The use of structural lightweight concrete in the construction industry is on the rise in the last few decades mainly because of the higher strength per unit density, as it reduces the total deal load of the structural elements as compared with normal strength concrete. In addition, the environmental concerns of the concrete industry have gained supreme importance in recent times, demanding vital and effectual steps. In this regard, the current study was carried out to formulate an alternative approach for producing a sustainable lightweight structural concrete. The study followed two stages: initially, the selection of optimized manmade plastic aggregates based on trial concrete mixes, and finally, to gauge the physical-, mechanical- and durability related properties of the concretes integrating optimized manmade aggregate series at different replacement fractions. As a result of the first phase: two aggregate series out of eight were selected based on the compressive strength and durability properties of their concretes. In the next stage, all the properties for the optimized aggregate concrete were analyzed in terms of compressive strength. It was noted that the physical, mechanical and chloride penetration resistances have generally displayed a decreasing trend, with an increase in the manmade plastic aggregate replacement fractions as compared with reference lightweight concrete. However, the two aggregates, i.e., 70% DS-30% LLDPE and 50% QF-50% PET at the replacement fractions of 25% and 100%, were found to be the best two contenders that fulfilled the criteria for structural lightweight concrete, i.e., ASTMC330/C330M-14, and were proposed for structural lightweight purposes with low and relatively high strength and chloride resistance-based durability requirements, respectively. In addition, the brittleness ratios and structural efficiency parameters for the concretes of the 70% DS-30% LLDPE and 50% QF-50% PET also supplemented the aforementioned findings. Overall, this study presents a sustainable approach for the effective utilization of plastic waste for producing structural lightweight concrete. Concrete construction has become one of the popular techniques all over the world, with its applications varying from a small single-family house to multi-story structures, long-span bridges and other mega-infrastructures such as dams, etc. The main reason for its popularity is the availability of raw materials for its components and well-established casting and curing procedures, along with its superior mechanical and durability properties against different environmental conditions compared with other available construction materials. However, with the advent of new and lightweight construction materials, one of the highlighted factors for normal concrete is the lower strength per unit density, which increases the size of structural elements.Lightweight concrete has several intrinsic advantages such as lessening the total weight of a structure by a reduction in the structural elements’ sizes, which subsequently affects the usage of the two most expensive ingredients in reinforced concrete, i.e., steel reinforcement and cement. In addition, the lightweight concrete has remarkable sound and heat penetration resistance because of very low thermal conduction, mainly because of the presence of air voids as compared with conventional concrete. The density of normal concrete is mainly influenced by the density of the aggregates used in the concrete mix design. Therefore, one the suitable alternatives to producing lightweight concrete is to use lightweight aggregates to lower the density of the resulting concrete, as the aggregates occupy the maximum volume in the concrete. However, the incorporation of lightweight aggregates can negatively affect the physical, mechanical and durability properties of lightweight concrete, especially if the target is to use the resulting concrete for structural purposes.In the past, a few researchers have tried to produce structurally lightweight concrete by using different materials as a replacement of normal coarse aggregates, i.e., expanded polystyrene (EPS) lightweight aggregate, organic lightweight aggregate, solid waste or recycled by-products and expanded clay aggregates ,2,3,4. AIn addition, a few efforts have been made in the past to use plastic waste for producing lightweight concrete ,14,15,16The reduction in fresh density was observed for the replacement of coarse aggregate with expanded polystyrene . The dryIt was also reported that the recycling process, the type of plastic and properties of synthetic aggregates manufactured using plastic significantly affected the properties of the resulting lightweight concrete . AdditioIn addition, the environmental concerns of the concrete industry have become of utmost importance in recent times and need urgent and efficient steps to lower the carbon footprints of the construction industry. Thus, in light of the above, the current experimental study was planned to formulate a sustainable green lightweight concrete for structural applications complying with ASTM C330/C330M-14 . It was In the second stage, a detailed investigation was carried out for the concrete mixes prepared by the selected aggregates at various fractions, i.e., 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, to examine the possibility of using the selected aggregate for manufacturing a concrete fulfilling ASTM C330/C330M-14  criteriaIn the first stage of the research study, the trail mixes of concretes were prepared by keeping the majority of the parameters (such as water-to-cement ratio) constant, except the type of coarse aggregate. A total of ten concrete mixes were prepared using eight different types of manmade plastic aggregates and two control mixes having the lightweight aggregates (readily available in the market) and normal weight aggregates, as shown in The optimized manmade plastic aggregate series was selected based on the performance of concrete mixes with regard to compressive strength, durability indicator, i.e., chloride ion penetration, and availability of the raw material. As seen from the results in For the second stage of the current study, the two optimized manmade plastic aggregates (MM1 and MM2) were used as coarse aggregate at different replacement ratios of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. In addition, for comparison purposes, a commercial lightweight (Lytag aggregates) and a normal-weight coarse aggregate were also used to prepare reference concrete mixes (LCC and NCC). 3 and 1132 kg/m3, respectively. The water absorption was found to be 2.75% and 0.95% for MM1A and MM2A, respectively. For the detailed investigation, ten concrete mixes were prepared with a constant water-to-cement ratio of 0.5, as shown in Ordinary Portland cement (Type I) having a specific gravity of 3.15 was utilized in the current study for the casting of concrete mixes. The dry unit weight for MM1A and MM2A was 750 kg/mThe dry density, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity and resistance to chloride ion tests were conducted on all the concrete types. The test setup for the mechanical testing is shown in The following section presents the results of major physical-, mechanical- and durability-related properties for the concrete mixes prepared by using the two optimized manmade plastic aggregates at different replacement ratios. It should be noted here that the results for all the properties are expressed in terms of the compressive strength, as it is one of the most important parameters for concrete in general.2 value of 0.3078 was obtained for the best-fit equation, which also represented a greater divergence in the current study in comparison with other studies.The results for the dry density of MM1C and MM2C in relation to cube and cylinder compressive strength are presented in 2 values of 0.663 (solid Line) and 0.724 (dotted line) for the power- and linear-based regression analyses. Overall, based on the results of density and cylinder compressive strength, the MM1A and MM2D qualified to be used as a structural lightweight concrete, as per the ASTMC330/C330M-14 [The cylinder compressive strength and density relation of the current study was also compared with the existing studies ,41,42,43C330M-14  criteriaThe trend of the abrasion resistance with respect to compressive strength for all concrete series is shown in Overall, it was observed that the two series selected based on the density and compressive strength requirements, i.e., MM1A and MM2D, show almost the same values based on the results of abrasion and cylinder compressive strength, even with the different trend followed by their respective concrete series.In this section, the author presents the relationship between the compressive strength and drying shrinkage of the concretes at various replacement percentages of manmade plastic aggregates. In addition, different plastic types were used for two plastic aggregates; therefore, to quantify the effect, the author performed the regression analysis and tried to formulate and equation based on the current experiment results. The trend of the drying shrinkage with respect to compressive strength for all concrete series is shown in It was observed that the addition of a plastic-based aggregate for MM1C and MM2C reduced the compressive strength, with a rise in the drying shrinkage. However, the increment in MM1C was found to be higher as compared with MM2C. This behavior of a rise in drying shrinkage in concrete containing manmade plastic aggregate was expected, as the primary factor influencing it is the amount of water loss, which in the case of the aforementioned concrete will just be from the matrix alone, as the plastic aggregates will not contribute in this phenomenon. The equation to predict the drying shrinkage for manmade plastic aggregate concrete in terms of compressive strength is also proposed in The relation between the tensile strength and compression of normal concrete is well documented in the codes, however, the effect of incorporating the manmade plastic aggregates in tensile strength in relation to compressive strength is quantified in this section. The author measured the compressive strength of the concretes by using the cylindrical and cube specimens. In the past, both cube and cylindrical compressive strength has been used by researchers; therefore, the author presented the relation between tensile and the compressive strength measured by two differently shaped specimens to eliminate the shape effect of specimens, keeping the main variable parameter as the plastic replacement. The trend of the tensile strength with respect to cube and cylinder compressive strength for all concrete series is shown in 2 values of 0.8521 (Cube-Tensile) and 0.7456 (Cylinder-Tensile). Furthermore, the equations proposed in From Overall, based on the results of tensile strength, density and cylinder compressive strength, MM1A and MM2D qualified to be used as a structural lightweight concrete as per the ASTMC330/C330M-14  criteriaThe trend of the bending strength with respect to cube and cylinder compressive strength for all concrete series is shown in 2 values of 0.8123 (cube-bending) and 0.7126 (cylinder-bending). Furthermore, the equations proposed in It was observed that irrespective of the aggregate type, the decrease in compressive strength was accompanied by a decrease in the bending strength at increasing percentage replacement of aggregate series. However, the decrease ratio between the compressive and bending strength of concrete for each replacement level of aggregate was found to be different. The maximum decrease for MM1C and MM2C was found to be 44% and 26%, respectively, with reference to control mixes. From In the current study, chloride penetration resistance was used as an indicator to access the durability and microstructure of the concrete containing different percentages of plastic aggregates. The trend of the chloride penetration resistance with respect to cylinder compressive strength for all concrete series is shown in It was observed that irrespective of the concrete type, the higher the concrete strength, the higher the amount of charge passed; however, the slopes of both the concretes (MM1C and MM2C) were different. It was observed that at lower strength values, MM1C showed higher values of charge passed as compared with MM2C, while the difference seemed to narrow down with increasing values of compressive strength. Decreases of about 18% and 73% in the amount of charge passed were observed for MM1CD and MM2CD, respectively, as compared with LCC. All the concrete series except for MM2CD showed values of charge being passed through concrete greater than 2000 coulombs, which refer to the classification of the concrete permeability ranging from medium to high, as per ASTM C1202 . TherefoIn the preceding sections, the physical-, mechanical- and durability-related properties of concrete containing two different types of manmade plastic aggregates at various fractions are presented. The primary aim was to determine a suitable candidate for sustainable structural lightweight concrete. As plastic was used in the manmade aggregate, it was therefore expected that the concrete brittleness behavior would be improved because of the ductile nature of plastic. In this regard, the brittleness ratio, as defined by Hucka and Das (1974) , i.e., tIt was observed that MM1C concrete series show an inverse relationship between the percentage of MM1A and brittleness ratio, i.e., as the amount of MM1 aggregates surged, the concrete became less brittle as compared with the reference lightweight concrete. On the other hand, MM2C showed a marginal increment in the brittleness ratio with the addition of MM2A aggregate type as compared with LCC. This difference is primarily because of the difference in the type of plastic and filler material being used for the manufacturing of both types of aggregates. It was noticed that MM1C can be used in applications with low strength and high ductility, while MM2C can be targeted for relatively higher strength with moderate ductility requirements.In addition, another important factor which is normally discussed for structural lightweight concrete is the structural efficiency. The structural efficiency is defined as the ratio between the cylindrical compressive strength and density of the given concrete as per ACI 213R-14 (2014) . The strIt was observed that for MM1C series, structural efficiency dropped with the increasing percentage of manmade plastic aggregates. The decrease was mainly because of the decrease in the compressive strength values. On the other hand, MM2C showed marginal decreases for 50% and 75% replacements of manmade plastic aggregates, and it was found to increase at the 100% replacement level, almost equivalent to that of the reference lightweight concrete. Therefore, from the structural efficiency aspect, MM2CD also showed its capacity to replace the commercially available lightweight aggregate. From the above discussion, it can also be deduced that replacing the commercially available lightweight aggregate, or natural lightweight aggregates, with the produced aggregates can effectively lower the carbon footprints of concrete and, in parallel, will help the utilization of plastic waste, as the aggregates occupy 70% of the concrete volume, and therefore a larger quantity can be replaced.This study aimed to formulate a sustainable green lightweight concrete for structural applications complying with ASTM C330/C330M-14 . It was Out of eight manmade plastic aggregates having different plastic and filler types, two, i.e., the first made by 70% DS and 30% LLDPE (MM1) and the second made by 50% QF and 50% PET (MM2), were selected as the optimized aggregate series based on the performance of concrete mixes with regard to compressive strength, durability indicator, i.e., chloride ion penetration, and availability of the raw material.The results of the physical properties analyzed in terms of compressive strength give rise to the best two contenders, i.e., MM1 and MM2 at 25% and 100% replacement fractions, respectively. On the other hand, the mechanical properties generally displayed a decreasing trend with increase in the manmade plastic aggregate replacement fractions; however, MM1 and MM2 at 25% and 100% replacement fractions, respectively, fulfilled the criteria for structural lightweight concrete, i.e., ASTMC330/C330M-14 .From the results of chloride ion penetration resistance, it was found that the aggregates made by 70% DS and 30% LLDPE were suitable for the projects having relatively low contact with chloride ions, while the aggregates made by 50% QF and 50% PET can be used for structural lightweight concrete applications irrespective of chloride levels. The brittleness ratio and structural efficiency also supported the use of MM1CA and MM2CD for structural lightweight concrete applications.Finally, two aggregates, i.e., 70% DS-30% LLDPE and 50% QF-50% PET at the replacement fractions of 25% and 100%, were proposed for structural lightweight purposes with low and relatively high strength and chloride-based durability requirements, respectively. As a whole, the current study provides an alternative approach to target the sustainable ways for producing lightweight structural concrete by the utilization of plastic waste.Therefore, this study was carried in two stages, i.e., the selection of optimized manmade plastic aggregates based on trial concrete mixes and the evaluation of the possibility of using the optimized aggregate series for structural lightweight construction applications. In this regard, the physical-, mechanical- and durability-related properties of the concretes integrating optimized manmade aggregate series were assessed, keeping compressive strength as the primary datum. The following conclusions are drawn:


The presented work is based on the quantification of LN-5, FN, and COL IV in blood plasma as potential biomarkers in patients diagnosed with glioma in grades G1 to G4. The obtained concentration results were compared with the protein content in the control group, which consisted of smokers of different ages. The obtained results were statistically analysed and interpreted based on the available clinical description. Quantitative determinations of LN-5, FN, and COL IV were performed with the use of SPRi biosensors specific to the tested proteins. Comparing groups K and G4, as well as G2 and G4, statistically significant relationships between changes in the concentration of individual proteins, were observed. The analysis showed significant correlations between FN and LN-5, between FN and COL IV, and between LN-5 and COL IV. There was a moderate positive correlation between individual proteins and the age of the patient. The ROC analysis distinguished patients with advanced disease from the control group. The results of the research show that LN-5, FN, and COL IV are effective biomarkers of brain glioma that may be helpful in non-invasive diagnosis and determining the grade of the disease. The basement membrane (BM) is a structure that consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The main structural proteins of the BM are laminin-5 (LN-5) and type IV collagen (COL-IV). Fibronectin (FN), although located in close proximity to the BM, is not one of the strategic structural proteins of the BM. The BM functions primarily as a mechanical barrier. In addition, it influences cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, and migration. BM molecules are often responsible for regulating the activity of growth factors, which in turn participate in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation and development, leading to further processes . Normal Increased levels of LN-5 in glioma tumour cells correlate with their increased invasiveness . LN-5 anAccording to the available scientific literature, FN has two conflicting functions in oncogenesis and cancer progression. On the one hand, it is believed that FN is responsible for preventing tumour transformation and inhibiting tumour progression. On the other hand, other researchers argue that FN is responsible for late grades of cancer metastasis and, at the same time, for poor prognosis of the disease . The preType IV collagen belongs to the class of so-called cross-linking collagens. It forms structures called collagen sheets, making it the main component of the basement membrane. It is the main form of collagen in the brain. It is found in the basement membrane surrounding vascular endothelial cells. The amount of collagen IV in glioma increases quite significantly relative to a brain with no tumour. The greatest increases in collagen IV levels are observed in gliomas at all grades of the disease . CollageFN and LN-5 are among the major ECM proteins. FN genes are among the most upregulated genes in brain glioma compared to normal brain tissue. The overall increase in laminins allows for the differentiation of the tumour class . COL IV Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs in the surface layers of metals, most often gold or silver. It occurs when a beam of monochromatic and p-polarized light strikes the metal surface at a certain angle. Depending on the thickness of the layer on the metal surface (such as our sensor), the reflected light is reduced. This light then reaches the detector, which converts the light intensity into an analytical signal. The great advantage of the SPR technique is the lack of a need to use markers and the possibility of observing ligand–protein interactions in real time ,18. By uBrain tumour cells may interact with the ECM. This is a critical factor in the process of cancer invasion. The interaction takes place thanks to specific receptors located on the surface of the tumour cells. The main role in the adhesion of glioma cells to the ECM is played by integrins capable of binding the perivascular ECM, which includes collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. It was shown that in GBM tissues, as compared to healthy brains, integrins are highly expressed ; therefoThe present article presents the first data on concentration levels of LN-5 (full-length protein), FN, and COL IV in the blood plasma of people with brain glioma in grades G1 to G4, which are compared with concentrations of the tested proteins in the control group K. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of the variation in concentration of the tested proteins between the grades, correlating the concentrations of LN-5, FN, and COL IV with data available in the clinical description of the studies, and determining how different potential biomarkers correlate with each other.The biosensor bases, which were gold plates with a sputtered gold thickness of 50 nm, were purchased from SSeens . They were then suitably prepared for use in quantification by printing the relevant polymers, following the procedure outlined in an earlier article . CysteamDuring the study, 104 plasma samples were available . Biological material was supplied by the Biobank of the Medical University of Bialystok. The study was approved by the appropriate bioethics committee (permission APK.002.171.2021). Previously constructed SPRi biosensors sensitive to individual proteins were used for quantification. On each occasion, the developed analytical procedure was reproduced according to the potential biomarker under study. An extremely important step is the appropriate and correct calibration of each analytical method; this process was therefore repeated before the quantification of subsequent proteins. Details of the analytical procedures were presented in earlier articles  technique, which was used as the detection method. The device used is characterised by an optical system following the classical Kretschmann configuration . The SPREach analysis was begun by placing the base of the biosensor—gold leaf—in a 20 mM thiol (cysteamine) solution, which is the link between the gold and the ligand (antibody), for 12 h at 25 °C. The chip was then rinsed with ethanol and dried under a 99.98% pure argon stream. In the next step, the antibody solution, previously activated with EDC and NHS, was applied to the surface of the biosensor. The chip was placed in an incubator for 1 h at a constant temperature of 37 °C. After this time, the chip was rinsed with distilled water and HBS-ES diluent to remove nonspecifically bound ligands from the biosensor surface. A series of images were taken before the ligand–analyte interaction, and the optimal range of angles was selected. Photographs were taken in p- and s-polarisation. Calibration of analytical methods was performed each time before starting quantitative determinations of a given potential biomarker. For this purpose, three standard protein solutions were prepared, the concentrations of which included the first, middle, and last points from the rectilinear range of the previously drawn calibration curve in a wide range of concentrations. Three out of nine active biosensor sites were used for calibration. Statistical analysis was performed using the commercial software PQStat (PQStat Software (2022), PQStat v.1.8.4, Poznan, Poland).0, stating the presence of a normal distribution. Since the p-values satisfied p << α (where α = 0.05), it was assumed that the values of concentrations obtained during the study did not follow a normal distribution for any of the analysed proteins. Therefore, the analyses were performed using non-parametric tests. The first of these was the Kruskal–Wallis test, where H0 was taken as asserting the equality of medians in all tested groups (from K to G4), while H1 was the statement that not all medians were equal. In each case, p << α, and hence H0 was rejected in favour of H1. This entailed performing a Dunn–Bonferroni analysis as a post hoc test, the results of which are presented graphically in In order to check whether the data followed a normal distribution, the Shapiro–Wilk test was performed under the assumption of HThe above data show that the concentrations of all of the proteins studied are statistically significantly different between K and G4 and between G2 and G4. Statistically significant changes in FN and COL IV concentrations were also observed between groups G2 and G3. The level of FN is also significantly increased in G3 compared with K, while the concentration of LN-5 is significantly increased in G4 compared with G1.For the purposes of the statistical analysis, data on the median concentrations of individual proteins from the G1 and G2, as well as G3 and G4 grades, were combined. The table also shows the concentration range of individual proteins depending on the parameter tested . It can be seen from the table above that there are statistically significant differences in the concentrations of each of the proteins studied when considering G1 and G2 together compared with the combination of groups G3 and G4. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of LN-5, FN, and COL IV depending on tumour size in any of the cases studied. The same applies when considering the presence of other neoplastic diseases in the patient’s immediate family. The presence of other non-cancer comorbidities in the patient also does not affect the changes in concentrations of the tested potential biomarkers.S = 0.42–0.49, p < 0.05) between concentrations of the examined proteins and patient age. This situation occurs only when the whole group of patients is analysed, without division into individual grades. In the case of correlation of concentrations of the analysed proteins with tumour area, no statistically significant correlations were observed, either after dividing the data into individual grades of the disease or on analysing all of the samples as a whole. All calculated numerical values are presented in An attempt was also made to determine correlations between LN-5, FN, and COL IV and patient age and tumour size. Analysis of the data indicated the occurrence of positive average correlations (RS = 0.56–0.65 (p << 0.01) indicate a high positive correlation in pairs FN:LN-5, FN:COL IV, and LN-5:COL IV. The results of the full analysis can be found in The Spearman correlation coefficient values RIn order to check whether, when examining changes in LN-5, FN, or COL IV concentrations, it was possible to distinguish patients diagnosed with glioma from the control group, ROC curves were produced, omitting the data from the G1 group due to the insufficient number of cases. Analysis of the curves showed that it is possible to distinguish patients with the disease from the control group, but only when taking into account the more advanced grades of the disease. The ROC curves are shown in Liquid biopsy is a promising and rapid diagnostic test to confirm or exclude the presence of disease. Newer, faster, cheaper, and less invasive analytical methods are being developed for the quantitative analysis of a variety of biological materials for screening or specialised studies. The work presented here is based on the quantitative determination of LN-5, FN, and COL IV in brain glioma, from which further observations of correlations were made, supported by the available clinical description of the samples studied.The Kruskal–Wallis test showed that not all medians of the analysed groups were equal to each other, which was the first assumption after analysing the results of quantitative determinations. The obtained data were further clarified using Dunn–Bonferroni analysis as a post hoc test. This indicated which differences were statistically significant. It turned out that the concentrations of all studied proteins were statistically significantly different between the K and G4 groups and also between G2 and G4. When the differences in concentrations of the analysed proteins between milder grades of the disease (G1–G2) and more advanced grades (G3–G4) are analysed, statistically significant differences are observed in the concentrations of all of the analysed proteins  between the presented groups of patients.The area of the neoplastic tumour, the presence of neoplastic diseases in the patient’s closest family, or the presence of coexisting diseases other than neoplasms in the patient did not affect the amount of LN-5, FN, or COL IV in plasma.If we analyse the whole group of patients, i.e., all samples from grade G1 to G4, we observe an average positive correlation between the determined protein levels and the patient’s age, which means that the amounts of LN-5, FN, and COL IV in the body increase with age. However, it should be noted that samples at grade G4 constituted the majority of the samples analysed, and hence it is possible that this effect is due only to the size of the sample groups analysed. On the other hand, no correlation was found between the concentration of the analysed proteins and tumour size, as mentioned earlier.A high positive correlation occurs between individual proteins only when all samples are analysed together. This positive correlation indicates that an increase in the concentration of one component entails an increase in the concentration of the other component. It is possible that such correlations may be used to develop an algorithm to diagnose glioma.ROC curves were also plotted, the parameters of which indicate that control samples can be quite clearly distinguished from samples from subjects in grades G2–G4. The ROC curves indicate high or very high diagnostic efficacy of LN-5, FN, and COL IV in the plasma of patients with brain glioma.With the tumour’s increase in malignancy, the levels of the individual proteins increase significantly; they remain similar in groups K–G2 and then increase, again maintaining similar levels in groups G3 and G4. We observed almost identical levels of LN-5, FN, and COL IV concentrations (considering each protein separately) in groups K, G1, and G2. This may be due to the fact that these proteins often have a dual function in tumours. On the one hand, they are responsible for inhibiting tumour’s increase in malignancy, while on the other, they contribute to tumour invasiveness ,11. It iThe extracellular environment undergoes frequent changes during the pathogenesis of the disease. Changes in the composition of the ECM affect the functioning of the cells that make up the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These changes are carried out by the ECM receptors, which transmit appropriate signals to match the cell’s response to environmental changes. The expression of ECM proteins and the secretion of its proteins in the BBB are tightly regulated during the course of the disease development. Changes in BBB functioning were shown to correlate with changes in the composition of the ECM. The ECM proteins and their receptors, therefore, act as regulators of BBB functioning . Since, The studied biomarkers can also function as biomarkers of other diseases. For example, all three biomarkers presented in the study  may be biomarkers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinoma . In urotThis study confirms that LN-5, FN, and COL IV are effective markers of brain glioma, despite the lack of correlation with tumour size and the impossibility of distinguishing the grade of the disease on the basis of LN-5, FN, or COL IV levels alone.


Carbon/glass fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composite (HFRP) has the advantages of a light weight and high strength. For the lightweight design of automobile parts, composite parts made of HFRP and polymer materials are increasingly in demand. The method of the injection molding is usually adopted to fabricate composite part with HFRP and polymer materials. The connecting strength between the two materials has an important influence on the service life of the composite part. In this paper, HFRP and polyamide-6 (PA6) were used to fabricate a composite part by the injection molding method. In order to improve the connecting strength between HFRP and PA6, a kind of micro-grooves was fabricated on the HFRP surface. The micro-grooves on the surface of the HFRP provided sufficient adhesion and infiltrating space of molten PA6 material into the mold. In addition, the glass fiber in HFRP can also be used as nucleating agent to facilitate the rapid crystallization of PA6. The micro-grooves on the surface of HFRP were embedded into PA6 like nails, which could improve the connecting strength at the interface effectively. The paper investigated the effects of mold temperature, injection pressure, holding pressure and holding time on the injection quality and connecting strength of composite parts in detail. With a mold temperature of 240 °C, an injection pressure of 8 MPa, a holding pressure of 8 MPa and a holding time of 3 s, the maximum tensile strength of 10.68 MPa was obtained for the composite part. At the effect of micro-grooves, the tensile strength of the composite part could be increased by 126.27%. Xian et al. realized a synergetic bearing mechanism between carbon and glass fibers through the random fiber hybrid technology. The incongruous stress concentration of the carbon/glass fiber/resin interface was largely relieved, which generated a higher tensile and flexural strength [Barjasteh et al. investigated the effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid composite rods designed to support overhead transmission lines. Sorption curves were obtained for both hybrid and non-hybrid composite rods to determine characteristic parameters [Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) have been widely used in many fields such as wind energy, aerospace and automobiles due to their excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties ,2. As thstrength . Barjastrameters . In pracrameters ,9. Polyarameters . For therameters .By using the adhesive bonding method, Ribeiro et al. adopted adhesive XNR6852 to join CFRP with aluminum alloy, and the tensile strength of the joints could reach 21 MPa . Guo et On the other hand, the forming method of PA6 includes the injection molding, hot-pressing molding and injection compression molding ,21. InjeThe physical properties of PA6 are shown in The hot press machine  was used to fabricate micro-groove array on the surface of HFRP. The micro-grooves had a bottom diameter of 94 μm, a depth of 180 μm and an inclination angle of 12°. The injection cavity was machined on the mold core by the 5-axis CNC machining center . The composite parts with PA6 and HFRP were formed by the injection molding machine . The cross-sectional profile and fracture morphology of composite parts were observed using the stereo microscope . The universal tensile machine  was used to carry out the tensile tests of composite parts with a preload force of 5 N and a tensile speed of 0.01 mm/s.(1)The injection cavity was machined on the mold core by the 5-axis CNC machining center. In order to facilitate the subsequent tensile test of composite parts, the injection cavity with an H shape was designed a. The in(2)The HFRP with a micro-groove array and gaskets were placed into the injection cavity based on a certain order b. The op(3)After pressure holding and cooling, the injection molded composite part was obtained. The micro-grooves on the HFRP surface were embedded into PA6 like nails d, which (4)The tensile strength of the composite parts was measured using a universal tensile machine. The tensile force was increased from a preload of 5N and at a tensile speed of 0.01 m/s until the joint surface of the composite parts was separated. In order to obtain more reliable experimental results, each tensile curve was obtained from the average data of three same samples.The process flow of the composite part is shown in The operating parameters of the injection molding process include the mold temperature, injection pressure, holding pressure and holding time, which have an important influence on the molding quality and connecting strength of the composite part. Based on the single factor experiment method, the operating parameters with 18 different groups  were conAt the effect of the mold temperature, PA6 changed from a solid state to a melting state, presenting enough flowability. Therefore, the mold temperature played an important role in providing PA6 with sufficient flowability. In order to study the effect of the mold temperature on the molding quality of the composite part, the composite parts with HFRP and PA6 were formed by the injection molding method using different mold temperatures of 230 °C, 235 °C, 240 °C, 245 °C and 250 °C. During the experiment, the injection pressure was set to 8 MPa, the holding pressure was set to 5 MPa and the holding time was set to 2.5 s. The tensile strength of the composite part was tested by the universal tensile machine. The cross-sectional profile and fracture morphology of the composite part were determined by the stereo microscope. The experimental results are shown in As shown in At the effect of the injection pressure, the molten PA6 entered the mold core cavity through the pouring gate. In order to investigate the effect of the injection pressure on the molding quality of composite parts, the injection molding experiments were carried out on the HFRP and PA6 at different injection pressures. The injection pressures of 6 MPa, 7 MPa, 8 MPa, 9 MPa and 10 MPa were investigated separately. In the experiments, the mold temperature was 240 °C, the holding pressure was 5 MPa and the holding time was 2.5 s. The experimental results are shown in When the injection pressure was 6 MPa, gaps were observed at the interface of HFRP and PA6. Correspondingly, the micro-grooves on the surface of HFRP were not completely filled with PA6, which caused the poor injection molding quality of the composite part. As the injection pressure increased, the PA6 could fill the micro-groove structure on the HFRP surface more easily, and the injection molding quality of the composite part could be increased efficiently. When the injection pressure increased from 6 MPa to 8 MPa, the residual CF and GF on the fracture surface of the composite part increased gradually, and the tensile strength increased from 5.45 MPa to 8.54 MPa. However, as the injection pressure increased over 8 MPa, the residual CF and GF on the fracture surface of composite parts started to decrease gradually, and the tensile strength also decreased. When the injection pressure was 10 MPa, flying edges occurred in the composite parts, which would decrease the injection molding quality.The experimental results indicated that too high or too low of an injection pressure was not favorable for improving the injection molding quality and tensile strength of composite parts. When the injection pressure was too low, the pressure in the mold core cavity was insufficient, leading to the insufficient filling of PA6 and thus resulting in the gaps at the interface of the HFRP and PA6 connection. When the injection pressure was suitable, the arrangement between PA6 molecules and glass fibers was more compact, thus facilitating the formation of the strong condensed structure at the interface of HFRP and PA6. Moreover, a proper injection pressure could promote the heterogeneous nucleation between the glass fiber and PA6 molecules, which was beneficial to improving the tensile strength of the composite part.Q) and the injection pressure (P) during injection molding was given by:K is mold resistance. According to Equation (1), the injection pressure (P) is proportional to the mold filling rate (Q). With the increase in the injection pressure, the mold filling rate of the molten PA6 entering the core cavity increases. With the increase in the mold filling rate, the contact time between the molten PA6 and the cold cavity wall shortens, thus limiting the occurrence of the freezing phenomena and the short shot phenomena. At this condition, the molten PA6 can fill the injection molding cavity more fully so as to effectively guarantee the injection molding quality and tensile strength of the composite part. However, as the injection pressure (P) is too high, the mold filling rate (Q) reaches an excessive value. At these kinds of conditions, the molten PA6 is prone to cause a wall slip phenomenon in the injection mold cavity, which decreases the injection molding quality and tensile strength of the composite part.The relation between the mold filling rate The micro-groove structures effectively increased the injection molding area of the composite parts, which could increase the connection strength between HFRP and PA6. In order to increase the molding properties of the micro-groove structures, the hot-pressing direction should be perpendicular to the fiber direction, which could guarantee the direction of the micro-grooves parallel to the fiber direction.(2)A mold temperature of 240 °C, an injection pressure of 8 MPa, a holding pressure of 8 MPa and a holding time of 3 s were proven to be suitable for increasing the injection molding quality of the composite part. At this condition, PA6 could completely fill into the micro-grooves on the HFRP surface.(3)At the effect of the micro-groove structure on the HFRP surface, the tensile strength of the composite part could be increased from 4.72 MPa to 10.68 MPa, and the tensile strength was increased by 126.27%.For the lightweight design of automobile parts, composite parts made of HFRP and PA6 are becoming increasingly common. To improve the connecting strength between HFRP and PA6, the paper applied HFRP with micro-grooves in the injection molding process. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:


The pre-lacrimal recess approach is modernly used for lesions of the anterior maxillary wall and for reaching paramedian cranial base regions. In this computed-tomography study, we assessed the pre-lacrimal recess types as well as the angles between the anterior and medial maxillary walls and between the anterior maxillary wall and the lateral margin of the nasolacrimal canal to show the feasibility of the pre-lacrimal recess approach in reaching lesions of the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae, using 30 computed-tomography studies (60 sides). A type I pre-lacrimal recess was identified in 22 cases (35%), type II was identified in 31 cases (53.30%), and type III in 7 cases (11.66%). We found that angle 1  had a mean value of 80.8° , while angle 2  had a mean value of 59.1° . We consider the pre-lacrimal recess approach a very good option for the anterior maxillary wall, the alveolar recess, and in reaching the infratemporal fossa and lateral part of the pterygopalatine fossa. In cases where direct visualization of the medial part of the pterygopalatine fossa is needed, the pre-lacrimal recess approach could not be the perfect option. Endoscopic sinus surgery is nowadays the preferred technique for most inflammatory and benign lesions of the nose and paranasal sinuses since they are minimally invasive and functional. Several approaches have been described for lesions of the maxillary sinus. One of them is the pre-lacrimal recess approach (PLRA) of the maxillary sinus, especially used for the anterior and inferior walls of the sinus since they can be difficult to reach, even for experienced surgeons , 2. ThisThis is an anatomical imaging study in which we evaluated the area of the pre-lacrimal recess of the maxillary sinus using 30 computed-tomography studies of the nose and paranasal sinuses from our department's collection. We included in the study group only high-quality computed-tomographic images (at most 1.25 mm slices) from adult individuals with no sign of previous sinus surgery or destructive lesions of the nose and paranasal sinuses. We assessed the space available for surgical access for the maxillary sinus and the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae. The measurements were performed after identifying the insertion of the inferior turbinate onto the frontal process of the maxillary bone in the coronal plane  and tranFor our entire study series (60 maxillary sinuses), we identified a type I PLR in 22 cases (35%), a type II PLR in 31 cases (53.30%), and type III in 7 cases (11.66%). In the 38 cases classified as type II and type III PLR, we measured the angles between the anterior maxillary wall and medial maxillary wall (angle 1) and the angle between the anterior maxillary wall and the plane passing tangent to the lateral margin of the nasolacrimal duct (angle 2).Angle 1 had a mean value of 80.8° , while angle 2 had a mean value of 59.1° , with no significant differences between right and left sides. The difference between angle 1 and angle 2 was determined by the width of the nasolacrimal duct in the plane of the section where we performed the measurements.The maxillary sinus has a complex and variable anatomy, with some hidden and hard-to-reach areas, especially close to the anterior wall and alveolar recess. These regions sometimes pose problems for visualization and access, even for experienced surgeons , 2, 7. SEven though good results were obtained, the PLRA is not always a viable option. According to Simmen et al. , the posIn our study, we found a type I PLR in 22 cases (35%), a type II PLR in 31 cases (53.30%), and type III in 7 cases (11.66%). For type II and type III PLR, we continued our evaluation and measured the angles between the anterior maxillary wall and medial maxillary wall (angle 1) and the lateral margin of the nasolacrimal duct (angle 2) to see how much the angle is enclosed by the duct, and how direct visualization for the pterygopalatine fossa is obstructed in this type of approach.We found that angle 1 had a mean value of 80.8° , while angle 2 had a mean value of 59.1° . The differences between the two angles were given by the width of the canal of the nasolacrimal duct, which encloses the angle of visualization at more than 30°. Considering this, the PLRA would be a very good tool for the anterior and inferior aspects of the maxillary sinus, as well as for the infratemporal fossa and more lateral aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa, but direct visualization of the medial part of the pterygopalatine fossa with a 0° telescope and instrumentation with straight instruments would be difficult through a PLRA without dislocating the nasolacrimal duct. In these cases, if PLRA is preferred, angled telescopes and instruments might be of better use. Also, in cases where better visualization is needed, combined approaches , medial maxillectomy or canine fossa approaches could offer better access to the whole pterygopalatine fossa. In a cadaveric dissection study, Cavallo et al.  concludeAfter analyzing our results, we consider that the angle of visualization should be taken into consideration in surgical planning when PLRA is proposed for lesions of the pterygopalatine fossa, especially for its medial part.The PLRA, when feasible (types II and III PLR), is a very good option for visualization and instrumentation of the anterior maxillary wall as well as for the alveolar recess and in reaching the infratemporal fossa and lateral part of the pterygopalatine fossa. In cases where lesions are situated in the medial part of the pterygopalatine fossa, measurements of the angles of access through the PLR should be considered in surgical planning.


In this paper, we numerically studied the effect of different substrates on the optical resonances of a LiNbO3 nanoparticle. The results show that the electric and magnetic resonances of such a system can be effectively adjusted by changing the substrate. Compared to the impact of dielectric substrate, the interaction between the LiNbO3 nanoparticle and the Au film shows a fascinating phenomenon that a sharp resonance peak appears. The multipole decomposition of the scattering spectrum shows that the size, shape of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle, and the thickness of the SiO2 film between the particle and the Au film have a significant impact on the electromagnetic resonance of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle. This work provides a new insight into LiNbO3 nanoparticles, which may have potential use in the design of dielectric nanomaterials and devices.The manipulation of light at the nanoscale is important for nanophotonic research. Lithium niobite (LiNbO The study of light scattering of subwavelength particles can be traced back to 100 years ago when the Mie theory was provided and widely used to describe the optical resonance of spherical particles [Metal nanoparticles, for example, can support surface plasmons, which can be used to concentrate light into subwavelength volumes and produce higher optical intensity ,3,4,5,6,Unlike ideal studies of the scattering spectra in a free space, nanoparticles always need to be supported by various substrates that, in general, modify their ED and MD resonances. Thus, another degree of freedom for manipulating their optical properties is provided. So far, systematic studies of the interaction between nanoparticles and substrates have been carried out ,28,29,303, as an important nonlinear material, has high second-order susceptibility coefficients, which can be widely used in electro-optical modulator [3 nanoparticle.LiNbOodulator ,33,34,35odulator ,37,38,39odulator ,41. Howe3 nanoparticle placed on different substrates by using a finite-different time-domain (FDTD) technique. Compared to a LiNbO3 nanoparticle supported on dielectric substrates, a sharp resonance mode appears, which is caused by the interaction of the LiNbO3 particle and the Au film. Furthermore, the evolution of the scattering spectra of LiNbO3 nanoparticles with different diameters is studied. It is demonstrated that the thickness of SiO2 film between the LiNbO3 nanoparticle and the Au film has an impact on the scattering spectra. Furthermore, the results show that the shape also has a great influence on the scattering mode.In this study, we calculate multipole decomposition of the scattering spectra of a LiNbO3 nanoparticles in this work are calculated using the FDTD technique. Firstly, we calculate the background field without the presence of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle. The total scattering spectra of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle is then derived. Finally, the scattering spectra is obtained from the difference between the total scattering spectra and the background field.The scattering spectra of the LiNbO3 nanoparticles placed on different substrates, we employ the multipole decomposition of polarization 3 nanoparticle, and relative dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium, respectively. E is the total electric field inside the LiNbO3 nanoparticle. The multipole moment can be obtained by integration of the induced polarization currents over the volume of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle. As a result, the ED moment, electric quadrupole (EQ) moment, MD moment, and magnetic quadrupole (MQ) moment can be expressed as:r describes the radius vector of a volume element inside the LiNbO3 nanoparticles, and To analyze the electric and magnetic resonances of the LiNbOk0, dv, and sc) can be obtained by the superposition of the scattering cross sections of multipole moments. Note that the poles that are of a higher order than the quadrupole make less contributions to the scattering intensity [Here, ntensity ,42; here3, SiO2, and Au are respectively taken from Zelmon [The dielectric constants of LiNbOm Zelmon , Gao [44m Zelmon , while w3 nanoparticle located on top of the glass substrate, LiNbO3 substrate, and 50 nm Au film/glass substrate. A uniform environment with a refractive index of 1.0 is employed. The first row of 3 nanoparticles with diameter D = 300 nm placed on different substrates. With the light incidents along the z axis and the polarization direction along the y axis, the corresponding multipole decomposition of the scattering spectra is calculated by using the FDTD simulation with respect to the center of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle, as shown in the second row of 3 nanoparticles largely overlaps with that of MD resonance. Different from the conventional Si and GaAs nanoparticles, the EQ and MQ resonances of LiNbO3 nanoparticle also make a prominent contribution to scattering spectra, except for the ED and MD resonances. Note that with the increasing of the refractive index of the substrate, the ED resonance is enhanced while MD resonance is weakened, as shown in 3 nanoparticles positioned on Au film  of the SiO2 film. Note that, with the increasing of g, the scattering spectra has a redshift and becomes stronger. The electric field distribution in the yz plane for g = 10 nm at 670 nm, g = 30 nm at 690 nm, and g = 50 nm at 705 nm are depicted in 2 increases.In 3 nanoparticle on the scattering spectra by considering the LiNbO3 nanoparticle with its long axis (Z) perpendicular to the Au film. As shown in Furthermore, we studied the influence of the shape of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle by using the FDTD technique. With the increase of the refractive index of the dielectric substrate, the ED resonance is enhanced and MD resonance is weakened. In contrast, the coupling of a LiNbO3 nanoparticle to an underlying Au film results in a sharper resonance. It is demonstrated that SiO2 film between the LiNbO3 particle and the Au film has a significant influence on the scattering spectra. Moreover, the shape of the LiNbO3 nanoparticle also affects the scattering spectra. In general, this work demonstrates that the different scattering properties can be obtained by adjusting the structure of the substrate and the nanoparticle. The results presented here broaden the study of moderate-refractive-index dielectric-metal hybrid systems, which may advance the application of LiNbO3 nanoparticles in lab-on-chip photonic devices and sensitive biosensors.We investigated the influence of substrate on the scattering spectra of a LiNbO


The experiment confirmed that the surface freeze–thaw damage degree and mass loss value of the cement-soil decreased after incorporating different LS contents, and that the unconfined compression strength, triaxial shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle also improved significantly compared with the specimens without LS. In this experiment, the optimization level of the cement-soil performance with different LS content was ranked as 12% > 18% > 6% > 0%. According to the NMR and SEM analysis results, the LS content of 12% can optimize the internal pore structure of the cement-soil and strengthen the bond between aggregate particles, hence inhibiting the extension of freeze-swelling cracks induced by freeze–thaw cycles. In conclusion, LS can effectively enhance the frost resistance of cement-soil, and the optimum content in this experiment is 12%.In this study, the effect of lithium slag (LS) on the frost resistance of cement-soil was evaluated. The results of freeze–thaw damage on the surface of the cement-soil, freeze–thaw mass loss, unconfined compression strength, triaxial shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle were tested at various freeze–thaw cycles after 90 days of curing when LS was incorporated into the cement-soil at different proportions . Combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T Cement-soil is a material made by mixing cement and soil with water in a certain ratio ,2. It caIn recent years, many researchers have conducted many studies to improve the frost resistance of cement-soil materials ,12,13. ILS is an industrial waste residue produced during the production of lithium carbonate by the sulfuric acid method after high-temperature roasting of lithium pyroxene ore . In the activity ,27, whicactivity  studied activity  evaluateactivity  investigAccording to the literature review, although researchers have conducted a substantial amount of research on admixtures in cement-soil as well as on the effect of LS mixed into concrete on its properties, there are few reports on LS incorporated into cement-soil. This paper tries to explore the influence of LS in the cement-soil on its frost resistance performance, and evaluates the effect of different LS contents  on the surface damage and mass loss, unconfined compression strength, triaxial shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of the cement-soil at different freeze–thaw cycles , and NMR and SEM were also utilized to analyze, from a microscopic perspective, the mechanism of the effect of LS on cement-soil. This study aims to provide ideas for improving the frost resistance of cement-soil and advancing the comprehensive utilization of LS.The cement used in this study was conventional Portland cement P.O 42.5 from a cement factory in Liaoning province, and the cement used in this experiment was produced by the same batch. The basic properties of the cement are shown in activity ,30. Fromactivity .In accordance with the national industrial standards of “Specification for Mix Proportion Design of Cement-Soil” (JGJ/T 233-2011), this experiment set the water–binder ratio of 1.7; the cement content of 12%; and the four control groups with LS contents of 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%. The specimen size was 39.1 mm for the inner diameter and 80 mm for the height. The specimens of each group were formulated as shown in The process of specimen preparation in this experiment is shown in The TDR-10 rapid freeze–thaw instrument was used for freeze–thaw experiments, the freezing temperature was set to −15 °C, the thawing temperature was set to 20 °C, the freezing and thawing time was 12 h, and it took 24 h to complete one freeze–thaw cycle. Corresponding experiments were carried out after two and four freeze–thaw cycles. The test result was taken as the average value of three test specimens.The WDW-100E universal pressure tester was adopted to carry out the unconfined compression strength test. The experimental steps followed the relevant requirements of the “Specification for Mix Proportion Design of Cement-Soil” (JGJ/T 233-2011), and the loading rate was set to 0.8 mm/min. The cement-soil specimens after 90 days of curing were taken out and placed in a ventilated area to dry until the weight of the specimens was the same as the weight at the time of demoulding, and then the experiment was carried out. The test result was taken as the average value of three test specimens.The TCK-1 triaxial test measuring control instrument and TSZ-6 strain-controlled triaxial instrument were used to conduct the experiment, and the experimental procedure followed the relevant requirements of the “Specification for Mix Proportion Design of Cement-Soil” (JGJ/T 233-2011) and “Standard for Soil Test Method” (GB/T 50123-1999). The cement-soil specimens were taken out and air-dried until the quality was the same as the sample preparation, and then the experiment was conducted with the unconsolidated undrained compression (UU) test method; the confining pressures were 0.3 MPa, 0.6 MPa, and 0.9 MPa, respectively. The test result was taken as the average value of three test specimens.2 mapping analysis.The MesoMR core nuclear magnetic resonance imaging analyzer with Newmark NMR analysis application software V4.0 was applied for the NMR experiments, and the cement-soil specimens after 90 days of curing were subjected to comparative TThe Hitachi Regulus 8100 scanning electron microscope was used. The microstructure of cement-soil specimens after 90 days of curing was compared and analyzed.The surface morphology of specimens after freeze–thaw cycles can intuitively reflect the effect of the LS content on the frost resistance of cement-soil. At 0, 2, and 4 freeze–thaw cycles, the surface morphology of each group of specimens cured for 90 days was compared, and the mass loss of each group after freeze–thaw cycles was counted. The average mass loss value of the three specimens was taken.The comparison of surface morphology of each group before and after freeze–thaw cycles is shown in n freeze–thaw cycles .The mass loss values of each specimen group after freeze–thaw cycles were calculated according to Equation (1):From the surface damage and mass loss of the specimens after freeze–thaw cycles in each group, it is evident that the incorporation of LS improved the frost resistance of the cement-soil, and this result is similar to the previous studies that investigated the effect of micro-LS on the frost resistance of high-performance concrete . This isluminate , therebyluminate .The unconfined compression strength of each group of specimens cured for 90 days was tested for 0, 2, and 4 freeze–thaw cycles, respectively. The unconfined compression strength values of each group of specimens are shown in The analysis of the cause is consistent with the description in le space , therebyle space  proposedle space  investigle space  and He ele space . This isle space .According to the cement-soil experiment by Wang et al. , the strFrom the trend presented in the curve of Without considering the freeze–thaw cycles’ effect, it is obvious from Considering the effect of freeze and thaw, it is also apparent that the peak stress of the LC-0 group without LS decreases significantly under the three confining pressures, while the peak stress decrease of the specimens with LS is less than that of the LC-0 group, and the peak stress decrease of the LC-12 group with 12 percent LS is the smallest. At the confining pressure of 0.3 MPa, the peak stress of the specimens in the LC-0 group without LS doping decreased by 41.1% after 4 freeze–thaw cycles, while the peak stress of the specimens in the LC-12 group with 12% LS content decreased by only 13.4%; at 0.6 MPa, the peak stress of the specimens in the LC-0 group decreased by 40.9%, while the peak stress of the LC-12 group decreased by only 12.4%; at 0.9 MPa, the peak stress of LC-0 group specimens decreased by 30.4%, while the peak stress of LC-12 group specimens decreased by only 9.6%. Its improved performance is consistent with that described in the previous section, primarily because the chemical composition of LS has a certain reaction activity, which can react with the hydration products produced by cement hydration in the process of cement-soil maintenance to produce filled particles with cementitious properties, which not only increases the bonding strength between soil particles, but also significantly reduces the internal voids of the cement-soil; this is more similar to the application mechanism in coastal soil modified with cement and fly ash by Li et al. . Tan et According to The relationship between the cohesion The cohesion and internal friction angle of the cement-soil are the main factors affecting the shear performance, and the above results all indicate that the incorporation of LS can improve the cohesion and internal friction angle of the cement-soil, with the enhancement effect on the cohesion being more noticeable, also confirming the enhancement law of LS on the shear strength of the cement-soil shown in 2 distribution analysis and SEM analysis.According to the results described in the previous section, the incorporation of LS can improve the performance of cement-soil to differing degrees. Based on the results of this experiment, the 12% LS incorporation rate can maximize the performance of cement-soil. In order to analyze the improvement mechanism of LS on the performance of cement-soil from a micro perspective, the LC-0 group and LC-12 group specimens after 90 days of curing were compared and analyzed, including NMR T2 can reflect the size of the internal pores of the specimen, and the smaller the T2 value, the smaller the pore size; the amplitude of T2 can reflect the number of internal pores, and the larger the value, the greater the amount of pores at that size [2 distribution of LC-0 and LC-12 group specimens without freeze–thaw and after 4 freeze–thaw cycles. It can be seen that the T2 value corresponding to the maximum amplitude is in the range of 0.1–10 ms, indicating that the majority of the specimen’s interior consists of micro-pores, and that the T2 value has a micro-peak around 100 ms and 1000 ms, indicating that the specimen also contains mesopores and macropores. By incorporating 12% LS into the specimens, the T2 peak value was significantly reduced when the specimens were not frozen–thawed. The overall curve was below the curve of the specimen group without LS, and the curve of the specimen group with 12% LS shifted to the left compared with the curve of the specimen group without LS, indicating that the incorporation of LS significantly reduced the number of pores and the pore size in the specimen. Similarly, the T2 curves of the two groups of specimens after 4 freeze–thaw cycles also have the same law, but the three groups of T2 peak values of the two groups of specimens both increased, indicating that the micropores, mesopores, and macropores inside the specimens affected by freeze–thaw cycles have increased, and it evident that the addition of LS greatly reduces the internal pores of the specimen after freeze–thaw cycles. The pore size is also smaller than that of the specimen without LS, which is the key to improving the performance of cement-soil.The transverse relaxation time reflects the free degree of pore water in the specimen; the shorter the time, the closer the combination of water and material ,43. In that size ,45. FiguIn The main chemical components in the Portland cement clinker used in this experiment are the four oxides ectively . During ectively . Among tectively . The otharticles , as showThe degree of surface damage of the cement-soil specimens with different LS contents varied after 4 freeze–thaw cycles. The incorporation of LS suppressed the propagation of freeze–thaw damage cracks on the surface of the specimens, and the damage area was also reduced. By testing the mass change in the specimens before and after freeze–thaw cycles, it is found that the mass loss values of the specimen groups incorporated with LS were less than those of the groups without LS incorporated.LS can also improve the unconfined compression strength and shear strength of cement-soil. The strength values of cement-soil with LS are higher than those without LS under 0, 2, and 4 freeze–thaw cycles, and the strength value increases most obviously when the content of LS is 12%.The effect of LS incorporation on the cohesion and internal friction angle of the cement-soil was also significant, in which the cohesion was the key to the improvement in the performance of the cement-soil, and the cohesion of the specimen group with 12% LS incorporation after 4 freeze–thaw cycles was increased by 1.1 MPa compared with that of the specimen group without LS incorporation.The incorporation of LS effectively reduces the porosity and pore size inside the cement-soil, and the relatively high content of The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of LS to improve the frost resistance of cement-soil. The surface damage and mass loss, unconfined compression strength, triaxial shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of cement-soil with different LS contents  under different freeze–thaw cycles  were tested and compared. The influence mechanism of LS on cement-soil was analyzed from the microscopic point of view by NMR and SEM. The main conclusions are as follows:This study provides ideas for improvements to the frost resistance of cement-soil and the comprehensive application of LS. However, this paper only considers the performance of cement-soil after 90 days of curing, and the maximum number of freeze–thaw cycles is set to 4. In future research work, the effect of LS content on the frost resistance of cement-soil under different curing ages and multiple freeze–thaw cycles will be investigated further. In addition, the coupling influence of chloride ion erosion and carbonation on the frost resistance of LS cement-soil will be explored in greater depth.


A number of experimental studies provide evidence of the toxic effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on biological objects. In order to supplement the level of knowledge and assess the risks of toxicity and danger of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs, we decided to conduct a comprehensive experiment to study the embryonic toxicity of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs in pregnant rats. For the experiment, mongrel white rats during pregnancy received aqueous dispersions of powders of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. To characterize the effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on females and the postnatal ontogenesis of offspring, a complex of physiological and biochemical research methods was used. The results of the experiment showed that TiO2 NPs as ZrO2 NPs (100 mg/kg per os) cause few shifts of similar orientation in the maternal body. Neither TiO2 NPs nor ZrO2 NPs have an embryonic and teratogenic effect on the offspring in utero, but both modify its postnatal development.Currently, the widespread use of TiO The rapid development of nanotechnology has put the scientific community in front of the need to control the safety of products obtained with their use, the production volumes of which are progressively increasing. Timely assessment of the toxicity and danger of nanomaterials can become a reliable barrier to the unhindered penetration into the life of harmful to human health and environmentally hazardous products and/or contribute to the development of a system of measures to protect against their adverse effects ,2,3,4,5.2 induces aging as a stress response mitigated by environmental interactions [Nanomaterials’ environmental exposure represents a real public health issue that will become highly relevant in the near future when people’s consciousness of this issue increases . In thisractions . Das et ractions . Ma et aractions . Other rractions , change ractions , cause cractions ,17, afferactions , exacerbractions , induce ractions ,21, and ractions .2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). Being chemically stable and relatively inexpensive, they are widely used for the creation of gas sensors, dyes, protective coatings, dielectric ceramics, thermal insulation materials, hydrophobic materials, photocatalysts, electrochromic displays, fiber optics, solar panels, cosmetics, and medical products, including implants and scaffolds [2 and ZrO2 NPs are often used as part of innovative materials and as part of micromachines constantly used by people, which necessitates a reliable, in-depth study of the effect of these nanoparticles on human health.Currently, nanocrystalline oxide materials, which have unique properties and a wide range of applications, are attracting increasing attention as objects of research. Such compounds include titanium dioxide  [Due to the widespread use of TiOing area . Howeveral route . For insal cells . Farkas sh water . Ye and t manner . Yang et of mice . However0 mg/kg) ,40,41,422 and ZrO2 NPs, it is especially important to assess their effect on pregnant women and embryo development. The literature review showed a relatively small number of works in this field. Mao et al. (2019) showed that TiO2 NPs induce the alteration of gut microbiota during pregnancy and increase the fasting blood glucose of pregnant rats, which might increase the potential risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women [2 NPs to pregnant and lactating rat mothers impairs many of the morphological and skeletal formations, as well as vital organs such as the brain, liver, and kidneys [2 NPs with a diameter of 35 nm could cause pregnancy complications when injected intravenously into pregnant mice [2 NPs are able to cross multiple biological barriers and were accumulated in the maternal placenta and fetal brains [2 NPs crossed the blood–fetal barrier and blood–brain barrier and deposited in the brain of offspring, which retarded axonal and dendritic outgrowth, including the absence of axonal outgrowth, and decreased dendritic filament length, dendritic branching number, and dendritic spine density [2 NPs may affect the expression of genes related to the development and function of the central nervous system, as was reported by Shimizu et al. (2009) [2 NPs on pregnant rats on gestation days (GD) 6–19 at dosage levels of 0, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day [Recent works state that pregnant women and the fetus during the gestational period (GP) are most susceptible to the toxic effect of nanoparticles ,44,45. Fnt women . El Ghar kidneys . Yamashiant mice . The autl brains . Similar density . It is i. (2009) . Lee et g/kg/day . The aut2 and ZrO2 NPs on pregnant women and embryo development has shown that these nanoparticles do not cause a direct negative impact on the gestation but are accumulated in the maternal and fetus organs and can have a significant impact on the further development of the fetus. Nevertheless, the described works were aimed at studying a narrow range of indicators of experimental animals, which do not fully explain the mechanism of the effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs. Also, as far as we know, no one has conducted a comparative analysis of the toxic effects of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs during pregnancy. Therefore, in order to supplement the level of knowledge and assess the risks of toxicity and danger of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs, in our opinion, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive experiment to study the embryonic toxicity of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs. The aim of this work was to study the embryotoxic effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on pregnant laboratory rats. The novelty of this work is associated with a comprehensive parallel assessment of the effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on pregnant rats and fetuses in the same experiment under the same conditions.Thus, the current level of knowledge about the effect of TiO3 of distilled water (H2O) and 10 cm3 of a 25% solution of ammonia NH4OH  were measured with a measuring cylinder. The resulting solution was poured into a beaker and mixed on a Topolino magnetic stirrer  for 2 min.In the first stage, 190 cm3 of a concentrated aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride TiCl4  was measured with a measuring cylinder and, with intensive stirring, it was poured into an aqueous solution of ammonia, resulting in a white precipitate of TiO2⋯nH2O. Then a 25% solution of ammonia NH4OH  was added drop by drop to a certain pH value. The process was completed at 6 ≤ pH ≤ 8 since it is a gel-formation point. The resulting gel was left in a dark place at room temperature for a day.In the second stage, 10 cm−, NH4+).In the third stage, the resulting gel was washed 4 times with distilled water and centrifuged using a TSLN-16 centrifuge  at 2000 rpm for 6 min. This procedure was carried out to remove impurity ions 2⋯2H2O  was weighed on analytical scales by the method of precise weighting. Then the suspension of zirconium nitrate was quantitatively transferred to a beaker, and 50 cm3 of distilled water was added. The resulting mixture was stirred on a Topolino magnetic stirrer  for 30 min and then carefully filtered to remove the insoluble components of zirconium.In the first stage, 26.7 g of dihydrous zirconium nitrate ZrO was added to a filtered aqueous solution of zirconium nitrate at a concentration of 1 mol/L with intensive stirring by a mechanical stirrer drop by drop until pH = 4, at which the formation of a stable gel was observed.In the second stage, a 12% vol. aqueous solution of ammonia NHIn the third stage, the gel was centrifuged using a TSLN-16 centrifuge  at 2000 rpm for 6 min and washed three times with distilled water to remove the impurity ions remaining after the reaction.In the last stage, the resulting gels were dried and calcined at various temperatures from 125–850 °C in order to remove the remaining water and to decompose zirconium hydroxide to zirconium dioxide.2 and ZrO2 NPs was carried out by X-ray phase analysis with PANalytical Empyrean installation . The analysis and preparation of drugs were carried out according to works [Identification of TiOto works ,26. The to works . Measureto works .The scheme of the experiment with pregnant rats is presented in 2 and ZrO2 NPs obtained ex tempore by diluting the powder with deionized water was used. Aggregation of NPs was prevented by sonification of the solution using Megeon 76,010 ultrasonic bath .In the experiments, the dispersion of the initial samples of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day were administered per os to females using a probe at the rate of 1.0 mL per 100 g of body weight practically throughout the entire gestational period from the 1st to the 20th GD. The exposure dose was determined based on data on the multidirectional toxic effect of TiO2 or ZrO2 NPs reported in [2 NPs), Group 2 (ZrO2 NPs), and Control. Laboratory animals were placed in individual polypropylene cages KMK-1  measuring 384 mm × 250 mm × 163 mm. The KMK-1 cages were manufactured in full compliance with all the established requirements and norms [Mongrel white rats with an initial body weight of 200–240 g and a regular estrous cycle were used as a biomodel. Working solutions of TiOorted in ,51,52,53nd norms ,56, provWhen compiling the working algorithm of the experiment, we took into account the uniqueness of the relationships that develop in mammals during pregnancy between the organisms of the mother and fetus and proceeded from the need to apply a systematic approach as an adequate method of their analysis . The lasViolations of homeostasis in pregnant females were judged by the results of their one-time (on the 21st GD) comprehensive examination, which was completed by euthanasia and necropsy in half of each group. At the autopsy, a targeted revision of the reproductive organs was performed in females. Fetuses were assessed for general physical development according to the somatometric parameters measured in them. In parallel, indicators characterizing the functional activity of the fetal life support system (weight and diameter of the placenta disc) were recorded. Fetal material seized at autopsy was subjected to special fixation for further microanatomic study.Taking into account the possibility of manifestation in postnatal ontogenesis of disorders, the foundations of which were laid during the period of development in utero, the second half of the numerical composition of each group of pregnant rats was brought to natural delivery, and the postnatal development of their offspring was monitored.2 and ZrO2 NPs, a set of methods were used, the choice of which was determined by the tasks of a particular stage of the experiment and the features of the anatomical and physiological organization of the object of study.To identify shifts induced by TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on rat metabolism was evaluated based on the analysis of changes in the main biochemical parameters of blood serum, including total protein content, albumin, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, lactic and pyruvic acids, the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) according to the methods described in [The functional state of the organism in sexually mature individuals was judged by integral tests: body weight, summation-threshold indicator (STI), heart rate (HR), muscle strength, the morphological composition of blood, and behavioral reactions in the automated system of registration and identification of behavioral acts Metris LABORAS ,59,60. Tribed in . The actribed in . In infaribed in . The fetp < 0.05.The obtained experimental material was subjected to statistical processing. The indicators are taken into account in an alternative form  and were compared by the Fisher method. Statistical processing of graded features with continuous distribution was carried out using the Student’s criterion using STATISTICA 12 . The differences were considered significant at 2 and ZrO2 NPs samples were determined by X-ray phase analysis. The diffractogram of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs samples is shown in The structure and phase composition of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs are amorphous. There are no characteristic peaks that do not allow for determining the structure and phase composition of the samples. Therefore, we used the method of correlation spectroscopy of dynamic light scattering (photon-correlation spectroscopy) to determine the size of the phases of the prepared samples. 2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles.As can be seen from the diffraction pattern , the sam2 NPs was 87 ± 36 nm, and the size of the ZrO2 NPs was 138 ± 24 nm. The results obtained correspond to other works [According to the data presented in er works ,26. Thus2 and ZrO2 NPs into the body during pregnancy causes few, although significant shifts in behavior, peripheral blood composition, and metabolic processes in rats . TiO2 NPs also caused an increase in the duration of grooming, the number of counterclockwise circular rotations, and the concentration of pyruvic acid in the blood. In female rats receiving ZrO2 NPs, there were 16 significant changes related to the control group. Most of the detected changes reflected a similar direction of action of TiO2 nanoparticles. A certain motor stimulation in female rats of this group was indicated by a 25% increase in the maximum speed of movement. Activation of the antiperoxis protection system was indicated by a pronounced decrease in MDA. ZrO2 NPs also caused a reduction of creatinine and leukocyte content and an increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase number  [At the abdominal autopsy of the first half of the female rats, it was found that the tested preparations of TiO. (2019) ,68. In b. (2019) ,69. TherA lifetime examination of the fetuses did not reveal the presence of gross malformations in them. In the subsequent microanatomic study of the recorded fetal material, teratogenic effects were also not observed. Thus, the enlightenment of soft tissues and subsequent analysis of the fetal bone system  did not reveal any deviations in the structure of their skeleton in the experiment, as well as in the rates of ossification of cartilaginous blastemas of various bone formations.2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles  [Thus, under the described experimental conditions, both TiO. (2017)  and El G. (2017) .The condition of the offspring obtained from the second half of the female rats was monitored for 2 months after birth. Dynamic monitoring of its development included accounting for mortality, registration of morphological maturation parameters, and the study of the rate of formation of basic sensory-motor reflexes during the lactation period. At the age of 2 months, the animals were subjected to a comprehensive examination. With the exception of body weight, which was determined in all rats, the remaining indicators were recorded selectively. To ensure the representativeness of samples  from each individual female, two rats  were randomly selected for every two to three tests, which made it possible in this case to achieve almost total inclusion of the entire grown population in the experiment.2 NPs have some stimulating effect on the increase in body weight by rats during lactation. This indicator in Group 1 was significantly increased relative to the Control on the 14th and 21st days of life. Postnatal mortality had dynamics similar to those observed in the Control  and 78.7% (ZrO2 NPs) of males, despite the fact that the same indicator in the Control was only 57.4%. In contrast, the puberty of females exposed to prenatal exposure to ZrO2 NPs was delayed. Thus, on the 55th day of life, the opening of the vagina occurred only in 78.3% of females of Group 2, while in the Control, it happened in 98.4% , TiOed works ,48,50,532 and ZrO2 NPs on the vital signs of pregnant rats, embryos, and offspring in postnatal development was carried out. It was found that 3-week contact with TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs (100 mg/kg per os) leads to very few similar homeostatic shifts in pregnant female rats and does not affect their ability to conceive and gestation offspring. The intrauterine development of offspring proceeded without obvious pathological abnormalities: neither an increase in antenatal death nor an increase in structural defects in the fetuses of the experimental groups was recorded. Nevertheless, follow-up of live-born offspring provided experimental evidence that the real consequences of prenatal exposure to TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs turned out to be more serious.In this work, for the first time, a comparative analysis of the effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs caused significant deviations in biochemical indexes and behavior parameters of rats. Apparently, the observed changes are related to changes in the antioxidant enzyme activity of rats, metabolic disorders, and neurotoxicological and neurodegenerative effects of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs. The multidirectional shifts relative to the control of the marker timing of physical and functional maturation probably indicated a chemically induced desynchronization of complex processes of heterogeneous systemogenesis in experimental rats, and the consequences of prenatal exposure to TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs differed, which allows us to declare different activity of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs. Even after the descendants reached the age of relative maturity, modification changes retained intergroup differences. Thus, in Group 1 (TiO2 NPs), certain disorders in the sphere of circular rotations, leukopenia and hypocholesterolemia were noted, and in the Group 2 (ZrO2 NPs), changes in locomotion in the absence of hematological shifts and signs of impaired hepatic metabolism were detected.During the discussion of the results obtained, it was found that despite the absence of a direct acute toxic effect, TiO2, ZrO2, and other industrial nanoparticles and decision-making to ensure safety and reduce their impact on animals and humans. Further research will be related to a detailed study of the mechanisms of the effect of TiO2 al ZrO2 NPs on the vital signs of rats and the determination of the tolerance level. The collected data will allow us to draw parallels with the human organism and understand how important to introduce regulations on the contact of pregnant women with materials and micromachines based on TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs.The results obtained will become an important basis for further investigation of the mechanisms of toxic action of TiO


This work investigated the effect of thyroxine on the biogenesis and quality control system in rat heart mitochondria. In hyperthyroid rats, the concentrations of free triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased severalfold, indicating the development of hyperthyroidism in these animals. The electron microscopy showed 58% of cardiac mitochondria to be in a swollen state. Some organelles were damaged and had a reduced number of cristae. Multilamellar bodies formed from cristae/membranes were found in the vacuolated part of the mitochondria. The hyperthyroidism caused no changes to mitochondrial biogenesis in the investigated animals. At the same time, the levels of mitochondrial dynamics proteins OPA1 and Drp1 increased in the hyperthyroid rats. The administration of thyroxine to the animals led to a decrease in the amount of PINK1 and Parkin in heart tissue. The data suggest that excess thyroid hormones lead to changes in mitochondrial dynamics and impair Parkin-dependent mitophagy in hyperthyroid rat heart. The biological activity of triiodothyronine is largely determined by its intracellular concentration [The thyroid gland produces two types of iodothyronines—tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) and triiodothyronine—which play a central role in the regulation of development, differentiation, growth, and metabolism in most higher organisms. Although thyroxine  is recruited to the outer mitochondrial membrane and stabilizes on it. Parkin then ubiquitinates SQSTM1/p62 receptor protein (sequestosome 1), which attracts mitochondria to the isolating membranes of the autophagosome using LC3 protein . The delMitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and mitophagy are among the processes that can be strongly regulated by TH. There is no universal molecular model to explain the various actions of TH. Even the administration of TH to one species of an animal under study can cause different responses in different organs. For this reason, it is difficult to obtain an unambiguous answer as to the effect of TH on the metabolism as a whole. We investigated the effect of TH on the regulation and quality control of mitochondria and mitophagy in animal heart on a hyperthyroidism model. The results of this work can provide not only new basic knowledge regarding the functioning of mitochondria in conditions of increased TH concentration but also new prospects for the development of therapeutic strategies to correct this pathology and some other diseases associated with altered mitochondrial bioenergetics.n ≥ 5 for each group). Hyperthyroidism was induced by intraperitoneal injection of L-thyroxine at a dose of 200 μg per 100 g of animal weight for 7 days. The control rats were injected with an equal volume of saline. The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the same time. The plasma levels of free T3 and T4 were determined by an enzyme-linked assay .The research was conducted on 3–3.5 month old Wistar male rats (weight: 210–230 g). The animals were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (Samples of the heart tissue for the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging were taken from decapitated animals and fixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline  for 2–3 h . The preThe total RNA from control rat (CR) and hyperthyroid rat (HR) heart samples (approximately 100 mg) was obtained using ExtractRNA reagent  in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. The RNA preparation obtained was treated with RNase-free DNase I . Real-time PCR was performed by the QuantStudio 1 amplifier  using the qPCRmix-HS SYBR kit  with SYBR Green II as a fluorescent intercalating dye. The gene-specific primers were chosen and analyzed using Primer-BLAST  the oli. The relTh total protein extracts were prepared from 10 to 15 mg of the deep-frozen heart tissue. To maintain the extract integrity and function, we used Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail , Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail II , PMSF (1 mM), EGTA (1 mM), and EDTA (1 mM). The proteins were isolated using a 1xRIPA buffer . The concentration of the protein was determined by the Lowry method . The relt-test. The data for the Western blot analysis were estimated using the Mann–Whitney test. The data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 6 and Excel software and presented as the means ± standard errors of the mean (SEM) of 5-15 independent experiments in each group. We used the Shapiro–Wilk normality test of GraphPad Prism to determine the Gaussian distribution in our data sets. If the data fit the normal distribution, the statistical significance of the differences between the experimental groups was analyzed with two-tailed 3 and T4 in blood serum. The concentration of free T3 and T4 in HR increased by approximately two and three times, respectively   B,C.Mfn2 and OPA1) and fission (Drp1), mitochondrial biogenesis (Ppargc1a) and mitophagy (PINK1 and Parkin). It turned out that in HR the expression level of Ppargc1a tended to increase  involved in mitochondrial dynamics increased in HR heart by 1.9 and 1.5 times, respectively. We also noted a tendency toward a decrease in the levels of mRNA expression of the PINK1 gene in HT. Herewith, the level of mRNA expression of the Parkin gene in HR did not change . The development of hyperthyroidism was indicated by severalfold increased concentrations of free T3 and T4 in the blood plasma of animals. As it was already said, there is no universal molecular model to explain the various actions of TH. Substances injected intraperitoneally enter the liver through the portal vein and only then reach systemic circulation. The liver, being a protective barrier, carries out the biochemical transformation of foreign and toxic compounds. It is the liver, unlike other organs, that is exposed to the strongest effects of the investigated substances during intraperitoneal administration. Thus, the results after the introduction of TH are likely to differ in the investigated animal organs, depending on the individual characteristics of the animal [Thyroid hormones are some of the most important regulators of physiological processes in higher organisms. Given their significant impact on energy metabolism and the fact that mitochondria are the main site of many metabolic transformations, these organelles have been and are the subject of key and extensive studies of various pathologies associated with excess or lack of TH. In this work, the state of hyperthyroidism was modeled by intraperitoneal administration of thyroxine  in HR heart mitochondria; herewith, the activity of CII and CII+III decreased. Though the activity of most ETCs increased, the activation of respiration in HR heart mitochondria—usually observed in hyperthyroidism—has not been shown ,20. Undell cases . Thus, iMitochondria are capable of responding to changing energy requirements by remodeling their structure and shape, in particular the number and shape of cristae. Ultrastructurally, cristae are highly specialized areas where oxidative phosphorylation system complexes form and respiratory supercomplexes assemble . The forThe analysis of heart tissue electron micrographs showed that cardiomyocyte mitochondria after HT induction featured various ultrastructural changes. More than half of the population of mitochondria were swollen, closely adjacent to one another and featured a partial disorientation of cristae . This fr4 did not induce an increase in the biogenesis in heart tissue neither at the level of Ppargc1a gene expression nor PGC1a protein synthesis (The maintenance of the cell’s energy requirements can also be compensated for by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, which is activated by TH ,37. In tynthesis .OPA1 and Drp1 genes, as well as the level of these proteins, increased in HR (The changes in mitochondrial metabolism under normal and pathological conditions attracted attention to two processes, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, which were identified as key factors in mitochondrial quality control. It turned out that the expression of the ed in HR . OPA1, r2 (Thyroxine administration led to a decrease in the number of cardiac mitochondria in an area of up to 0.55 µm2 B. It is PINK1 and Parkin genes, but the level of these proteins decreased in HR heart (The study of mitophagy on this HT model showed unchanged expression of the HR heart . The levHR heart . The canThus, in the HT state we observed the inhibition of PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in the heart of the investigated animals. On the other hand, the formation of MVs and an increase in the level of the noncanonical mitophagy receptor p62 were noted, which are, possibly, compensatory processes in maintaining intact homeostasis of HR heart mitochondria.This paper showed that the mitochondrial quality control system reacted to changes under the influence of TH. The analysis of heart tissue electron micrographs showed abnormalities in the ultrastructure of HR mitochondria. The activation of the biogenesis process was not found using this HT model, but proteins responsible for changes in cardiac mitochondrial dynamics increased. The PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy process was disrupted; at the same time, we noted the formation of mitochondrial vesicles and an increase in the level of the noncanonical mitophagy receptor p62, which can be the first line of defense in supporting the homeostasis of HR heart mitochondria.