergillus fumigatus pangenome [Today, advances in the development of bioinformatics programs make possible the alignment and arrangement of contigs after sequencing against selected reference genomes. Over the past few years, programs for this purpose have made significant advances in both the accuracy of the alignment and the time required, enabling simple organization of contigs in genomes. These programs also cope well with plant genomes, which have many repetitive elements and mobile fragments. Thus, it became possible to use bioinformatics tools to organize the contigs in the B10v3 genome and obtain in silico assignment of contigs to chromosomes. The use of such software offers the possibility of creating appropriate genomic assemblies to enable subsequent comparative analyses, and also the construction of pangenomes, as described in a publication on the creation of the angenome .In addition, more and more information on sequenced cucumber genomes is available in reference databases. This creates opportunities to compare genomes and detect similarities and differences between them. It is possible to integrate bioinformatics data with the results of laboratory experiments, providing confirmation of the information obtained in silico and vice versa.In the present work, the objectives of the analyses were (1) to compare the cucumber genomes  and arrange B10v3 contigs into chromosome structure using bioinformatics tools based on comparative homology, (2) to compare the accuracy of in silico tools in plant genome analysis, (3) identification of similarities and differences at the level of encoded protein sequences between the B10v3, 9930 and Gy14 genomes, and (4) data integration from genetic, molecular, and cytogenetic analyses reported in the literature with bioinformatic results of contig ordination.Here, we present results for individual contigs of the B10v3 genome sequenced and assigned to chromosomes using in silico tools. We also preface the functional annotation results by presenting a comparison of the proteins encoded by the identified structures on the B10v3, Gy14, and 9930 genomes, in which high similarity of the encoded amino acid sequences were found. In addition, the integration of previously obtained data  confirmed the reliability of the results obtained in the bioinformatics analysis, ordering the information on the distribution of contigs in the B10v3 genome. The use of computer-based techniques and laboratory experiments is in the mainstream of recent concepts on genome assembly [Finally, in this work, we present a new pipeline for comparative genomic analyses integrating high-throughput sequence data with biological data, resulting in the consolidation and structuring of knowledge on genomic draft structure .The results presented in this work are of great importance for biologists and bioinformaticians who have to deal with a variety of data resources in cucumber, but also in other plants. The relevance of the work lies in the presentation of an appropriate approach for the analysis of experimental data and different genomic data, showing the pros and cons of currently-used algorithms for data integration. It also unifies the used descriptions of the cucumber chromosome structure and explains the discrepancies between the different versions of the cucumber genome. Based on our approach, we identify trends that need to be addressed for efficient comparative analysis of high-throughput data, taking into account the obstacles we encountered when using current genome comparison tools. The future will bring ever increasing resources of information. It is important that these data can be correlated and used as efficiently as possible.Individual metrics for the B10v3, Gy14, and 9930 genomes were generated using the sequence-stats program and are presented in Analyzing the data statistics  for eachThe multiple sequence alignment (MSA) presented on Using programs that rely on comparative homology, it was possible to obtain in silico contig arrangement by comparing sequences to the 9930 and Gy14 genomes. The programs used—RagTag, Mauve Contig Mover, and Multi-CSAR—gave different results, varying in the degree of contig assignment to continuous chromosomes. The program that gave the best results was RagTag, which was the only tool that assigned contigs to seven chromosomes. The alignment results of the other programs did not show contig alignment at this level. The Multi-CSAR program aligned contigs to the level of larger scaffolds, while the result of Contig Mover program was alignment with missing fragments. Each program produced FASTA files containing sequences after contig positioning, as shown in the MSA plot generated in Mauve program and shown on The RagTag program possess a merge function that allows us to perform contig arrangement based on several reference genomes simultaneously. Attempting to use this functionality in this case resulted in a lack of contig alignment at the chromosome level, making it impossible to determine the chromosome affiliation of contigs. This allowed us to assume that the three reference genomes are too distinct from each other to perform this type of alignment using three genomes at once. For this reason, separate contig alignment results from the RagTag software were included in the final results: 9930 vs. B10v3 and Gy14 vs. B10v3 .Comparing genome fragments arranged into chromosomes with fragments not arranged into chromosomes in the RagTag program, the proportion of repetitive sequences in these fragments was calculated based on the results of the RepeatMasker software , availabAs the final result of the RagTag program, a FASTA file with the reordered contigs was obtained, as well as a file in AGP format that describes the arrangement of contigs in the obtained FASTA file. Based on these results, a final table with the arrangement of each contig depending on the selected reference (9930 or Gy14) was prepared and included in the final summary in HTML format that can be searched, filtered, and exported to Excel and CSV .In order to find corresponding proteins between B10v3 versus 9930 and Gy14 data sets, 16,099 protein sequences encoded by genes from the B10v3 genome were used, and 16,092 matches were found in the 9930 and 16,086 matches in the Gy14 proteins, respectively .Using the annotation available for the encoded genes in the CuGenDBv2 database, it was possible to assign chromosomes positions functions and ontologies to the searched proteins in BLASTP results. Assigning the searched proteins to the corresponding annotations from the other genomes allowed the probable allocation of contigs on chromosomes in the B10v3 genome.Cucurbitaceae yielded 15,923 protein sequences , the majority of identified proteins being 94% for the 9930-base search, 83% for the Gy14 base search, and 93% for the 3650 taxon restricted base search. Searching for common proteins from the B10v3 coding sequences that were found with 100% identity in the 9930 and Gy14 data reveals 5661 common proteins, while extending the identity range above 90% reveals 13,078 proteins matched in both the 9930 and Gy14 protein coding sequences. For the protein search results in the 9930 line, where identity was 100%, and for Gy14 line, where it was below 90%, there were 1179 such proteins. Only 154 proteins were found in the reverse combination, where the identity was 100% for Gy14 and below 90% for 9930. This result indicates a much higher similarity of the searched proteins in the 9930 line than in Gy14 line compared to B10v3. The proteins found by BLASTP were generally mapped with high degree of identity to the proteins of the 9930 and Gy14 data sets. In addition, the comparison of the annotated functions of the proteins found between the lines also showed high similarity, especially for the sequences found with high identity.Cucurbitaceae taxon 3650. Most of them were cucumber proteins.The final summary report  includesCucumis sativus.BLAST analysis was performed on all NR databases available on the NCBI server without taxon-specific restriction for the 192 proteins that had less than 80% identity in the BLAST result for taxon 3650 . Of the Cucurbitaceae family, confirming the correctness of the created annotation of B10v3 genome. In addition, for three proteins, no search results were obtained in the whole NR database. This suggests that despite the vast majority of coding fragment similarity between the cucumber genomes, there are still unique coding fragments in the B10v3 cucumber genome.The above results suggests that additional searches of the NR database reveal sequences in the B10v3 genome that are available for different versions of the cucumber genomes not described in the 9930 and Gy14 databases, generated from the FASTA files from CuGenDBv2 database. The results also indicate that most of the matched proteins, even with low identity, are from the In order to assign DArT-seq data with the genetic map  and prioIn addition, a list of contig assignments to chromosomes in the B10v3 genome was obtained by combining the information on the assignment of loci to chromosomes provided in the publication  supplemeIntensive karyomorphological studies of cucumber have been carried out since the late 1960’s ,15,16,17The Chr1, Ch2, and Chr5 of B10 line numbering (BChr) corresponded to Chr2, Chr4, and Chr1 of Chinese cucumber numbering (CChr), thus did BChr3 and BChr7 to CChr3 and CChr7, respectively. According to the previous reports, B10 has five 45S rDNA locations which contain three major  and two minor (BChr3 and BChr7) signals. The 45S rDNA of Chinese cucumber had three major  and two minor (CChr3 and CChr7) signals .A BLASTN results for STCs compared to B10v3 genomic sequence determined the assignment of individual identifiers to specific contigs. The results of the BAC analysis, transcribed to the B10v3 version of the genome, show the assignment of STCs to chromosomes which confirms the correctness of our comparisons. The comparison of these results with the results of the RagTag program coincides with the results of the BAC analysis. The following The integrated results for bioinformatics and biological data  show theThe small inconsistency in regard to FISH results of ctg 2607 may be related to misinterpretation of chromosome identification after hybridization. It can be related to the above-described factors, namely, small chromosome size and their similarity. The rest of our FISH results perfectly matched the chromosomes in 9930 and Gy14 lines. Additional in silico analyses of selected sequences specific for 18S rDNA  identified contig 6107 and 5660 from Gy14 genome and placed them to chromosome 1 and 4. This is in agreement with previously reported results for this gene. One might ask, what about the other three chromosomes for which rDNA probes have been assigned? Taking into account the incomplete assembly of cucumber genomes resulting from the large number of repeated sequences occurring in them, which also include rDNA sequences, it can be assumed that the lack of detection on the remaining chromosomes is the result of their lack of assignment to already defined structures.C. hardwickii (CHS55)  .The comparison of chromosomes between B10 and 859 showed chromosomal polymorphism on chromosomes 1, 6, and 7. In chromosome 1, the 45S rDNA was located at the long arm of the pericentromeric region of B10, while, for 859, on the pericentromeric region of the short arm. The terminal region of the short arm of B10 chromosome 6 did not possess any heterochromatic bands and Type IV signal. In the case of 859, the terminal region of the long arm neither possessed a heterochromatic band nor a Type IV signal. The most remarkable differences are specific for chromosome 7; the 45S rDNA signals are located at the pericentromeric region in the long arm of B10 and, to the contrary, on the pericentromeric region of the short arm in the 859 line. Moreover, chromosome 7 had the Type IV signals at the pericentromeric and the terminal regions of the short and long arms of the 859 line, while for B10, the signal is located only at the terminal regions of the long arm.The CHS55 had characteristic banding after DAPI and CMA staining, which makes chromosome identification possible. However, the tandem repeat signal localization showed a large difference between wild species and cultivars. The major 45S rDNA was detected in chromosome 4, and minor signals were detected in chromosomes 2, 3, and 7. This result is contrary to previously reported results where 45S rDNA is presented only in three pairs of chromosomes ,25. TypeTo summarize, it is clear that the data from the various experiments, with regard to the B10v3 genome, mostly overlap. The bioinformatics analyses carried out are also consistent with information previously obtained by laboratory methods, confirming the effectiveness of in silico methods in comparing and aligning contigs in genomes. Although there are still imperfections in these tools, future improvements should be made in terms of usability, increased batch data, and speed. Nevertheless, we were able to organize data for the B10v3 genome using RagTag for the two cucumber genomes: 9930 and Gy14. Although the genomes are not 100% assembled, we can see a huge progression in assembling and describing the structures present on the chromosomes.Despite the existence of gaps between contigs on each genome, it is possible to establish a concordant match between contigs and chromosomes; however, the results of assigning B10v3 contigs to chromosomes depend on the reference genome used (line 9930 or Gy14).Assembling full length genomes are a challenge for the future. For this purpose, techniques are needed to sequence the longest possible molecules containing accurate information about repetitive elements, which can then be correctly sequenced. At the moment, as can be seen from the FISH analyses performed and described here, the repetitive elements are located on chromosomes but, for the most part, their detection in existing assemblies in the context of assignment to chromosomes proves impossible. In contrast, areas containing genes are fairly well described. Both the possibility of sequencing techniques and sequence data processing programs need to be developed to acquire the knowledge of complete sequences.We presented an established data integration pipeline that integrates experimental data with in silico data from multiple previous analyses, providing a clear picture of localization on the B10v3 cucumber genome. The alignment of contigs on chromosomes provides a new starting point for further comparative analyses and also enables the localization of genes on chromosomes in resequencing analyses, making it possible to detect their hotspots, which has not been possible so far for the B10v3 genome. Furthermore, the information obtained on the similarity of the B10v3 genome to the 9930 and Gy14 genomes provides additional knowledge on the European version of cucumber and brings us closer to a more complete cucumber pangenome.The above work is particularly relevant for teams working with cucumber species. However, we would like to emphasize that the analysis scheme presented can be used to correlate data in other species. Currently, there are many centers working on genomes of the same species, and it is useful to be able to easily exchange and correlate data. This will facilitate work, especially in terms of detailed structural and functional data.In subsequent analyses, the FASTA files and annotations for the B10v3, 9930v3, and Gy14v2.1 cucumber genomes from the CuGenDBv2 database  were useThe retrieved genomes differ in assembly characteristics, so the first step was to prepare a summary for each genome using the sequence-stats program . At thisThen, multiple sequence alignments of the B10v3, 9930, and Gy14 genomes were prepared together with visualization in the Mauve  softwareIn the next step, a contig rearrangement methods based on homology to reference genomes were used. In this case, contigs from the B10 genome were ordered, by comparison to the 9930 and Gy14 reference genomes, respectively, using RagTag , Mauve CSequentially, a search for common proteins annotated in the B10v3, 9930, and Gy14 genomes was performed using the BLASTP  softwareCucurbitaceae family (taxon 3650). The results were then annotated accordingly the Entrez database API [For proteins showing low sequence identity to Gy14 or 9930 proteins, a BLASTP was conducted to the NCBI  databasebase API  in the PFor the integration of previously obtained data from genome characteristics studies we used (1) data from marker position on the B10v3 genome , (2) DArRegarding the DArT-seq data, the 717 sequences were mapped to the B10v3 genome using BLASTN software. The obtained results were integrated with information on the position of the contigs in the B10v3 genome and combined with information on the assignment of the loci to the chromosome identified in the DArT-seq experiment. The consensus assignment of a contig to a chromosome was then determined using the criterion of the highest number of matches.Cucumis sativus L.) [In the FISH analysis described in the publication on NGS in cucumber (ivus L.) , the 7 SRoot tip microscope slides were prepared according to previously described protocols ,34. ChroThe selected BAC DNA was extracted using HiSpeed Plasmid Kits, and whole BAC DNA was used for the labeling. A Nick translation kit was used to label insert fragments with tetramethyl-rhodamine-5-dUTP .The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify 45S rDNA fragments, following the method of Sogin . Types IThe FISH was carried out with a modified method for direct labeling according to Tagashira et al. .FISH signal photomicrographs were taken under an Olympus AX70 “Provis”  microscope equipped with an Olympus DP50 digital camera. The image processing was performed using Photoshop  , pseudo--A file integrating RagTag results with BLASTP searches and data for markers used in B10v3 genome stacking together with results of DArT-seq and FISH analyses ;-Files showing the results of the BLAST program ;-A file showing the genes assigned to each contig .As the output of the data integration, the interactive HTML reports were created that can be searched, filtered, and exported to Excel and CSV files using dedicated buttons. It includes information on the length of contigs in the B10v3 genome, the results of contig arrangement in the RagTag software with use of the 9930 and Gy14 genomes as references, markers from the B10v3 genome assembly, and contig assignment to chromosomes obtained in DArTseq and FISH analysis. Reports were prepared using the DT library in the R programming language, creating separate files:In the post-genomic era, where the amount of sequenced information is increasing day by day and sequencing techniques and bioinformatics tools are developing rapidly, there is a need for a good description of the data obtained, as well as the correlations between them. Having a well-described reference for comparative genomics research is fundamental, and one must strive to find the best pathways for the analysis of such large data sets, both experimental and in silico, and their mutual correlation. In the present study, we have shown that the coding regions in the B10v3 genome in relation to the analyzed genomes coincide and can be located on chromosomes. Unfortunately, the assembly of the genomes is not complete due to problematic repetitive elements. The analyzed genomic data represent little polymorphism, which may be indicative of specific individual traits, but may also be indicative of the quality of the sequence data and assembly techniques of these genomes.