Policy measures were developed based on four important action fields such as per capita floor area (PCFA), the building structure proportion of new construction, lifetime of the residential building, and the recycling of the C&D waste. Among these approaches, the set of policy measures focusing on the recycling of C&D waste appears to be more effective in reducing environmental and resource impacts than the other three fields. It is also found that the recycling of brick and concrete waste plays a considerable role in reducing environment and resource impacts due to the development of urban residential building stock with the lapse of time.Resource and environmental issues related to urban building systems have recently become a hot research topic in the field of urban environmental management research. Taking Jinan city as an example, this paper establishes a system dynamic model for an urban residential building stock system. The simulated results show that the urban residential building stock will be 1.99 × 10 The accumulation and renewal of building stock are the typical characteristic and inevitable result of urbanization. In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s economy, China’s urbanization and urban renewal are also accelerating, including huge construction, renovation, and demolition, which also led to serious excessive consumption of building materials and a sharp increase in construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) ,2. On thOn the other hand, there is also much research on how to lower the environmental impacts due to C&D waste. To name a few, Zhao et al.  developeResidential buildings are the most important and the fastest-growing type of urban building stock. Therefore, a system dynamics model is performed for urban residential building stock in this paper in order to simulate the dynamic feature of flow and stock and develop a long-term effective measure to reduce the environmental and resource impacts. Besides this, it is also helpful for the policy-makers to evaluate the effective measures for developing urban management on urban residential building stock.3 per year in this period, and almost all the C&D waste would be landfilled except for steel scraps. Nowadays, there are 12 different landfill sites for C&D waste around this city, and all of them will run out of capacity in 2020 based on the disposal rate at present. Unfortunately, the fact that there is seemingly no appropriate place for the new landfill site in Jinan is exacerbating this situation. Therefore, for the Jinan government, it is becoming one of the important tasks at present and to analyze and solve the environmental problems caused by the extremely urban building stocks. Accordingly, the main objectives of this paper are as follows:Develop a system dynamics model for urban residential building stock;Simulate and identify the feature of urban residential building stock and relative flow in future;Predict the environmental and resource impacts related to the urban residential building stock in future;Based on the analysis results, some feasible long-term measures to reduce the environmental and resource problems are proposed and quantitatively evaluated in order to select the most appropriate and effective policy measures to help the decision-making for the urban government.According to the data available, the city of Jinan is chosen as the case study in this research. Jinan is the political, economic, and cultural capital of Shandong province of China. In 2015, the urban population of Jinan was 3.74 million. Just like other metropolises in China, the amount of urban residential buildings constructed in the period from 1978 to 2015 was appeared by a rapid growth in urban population in the city of Jinan. In the meantime, a lot of resources and environmental impacts also appear subsequently. It is estimated that the output of C&D waste in Jinan is about 30–40 million mThe system dynamics (SD) model is a method used to simulate a real time-varying behavior of the complex system with the purpose of simulating the real system and analyzing the important variables in this system based on the principle of system thinking and feedback control theory . AccordiA causal loop diagram (CLD) for urban residential building system is shown in Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Residential building stock—(−) Demand of new residential building;Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Demolition residential building—(−) Residential building stock—(+) Demand of new residential building;Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Total amount of C&D waste—(+) C&D waste for landfill—(+) Environmental and resource impacts—(−) Demand of new residential building;Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Demolition residential building—(+) Total amount of C&D waste—(+) C&D waste for recycling—(−) Environmental and resource impacts—(+) Demand of new residential building;Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Residential building stock—(+) Total amount of C&D waste—(+) C&D waste for recycling—(−) Environmental and resource impacts—(+) Demand of new residential building;C&D waste for reusing and recycling—(−) C&D waste for landfill—(−) C&D waste for recycling;Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Demand of construction material—(+) Environmental and resource impacts—(−) Demand of new residential building.For example, in the feed loop (1), if the urban population increases, the demand for new residential building increases, which would result in an increase in residential building stock and future demolition residential buildings. This can further reduce the demand for new residential building stock. Meanwhile, the feed loop (6) is typical negative feedback that has two opposite parameters: C&D waste disposal by landfill or recycling. Based on different disposal methods, the C&D waste is divided into C&D waste for landfill and for recycling. Increasing the number of C&D for landfills would result in the number of C&D for recycling decrease, and vice versa.Data of the different parameters are the vital component which directly determines the accuracy of the SD model. For this study, the data are collected from the governmental reports, papers, books, and some related websites. Some information about the key variables in the model such as units, values, and data sources is presented in The stock and flow diagram for urban residential building stock is shown in Urban populationUrban population is a major parameter and driving force for urban residential building stock. As shown before, the urban population of Jinan grew rapidly from 1978 to 2015 as a consequence of economic development and rapid urbanization. The urban population of Jinan was 3.74 million in 2015, with a 1.7% increase per year from 1978. The urban population data from 1978–2015 can be obtained from the Jinan statistics yearbooks (1978–2016). Based on the logistics population model , the urbt, Unit: per person; t is the current year.2.Per capita floor area2 in 2015. According to the research of Shi [2 in 2050 and remain the same from 2050 to 2100.Per capita floor area (PCFA) is also a crucial factor for estimating the urban residential building stock which represents the quality of life of urban citizens to some degree. The PCFA data of Jinan from 1978 to 2015 were obtained from the Jinan Statistical Yearbook. The PCFA of Jinan is 45 mh of Shi  and Huanh of Shi , we assu3.Building structures of new constructions of residential building stockThere are four main building structures in the urban residential building stock system of Jinan: Brick-wood building (BW), Brick-concrete building (BC), Steel-concrete building (SC), and Steel building (S). According to the survey, the BC and SC buildings are the mainstream building structures in the new construction. Since almost no BW building is constructed in Jinan from 2000, the proportion of BW of new construction is assumed to be 0 in the model. The S building indicated the development trend of the residential building. We got the data of the proportion of different building types of Jinan on the basis of the Jinan statistics census ,24. Base4.Urban residential building stockt is the current year; t; t;t; t;t;t.The urban residential building stock is the accumulation of residential building area per year defined as a stock and estimated based on the urban population and PCFA of Jinan each year (Equation (2)):5.New urban residential building constructiont is the current year; t;t − 1; t; t; i in year t;i in year t.The new urban residential building construction is defined as a flow, which is basically the number of new residential building constructions for the new demand of urban residential building stock due to urban population growth and old building demolition. The data of the new residential building construction per year are calculated through the equation below:6.Demolished residential building areaDemolished residential building area is also a significant flow variable related to the new residential building construction. It is basically the number of demolished residential building area due to the end of the old building lifetime and urban renewal practice. This variable directly determines the output of the C&D waste. t is current year; t; I in year t; i of year t. It is probable that the building built in year Owing to the absence of accurate statistic data, the demolished residential building area with different building structure is alternatively calculated on the basis of the previous research ,25 as th7.Lifetime of the residential buildingThe lifetime is an indispensable variable in calculating demolished residential building area per year. Generally, different urban residential buildings with different structures also have a different design lifetime. However, the actual service lifetime of residential buildings is much shorter than the design lifetime in Jinan because of unreasonable urban planning and renewal. There are many studies mentioning that the average lifetime of almost all urban residential buildings is approximately 30–40 years ,27. Base8.Environmental and resource impactst; j in year t; i in year t;j with building structure i; t; t; t;t; t; t; j;Environmental and resource impacts are defined as the environmental emissions and resource consumption caused by the construction materials’ manufacturing, construction, refurbishment, demolition, and disposal of C&D waste of the residential building stock. There are many environmental issues related to the C&D disposal and the production of construction such as energy and resource consumption, water pollution, and GHG emission. According to some research ,29,30, fThe material intensity of the residential building with different building structure data is exported from the research of Shi , while tModel validation is an important and necessary step of SD modeling, which is represented by the fact that the accuracy of the model can be judged to some extent. The comparative validation method is often used for model validation . In ordeBased on Barlas , if the 6 person in 2100, while the urban residential building stock will be at 1.99 × 108 m2 in 2050, and will maintain a slight fluctuation from 2050 to 2100.6 m2 in 2033, and the second peak at 3.38 × 106 m2 in 2082, respectively. The total demolition of buildings of Jinan increases slowly between 2015 and 2050, showing almost the same trend compared to the total new construction area during 2050 and 2100, and also will be a peak at 3.36 × 106 m2 in 2082. This change also indicates that the massive residential buildings construction from 2001 to 2015 would be at the end of the lifetime from 2050 to 2080.The result also illustrates the trend of total new construction area and total demolition buildings of Jinan during the simulation periods from 6 ton in 2082, and, based on the current status of the C&D disposal in Jinan, the huge C&D waste produced in the future will seriously influence the sustainability management of Jinan. Thereby, the GHG emissions and construction material consumption trends have positive relevance with the new construction area per year during the simulation periods. The GHG emissions and resource consumption per year will reach the first peak at 3.25 × 106 tons CO2eq and 8.16 × 106 tons in 2033, and the second peak at 6.39 × 106 ton CO2eq and 6.84 × 106 tons in 2082, respectively.The change of main environmental and resource impacts caused by an increase in urban residential during the simulation periods also were presented in There are four main fields were taken into account on the policy scenario set such as PCFA, the building structure proportion of new construction, lifetime of the residential building, and the recycling of the C&D waste. This is mainly because the amount of C&D waste and construction materials consumption associated with urban residential building stock are directly or indirectly affected by the above four fields. Based on these fields, combined with the characteristics of urban management, several policy measures have been proposed to reduce the resource and environmental impacts due to urban residential building stock in the future. At the same time, a series of complex policy measures (combination of different single policies) were proposed in order to analyze and ensure the effectiveness of the measures. More information on the above individual measures and comprehensive measures is shown in The base case is the scenario without any measures. After the base case is defined, four main single policy implications are considered. 1.Policy 12 in the future. Moreover, the further increase in PCFA does not mean an increase in living standards. Rather, this indicates a waste of building resources. In 2015, PCFA of Jinan urban residential building stood at 45 m2, and it is likely to increase toward the future. Therefore, we set policy 1 as a compact PCFA policy, that is, by controlling the size of the house type and reducing the speed of land transfer from urban government, the PCFA of Jinan urban is restricted at 45 m2 without any further growth. Policy 1 aims to reduce the new construction area of residential buildings by controlling the PCFA.According to the research of Bai et al. , the ave2.Policy 2Compared with steel-concrete, brick-concrete structures and steel-structured buildings are considered to be a new generation of energy-efficient buildings that need to be promoted due to their strong structure, low resource consumption, and long service life. According to Shandong’s thirteenth five-year circular economy plan , the Jin3.Policy 3As mentioned earlier, the lifetime of residential building is extremely important to the residential building flow and related environmental and resource issues. Many researchers show that prolonging the lifetime of urban residential buildings will be beneficial to reduce the environmental and resource impacts of urban building system by avoiding unreasonable urban planning and demolition ,37. Acco4.Policy 4Increasing the utilization rate of construction waste resources can effectively reduce the solid waste generated by urban demolition. At present, the recycling rate of C&D waste in Jinan is very low. In addition to steel scrap, most C&D waste are landfilled for disposal. In order to solve this problem, Regulations on Urban Construction Waste Management in Jinan  are apprAs mentioned before, there are three main environmental impacts indicators considered in this section: C&D waste for landfill, land occupation, and leachate. 1–A3) that policy 4 is the most effective measures to lower the annual output of C&D waste, land space occupation, and leachate for landfill in the single policies. These three major environmental impacts peak around 2080, when policy 4 reduces environmental impacts by approximately 72% compared to policy 1 and policy 2. Meanwhile, the complex policy measures including policy 4, in particular policy 2+3+4 and policy 1+2+3+4, will be more effective than the others to weaken these environmental impacts from 2016 to 2100 (1–B3)). Apart from that, the policy measures focusing on prolonging the lifetime of residential buildings also proved to be helpful to reduce the annual environmental problems on the C&D waste for landfill. Conversely, policy 2 focusing on increasing the steel structure is conceivably the least effective approach to reduce the annual environmental problems in all policy measures proposed.The base case presents the basic policy scenario, which shows a situation in which none of the measures were implemented. According to In addition to annual environmental problems, it is also crucial to evaluate the effect of proposed measures to the accumulation of environmental impacts . Compared with the annual environmental impacts, the long-term environmental impacts stocks of the C&D waste landfilled in the land should be given more attention. Proposed policy measures are quantitatively evaluated on the C&D waste for landfill based on their effect of the environmental impacts within the period of 2016 to 2100.In addition to the changes in trends of annual and environment impacts stock on the C&D waste for landfill, it is critical to summarize the reduction percentage made by each policy from 2016 to 2100. Based on an analysis of the annual accumulation of environmental impact trends of C&D waste disposal by landfill, the effect of each policy on environmental impact reductions from 2016 to 2100 is also summarized. The effects of the proposed policy measures on environmental impact stocks (percentage reduction) were shown in On the other hand, the policy measures targeting the PCFA and the building structure in the new construction area are slightly ineffective and inefficient toward environmental problems stock reduction. The highest reduction of complex and single policy measures was achieved by the policy 1+2+3+4 and policy 4 with 70.92% and 65.02%, respectively.1,B1). The reason is that the aim of policy 4 did not directly reduce the construction material consumption. Rather, it can increase the recycle rate of resources such as steel scraps, glass, and brick waste from the C&D waste. As shown in 2), the amount of recycling resource by policy 4 in 2081 is about 62 times that of other policies. Unlike the environment impacts on the C&D waste for landfill, policies 1, 2, and 3 are all efficient frameworks in the single means to reduce the construction resource consumption per year because of the rapid growth of urban residential building stock in Jinan. Among these, policy 3 has the highest potential to reduce the annual resource consumption in the single policy measure (1)). Overall, the sum of the policy 1+2+3+4 and policy 1+2+3 that combines the different single plans will constitute the most powerful measures to reduce the consumption of construction resources in the future (1)). Compared with the base case, all policy measures enhance the decrease in the annual resource consumption trends except policy 4 based on The effect of the proposed policy measures on building resource consumption from 2016 to 2100 was summarized and presented in To reduce resource consumption due to the residential building stock, it is necessary to improve the recycling rate of the source from C&D waste such as steel scrap, glass waste, brick, and concrete waste. Therefore, the recycling of C&D is also considered in this section.2,B2), it is obvious that only policy 4 can increase the recycle resource from the C&D waste in the single policy compared with the base case. The complex policy measures which include policy 4 can better strengthen the effectiveness of increasing the recycle resources from the C&D waste in comparison with other complex policy measures.As shown in 1,B1), all of the policy measures enhance the reduction in the annual GHG emission as opposed to the base case. Similar to the previous environmental and resource impacts, the policy measures focusing on the increase in the recycling rate of the C&D waste create better potential in mitigating annual GHG emission compared to other policy measures. For instance, policy 4 is the most effective policy measures to reduce the annual GHG emission in the single policy measures, which is followed by the policy 3. In contrast, policy 2 was regarded as the least effective solution to reduce the annual GHG emissions in the single policy measures. It is shown that the disposal of C&D waste will lead to an increasing amount of the annual GHG emissions with the slow growth of the residential building.According to 2,B2) show the trends associated with GHG emission stock as a result of the proposal policy measures’ action plans. The long-term effect of the GHG emission stock stored in the atmosphere should also be analyzed, and the proposed policy measures are quantitatively evaluated based on their reduction effect of the GHG emission within the period of 2016 to 2100. 2,B2), we can see the trends of GHG emissions stocks under the base case and different proposed policy measures. It is found that policy 4 seemingly performed the greatest mitigation action on the GHG emission stock in the single policy measures; however, it did not help with slowing down the increasing trend by 2100. Instead, the policy 1+2+3+4 appears to be the best policy measure to halt the increasing trend in the GHG emission stock.From In addition to the annual GHG emission trend, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of the proposed policy measures from 2016 to 2100. The results in the GHG emission stock reduction by the proposed policy measures are shown in As illustrated from this figure, the highest reduction of the single and complex policy measures was achieved by policy 4 and policy 1+2+3+4 with 50.43% and 61.43%, respectively.Through the above analysis, it is obvious that improving the recycling rate of C&D waste is one of the most effective approaches to reduce the resource and environmental problems brought by the development of residential buildings stock. Therefore, this should also become the core emphasis of the urban residential building stock management for government. At present, the policy and law on the C&D waste management and recycling are relatively lacking in China. Most of the C&D waste is disposed of by landfilling. Thus, it is necessary for the Jinan government to draw on advanced experience from developed countries such as Japan and Germany, combine the actual feature of Jinan, and actively formulate the regulations on improving the recycling of C&D waste. By promoting C&D waste recycling technologies, establishing standards for recycled products, financial subsidies, tax incentives and other measures, it is crucial to improve the utilization rate of C&D waste and achieve the high recycling rate of C&D waste in order to reduce the environmental and resource impacts due to the urban residential building stocks by 2050.As shown before, policy 4 that focuses on the recycling rate of the C&D waste is the best single policy measures to lower the environmental and resource impacts due to the urban residential building stock development. The main factors dominating the recycling of the C&D waste in the SD model can be identified as follows: (1) the recycle rate of steel scrap; (2) the recycle rate of brick and concrete waste; (3) the recycle rate of glass waste; and (4) combustible rate of combustible waste. In order to estimate the effect of the four parameters on the environmental and resource impacts, sensitivity analysis is performed in this SD model. C&D waste stock for landfill and GHG emission stock are taken as examples. For variables on the recycling rate of steel scrap, sensitivity analysis  represents four results based on different recycling rate of steel scrap , respectively. For the other three parameters, sensitivity analysis  represents four results based on different parameters , respectively. Through the above analysis, it is obvious that improving the recycling rate of C&D waste is one of the most effective approaches to reduce the resource and environmental problems brought by the development of residential buildings stock. Therefore, this should also become the core emphasis of the urban residential building stock management for government. At present, the policy and law on the C&D waste management and recycling are relatively lacking in China. Most of the C&D waste is disposed of by landfilling. Therefore, it is necessary for the Jinan government to draw on advanced experience from developed countries such as Japan and Germany, combine the actual feature of Jinan, and actively formulate the regulations on improving the recycling of C&D waste. By promoting C&D waste recycling technologies, establishing standards for recycled products, financial subsidies, tax incentives, and other measures, it is crucial to improve the utilization rate of C&D waste and achieve the high recycling rate of C&D waste in order to reduce the environmental and resource impacts due to the urban residential building stocks by 2050.8 m2 in 2050, which is 1.35 times the residential building stock in the base year of 2015; and the annual total demolition buildings will be in the peak at 3.36 × 106 m2 in 2082, which is 5.30 times the total amount of demolition areas in the base year of 2015. The stock of C&D waste for landfill, land space occupation for landfill, leachate, and the GHG emissions due to the urban building stock from 2016 to 2100 will be at 3.60 × 108 tons, 2.16 × 107 m2, 5.40 × 107 m3, and 3.31 × 108 tons CO2eq, respectively. In this paper, the residential building stock in Jinan is modeled by a system dynamics approach. The simulated results show that the urban residential building stock will peak at 1.99 × 10The projections on the environmental and resource impacts are estimated on 14 different policy scenarios from 2015 to 2100. The goal of this research is to select the best policy measure options which can reduce the continuous increasing trend of the environmental and resource impacts derived from the increase in building stock. Effective solutions to mitigate such issues are heavily dependent on the four key factors as follows: (a) PCFA; (b) the building structure proportion of new construction; (c) lifetime of the residential building; and (d) the recycling rate of the C&D waste. Nonetheless, the policies focusing only on decreasing PCFA, modifying the building structure, and prolonging the lifetime of the residential building can never accomplish the environmental and resource impact mitigation in the future, unless the policy of C&D waste recycling enhancement is seriously undertaken. From the simulations and related analysis, policy 4 and policy 1+2+3+4 are found to be the most successful in the single and complex policy measures among the 14 different policy scenarios, respectively.Among the different methods to increase the recycling rate of the C&D waste, the recycling rate of brick and concrete waste has the biggest influence on the environmental and resource impacts. Particularly, an increase in recycling rate of brick and concrete waste plays a progressively important role in reducing environment and resource impacts with regard to the development of urban residential building stock with the lapse of time.This research would offer policymakers indispensable knowledge to further develop policies with a more essential contribution in order to ensure the substantial reduction in the urban residential building stock and the effective C&D waste management in Jinan City.


The effect of air-entraining admixture (AEA) on the fresh and rheological behavior of mortars designed to be used in 3D printers was investigated. Blast furnace slag, calcined kaolin clay, polypropylene fiber, and various chemical additives were used in the mortar mixtures produced with Super White Cement (CEM I 52.5 R) and quartz sand. In addition to unit weight, air content, and compressive strength tests, in order to determine the stability of 3D printable mortar elements created by extruding layer by layer without any deformation, extrudability, buildability, and open time tests were applied. Fresh and rheological properties of 3D printable mortars were also determined. It was concluded that the addition of AEA to the mortars decreased the unit weight, viscosity, yield, and compressive strength, but increased the air content, spread diameter, initial setting time, and thixotropy of 3D printable mortar. It is recommended to develop a unique chemical admixture for 3D printable mortars, considering the active ingredients of the chemical additives that affect fresh and rheological performance of mortar such as superplasticizer, viscosity modifying, and cement hydration control. Some Mortar/concrete that can be used in the 3D printer must be extruded to an acceptable degree so that it can be removed from the nozzle of the printer, must have sufficient buildability properties, must be rigid to support other layers without collapsing, and finally, must have sufficient time (open time) for maintaining workability . The effIt is well known from the literature e.g., ,29), on , on 29])Considering the current state of 3D printable materials, it can be seen that there is still not enough focus on material properties. De Schutter et al.  reportedMost of the researchers studying the topic provided valuable suggestions and conclusions about the constituents that make up the binding phase (matrix) of 3D printable mixes. For example, Le et al. , Jeon etThe first part of a comprehensive scientific research  whose maRapid hardening Super White Cement (CEM I 52.5 R in accordance with EN 197-1:2011) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) formed the binder components. Super White Cement was chosen for its superior adhesion strength and high strength ,59, whilTwo different fine aggregate classes of silica sands with sizes of 0–0.5 mm and 0–1 mm and particle densities of 2.44 and 2.49 respectively were used in the mixtures. Monofilament synthetic (polypropylene: pp) microfibers  which are an ultra-thin polypropylene fiber with high tensile strength, high elasticity modulus, designed to disperse quickly and homogeneously throughout the mortar matrix were added to mixtures to reduce shrinkage and crack formation. The fibers were 13~19 mm in size and had specific gravity of 0.91, tensile strength of 480 MPa, and modulus of elasticity of 8.48 GPa.® SDC 100) and superplasticizer (MasterGlenium® T 803) were used in order to provide the extrudability and buildability properties of 3D printed mortar and to regulate the workability. Due to the early setting property of CEM I 52.5 R-type cement and the effect of VMA1, 3D printable mortars began to harden within minutes while they were in fluid consistency when they were first poured. Therefore, a non-chloride chemical admixture (MasterRoc® HCA 20) was used to control the dynamics of cement hydration and the workability time of the mortar. Another viscosity modifying agent and strength enhancer (VMA2) (MasterRoc® MS 685) was needed to provide improved cohesion, reduce porosity, and increase the compactness of mixtures. In order to ensure the buildability of 3D printable mortars, the layers added on top of each other must start to set after “a certain period of time” in order to carry each other. A setting accelerator additive (MasterRoc® SA 194) was added to the mixtures as the cement hydration control as admixture shortened the period too much. Since the amount of entrained air was chosen as a parameter in the experimental study, air-entraining admixture (MasterAir MA 1) was also added to the mixtures. Finally, when used with the air-entraining admixture, a high-performance plasticizer/set retarding additive (MasterSet R 2) was also used in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation as it improves flowability and workability of the mixture. Based on the evaluations in terms of criteria such as consistency, setting time, 3D concrete characteristics of the mixtures, and flowability from the nozzle of a 3D printer, many preliminary experiments were carried out within the scope of the study. According to the findings obtained from the preliminary tests given in , we deci3) in order to improve the workability properties and to increase the fluidity from the nozzle of a 3D printer. The percentage of blast furnace slag was determined as 20% of the cement weight and was used by adding to the cement dosage . Based on preliminary studies, the microfiber rate was decided as 0.2% of the whole mixture volume. In the mixtures, the aggregates with maximum aggregate size (Dmax) of 1 mm were 2 times the aggregates with Dmax of 0.5 mm by volume and the total aggregate amount was 1.24 times the amount of binder.The rates of air-entraining admixture were selected at 4 different levels as 0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2% of the binder amount. The water/binder ratio in this study was kept at 0.35 for all the mixes. Cement dosage was also kept high  were added to the mixture and mixed in a mortar mixer at low speed (62 rpm) for one minute, then half of the water was added to the mixture and also mixed at a low speed for one minute. After these procedures, superplasticizer, cement hydration control, viscosity modifyer, setting accelerator, viscosity modifying and strength enhancer, and plasticizer/set retarding admixtures were added respectively and separately to the mixture, together with the remaining water and mixed at moderate speed (140 rpm) each one for one minute. The mixture was stirred for one more minute at high speed (285 rpm) and rested for one minute. Finally, AEA was added to the mixture and mixed at high speed for only one minute and pouring process of the mortar was started. In total, the mixing time was approximately 11 min.Determination of consistence of fresh mortars (by flow table) in accordance with TS EN 12350-5 , ASTM C Unit weight of fresh mortar in accordance with TS EN 12350-6 ;Determination of air content of fresh mortar in accordance with TS EN 12350-7 .To determine the fresh properties of the 3D printable mortar, the following tests on the mixtures were performed:Based on the research results by Lachemi et al.  and Ma e3D printable cement-based materials must be extrudable in structural integrity without discontinuity and segregation, maintaining consistency throughout the entire casting process . As statBuildability is an indicator of the feasibility of fresh mix for additive printing and the resistance to deformation under the pressure of subsequent layers. This characteristic can be determined by measuring the maximum level at which poured mortar can be climbed without crushing and collapsing . In thisOpen time, also known as printability, is a period in which the mix maintains proper pumpability and in this period the mix must maintain desired quality and adhesion in a layer-by-layer structural build-up . Open tiRheology is a discipline that studies the deformation and flow properties of a material under stress and provides a better understanding of the properties of fresh cement-based materials. The most suitable model that represents rheological behavior of fresh mortar and concrete is the Bingham model  represen0 (Pa) and μ (Pa.s) define, respectively, the shear threshold and plastic viscosity.Here τ (Pa) defines the shear stress at γ (1/s) shear rate, and τ0) is the shear stress required to initiate flow applied to a material. When the shear stress exceeds the shear threshold, the material starts to flow and the resistance to flow depends on the plastic viscosity. Plastic viscosity, on the other hand, refers to the resistance of the material against flowing after it exceeds the slip threshold. Rheological properties such as viscosity and shear threshold can be measured in cement paste, mortar, and concrete with a rheometer using the Bingham model [Based on the model, it can be said that each fresh mortar mix has a threshold shear value and plastic viscosity. The shear threshold  decreased with increasing the dosage of the air-entraining admixture in the mixtures. These decreases brought the unit weight of 3D printable mortars lower than those of normal weight concrete, and even to the upper limits determined in TS EN 206 [3, the unit weight of A2, which was the group with the highest rate of AEA, was found to be 1670 kg/m3. Lu et al. [3 with the addition of air-entraining additives. However, the layers in all mortars, including A2 which was the lightest and has the lowest compressive strength, easily carried both their own loads and the loads of the upper layers during production of full-size samples. Therefore, it should be emphasized that all groups have the buildability properties of 3D printable mortar.The results of the unit weight test of 3D printable mortar mixtures are plotted in S EN 206  for lighu et al.  also rep3) compared to conventional mortars/concretes. It was thought that the unit weight loss caused by air entrainment to the mortars produced in the study was caused by the high volume of air created by the air-entraining additive in the mixtures with very high cement dosages.As can be seen from the mix design given in The findings obtained from the air content tests of 3D printable mortar are graphed in It has been determined in many previous studies that the air-entraining admixture increases the air content of the mortar or concrete. For example, Şahin et al.  used AEAHydrophilic ends of air-entraining agents, which are generally composed of hydrophilic ends attached to a hydrophobic chain, create airspaces by attaching to either cement–water or air–water interfaces . This adIn the literature, there are studies with different results regarding the relationship between air content of mortar/concrete and its rheological behavior. For example, Szwabowski et al.  determinThe flow table test results obtained from the experiments performed on fresh mortars are given in Rahul and Sanatham  found th2 = 0.9974) extended depending on the dosage of the AEA. However, although the initial setting times of the Super White Cement (CEM I 52.5 R) and GGBFS selected for the experiments were 110 and 170 min, respectively  corresponding to the lower limit of high-strength concrete determined by ACI PRC-363-10  was obtaThe reduction in the compressive strength of mortar/concrete with the addition of AEA is an expected result in concrete technology, because, as stated in Şahin et al. , billionIt was observed during the compressive strength tests that plastic deformation on all 3D printable mortars seemed to indicate ductile fractures due to the polypropylene fibers added to prevent shrinkage of the mortars.On the other hand, in order to evaluate the relationship between fresh and hardened mortar properties together, the interrelation of the unit weight, air content, and compressive strength of 3D printed mortars is shown in 3), but the lowest air content (2.5%), had the highest compressive strength.From During the experimental studies, the shear stress and viscosity of all mixtures were also measured in order to be used in the evaluation of the rheological behavior of 3D printable mortars. The graphs showing the change of shear stress and viscosity of all groups with shear rates are given in As seen in Similar to the graph given in Since both the opening time and the extrudability of 3D printable mortars were directly related to the rheological behaviors, yield stress and viscosity of the mixtures were determined and given in Based on the data in The yield stress and viscosity values measured within the scope of this study decreased with increasing the amount of AEA, as can be seen in Thixotropic behavior means that the shear resistance of fresh concrete or mortar decreases overtime at a constant deformation rate, and it is the situation that the concrete maintains its fluidity without hardening as long as the mixing process continues. Thixotropy values can also be used for describing the shape stability of the fresh mixture. As can be seen from the results given in On the other hand, it can be seen from the line of best fits given in It is recommended to develop a unique chemical admixture for 3D printable mortars, considering the active ingredients of the chemical additives that affect the behavior of fresh mortar such as superplasticizer, viscosity modifying and cement hydration control.Increasing the amount of entrained air in fresh 3D printable mortar mixture by adding AEA increased the air content, but decreased the unit weights of the mixtures, as in conventional mortar or concrete. However, although the amount of air content of the mixes increased, the spread diameters of the mortars did not change significantly.Although the initial setting time of the group without AEA (A0) was very short (35 min), the initial setting times of 3D printable mortars increased with the addition of AEA and the group with the highest dosage of AEA (A2) started to set after 90 min. However, even 90 min is lower than the initial setting times of Super White Cement (CEM I 52.5R) and GGBFS selected for the mixtures. As a result of the combined effect of many chemical additives that were chosen consciously in order to acquire the most appropriate mix design for the interrelated characteristics  determined for 3D printable mortar in the literature, the initial setting times of the mixtures decreased.Increasing the dosage of AEA dramatically reduced the 28-day compressive strength of 3D printable mortars. The reductions in compressive strength were, respectively, 47.5, 65, and 78% for the A1, A1.5, and A2 groups compared to that of A0 group. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the use of air-entraining additives in 3D mortar or concrete applications where compressive strength is an important priority.The addition of AEA to 3D printable mortars reduced the viscosity and shear stress of the mixtures, and the A1.5 group had the lowest values. Yield stress varying between 50 and 262 Pa was obtained in the study and these values were found to be sufficient for the printability of 3D printable mortar mixes. The thixotropy values of the samples without AEA (A0) and containing AEA at low dosage (A1 and A1.5) were very close to each other, but mixtures containing the highest dosage of AEA (A2) had higher thixotropy values than the other groups.The main conclusions drawn from the evaluation of the findings obtained from this experimental study are summarized below:


The Lisfranc joints are mainly used to connect the forefoot and midfoot and maintain the stability of the arch of the foot. It is an important part of the arch of the foot. If the Lisfranc joints injury is not treated in time, it will cause poor walking, pain in the back of the foot, and even deformity or disability of the forefoot. The common treatment method is to select the Kirschner wires, screws, or steel plates for incisional repositioning internal fixation surgery. In our study, we used different materials to perform fixation surgery on Lisfranc joint injury patients. We measured the joint recovery, pain condition, complications, and biomechanical indexes of different groups of patients after the operation. The results of the study showed that compared with Kirschner wire and screw internal fixation, the use of shaped arch bridge-type microsteel plate internal fixation for the treatment of metatarsotarsal joint injury patients has better foot function recovery, fewer complications, and more reliable biomechanical strength. The Lisfranc joints play an important role in connecting the forefoot and midfoot and maintaining the stability of the arch of the foot –3. With P < 0.05), and they were comparable, as shown in A total of 92 patients with Lisfranc joint injuries admitted to our hospital from March 2017 to September 2019 were selected as the research objects. There were 52 male and 40 female, aged from 26 to 74 years, with an average age of (47.68 ± 10.56) years. The causes of injuries were 19 cases of traffic accidents, 32 cases of sports sprains, 26 cases of injuries from falling from heights, and 15 cases of injuries from heavy objects. Among them, 59 cases were injured in three columns , 13 cases were injured in two columns , and 20 cases were injured in two columns . According to the different methods of internal fixation, the patients were divided into the following three groups: the Kirschner wire group (29 cases), screw group (31 cases), and steel plate group (32 cases). Inclusion criteria: all patients meet the diagnostic criteria for Lisfranc joint injury ; anmetabWhen the swelling of the affected foot subsided and wrinkle signs appeared, the surgical treatment was performed with internal spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia. According to the type of Lisfranc joint injury, 1–3 longitudinal incisions on the dorsum of the foot were chosen to protect the dorsal blood vessels, deep peroneal nerve, and cutaneous nerve, stretch the extensor tendon, destroy the interplantarsal and intertarsal ligaments as little as possible, often lift the avulsed bone fragments to reveal the joint, remove the free small fragments in the joint space, fix the bone joint under direct vision with precise repositioning of fine Kirschner pins, and choose Kirschner pins, screws, and microplates for final fixation after satisfactory C-arm machine fluoroscopy. Kirschner wire group: the 1.5 mm Kirschner wire was used to fix the metatarsophalangeal joint through the percutaneously or subcutaneously across the joint in a longitudinal oblique row, and the fine Kirschner wire was pulled out. Screw group: first, a guide needle was taken and driven from the medial cuneiform into the second metatarsal base or from the second metatarsal base into the medial cuneiform. Then, according to the injury of the medial column and the middle column, the guide pin was inserted into the Lisfranc joint or horizontally into the cuneiform. After the C-arm fluoroscopy guide wire was in position, a 3.0 mm hollow screw was chosen to fix the Lisfranc joint along the guide wire, and then, the guide wire and the fine Kirschner wire were removed. Steel plate group: after precise repositioning of the Lisfranc joints, temporary fine Kirschner wires were used for fixation, and the medial column and middle column of the Lisfranc joints were fixed with a plastic arch bridge-like general or locking miniature steel plate, and the fine Kirschner wires were removed. In all cases with outer column injury, the outer column was internally fixed with 1.5 mm Kirschner wire after reduction   scoring t-test was used for their comparison between groups. P < 0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant.The results of this experiment were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20.0 . Count data were expressed by (rate), and the chi-square test was used for their comparison between groups. Measurement data were expressed by (mean ± standard deviation), and the P < 0.05), as shown in In the Kirschner wire group, 6 cases were excellent, 10 cases were good, 9 cases were fair, and 4 cases were poor, with an excellent and good rate of 55.17% (16/29). In the screw group, 9 cases were excellent, 12 cases were good, 7 cases were fair, and 3 cases were poor, with an excellent and good rate of 67.74% (21/31). In the steel plate group, 10 cases were excellent, 16 cases were good, 5 cases were fair, and 1 case was poor, with an excellent and good rate of 81.25% (26/32). The excellent and good rate of the steel plate group was higher than that of the Kirschner wire group and screw group (P < 0.05), as shown in During the follow-up at 1, 3, and 6 months after the operation, the VAS scores of the steel plate group and screw group were significantly lower than those of the Kirschner wire group, and the steel plate group was significantly lower than the screw group (P < 0.05), as shown in In the Kirschner wire group, there were 2 cases of traumatic arthritis, 2 cases of incision infection, 2 cases of foot arch collapse, 1 case of internal fixation loosening, and 1 case of joint stiffness, and the total incidence of complications was 27.59% (8/29). In the screw group, there was 1 case of traumatic arthritis, 1 case of incision infection, 2 cases of foot arch collapse, 1 case of internal fixation loosening, and 1 case of joint stiffness, and the total incidence of complications was 19.35% (6/31). In the steel plate group, there was 1 case of traumatic arthritis, 1 case of incision infection, and 1 case of joint stiffness, and the total incidence of complications was 9.38% (3/32). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the steel plate group was lower than that of the Kirschner wire group and the screw group (P < 0.05). The axial displacement and abduction displacement of the steel plate group were smaller than those of the screw group, and the peak pressure was higher than that of the screw group (P < 0.05), as shown in The axial displacement and abduction displacement of the steel plate group and the screw group were smaller than those of the Kirschner wire group, and the peak pressure was higher than that of the Kirschner wire group  was higher than that of the Kirschner wire group (55.17%) and screw group (67.74%). During the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up after the operation, the VAS scores of the steel plate group and the screw group were significantly lower than those of the Kirschner wire group, and the VAS score of the steel plate group was significantly lower than that of the screw group. The reason for this is that the strength of the internal fixation of the Kirschner wire is not high, and it was easy to break leading to instability of fixation and slippage of the bone block, which affects the functional recovery of the patient's foot. The screw internal fixation can provide better fixation strength than the Kirschner wires. However, during postoperative functional exercises, the concentrated load stress of the screw is relatively large, which may easily lead to broken nails and change the reset position, affecting postoperative recovery. The steel plate internal fixation can not only provide reliable fixation but also carry most of the load stress, and it is easier to remove than screws after fracture, which is conducive to the recovery of joint function % was hig, 28. TheThe biomechanical results of this study showed that the axial displacement and abduction displacement of the steel plate group and the screw group were smaller than those of the Kirschner wire group, and the peak pressure was higher than that of the Kirschner wire group. The axial displacement and abduction displacement of the steel plate group were smaller than those of the screw group, and the peak pressure was higher than that of the screw group. It showed that steel plate had more advantages in bearing pressure than screws and Kirschner wires. The Kirschner wire is thin and round, which is used for the middle column and the medial column that need to be stabilized. It has poor compression resistance and weak fixation; especially in patients with osteoporosis, the fixation strength is insufficient. The Kirschner wires are also often used for elastic fixation or open injury of the lateral column, poor skin and soft tissue conditions, and temporary treatment of compound injuries in emergency. The screw has a relatively stable connection and fixation function, but its pressing arm is small and the force is concentrated. When the pressure is large, it is easy to cause the screw to loosen, causing the fracture end to shift or the screw to break, and the articular cartilage surface will be further damaged after joint fixation and repeated nail penetration, which may increase the probability of traumatic arthritis. However, the use of an ordinary or locked microsteel plate of plastic arch bridge for transarticular internal fixation of the middle column and the inner column can well maintain the normal physiological radian of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Compared with the screw internal fixation, the acting pressure arm is larger, and the force is uniform and the bearing capacity is good, which has a better stability effect , 29, 30.Compared with Kirschner wire and screw internal fixation, the use of shaped arch bridge-type microsteel plate internal fixation for the treatment of metatarsotarsal joint injury patients showed better foot function recovery, fewer complications, and more reliable biomechanical strength.


The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between maternal insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration and food consumption frequency and the birth parameters of the newborn. A total of 157 mother-newborn pairs participated in the study. The study showed that more frequent consumption of sweet and salty snacks as well as fruit and fruit or vegetable juices may promote greater weight gain in pregnancy and higher newborn birth weight. A significantly higher insulin concentration was found among overweight women according to body mass index (BMI), and a significantly lower concentration of IGF-1 was demonstrated among women ≥35 years of age. There was no significant correlation between the concentration of insulin and IGF-1 in the mother’s blood plasma and the birth weight and length of the newborn. A significant relationship was only found between the concentration of IGF-1 in the mother’s blood and the Ponderal index of the newborn. A woman’s eating habits during pregnancy have a significant impact on the mother’s health and on the proper growth and development of the foetus. Maternal nutritional status and metabolic factors have a significant effect on foetal growth and development and thus determine the health of the newborn. Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy or a body mass index (BMI) below normal before pregnancy may cause abnormal foetal development or low neonatal birth weight <2500 g). A woman’s obesity before pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, or a suboptimal diet composition (high intake of simple sugars or saturated fatty acids) may contribute to high birth weight (>4000 g), the occurrence of metabolic disorders, and higher childhood body fat in the children of such women compared with those of non-obese women ,2,3.500 g. A Pregnancy is a period characterized by numerous metabolic adaptation processes, including an increase in insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) concentrations and an increased pancreatic beta-cell response. Insulin and IGF are involved in the regulation of placental and foetal growth and development. The main function of insulin is the regulation and modulation of metabolic processes and transport of nutrients across the placenta, e.g., glucose and fatty acids. Various IGFs (IGF-1 and IGF-2) are involved in increased glucose uptake, amino acid transport across the placenta, and foetal or placental cell proliferation. The metabolic changes occurring in the woman’s body are to maintain the proper nutritional status of both the mother and the foetus and to prepare the mother’s body for childbirth and breastfeeding ,5. DurinThe aim of the study was to assess the relationship between maternal insulin and IGF-1 concentration as well as food consumption frequency and birth parameters of the newborn. The novel approach is that the study presented in the manuscript concerns women with a physiological pregnancy without disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy; it is also a multifactorial approach because it links the concentration of selected hormones with the nutritional status of the mother, her diet, and the birth parameters of the newborn. In addition, it is a study characterising women living in Poland; therefore, it can be used by other authors to compare women from different regions of the world. Most of the studies on insulin and IGF-1 levels are focused on women with gestational diabetes, with a primary focus on maternal health and newborn parameters. Despite the small study group, the study design can be reproduced on a larger population and extended by additional factors, and thus, the manuscript may be an inspiration for the readers.Participants were 157 mother-newborn pairs of white race . The following inclusion criteria were applied: 18–40 years of age, trimester III of pregnancy, single pregnancy with physiological course, and delivery via planned caesarean section and good health condition confirmed by a doctor. A planned caesarean section resulted from the patient’s choice or the indications of another specialist, e.g., orthopaedic , ophthalmologist  or psychologist (fear of childbirth). Among the subjects, two age groups were distinguished: <35 and ≥35 years of age . The stu2 and interpreted according to the criteria of the WHO [3) = (birth weight (g) × 100)/birth length (cm)3 [3; below standard values but acceptable 2.0–2.5 g/cm3; within standard values 2.5–3.0 g/cm3; above standard values >3.0 g/cm3.The respondents’ height and body weight before delivery were measured by professional personnel. The body weight before pregnancy was given by the patient. The body weight was measured using a calibrated weighing scale (accuracy ±0.1 kg), and the height was measured using a stadiometer (accuracy ±0.5 cm). The BMI (body mass index) before pregnancy was calculated based on pre-pregnancy weight (body weight reported by the patient) according to the following formula: BMI = body mass (kg)/height (m) the WHO . Total g the WHO ,12. The  the WHO : low bir the WHO : short bth (cm)3 ,16. The th (cm)3 : below sThe assessment of dietary preferences during pregnancy was carried out using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-6) validated in Poland by Niedzwiedzka et al. . The FFQVenous blood was collected in EDTA (edetic acid) tubes for the tests on the day the patient was admitted to the ward in the 39th week of pregnancy. Plasma was isolated from the blood and then frozen at −80 °C. In the maternal blood plasma, insulin and IGF-1 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentration of insulin in the maternal blood plasma was determined using the ready-made ELISA by Demeditec Diagnostic GmbH—Demeditec Insulin ELISA . The concentration of IGF-1 in the maternal blood plasma was determined using the Human IGF-1 DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems (biotechne); catalogue no. DY291-05). In order to determine the concentration of IGF-1, the plasma dilution was performed on a scale of 1:3100, following the instructions attached to the test. The readings were made on an Epoch microplate spectrophotometer by BioTek Instruments. Plasma biochemical determinations were made in the laboratory of the Department of Human Nutrition at the University of Life Sciences in Wrocław.t-test, Tukey’s ANOVA test for different N, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis test. Multi-regression models  were done using the weight, length, and PI of the newborn as dependent variables; insulin and IGF-1 concentration, pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain of the mother were considered as independent variables. Next, multi-regression models were done using weight, length, and PI of the newborn as dependent variables and insulin, IGF-1, and frequency of sugar and honey intake by the mother as independent variables. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.Statistical evaluation of the results was carried out using the StatSoft STATISTICA 13.3 PL  computer program. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test with the Lilliefors correction was used to check the normality of the distribution of continuous features. The following tests were used for statistical analyses: Student’s 2) before pregnancy and those with a BMI (25.0–29.95 kg/m2) indicating an overweight state. No statistically significant differences were found for the remaining parameters  in relation to insulin concentration.The concentrations of insulin and IGF-1 were determined in the blood plasma of the tested pregnant women. The median concentration of insulin in the blood plasma did not differ significantly between the two age groups . Signifir = 0.26, p < 0.05) (Significant differences in the concentration of IGF-1 in the blood plasma of the tested pregnant women were shown depending on the age of the women . Women o < 0.05) .Over the course of the study, we tested for relationship of the frequency of consumption of selected groups of products containing carbohydrates on the concentration of insulin and IGF-1 in the blood plasma of the examined women. There were no significant associations .Data analysis with a multiple regression model revealed that maternal body mass index (BMI) showed a positive relationship with the newborn’s weight and Ponderal index, and the maternal IGF-1 concentration showed a positive relationship with the newborn’s Ponderal index . FurtherIn this study, we only found that the plasma insulin concentration of the examined pregnant women differed significantly according to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, but no association of insulin concentration and the birth parameters of newborns was found. In a study by Retnakaran et al. 2012)  conducte12  conduIGF-1, apart from insulin, plays an important role in the proper course of pregnancy. Its concentration increases during this period due to the growth and development of the foetus. IGF-1 is synthesized by the mother’s body and the placenta. This study showed a significant differentiation of IGF-1 concentration due to the age of the studied women and a positive weak correlation between IGF-1 and PI. In a study by Chies et al.  conducteIn a study by Verhaeghe et al.  conducteThe study showed that the women under 35 years of age consumed significantly more animal fats than those over 35 years of age. No statistically significant differences were found in the consumption of other products. The study showed that the consumption of sweet or salty snacks and grain products had a significant impact on weight gain during pregnancy, while the consumption of sweet and salty snacks, fruits, and fruit or vegetable juices determined the birth weight of the newborn. In a study by Lundqvist et al.  conducteThis study has some limitations, including the limited sample size, which reduces the possibility of detecting other significant associations, and the subjectivity of the results. It was not possible to determine fasting glucose in all the patients, which could broaden the assessment of carbohydrate metabolism in pregnant women. Glucose concentrations were determined among a very small number of study participants; therefore, this parameter was rejected. The assessment of the frequency of consumption of products with the use of the FFQ-6 questionnaire allowed us to assess the general supply of selected groups of products in the diet from the third trimester of pregnancy. FFQ-6 is a questionnaire to assess the food consumption frequency during the year, while the authors used a questionnaire to assess the food consumption frequency from the third trimester of pregnancy. This is a certain limitation in the use of the questionnaire. This form does not show the exact supply of energy and macronutrients in the diet. It is a difficult field of research because the collection of willing pregnant women to participate in the research was difficult and associated with a large amount of diverse material. Despite all those potential limitations, our results shed light on the association of some maternal factors and the birth parameters of newborns. The study also shows what the hormonal balance (insulin and IGF-1) looks like in women with a physiological course of pregnancy , while most insulin and IGF-1 studies are conducted in women with gestational diabetes.In summary, the authors’ own research shows the relationship between the frequency of consumption of selected groups of products during pregnancy and weight gain in pregnancy and the birth weight of the newborn. There was no evidence of an association of the concentration of insulin and IGF-1 in the mother’s blood and the weight and birth length of the newborn; only the concentration of IGF-1 correlated with the PI of the newborn. Intensive education in healthy eating habits is essential for the proper growth and development of the foetus and the proper course of pregnancy. In the available literature, there are many reports describing the relationship of the mother’s nutrition and the health of the newborn, while there are few reports describing the relationship of the diet and the concentration of insulin and IGF-1 during pregnancy among women without gestational diabetes and the relationship of these factors and the birth parameters of the newborn.


The site of BSA esterase activity was then determined using molecular modelling methods. According to the data obtained, the accumulation of acetate in the presence of BSA in the reaction mixture is much more intense as compared with the spontaneous hydrolysis of NPA, which indicates true esterase activity of albumin towards NPA. Similar results were obtained for p-nitophenyl propionate (NPP) as substrate. The rate of acetate and propionate release confirms the assumption that there is a site of true esterase activity in the albumin molecule, which is different from the site of the pseudo-esterase activity Sudlow II. The results of molecular modelling of BSA and NPA interaction make it possible to postulate that Sudlow site I is the site of true esterase activity of albumin.Serum albumin possesses esterase and pseudo-esterase activities towards a number of endogenous and exogenous substrates, but the mechanism of interaction of various esters and other compounds with albumin is still unclear. In the present study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( Albumin is the main protein in the blood of mammals, where its concentration is 500–700 μM. Albumin is able to bind almost all known drugs, many nutraceuticals and toxic substances. Three main sites for the interaction of albumin with ligands  have been identified , as wellp-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA), fatty acid esters, aspirin, ketoprofen glucuronide, cyclophosphamide, nicotinic acid esters, octanoylgrelin, nitroacetanilide, nitrotrifluoroacetanilide, organophosphorus compounds (OPs) . . 6]. p-nitrophenol (P1) is released and the enzyme is acetylated (EA). The last step is deacylation of albumin and release of acetate (P2). The difference between pseudo-esterase and true esterase activity resides only in the lifetime of the acetylated EA enzyme, i.e. the difference is in the constant k3, which characterises the deacetylation reaction. The half-life of acetylated Tyr411, which is responsible for pseudo-esterase activity, is 61 ± 4 h [p-nitrophenol (P1) and acetylation of tyrosine Tyr411 (EA) occurs. At the second stage, the substrate binds to the site of esterase activity of albumin, where it is hydrolysed to acetate (P2) and p-nitrophenol (P1).The work of each site (both the site of pseudo-esterase and true esterase activity) can be described by this scheme. At the first stage of interaction, the substrate binds to a site with the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex ES, then 61 ± 4 h , and in 61 ± 4 h . MoreoveBack in 1986, concern was expressed that the classification of esterases did not take into account the facts that had accumulated by that time. Moreover, it was albumin that was cited as an example of a protein that exhibits esterase activity, but does not appear in the existing Enzyme Classification . Our andp-nitrophenol , propionic acid , thionyl chloride . Deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO d6) and deuterated water were provided by the Centre for Magnetic Resonance of St. Petersburg State University. NPP was synthesised from p-nitrophenol and propionic acid using thionyl chloride in the Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency; according to NMR analysis, NPP content was not less than 90%.The following commercially available reagents were used: fatty acids free BSA , NPA , sodium trimethylsilylpropanesulfonate , BSA was dissolved in phosphate buffered-saline (PBS) and deuterated water (9:1), NPA and NPP were dissolved in DMSO d6, and DSS was dissolved in double-distilled water. The reaction mixture for recording the hydrolysis of NPA and NPP by BSA was prepared by mixing BSA and DSS solutions, then, immediately before the spectrum was recorded, a substrate solution was added. In the final reaction mixture, BSA concentration was 360μM, DSS concentration was 1 mM, and substrate concentration was 7.2 mM.1H NMR on a Bruker Avance III 500 NMR spectrometer  at room temperature (298K). Water suppression method using excitation sculpting with gradients was used. The residual peak of solvent in 1H spectrum (δ 4.7 ppm) was used as reference. Spectra were recorded every 3 min applying 8 scans for BSA-NPA reaction and 4 scans for BSA-NPP reaction. The relaxation delay (D1) of 15 s was applied for BSA-NPA interaction and 10 s for BSA-NPP interaction.NMR measurements were performed in the Centre for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University Research Park. The prepared samples were scanned by one-dimensional 1H resonance lines of NPA, NPP and the products of their hydrolysis were assigned based on the spectra of spontaneous hydrolysis of the ligands (1 and quadruplet for atom a2 of NPP (1H NMR spectrum of p-nitrophenol was used [ ligands  and mult2 of NPP ). To asswas used . 3D models of NPA, NPP and free cysteine were constructed and optimised by the steepest descent method using HyperChem program  . CrystalThe model of cysBSA was constructed as follows. Based on the available information on atomic charges, bond lengths, bond and torsion angles for different types of atoms and atomic groups, presented in the database of GROMACS 2018.1 software  , the topAt the next step, the prepared 3D model of reduced albumin was used for molecular docking of NPA and NPP into ligand-binding sites of BSA. Since the structures of the binding sites in the prepared models of reduced BSA and cysBSA are identical (changes in the structure affected only Cys34 and its environment), molecular docking of NPA into cysBSA was not performed. To start MD simulation of the complexes of cysBSA with NPA, we used the coordinates of the ligands that were obtained by molecular docking into reduced BSA.http://rosie.rosettacommons.org, accessed on 26 September 2021) [Docking of NPA and NPP into albumin binding sites, as well as docking of free cysteine into the redox site of the protein, was performed using Autodock Vina 1.1.2 software package   and the er 2021) .3 was set in the studied protein binding site. The parameter called “exhaustiveness” characterising the amount of computational effort was set to 10. The parameter “energy_range” characterising the maximum scatter of energy values of conformations in the output file was set to 3 kcal/mol. The number of the most optimal conformations in the output file (num_modes) was set to 10. The result of the docking procedure was a set of 10 most probable conformations. When Autodock Vina 1.1.2 was used, a search area of 15 × 15 × 15 ÅWhen using the Rosetta program, the search area was set with a radius of 7 Å (maximum radius to search from starting coordinate); for other search parameters, default values were used. The number of structures to generate was set to 200. Generated structures were ranked by binding energy and by the energy contribution per residue (3 Å radius). Ligand-protein residue pairs were then ranked based on total energy contribution and orientation-dependent hydrogen bonding. Iterative refinement yielded the ten best scoring structures predicted for each ligand.From the final set of the most probable conformations, we selected the conformation of the protein-ligand complex with a minimum distance between functionally significant atoms. In the case of free cysteine docking, this is the distance between the sulfur atoms of the ligand and Cys34; in the case of NPA and NPP, this is the distance between the carbonyl carbon of the ligand and the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group of the catalytic amino acid.Conformational changes in NPA-BSA complexes were calculated by the MD method using the GROMACS 2018.1 software and GROMOS53a6 force field . The com1H NMR technique, we have demonstrated that serum albumin possesses true esterase activity. We have shown that the rate of formation of the products of hydrolysis of NPA and NPP in the presence of BSA is higher than in the case of spontaneous hydrolysis. The formation of the products of true esterase activity of BSA (acetate in the case of NPA and propionate in the case of NPP) begins no later than 10 min after the addition of the substrate solution to the protein solution. It is known that the half-life of acetylated tyrosine in the main site of pseudo-esterase activity of albumin is 61 ± 4 h. For other sites of acetylation, the formation of adducts with acetate requires at least 30 min. The combination of these facts indicates that there is a site of true esterase activity in the albumin molecule, which is different from the site of pseudo-esterase activity. Using molecular modelling methods, we have shown that Sudlow site I of BSA with catalytic Tyr149 (Tyr150 in HSA) is the most likely candidate for the role of the esterase center of albumin. The data obtained are of fundamental interest from the point of view of the evolution of the mechanism of enzyme functioning and practical value, since albumin interacts with many drugs and toxic compounds, largely determining their pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics. Further quantitative analysis of the kinetic characteristics of the esterase activity of albumin will reveal details of the mechanism of functioning of this universal protein.In this work, using the


Cross-laminated timber (CLT) elements are becoming increasingly popular in multi-storey timber-based structures, which have long been built in many different countries. Various challenges are connected with constructions of this type. One such challenge is that of stabilizing the structure against vertical loads. However, the calculations of the stability bearing capacity of the CLT members in axial compression in the structural design remains unsolved in China. This study aims to determine the stability bearing capacity of the CLT members in axial compression and to propose the calculation method of the stability coefficient. First, the stability coefficient calculation theories in different national standards were analyzed, and then the stability bearing capacity of CLT elements with four slenderness ratios was investigated. Finally, based on the stability coefficient calculation formulae in the GB 50005-2017 standard and the regression method, the calculation method of the stability coefficient for CLT elements was proposed, and the values of the material parameters were determined. The result shows that the average deviation between fitting curve and calculated results of European and American standard is 5.43% and 3.73%, respectively, and the average deviation between the fitting curve and the actual test results was 8.15%. The stability coefficients calculation formulae could be used to predict the stability coefficients of CLT specimens with different slenderness ratios well. In recent years, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has been widely used as a prefabricated engineered wood product for wall panels, roof panels, and floor panels in mass timber construction and is composed of orthogonally oriented multi-layers of solid-sawn or engineered lumber glued with structural adhesive or mechanical fasteners such as dowels or nails ,2. As a Previous studies on CLT have mainly focused on the properties of the material itself such as bending, tensile, shear, and compressive strength ,14,15,16i-th laminate; i-th laminate and the intermediate laminate.Canadian wood structure product design code, CSA O86-2019 [i-th laminate; i-th laminate; i-th laminate; The European code for the design of timber structure products, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures  does noti-th laminate, the elastic modulus of the laminate perpendicular to the grain is about 1/30 of the elastic modulus along the grain; i-th laminate, with the longitudinal laminate taking the shear modulus and the transverse laminate taking the rolling shear modulus; and American wood structure design code, NDS-2018 [The stability coefficient formulae of CLT in axial compression are stipulated based on the existing calculation methods in the timber structure design codes and related technical manuals of other countries. The stability coefficient is related to strength and the bending stiffness of the member. The values of compressive strength of CLT with different grades can be obtained from a certain standard, but the calculation methods of the effective bending stiffness are different. The Canadian standard uses the simplified method to calculate the effective bending stiffness, and the American standard uses the shear analogy method, while the European standard uses the Based on the CLT laminate parameters of the E1 grade set in the North American standard: ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 , settingThe different process mode of the effect on the loading duration and the treatment methods of the resistance partial coefficient can also produce different calculation results of the stability coefficient. The differences between countries are shown in Based on the parameters of the E1 grade laminates, the stability coefficient of CLT was calculated according to the methods of different national standards, while the results are shown in Zhu et al.  proposedBased on the compression stability coefficient calculation method of wood components in Chinese standard GB 50005-2017, Standard for design of timber structure and theoretical regression analysis, the stability coefficient formulae for CLT in this paper were simply proposed and the values of the material coefficients in the formulae were obtained. Then, the stability bearing capacity and strength bearing capacity of CLT members were tested through experiments to verify the correctness of the formulae and regression results.n is 1.2 when the cross section is a rectangle.Compared with GLT and lumber, the shear deformation of the CLT transverse layer was relatively larger, and its influence on the stability coefficient should be considered. CLT can be regarded as a split limb, with the longitudinal lamina as the column limb and the transverse lamina as the connection between the component limbs. The influence of shear deformation on the stability coefficient of the transverse laminate can be considered by the slenderness ratio conversion theory. Therefore, according to the bar buckling theory, the formula proposed by Dr. Wu was introduced to calculate the slenderness ratio as Equation (22).Based on the stability coefficient calculation formulae in GB 50005-2017, the shear deformation of the longitudinal and transverse layers was taken into account and the slenderness ratio was used; the calculation formulae are shown in Equations (23)–(26).The correlation coefficients of It can be found that the slenderness ratio conversion formula and the stability coefficient conversion formula are essentially a continuous fitting curve. On this basis, the curve can be divided by looking for an appropriate value of The North American Product Standard ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 classifies laminate materials used in CLT into four mechanical grades and two visual grades. After unifying the treatment method, the elastic modulus and compressive strength standard values in the product standard were substituted into the European standard and the American standard for fitting calculation. The CLT material parameters obtained by fitting are shown in Larix kaempferi) was harvested from the Dagujia Forest Farm of Liaoning Province, China. The diameters of logs were from 250 to 320 mm. A total of 351 logs with a 4.5 m length was cut into dimension lumber using four-faced sawing; the lumber sizes were 35 mm in thickness and 140 mm in width. The average density and moisture content of the lumber were 0.58 ± 0.07 g/cm3 and 12 ± 0.96%, respectively.Japanese larch , members are closer to strength failure, mainly influenced by shear strength. The fitting curve between axial load and lateral deflection and the trend of stability coefficient with slenderness ratio was similar to the research results of Fu et al.  and ChenThe test results of the CLT axial compression test are shown in As shown in By substituting the characteristic values of compressive strength along the grain, the standard values of elastic modulus and the CLT material parameters into the Chinese standard suggested formulae, the fitting curve of the theoretical stability coefficient were obtained. At the same time, the standard values of compressive strength and elastic modulus along the grain were substituted into the European standard and the American standard and the stability coefficient fitting curves were obtained. The measured scattering points of the stability coefficient of each CLT specimen were substituted into the fitting curve, which is shown in The average deviation of the stability coefficient calculated following the suggested formulae from the European standard is 5.43% and that from the American standard is 3.73%. The maximal deviation with the European standard and American standard is 12.32% and 11.70%, respectively. They both occurred at the critical slenderness ratio (λ = 118.07) and C2 (λ = 99.49) groups showed elastic instability while the C3 (λ = 70.86) and C4 (λ = 56.27) groups showed elastic–plastic instability. In the actual test process, groups C1 and C2 had complete elastic instability, and group C4 had complete elastoplastic instability. However, group C3 still had a small amount of elastoplastic instability, which may because the slenderness ratio of group C3 was close to the critical slenderness ratio. The experimental results basically meet the theoretical inference.The resulting critical slenderness ratio of this paper was calculated to be about 70. Theoretically, the C1 λ = 118.07) and C2 (λ = 99.49) specimens were mainly characterized by elastic instability, and there was almost no damage to the specimens during the test; the C4 (λ = 56.27) specimens mainly showed elastic–plastic instability, and folding and shear failure occurred on the surface of the specimen. Both instability phenomena occurred in group C3 (λ = 70.86).The experiment showed that with the increase in slenderness ratio of the CLT axial compression member, the stability bearing capacity gradually decreased. The C1 ((2)By considering the CLT as a split limb, the longitudinal lamina as the column limb, and the transverse lamina as the connection between the component limbs, the slenderness ratio conversion theory, was proposed. Combined with the (3)The material parameters


We find that the newly designed wavy GSs increasingly resist the kinetic energy (KE) of the impactor as the disclination density is increased, and the estimated KE propagation patterns are significantly different from those of the ideal GS. Based on their enhanced performance in the impact tests, the wavy GSs possess excellent impact behavior, which should facilitate their potential application as high-impact-resistant components in advanced NEMS.Evaluation of impact characteristics of carbon nanomaterials is very important and helpful for their application in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Furthermore, disclination lattice defects can generate out-of-plane deformation to control the mechanical behavior of carbon nanomaterials. In this study, we design novel stable wavy graphene sheets (GSs) using a technique based on origami and kirigami to control the exchange of carbon atoms and generate appropriate disclinations. The impact characteristics of these GSs are evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the accuracy of the simulation results is verified via a theoretical analysis based on continuum mechanics. In the impact tests, the C Impact resistance is an essential evaluation criterion in material design, especially for the application of materials developed for use in aircraft, automobiles, sports products, and machine elements. Since they were first reported , graphenHowever, most of the studies in the literature on the impact characteristics of carbon nanomaterials have focused on ideal carbon nanomaterials with hexagonal lattice structures. During the fabrication of GSs or CNTs, lattice defects, such as dislocations , disclinDisclinations, which were first observed in 1965 , are mor60), discovered in 1985 [60 is a polygon with 60 carbon atoms symmetrically arranged like a soccer ball; the symmetry of this structure assists us to simplify the analytical model and theoretical analysis. In addition, as C60 is known to be the smallest fullerene [Buckminsterfullerene . A technique based on origami and kirigami was adopted to model new wavy GS structures based on controlling complex lattice defect disclinations in ideal GSs to generate out-of-plane deformations. Then, MD simulations of impact tests on ideal and wavy GSs were performed using the fullerene Cz-axis from the positive direction, the two eight-membered rings are arranged in the upper right and lower left regions, and the two four-membered rings are arranged in the lower right and upper left regions. The four isolated disclinations connected in this manner were regarded as one basic wavy unit, and multiple units were connected to create a unique wavy GS model constructed as a network of disclinations. Although an ideal GS has a stable structure with a planar shape, the introduction of disclinations formed a GS with an inherently curved surface, as shown in Origami and kirigami, traditional Japanese artistic techniques, have been utilized in a wide range of natural science and engineering fields . Miura-o60  on a GS with dimensions of 120 Å × 120 Å. Moreover, all four edges of the target GSs were fixed during the impact test. Impact tests were performed on an ideal GS and four types of wavy GSs  with different disclination densities, as shown in 60 is initially positioned above the GS, it was necessary to place it at a sufficiently large distance to avoid the influence of the van der Waals (vdW) interaction forces between the carbon atoms of C60 and the GS (20–30 Å) [60 was set to 30 Å. As detailed in l = 31.79 Å was selected for further analysis using different positions of impact and impact velocities. With respect to the points of impact, the lowest and highest points (z positions with the greatest magnitudes) nearest to the center of the wavy GS model were defined as A0 and A4, respectively; moreover, three evenly spaced points between A0 and A4 were defined as A1, A2, and A3 (black circles in As shown in 20–30 Å) ; therefo60 and the GSs were considered. The cut-off distance in the potential was set to 1.7 Å to maintain the smoothness of the wavy GS structures and avoid the scattering of atoms during the impact tests. A time step of 1.0 fs and a temperature of 5 K were employed in all the simulations. Prior to the impact tests with C60, the target GSs and C60 were fully relaxed and equilibrated at 5 K and a pressure of 0 atm in an isothermal–isobaric ensemble (NPT) for 5 ps. The relaxation was conducted using the conjugate gradient (CG) method, and the accuracy (ΔE) was set to 10−20. Moreover, all the impact tests were conducted using the NVE ensemble, i.e., Newton’s equation.The impact tests were performed using the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) package , and atot is the time, ρ is the density of the GS. D is the flexural rigidity of the GS plate, which is expressed as follows:E is the elastic modulus of the GS, h is the thickness of the GS, and ν is Poisson’s ratio for the GS.A theoretical analysis of an ideal GS based on continuum mechanics was performed with the aim of verifying the accuracy of our MD simulations. According to the continuum mechanics method, an ideal GS can be simulated using a continuum plate model; hence, the governing equation of motion for a rectangular GS can be written as follows:La and Lb  are the side lengths of the GSs.All edges of the rectangular GS are simply supported; therefore, the displacement and load function could be represented as follows:A concentrated load, j = 1,2, andSubstituting Equations (3)–(6) into Equation (2) resulted in the following expression:The solution to Equation (7) can be expressed asThe deflection at an impact position 60, respectively.Therefore, the contact deformation of the rectangular GS plate can be writtent) absorbed by the GS plate within time t can be expressed in term of the impact force F acting on the GS plate and the displacement w of the point of impact:The Hertz law of contact  was empl60 at an initial impact velocity of 10 Å/ps, along with the total kinetic energies (KEs) and potential energies (PEs) values of GS and C60, respectively, which suggest that the KE of the impactor can be absorbed as the KE and PE of GS. For GS, the impact-induced deformations were not completely preserved, and it returned to its initial shape, resulting in as absorption of the KE of the impactor; the KE of GS is a little higher than the KE of the impactor due to the newly generated negative PE of GS. For C60, because it was considered as a rigid body, the KE of C60 after impact became completely 0.0 eV. In addition, the theoretical value of the initial KE of fullerene, Impact tests of an ideal GS using MD simulation and the continuum mechanics method were first compared. 60 and the ideal GS was set as 30 Å to eliminate the influence of the vdW interaction forces; therefore, a period of descent of the C60 prior to its impact on the GS was considered. The KE of the GS during this period was a nonzero constant value prior to the start of the impact. The atoms in the GS were presumed to sensitively react to slight changes prior to impact and continue to experience some movement after the impact. When C60 impinged on the GS, the KE of the GS considerably increased with increasing impact time. However, the theoretical results obtained using the continuum mechanics method showed that the KE of the GS increased from zero and converged to a value a little higher than the initial KE of the impinging C60. The KE of the GS prior to impact was zero in the theoretical calculations because the minimal motions of the atoms in the GS were neglected. A comparison of the post-impact KEs of the GS revealed reasonable agreement between the KEs obtained using the two methods.In the MD simulation, the initial distance between CIn particular, the results satisfy the law of conservation of energy, indicating the suitability of the employed MD simulation for investigating the impact tests. Similar MD simulation impact tests were performed on the wavy GSs with disclinations, and the effects of disclination density, KE distribution, site of impact, and impact velocity were examined.z-coordinate value. Therefore, A4 is guaranteed to be in contact with any impactor for at least some time during the collision, even if the impactor is larger than C60 or has a flat tip. In addition, the pre-impact KEs of the ideal and wavy GSs are almost the same, presumably because the numbers of carbon atoms in the models were composed of approximately the same 10,000 carbon atoms; the Kes per carbon atom of the ideal and wavy GSs were approximately equal to each other. A difference can be observed in the impact time at which the KE of each GS began to increase because of the varying heights of the A4 sites of the different wavy models. Therefore, wavy4, which has the highest A4 site, was impacted the earliest, followed by wavy3; the ideal GS exhibited the longest impact time. At the end of each impact test, the KE of all the GS converged to approximately the same value, i.e., the initial KE of the C60 impactor.Impact simulations on the ideal and four wavy GSs with different disclination densities  were conE is the amount of KE change of GSs before and after being impacted by C60, as shown in 60 during the collisions, as shown in 60 that collided with the ideal GS lost almost all of its KE, whereas the C60 units that collided with the wavy2, wavy3, and wavy4 GSs retained KEs of approximately half of their original value after impact. Compared to the ideal GS, the wavy GSs were better able to resist the KE of the impactor.During the impact simulation, the wavy1 model exhibited higher KE values than the other models. However, in terms of the change in KE immediately before and after the impact, that is, the impact-induced change in KE, the ideal and wavy1 GSs models displayed similar behavior, with the other models showing smaller changes. In essence, the ideal GS exhibited a greater capacity to absorb the KE of the impactor, whereas the wavy4 GS absorbed the least KE from the impactor, as shown in x and y directions, with negligible propagation in the diagonal direction. The wavy2, wavy3, and wavy4 models almost did not absorb KE from the fullerenes, which is consistent with the analysis presented in the previous section; therefore, no noticeable trends were observed in their KE distributions. Videos of the KE distribution during the impact tests obtained via MD simulation, provided as The impact-related changes to the various GS model structures were elucidated using the KE distributions of the GSs at representative durations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ps . Althoug60 and different locations within the wavy GSs. The wavy4 model, which had the lowest disclination density, was selected as a representative GS to reveal the effects of impact location. The wavy4 model was impacted with C60 at 60. After the impact, the KEs of the GS impacted at the A0, A1, A2, and A3 sites converged to higher KE values. The A0 site corresponds to the lowest point on the surface  of the inverted cone in the wavy GSs; therefore, C60 collides with the A0 site in a manner similar to the dropping of a mass into a saucer, i.e., with minimal bouncing. After the first impact of C60 on the GS at the A3 site, it bounces and impacts the GS again at a different location, which results in two energy changes in the curve corresponding to A3 prior to convergence. In the scenarios involving the A0, A1, and A2 sites, the post-impact KEs increase only slightly over time and nearly converged to the converged KE of location A3; however, the KE corresponding to location A4 converged to a value approximately half that of the converged KE of the other impact sites. This is because the collision of C60 with site A4, which is the highest point on the wavy GS surface , resulted in C60 bouncing directly off the GS and not bouncing back onto it, unlike the behavior at the other impact sites. However, because location A4 is the highest point on the wavy GS surface, it can be presumed that this is the most probable location for impact, especially when the diameter of the impactor is considerably larger than that of C60. The KE absorption at A4 is lower than that at the other locations. Therefore, when a collision occurs at A4, the wavy GS can presumably retain the impact-induced shape change, that is, it can absorb more KE. By contrast, the protruding portion of the surface cannot easily resist the deformation, which means that there is little KE absorption. Therefore, KE absorption by the wavy GSs is strongly dependent on the site of impact. The wavy structure can be approximately classified into protruding areas and other areas, and we established that KE absorption by the wavy GSs was greater for collisions with surface depressions.Different impact characteristics, such as energy conversion and GS deformation, were obtained for the collisions between Cs A0–A4; , and the60 at velocities, 60 colliding with the wavy GS at low impact velocities, and the rebounding of the C60 from the GS at higher velocities; the wavy1 GS was ruptured when C60 collided with the GS at 60 at higher velocities are retained at higher velocities.The wavy GSs exhibited reduced Young’s moduli and bending moments compared to those exhibited by the ideal GS. The wavy GSs can be considered as consisting of deformable shells. To investigate the effects of impactor velocity on the KEs of the GSs, the wavy1 model was impacted at site A4 by C60 impactor was found to undergo various numbers of bounces and possess varying KE absorption, owing to the nonuniformity of the disclination-induced out-of-plane deformations in GSs. Nonetheless, with respect to the impact velocity, the absorption ratio of the target GS decreased at velocities higher than In this work, new stable wavy GSs were generated by appropriately introducing disclinations into an ideal GS using a technique based on origami and kirigami. The impact characteristics of wavy GSs with incorporated disclinations were investigated using MD simulations, and the accuracy of these was verified using a continuum mechanics method. The disclination density significantly affected the impact characteristics of the wavy GSs and even determined their energy absorption and dispersion rates. Because disclinations can produce prominent out-of-plane deformations in GSs, they can reduce the spread of post-impact effects. Consequently, the KE distribution in the ideal GS was an expanding circle, whereas that in the wavy GS exhibited cross-shaped  propagation, indicating that the wavy GS structures offer control over the range of KE propagation. By comparing the impact results obtained at different points of impact, the C