Results: 13 clinical trials with low overall risk of bias regarding 6 shapes of 3D mini-plates were included in the synthesis. The number of reoperations correlates with the number of fixations  and the total number of screw holes in the mini-plate . There is a strong correlation between the number of loosened osteosynthetic screws and the total number of fractures treated with 3D mini-plates . A correlation between the percentage of lost screws and the number of distal screw holes is weak regarding individual studies  and strong regarding individual mini-plate shape . Three cases of 3D mini-plate fractures are noted, which account for 0.7% of all analyzed fixation cases. Discussion: The reasons for reoperations indicated by the authors of the analyzed articles were: mispositioning of the bone fragments, lack of bone fragment union, secondary dislocation, and hematoma. The known screw loosening factors were poor bone quality, bilateral condylar fractures, difficulties in the correct positioning of the osteosynthetic material due to the limitations of the surgical approach, fracture line pattern, including the presence of intermediate fragments, and mechanical overload. Fractures of the straight mini-plates fixing the mandibular condyles amounts for up to 16% of cases in the reference articles. Conclusions: There is no convincing data that the number of reoperations depends on the type of 3D mini-plate used. The frequency of osteosynthetic screw loosening does not seem to depend on the 3D mini-plate’s shape. Clinical fractures of 3D mini-plates are extremely rare.Introduction: Fixing fractures of the base and neck of mandibular condyles is demanding due to the difficulties in surgical access and the various shapes of bone fragments. Classic fixation techniques assume the use of straight mini-plates, utilized for other craniofacial bone fractures. Three dimensional mini-plates may provide a reasonable alternative due to their ease of use and steadily improved mechanical properties. The multitude of different shapes of 3D mini-plates proves the need for their evaluation. Aim: This paper aims to summarize the clinical trials regarding the use of various types of 3D condylar mini-plates in terms of need for reoperation and the incidence of loosening and damage to the osteosynthetic material. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PICOS criteria and PRISMA protocol. The risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and RoB 2 Cochrane protocols. The obtained data series was analyzed for correlations (Pearson’s  Fixing fractures of the mandibular condyles is problematic due to the difficulties in surgical access ,2,3. TheThis paper aims to summarize clinical trials regarding the use of various types of 3D condylar mini-plates. The specific objectives set out by the authors of this paper were to assess the fixation of the mandibular condyles with various types of individual 3D mini-plates in terms of the need for reoperation and the incidence of loosening and damage to the osteosynthetic material.The above-mentioned goal was achieved by designing and conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis of the results. In the first stage, two authors (M.C. and Z.N.) defined the eligibility criteria for the research results presented in the articles of other authors. For this purpose, the PICOS criteria were adapted and implemented, taking into account 5 aspects corresponding to the extensions of this acronym . (1) PopThe applied search strategy was based on predefined PICOS criteria . This stThe search strategy presented above allowed the authors to specify at this stage the detailed data on the study group (Population) and its treatment (Intervention) in relation to the positive criteria.k = 0.968). In cases of conflict at the screening stage, an article was considered, included, and processed to the next stage, i.e., eligibility. (3) Eligibility: the final assessment regarding the acceptance of studies for meta-analysis or rejection was made by three authors  based on the full texts of articles. At this stage, the authors’ assessments regarding qualifications were fully consistent.The search of medical databases presented results in the form of records containing specific numbers , titles, and names of authors of individual articles. These data were exported to the Rayyan QCRI application. This application made it possible to view abstracts and basic data on articles, and thus to carry out the next stages of excluding studies that do not meet the PICOS criteria . SubsequThe quality of the individual studies described in the eligible articles was assessed by two authors (M.C. and Z.N.) by determining the level of evidence and risk of bias. In accordance with the previously adopted study design criterion, only articles with the following levels of evidence were included: (1) randomized controlled trials, (2) cohort studies, and (3) case control studies. All the studies included discuss in their entirety the clinical trials assuring the high evidence level of the following systematic review. The risk of bias in non-randomized trials was determined via the Cochrane ROBINS-I protocol and for randomized trials via the Cochrane RoB 2 protocol ,23. The t-test and visualized using OriginLab . The results were interpreted by 4 authors .From the included articles, two authors (M.C. and K.C.) extracted data of a qualitative (3D mini-plate type) and quantitative nature. These data are tabulated in the text of this article. The quantitative data concerned: (1) the number of proximal and distal holes in the different types of 3D mini-plates used; (2) the number of mandibular condyles fixed using 3D mini-plates; (3) numbers and rates of complications, including: (a) need for reoperation; (b) loosening of one or more screws; (c) fracture of the mini-plate. The obtained and compiled data were analyzed for correlation using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Student’s As a result of the medical databases search performed on April 10, 2021, 165 unique records corresponding to the relevant articles were identified. During the screening phase, 147 articles were excluded, which accounted for 89.1% of the initially identified records. The reasons for excluding articles according to the PICOS acronym were as follows: (1) inappropriate study design (S = 88); (2) wrong study group (P = 56); (3) treatment other than expected (I = 3) . In caseFurther exclusion of articles at the eligibility stage resulted in the rejection of another 9 entries. Among them, five studies were disqualified due to inadequate study design (S = 5), three were carried out on inadequate study groups (P = 3) and one presented invalid intervention (I = 1). Out of 9 articles included, 2 reported two groups of patients and 1 reported three groups of patients, each of whom had been treated with specific types of 3D mini-plates. Thus, 9 articles describing a total of 13 clinical trials on the clinical use of 3D mini-plates were included in the synthesis.Seven of the eligible articles reported nonrandomized studies and underwent a bias risk assessment protocol called ROBINS-I . The remThe combined results of the studies described in the articles included in the meta-analysis concerned 6 different shapes of 3D mini-plates, i.e., trapezoid, deltoid, rhombus, strut, 9-hole trapezoid, and lambda . In totaTrapezoidal 3D mini-plates were evaluated in 5 studies with varying levels of evidence, including a total of 150 fracture cases. Among them, there were 6 cases (4%) of loosening of osteosynthetic screws, 3 cases (2%) requiring reoperation, and a single case (0.7%) of fracture of the 3D mini-plate. The evaluation of the deltoidal 3D mini-plates was based on the results of 4 studies, with levels of evidence from 1 to 3, involving a total of 140 fracture cases. In 5 of these cases (3.6%) concerning delta mini-plates one or more osteosynthetic screws were found to be loose and single (0.7%) mini-plate fracture and one (0.7%) reoperation were noted.The remaining 3D mini-plates were assessed based on retrospective observational case-control studies. 3D rhombic mini-plates were used in one of the qualified studies, carried out on a group of 92 fracture cases. Reoperation was required in 6 cases (6.5%), and in 3 cases (3.3%) the screws for osteosynthesis were loosened. However, no fracture of a single rhombus-shaped plate was found. The strut, 9-hole trapezoidal and lambda 3D mini-plates were evaluated from single studies on groups of 34, 28 and 11 fractures, respectively. One strut mini-plate was fractured, and no other failures of these types of osteosynthetic material or reoperations were found. Detailed data are presented in A search for correlation between the numerical data was carried out. Correlation matrices are tabulated for individual studies  and for r = 0.53; p = 0.015) and the total number of screw holes in a given type of 3D mini-plate  are statistically significant. These correlations have an absolute value close to half (|r| = 0.5), which means that they are on the border of strong and weak correlations. Thus, it should be assumed that the number of reoperations may be somewhat directly dependent on the number of operations in general and at the same time may be somewhat inversely dependent on the number of holes in the 3D mini-plate, and thus on the number of screws used in osteosynthesis. It should be emphasized that there are no statistically significant correlations between the number of reoperations and the number of loosened osteosynthetic screws, both in relation to individual clinical trials and in relation to the total cases for specific shapes of 3D mini-plates.Attempts to search for dependencies expressed by the Pearson correlation coefficient between the number of reoperations and the remaining numerical data presented statistically insignificant results in the context of individual studies by various authors. For the sums of the application cases of individual shapes of 3D mini-plates, the correlations of the number of reoperations with the number of fixations . The same type of correlation was found to be strong after summing the cases and analyzing the data for each type of 3D mini-plate . Therefore, one should take into account the possibility of the loosening of osteosynthetic screws, resulting from the insufficiently tight fastening made with only 4 screws.The total number of holes for the osteosynthetic screws in the analyzed types of 3D mini-plates was between 4 to 9. The 9-hole Trapezoid mini-plate has 4 holes for the fixation of the proximal bone fragment. All other 3D mini-plates presented in the analyzed studies have 2 proximal holes. The total number of holes in a single 3D mini-plate is therefore primarily dependent on the number of holes for the distal bone fragment, which ranges from 2 to 5 depending on the type of mini-plate. The highest rates of osteosynthetic screw loss were observed for 3D mini-plates with only 4 holes . The proportions of screw loss were 4.00% and 3.57% for the two shapes of 4-hole 3D mini-plates, trapezoid and deltoid, respectively. In the analysis of clinical trials, a weak negative correlation between the percentage of lost screws and the number of distal screw holes in each study was observed , 9-hole trapezoid (n = 28). More than 2 holes in the distal part of the 3D mini-plate and therefore more screws distally seems to reduce the number of loose screws, as the results of our analysis suggest. A sole analysis of the most comprehensive study on 3D mini-plates within the discussed data seems to support this thesis [The available 3D mini-plates shapes allow for the choice of the arrangement of holes in the proximal part along the long axis of the condyle, e.g., in a deltoidal mini-plate or perpendicularly to it, as in a trapezoidal mini-plate. Experimental studies have shown the need to apply much greater force to obtain the displacement between two elements fixed with mini-plates with 8 or more holes with screws . In the s thesis . The stas thesis ,10,16. IAccording to our calculations, the loosening of the screws seems to be independent or only slightly dependent on the type of 3D mini-plate used. This is evidenced by the almost linear relationship between the number of fixations and the number of bolts loosening. Thus, there is a need for search and identification of other circumstances that may affect the percentage of screw loosening. The authors of the reviewed articles indicate: 1) poor bone quality; (2) bilateral condylar fractures; (3) difficulties in the correct positioning of the osteosynthetic material due to the limitations of the surgical approach; and (4) fracture line pattern, including the presence of intermediate fragments  poor bon,31. IndiThe reasons for reoperations indicated by the authors of the analyzed articles were: (1) mispositioning of bone fragments; (2) lack of bone fragments union; (3) secondary dislocation; and (4) hematoma ,28,32. IFractures of the mini-plates fixing the mandibular condyles in the technique of 2 straight mini-plates were noted in the material of Adhikari et al. and amounted to 16% of cases . In turnIn addition to the above, the authors of this paper are aware of only 2 articles mentioning clinical failure of 3D mini-plates. Sukegawa et al. describe two cases of 3D mini-platelet fractures, one of which required reoperation (lambda) and the other was detected accidentally while removing the osteosynthetic material (the shape was not given) . In an aRandomized controlled trials regarding the use of 3D mini-plates are lacking. There is no convincing data that the number of reoperations depends on the type of 3D mini-plate used, albeit there may be an increased risk of reoperation for mini-plates with fewer holes and therefore fixed with fewer screws. The frequency of loosening of osteosynthetic screws does not seem to depend on the shape of the 3D mini-plate and probably depends on other factors. Clinical fractures of 3D mini-plates are extremely rare, in contrast to the fairly frequent fractures of straight miniplates.


Optimal enamel compositions allow a reduction in the corrosion rate by 11 times (from 0.6 to 0.053 mm/year) and improvement to the decorative properties of coatings . The effectiveness of the AS-1 product (obtained from oil refining waste) as a dispersant additive in silicone enamel has been proven.The aim of this work is to optimize the composition of a two-component silicone enamel consisting of an aluminum pigment and a polyphenylsiloxane polymer to obtain the maximum dispersion of the pigment in the coating. The following products were used as surfactants: AS-1, PEPA, and Telaz. To assess the effect of surfactants on the dispersion of the pigment, computer-optical microscopy was used. The results of the studies showed that all the studied surfactants cause an improvement in the dispersion of the pigment. According to the degree of influence on the dispersion of the pigment, surfactants can be arranged in a row: PEPA > Telaz > AS-1. When the PEPA content in the enamel is 0.25 g/dm Silicone/polyorganosiloxane polymers are the basis (film-forming) for the production of heat-resistant paint and varnish materials, namely organo-soluble enamels and powder paints . It is rIn silicone paint and varnish materials, substances of polyester (PEG) and alkyd nature are used as surfactants ,8. Howev2) containing benzotriazole into polydimethylsiloxane makes it possible to obtain a self-healing coating. These coatings demonstrate increased protection of carbon steel from corrosion. An interesting study is presented in [The study  proves tented in , showingented in  showed tented in . The coaented in , 3-aminoented in , erucamiented in , melaminented in , polyamiented in , amines ented in , and polented in .Therefore, the use of nitrogen-containing additives as surfactants to improve the dispersion of pigment in silicone enamels seems quite promising. Due to the deteriorating economic and environmental situation in the world, it becomes urgent to develop cheap additives obtained from chemical waste. As an additive in the study, an original industrial product obtained from oil refining waste—AS-1 was used, the synthesis of this product was carried out in the laboratory of the M. Kozybayev NKU . In addi3 (at 20 °C); toluene content 99.80%; mass fraction of non-aromatic hydrocarbons 0.1%; manufacturer: Slavneft, Russia. The pigment used was aluminum pigment, PAP-2 grades; the content of active aluminum 97%; the content of iron 0.3%; the content of fat additives 2.5%, manufacturer: SUAL-PM, Russia. Polyphenylsiloxane varnish (hereinafter referred to as PPhS) was used as a polymer, the mass fraction of non-volatile substances is 17%; manufacturer: Spektr company, Russia. Toluene was used as a solvent (density 0.866 g/cm(1)The original industrial product obtained from oil refining waste—a mixture of primary and secondary amines AS-1  30) was synthesized by our laboratory .(2)The technical product of condensation of vegetable oils with diamines under the trademark “Telaz D Dispersant”  32) manufacturer Avtokoninvest, Russia.(3)A technical product, a mixture of high-molecular PEPA amines  31), manufacturer JSC Uralkhimplast, Russia.As nitrogen-containing surfactants, we used: To assess the effect of surfactants and solvent on the dispersion of pigment in the coating, it is necessary at first to evaluate their effect on the size of pigment particles in the suspensions “pigment-polymer-solvent“. This issue is quite complex and has various solutions: atomic force microscopy  of electTo assess the effect of surfactants on the dispersion of the pigment in suspensions “aluminum pigment-toluene-PPhS”, the method of computer-optical microscopy was used. We used an installation consisting of a Pentium III personal computer, a CARL ZEISS 451422 microscope, and a USB camera. A special computer program, DSS , was developed for the installation of computer-optical microscopy. This program allowed us to process suspensions on the base of obtained microscope images. At the same time, the program determines the number of pigment particles (per unit area) and their geometric parameters (linear dimensions and area). The program calculates the content of various fractions of pigment particles in suspensions. Calibration of the installation on standardized objects showed that the measurement error does not exceed 5–6% (rel.). The duration of the analysis of one sample (from photographing to issuing the results) is 3–4 min.To plan the experiment (due to the large number of surfactant and solvent concentrations studied), the Taguchi method was used. The Taguchi method makes it possible to find the best combination of initial components for obtaining polymer composites with the necessary parameters ,29. In o(1)3;The content of surfactants (hereinafter CS) from 0 to 0.5 g/dm(2)The solvent content (hereinafter referred to as SC) from 10 to 50% (by weight of the composition).During the research, compositions were used in which were varied:(1)3, filling factor 0.60).A total of 8.65 g of PPhS varnish were poured into a sealed reactor (volume (0.2 ± 0.01) dm(2)Toluene was added to the PPhS varnish. The SC ranged from 10 to 50%.(3)Surfactant (CS), previously dissolved in toluene, was introduced in the specified quantities.(4)An aluminum pigment of 0.35 g (3.5% of the mass of the mixture) was added.(5)−1).The reactor lid was hermetically closed, and the mixing device was turned on After 30 min of mixing, the agitator was turned off and the lid was opened.(7)2.Then, the suspension samples were placed on a slide using a pipette (a drop volume of 20 mL), fixed with a cover glass and held for 5 min under a static load of 10 g/cm(8)After exposure for 5 min, the sample was subjected to computer-micro-optical scanning.0 = 0.04 mm2) of the processed image (SNP) and the average particle diameter of the pigment (APDP). The above characteristics were determined by the results of the analysis of five parallel samples.When performing the analyses, the multiplicity of magnification of the computer-optical system was set constant. The dispersion of the pigment was controlled by changes in the specific number of pigment particles on a fixed area  was used as a characteristic of the selection quality. In the Taguchi method, three different functions are used to find the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N): “the-smaller-the-better” (SB), “the-nominal-the-best” (NB), or “the-larger-the-better” (LB). To minimize APDP, we used the SB function (Equation (1)), and to maximize SNP, we used the LB function (Equation (2)) .(1)S/NSSS/N ratios for APDP were calculated according to Equation (1), as shown in The LS/N ratios for SNP were calculated according to Equation (2), as shown in The The corrosion rate was determined in the Caspian Sea water according to ISO 11845:2020(en) standard on steel plates 65 cm × 25 cm × 0.1 cm (length × width × thickness). The coating was applied to the plates by the filling method and kept for 8 h at a temperature of 350 ± 5 °C. The test time was 96 h. The corrosion rate was determined by gravimetric method (weighing the plates before and after exposure in the water of the Caspian Sea). Each sample was weighed at least 5 times. The results show the average values.The appearance of the coatings was evaluated on steel plates measuring 15 cm × 7 cm (length × width) in natural (sunlight) light. The coating was applied to the plates by the filling method and kept for 8 h at a temperature of 350 ± 5 °C. All samples were examined at least 5 times.When surfactants were introduced into the composition, an improvement in the dispersion of the pigment was confirmed by computer-optical microscopy, which is expressed in a decrease in the diameter of the pigment particles (APDP) and an increase in their number (SNP) .The effect of the solvent content on the dispersion of the pigment is shown in With an increase in the solvent content in the composition, computer-optical microscopy revealed a deterioration in the dispersion of the pigment, expressed in an increase in the diameter of the pigment particles (APDP) The average values of the signal-to-noise ratio for each parameter level for APDP are shown in The values of rank and delta determined the most significant parameter for optimizing the dispersion of the pigment. From To assess the contribution of each factor to the parameters of pigment dispersion, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was provided, the calculation results are presented in ANOVA analysis when evaluating the dispersibility of the pigment showed that for APDP , the mosn is the number of particular functions equal to the number of input parameters; and To derive a multifactorial statistical mathematical model of the effect of surfactants and solvent content on APDP and SNP, the equation proposed by M. M. Protodiakonov (3) was used: i experiment; and n experiments .The reliability of the obtained mathematical model is determined by calculating the coefficient of nonlinear multiple correlation :(4)R=1−, pcs. SC is the solvent content as a percentage; and CS is the surfactant concentration in solution, g/dm3.After approximating the dependencies, the equation is obtained for the SNP: The reliability of the obtained mathematical models was estimated by calculating the coefficients of nonlinear multiple correlation (4). The minimum coefficient of nonlinear multiple correlation among the proposed mathematical models is 0.989.3 contents), the quality of the coatings is checked only with this surfactant. The effect of surfactants on the corrosion rate under the coating is shown in Due to the fact that the maximum dispersion of the pigment is fixed for the PEPA , and the SNP increased by 2 times (from 258 to 550 pcs). In similar conditions for AS-1, the decrease in APDP was 31%, and the SNP increased by 1.7 times. For Telaz, the decrease in APDP was 38.5%, and the SNP increased by 1.9 times. Therefore, the three studied additives according to the quantitative indicators of the dispersing effect (APDP and SNP) can be arranged in a row (followed in descending order of activity): PEPA > Telaz > AS-1. The most effective surfactant dispersant for polyphenylsiloxane enamel is PEPA. The improvement of pigment dispersion is recorded for all the studied additives. The maximum dispersion of the pigment was recorded at CS 0.25 g/dm3 with an increase in SC from 10 to 50% stabilizes the APDP value at a level of up to 22–24 microns (without surfactants up to 36 microns), and SNP decreases to 400 pcs. (without surfactants up to 208 pcs.). Therefore, even in highly dilute solutions of polyphenylsiloxanes, it is possible to stabilize the dispersion of the pigment due to the optimal selection of the type and content of the additive.As the solvent content in the composition (SC) increases, computer-optical microscopy revealed a decrease in the dispersing effect of surfactants, expressed in an increase in the diameter of pigment particles (APDP) and a decrease in their number (SNP) . However3. The effect of surfactants on the change in wetting performance in industrial varnish (SC10%) is closely correlated with the results of our study of the dispersibility of pigment presented on To explain the dispersing effect of additives, we consider the effect of surfactants on the surface tension of solutions of polyphenylsiloxanes and wetting of aluminum pigment, described by us in . We havecm is recorded for PEPA on the pigment/aluminum substrate; at the same time, it is characterized by the greatest dispersing activity. Thus, the given content of additives in the compositions provides an improvement in the wetting of the pigment with solutions of polyphenylsiloxane. Based on all of the above, it can be argued that the studied additives exhibit surface activity at the interface of the “liquid/gas” phases (reducing the surface energy of solutions of polyphenylsiloxanes) and “liquid/solid” (improving the wetting of the pigment), as a result, there is an improvement in the dispersion of the pigment in the enamel. The obtained results can be explained by the possible adsorption of the studied additives on the active/adsorption centers of the pigment. According to The dispersing activity of the studied additives, revealed by computer-optical microscopy, is confirmed by the previously shown decrease in the sedimentation rate of suspensions, presented on The three studied surfactants according to the degree of influence on the sedimentation rate of suspensions can be arranged in a row (followed in descending order of stability): PEPA > Telaz > AS-1, which is completely consistent with the results of the study of the dispersing activity of surfactants by computer-optical microscopy.Using the Taguchi method, and on the basis of Equations (5) and (6), the optimal surfactant and solvent contents in the enamel were determined, ensuring maximum dispersion of the pigment. For the obtained additive AS-1, nomograms for finding APDP and SNP from known surfactant and solvent contents are presented in 3, can be explained by the inhibitory activity of the introduced additives, primarily amines, which can be adsorbed on the active corrosion centers of the steel substrate and shield them. The effect of the PEPA on the dispersion of the pigment can be seen from The introduction of the studied additives into polyphenylsilaxane enamel causes an 11-fold decrease in the corrosion rate (from 0.6 to 0.053 mm/year). A similar effect of reducing the corrosion rate can be achieved without the use of surfactants by simply increasing the coating thickness (from 60 to 120 microns) from 0.6 to 0.12 mm/year. However, in this case, the coating will have a significantly low protective resource due to its cracking. The increase in the anticorrosive resistance of the coating, with an increase in the content of PEPA in the coating from 0.25 to 0.5 g/dmA logical continuation of this study is to study the influence of the considered additives on the protective and decorative properties of coatings. It would be especially interesting to check the effect of surfactants on the heat resistance of coatings .(1)The investigated surfactants: PEPA, Telaz, and AS-1 improve pigment dispersion. The most effective surfactant dispersant of the studied additives is PEPA. There is a close correlation between dispersing the effect of the studied surfactants and the previously described change in the wetting operation.(2)The Taguchi method optimized the composition of silicone enamel, which allowed us to maximize the dispersion of the pigment. ANOVA analysis showed that the dispersibility of the pigment is significantly influenced by both studied factors. For APDP, the most significant optimization parameter is the solvent content (SC) contribution of 61.27%, and for SNP, the CS (surfactant content) contribution of 91.15%.(3)3 and SC = 10%) reduces the corrosion rate by 11 times (from 0.6 to 0.053 mm/year). In addition, this enamel composition provides smoother surfaces.The optimal enamel composition (CS = 0.25 g/dm(4)The proposed product AS-1 can be successfully used as an additive-dispersant for polyphenylsiloxane enamels. The dispersing activity of AS-1, in the studied enamel, is close to industrial additives, PEPA and Telaz dispersants. The original product, AS-1, is synthesized from oil refining waste, which is one of the ways to reduce the burden on the environment (less emissions of substances will pollute nature).


Titanium has been successfully used in dental implantology for a long time. Due to the osseointegration process, titanium implants are able to withstand the chewing load. This article is devoted to the study of surface treatment methods of titanium alloys and the study of their interaction with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The surface microrelief can influence MSC differentiation in different ways, which subsequently gives it osteogenic potential. The paper proposes modes of surface modification of titanium alloys on Grade 4 and Grade 1 by chemical and electrochemical (anodizing) etching. The possibility of modifying the surface of titanium alloys using the synthesis of graphene layers has been proposed in this paper for the first time. The osteogenic potential of a particular surface was assessed by the number of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on them under identical conditions. The study and the application of cellular technologies for repairing bone defects is a multidisciplinary task that does not merely require research in the field of directed differentiation and cell growth, but also the search for optimal materials to create a solid framework for bioengineering design ,2,3,4,5.In contemporary maxillofacial surgery and surgical dentistry, the restoration of defects and deformities of bones is an urgent issue. Over the past 50 years, the view on prosthetics and restoration of the functions of the “chewing organ” has changed dramatically. In connection with the development of dental implantation, the direction and focus of research have also changed dramatically. During the existence of dental implantation as a direction in dental surgery and orthopedics, the experience has been accumulated and the basic ideas about the nature of the interaction of implanting material with bone have been formed .Since the beginning of the history of dental implantation, titanium has been the optimal implantological material. Titanium has several advantages, such as high biocompatibility, bioinertness, good corrosion resistance due to the formation of a passivating oxide layer on the surface, non-magnetic properties, low thermal conductivity, and low coefficient of linear expansion; it is also virtually not toxic and has a relatively lower specific gravity than steel. Titanium is also distinguished by the constancy of physico-chemical properties in a wide temperature range.It is well known that titanium is useful as a substrate for cell culture. The biocompatibility of titanium implants has been tested on various cells, for example fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and bone marrow stromal cells ,8,9,10. To achieve good osseointegration, recruitment of osteogenic cells, such as osteoblasts and MSCs, is necessary. Cell adhesion is the first stage of interaction between cells and implants after biomaterial implantation, which consists of four stages: protein adsorption, cell contact with the material, attachment, and spreading ,13. It wThis paper presents the results of nanostructuring of the surface of dental implants based on titanium alloys Grade 4 and Grade 1 by chemical etching and anodizing . ChemicaMSCs obtained from adipose tissue were grown on the surface of all samples under identical conditions . After aGrade 4 titanium alloys were used to conduct experiments on the formation of the developed surface and to study the process of osseointegration. Grade 1 titanium alloys were also used to evaluate and compare the results. Grade 1 titanium, which is also used to create implants, is inferior in its mechanical properties than Grade 4. Chemical composition and the mechanical characteristics of these alloys are shown in The formation of a nanostructured surface of titanium alloys of Grade 4 and Grade 1 was carried out by chemical and electrochemical etching. The effectiveness of this method of forming a developed surface has been repeatedly covered in the literature ,22,23,242H5OH) in a 1:2 ratio of components. The etching was carried out at room temperature and normal pressure, and the etching time varied from 1 to 10 min. The best results were obtained by holding the samples in the solution for 5 min.Chemical etching was carried out in electrolytes based on hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethyl alcohol (C2SO4) acids in a ratio of 1:1 at a temperature of 110 °C.To determine the effect of the electrolyte composition on the morphology of the formed surface, etching was carried out in a solution based on dimethylformamide (DMF) with hydrofluoric acid (HF) in a ratio of 10:1 at a temperature of 20 °C, as well as etching in a boiling aqueous solution of hydrochloric (HCl) and sulfuric (H2). The process time ranged from 1 s to 10 min. It was found that the thickness of the formed oxide coating is directly dependent on the time of the anodizing process.The formation of a continuous homogeneous coating of titanium dioxide can perform a protective function, prevent corrosion, and introduce alloy components into the surrounding nutrient medium; it also improves the osseointegration properties of implants, which was shown in ,26,27 whFor the first time in this work, the formation of a protective coating based on graphene-like layers was proposed. There are references in the literature that graphene and graphene-like structures have high biocompatibility, for examplein ,29,30,31The formation of graphene-like structures was carried out by ethanol vapor pyrolysis using standard gas-phase chemical synthesis (CVD) technology . The proRaster images of porous structures were obtained for determining the morphology and pore size of the obtained structure using a JSM-6700F field emission scanning electron microscope with an attachment of a Jeol 2300F energy dispersive microanalyzer.To determine the roughness of the relief of the samples under study, we used the Alpha-Step IQ Surfaceprofiler ASIQ setup from KLA-Tencor (USA), which makes it possible to measure micro roughness with a resolution of up to 0.1 nm both at short scanning distances and for scans up to 10 mm in length. Computer control of the device and analysis and processing of the obtained data allow the reduction of the influence of factors not of plane parallelism and the surface bending of the samples.Cell visualization was performed using a Nikon A1R MP confocal laser scanning microscope using a Nikon Plan Apo 20x/0.75 DIC N2 ∞/0.17 WD 1.0 objective. For visualization, plastic cups with a bottom composed of a 0.17 mm thick coverslip were used (SPL Lifesciences). Titanium discs were transferred to plates in a phosphate buffer solution. To fully visualize the surface of the titanium disk, a panoramic survey was carried out, consisting of a series of pictures of the field of view with a resolution of each frame equal to 1024 × 1024 pixels, after which the image was stitched into a single panorama.Images were processed using NIS-Elements (Nikon) software. The number of cells on a titanium disk was counted due to binarization of visualized nuclei by the method of semi-automatic selection of image pixel intensity boundaries, and a further automatic calculation of the number of objects is defined in the image. Images were preliminarily processed using noise reduction methods  and image background reduction . In the beginning, the raw image was processed using the noise reduction algorithm—Bayse Advanced Denoising, after which the original Advanced Denoising algorithm was applied. The last step was to remove the background image using the Rolling Ball Correction function. After processing, binarization and cell counting were performed on the image.Mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from the adipose tissue of experimental Wistar rats according to the protocol , which wFor the production of dental implants, technically pure titanium of 4 grades  and titanium alloy Ti-6AI-4V  are used. The most durable of the materials under consideration is the Ti-6AI-4V alloy. However, studies in 1984 showed that the vanadium contained in it should cause concern, since this metal has a toxic effect on biological subjects . In addiThe four grades of titanium are different in chemical composition, which, in fact, determines the biological compatibility and mechanical properties. Moreover, the strength of these materials is important. The best characteristics in this regard are those of titanium Grade 4. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of these alloys are shown in Titanium is widely used not only in surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery, but also in other areas of surgery and implantology ,6,7. A l3 on the titanium surface on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs [Currently, studies are underway on the interaction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with various types of titanium surfaces . Good re of MSCs . This is(a)This material does not contain toxic vanadium, such as, for example, Ti-6AI-4V alloy;(b)The presence of Fe in its composition (measured in tenths of a percent) cannot be considered negative, since, even in the event of the possible release of iron ions into the surrounding tissues, their effect on the tissues is not toxic, as in vanadium;(c)Titanium Grade 4 has better strength properties compared to other materials of the “pure” titanium group.In our work, we used “pure” Grade 4 titanium, according to the ASTM standard, as:As it can be seen from the presented images in A more developed surface is formed as a result of chemical etching in boiling solutions of a mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids;The etching of Grade 4 samples is slower than Grade 1, which is consistent with the published data and depends on the chemical composition of the alloy;We can see that the chemical etching of Grade 4 begins mainly at the grain boundaries and on surface defects.Some samples after chemical etching were additionally anodized in water. The process was carried out in a galvanostatic mode under standard conditions. As a result of the electrochemical treatment, a continuous coating of titanium dioxide was formed on the surface of titanium alloys, the thickness of which was controlled by the time of the electrochemical treatment and could be estimated by the tint color shown in the 2 in the raster images is transparent and does not make noticeable changes. It is possible to evaluate the effect of the coating on the morphology of the obtained structure by measuring surface roughness using an Alpha-Step IQ Surfaceprofiler ASIQ profilometer.However, the study of samples using SEM was not informative, since the surface layer of TiOTo determine the roughness of the relief, measurements were carried out at five different points on the surface of the studied samples. The surface roughness was estimated by the average roughness (Ra), in nm, and RMS roughness (Rq), in nm (measurement error is within 5 angstroms). The roughness development parameters are summarized in Graphene nanocrystallites on the surface of Grade 4 and Grade 1 were synthesized in the CVD process at a temperature of 950 °C by the method of pyrolysis of vapors of water–alcohol mixtures under reduced pressure.2 (bands up to 700 cm−1) in the form of nano needles . The best performance of samples coated with graphene film were found in samples Grade 1 graphene 950 °C 50% EtOH 35min (5855), which is also a satisfactory result . Samples treated with HCl: Hy result .The methods used to modify the surface of titanium-based alloys make it possible to change the surface roughness and morphological characteristics in a wide range of parameters. These capabilities will allow the successful use of a particular technique of nanostructuring the surface when creating prostheses based on titanium and its alloys.2SO4 (1:1) solutions, t = 9 min, T = 110 °C + anodizing in H2O t = 1 s, T = 20 °C .Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the most developed surface morphology is possessed by samples subjected to a combination of chemical etching and electrochemical etching with the following modes: Boiling in HCl: HTo confirm the adhesive properties of the obtained samples, a mesenchymal stem cell culture was planted on them. It was found that cells interact better with surfaces that are nanostructured by anodizing. The best indicators of cell adhesion were revealed in samples for graphene coatings; the best results were shown for a 50% ethanol content, deposition temperature at 950 °C, and 35 min of synthesis.The revealed number and nature of the distribution of cells on samples with anodization and coated with graphene at 50% ethanol content with a deposition temperature of 950 °C and 35 min of synthesis may indicate that the obtained surfaces are more favorable for cell adhesion, proliferation, and further differentiation, compared with other samples, which is consistent with data obtained by other research groups.A comparative assessment of the adhesion properties of graphene coatings with samples of the anodized surface revealed similar cell adhesion indicators, which allows us to consider graphene coatings as a method for treating titanium surfaces to study their interaction with MSCs and impart an osteogenic potential to the surface.Thus, the wide possibilities and effectiveness of using the above methods for nanomodification of the surface of prostheses based on titanium alloys for use in biomedical purposes are shown.The studies performed in this paper are an important stage in the development of titanium implants for preclinical studies.


Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules combined with enteral nutrition in the treatment of patients with chronic critical illness (CCI) and their effects on the immune and coagulation function of patients.  To investigate the efficacy of enteric-coated n = 53) and the observation group (n = 53). The control group was given symptomatic treatment, etiological treatment, clinical nursing, enteral nutrition support, and other conventional treatment methods according to the patient's condition. On this basis, the observation group was treated with enteric-coated Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules, and both groups were treated for 14 days. All patients were followed up for 3 months after treatment, and their death/cure prognosis was recorded. The acute physiological and chronic health (APACHE II) scoring system was used to evaluate the acute physiological and chronic health status of the two groups before and after treatment, and the organs of the patients were scored with sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. T lymphocyte subsets , prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thrombin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and D-dimer (DD) were measured before and after treatment.  106 CCI patients admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital from December 2018 to March 2020 were selected as the research objects, and they were randomly divided into the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the APACHE II and SOFA scores of the two groups were lower than before treatment, and the APACHE II and SOFA scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, and the differences were both statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and the levels of CD8+ were lower than before treatment. The CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the CD8+ levels were lower than the control group, and the differences were both statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the PT and APTT levels of the two groups of patients were higher than those before treatment, and the levels of FIB and DD were lower than those before treatment. The PT and APTT levels of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the FIB and DD levels were lower than those of the control group, and the differences were both statistically significant (P < 0.05).  The cure rate of the observation group was slightly higher than that of the control group, and the mortality rate was slightly lower than that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules and enteral nutrition for CCI has high cure rate, which can not only improve the patients' physiological health status and organ dysfunction but also effectively improve the patients' immune and coagulation function, which is worthy of promotion. The combination of enteric-coated  Bifidobacterium triple viable enteric-coated capsules) combined with enteral nutrition in the treatment of CCI patients and its effect on the immune and coagulation function of patients. The specific report is as follows.Chronic critical illness (CCI) refers to critically ill patients who have passed the acute risk period of the disease, but still have organ dysfunction, and need to rely on mechanical ventilation, blood filtration, and other life support and care for a long time , 2. CCI P > 0.05), and they were comparable. This study was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital, and the patients and their family members gave informed consent and signed an informed consent form.A total of 106 CCI patients admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital from December 2018 to March 2020 were selected as the study subjects, including 62 males and 44 females, aged 31–72 years old, with an average age of (53.84 ± 10.38) years old. Inclusion criteria: all patients were diagnosed as CCI patients after clinical diagnosis; complete clinical data; those who did not fall off during the follow-up period. Exclusion criteria: patients with malignant tumors; those who are pregnant and malnourished; people with congenital immune dysfunction; serious intolerance during treatment; those with poor compliance; severe history or injury of the digestive tract; tumor patients; death during treatment. The 106 patients were divided into a control group and an observation group using a random number table method, with 53 cases in each group. Among them, there were 32 males in the control group and 21 females, aged 33–72 years old, with an average age of (54.02 ± 10.78) years old. In the observation group, there were 30 males and 23 females, aged 31–70 years old, with an average age of (53.68 ± 10.22) years old. There was no statistical difference between the two groups of gender and age in general data , 420 mg each time, 3 times a day. Treatment lasts for 14 days.The control group was given symptomatic treatment, etiological treatment, clinical nursing, enteral nutrition support, and other conventional treatment methods according to the patient's condition. On this basis, the observation group was given a microecological regulator for treatment. The microecological regulator used All patients were followed up for 3 months after treatment, and their death/cure prognosis was recorded. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score system  was usedt-test was used for their comparison between groups. P < 0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant.The results of this experiment were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20.0 . Count data were expressed by (rate), and the chi-square test was used for their comparison between groups. Measurement data were expressed by (mean ± standard deviation), and the P > 0.05), as given in During the treatment period, there were 3 patients in the control group and 2 patients in the observation group. The family members signed and agreed to terminate or transfer the treatment. During the follow-up process after treatment, 45 cases (90.00%) in the control group were cured and 5 cases (10.00%) died. In the observation group, 49 cases (96.08%) were cured and 2 cases (3.92%) died. The cure rate of the observation group was slightly higher than that of the control group, and the mortality rate was slightly lower than that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P < 0.05), as given in After treatment, the APACHE II and SOFA scores of the two groups were lower than before treatment, and the APACHE II and SOFA scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), as shown in After treatment, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, the level of CD8+ was lower than before treatment, and the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. The CD8+ level was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), as shown in After treatment, the PT and APTT levels of the two groups of patients were higher than before treatment, and the levels of FIB and D-D were lower than before treatment. The PT and APTT levels of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the FIB and D-D levels were lower than those of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), as shown in After treatment, the serum ALB, PA, TRF, and Hb levels of the two groups were significantly lower than before treatment, and the serum ALB, PA, TRF, and Hb levels of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group  were cured and 5 cases (10.00%) died in the control group. In the observation group, 49 cases (96.08%) were cured and 2 cases (3.92%) died. The observation group's cure rate was slightly higher than that of the control group, and the mortality rate was slightly lower than that of the control group. The results of the study showed that after treatment, the APACHE II and SOFA scores of the two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the APACHE II and SOFA scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group. It shows that the microecological regulator combined with enteral nutrition therapy can improve the patient's physical health and organ dysfunction and has a certain effect on improving the cure rate and reducing the mortality rate. Analysis of the reason is that enteral nutrition support therapy not only provides sufficient nutrients to patients but also regulates internal environmental disorders and immune function, enhances the body's resistance to diseases, and thus facilitates the recovery of patients. When combined with a microecological regulator, the probiotics in the agent can adhere to the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, which can fully adjust the balance of the intestinal flora, promote the digestion and absorption of food, and reduce the absorption of toxins and metabolites. It is more conducive to the prognosis of patients , 17.Bifidobacterium triple viable enteral capsule combined with enteral nutrition therapy can effectively restore the nutritional status of CCI patients.The results of this study showed that after treatment, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, the levels of CD8+ were lower than before treatment, and the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. Lower than the control group, it shows that the combination of microecological modulator and enteral nutrition therapy can better improve the immune function of patients. The reason is that after probiotics enter the intestine, they can not only effectively ensure the balance of intestinal microbes but also restore intestinal peristalsis, reduce intestinal mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis, protect the barrier function of intestinal mucosa, and inhibit local inflammation of intestinal mucosa. Enhance the immune function of patients , 19. TheBifidobacterium triple live bacteria enteric-coated capsules combined with enteral nutrition has a higher cure rate for CCI. It not only improves the patient's physical health and organ dysfunction but also effectively improves the patient's immune and coagulation function. It is worthy of promotion for clinical usage.In summary, the combination of


Cervical erector spinae plane block (ESPB) provides postoperative pain relief when administered at the level of first thoracic costotransverse junction (CTJ) for surgeries on the proximal shoulder and cervical spine. We propose to describe the spread of 20 ml radiocontrast - dye solution administered at this level from caudad to cephalad direction in a fresh frozen cadaveric model through imaging and cross-sections.An observational study with four thoracic to cervical ESP blocks at the level of first thoracic CTJ level on two fresh cadavers  was conducted using 20 ml of radiocontrast- methylene blue combination (10 ml through the needle and 10 ml through the catheter). Both cadavers were subjected to computed tomography (CT) scan. An anatomist and radiologist, respectively, analyzed cross-sections of cadavers and CT contrasted images.The spread was assessed in axial, sagittal, and coronal at the levels of C4, C5, C6, C7and T1. The medial limit was articular processes in both cadavers. The lateral limits were the outer border of the middle scalene muscle in cadaver 1 and posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle in cadaver 2. Contrast spread was visualized on the superior and anterior aspect of anterior scalene muscle in cadaver 2. An epidural spread was observed at the level of C5-6 and C6-7 in axial and coronal planes in cadaver 1.The cervical ESPB administered at the first thoracic CTJ with injections directed cephalad has a consistent action on the dorsal spinal nerves of thoracic and cervical area, and spreads in the paravertebral space dorsal to the ventral cervical roots. Erector spinae is a group of muscles which is located bilaterally along the length of the spine and forms the intermediate or deep layer of intrinsic muscles of the back. The three principal muscles of the erector spinae group are (i) spinalis, (ii) longissimus, and (iii) iliocostalis. At the cervical area the erector spinae muscles are spinalis capitis and cervicis, longissimus capitis and cervicis, and iliocostalis cervicis and thoracis. At the thoracic level the muscles involved are spinalis thoracis, longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis thoracis.-,Introduced in the clinical practice, the thoracic erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has strongly influenced the perioperative pain management as a part of multimodal analgesia in a multitude of surgical procedures such as thoracic, abdominal, and spinal surgery.After the approval from the University of Barcelona’s ethical and scientific committee, an observational study was conducted on 2 fresh cadavers, bilaterally . The cadavers were devoid of any infectious medical pathologies, scoliotic deformations, or previous surgeries at the level of the cervical or thoracic spine. Prior to dissection, the cadavers were stored at minus 20 degrees, and before dissection, they were kept for 4 hours at an ambient temperature of 22-23°C.The cadavers were placed in a prone position with an elevation of about 10 cm at the level of the nipples, and the head was stabilized on a headrest. The arms were extended along the body. The ultrasound (US) scan was performed with a high-frequency linear probe (5-13 mHz), . The fascial plane of the upper thoracic erector spinae muscle (ESM) was located at the level of the first thoracic CTJ. The first rib was located in the supraclavicular fossa at the mid-clavicular line, following which the probe was shifted longitudinally and dorsally. Subsequently, the transducer was lateralized to identify the transverse process (TP) corresponding to T1. The probe was shifted medially to identify the first thoracic CTJ, and the target point was located dorsal to it and deep to the anterior sheath of ESM. An 18 G Tuohy needle  was introduced starting from T2 and the bevel towards the first thoracic CTJ . The neeBoth cadavers were transferred to the CT suite in a prone position. A cervical to thoracic CT scan was performed (head to T5-6). The distribution of injected volume was evaluated after a three-dimensional digital reconstruction in a computer program for Mac . Images obtained were analyzed by a radiologist in conjunction with an anesthesiologist who performed the blocks. A separate analysis was performed of each cadaver in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes to understand contrast spread in the following locations: epidural space, neural foramina, extraforaminal area, brachial plexus, medial most spread, lateral most spread, spread in relation to ASM and to SCM muscle.The prone cadavers were shifted from CT suite to cadaveric laboratory and were frozen at −20 degrees C for 48-72 hrs. Both cadavers underwent axial sectional cuts at cervical to the thoracic area, starting at the level of the mandible, hyoid, cricoid, and T1 spinous process in the prone position. The cut sections were 2-2.5cm. All cut sections were placed on a wooden platform with the cranial side up and were photographed with a digital single-lens reflex camera (Canon 1000D). All specimens were positioned with its cranial side up.Cervical ESPB was performed on 2 prone cadavers successfully. The identification of the first thoracic CTJ was successful in both cadavers on both sides . After iA US scan in the prone position did not reveal the solution in the interscalene, supraclavicular, and ASM areas. Injection of 10 ml of solution through the catheter demonstrated a flow deep to the ESM spreading cephalad and was traced at the level of occiput superiorly, laterally close to the outer border of middle scalene muscle and medially close to the spinous process.The CT – contrast analysis depicted a consistent caudal to the cranial distribution of injectate with respect to the medial edge of the thoracic CTJ 1. A detailed spread was analyzed and demonstrated in both cadavers Tables .In cadaver 1, an epidural spread at the C5-6 and C6-7 was visualized in coronal and axial planes bilaterally . In cadaThe cadaveric cross-sections performed at the level of the angle of the mandible (C2), at hyoid (C3), and the cricoid, i.e., C6  were groWe observed in fresh human cadaver, using CT imaging that injections deep to the ESP at the level of thoracic CTJ 1 with the needle bevel introduced from caudal to cephalad produces a distribution of the volume in ESP from T5-6 to C1-occiput. CT contrast images of both cadavers depicted spread in the extraforaminal and foraminal levels from C4- T1. Cadaver 1 demonstrated an epidural spread at C5-6 and C6-7 in the axial and coronal planes. Cadaver 2, in the axial and sagittal planes, exhibited contrast spread in the superior surface of ASM and the fat planes beneath the SCM. The cadaveric cross-sections revealed MBD along the entire course of the dorsal rami, sandwiched between the medial and lateral erector spinae group of muscles. A faint tinge of dye appeared on to the dorsal area of the ventral root. There was no dye stain close to the anterior tubercle and pre-tracheal fascia. MBD was not visualized in the epidural space.Emerging at the intervertebral foramen the cervical nerve trunk divides into a ventral ramus and a dorsal ramus. The dorsal rami turn around the facet joint posteriorly, innervating it with an articular branch. The dorsal rami descend dorsally between the lateral  and medial  ESM innervating them, the ligaments and terminates in a cutaneous branch. ,With its consistent spread along dorsal rami, the cervical ESPB would benefit surgical procedures on the dorsal side in acute and chronic pain conditions affecting the neck and upper back.We agree that the sample size was a limitation. Moreover, results of cadaveric contrast spread may not be extrapolated to clinical cases due to several factors. The air in the neuraxial space was a major limiting factor in cadaver 2 to assess epidural spread. A pre-study CT scan of the cadavers would exclude several unwanted elements like air pockets and cervical scoliosis in areas of interest. MBD solutions have an unrestricted flow against the highly viscous latex injections, which solidifies immediately. Probably a combination of latex and MBD in future studies would enable us to understand the spread better. In the future, similar cadaveric injections followed by dissection in prone position will establish and solidify the concept of limited ventral spread from injection dorsal to first thoracic CTJ.We conclude that the mechanism of analgesic effect of the cervical ESPB injected at the level of the T1 from caudal to cephalad could be through its action on the dorsal rami, via dorsal spread on the ventral root and occasional extraforaminal/ neural spread of cervical nerves.The results of our study, which is an anatomic and radiological correlation of the spread of dye, needs to be investigated clinically.


VBF), PVA fiber volume ratio (VPF) and rubber volume ratio (VR) on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC were analyzed. The results show that the strength of HFRC is the best when the volume ratio of basalt fiber is 0.3%, the volume ratio of PVA fiber is 0.2% and the volume ratio of rubber is 5%. Basalt fiber has the greatest influence on the strength of HFRC. The strength of HFRC mixed with hybrid fiber is greatly improved, which reflects the good fiber “positive hybrid effect”. With the increase of rubber volume ratio, the strength of HFRC decreases gradually. With the help of SEM and EDS, the toughening and cracking resistance mechanism of the fiber to HFRC was analyzed. Finally, the strength of HFRC was predicted by model.Orthogonal experiments were designed for hybrid fiber rubber concrete (HFRC). The mechanical properties of HFRC were tested and compared with ordinary concrete. The effects of basalt fiber volume ratio ( Concrete has the characteristics of high compressive strength and a wide range of strength grades. It has become the most widely used artificial building material in the world. At the same time, with the rapid development of global infrastructure, the application of concrete materials has become more and more extensive, which promotes the development of concrete in the directions of high strength, sustainable development, intelligence, etc. However, with the increasing requirements of construction engineering on all aspects of concrete, and the defects of ordinary concrete such as easy cracking, low tensile strength, poor toughness and heavy self-weight, it not only limits the exertion of the advantages of concrete to a great extent, but also reduces the service life of concrete structure. For a long time, from the perspective of improving the performance of concrete, many researchers have carried out a lot of research on improving the easy cracking, low tensile strength and poor toughness of concrete. Among them, mixing different admixtures into concrete has become one of the most effective ways ,2,3,4.With the rapid development of economic society, the global automobile production has increased rapidly, and automobile update frequency is also increasingly accelerated, leading to a sharp increase in the amount of discarded tires every year. Because discarded tires (solid polymers) are not easily degraded, they have caused a lot of “black pollution” to the environment. Therefore, the recycling and reuse of waste tires has become an urgent problem to be solved ,6,7. CruStudies have shown that fiber in concrete can better enhance the strength of concrete and make up for its brittle failure defects ,17. BasaIn this paper, a new type of hybrid fiber rubber concrete (HFRC) was prepared by mixing basalt-PVA hybrid fiber into rubber concrete to study the effects of the basalt-PVA hybrid fiber on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and impact resistance of HFRC, in order to provide reference and theoretical support for large-scale application of HFRC.3. The coarse aggregate used in the test is 5–25 mm continuously graded granite gravel, with a bulk density of 1460 kg/m3, an apparent density of 2660 kg/m3, a crushing index of 10.5% and a mud content of 0.5%. The fine aggregate used in the test is natural river sand with an apparent density of 2525 kg/m3 and a fineness modulus of 2.75. The water-reducing agent adopts HPWR liquid type high-performance water-reducing agent, and the water-reduction rate is 37%. The water is ordinary tap water.The cementitious material used in the test is Chinese standard Portland cement, and the 28d compressive strength is 42.5 MPa. The physical and mechanical properties of basalt fiber and PVA fiber are shown in BFV (factor A), PVA fiber volume rate-PFV (factor B) and rubber volume rate-RV (factor C) on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC, the L9 (33) orthogonal experiment scheme was selected, with each factor taking three levels. The factors and levels are shown in Specification for mix proportion design of ordinary concrete’, the concrete mix proportion design is shown in Japanese statistician Genichi Taguchi proposed an orthogonal table based on an orthogonal optimization scheme. When there are many test groups in the whole experiment, selecting representative points from the whole test according to the orthogonality can effectively reduce the number of tests, and the orthogonal experiment is dispersibility and neat comparability. The range and variance was applied to analyze the experimental data; by analyzing the degree of influence of variables on the research object, the best conditions or the best combination can be used to achieve the experimental goals ,25,26. IBecause the fibers agglomerate easily in the process of specimen making, the main function of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is to fully disperse the fiber in the concrete and make the fibers into a monofilament state. At the same time, this will not cause any impact on concrete. Therefore, 0.7% of the total mass of the cement is mixed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose to improve the reinforcing effect of the fiber on the concrete in the sample preparation . The tesStandard for test methods for concrete physical and mechanical properties, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength are tested with a WAW-2000D electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine. The calculation formula of the compressive strength value is shown in Equation (1), the splitting tensile strength value is shown in Equation (2), and the flexural strength is shown in Equation (3). The loading device diagram of the flexural strength test specimen is shown in According to the relevant provisions of the National Standard of the People’s Republic of China GB/T 50081-2019 ccf is the cubic compressive strength of the test piece (MPa); F is the failure load of the test piece (N); A is the pressure-bearing area of the test piece (mm2).In Equation (1): tsf is the splitting tensile strength of the test piece (MPa); F is the failure load of the test piece (N); A is the pressure-bearing area of the test piece (mm2).In Equation (2): ff is the flexural strength of the test piece (MPa); F is the failure load of the test piece (N); l is the span between supports (mm); b is the section width of the test piece (mm); h is the section height of the test piece (mm).In Equation (3): Standard for test methods for concrete physical and mechanical properties, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength are converted into standard specimen results by multiplying the size conversion coefficient. The size conversion coefficient of the cube compressive strength is 0.95, and the size conversion coefficient of the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength is 0.85.Since the size of the test piece used to determine the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength is non-standard size specimens of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm and the flexural strength test piece is non-standard size specimens of 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm. According to the relevant provisions of the National Standard of the People’s Republic of China GB/T 50081-2019 VBF and VPF on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of rubber concrete and find out the significant factors, the range and variance of the test results of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC are calculated. The calculation method is shown in Equation (4):In order to study the effects of Range calculation method:imK is the sum of the test results corresponding to the level of factor m in column i, imK, and iR is the range of factors in column i. The primary and secondary relationships of the factors are judged according to iR.In Equation (4): The variance is calculated as follows:Sum of squares of total deviations:Degree of freedom:n is the number of rows (test times) of the orthogonal experiment table, and n test indexes.In Equations (5) and (6): Sum of square of deviations of factor A:Degree of freedom:Mean square of factor A:A is the level number of factor A, in is the number of tests at level i, SSB, SSC, Bf, Cf, MSB and MSC can be obtained.In Equations (7)–(9): Sum of the squares of deviation of error:Mean square of error:Significant level of factor A:BF and CF can be obtained.Similar to the significance level of factor A, VBF is 0.3%, VPF is 0.2%, and VR is 5%, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC reached the peak value of 47.9 MPa, 6.63 MPa and 8.98 MPa, respectively. Compared with ordinary concrete, the three kinds of strength increase of H-8 group are 40.06%, 42.58% and 37.3%, respectively. This shows that VBF,VPF and VR have the greatest impact on the splitting tensile strength of HFRC.The test results of the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of each group of specimens are shown in VBF,VPF and VR on the compressive strength of HFRC is shown in VBF,VPF and VR on the splitting tensile strength of HFRC is shown in VBF,VPF and VR on the flexural strength of HFRC is shown in The range of the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC in VBF,VPF and VR on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC are all VBF > VR > VPF.It can be seen from VBF. When VBF increased from 0.1% to 0.3%, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC increased by 25.66%, 24.05% and 16.53%, respectively. With the increase of VPF, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC increased first and then decreased; when VPF increased from 0.1% to 0.2%, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC increased by 2.88%, 0.52% and 0.37%, respectively; when VPF increased from 0.1% to 0.3%, the three strengths of HFRC decreased by 0.41%, 4.95% and 3.6%, respectively. With the increase of VR, the compressive strength of HFRC gradually decreased, the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing; when VR increased from 5% to 10%, the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC increased by 1.03% and 0.61%, respectively; when VR increased from 5% to 15%, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC decreased by 5.98%, 6.48% and 4.69%, respectively.It can be seen from The variances of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC in VBF is an extremely significant factor affecting the three strengths of HFRC; VPF has a certain impact on the compressive strength of HFRC and VPF represents non-significant factors affecting the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC; VR is a significant factor affecting the compressive strength of HFRC, and the impact on the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC is relatively close. All showed a certain impact, but the impact on the flexural strength is greater than the splitting tensile strength.Based on the variance analysis of the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC in The above is the range and variance analysis of the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC, but it is not a comprehensive evaluation of the mechanical properties of HFRC. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC in The efficacy coefficient values of each index of 9 groups of HFRC were calculated according to the satisfactory and unsatisfactory values of each index, and the calculation formula is shown in Formula (13).d1 represents the efficiency coefficient value of each group of the compressive strength of HFRC, d2 represents the efficiency coefficient value of each group of the splitting tensile strength of HFRC, and d3 represents the efficiency coefficient value of each group of the flexural strength of HFRC.In Formula (13): Total efficacy coefficient value of each group of HFRC:3B2C1, that is, VBF is 0.3%, VPF is 0.2% and VR is 5%.The stress of the concrete in the initial stage of bearing the external load is mainly borne by the HFRC matrix. At this time, the stress is small, but with the continuous increase of load, tiny cracks begin to appear in the concrete and slowly develop into cracks that penetrate the whole specimen. At this time, basaltic fiber with high elastic modulus bears the main load through mechanical bite force and bonding force with concrete matrix and plays the reinforcement role of basalt fiber. With the continuous increase of load, when small cracks develop into larger cracks, the adhesive force formed by the bridging action between the basalt fiber and the concrete matrix will become much smaller. At this time, the PVA fiber begins to interact with the basalt fiber after compression deformation, which enhances the strength of the concrete matrix synergistically, and reflects the “positive hybrid effect” of the fiber. However, due to the low elastic modulus of PVA fiber, the reinforcement effect on concrete is limited, so the reinforcement effect of PVA fiber is much smaller than that of basalt fiber. Mixing rubber into concrete can improve the workability of HFRC. From the previous range analysis and variance analysis of the three strengths of HFRC, it can be seen that: (1) Rubber is not a significant factor affecting the strength of HFRC. (2) Mixing a certain amount of rubber into concrete can improve the strength of concrete to a certain extent, but the effect is not obvious and the strength of concrete even shows a negative increase after exceeding the amount.As can be seen from In order to intensively study the mechanism of action of basalt-PVA fiber reinforced HPBC, group C and group H-8 were selected for EDS test and quantitative analysis. According to the theory of material mechanics, it is assumed that the strength of HFRC is composed of concrete matrix strength, basalt fiber reinforcement, PVA fiber reinforcement and rubber reinforcement. The strength regression model is assumed to be:f is the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength or flexural strength of concrete (MPa); β0 is the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength or flexural strength of concrete matrix (MPa); β1, β2, β3 is the regression coefficient; α is the test parameter; x1 = VBF (%); x2 = VPF (%); x3 = VR (%).In Equation (15): β.The data in ccf is the compressive strength of HFRC (MPa); tsf is the splitting tensile strength of HFRC (MPa); ff is the flexural strength of HFRC (MPa); 2R is the determining coefficient.In Equations (16)–(18): The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC are greater than those of ordinary concrete; the compressive strength is between 34.5–47.9 MP, the splitting tensile strength is between 4.72–6.63 MPa, and the flexural strength is between 7.05–8.98 MPa, indicating that basalt fiber and PVA fiber improve the strength of rubber concrete.VBF > VR > VPF. When VBF increased from 0.1% to 0.3%, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC increased by 25.85%, 23.59% and 16.31%, respectively.The influence degree of the three factors on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC is VBF is an extremely significant factor affecting the strength of HFRC; VPF has a certain impact on the compressive strength of HFRC and is an non-significant factor of the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC; VR is a significant factor affecting the compressive strength of HFRC and it also has a certain impact on the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of HFRC, but the impact on the flexural strength is greater than that on the splitting tensile strength.The hybrid of basalt fiber and PVA fiber showed a good synergy effect of fiber to enhance the strength of HFRC and reflected a good “positive hybrid effect” of fiber. In the studied HFRC in this paper, when the volume ratio of rubber is 5%, the increase in its strength has a certain effect, but when the volume ratio of rubber exceeds 5%, the strength of HFRC will show a negative growth effect.3B2C1, that is, VBF is 0.3%, VPF is 0.2%, and VR is 5%. The bridging and reinforcement effect of fiber in HFRC was analyzed with the help of SEM microscopic and quantitative analysis of EDS. Finally, the strength of HFRC was predicted.The best mix proportion combination is A


Epa), reducing capacity , DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50) and the concentration of antioxidants in each region of the emulsified system. Results confirm the importance of the effective concentration of AOs in the interfacial region (AOI) (ρ = 0.820) and of the Epa (ρ = −0.677) in predicting their antioxidant efficiency in olive oil-in-water emulsions.Our previous research was focused on the effects of hydrophobicity on the antioxidant (AO) efficiency of series of homologous antioxidants with the same reactive moieties. In this work we evaluate the antioxidant efficiency of hydrophobic phenolipids in 4:6 olive oil-in-water emulsions, with different phenolic moieties , with alkyl chains of 8 and 16 carbons, and compare the antioxidant efficiency with that of the parent compounds. All catecholic phenolipids, in particular the C8 derivatives, have proven to be better antioxidants for the oxidative protection of emulsions than their parental compounds with octyl dihydrocafffeate being the most efficient (16-fold increase in relation to the control). To understand the importance of some factors on the antioxidant efficiency of compounds in emulsions, Pearson’s correlation analysis was carried out between antioxidant activity and the first anodic potential ( Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are widely used not only in the food industry but also in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and medical industries to encapsulate, protect and release bioactive lipids and lipophilic molecules . HoweverOne of the most important parameters that influences lipid oxidation in emulsions is the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids of the oil phase. Oxidative deterioration of highly unsaturated edible oils such as fish oil, is one of the most important problems in the field of food chemistry, because lipid oxidation products not only cause undesirable flavors but also decrease the nutritional quality and safety of lipid-containing foods. The oxidation rate of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is directly proportional to the number of bis-allylic hydrogens present in their molecules . TherefoAs fish oil oxidative stability is low, it is often difficult to assess which factors influence the antioxidant activity of AOs in emulsified systems containing this type of oil. Therefore, in the present study, we use a more stable oil, stripped olive oil, in the evaluation of the antioxidant efficiency of several different structured phenolipids and their parental compounds in O/W emulsions in order to be able to clearly assess the differences in their antioxidant efficiency. Moreover, we aim to correlate these differences in the antioxidant capacity with some of AOs physio-chemical characteristics in order to understand which of them are more relevant for the antioxidant capacity of AOs.Epa), DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50) and reducing capacity  in an attempt to predict the relative antioxidant efficiency on the basis of the values of those parameters. For this purpose, caffeic acid (CA), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA), dihydrocaffeic acid (DCA), tyrosol (TY) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) and their phenolipids (50) and the effective concentration of the antioxidants in each region of the emulsified system. Moreover, a stepwise linear regression was employed to select the most likely predictors of the relative increase of emulsion stability and, thereby, to take a further step towards a deeper understanding of the main factors that affect the efficiency of antioxidants. This statistical analysis, though in this work was applied to a single emulsified system, should be considered as a first attempt in the search of a set of parameters that eventually will allow higher predictability in the search of the best antioxidant, or set of antioxidants, for emulsified systems.In previous studies, we have modified the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of potent, natural antioxidants by grafting non-reactive alkyl chains of different length. The main purpose was to modify the partitioning of the antioxidants between the oil, interfacial and aqueous regions, to modify the effective interfacial concentrations and to analyze their effects on the AO efficiency, while maintaining their reactive moieties. Results showed that, regardless of the size of the droplets that make up the emulsion, the antioxidant efficiency for different series of homologous antioxidants bearing the same reactive moieties but of different hydrophobicity did not increase linearly with the hydrophobicity of compounds. In fact, a parabolic-like trend (cut-off effect) was observed, with the maximum activity found for those derivatives with alkyl chains of 4–12 carbon ,6,7. Othnolipids  were sel2 and 0.075% respectively. The water employed in the emulsion preparation was of Milli-Q grade (conductivity < 0.1 mS cm−1). The citric acid and sodium citrate employed in the preparation of buffer solutions, Tween 20, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid  were of the highest purity and used as received. The chemical probe, 4-N-hexadecylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate, 16-ArN2BF4, was prepared in high yield and purity from commercial 4-N-hexadecylaniline (Aldrich 97%) by diazotization following a published method ) and followed for at least 2–3 t1/2. kobs Values were obtained by fitting the absorbance-time pairs of data to the integrated first order  . Reactiost order , using a−1 in total volume of the emulsion). Emulsions without AO were used as control. Every 12 hours, samples were vortexed for 1 min to minimize creaming. The degree of oxidation in the emulsions over time was evaluated by monitoring formation of conjugated dienes (CD) according to the AOCS Official Method Ti 1a 64. After being vortexed, a 50 µL aliquot of the emulsion was diluted to 10 mL with ethanol and the absorbance measured at 233 nm. The efficiency of phenolipids and of the parent antioxidants in olive oil emulsions was determined, as in previous works, ,24,25 by(AO) and t(C) are the time necessary for the samples containing each AO or the control respectively, to increase by 0.5% their conjugated diene content.In order to evaluate the antioxidant efficiency of compounds, the relative increase in the oxidative stability was determined by employing Equation (4):1/2. The observed rate constant (kobs) values were within ±7–9% with typical correlation coefficients over 0.995. Cyclic voltametric determinations and oxidation experiments were run at least in triplicate. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software . The comparison of the means was performed by a one-way analysis of variance  with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Kinetic experiments between the chemical probe 16-ArN2+ and the AO were run in triplicate for 2–3 tCorrelation coefficients were calculated using Pearson product moment correlation. Stepwise linear regression analysis (SLRA) was used to evaluate how much variability in increase of relative stability could be explained by each independent predictor. In SLRA calculations, only compounds with distribution data were included. A probability-of-F-to-enter < 0.150 and probability-of-F-to-remove >0.200 was used to select the predictors in the regression model.• assay, are often used  = 0.24 mM) at ΦI = 0.005 but only 47–93 times higher at ΦI = 0.01. Thus, interfacial concentration decreases upon increasing ΦI in spite of the percentage of antioxidant in the interfacial region increases  when compared with the caffeic acid (Epa = 0.379 V for CA8) and hydroxytyrosol series (Epa = 0.419 V for HT8). Despite a small difference in the interfacial concentration of CA8 and DCA8 when compared with the interfacial concentration of CA16 and DCA16, a significant difference in their oxidative stability was observed, with the C8 derivatives being much more active. As observed in the interactions with the iron ion, a steric effect given by the longer chain of C16 derivatives may hinder the inhibition reaction of the AO with a bulky triacylglycerol radical, causing a decrease in their antioxidant capacity. Thus, despite the slightly higher concentration in the interface shown by the DCA8 (~39 mM) when compared to DCA16 (~38 mM), octyl dihydrocaffeate showed to be the most efficient antioxidant of all phenolipids tested, with a much higher antioxidant efficiency than the DCA16 .However, DCA8 showed to be a better AO than CA8 and HT8 in spite of lower or similar concentration at the interfacial region. The same was observed for DCA16, showing a better antioxidant efficiency then CA16. Therefore, DCA8 and DCA16 efficiency should be lower as we demonstrated that there is a correlation between antioxidant efficiency and the concentration of AO in the interfacial region. These apparently contradictory results can be rationalized in terms of the lower reduction potential shown by dihydrocaffeates ; antioxidant concentration in each region of the system; emulsifier fraction, FRAP value and the relative antioxidant efficiency in emulsions 4:6 , , . Epa values) in predicting the antioxidant efficiency of compounds in emulsions. The factors that show the highest correlation with the relative increase in the oxidative stability of emulsions are the effective concentration of antioxidant at the interfacial region (ρ = 0.820), followed by the anodic potential value (ρ = −0.677) and, to a lesser extent, the radical scavenging activity (ρ = −0.654) . The resStepwise linear regression analysis (SLRA) was applied to the data to select the predictors that better explain the increase in emulsion oxidative stability by the action of AOs. To build the model, F < 0.15 was used as the variable to enter and probably of F > 0.2 as the variable to remove. Three models were built .I), explains about 67 % of the variance in the data (model 1) and, together with the Epa (model 2), it can explain about 72%, confirming the importance of these predictors for the antioxidant capacity of molecules. Besides the lower contribution of (AOW), a further model including this variable could be obtained  is the second most important variable and in this case oxidative stability decreases as Epa increases. Finally, the concentration in water (−0.392) indicates that the oxidative stability of samples is also quite affected by this factor and decreases when this concentration increases.Analyzing the values of the standardized coefficients  we obtaiPrediction of the best antioxidant, or set of antioxidants, for inhibiting the oxidation of a particular emulsified system is still far from being practical for routine usage. Part of the problem lies in the absence of sets of molecular parameters or system properties that, eventually, allow a trustable prediction. Antioxidant properties work cooperatively in emulsified (and other) systems and it is important to be able to translate individual values of antioxidant properties into those of global antioxidant efficiency. Thus, models to quantify the relative contributions of individual properties are of interest and studies involving a wider range of antioxidants and emulsified systems are currently being analyzed and will be part of future reports. All catecholic phenolipids, and in particular the C8 derivatives, have been proven to be suitable antioxidants for the protection of olive oil-in-water emulsions from oxidation by air. Nevertheless, the antioxidant efficiency of dihydrocaffeic acid derivatives in these systems stands out, with the ability to increase the oxidative stability of emulsions more than 16 times in relation to the control. I) (Pearson´s correlation between the oxidative stability of emulsions and (AOI)  has the I) could explain most of the variance observed (67.2%) and together with Epa and (AOW), could explain almost 82% of the variance in the relative oxidative stability of samples containing AOs. These sets of results from SLRA not only identify (or confirms) the most important predictors for the oxidative stability of the samples studied but also allows to obtain quantitative estimates of the effects of these predictors. Understanding the relative contribution of all these factors to the overall antioxidant efficiency of antioxidants will, hopefully, permit in the near future the development of guidelines, based on measurable parameters, for selecting the most efficient AO for a particular application. This may enable the successful design of alternative, effective antioxidants that can be eventually employed to minimize the spoilage of foods by oxygen.Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis showed that (AO