It can be assumed that the antitumor effect of the KE, EW, EDG, and AEDG peptides could be associated with their ability to inhibit the LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1 amino acid transporters. The data obtained lead to new prospects for further study of the mechanisms of transport of USP-based drugs into the cell and design of new antitumor drugs.The aim of this work is to verify the possibility of transport of 26 biologically active ultrashort peptides (USPs) into cells via LAT and PEPT family transporters. Molecular modeling and computer-assisted docking of peptide ligands revealed that the size and structure of ligand-binding sites of the amino acid transporters LAT1, LAT2, and of the peptide transporter PEPT1 are sufficient for the transport of the 26 biologically active di-, tri-, and tetra-peptides. Comparative analysis of the binding of all possible di- and tri-peptides (8400 compounds) at the binding sites of the LAT and PEPT family transporters has been carried out. The 26 biologically active USPs systematically showed higher binding scores to LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1, as compared with di- and tri-peptides, for which no biological activity has been established. This indicates an important possible role which LAT and PEPT family transporters may play in a variety of biological activities of the 26 biologically active peptides under investigation in this study. Most of the 26 studied USPs were found to bind to the LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1 transporters more efficiently than the known substrates or inhibitors of these transporters. Peptides ED, DS, DR, EDR, EDG, AEDR, AEDL, KEDP, and KEDG, and peptoids DS7 and KE17 with negatively charged Asp Ultrashort peptides (USPs), consisting of 2–8 amino acid residues, regulate the functions of the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, and are also involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis . TherefoThe eukaryotic cell membrane is a barrier to amino acids, USPs, and other hydrophilic or charged substances. To maintain cell homeostasis over the course of evolution, a number of specialized proteins have been developed—membrane carriers of various biologically active substances. The ability of some positively charged short peptides to penetrate cells was first discovered in human immunodeficiency virus research. These peptides were called “cell-penetrating peptides”. They are used to transport various drugs into cells .Fluorescent and electron microscopy, as well as modern methods of molecular modeling, revealed the passive transport of positively charged peptides in HeLa cells .USPs are assumed to enter the cell with the participation of proton-dependent oligopeptide transporters (POT) . The traLATs are heterodimeric amino acid transporters. LAT1 predominantly transports neutral amino acids such as leucine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, as well as some other biologically active substances, including L-DOPA, baclofen, anticonvulsants gabapentin, pregabalin, thyroid hormones T3, T4, and S-nitrosothiols, and the chemotherapy drug melphalan ,6,7,8, uLAT2 has been found in almost all organs and tissues and possesses broad specificity for neutral amino acids, thyroid hormones, and amino acid-like xenobiotics  using anl-γ-Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide) inhibit both LAT1 and LAT2 [LAT2 is characterized by broad substrate specificity to small and large neutral (zwitterionic) amino acids  , thyroidand LAT2 . It is kand LAT2 .Di- and tri-peptides, as well as various peptide-like compounds, are transported into the epithelial cells of the intestine and kidneys via POT-type transporters, which include PEPT1 and PEPT2. In contrast, the level of amino acid sequence identity between the LAT and PEPT transporter families is quite low (~14–15%), which most likely means that they are not evolutionarily related. All the POT family members are similar in structure and contain 12 transmembrane domains with N- and C-termini facing the cell cytoplasm. PEPT1 and PEPT2 have high interspecific amino acid homology among mammals (~80%). However, the amino acid sequence homology between human PEPT1 and PEPT2 is relatively low (~50%) .PEPT1 and PEPT2 possess high overlapping substrate specificity and are capable of transporting dipeptides and tripeptides regardless of the difference in their amino acid sequences ,13,21,222, KEDA, KEDG) into cells via LAT and PEPT family transporters.The aim of this work is to verify a possibility of transport of 26 biologically active USPs  varied during regularization and relaxation of the spatial structure of the protein under investigation and ligand docking in its active site. The standard energy parameters of the ECEPP/3 forcefield of the ICM-Pro software package for the Van der Waals, electrostatic, torsion, energy interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydration were used in the calculations. The spatial structure library of the 26 studied USPs  with free N- and C-termini was developed by means of the molecular editor integrated into the ICM-Pro software package. The spatial chemical structures of these compounds are presented in The study was carried out using computational methods of molecular modeling and ligand docking on a multiprocessor supercomputer of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named after B.P. Konstantinov, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” . Regularized  models of the LAT1, LAT2, PEPT1, and PEPT2 transporters’ spatial structures with different conformations of the ligand-binding sites were built on the basis of the structures available in the PDB database  by means of the ICM-Pro  standard protocols and tools . The staLigand docking at the binding sites of LAT1, LAT2, PEPT1, and PEPT2 transporters with different active site conformations was performed by ICM-Dock method in the ICMFF forcefield using standard ICM protocols for flexible ligand docking implemented in the DockScan utility of the ICM-Pro software package. The ICM-Score function is the main indicator of quality and potential stability of the ligand-protein complexes under investigation. It is a partial analogue of the free binding energy and is measured in kcal/mol.vwE—the change in the Van der Waals interaction energy when a ligand is bound at the active site of a protein,Over the course of the docking algorithm, a global optimization of the flexible ligand in the field of the active site of the receptor protein was carried out. In the first stage, the receptor potential map was calculated with respect to hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions. After that, a conformational analysis of the ligand outside the receptor was performed to predict the initial conformations. The Monte Carlo method was used to change the internal set of variable bond angles of the ligand in the receptor field and to search for the local minimum with further minimization of the energy gradient. At the final stage, the energy function was calculated, on the basis of which a decision was made whether to reject or retain the obtained ligand conformation. The interaction energy between the ligand and the receptor was calculated as follows:enE—the entropy contribution to the free binding energy associated with the loss of conformational freedom of the ligand and amino acid side chains at the active site of the protein resulting from the ligand binding to the receptor . The angles were chosen to provide ≥90% reproducibility of the docking results .The USP-binding sites were defined as a region within the cavity of the binding sites of the transporters under investigation, obtained from the spatial structures of their complexes with various substrates and inhibitors, presented in the PDB database. The cavities of the transporter-binding sites have hydrophobic, positively, and negatively charged regions, which provide a fairly large number of possibilities for the USPs’ binding. The lowest-energy USPs conformations in the cavity of the ligand-binding site of LAT1, LAT2, PEPT1, and PEPT2 transporters were selected for the further search of compounds that can participate in the transport through the cell membrane or block the transport mechanism of other ligands. These transporters were selected based on the comparison of the calculated ICM-Score values for the 26 USPs under investigation with the data obtained for known ligands and inhibitors of LAT1, LAT2, PEPT1, and PEPT2, as well as a comparative analysis of the obtained results with the results of docking of all possible di- and tri-peptides into the active sites of these proteins.The amino acid and peptide transporters under investigation have different amino acid sequences. However, their functional activity is similar. All these transporters have two major domains, one of which is embedded into the cell membrane in such a manner that the N- and C-termini of the protein are on the same inner side of the cell membrane. The transmembrane domains of all 4 transporters are composed of 12 α-helices and contain substrate-binding sites in the central region. However, these sites are different in size and structure and, as a result, possess different substrate specificities.The docking results of the 26 biologically active USPs to the active sites of LAT1 and PEPT1 showed that the EDR peptide has the lowest value of the ICM-Score function A,C. ThisThus, depending on the structure and conformation of the transporter’s active site and a USP, there are differences in the probability of USPs’ transport by various carriers of short peptides and amino acids.26 = 0.0000000149, which is an important argument in favor of the LAT1 involvement in the transport of the 26 USPs under investigation.To analyze the probability of random binding of the 26 biologically active peptides, a large-scale docking of all possible di- and tri-peptides into the active sites of LAT1, LAT2, PEPT1, and PEPT2 transporters was carried out. The binding analysis of all possible di- and tri-peptides  at the LAT1-binding site showed that all of the 26 biologically active USPs under investigation fall into the top 50% of the 8400 peptide ligands with the length of 2 and 3 amino acid residues in terms of their binding efficiency to LAT1 . The prop-value << 0.05).As one can see from the 26 ~ 0.000000015, which means that the binding characteristics of the 26 biologically active peptides to the transporters under examination are better than for the set of all possible di- and tri-peptides on average. This observation is another indicator that the composition of the 26 biologically active peptides is not a random set of USPs, which may be due to transport of the biologically active peptides across the cell membrane via the considered transporters of the LAT and PEPT families. Indeed, if the 26 USPs under consideration had no relation to these transporters, then its distribution of ICM-Scores is expected to be close to the distribution of the 8400 di- and tri-peptides. Data shown in Interestingly, all the complexes of the 26 biologically active USPs, with the exception of complexes with the PEPT2 transporter, are located on the left—in the more negative part of the distribution of di- and tri-peptide ICM-Score values. The probability of such a random coincidence is very low, 1/2Similar to LAT1, LAT2 also provides transport of neutral amino acids across the cell membrane. The transporters have high similarity in amino acid sequences and spatial structure. The available spatial structures of human LAT1 and LAT2 transporters exhibit similar inward-open conformations, indicating a common substrate recognition mechanism shared by LAT1 and LAT2 ,30,31. H− groups  is higher than that of known LAT2 inhibitors. Therefore, it can be assumed that this tetrapeptide will reversibly bind to LAT2 and be transported into the cell with its participation. In case this assumption is true, then smaller di- and tri-peptides are also likely to be transported via this carrier.2, KEDA, and KEDG are comparable to inhibitors of the PEPT1 transporter in terms of binding strength, since the calculated value of the ICM-Score function for them lies within the same range as for the known inhibitors [According to molecular modeling, ultrashort peptides AE, KE, ED, DA, DE, DG, DS, EW, DW, DL, KED, EDG, EDR, EDL, AED, EDP, KEDP, AEDG, AEDR, AEDL, AEDP, KEDW-NHhibitors ,33. At tUnfortunately, the data currently available on the PEPT2 transporter structure do not allow a reliable assessment of the binding efficiency of the 26 biologically active USPs at the active site of this transporter. It can be assumed that the small size of the active site of its only known conformation is only sufficient for the binding of peptide ligands no larger than two amino acid residues. However, this is most probably not the only possible PEPT2 conformation. This issue requires further detailed consideration based on more complete structural data on the conformational mobility of PEPT2.Most of the 26 studied USPs of 2 and 3 amino acid residues in length bound to LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1 transporters with more efficiency than known substrates or inhibitors of these transporters. The only spatial structure of the human PEPT2 present in the PDB was not sufficiently representative of the conformational state in which the binding of the ligands of this transporter by di- and tri-peptides occurred. Therefore, the results obtained on the binding of the 26 biologically active USPs can still be considered as preliminary only. Nevertheless, it was found that, according to the submitted calculations, DG and DA dipeptides can bind to PEPT2 more efficiently than known inhibitors of this transporter.− or Glu− amino acid residues at the N-terminus and neutral or positively charged residues at the C-terminus. The presence of the ED motif in the structure apparently improved the binding characteristics of USPs to LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1.The most effective ligands of the LAT2 transporter were peptides EDR (the best binding ligand for LAT1 and PEPT1 transporters and the second most effective for LAT2), ED, DS, DR, AEDR, AEDL, EDG, KEDP, and KEDG, and peptoids DS7 and AB-17, with negatively charged AspThe antitumor effect of KE and AEDG peptides, previously revealed in in vitro and in vivo experiments, probably occurred due to their ability to inhibit LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1 amino acid transporters.The analysis of binding of all possible di- and tri-peptides (8400 compounds) at the active sites of LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1 showed that the 26 biologically active USPs belong to 50% of the best peptide ligands, with lengths of 2 and 3 amino acid residues in terms of their binding efficiency to these transporters. This indicates the possibility of USPs’ transport through the cell membrane or inhibition of the active centers of the transporters themselves. Further experimental studies on the mechanisms of transport of the 26 biologically active USPs via the LAT and PEPT family transporters may be important for understanding the molecular background of peptide regulation of the physiological functions in the human body and creating new-generation drugs on this basis.


The paper presents the results of laboratory tests and the complete results of the implementation of the Sprint fast-setting concrete technology used during the reinstallation of the concrete pavement of the DK50 road (the Młodzieszyn bypass). The problem of concrete pavement repair is related to economic and social costs and, above all, to long repair time. After an extensive analysis of various technologies, the authors created a dedicated solution, which, based on commonly existing materials, allows for a very quick repair of the existing pavement. The obtained properties of the fast-setting concrete allow the maintenance of rheological parameters for 2 h from its production and to install the mixture of the consistency of class S3/S4, while the obtained compressive strength exceeds 25 MPa within 6 h of installation. The concrete parameters obtained after 24 h show a strength exceeding 40 MPa, and after 28 days—exceeding 60 MPa. The tensile strength at shattering exceeds 5 MPa, while the tensile strength at flexural strength exceeds 7 MPa. In addition, all parameters of the fast-setting concrete meet the highest requirements currently set for newly built concrete pavement loaded by very heavy traffic. The most important parameter is the possibility to shorten the repair time of concrete pavement to one day, significantly reducing the social costs associated with closing a single lane or the entire road. An important element of the presented technology is the possibility of producing the mixture at a stationary concrete batching plant, and in the future—with the use of bags for patching potholes in road pavement. In the last 10 years, in Poland, we have observed a rapid increase in the number of roads built in cement concrete technology, resulting from the fact that the main routes of motorways and expressways have been completed. The rapidly expanding road network requires preparation for possible repairs of the surface, which must be made under traffic within a certain operational time, minimizing difficulties for road users ,3,4,5. TOn the analyzed section of 2.4 km of the national road No. 50 of the Młodzieszyn bypass, work was carried out by a consortium of OAT and SAT companies in the period April–September 2019, under constant traffic in the field of repairing the concrete pavement by replacing slabs, levelling them, sealing expansion joints, roughening, and utilizing roadside reinforcements.The selection of the type of materials for the design of Sprint 8 quick-setting concrete was based on the requirements of the technical specification . CEM I 53] was used. The design of the concrete mix began with determining the proportions between the aggregate of fractions 2/8 and 8/16 and sand in order to obtain the maximum saturation of the aggregate and the minimum free space between the grains. In the process of designing the mineral mix, granite aggregate of 2/8 and 8/16 mm fractions with a density of 2.65, and 0/2 mm sand with a density of 2.64 [g/cmIn order to eliminate the possible risk of alkali–silica reaction (ASR), tests were carried out to determine the reactivity of the aggregate. The category of alkaline reactivity of the aggregates was determined on the basis of elongation measurements of mortar and concrete samples (direct methods), performed according to the PB/2/18 (long-term 365 days) or PB/1/18 (short-term 14 days) test procedures, respectively. Accelerated elongation testing of mortar samples according to PB/1/18 is carried out separately for fine aggregate 0/2 mm and coarse aggregate of fraction 2/8 and 8/16 mm. The R0 reactivity category is assigned to the aggregate if the elongation of the samples after 14 days of immersion of the mortar bars in a 1 M NaOH solution at 80 °C is not greater than 0.10% (coarse aggregate) or 0.15% (fine aggregate) [The symbols R0 and R1 denote the degree of reactivity of the aggregate: R0 not reactive and R1 potentially reactive. The following symbols are used in The test results obtained in the field of fine aggregate 0/2 mm and granite aggregate 2/8 and 8/16 mm meet the requirements of the test procedures and the aggregates have been classified as R0, i.e., non-reactive.The next step was the appropriate selection of cement to ensure high early compressive strength. The key stage was the selection of chemical admixtures that ensured maintaining the liquid consistency for 2 h and obtaining a minimum of 20 MPa after 8 h.The detailed composition of the designed recipes is presented in As part of the experimental research carried out in the central laboratory in Warsaw, over 300 samples were prepared and tested in order to determine the required properties. As part of the quality control of the delivered quick-setting concrete for the implementation of the investment of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways  for the Compressive strength tests were performed according to PN-EN 12390-3  after 8 The compressive strength was determined in accordance with the PN-EN 12390-3 standard after 8 and 24 h and after 28 days of concrete curing. As part of the compressive strength assessment, more than 150 samples were tested in accordance with the requirements of the EN 12390-2 standard. The test results are shown in When analyzing the results of the quick-setting concrete compressive strength test, it should be noted that the most important requirement, i.e., a minimum of 20 MPa after 8 h, was met because the average result was 27.48 ± 3.6 MPa. The results of the compressive strength after 24 h are 42.77 ± 2.5 MPa, which, in the authors’ opinion, allows the road pavement to be approved for traffic. The compressive strength was also assessed after 28 days in accordance with the requirements of the GDDKiA technical specification [Flexural strength was determined in accordance with PN-EN 12390-5 after 28 days of curing. A total of 12 samples were prepared for the test, in accordance with the requirements of the EN 12390-2 standard. The tensile strength was determined in accordance with PN-EN 12390-6 for 15 samples in accordance with the requirements of EN 12390-2. The test results are presented in The flexural strength results obtained for the Sprint 8 quick-setting concrete met the requirements for concrete pavements for roads with very heavy traffic KR7, as they reached a minimum of 5.5 MPa for tensile strength and exceeded 3.7 MPa in the tensile strength test. Analyzing the obtained results, we can see that the average flexural strength obtained was 7.9 ± 0.7 MPa and the average tensile strength was 5.1 ± 0.2 MPa.Concrete frost resistance was tested in accordance with PN-B-06250:1988  using thWhen analyzing the results of compressive strength tests obtained in the frost resistance test, it should be noted that the decrease in compressive strength after 150 cycles of freezing and thawing is only 2.3%. The tested samples of high-speed concrete built into the road surface met the condition required in the technical specification, because the decrease in compressive strength was less than 20% and the weight loss of the samples was less than 5%.Resistance to freezing and thawing in the presence of de-icing salts was carried out in accordance with the procedure described in EN 12.390 PKN-CEN/TS 12390-9 . Sealed 2 and the average weight loss determined after 28 and 56 test cycles was less than 1.0 kg/m2. The ratio of weight loss after 56 days to weight loss after 28 days was less than the required result 2. The freeze–thaw resistance values obtained in the presence of de-icing salts meet the requirements of the FT2 category for freeze–thaw specified in EN 13877-2:2013-08 [During the evaluation, it should be noted that for each of the samples, the weight loss of a single sample was less than 1.5 kg/m:2013-08 .In order to perform a technical and economic analysis of the comparison of concrete pavement repair technologies, two technologies  were compared. The performed analysis consists of calculations of both road management costs related to the renovation and social costs of users and environmental costs.-2;The area of occupation of the surface for the replacement of a single slab, taking into account the space needed for technological service, including machine settings—4.5 m × 30 m = 135 m-Occupation of the roadway to a width of 3.5 m, traffic lane + 0.5 m, marking = 4.0 mThe basis for calculating the costs of the road administrator related to the renovation of the concrete pavement were the analyzed costs of concrete production, costs of technological facilities and labor, costs of concrete curing in the analyzed period, costs of occupying the right-of-way and costs of temporary traffic organization for the purposes of the works. In order to compare the costs of replacing slabs in the analyzed technologies, i.e., from traditional concrete pavement and quick-setting concrete, the following rates were adopted:2/day. For the purposes of further analysis we assume, therefore, 135 m2 × pln 10/m2—pln 1350/day;-Costs of maintenance of the implemented temporary traffic organization—pln 500/day;-Cost of technological facilities and labor—pln 4000/day;-Costs of concrete care—pln 500/day;-3;Costs of traditional surface concrete—pln 500/m-3.Fast-setting concrete delivered from an external manufacturer—pln 3000/m4.0 m/8.0 m = 56%—the rate for occupying the right-of-way when the roadway is occupied more than 50%—pln 10 m3 of C35/45 cement concrete is needed to replace one slab.Calculations of the costs of replacing one slab of concrete pavement were made assuming that the slab has dimensions of 4.0 m × 6.0 m and a thickness of 0.25 m; i.e., 6.0 mA summary of the road manager’s costs of replacing one slab of concrete pavement is presented in When analyzing the costs of replacing one concrete slab, it should be noted that when comparing only the purchase cost of concrete, we obtain a much higher price for quick-setting concrete. However, if we analyze all the costs, such as road lane occupation, technical service costs of temporary traffic organization, maintenance costs, we can clearly see that the total cost of renovation using a traditional concrete mix is pln 75,500 and is four times higher than the comparable quick-setting concrete mix. However, the social costs of users and environmental costs must be considered in order to fully evaluate the cost comparison of high speed concrete technologies.-Cost of operating vehicles based on technical data: type of vehicle , topography , road function , technical condition of the surface according to SOSN , and travel speed of the motor vehicle;-Cost of time for road infrastructure users in passenger transport and goods;-The cost of road accidents and casualties;-The cost of emission of toxic exhaust components.A very important, but often neglected, element of the analysis of the life cycle costs of concrete pavements are the costs of road users and the costs of the natural environment. For this purpose, the Manual for the Assessment of Economic Efficiency of Road and Bridge Projects of the Road and Bridge Research Institute in Warsaw was used. The economic cost categories of refurbishment are calculated on the basis of four main cost categories:○Vehicle operating costs:In order to determine the costs of users and the environment, in accordance with the results of the GPR 2020/2021, data on the average daily annual traffic (SDRR) was determined at the measurement point No. 10906 DK50 on the section from km 66 + 010 to km 78 + 725. On this basis, the SDR for heavy vehicles and the SDR for passenger vehicles were determined. Detailed calculations as well as coefficients and their values used for further calculations were used in accordance with the instructions for assessing the economic effectiveness of road and bridge projects, IBDiM, and economic conditions for the operation of passenger regional transport in Poland according to the following formulas:-e = pln 96,525;Renovation in the traditional concrete technology, K-e = pln 3217.Renovation in the technology of fast-setting concrete, KAccording to the Formula (1), the difference between the cost of operation at a speed of V = 90 km/h and the cost of operation at a speed limited to V = 40 km/h was calculated. The obtained result is the real cost incurred by users, related to the operation of vehicles during repair works:○Time costs of road infrastructure users in passenger transport:In the course of carrying out works in the traditional concrete technology for a period of 30 days, the costs of operating vehicles in connection with the speed limit from 90 km/h to 40 km/h incurred by traffic users amount to pln 96,525; in the case of using high-speed concrete, they amount to only pln 3217 and constitute only 3.3% of the costs incurred by drivers in the traditional surface concrete technology.-c = pln 11,266;Renovation in traditional concrete technology, K-c = pln 376.Renovation in the technology of fast-setting concrete, KAccording to the Formula (2), the difference in cost between the standard cost at a speed of V = 90 km/h and the cost at a speed limited to V = 40 km/h was calculated; the result is the difference, which is the real cost incurred by users related to the time of road infrastructure users in passenger transport:○Costs of road accidents and victims of road infrastructure users:The time costs of road infrastructure users in passenger and freight transport due to the speed limit from 90 km/h to 40 km/h incurred by traffic users amount to pln 11,266; in the case of using high-speed concrete, they amount to only pln 376 and account for only 3.3% of the costs incurred by drivers in the traditional surface concrete technology.-w = pln 174,135;Renovation in the traditional concrete technology, K-w = pln 5804.Renovation in the technology of fast-setting concrete, KAnalyzing the risk of road accidents on the section covered by the study, i.e., 1 km, taking into account the average costs of a road accident and accident victims, we obtain costs estimated on the basis of the risk of an event occurring during the works in individual technologies, taking into account the time of their implementation:○Environmental pollution costs of road infrastructure users:The risk of an accident in the long term of the works is significantly higher than in the case of one-day works, the risk of costs incurred in the case of traditional surface concrete is estimated at pln 174,155, and in the case of high-speed concrete technology only pln 5804, which proves a significant reduction in the risk of an accident and minimizes social costs.-s = pln 36,985;Renovation in traditional concrete technology, K-s = pln 1233.Renovation in the technology of fast-setting concrete, KSubstituting the individual coefficients into the Formula (4), and in particular the unit costs of environmental pollution in relation to the type of vehicle and the type of terrain on which the given vehicle is moving, we obtain the costs of environmental pollution of road infrastructure users:2 emissions, and road noise. The greatest nuisance for the environment is generated by traffic restrictions related to the execution of works, in the traditional surface concrete technology they amount to pln 36,985, and in the quick-setting concrete technology, only pln 1233, which is 3.3% of the costs compared to the traditional concrete technology. The costs of users and the environment are hidden costs, very often they are not directly analyzed and generated for the investor and, thus, are most often omitted in the process of determining the cost of renovation. In order to show the actual costs incurred by the road user and the environment, a tabular summary was made, taking into account the conditions prevailing at the time before the renovation, i.e., for the travel speed of V = 90 km/h and with the traffic limited to the speed of V = 40 km/h. Such a comparison of the costs and possible benefits of reducing the repair time from 30 to 1 day is presented in The costs of environmental pollution mainly consist of air pollution with nitrogen oxides NO, carbon dioxide COIn the case of the traditional surface concrete technology, the costs of users and the environment are pln 318,911; in the case of the use of high-speed concrete technology, the costs are only pln 10,630. Analyzing the obtained results, it can be concluded that the greatest impact on such a large difference is the costs of road accidents, which account for 55% of the costs, and the costs of vehicle operation, which account for 30% of the costs of users and the environment.However, the most important conclusion from the analysis is the possibility of generating savings for users and the environment through the use of quick-setting concrete, amounting to pln 308,281.The aim of the research project was to design and implement a quick-setting concrete that meets the requirements of the contracting authority, i.e., to achieve a minimum of 20 MPa after 8 h and workability up to 2 h. During the renovation of the Młodzieszyn bypass, an average of 24.5 MPa was achieved after 8 h and over 42.8 MPa after 24 h of construction. In addition, the concrete mix maintained the consistency of S4 after 2 h of transport to the construction site, which greatly facilitated the placement of concrete. Analyzing the obtained concrete compressive parameters, a thesis can be put forward that after one day such a surface can be loaded with heavy traffic because the obtained compressive strength exceeded 42.8 MPa. The results of testing such features as flexural tensile strength and splitting significantly exceeded the requirements and amounted to 7.9 MPa and 5.1 MPa, respectively. In accordance with the requirements for surface concretes, frost resistance was determined after 150 cycles of alternating freezing and thawing to obtain a decrease in compressive strength of 2.3% and a loss of mass of 0.29%. It is worth noting that none of the tested samples showed cracks or damage after the frost resistance test. Such results testify to the very high quality and durability of the discussed concrete. In addition, the experimentally determined resistance to freezing and thawing in the presence of salt (NaCl) proves its resistance to combined exposure to frost and de-icing salt. The fast-setting concrete offered by Lafarge met all the requirements contained in the technical specification and can be successfully used as an alternative solution for the repair or partial replacement of concrete pavement for very heavy traffic. The most important advantage of this solution is shortening the repair time to 24 h and reducing the nuisance for users by lowering economic and social costs. When analyzing the costs of renovation in traditional technology and quick-setting concrete, the full costs of the road infrastructure manager should be taken into account. These costs should include not only the costs of the concrete mix but also the costs of occupying the right-of-way, maintenance costs, costs of technological facilities, and maintenance. After making full calculations, it turns out that the use of fast-setting concrete is economically justified. A very important element of the analysis is the possibility of generating additional economic benefits for road users and the natural environment, which in the analyzed case amount to over pln 308,000.(1)The compressive strength was 27.5 MPa after 8 h and more than 42.8 MPa after 24 h, which means that this concrete meets the highest requirements for repair concretes.(2)Values of frost resistance after 150 cycles of alternating freezing and thawing as well as determination of resistance to de-icing agents testify to very high quality and durability of concrete.(3)The concrete mix tested during delivery and after 2 h of transport was characterized by high workability and the marked consistency was at the level of S3/S4.(4)An example of the practical use of concrete during the renovation of the Młodzieszyn bypass allows to shorten the time of repair or replacement of the concrete surface to one day, minimizing economic and social costs for road users and the road administrator.(5)In further research plans, the authors plan further research on the possibility of shortening the time of repair or replacement of the concrete pavement through the use of new polymer admixtures and additives for concrete.Based on the research and analysis of high-speed concrete carried out by the authors, the following conclusions can be drawn:Future directions and limitations—The presented solution, apart from tests in the laboratory, was industrially implemented on the national road No. 50 during the renovation of the concrete pavement. Renovation of the road with a concrete surface was carried out for the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. The obtained test results of the built-in fast-setting concrete were positively assessed in terms of quality and test results obtained. Further modifications of the concrete composition are planned in the near future, aimed at obtaining early compressive strength after 6 h, and not after 8 h as before.


This review presents the results of studies of molecular exchange processes in various biological systems  performed using pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR). The main theory of processing necessary for the analysis of experimental data is briefly presented: the extraction of self-diffusion coefficients, calculation of cell sizes, and permeability of cell membranes. Attention is paid to the results of assessing the permeability of biological membranes for water molecules and biologically active compounds. The results for other systems are also presented: yeast, chlorella, and plant cells. The results of studies of the lateral diffusion of lipid and cholesterol molecules in model bilayers are also presented. The structural basis of biomembranes is a lipid bilayer, in which the hydrocarbon chains of phospholipid molecules are in a liquid-crystalline state.The lipid bilayer, which has the viscosity of vegetable oil, is immersed or embedded with protein molecules that can move across the membrane.The elementary structural unit of all living systems is the cell—an integral system containing many interconnected elements (organelles) . The conAccording to modern concepts, the cell membrane is a molecular structure consisting of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It separates the contents of any cell from the external environment, thereby ensuring its integrity, and it regulates the metabolism between the cell and the environment . The disSince a cell is a thermodynamically open system that continuously exchanges matter and energy with the environment, the transport of substances through biological membranes is a necessary condition for life. The most important property of a biomembrane is selective permeability, i.e., the ability to pass some substances and not pass others . The traVia active transport, a substance is transferred through a biological membrane against a concentration gradient (from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration), i.e., with the expenditure of free energy.The transfer of a substance along a concentration gradient from a region of high to a region of low concentration without energy expenditure is carried out via passive transport (osmosis and diffusion). The methods of diffusion transfer are quite diverse: the diffusion of fat-soluble substances through the lipid part of the membrane; the transport of hydrophilic substances through the pores formed by membrane lipids and proteins; and facilitated diffusion involving special carrier molecules.Non-polar substances, such as organic and fatty acids, and esters, easily dissolve in the lipid phase of the membrane due to their increased affinity for the lipid bilayer. Polar substances  do not pass well through the lipid bilayer.−6 m/s, which is quite large for a polar substance that is insoluble in lipids 5H, C60[S(CH2)2COOK]5H, and C60[N(CH2)3CHCOOK]5Cl) molecules in an erythrocyte suspension. Using the analysis of the 1H spectra at different amplitudes of the magnetic field gradient, we showed that the signals from the protons of the studied compounds can be unambiguously identified in the spectra of suspensions. These signals do not overlap with the proton signals of the membrane components. Examples of the 1H spectra of the systems under study (erythrocyte suspensions with the addition of compounds of C60 fullerene derivatives) are shown in 1H compounds change slightly in erythrocyte suspensions compared to solutions due to the interaction of the C60 fullerene derivative with erythrocytes.In , we pres1H signals of the molecules of the studied compounds in the spectra made it possible to correctly register the diffusion decays of the molecules of C60 fullerene derivatives in a suspension of erythrocytes. From an analysis of the experimental data in accordance with Equation (2), the values of the self-diffusion coefficients of the molecules of C60 fullerene derivatives in a suspension of erythrocytes were obtained. It was concluded that, in the suspension of erythrocytes, some molecules of C60 fullerene derivatives are bound to the cell membrane, and others are in the aqueous phase in the form of isolated and associated molecules. An analysis of the dependence of the population of slowly moving molecules of fullerene derivatives p1 on the diffusion time dt made it possible to estimate the lifetime τ of the molecules of C60 fullerene derivatives in the erythrocyte membrane from Equation (6). The lifetimes τ for C60 fullerene derivatives are given in The isolated g and duration δ are applied on either side of the 180º refocusing pulse separated by time ∆ 5H 5H . In thisIn addition to the ghosts of erythrocytes, lipid bilayers can be used as model systems for studying membrane permeability via PFG NMR ,44,45. FThe values of the coefficients of the transbilayer diffusion of water are 4 decimal orders less than those of bulk water, and they are 10 times less than the values of the coefficients of lateral diffusion of lipid under the same conditions. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient is described by the Arrhenius law with an apparent activation energy of about 41 kJ/mol, which is much higher than the activation energy for bulk water diffusion (18 kJ/mol).31P nuclei in the skeletal muscle of a goldfish (Curussius uurutus) were obtained. The authors measured the self-diffusion coefficients of ATP and creatine phosphate, the values of which were (2.13 ± 0.16)·10−11 m2/s and (3.28 ± 0.18)·10−11 m2/s, respectively.The PFG NMR technique has been successfully applied to the study of other cellular systems ,48,49,50p = (4.8 ± 0.4)·10−5 m/s was obtained. According to the authors, this value is about 100 times higher than the ethanol permeability of Zymomonas mobilis.In , the wata and cell membrane permeability P change depending on the growth phase of the yeast cell: the cell size increased and the permeability decreased with increasing growth time. The cell membrane permeability p values were 6.3·10−6, 8.4·10−7, and 1.5·10−6 m/s for cells incubated for 9 h , 24 h , and 48 h (stationary growth phase), respectively.In , the pera = 3.4 μm and the membrane permeability P = 10−6 m/s were estimated.In , the perThe authors of  measuredOne of the latest reviews  details Saccharomyces cerevisiae races Y-3137 and Y-3327 at different growing times [Our team studied the processes of water exchange in the cells of the yeast ng times . The difSaccharomyces cerevisiae Y-3327 explains its ability to withstand increased osmotic pressure and effectively ferment grain wort with a higher concentration of dissolved solids.The higher permeability of the cell membrane of the yeast In addition to studying the processes of molecular metabolism in cells, the PFG NMR method can be used to study the lateral diffusion of lipid molecules ,50,51,52o) and liquid-disordered (ld) phases in lipid–cholesterol systems. The authors showed that liquid domains with a high molecular order are formed within a single lipid bilayer. Further, ref. [d, enriched with DOPC, and ordered lo, enriched with CM, each of which is characterized by its own value of the lateral diffusion coefficient, which differs by 1.5–5 times. An analysis of the dependence of the lateral diffusion coefficient in phases on the concentration of cholesterol showed that, in the LC-ordered phase, the lateral diffusion coefficient increases in the concentration range of 15–35 mol·% CHOL. The authors explain this behavior by the redistribution of lipid components with an increase in the concentration of CHOL in the system, which eventually leads to an increase in the concentration of DOPC in the l0 phase.An evaluation of the effect of cholesterol on the lateral diffusion of phospholipids in the oriented bilayers of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), sphingomyelin (SM), palmitoyl oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) with the addition of cholesterol (CHOL) up to 40 mol·% was carried out in . The obter, ref.  showed ter, ref.  showed ter, ref. , performIn addition to the studies of cholesterol as a compound affecting the properties of lipid bilayers, other molecules that occur in biological systems and that can influence biomembranes are also considered ,56,57,582- groups in the hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) part at ester concentrations up to 30 mol·% on the lateral diffusion of molecules of the lipid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine was examined. It was concluded that the presence of esters does not affect the phase state of the system: the lamellar liquid-crystalline phase is retained; the ester molecules are incorporated into the bilayer and have the same orientation as the phospholipid molecules. The authors found that the lateral diffusion coefficients of the lipid in the presence of esters are increased compared to the lipid bilayer in the absence of phosphonic acid esters and have a monotonic dependence on the number of CH2- groups in the ester molecule. The most probable site for the incorporation of amphiphilic ester molecules is the interphase region located between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the bilayer; the incorporation of molecules into the interphase leads to the disordering of the bilayer and an increase in the lateral diffusion of lipids and the permeability of the bilayer compared to the bilayer without esters.In , the infIn , the effr = 5.8 nm and large vesicles with r = 80 nm. When LPS is added to DMPC, all LPS mobile states disappear, which is explained by the integration of LPS molecules into the bilayer.The authors of  studied In , the effThis paper presents the main results of the application of the pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) method in the study of various biological systems. This paper discusses the basic ideas surrounding the theory of the PFG NMR experiment and the features of processing experimental data obtained for permeable systems . An analysis of the literature data showed that the PFG NMR method can be used to assess the permeability of biological membranes for water molecules and other substances. From the PFG NMR experiment, such parameters as the coefficients of the self-diffusion of diffusant molecules and the time of their residence inside the cells can be determined. A significant number of works are devoted to the study of the permeability of the membrane of erythrocytes, which are the main component of blood and perform a number of important functions, for water molecules. The signals of the membrane components in the NMR spectra complicate the analysis of diffusion data for molecules of biologically active substances. This problem can be solved by using erythrocyte ghosts or model lipid bilayers. The use of the latter systems makes it possible to study the lateral diffusion of lipid molecules in bilayers. The obtained results make a significant contribution to understanding the functioning of biological cells.


The technique utilizes the idea of pulse amplitude weighting (PAW) to segment the pulse amplitude histogram. This detector achieves an almost constant energy response after our correction. The experimental results show that compared to 137Cs γ rays, the maximum error of the response is 8.26% in the photon energy ranging from 33 keV to 1.25 MeV, which is much better than ±30% of the recommended IEC 61526:2010, verifying the feasibility of PAW.The uneven energy response of radiation detectors severely limits the accuracy of the dose rate meter used for radiation protection. Currently widely used in dose rate meters as a physical method of setting shielding compensation, the energy response correction error of the detector at different energies is mostly between 15 and 25%. This work designs a real-time correction method for energy response based on a novel Cs The inconsistent response to photon energy, regardless of the detector, is caused by the different photon detection efficiency of the detector for other energy photons. In particular, the over-response problem is more severe in the low-energy region. It has several times the difference compared to  photons . Several photons . However photons ,6.3Cu2I5:Tl scintillation crystal, a very effective copper-based chalcogenide material grown at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Copper(I) halide perovskite Cs3Cu2I5:Tl has attracted tremendous interest and has been considered an exceptionally promising scintillator due to its excellent optical properties, environmental stability, and low toxicity. The Cs3Cu2I5:Tl can reach a light yield of 87,000 photons/MeV under 137Cs γ-ray radiation and gives a remarkable energy resolution of 3.4% for 662 keV [3Cu2I5:Tl. The 4.53 g/cm3 density and the effective atomic number 51.9 are competitive with other scintillators highly suitable for efficient X/γ ray detection. Therefore, it has great application value in the field of radiation monitoring [3Cu2I5:Tl single-crystal and other commonly used scintillators [In order to find a convenient and reliable calibration method, this work proposes a real-time calibration idea based on pulse amplitude weighting (PAW). The method divides the pulse amplitude generated by the energy deposited in the detector from X/γ rays into multiple intervals according to their distribution. Different intervals are given their weighting coefficients relevantly, obtained by a linear constraint algorithm, and the correction coefficient of each interval is written into the energy response real-time correction system. Finally, the response values in all intervals after correction are counted and summed. This method is different from the energy-spectrum-dose conversion G(E) function method, in which neither the acquisition of energy-spectrum data for conversion nor the high data processing capability of the instrument is required. Furthermore, the corresponding coefficients must only be written simultaneously for a particular detector. The method requires that the sensor has an energy-resolving capability. In this investigation, we used a recently developed Cs 662 keV . Meanwhiillators ,11,12.The scintillation detectors work by depositing energy in the scintillation body to produce a light pulse, and the magnitude of the pulse amplitude characterizes the amount of energy of the incident particles . The subresponse . The reaKerma rate Under the photon radiation field with energy The detector response value before correction when Equation (1) is the corrected detector response value when The above equation yields the energy response matrix of the detector at different energies. The value of the variance The detector has the best energy response consistency when The minimal value of the constraint When partitioning the pulse amplitude of the detector at different photon energies, it is known from the correction principle that the correction effect will be better if there are more partitions. However, from a practical application, the fewer the number of partitions, the better. Furthermore, the number of partitions should be divided into as few as possible to meet the energy response requirements, making the subsequent development and testing of the dose rate equipment easier. The over-response problem of the detector appears in the low-energy region, so the interval division is concentrated chiefly in the low-energy region.137Cs is selected for normalization, i.e., the relative energy response The correction coefficients derived from the linear constraint algorithm of Equation (3) are written into the energy response correction software Corso v1.0 developed by LabVIEW to achieve the real-time correction of detector energy response. To evaluate the response error at a specific energy point, the energy response at that point needs to be normalized, and generally, the response value at In summary, the principle flow of the correction method of this study species is shown in The system of radiation signal detection unit consists of a detector, signal amplification circuit, and 60 MB/s pipeline high-speed analog-to-digital converter , Field-Programmable Logic Gate Array (FPGA), and host computer software Corso v1.0. The energy spectrum acquisition system consists of a detector, a multichannel analyzer, an oscilloscope, and a PC. The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in 3Cu2I5:Tl column scintillator of Φ 7 mm × 3 mm coupled with a Sensor-J60035 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) with a photosensitive area of 6.07 mm × 6.07 mm. The SiPM proportionally converts the light signal generated in the scintillator into electrons and multiplies them to form an electrical pulse signal. The pulse signal output from the detector is amplified, filtered, shaped, and converted into a voltage pulse signal by a pulse signal amplifier circuit and then transmitted to the FADC for analog-to-digital conversion. The 12-bit, 60 MHz AD9238 was selected for the high-speed analog-to-digital converter. The PC software written in LabVIEW displays the counting rate in real time after the energy response correction.The scintillation detector consists of a Cs3Cu2I5:Tl detector completed the measurement of gamma energy spectrum under 137Cs, 60Co, 241Am, and 152Eu gamma radiation sources and the measurement of X-ray energy spectrum at 33 keV, 48 keV, 65 keV, 83 keV, 100 keV, 118 keV, 164 keV, and 208 keV at the Ionizing Radiation Standard Laboratory. Since the SiPM signal is a positive pulse, we used the rising edge trigger method and set a 10 mV trigger threshold to minimize interference from noise [137Cs and 60Co, can provide certified values of Air Kerma rate from 33 keV to 1.25 MeV. The energy response experiments based on Cs3Cu2I5:Tl scintillation detectors in The Cs137Cs and 60Co. The dose rates of different γ-rays were obtained by adjusting the source distance, and their true values were measured by a certified spherical ionization chamber. In the experiment, the detector is in charged particle equilibrium, so the effect of the particles’ Bremsstrahlung can be ignored. At this time, the value of the Air Kerma rate and the Air-absorbed dose rate is equal. The Air-absorbed dose rate is experimentally obtained from a spherical ionization chamber test, so in this work, the Air Kerma rate With reference to the requirements of IEC 61526:2010, the standard radiation field with average energy covering the range of 33 keV to 208 keV is achieved by an X-ray unit producing N40, N60, N80, N100, N120, N150, N200, and N250 narrow-spectrum radiation masses a, with aThe detector was placed on top of the 3D motion platform, and the center of the detector was fixed at the reference point of the standard value. We tested the environmental background and system noise before the experiment in order to assess the influence of environmental background and system noise on the experimental results . The det3Cu2I5:Tl detector at different energies was tested by placing the detector at the reference point position of the radiation field and varying the dose rate by adjusting the magnitude of the tube current of the X-ray machine. As shown in 3Cu2I5:Tl detector has reasonable linearity within about 50 μGy/h dose rate. Therefore, we chose the radiation field with a dose rate near 50 μGy/h to carry out the energy response experiment in this work.The acquisition energy spectrum unit consists of the multi-channel analyzer ORTEC EASY-MCA-8K and the accompanying software MAESTRO for Windows Version 7.01. To realize the signal of the received sensor, AD conversion of the pulse amplitude signal, and classification to obtain the pulse amplitude spectrum, the acquisition threshold, number of channel addresses, acquisition time, etc., can be configured within the software. To avoid the influence of the system dead time on the experimental results, the dose rate point chosen for the experiment should be within the dose rate linear response region of the detector . The linThe signal acquisition part of the energy response real-time correction device uses the Xilinx Spartan6 series high-performance FPGA to process the digital waveform data output from the AD9238 and send the data to the host computer via Gigabit Ethernet. The energy response real-time calibration software was written in LabVIEW Version 2015. The program includes three modules: a digital waveform data acquisition module, a Gigabit Ethernet data splicing module, and an energy response real-time correction module. The input of the digital waveform data acquisition module was connected to the SiPM readout circuit to convert the pulse voltage signal output from the detector into digital waveform data, extract the waveform amplitude value, and transmit it to the PC. The Gigabit Ethernet data splicing module was used to transfer data from the energy response real-time correction program to the digital waveform data acquisition module to achieve real-time energy response correction. The real-time energy response correction module was used to process the shape amplitude information extracted from the digital waveform data acquisition module, perform energy response correction, and display the counts or counting rate  in real time. These enable digital waveform data acquisition, amplitude extraction, energy response correction factor setting, and count displaying. The front-end interface of the upper computer software is shown in The pulse amplitude spectrum acquired by the multichannel analyzer ORTEC EASY-MCA-8K is shown in The scale information between the energy and the channel address in the multichannel analyzer allows the conversion of the channel address in the horizontal coordinate to energy. The vertical coordinate in the pulse amplitude spectrum is the counts, which can be converted into the counting rate by the information of the measured spectrum time. The counting rate was divided by the dose rate at the standard position to obtain data on the detection efficiency of the detector at different energies, i.e., the detector response at different energies ,20. A toThe initial energy response of the detector without correction is the area of the detector response spectra at different energies. By dividing the response spectrum into multiple intervals according to the energy or pulse amplitude values, the corresponding coefficients corrected the different intervals and summed up the energy response of the detector after energy response correction. The energy spectrum information was used to classify the energy into ten intervals in this study: 20–40 keV, 40–60 keV, 60–80 keV, 80–100 keV, 100–120 keV, 120–150 keV, 150–200 keV, 200–500 keV, 500–800 keV, and 800–1500 keV, covering the photon energy range of 33 keV–1.25 MeV. Moreover, scale out the detector energy and pulse amplitude information and experimentally verify the linear relationship between incident photon energy and pulse amplitude, as shown in The real-time correction of the energy response based on PAW is mainly required for the convergence of the detector response values at different energies. Under this constraint, the minimum value of the variance of According to Equation (3), when Equation (1) can be used to obtain the response value of the detector when we have the correction coefficient for each pulse amplitude value interval. This value is used to confirm the accuracy and viability of the energy response correction result. The counting rate values at different energies can also be obtained from the correction factors and Equation (5), and the corrected counting rate can convert the actual dose rates in the radiation field.137Cs radiation source, the linear response curve of the dose rate versus counting rate of the Cs3Cu2I5:Tl detector at 662 keV was obtained. At this time, under the 662 keV γ photon radiation field, when the Air-absorbed dose rate is 51.5 μGy/h, the counting rate of the detector is 2917 cps. The counting rate value after correction by the PAW method is 7236 cps obtained from Equation (5), and the dose rate response curve of the detector is reset to obtain the conversion function between the counting rate and the dose rate, as shown in the The Set the correction coefficients in the energy response real-time correction upper computer software according to 3Cu2I5:Tl detector before energy response correction is inconsistent in the energy range from 33 keV to 1.25 MeV. The detector has severe over-response in the low-energy area. For the Cs3Cu2I5:Tl detector, the response value peaks at photon incidence with an energy of 65 keV. The maximum response difference from low to high energy can be as much as eight times without photon energy response correction, which will seriously affect the accurate measurement of radiation field dose equivalent.The effect of the energy response correction on PAW is shown in 3Cu2I5:Tl detector after energy response correction by the PAW method. After the energy response correction, regardless of the energy of the incident photon, the count rate of the detector in the radiation field with different energy photons but the same dose rate is equal. That is, the count rate displayed by the detector is linearly related to the dose rate in the radiation field, regardless of the energy, which is the purpose of the PAW method. In this way, we can easily carry out the conversion between the counting and dose rates. There is no need to worry about the measurement error caused by the inconsistent detection efficiency of the detector for different energy photons. Dose rate conversion before and after correction can be performed using the conversion function in 3Cu2I5:Tl scintillation detectors. The correction of photon energy response in the energy range of 33 keV–1.25 MeV is achieved by zonal correction of the pulse amplitude of the detector, and the principle and method of photon energy response correction based on PAW are introduced. The related characteristics of the standard radiation field are described. The experimental results show that with the use of the PAW method to correct the photon energy response of the Cs3Cu2I5:Tl scintillation detector, the response is almost constant between the different photon energies and the difference only ±8.26% relative to 137Cs. The detector satisfies the energy response specifications specified by the IEC 61526:2010 standard [137Cs. For detectors that adhere to the IEC 61526:2010’s energy response specifications, the energy response error is within 30%. The error range of the dose rate readings is −3.3% to 8.6% after energy response correction and dose rate conversion. By digitally adjusting the energy response of the detector in the dose rate meter in real time, the accuracy of dose rate meter measurements at various photon energies is increased. The method has fewer energy response correction coefficients, and all correction coefficients can be obtained simultaneously instead of identifying the energy within the radiation field each time. Analog devices such as comparators can be used for the microcontroller to achieve the energy response correction of the detector, thus reducing the development cost of the dose rate meter, which has the value of promoting the application in the radiation environment dose monitoring system.This paper proposes an example of a real-time correction technique of energy response based on pulse amplitude weighting (PAW) for Cs


E) (about 18.12). When the added amount of WG was 50% or less, it improved the lightness and reduced the ΔE compared to >50% WG. Therefore, clarifying the relationship among raw material characteristics, extruder response parameters, and extruded product quality is helpful in the systematic understanding and regulation of the fiber textural process of binary protein meat analogs.Wheat gluten (WG) and peanut protein powder (PPP) mixtures were extruded at high moisture to investigate the potential application of this mixture in meat analog production. Multiple factors, including the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), rheological properties of the mixed raw materials, die pressure, torque and specific mechanical energy (SME) during high moisture extrusion, texture properties, color, water distribution, and water activity of extrudates were analyzed to determine the relationships among the raw material characteristics, extruder response parameters, and extrudate quality. At a WG ratio of 50%, the extrudates have the lowest hardness (2.76 kg), the highest springiness (0.95), and a fibrous degree of up to 1.75. The addition of WG caused a significant rightward shift in the relaxation time of hydrogen protons in the extrudates, representing increased water mobility and water activity. A ratio of 50:50 gave the smallest total color difference (Δ By 2050, the global population is expected to reach 9 billion, and the demand for meat will increase by 75% compared to today . In addiDifferences in raw material characteristics can also lead to great fluctuations in the extruder response parameters during the extrusion process, thereby affecting the extrudate quality. A number of previous studies have described the relationship between process parameters, extruder response, and product characteristics during high moisture extrusion ,18. HoweCurrently, the most common protein sources for HMTVP products are soy protein (soy isolate protein and soy concentrate protein) ,20,21, wWheat gluten (WG) is the primary storage protein group in wheat grains ,34. It fThe aim of the present study was to explore the influence of mixing WG and PPP at different ratios on extrudate quality characteristics  from the aspect of the extruder response. The goal of this work was to explain the relationships among raw material properties, extruder response parameters, and extrudate quality to provide a basis for systematic regulation of the protein fiber textural process. Our findings support the use of binary proteins to enhance the fibrous structure of meat analogs. Peanut protein powder (PPP) and wheat gluten (WG) were supplied by Ouguo Co.  and Feitian Co. , respectively. The protein, starch, crude fiber, lipid, and water contents of the PPP employed in this study were 55.3% (dry basis), 5.2% (dry basis), 0.3% (dry basis), 8.8% (dry basis), and 6.1%, respectively. The protein, starch, crude fiber, lipid, and water contents of the WG employed in this study were 83.2% (dry basis), 5.7% (dry basis), 3.5% (dry basis), 1.0% (dry basis), and 8.96%, respectively. Deionized (DI) water was used throughout the experiment.A three-dimensional movement mixer  was used to mix the blends of PPP and WG at different ratios (dry basis). The tested WG:PPP ratios were 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0, respectively. A total of 12 kg of the mixture was prepared under each ratio. The conditioned mixtures were packed in plastic bags and kept at 4 °C overnight to equilibrate.0) was weighed and placed in a dry centrifuge tube (m1). A 25 mL volume of distilled water was pipetted into the centrifuge tube, the tube was vortexed for 2 min and then placed in an oscillating water bath at 30 °C for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 3500 r/min for 10 min. The tube was carefully removed from the centrifuge and placed vertically, and the supernatant was removed with a pipette gun. The supernatant was transferred to a weighing bottle (m3) that had been dried to a constant weight, placed in a 105 °C oven to dry to a constant weight, and then weighed (m4). The centrifuge tube and precipitate mass (m2) were weighed at the same time. Each set of samples was measured three times and averaged.The water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) were determined using the method of Ding et al.  and HiruThe WAI and WSI were calculated using Equation (1) and Equation (2), respectively:A 3 g sample of raw material powder was accurately weighed into a small 50 mL beaker, and the water content was adjusted to 55% based on the water content measured in The rheological properties of the samples were measured using a rotary rheometer  using the following operational conditions: The mixture was placed between two 40 mm diameter plates, and the gap between the two plates was adjusted to 1050 μm. The excess sample was trimmed and removed, and a thin layer of silicone oil was applied to the edge of the sample to prevent water loss. The gap between the two plates was then adjusted to 1000 μm for the test.The sample was left for 60 s, and then the frequency was scanned at 25 °C, a strain degree of 0.5%, and a frequency of 0.1–10 Hz.The sample was left for 60 s, and then the strain sweep was scanned at 25 °C, a vibration frequency of 1 Hz, and a strain degree of 0.1–100%.The sample was left for 60 s, and then stress was applied at 10 Pa for 180 s. The stress was measured at 1 Hz and 25 °C at 360 s after the stress was withdrawn.The raw materials were extruded with a co-rotating meshing twin-screw extruder . The raw materials were fed into the extruder at a constant speed of 6 kg/h (dry basis) by a feeder and the process was controlled by the extruder operating system. Based on the moisture content of the mixture, water is added to the extruder through a pump so that the final feed moisture content is maintained at 55%. The processing parameters of the extruder are set according to the methods of Rehrah et al.  and ZhanOnce the running state of the extruder stabilized, 20–30 continuous strips of extrudates per ratio were collected, cut into 20 cm lengths, immediately vacuum sealed, and frozen at −18 °C for future analysis.After the extruder reached a stable running state, the real-time control software of the extruder was used to monitor the extruder response parameters online during the extrusion process. The extruder response parameters displayed on the extruder operating system were recorded every 5 min. These parameters included the torque, die pressure, die temperature, and mass flow rate (MFR). The specific mechanical energy (SME) was calculated using Equation (3) :(3)SME (Extrudate samples were cut into 1 cm × 1 cm pieces for low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).2) was measured using a low-field NMR instrument . Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) pulse trains were used to obtain decay signals. The main parameters of the signal acquisition were as follows: NS (scan times) = 32, NECH (echo number) = 10,000, TD (sampling point) = 249,990, TW (wait time) = 2000 ms, P2 (180° pulse time) = 12.48 μs, P1 (90° pulse time) = 6.52 μs, TE (time echo) = 0.25 ms, and SW (sampling frequency) = 100 kHz.We used the method of Sun et al. , after sThe block sample from The water activity of the extrudates was determined using a water activity meter  according to the method of Al-Jassar et al. . After cL*, a*, and b* values of the samples were recorded using 10 randomly chosen samples. The L* value ranged from 5 to 100. The luminance  ranged from total darkness (L* = 5) to white (L* = 100). The a* value indicated red for a positive value and green for a negative value. The yellow b* value was positive, and blue was the negative b* value. The extrudates in each group were measured at least 10 times, and the values were averaged. A standard white plate  was used to calculate the color difference between the samples and the white plate. The color difference value (ΔE) of the extrudate was calculated using Equation (4) [The color determination was based on the method of Lee et al.  and Mazution (4) ,31,46. was used to determine the extrudate texture properties, including hardness, springiness, tensile properties, and shear properties , following the methods of Fang et al.  and Zhan−1 for 5 s, and the hardness, springiness, and chewiness were recorded. All assays were repeated 10 times, and the recorded values were averaged.Square blocks with the shape shown in −1. When the sample strip broke, the tensile force was recorded. All assays were repeated 10 times, and the recorded values were averaged.Samples with the shape shown in −1. The force of the cut perpendicular to the extrusion direction was the crosswise shear force (FV), and the force of the cut parallel to the extrusion direction was the lengthwise shear force (FL). The fibrous degree was expressed as the ratio of FV to FL. All assays were repeated 10 times, and the recorded values were averaged.Samples with the shape shown in p < 0.05. All results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Statistical product and service solutions (SPSS) software  and Origin 2022 software  were used to analyze the data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to make comparisons of means. Post hoc multiple comparisons were determined by Duncan’s test, and the significance level was set at The WAI and WSI of the raw materials at different mixing ratios are shown in An increase in the proportion of WG gradually decreased the WSI of the raw material, in part because of the higher solubility of PPP and because the protein content of PPP powder is lower than that of gluten powder and contains more soluble substances.Frequency sweep analysis allows the study of the changes in the sample storage modulus G′, loss modulus G″, and loss angle tanδ with the oscillation frequency under the action of fixed stress. It is a measurement method that does not damage the structure of the sample. The frequency scanning curve of the sample at 25 °C is shown in Strain sweep can reveal the linear viscoelastic region of the sample, and the transition of the linear viscoelastic region indicates the failure of the network structure. Therefore, the range of the linear viscoelastic region can be used to measure the breakdown of the three-dimensional network structure of the protein . The strThe creep-recovery experiment consists of two steps. In the first step, a known stress (10 Pa) is applied to the raw material–water mixture. The mixture deforms, and the shape variable increases gradually with the passage of time. The second step is to withdraw the stress and observe the change in deformation over time, which is called the recovery stage . Figure Creep deformation can therefore be used to characterize the rigidity of the protein network after stress removal. Increasing proportions of WG cause gradual increases in the non-recoverable deformation of the mixture and in the rigidity of the three-dimensional protein network. In the case of high WG ratios, the mixture has a large creep deformation and non-recoverable deformation. The melt is deformed by the screw and moves forward, but does not easily return to its original shape, which will lead to accumulation of the material in the direction of the exit and a die head pressure increase that will cause instability of the die head discharge, and this situation will have a further unfavorable impact on the quality of the extrudates.The extruder response parameters are an important index for monitoring the fiber textural process of a protein . The extGlutenin plays an important role in enhancing the structure of protein networks. With a gradual increase in the proportion of glutenin in the raw material system, the characteristics of the melt formed by the raw material and water approach those of elastic solids, so the torque and SME increase gradually. Zhang et al.  added a The increase in the proportion of WG also made the material in the extruder chamber pile up in the die, so that the die pressure increased from 3.56 MPa to 4.70 MPa. This may be related to the rheological properties of the raw material. The increase in the proportion of WG causes the mixed material to become more prone to deformation and less easy to restore to its original state. The mixed material therefore accumulates at the die and causes a gradual increase in pressure at the die. The gradually increasing die pressure causes mass evaporation of extruded water at the die outlet; therefore, the total water of the extrudates gradually decreases, and some areas with serious water loss appear.One point worth mentioning is that the system response parameters also significantly affect the texture properties and color of the extrudates. Excessive torque and SME are both important factors leading to decreased fibrous degree and darkening of color. Zhang et al.  found th21 , T22 , and T23 . 21, T22, and T23 of the extrudates gradually increased as the proportion of WG increased to 50%, indicating that the water mobility in the extrudates increased when a small amount of WG was added, in agreement with previous research results for WG effects on water mobility in whole wheat cracker dough [The state and content of extruded water at different mixing ratios are shown in er dough . However21 gradually increased and A22 gradually decreased, indicating that the immobilized water in the extrudates had changed to bound water. Possibly, the addition of WG promoted closer binding of the water molecules with macromolecules, thereby leading to the decrease in water mobility. Guo et al. [21 and T22. A deviation from that trend was evident in the present results, which may reflect differences in the response parameters of the extruder caused by the ability of the raw material itself to bind water, which affected the extruder response.As shown in o et al.  found thLow-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study the water distribution of the extrudates at different mixing ratios. As shown in Water activity is the ratio of the vapor pressure of water in a food product to the saturated vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature in a confined space . It reprE) will have a negative effect on the later deep processing and reduce the acceptance by consumers. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the ratio of WG to PPP and the color of the extrudates.Color is an important indicator of HMTVP product quality . Too larL* of the mixture and increases the a* and b* of the mixture, while also making the ΔE of the mixture larger compared to the standard white plate.The instrumental color measurements of the raw materials at different mixing ratios are shown in L* of the extrudates from 68.92 to 77.09, indicating increased brightness. This may be because an increase in the proportion of WG increases the moisture content of the extrudates. Further increases in the WG proportion decreased the extrudate L* to 46.51, which may reflect a decrease in extrudate brightness due to water evaporation. Alternatively, it may be related to a negative effect of SME on the L* of the extrudates [The extrudate colors at different mixing ratios are shown in trudates .a* of the extrudates from 0.34 to 3.41. This may be because the addition of WG resulted in a significant increase in SME, which accelerated the Maillard reaction between amino groups and carbonyl groups [b* of the raw material with that of the extrudate, it was found that extrusion caused the sample to turn more yellow in color. The increase in the proportion of WG also significantly increased the b* of the extrudate, which may be related to the high temperatures in the extruder cavity [Increases in the proportion of WG also significantly increased the l groups ,64. In al groups  studied l groups . Comparir cavity .E and WG content at WG proportions lower than 50%. When the proportion of WG increased from 50% to 100%, the ΔE of the extrudate increased significantly from 18.12 to 46.06. When the WG ratio was 50%, the extrudate was similar in color to the standard white plate.A significant negative correlation was noted between the extrudate ΔThe quality of the HMTVP was evaluated by its texture characteristics . HardnesWheat gluten (WG) is made up of glutenins and gliadins, and the gliadins can be divided into α-, γ-, and ω-gliadins according to their electrophoretic mobilities . Due to The crosswise shear force, lengthwise shear force, and fibrous degree of the extrudates with different mixing ratios shown in The proportions of continuous and dispersed phases in the process of high-moisture extrusion are of great significance to the mechanism that regulates the rheological properties of raw materials, the response parameters of the extruder, and the quality characteristics of the extrudates. In this study, the effects of different proportions of PPP and WG on extrudate quality characteristics were discussed from the perspective of the extruder response, and the causes of extruder response differences were discussed from the perspective of the raw material characteristics. The results support the idea that the good hydration ability of WG results in a more even distribution of water when added to the ingredients in moderation. The good moisture distribution also gives the extrudates a soft, elastic texture and white color. The introduction of glutenin also imparts a dense fiber structure and greater tensile strength to the extrudates. Conversely, when the WG ratio exceeds 50%, the good hydration ability of WG leads to the formation of dough with higher viscosity, and this prevents melt flow during extrusion, resulting in higher torque and higher SME. The large creep deformation and non-recoverable deformation of WG also lead to the accumulation of material at the die and increase the die pressure. In this case, a large amount of water evaporates at the die, the water distribution of the extrudates becomes uneven, and the extrudates become dry, hard, and dark in color. The extrudates also undergo longitudinal clearance due to the unstable discharge state, thus reducing the fibrous degree. This study found that the best quality parameters were achieved at a 50:50 balance of WG to PPP. Meanwhile, this study provides a new approach for the systematic regulation of the quality of meat analogs made from WG-PPP and other multiphase systems.


In addition, the fluorescence intensity of DOM was significantly lower in the WT than the NWT (p<0.05) and was mainly composed of humic substances generated from endogenous sources with high stability. While the NWT was disturbed by anthropogenic activities leading to significant differences in DOM composition in different functional areas. Based on the redundancy analysis (RDA) and multiple regression analysis, it was found that the evolution of the protein-like components is dominated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N factors during the WT. While the NWT is mainly dominated by total nitrogen (TN) and TP factors for the evolution of the humic-like components. This study helps to elucidate the impact of water transfer projects on the trunk basin and contribute to the regulation and management of inter-basin water transfer projects.The South-to-North Water Diversion East Project (SNWDP-E) is an effective way to realize the optimal allocation of water resources in China. The North Dasha River (NDR) is the reverse recharge section that receives water from the Yufu River to the Wohushan Reservoir transfer project line in the SNWDP. However, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) evolution mechanism of seasonal water transfer projects on tributary waters has not been fully elucidated. In this paper, the NDR is the main object, and the changes in the composition and distribution of spectral characteristics during the winter water transfer period (WT) as well as during the summer non-water transfer period (NWT) are investigated by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The results showed that the water connectivity caused by water transfer reduces the environmental heterogeneity of waters in the basin, as evidenced by the ammonia nitrogen (NH The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) was one of the major projects of inter-basin water transfer in China . The easThrough the inspection of the cross-sections of rivers exceeding the standard in China, it was found that there are different degrees of organic matter exceeding the standard in the river systems of the whole country . The NDR5) [At present, the research on organic matter in water mostly focuses on conventional indicators such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) , which c5) ,10. Diss5) . In urba5) . In rece5)  found th5)  found th5) , such as5) . Chen et5)  found th5) . The flu5) ,20. Fu e5)  characte5) , to undeThe NDR is a typical seasonal river with poor oxygen-enrichment capacity in winter, while its impact on the mainstem from seasonal water transfer as a tributary of the Yellow River in the SNWDP-E is unclear. In summary, this study takes the NDR as the research object, with the objectives of (1) studying the differences in the composition and distribution of spectral characteristics of the mainline tributaries before and after the water transfer period of the SNWDP-E; (2) investigating the mechanism of environmental factors on DOM components and the impact of water transfer projects on the study area. This study provides a new perspective for studying the ecological effects of water transfer and diversion projects and has important implications for future ecological management.Jinan City  is located in the south by Mount Tai and in the north by the Yellow River. The rivers belong to three major water systems, namely the Yellow River, the Huai River, and the Hai River, and are located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is connected to the project of leading water from the Yellow River to Qingdao and guarantees more than 80% of the city’s water for production and living. The rivers in this study area (NDR) were specially selected to represent the possible point source pollution areas, i.e. reservoir area, residential area, and excursion area, with two sampling points in the reservoir area, two sampling points in the residential area, and three sampling points in excursion area, totaling seven sampling points. The geographical location of the sampling points is shown in The water samples were collected twice during the winter water transfer period, December 2021) and the summer flood period , with three parallel samples collected at each sampling point, and the standard deviation values were calculated (Note: Time was coded as water transfer period (WT) from upstream to downstream as W1-W7, and non-water transfer period (NWT) was coded as N1-N7.). Sample collection was carried out in strict accordance with the HJ494-2009 water quality sampling technical guidance, while the environmental data such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were measured during the water sample collection process, and the surrounding environment was recorded. The collected samples were placed in a 4°C environment for low-temperature storage and returned to the laboratory for analysis within 24 h.4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were determined following the study of Xu et al. [The collected water samples were filtered by the 0.45 μm filter membrane and measured immediately. COD, ammonia nitrogen  method can not only evaluate the water quality category but also make the quantitative comparison [The single-factor index (Pi) method is the most simple and intuitive water quality evaluation method commonly used at present. The comprehensive water quality identification index  at excitation wavelengths of 200–400 nm, emission wavelengths of 200–500 nm, and step sizes of 2 nm. Before each measurement, ultrapure water was used as the experimental blank, and Raman normalization was performed to remove instrumental errors caused by the measurement of the 3DEEM at different times, after which the fluorescence spectra were obtained by correcting the region of the 3DEEM affected by scattering by interpolation. Specific parameter settings refer to Xu et al. .The number of fluorescent components at each sampling point was determined using PARAFAC analysis, and the model was validated by half-analysis and residual validation. The spectral indices calculated in this paper include fluorescence index (FI), biological index (BIX), and humification index (HIX). The calculation method refers to the research of Liu et al. . BIX andThe DOMflour v1.7 toolkit developed by Stedmon and Bro  was perfThe field test data showed that the pH is between 8.07 and 8.38 in the water transfer period (WT), and between 8.38 and 8.65 in the non-water transfer period (NWT), which is weakly alkaline in general, and the pH is higher in NWT. The DO content all meets the standard of surface water category III, and the average value of DO is 11.75 mg/L in WT, while it is 9.01 mg/L in NWT.4+-N has a general significant difference (p<0.05), and the NWT is slightly higher than the WT; The TP has a significant difference (p<0.01) in the concentration of different periods.The water quality of the NDR during the WT, and the NWT analysis is shown in The spectral characteristics of the four components of DOM in the NDR analyzed by PARAFAC are shown in The four components were compared with the Openfluor with a minimum confidence level of 0.95. The C1 component was obtained as a tryptophan-like component in the protein-like component, the C2 component was a terrestrial humic component, the C3 component was a tyrosine-like component, and the C4 component was a microbial humic component.The composition of DOM was mainly dominated by C2, with C3 and C4 evenly distributed during the WT, and C1 during the NWT. The content of protein-like components (C1+C3) showed that the WT < NWT, while the content of humic-like components (C2+C4) showed that the WT > NWT.The BIX values in the WT ranged from 0.935 to 1.001 with a mean value of 0.968, while the BIX values in the NWT ranged from 1.517 to 10.31 with a mean value of 4.371. The BIX index showed the reservoir area > excursion area > residential area in different functional areas. The HIX values of the sampling points in the WT ranged from 3.245 to 3.944, with a mean value of 3.559, while the HIX values in the NWT ranged from 0.055 to 2.813, with a mean value of 1.307. The HIX index showed the excursion area > residential area > reservoir area in different functional areas.The correlation between the DOM fluorescence parameters was determined by using the fluorescence components as one set of the data matrix and the fluorescence indices as another set of data matrix for correlation analysis , and theThe positive correlation between the C1 and C2 components during the WT was very significant, while the C1 and C3 components had a strong positive correlation during the NWT. The endogenous input of C1 and C3 components was significantly negatively correlated with the microbially produced C4 component during the NWT.Between the components and the spectral indices, all components were negatively correlated with the BIX index during the WT, while all were negatively correlated with the BIX during the NWT except for the C3 component. C1 and C3 were negatively correlated with the HIX index during the NWT, C2 was positively correlated with C4, while all were positively correlated during the WT except for the C3 component.The results of the RDA are shown in 4+-N. The distribution of sampling points during the NWT differed significantly by functional regions, with S1 and S2 in the reservoir area being significantly correlated with the HIX indexes, and S3 and S4 in the residential area mainly being dominated by TN, TP, and DO in the evolution of the C2, whereas S5, S6, and S7 located downstream, representing the excursion area.As shown in 4+-N with correlation coefficients of 1.193 and 0.81 during the WT, respectively. C3 and C4 were significantly and negatively correlated with TN with correlation coefficients of -1.718 and -0.814, respectively. The C1 and C3 were significantly negatively correlated with NH4+-N, TN, and TP, while C2 was significantly negatively correlated with TN and positively correlated with NH4+-N during the NWT. The C4 was positively correlated with TN and significantly negatively correlated with COD during the NWT, while the opposite was true during the WT.Multiple regression analysis of DOM components and environmental factors  revealedi) and comprehensive index (PT) identification evaluation method as shown in The determination of water quality parameters plays an important role in determining the pollution level of water bodies and the status of pollutants contained in the water bodies . The resi index and PT index evaluation for analysis, the results found that the overall water quality during the NWT is slightly better than the WT, while the WT presents a more stable water quality state. And by the Pi index found that TN is the key factor affecting the PT index. Due to the contradictory nature and different hazards of TN and NH4+-N levels and standards in water, some studies have pointed out that TN is no longer used as a pollution indicator but is considered as a monitoring indicator [T index evaluation by removing the TN factor are shown in the Combined with the Pndicator , and theAmaral et al.  found thThere was a significant difference between WT and NWT in the BIX index , and theThe WT is subject to the relatively small input of exogenous runoff, and the good water quality of the SNWDP. The HIX values in the NWT were significantly lower than those in the WT, showing weak humic characteristics, DOM was mainly of biological or aquatic bacterial origin, and endogenous input due to planktonic degradation was the main source of DOM in the water column at the sampling points. The biological activity of the water column was also higher, and the results also corresponded to a significantly lower C2 and C4 humic component in the NWT than in WT.T index  were significantly negatively correlated with TN, while positively correlated with NH4+-N with correlation coefficients of -1.665 and 0.831.Multiple regression analysis of DOM components and environmental factors  revealed4+-N with correlation coefficients of -0.445. The seasonal rhythm of microbial action was indicated, with strong microbial action in summer and DO provide by algae, making aerobic nitrification strong and anaerobic denitrification weak [However, the distribution of sampling points during the NWT showed dispersion in different functional areas, making the results of the multiple linear regression analysis present insignificant results. Combined with the RDA analysis, it can be obtained that the C4 was significantly negatively correlated with NHion weak .In summary, it is shown that the composition of DOM can be predicted from the water quality condition of rivers, DOM can drive the nitrogen and phosphorus elemental cycle of water bodies , and the4+-N factors during the transfer period. While the non-transfer period is mainly dominated by TN and TP factors for the evolution of the humic-like components. This study deepens the equivalence analysis of pollution indicators and biological indicators, which is important for the regulation of water transfer projects in the basin.This study reveals the importance of the South-North Water Transfer Project to the mainline tributaries by studying the differences in water quality parameters, DOM distribution, and the contribution of environmental factors. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in DOM composition and distribution with changes in hydrological conditions. The fluorescence intensity of DOM was significantly lower in the water transfer period than in the non-water transfer period and was mainly composed of humic substances generated from endogenous sources with high stability. While the non-transfer period was disturbed by anthropogenic activities leading to significant differences in DOM composition in different functional areas upstream and downstream. Indicating that the hydrological connectivity of interconnected habitats caused by water transfer reduces the environmental heterogeneity of waters in the basin. DOM and water quality correlations reveal the importance of environmental factors on the evolution of DOM. The evolution of the protein-like components is dominated by COD and NHS1 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S2 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S3 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S4 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S5 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S1 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.