The WRR of various RPs was between 105% and 112%, and the SAI was between 68% and 78%, but the LOI varied greatly. Different types of RPs had a negative impact on the CCS, but the compatibility of cement and naphthalene-based superplasticizer was less affected. The content of recycled brick powder (RBP) in a hybrid recycled powder (HRP) was an important factor. When the content of RBP in HRP exceeded 50%, the HRP could meet the basic performance requirements of fly ash.The use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) to prepare recycled admixtures is of great significance for the complete resource reutilization of CDW. In this paper, different kinds of CDW were prepared into recycled powder (RP) with a specific particle size (0–45 µm or 0–75 µm). The fineness, water requirement ratio (WRR), fluidity, loss on ignition (LOI), strength activity index (SAI) and compatibility of cement and superplasticizer (CCS) were examined. The above test results were analyzed by advanced analysis tools, such as laser particle size analysis, XRD, XRF, DSC-TGA, SEM, and BET. The properties of different types of RPs varied greatly, which was closely related to the microstructure, particle morphology and chemical composition of the RP. The experimental results showed that all kinds of RPs after grinding had a high fineness and good particle size distribution, and the mineral composition was dominated by SiO A series of treatments for construction and demolition waste (CDW) allow it to be reused in a building, which not only helps conserve natural resources but also solves the ever-increasing crisis of CDW disposal. Recycling has social, economic, and environmental benefits and profound significance for the sustainable development of cities .In many countries and regions, recycled aggregate (RA) has been thoroughly and comprehensively researched ,3,4,5. FThe main components of CDW are concrete and ceramic materials, such as clay bricks ,13. Ther2, so it exhibits favorable activity when HRP reaches a certain fineness [At present, RP is mainly studied as supplementary cementitious material, similar to fly ash (FA) and ore powder. HRP contains a certain amount of active materials, such as unhydrated cement particles and a high content of SiOfineness . When thfineness . In addifineness . RBP reafineness ,20,21. Ffineness . It can fineness . RCP is fineness .By comparing the results of some studies ,25,26, iTo make the test as comprehensive as possible, we prepared three kinds of RPs. The powder generated by the process of reshaping RA is defined as RCP, and the powder prepared with waste clay brick and mortar blocks is defined as RBP and recycled mortar powder (RMP), respectively. To perfect the performance study of RP as much as possible, we selected two particle size ranges (0~75 µm and 0~45 µm) to discuss the influences of different RP particle sizes on its performance. In addition, we combined different kinds of RP together to discuss the relationship between the properties and components of HRP.In this paper, the basic properties of RPs with different types and fineness were studied in detail, including fineness, particle size distribution, chemical, and mineral composition, loss on ignition (LOI), water requirement ratio (WRR), fluidity and strength activity index (SAI). In addition, the influence of RP on the CCS was discussed. Advanced tools, including laser particle size analysis, XRD, XRF, DSC-TGA, SEM, and BET, were also used to analyze the experimental results to better understand the influence of the microstructure of RP on the properties and to provide certain a theoretical reference for the practical application of RP in the future.There were three types of RPs used in the experiment. The first type came from the process of reshaping RA. The raw materials used were Grade-II RA produced by Qingdao LvFan Recycled Building Materials Co. Ltd. . The basic performance indexes of RA are shown in To investigate the influence of component changes on HRP properties, different mixing proportion designs of HRP were used in the experiment as shown in LOI is an important index for classifying the quality of FA. The method of determining LOI  of RP isThe fluidity and WRR can complement each other to evaluate the quality of an admixture. The fluidity test process  is shownTo investigate the change in the SAI of various RPs, the mixing proportion design shown in 3 for casting forming and under the standard curing room  maintenance, and the compressive strength of the specimen was measured after 28 days.The mortar was poured into molds with sizes of 40 × 40 × 160 mmCCS is defined as the degree of change in the fluidity of cement paste over time due to the quality of the cement and SPs and the degree of change in SP consumption when the same fluidity is obtained. The saturation point of SPs at which the fluidity of the cement paste was not increased with an increase in the SP content in the cement paste is an important indicator in CCS. The SPs used in the experiment were naphthalene-based SPs (NS) and polycarboxylate-based SPs (PCS). The specific properties are shown in To facilitate a discussion of the fluidity loss of cement paste mixed with RP over time, the loss rate of fluidity over time (LRFT) is introduced here, and the formula is as follows (1):FL: LRFT, expressed as a percentage (%);inT: initial fluidity (mm);nT: n hours fluidity (mm).In the formula:The result is expressed to a single decimal place.The particle size distribution of an admixture can reflect its gradation. 2 content of the various RPs is close to that of FA, and the contents of CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are between those of the cement and fly ash, indicating that RP has a good oxide distribution. 2 crystal peaks. It has been reported that fine SiO2 can improve the compactness and mechanical strength of concrete [2 in RCP originated mostly from aggregate debris. RCP also contains CaCO3 , which can shorten the induction period of C3S and partially participate in the hydration process of C3S [2 is obvious, indicating that the main mineral composition of RBP is SiO2.X-ray fluorescence spectrometry  and X-ray powder diffraction  were used to determine the chemical and mineral compositions of various RPs. concrete . In addis of C3S ,35. Howe3  in RCP is thermally decomposed to release CO2. This part of the weight loss accounts for approximately 31% of the total weight loss of RCP. Therefore, the LOI of RCP is mainly due to the thermal decomposition of gels and calcite. Calcite in RMP is thermally decomposed between 700 °C and 750 °C, accounting for approximately 11% of the total weight loss of RMP. Under 700 °C, it is similar to RCP, in which the gel is heated and dehydrated. Although the deriv.weight curve of RBP has some peaks, the overall weight loss is stable. In summary, RMP and RCP have a large LOI, which is mainly caused by the thermal decomposition of gels and calcite in the powder, while RBP is a powder with a smaller LOI.3 [In view of the fact that RP contains a certain amount of gels, the specific surface area of RP was determined by the nitrogen adsorption method instead of the air permeability method. The nitrogen adsorption method is more suitable to determine the internal and external through-hole area of porous materials than the air permeability method . In the 3 . The lar3 ,40. The 2 crystals in the RP gradually increases, as shown in the yellow area in 2 crystals can not only improve the microstructure and density of the mortar but also promote pozzolanic reaction [The SAI is an important index to measure the activity and quality of an admixture. To eliminate the activation energy brought by pulverization, all RPs after pulverization were set aside for a period of time, and then the SAI test was conducted. The SAI and compressive strength test results of various RPs are shown in reaction ,44.The fitting results of the SAI of HRP show that with the increasing RBP content, the SAI of HRP is continuously increasing. When the RBP content exceeds 50% in HRP, the SAI of HRP is higher than 70%, which can meet the minimum SAI requirements for FA in China.The CCS experiment mainly measured the saturation point of SPs (NS and PCS) and the fluidity loss of cement paste mixed with RP over time, as shown in The LRFT is an important index to describe the CCS. The interaction between SPs and binder particles (such as silica fume or fly ash) may be affected, which means that the compatibility between mineral addition needs to be studied . Figure Based on the chemical composition and microstructure of RP, its fineness, particle size distribution, LOI, WRR, SAI, and the effect of CCS were studied, and the following results and conclusions were obtained.The particle size distribution of various RPs is similar to Grade-II FA. Through ball mill grinding, RP can obtain a good fineness, with 100% passing through a 45 µm sieve. Ball mill grinding can also improve the particle size distribution of RP, making the particle size distribution of various RPs better than that of Grade-II FA.2 content is slightly higher than that in Grade-II FA, and the contents of CaO, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 are between those of cement and Grade-II FA. However, there were significant differences in the LOI of various RPs. The LOI of RCP and RMP was large, and the LOI mainly came from the thermal decomposition of the gel and calcite in the powder, while the LOI of RBP was very small.Various RPs have a good oxide distribution, in which the SiOThe special particle morphology and large specific surface area of RP result in a higher WRR than that of Grade-II FA and a lower fluidity than that of Grade-II FA. The WRR is between 105% and 112%, and RBP is more favorable than the other two types of RPs to improvement of the mortar’s fluidity.2 crystals and cementitious materials which impacts RP activity. The SAI of RCP and RMP is between 68 and 72% and the SAI of RBP can reach 78%. When the content of RBP in HRP exceeds 50%, the SAI can reach 70% or more.RP contains a certain amount of fine SiOThe large specific surface area of RP leads to a negative impact on the CCS, which is reflected in an increase in the saturation point of SPs and the 1-h and 2-h LRFT of the cement paste mixed with RP. Compared with RMP and RCP, RBP has a smaller surface area, so RBP has a small impact on CCS. In addition, RP has a much greater impact on the compatibility of cement with PCS than cement with NS.The results presented in this paper show that there is great potential for the utilization of RP in mortar and concrete as a partial replacement for cement, in which the content of RBP in RP is an important factor.Future studies will focus on the impact of RP on cement hydration and the adsorption behavior of RP on SPs, providing a theoretical reference for the practical application of RP.


The increment of cobalt content improved the eutectic volume fraction. Cobalt addition also enhanced the hardness and the yield tensile strength, provided that the ingot structure was homogenized by the EMS.High chromium steel has been synthesized by an induction furnace adopting electromagnetic stirring (EMS). Varying amounts of cobalt was added to obtain 3, 6, and 12% Co in the steel. The melt was allowed to solidify with or without EMS in a rotary magnetic field. The effects of the varying cobalt content and the stirring have been characterized by the microstructural evolution and the consequent improvement in mechanical properties. The application of a rotary EMS during solidification has shown a significant effect on the grain refining, the reduction of element segregation, the promotion of eutectic volume fraction, and the consequent improvement of mechanical properties, including hardness and high-temperature strength. The formation mechanism of the eutectic structure and the precipitation of M The mechanical properties of high chromium steel were achieved by the alloying elements that provided solution and dispersion strengthening. Cobalt is an important element used in steels to increase the resistance to high temperature ,2. Cobalecreased . In highecreased ,6. Addinecreased ,8. In thIn the solidification of metals and alloys, forced stirring can be used to improve the microstructure and performance of the ingots. The forced vibration or convection is created in the melt by a mechanical, ultrasonic or electromagnetic field. The EMS is a non-contact mode of stirring, which avoids the contamination of melt, and also avoids damage to the agitator blade or the ultrasonic probe used in other stirring methods. EMS has been widely applied to the casting of metals, and has a series of effects to improve the quality of ingots. First, electromagnetically-induced flow causes grain refinement and enhances the ratio of equiaxed grain. Fragmentation of the dendrite, and heterogeneous nucleation are the probable causes for the promotion of the columnar-equiaxed transition. EMS has been reported to promote equiaxed grain and reduce the average grain size in alloys such as various steels ,10,11, sBesides the effect of grain refinement, studies indicated that the EMS could influence many aspects of solidification. Strong stirring resulted in the removal of bulk liquid superheating. and lead to a relatively cold liquid on the solidification front , reducedIn this work, the effect of cobalt addition was studied in detail using three kinds of steels, with each of their as-cast ingots being compared in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. The effect of EMS during the solidification process was also investigated. The comparison of grain size, eutectic structure, and the change in hardness and high temperature strength was discussed.In this study, a high chromium steel was used, which contained 18% Cr, 2% Ni, 1% Mo (wt %). Besides, cobalt of 3, 6, and 12% were added to the specimens. In addition to the basic alloying elements, the steels also contained 0.2% C, 0.2% Mn, and 0.1% Si.The experimental set-up a for a rThe steel was melted by induction heating, and the temperature was raised to 1600 °C. The melts were allowed to solidify with or without the EMS in a rotary magnetic field generated by a current set at 8 Hz/300 A. The ingot was a cylindrical shape, and had dimensions of diameter 40 mm and length 120 mm. Each ingot was subsequently sectioned longitudinally and etched to reveal the microstructure. The macrostructures and microstructures of the samples were observed by optical microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. The optical microstructure was observed under a LeicaDMI 5000M microscope . The SEM microstructures were observed using an Ultra Plus FESEM scanning electron microscope . The phases were identified by the X-ray diffraction analysis using a Philips X’Pert Pro MPD diffractometer . Image-Pro Plus software  was used to analyze the size and the area fraction of phases.In order to evaluate the mechanical performance of the samples, tensile strength and hardness tests were performed respectively. Hardness measurements were taken from a polished but unetched sample, using a Vickers hardness tester, with a load of 196 N and loading time of 15 s. Tensile tests were performed in a Shimadzu AG-X 100 kN testing machine  in accordance with the requirements and recommendations of the ISO 6892-2:2011  for elevThe effect of EMS on both the macrostructure and microstructure of Fe-Cr-Co steels was investigated. Several typical macrostructures obtained by the experiment without and with stirring are shown in The microstructures of the 3% Co steel cast without and with stirring are shown in δ phase first nucleated in the melt and grew, then the fcc γ phase grew in the next turn, and the original δ phase also changed into the γ phase. During the growth process of the δ phase and the γ phase, the solidifying front pushed the rest of the liquid into the boundary of dendrites, and some elements, including carbon, tended to be enriched in the residual melt. In the end, the residual melt reached a eutectic concentration. The residual liquid then decomposed via a eutectic reaction, into the M7C3 carbides and the austenite (γ). The austenite changed into ferrite as the temperature dropped. As revealed by the phase diagrams, the matrix phase of the steels was bcc ferrite (α), which corresponded to the matrix grains in α phase. The phase diagrams revealed that the eutectic of the steel contained M7C3 carbides, and there should be M23C6 carbides precipitated at low temperature. Hence, the eutectic carbides shown in 7C3 carbides, and the eutectic consisted of ferrite + M7C3. In 23C6 carbides.To identify the phases shown in γ phase was enlarged and moved to the left side; moreover, the region of the liquid + γ phase also moved to the left, indicating that the proportion of residual liquid was enhanced for a given composition and temperature in this region. The volume of the eutectic region increased with increasing residual liquid, which was consistent with the experimental results shown in γ phase and M7C3 carbides in the 12%Co steel was higher than that in the 3%Co and 6%Co steels.It is apparent that the cobalt content also influenced the eutectic proportion in the section area. As shown in We identified the concentrations of alloying elements in the two eutectic regions with different carbide sizes shown in We also analyzed the concentrations of alloying elements using EDS in a series of eutectic regions and ferrite grains in the steels of different solidification conditions, and the result is shown in 7C3 carbides (as shown in The results of tensile strength at an elevated temperature of 600 °C are provided in The effect of EMS on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium steel was experimentally investigated.7C3 carbides and the ferrite matrix. The volume fraction of the eutectic was promoted by both the cobalt increment and the EMS, which in turn resulted in a dispersive distribution of carbides. The effect of cobalt increment on the promotion of eutectic was caused by the position and shape change of the liquid + γ phase region in the phase diagram. There was a distinct element segregation of cobalt and chromium between the ferrite and the eutectic region, which were both reduced by stirring.The steel matrix consisted of ferrite grains, and the eutectic region was distributed along the grain boundary. By applying EMS, the grain structure was refined, leading to a uniform distribution of the grain boundary. The eutectic region consisted of MWith the decrease of element segregation and the refinement of microstructure, the distribution of hardness was steady in the steels with stirring, whereas it fluctuated frequently in the steels without stirring. Hardness also had a trend to increase with increasing cobalt content. The increasing cobalt content up to 6% contributed to the discontinuous deformation in the stress-strain curve, and this caused a considerable decrease of strength when the cobalt content reached 12%. The application of EMS increased the yield strength and the elongation rate of the steels; it also reduced the adverse effect caused by the high cobalt percentage, and thus, both the tensile strength and the yield strength increased with increasing cobalt content.


The highest number of unhealthy days was observed in spring in relation to PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants. The data showed that 33 and 9 days of the spring season had unfavorable conditions in relation PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants respectively. Therefore, the pollutant responsible for air pollution in Kerman was PM2.5. By comparing the air quality index in different seasons of 2015 in terms of different pollutants, it was found that in most of the seasons, Kerman has a desirable air quality index.The purpose of this data, was to evaluate the air quality index of Kerman city in different season of 2015. The data showed that the PM Specifications tableValue of the data•The data can be used for policy maker in environmental management and ministry of health in Iran.The data showed that particulate matter were the responsible pollutant in the city Therefore, the essential actions must be taken to control such pollution and to minimize the community exposure to this pollutant.•The data showed that precautionary measures be taken to control air pollution in terms of particle size and to reduce the level of contact with dust particles in the city of Kerman.110, O3, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 in different season of 2015 in Kerman, Iran  of Kerman city were validated and data with sufficient validity according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the guideline calculation, determining and declaration of the quality index of the Iranian Ministry of Health, using software Excel converted to standard concentrations.The concentration of particulate matter in the air by Horiba, Japan was measured by direct reading.3) and Nitrogen dioxide(NO2) from the maximum concentration of 1 h, for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide (SO2) than the average 24-h maximum concentration for carbon monoxide (CO) 8-h concentration is used.The standard is for ozone .The amount below the daily index for all concentrations standardized pollutants using the IP = The Air Quality IndexCP= The pollutant concentrationCLo= The concentration breakpoint that is ≤ CPCHi = The concentration breakpoint that is ≥ CPILo = The index breakpoint corresponding to CLoIHi = The index breakpoint corresponding to CHiAfter calculating the final daily indicators and according to


The data were collected from the following instruments: sociodemographic questionnaire, Pad Test, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form and King Health Questionnaire. Data were submitted to descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. a total of 152 patients participated, with a mean age of 67 years. Among incontinent patients, there was a predominance of mild urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence had a very severe impact on the general assessment of quality of life in the first months and severe impact after six months of surgery. The greater the urinary loss, the greater the impact on the quality of life domains Physical Limitations, Social Limitations, Impact of Urinary Incontinence and Severity Measures. Most participants reported no erection after surgery and therefore did not respond to the question of the presence of urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse. the present study evidenced the occurrence of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy at different levels and its significant impact on the quality of life of men, which reveals the need of interventions for controlling it. The possibilities of treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. These options can cause undesirable effects, such as erectile dysfunction, loss of libido and urinary incontinence (UI), which also imply emotional changes, although temporarily-Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the gold standard treatment option for localized PC casesPRPUI is more severe in the early postoperative phase. However, continence recovery may occur within the first three to six months or belatedly (one year or more), as described in a meta-analysis that evaluated the effectiveness of exercises for pelvic muscles in the control of PRPUI-,In turn, this problem may generate feelings of low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression that are usually present in men after surgery because of the uncertainty about how to deal with those undesirable effectsHealth-related QOL is a multidimensional construct that involves relevant aspects of the patient’s life, such as the health status in general, symptoms related to the treatment of the disease, physical capacity, psychological state and social factorsAs strategies for assessing the physiological ability to control urinary continence, there are the objective tests, such as urodynamic study, Pad Test and exercise test, which classify the degree of UI by the quantification of urinary lossHowever, these parameters do not assess the impact of UI on the psychological and behavioral aspects from the patient’s perception. Therefore, questionnaires were designed to evaluate the subjective aspects of urinary dysfunction that may influence QoL--Among the existing instruments for evaluation of the QoL associated with UI, we can mention the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and the King Health Questionnaire (KHQ), both translated and validated for the Brazilian contextThus, knowing how the PRPUI can influence QoL enables the targeting of educational nursing actions and the referencing of these individuals for multiprofessional follow-up, and optimizes the communication between professional and patient with a focus on the problems experienced by these men.With the intention of contributing to the knowledge in the area of PRPUI, the present study is relevant inasmuch it aims to evaluate the level of UI and its impact on the QoL of patients submitted to RP.This is a cross-sectional study carried out with patients submitted to RP in a reference service in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, linked to the National Cancer Institute (INCA), which has a team of urology surgeons who perform RP through the Unified Health System (SUS), health plan or private system.The sample size was calculated from the population of men seen at the institution in a two-year interval, equivalent to 242 men, 5% of margin of error and a 95% confidence level, which resulted in a minimum size of 149 individualsParticipants were selected from the following inclusion criteria: adults having been submitted to RP in an interval of two months to two years, since studies point to a high rate of PRPUI reported from the second month after RP that may last up to two yearsData collection was from December 2016 to August 2017. Data were collected by two previously trained researchers regarding interview techniques in order to guarantee standardization.For purposes of sociodemographic characterization, an instrument was elaborated that contemplated data such as age, education, per capita income, profession, marital status and time after surgery.In order to objectively quantify the urinary loss, we used the one-hour Pad, a resource validated and recommended by the International Continence Society (ICS)To evaluate the impact of UI in different domains of QoL, considering the physical, social and emotional aspects, we used the KHQ instrument, which presents Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.7 in its original versionIn order to complement the information obtained by KHQ, the ICIQ-SF instrument was also used for a general and brief evaluation of the impact of UI on QoL. The ICIQ-SF is a short, self-administered questionnaire composed of four questions that assess the frequency, severity and impact of UI, as well as eight items related to the causes and situations of UI experienced by the patient. The instrument was developed in the English language and in 2004 it was validated in the Portuguese language, presenting high psychometric capacity and Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.9Data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 23.0 for Windows. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normalityThree categories of post-surgery time were defined, namely group 01 (G1) - two to six months; group 02 (G2) - more than six months to one year; group 03 (G3) - more than one year to two years).In order to identify possible relationships between the QoL domains measured by the KHQ and the urine loss assessed by the Pad Test, Pearson’s correlation test was applied. The strength of the correlations were analyzed considering values up to 0.30 as low magnitude, between 0.31 and 0.59 moderate, and above 0.60 of strong magnitudeThe national ethical recommendations on human research provided by the National Health Council were met, and the project was approved by the ethics committee of the proposing institution, under opinion no. 1,866,160/2016.The study sample consisted of 152 patients, 68 in G1, 40 in G2, and 44 in G3. In terms of age, the participants presented an average of 66.8 (± 7.8) years, ranging from 47 to 83 years. Regarding schooling, the participants presented an average of 3.9 (± 2.9) years of study, ranging from zero to 11 years. The average per capita income was 898.30 (± 525.70) reais, ranging from zero to 3,748.00 reais. Regarding the profession, 78.9% were inactive (retired or unemployed) and 21.1% were in active situation. As for the marital status, 80.3% of the participants had a partner. There was no statistically significant difference between groups G1, G2 and G3 for age (p = 0.394), schooling , per capita income (p = 0.826), professional status (p = 0.547) and marital status (p = 0.951). Regarding the level of UI evaluated by the weight of the absorbent pad through the Pad Test, it was observed that the G1 presented a higher mean UI (5.7grams ± 13.7), followed by G3 (2.0 grams ± 3.7) and, finally, the G2 (2.0 grams ± 3.7). In turn, the difference was not statistically significant between the groups (p = 0.310).In the classification of incontinent patients, the mild UI category is the most frequent among patients in the three groups, and severe UI is the most prevalent among G3 men (4.5).In the analysis of the impact of UI on QoL by ICIQ-SF, G1 presented a mean of 9.6 (± 5.5), classified as very severe, G2 6.9 (± 5.5) and G3 7.3 ( ± 5.4), classified as severe. When comparing the mean between groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the impact of UI on QoL in the first six months after surgery (G1) compared to the period of six months to one year (G2) (p = 0.022).When analyzing the QoL domains by the KHQ questionnaire, we observe statistically significant difference among the three groups in the domains Impact of UI, Limitations of Daily Activities, Physical Limitations, Severity Measures and Social Limitations. Considering Bonferroni’s correction to obtain greater clarity on the origin of the differences between the three groups, a statistically significant difference was identified between groups G1 and G2 in the domains Impact of UI (p = 0.014), Limitations of Daily Activities (p = 0.019) and Social Limitations (p = 0.012), the results being worse in G1 when compared to G2. The domain of Severity Measures, when controlled by type 1 error (Gabriel’s post-hoc test), showed a significant difference of G1 in relation to G2 (p = 0.020) and G3 (p = 0.021), that is, the QoL due to Severity Measures of UI  is worse in the first six months after surgery. In the analysis of the correlation between the QoL domains of the KHQ and the urinary loss, the domains Impact of UI, Physical Limitations, Social Limitations and Severity Measures presented a positive relation of moderate magnitude with UI, that is, the greater the urinary loss, the greater their impact on these domains of QoL.It was observed that the symptoms that were very present in the three groups were urinary frequency , nocturia  and urinary urgency . The symptoms classified as “very little present”, with less prominence in the three groups, were nocturnal enuresis , UI during sexual intercourse  and bladder pain .The item “UI during sexual intercourse” was not answered by 119 participants (78.3%), since they reported not having sexual intercourse due to the absence of erection.,,The present study revealed that the one-hour Pad Test was able to detect involuntary loss of urine in participants of the three groups categorized according to the period after surgery. The most frequently reported incontinence loss classified as mild was in the period of two to six months after surgery, although there was no statistically significant difference between groups. Studies indicate a higher prevalence of UI in the first six months and a tendency to decreased urinary loss over timeAmong patients with postoperative period of two to six months, UI had a very severe impact on QoL according to ICIQ-SF, whereas among patients with more than six months after surgery (G2 and G3) the impact on QoL was severe. Similar data were found in a Brazilian study that obtained an average of 10.6 points in the general QoL of incontinent post-RP patients in the third postoperative month and an average of 9.2 points in the sixth month, thus classifying the impact as very severeRegarding the QoL domains Impact of UI, Limitations of Daily Activities and Social Limitations, there was a greater impact in these domains in patients between two and six months postoperatively compared to those with more than six months to one year. In this sense, PRPUI significantly compromises the lifestyle of men. Anxiety caused by urinary loss interferes with QoL, restricts social and family contact, and generates feelings of loss of control of life. Patients report shame and discomfort due to the inability to control the bladder in the presence of their relatives and friends or for having to wear a diaper or having to change it out of home. There are also patients who do not wear a diaper daily, but always carry it for safety in their bag when they leave home, afraid of urinary leakage due to some physical effort,,The results of the study indicated statistical significance in the difference between groups for the impact of UI in the field of UI Severity Measures , being more severe in the first six months. The literature corroborates this finding and points to a higher impact of UI in the QoL during the first months after surgery, mainly due to the need to use absorbent pads and the feeling of shame, with spontaneous and progressive improvement over timeIn relation to the correlation results between the QoL and the UI level, there was a positive relationship of the urinary loss with the Impact of UI, Physical Limitations, Social Limitations and Severity Measure domains. Increased urinary loss implies an increase in the number of daily absorbent pads and this impacts on the patients’ perception of their QoL, since authors point out that patients who use one absorbent pad per day are considered continents and, therefore, have their QoL preserved when compared those who use two or more absorbent padsRegarding the positive correlation of UI with the domains Physical and Social Limitations, it is possible to point out that acts resulting from the intensity of urinary loss, such as urine odor and wet clothes, affect the emotional and social aspect of these men because they feel stigmatized, generating an impaired self-imageIt is important to consider that part of the impairment of mental well-being that affects QoL is related to the lack of social support, as well as to the fear associated with psychological and affective relationships, especially fear of being abandoned by wives, reported by at least half of patientsThese results reinforce the need for health professionals to reflect and act on the problem in order to organize care that guides men with UI in a welcoming and individualized way, within the framework of the altered physical and psychosocial aspects.The most prevalent UI symptoms at different post-PR periods in all groups were urinary frequency, nocturia, and urinary urgency. These symptoms are characteristic of detrusor overactivity and when associated with sphincter dysfunction represent the cause of 23% to 42% of cases of PRPUIAmong the symptoms classified as “very little present”, the finding referring to the item “UI during sexual intercourse” was not answered by the majority of the participants (78.3%) due to the absence of an erection. Corroborating with the results found, researchers identified a rate of 83%The literature offers important suggestions for increasing the QoL of patients with PRPUI, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy in training of coping skills, support and informative groups, interventions for altered body image, expression and regulation of emotions, as well as conservative therapies that can optimize the time the patient needs to return to be continentA review study aimed at exploring men’s perception on the impact of the physical consequences of RP on their QoL suggests that improving QoL should be the ultimate goal of any treatment or intervention, in which the successful experience of the patient with the treatment is a prime factor. In addition, the results of the review also recommend the development of psychoeducational interventions related to UI and erectile dysfunction before and after RP to increase men’s understanding and adaptation to these postoperative symptomsIn this context, nursing acts directly in the care of patients submitted to RP, both physically and psychologically, and plays a fundamental role in providing adequate preparation for RP and the potential implications in postoperative QoLWhen analyzing the results of the present study, one should consider the sample profile, characterized by low level of education, and the possibility of not perceiving urinary loss and its real impact due to lack of knowledge about the physiology of their own body. Ignorance may also be associated with the embarrassment and shame of men in expressing their perception of urinary loss. Culturally, this group may also interpret urinary loss as a natural part of the aging process, since it is predominant in the elderly. Therefore, such factors may limit a more reliable fulfillment of the subjective instruments ICIQ-SF and KHQ. Thus, it is important to reproduce studies in samples with different sociodemographic profiles, also in relation to the level of schooling, for amplification and greater generalization of the results. The results showed that the urinary loss evaluated by the Pad Test had a predominance of mild UI among incontinent patients in the three groups. UI had a very severe impact on overall QoL assessment in the first six months and severe impact after six months of surgery. The domains of QoL that presented a statistically significant difference between the three groups were Impact of UI, Limitations of Daily Activities, Physical Limitations, Severity Measures and Social Limitations. It was also identified that the greater the urinary loss, the greater the impact in the areas Physical Limitations, Social Limitations, Impact of UI and Severity Measures. Most participants reported no erection after surgery and therefore did not answer to the question on the presence of urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse.We hope that these findings instigate the need to implement multifaceted interventions based on a better understanding of the physical and emotional implications of the patient undergoing RP. Nurses have a major role in subsidizing the planning and implementation of actions that aim to improve the urinary continence of these individuals and, consequently, their QoL.


The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an extradural nerve anastomosis technique for the restoration of a C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus. Nine fresh frozen human cadavers were used. The diameters, sizes, and locations of the extradural spinal nerve roots were observed. The lengths of the extradural spinal nerve roots and the distance between the neighboring nerve root outlets were measured and compared in the cervical segments. In the spinal canal, the ventral and dorsal roots were separated by the dura and arachnoid. The ventral and dorsal roots of C7 had sufficient lengths to anastomose those of C6. The ventral and dorsal of C4 had enough length to be transferred to those of C5, respectively. The feasibility of this extradural nerve anastomosis technique for restoring C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus in human cadavers was demonstrated in our anatomical study. Upper trunk (C5 and C6) injury is a common form and accounts for over 30% of all brachial plexus injuries. It causes the main symptoms of elbow flexion, external rotation and shoulder abduction dysfunction.Brachial plexus root avulsion is a severe injury with a poor prognosis[4‒. The donor nerves for anastomosis include the accessory nerve, phrenic nerve, partial fascicles of the ulnar nerve and intercostal nerve. Specifically, Yamada et al.[10‒ used C3-4 nerve roots and Gu et al. used the ipsilateral C7 nerve root to restore the upper trunk in brachial plexus injury. Both of them yielded satisfactory results and made a major breakthrough in the treatment of brachial plexus injury.Currently, nerve transfer within the plexus or surrounding the plexus is considered as the main treatment for brachial plexus root avulsion. Furthermore, the above neuroanastomosis needs extra nerve grafts to meet the distance between recipients and donors. The clinical effects of extra nerve grafts are remarkably poorer than those of direct nerve suturing. Thus, in order to reduce the above limitations, an accurate, prompt and convenient technique needs to be developed.However, the above studies have some common limitations. Most of the nerve transfers were conducted out of the spinal canal. The donor nerves were postganglionic nerves containing motor and sensory neurofibers. If these fibers do not match accurately during neuroanastomosis, it may result in the decline of motor and sensory functions. On the basis of the previous research, our study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an extradural nerve anastomosis technique for treating upper trunk avulsion of the brachial plexus through an anatomical technique in human fresh frozen cadavers.Our previous study showed that the extradural ventral and dorsal roots can be successfully separated and anastomosed to treat bladder reinnervation after spinal cord injuryFive male and four female fresh frozen cadavers  were obtained from the Department of Anatomy at Nanjing Medical University. Legal surrogates for cadaver donors signed an informed written consent form. The Ethics Committee of Nanjing Medical University approved this study. Specimens with kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis, prior spinal surgery and intervertebral disc disease were excluded. Gross dissection techniques were used to certify the feasibility of this modified extradural neuroanastomosis method. In each cadaver, dissection proceeded via the following approaches: 1) exposure of the C4 to T1 extradural nerve roots by means of limited laminectomy; 2) separation of the ventral and dorsal roots from the extradural nerve root by the microdissection technique; 3) transferring the C4 nerve root to C5 nerve root and C7 nerve root to C6 nerve root by the microscopic suture technique.To assess whether the distance between the donor and recipient nerves is long enough so that the donor and recipient nerves can be matched, the length of extradural nerve roots and the distance between the neighboring nerve root outlets were measured. In detail, the length of the extradural nerve roots was considered as the distance between the nerve root outlets  and the center of the spinal dorsal root ganglion. A caliper was used to measure the above distances with a precision of 0.01 mm. The diameters of each nerve root were measured by a caliper (0.01 mm).t-test was used to determine statistical significance of differences among the means. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant.Excel 2007 software  was used to collect all data. The SPSS 22.0 software  was used for further statistical analysis, and the measurement of the pertinent distances and the diameters of the extradural nerve roots were determined by mean and standard deviation (SD). Student's . After exposure of the extradural nerve roots, we found that each extradural nerve root descended from the nerve root outlet and the corresponding intertebral foramina. The dorsal root ganglionic enlargement was adjacent to the intertebral foramina.The exposure dissection involved a midline incision on the level of C4 to T1 segments. The soft tissues were completely removed until the spinous processes and the corresponding vertebra were reached. A laminectomy was performed at the level of C4 to T1 segments. Then, the extradural nerve roots and dural sac were exposed in the corresponding segments Fig. 1B). Then, we used the same method to separate the C4-T1 extradural spinal nerve roots.After the C4-T1 segment extradural nerve roots were exposed, an incision was made in the spinal dural mater at the location of the dorsal root ganglion with a microsurgical instrument. We found that both the ventral root and the dorsal root were individually surrounded by connective tissues, and the connective tissues of the ventral and dorsal roots were loose and easily separated. Subsequently, we carefully separated the connective tissues between the ventral and dorsal roots with microstructural scissors, and separated proximally to the spinal nerve roots outlet and distally to the junction of the ventral and dorsal roots . Comparing the diameters of the donor and recipient nerves, we found that in both ventral and dorsal roots, there was no significant difference between the diameters of C4 and C5, and between those of C6 and C7 . Thus, these results of the pertinent distances and the diameters coincided with our experimental anastomosis results.In addition, we measured the distance between the nerve root outlet of the C4 segments and the junction of the ventral and dorsal roots of the C5 segments (d45), and the distance between the nerve root outlet of the C7 segments and the junction of the ventral and dorsal roots of the C6 segments (d67). Comparing the distance relationship of the d45 and the sum of the C4 extradural nerve root length and the C5 extradural nerve root length, we found that the C4 ventral and dorsal roots had sufficient length to tension-free anastomose the C5 ventral and dorsal roots, respectively. Comparing the distance relationship of the d67 and the sum of the C6 extradural nerve root length and the C7 extradural nerve root length, we found that the C6 ventral and dorsal roots had sufficient length to tension-free anastomose the C7 ventral and dorsal roots, respectively  and the dorsal nerve root (sensory nerve) were intersected behind the dorsal root ganglion, the anastomosis of the postganglionic nerves would cause mismatches between motor and sensory fibers of donors and recipients.The current nerve anastomosis technique for treating the C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus included the transfer of phrenic nerve, accessory nerve, intercostal nerves, and partial fascicles of the ulnar nerveTo avoid or reduce the aforementioned defects, our study modified the surgical procedure by performing the extradural spinal nerve roots anastomosis instead of current nerve anastomosis techniques. In the process of the dissection, we found that the ventral and dorsal roots were easy to separate. According to the anatomical features, the ventral root was accurately transferred to the ventral root, and the dorsal root was accurately transferred to the dorsal root. In other words, the motor and sensory nerve fibers of the donor nerves were accurately transferred to those of the recipient nerves, respectively. Thus, the extradural nerve root anastomosis technique has the advantages of a simple surgical procedure and can promote the nerve regeneration remarkably.. Thus, the sufficient lengths of the donor and the recipient nerve are essential for nerve anastomosis. In our study, we found that the C4 ventral and dorsal root had enough length to be transferred, without tension, to the C5 ventral and dorsal root separately. The length of extradural nerve roots is also enough for nerve anastomosis between C6 and C7. These results were also corroborated by our experimental anastomosis.Tensional anastomosis can influence neurological function restoration. Our measurements showed no remarkable difference between the ventral root diameters of C4 and C5 and between the dorsal root diameters of C4 and C5 (P>0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were found between the ventral root diameters of C6 and C7 and between the dorsal root diameters of C6 and C7 (P>0.05). Thus, in our study, the diameters of the donor nerves (C4 and C7) were similar to those of the recipients’ nerves (C5 and C6).Different diameters of donor and recipient nerves might lead to difficulty in anastomosis and influence functional recovery. Thus, choosing donors with similar diameters of recipients is essentialHowever, there are some limitations in this novel extradural nerve root anastomosis technique, including potential injury to the dorsal root ganglion and difficulties in surgical dissection. Furthermore, because of the limited cadaver number, the anatomical data of the extradural spinal nerve roots are for reference only, and further research is required.In conclusion, this study provides an anatomical basis for a novel extradural nerve root anastomosis technique to treat C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus. By means of this technique, the C4 ventral root anastomosed the C5 ventral and dorsal root, respectively, and the C7 ventral and dorsal root were transferred to the C6 ventral and dorsal root. Accurate anastomosis  and no extra nerve grafting are the greatest advantages of this technique. This novel technique demonstrates great potential for clinical application in patients with a C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus, and we will observe the clinical effects of this technique in a future study.


Acute gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of mortality in humans and young animals. Domestic and mainly wild animals such as bats, small rodents and birds are highly diversified animals in relation to their habitats and ecological niches and are widely distributed geographically in environments of forest fragmentation in some areas of the Amazon, being considered important sources for viruses that affect humans and other animals. Due to the anthropical activities, these animals changed their natural habitat and adapted to urbanized environments, thus representing risks to human and animal health. Although the knowledge of the global diversity of enteric viruses is scarce, there are reports demonstrating the detection of rotavirus in domestic animals and animals of productive systems, such as bovines and pigs. The present study investigated the prevalence of Rotavirus A in 648 fecal samples of different animal species from the northeastern mesoregion of the state of Pará, Brazil, which is characterized as an urbanized area with forest fragments. The fecal specimens were collected from October 2014 to April 2016 and subjected to a Qualitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), using the NSP3 gene as a target. It was observed that 27.5% (178/648) of the samples presented positive results for RVA, with 178 samples distributed in birds (23.6%), canines (21.35%), chiropterans (17.98%), bovines (14.6%), horses (8.43%), small rodents (6.74%), pigs (3.93%) and felines (3.37%), demonstrating the circulation of RVA in domestic animals and suggesting that such proximity could cause transmissions between different species and the occurrence of rearrangements in the genome of RVA as already described in the literature, associated to the traces of environmental degradation in the studied areas. Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are increasing each year in several countries, with an impact both on human populations and on domestic and wild animals living in areas with considerable forest remnants . Most ofThe populations of wild animals that inhabit forest fragments are strategic groups for studies of public health and the transmission of zoonosis, given that they act as indicators in the assistance and intervention in the human populations, aiming at the prevention of outbreaks and epidemics .Acute gastroenteritis can be caused by infection in the gastrointestinal tract, caused by different infectious or parasite agents –7. They Reoviridae family and comprises nine species known as Rotavirus group A to I, with a recent proposal of the J species [The rotavirus (RV) belongs to the  species , 14. Rot species . They ha species , 17.There are records of a close relationship between Amazonian wildlife and human populations , and thiAlthough the results of RVA have already been described globally , 23–30, In the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the state of Pará, the city of Belém and Northeast metropolitan mesoregions are some of the areas with the highest indexes of environmental changes , which aTherefore, it is important to monitor the health of domestic and wild animals in their natural habitat, especially in areas with anthropic alterations that have an interface with rural communities and enterprises, in order to investigate the occurrence of RVA in this population. These communities are ecologically complex, because they have multiple hosts and endless pathogens that may eventually circulate in contiguous urban centers, in addition to the fact that it should also be considered that there is still a lack of studies showing the significance of these viruses infecting this population, as in the context of epidemiological surveillance, these animals become important, since they can be considered as natural sources, with the possibility of transmission to humans –39.The qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) used the NSP3 gene and the TaqMan probe from a highly conserved region of the rotavirus non-structural protein 3 (NSP3), which was previously used in samples from human origin and with low viral loads according to studies conducted by Zeng et al.  and MijaTherefore, the objective of the present study was to estimate the number of animals infected by RVA in the forest environment and the possible environmental impacts, and the geographical distribution of this agent in the region.The study area included the settlements of Expedito Ribeiro (Santa Bárbara do Pará), Vila Ananin (Peixe-Boi) and Açaiteua-Centro Alegre (Viseu), located in areas with environmental degradation in the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. According to Alvares et al. , the citThe collection points of the positive samples were georeferenced and the data were transported to the ArcGIS 10.3 program for the construction of distribution maps for the RVA at the interface between agroecosystems and natural ecosystems.http://www.inmet.gov.br/) for the years of capture in the Expedito Ribeiro Settlement (2014) and Açailândia (2015) of the Data Collection Platforms (PCDs) of Belém, located 50 km from Santa Bárbara do Pará, and Tracuateua, located 50 km from Peixe-Boi and 100 km from Viseu.Precipitation data were obtained from The Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology  coordinates were collected in the field.http://www.ibge.gov.br/) and data on deforestation and land use were obtained from the PRODES [The municipal boundaries were obtained on the website of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (e PRODES  and Terre PRODES  Projectshttps://sentinel.esa.int/ web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-2-msi) with Open Access CC-BY License (http://open.esa.int/) from the years of 2017 and 2018.The satellite image was generated using the sensor Sentinel 2 of the European Space Agency (ESA) (All the data obtained was stored in a Geographic Database (BDG). The BDG was imported/stored in a GIS for the editing of the graphic elements, establishment of topological relations between the elements and their respective attributes, spatial analysis and visualization of the result through thematic maps.For the present study, forest fragments of similar size, shape and Phyto physiology were chosen, considering an open peri urban matrix with similar soil use. The selected fragments were distributed within the mesoregions studied, and in each selected fragment fecal samples were randomly collected from domestic and wild animals .Soil use classes were obtained from the TerraClass data mosaic from 2004 to 2016, because the study sites were in an area with a high cloud presence, which prevented observation (the area was not observed).http://www.arcgis.com/).The data processing, interpretation, visualization and spatial analysis were performed in ArcGIS software  were calculated for each treatment sampled by collection area, using the software Past 1.92. Aiming at comparing the values of the diversity indexes through the paired test, as well as the descriptive analysis of the anthropic effects .The data obtained for the occurrence of RVA and the questionnaires was inserted into a database for a descriptive analysis of the epidemiological profile of the animal population in the three forest ecosystems studied. In this analysis, descriptive statistical treatments were carried out, using customized "row-columns" type charts, referring to the data, in order to characterize the sample and quantify the results using absolute frequency values using the chi-square test and the Test T.The flying animals (wild birds and chiroptera) were captured using mist nets which were opened at dawn (4:00 a.m.) and closed in the morning (9:00 a.m.) and were inspected every one hour until the closing, with a sampling effort of 15 days. This research was approved by National Council for Animal Control and Experimentation (CONCEA), System of Authorization and Information in Biodiversity—SISBIO/ICMBIO/Ministry of the Environment under No. 37174–1 and by Committee on Ethics in Animal Use (CEUA / IEC) No. 019/2014.All procedures with animals were performed by veterinarians, being birds and bats identified and released at the same capture site. The fecal specimens were collected by stimulation of the rectal ampulla with the use of a "Zaragatoa", packed in cryogenic vials, identified, stored in liquid nitrogen, and later sent to the Laboratory.Wild animals  were trapped within live-containment traps of the Tomahawk cage (size 45x16x16cm) and Sherman type aluminum (size 30x9x8cm). In each sample plot, 61 traps were distributed, 20 Shermans and 41 Tomahawks being baited with a mixture made with peanut paste, sardines, cod liver oil and corn meal, as well as fruit like banana, apple and pineapple. All the traps used were inspected daily in the morning, the baits being exchanged when necessary and later after the capture in bags of cloth and at least five specimens of each species were chosen for the collection of biological material. The wild animals were sedated with a combination of ketamine 20mg/kg and xylazine 2mg/kg intramuscularly and subsequently, euthanized with anesthetic overdose of 2% lidocaine in the foramen magnum, according to the recommendation of the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA).From October 2014 to April 2016, 1,282 fecal samples were collected from wild and domestic animals. Amongthese, 648 (50.5%) samples were randomly selected for RVA research and handled in Level Three Biosafety Laboratory (NB3).The viral genome was extracted using the TRIZOL LS REAGENT protocol , following the manufacturer's recommendations, with minor adaptation according to the protocol described in the supplemental data.2O, TaqMan RT-PCR Mix (2x), TAqMan RT Enzyme Mix (40x), primers for the NSP3 gene, Primer NSP3 Forward (20mM), Primer NSP3 Reverse (20mM), probe NSP3 S (10nm), Template (RNA) 3μL, having a total reaction volume of 17μL and reverse transcription cycling of 50°C, 30 minutes, denaturation of 95°C, 10 minutes, annealing of 45 cycles of 95°C, 15 seconds and extension of 60°C, 1 minute.The qRT-PCR was conducted according to Zeng et al.  for the The analyzes were considered positive when presenting the cycle threshold (CT) ≤ 40. In order to guarantee a reliable test result, the measurements of contamination control were performed with the use of positive animal control (SA11 prototype) and a negative control (ultrapure water).All RVA-positive samples were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) according to Mijatovic et al  to genotFrom October 2014 to April 2016, a total of 648 fecal samples of wild and domestic animals belonging to three forest fragments areas were tested for the NSP3 gene by qualitative qPCR, and 178 (27.5%) were positive for RVA, distributed among the species: birds (23.6%), canines (21.35%), bats (17.98%), cattle (14.6%), horses (8.43%), small rodents (6.74%), swine (3.93%) and felines (3.37%). The CT interval ranged from 28.47 to 39.9 (mean of 36.79) with the following mean values per species: horses (34.11), birds (34.24), cattle (36.02), canines and chiropterans (37.1), rodents (37.76), swine (37.91) and felines (38.36).It was possible to detect viral strains in all genders of animals studied and in the harvesting period none of the animals showed signs of acute infection and / or diarrhea.Rotavirus A (RVA) detected in the present study of wild and domestic animals belonging to the three areas of forest fragment, according to Carollia perspicillata species, with 12 (37.5%) being all adults, 9 (28.12%) Desmodus rotundus samples (4 young and 5 adults), 5 (15.6%) of Uroderma bilobata (15.62%), 3 (9.37%) of Artibeus lituratus and the species Artibeus Planirostus, Diaemus iyoug and Glossophagine with 1 (3.12%) each. These animals came from areas of forest fragments located near bovine and equine farms, in addition to inhabiting small chicken farms.In relation to the evaluated bovines, only in the city of Viseu, these species were studied because they were created extensively. In addition, most of the animals were young with ages varying from 1 day to 8 yearsold, history of deficient vaccination, lack of technical assistance and raised in the form of subsistence. The animals showed no symptoms of diarrhea, only low weight performance and poor sanitary management status. In relation to chiroptera, 32 (17.98%) positive samples for RVA were distributed among The anthropic variables were analyzed for the three cities studied, as well as the use of the soil within the range of the animals, obeying the domicile, the peridomicile and the forest fragment where the traps of small rodents, birds and various species of animals were captured .Considering the factors related to the anthropic activities in the three studied areas within the three cities of the present study, it was observed that the city of Santa Bárbara is the one that has a better area of preserved forest and the city of Viseu a smaller area. However, in the city of Santa Bárbara, a greater concentration of occupations was observed around the area of forest fragment. It was observed in this chosen area of the city, the presence of different families living in a rural settlement, surviving from the exploitation of forest resources and the creation of small animals for subsistence, such as poultry and fish farming, as well as family farming products.The breeding of animals in native pastures was only observed in the cities of Peixe Boi and Viseu. Extensive livestock farming was practiced with beef cattle, equines for work and small animals (swine and goats). In relation to the most preserved pasture area, the city of Peixe Boi had the largest area, according to the data shown in When comparing the climates of the three areas it was observed that the predominant climate is megathermal and humid with average annual temperature around 27°C. The months of October, November and December are the hottest, with temperatures between 32°C and 34°C and absolute maximums around 41°C. Annual rainfall is quite high, generally around 2,350 mm, but strongly concentrated from January to June (80%). From September to December, on the contrary, rainfall is rare, about 7%, with a short dry season, of moderate water deficit in those months. The relative humidity of the average air oscillates around 85%, as shown in The description of the accumulated precipitation in the year of capture of the fecal specimens compared to the Climatological Normals (CLINO) for the period from 1961–1990 of the PCDs closest to the locations of the Expedito Ribeiro / Santa Bárbara settlement (Belém PCD), Vila Ananim / Peixe-Boi and Açaiteua / Viseu (Tracauateua PCD) show the frequency of rainfall in the regions, which facilitates the renewal of the pastures and the regeneration of the impacted forests, being an important indicator of the reduction of the damages caused by deforestation in the region.The average deforestation index in the three study areas was calculated from data obtained from INPE information systems. It was observed that in the years of 2013 to 2014 there were no changes in these regions; in the period from 2014 to 2015 about 4.1% of the city of Viseu was changed and 1.6% of the city of Peixe Boi. In relation to the period of 2016, great changes were observed in Peixe Boi (79%) and in the city of Viseu (70%), thus demonstrating that changes in the natural ecosystem may be associated with the frequencies for RVA in the studied areas, according to When assessing the infected animals in relation to the uninfected animals in both the forest fragment and the peridomicile, considering as animals of the forest fragment the birds, the chiroptera and the small rodents and as animals of the peridomicile the canines, bovines, pigs, felines and horses, a percentage of 37.07% infected peri domestic animals (86/232) and 22.12% infected forest fragment animals (92/416) were obtained. Applying the selected statistical analysis, a Pearson x2 Chi-square value was obtained: 16.7159, df = 1 and p <0.001, meaning that the hypothesis was corroborated, that is, the greater the degradation of the environment, the more likely it will be the search for food by wild animals in adjacent areas, or in the edge of the forest or even in the peri domiciliary region. In this sense, the possibility of contagion with other species of animals, even humans, should be considered because of the capacity of the rotavirus to be transmitted via the fecal / oral route or through direct contact with the environment. It is important to point out that the animals detected in this study are important sources of viral strains.A total of 80 stool samples were selected, reextracted and analyzed using PCR for the VP4 gene. Eight strains (10%) were positive for VP4 gene, being 2 strains bellowed to P genotypeIn the present study, RVA was detected circulating in 27.5% of the animals; 36% in domestic animals and 64% in wild animals, providing a unique dataset with qRT-PCR detecting a low viral load of RVA in different species, which further correlates with the deforestation index. These data are important because there is a lack of tests for RVA diagnosis in animals, since the current methods of RVA detection does not always detect in these populations . With thCurrently, no data have been described in the literature regarding the RVA detection using real-time qPCR technique in a wide variety of wild animal species. However, a study by Soltan et al.  conducteEidolon helvum caught in Vihiga, Kenya [E. helvum), China (Rhinolophus hipposideros and Aselliscus stoliczkanus), France (Myotis mystacinus), Cameroon (E. helvum) and Brazil [Carollia perspicillata (37.5%), Desmodus rotundus (28.12%), Uroderma bilobata (15.6%), Artibeus lituratus (9.37%), Artibeus Planirostus (3.12%), Diaemus iyoug and Glossophagine (3.12%).The first description of RVA in chiroptera was recorded in feces of a, Kenya . Afterwad Brazil , 51–55. Desmodus rotundus is one of the three hematophagous species of the Phyllostomidae family, found throughout South America, Central America and Mexico. Of the positive chiroptera for RVA in the present study, a prevalence of 28.12% was of Desmodus rotundus. This species feeds on birds, can feed on mammals, mostly medium or large, facilitating the dissemination of viral spores among the community within the habitat, as observed in the present study. These findings show the importance of epidemiological data on the studied species due to the lack of studies involving species of neotropical chiroptera, and it is not possible to establish comparative parameters for these animals.Barquez et al.  reportedRegarding the circulation of RVA in canines and birds, the prevalence was 53% and 29%, respectively. Although in the Amazon region there are records of RVA, RVD, RVF and RVG that infect birds –58 and ROn the other hand, the prevalence in felines (16%) and pigs (22%) was lower, probably because there are few animals of these species in the region, as well as few creations.The study detected the presence of RVA in different species of animals both in areas near the home and in areas located in fragments of forest, characterized as forest remnants, since they were located in cities that suffered high environmental impacts due to vegetal extractivism, pasture formation for cattle breeding, exploitation of natural resources, and direct reflexes on the habitats of wild animals that can serve as virus sources, thus facilitating the dispersion of RVA among communities of coexisting animals.It is worth emphasizing that these animals have a greater contact with the human populations of the studied areas since they cohabit with the humans in the region, besides having a high flow of movement between the forest extracts and environments chosen for the present study. However, it is noteworthy that only in the communities of Santa Bárbara and Viseu were collected fecal specimens from asymptomatic humans for diarrhea and tested for RVA, but all were negative. It is notorious yet, the existence of different levels of degradation in the studied environments, considering the presented data. The fragmentation of the forest generates many consequences on the Amazonian biota, being able to alter the diversity and the composition of the animal communities in the fragments and even to interfere in the ecological processes, without considering that the fragments of forest in the Amazon are influenced by the climate, possibly facilitating the dispersion of pathogens by the environment, since the wild animals detected in the present study are asymptomatic and have low viral load for RVA.The occurrence of RVA in this population of animals may explain the possibility of dispersion of viral strains, since there is a proximity to the human population, besides the biological characteristics of these species that may represent important sources for gastroenteric viruses, along with the fact that all animals were asymptomatic for diarrhea.Wild birds have unlimited flight capacity, were captured in an interface region between the peridomicile and forest fragments and it is believed that this region has not been influenced by anthropic activities such as those observed in the area of the present study. On the other hand, the breeding method for poultry and canines close to homes and the forest ecosystem, as they are created in the communities surveyed, probably facilitates direct contact with possible sources of contamination, since in the areas the use of septic tanks is deficient and sometimes non-existent, which may facilitate or even increase the risk of viral dispersion throughout the environment.The high rates of increase and the analysis of land use in the researched areas may be important indicators of how these animals interact, since with deforestation, the populations of wild animals seek refuge in nearby communities facilitating the dispersal of infectious agents and the possible occurrence of carrier animals by direct contact or contamination of the local environment.To our knowledge, this is the first study in which a real-time PCR assay was applied for the detection of RVA involving a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, facilitating practical utility in epidemiological and molecular studies and assisting in a perspective in the elaboration of sanitary control and monitoring, preventing possible outbreaks in the studied communities. The detection of positive animals was useful to monitor the infection of the agent in the animal population and to provide an early warning signal to predict an impending epidemic and a favorable risk for the human population, given the evidence of RVA circulation in the different forest fragments.In addition, the RT-qPCR assay may be a useful alternative for the differential diagnosis of RV in possible coexisting mixed infections clinically indistinguishable such as those caused by other viral strains that cause gastroenteritis such as: astrovirus, coronavirus, picobirnavirus, calicivirus, among others as observed in the studies of Jing et al.  and WaruDiarrhea associated with RVA infections in pigs is an important cause of increased mortality and economic losses in Europe. The most prevalent genotypes isolated from feces of Belgian diarrheal and non-diarrheal piglets in 2012  demonstrFinding shows that different P genotypes of RVA strains interact with distinct blood group histological antigens  and sialic acids via VP4 providing insight into the regional prevalence and increased zoonotic potential of some RVA of origin swine . The genIn the population of animals studied the zoonotic transmission can be frequent, since the animals live in contact with humans and in precarious sanitary conditions. In Brazil, this genotype was described in animal and human populations in studies of Luchs et al. ; Honma eRegarding the genotype P , itwas mRVA were detected in wild and domestic animals using a RT-qPCR assay that analyzed samples that had low viral load for RVA. Although the samples are asymptomatic for diarrhea, it is necessary to conduct strategies for the monitoring and control of the animals in the areas studied in the human population as well as in other species of animals, as well as the implementation of preventive measures aimed at future outbreaks in communities animals in the resident population in these impacted areas. Therefore, the present study is unprecedented in the region and in the country in relation to the research of RVA in wild animals. It is noteworthy that, although the quality of the analyzed samples is characterized as low detectable viral load, the technique presented a good analytical response in the detection of the source animals for RVA, facilitating the selection of the samples for future genetic characterization tests.


Synthesis is carried out in one stage without complicated equipment and is technologically simple. It is determined by thermometric research that the temperature conditions required for the chemical reduction of Ni2+ are achieved due to the heat released during the exothermic reaction of HEMA polymerization in the presence of PVP. With the help of Fourier transform infrared analysis, and thermogravimetric and differential-thermal analysis, the formation of a crosslinked graft copolymer based on HEMA and PVP was confirmed, and its structural parameters, including the efficiency of PVP grafting, PVP content in the copolymer, and the molecular weight of the interstitial fragment of the polymer network, were investigated. The results obtained with scanning electron microscopy revealed that the size of the Ni(0) particles is about 500 nm. X-ray structural analysis of the composites obtained confirmed the existence of metal nickel particles. The strength, elastic, sorption, electrical, and magnetic properties of the obtained composites in the solid (dry) and elastic (swollen) physical states, depending on the composition of the copolymer and the content of the metal filler, have been investigated.The synthesis and study of metal-containing hydrogels, particularly those filled with nickel nanoparticles, is currently of interest to many researchers. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the structure and properties of Ni(0)-filled composites on the basis of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate copolymers (HEMA) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and their hydrogels. The authors of the article are the first who propose the method to produce these materials by combining the processes of polymer matrix synthesis and a reduction of Ni Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing new methods  and optiMetal-containing hydrogels are distinguished from other metal-filled polymeric materials by their ability to change characteristics, obtained as a result of filling, depending on the temperature, pH, humidity, and content of low-molecular substances. Due to high values of both surface energy and surface area, fine-dispersed metallic particles, especially nanoscale ones, are effective catalysts for many chemical reactions ,20. The The main problem that arises during the production of such materials relates to how to choose the best ways to introduce the filler into the polymer matrix. The size and nature of the filler particles’ distribution in the volume of the composite depend on the filling method, and, consequently, its structure and properties, as well as the productivity and cost-effectiveness of the production. The most common methods employed for the production of such materials are the polymerization of metal powders ,27 and tWe have established the opportunity for metal-containing hydrogel synthesis by combining the processes of polymer synthesis and the production of metal particles into one stage.Copolymers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with polyvinylpyrrolidone (pHEMA-gr-PVP) were used to form the polymer matrix. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was selected as the main component of the hydrogel net due to its water solubility, as well as the presence of a carbonyl group that is able to coordinate metal ions . Poly-2-Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has attracted much attention due to its impressive properties, such as its biocompatibility, nontoxicity, solubility in water and many organic solvents, pH stability, affinity to complex both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, and status as chemically inert in physiological reactions . The useA prerequisite for the implementation of the developed method for the production of metal-containing HEMA-gr-PVP copolymers is the high reactivity of HEMA/PVP compositions; possibility of polymerization in the presence of a solvent with the achievement of a high porosity of the polymer matrix, which provides removal of the reduction reaction products from the volume of the composite; and exothermic effects of polymerization, the heat of which can be used to create the necessary temperature conditions for the reduction of nickel ions.2+, the passing of two chemical processes of different natures has a mutual influence on their rate  = 0.3 wt.%) initiator was prepared at room temperature, during which the required amounts of BP and PVP were dissolved in HEMA to obtain a homogeneous mixture. Separately, an aqueous solution of oxidant (NiSO4) and an aqueous solution of reducing agent (NaH2PO2) were prepared at the required concentrations. The concentration ratio [NiSO4]:[NaH2PO2] = 1:2.2 (mol/L) was used. In total, 1.3 g/L of AgNO3 reducing activator, acetic acid, or 25% ammonia solution was added to the solution of the oxidant to provide the required pH.The process was carried out at the initial temperature of polymerization of TPMC, oxidant, and reducing agent solutions were kept separately in a thermostat at the required initial temperature of polymerization before mixing. After the thermostatic treatment, solutions of the oxidizer and the reducing agent were mixed to produce an oxidation-reducing system (ORS), which was immediately mixed with PMC. The mixture obtained was dosed into a polyethylene polymerization mold. The mold provided gas-escape channels for the removal of hydrogen formed during the reduction reaction. After formation, the samples of Ni(0)-containing composites were washed in distilled water to remove unreacted HEMA, PVP, oxidant, and reducing agent, as well as the products of the reduction reaction.−1, within the range of 500 to 4000 cm−1. Differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG) was conducted using a derivatograph MOM Q-1500 D , using samples of polymers in the form of fine-dispersed powder. The research was carried out in air at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The temperature range of the investigations was 273–973 К. Measurements were taken using a sample mass of 100 mg. The morphology of samples in a dry state was studied by scanning electron microscope-microanalyzer РЕММА-102-02 . The range of the accelerating voltage change was 0.2–40 keV, the range of magnification change was 10–300000, and the resolution was no more than 5.0 nm. The statistical analysis of nickel particles’ distribution by size was realized through measuring the diameter of 200 particles of ten different micrographs for various samples. The measurement error was 15%. The crystal structure of the samples was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), for which a DRON-4-07 X-ray Diffractometer  was used. Irradiating lamps with a copper anode and Ni-filter were used. Investigations were carried out in the range of 2θ from 4 to 360°.Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectra were obtained using a PARAGON 1000 FTIR spectrometer  equipped with a single-horizontal Golden Gate ATR cell . Samples were used in the form of a pellet. The spectra were recorded after 16 scans, at a resolution of 4 cm2+ were carried out using a plant, the main element of which was a glass reactor, which, based on its properties, was close to adiabatic. The reactor was previously washed with a chrome mixture and distilled water, dried, and then thermostated at the temperature of the experiment . The PMC and ORS were mixed and loaded into the reactor after the thermostat treatment. The reaction volume was 5 ± 0.1 cm3. The temperature change of the reaction medium was fixed using a thermocouple with the following representation of the results in the form of the curves of the dependence T = f(τ). The experimental error was 2%.Thermometric investigations of the polymerization processes of HEMA/PVP compositions with the simultaneous chemical reduction of Nif, %) was calculated as a ratio between grafted PVP  and the total amount of PVP in the initial blend :An amount of unbounded PVP was determined using the photocolorimetry of the water extract. The grafting efficiency  was calculated as a ratio between grafted PVP  and the total weight of the copolymer :The grafting degree  was determined using the Flory–Rehner method  is isn+/PVPeduction . The kins.g., τmax.T, and τg and a decrease in Tmax  and differential-thermal (DTA) analysis .A mixture of homogeneous pHEMA and PVP homopolymers with previously obtained Ni(0) powder (sample 1) and Ni/pHEMA-gr-PVP composites with different filler contents  have been investigated. As can be seen from the obtained TG analysis curves, in the first stage, there is a slight loss of sample mass connected with the evaporation of physically-bounded moisture (up to 200 °C). The intense weight loss of the homopolymer mixture (Sample 1) starts at approximately 200 °C, while samples 2 and 3 begin to lose weight at 220 °C and 235 °C, accordingly.The loss of the main weight of samples occurs in the temperature range of 200–440 °C. In this temperature range, sample 1 a loses 8However, on the curves of the DTA copolymers, the exothermic peak in the range 180–220 °C is shifted by 40 °C into the region of 220–260 °C. The exoeffect of oxidation on the DTA curve, as well as the beginning of intense weight loss at higher temperatures, indicates the higher thermal stability of the metal-filled copolymers compared to the homopolymers mixture. The results can be explained by the lower content of tertiary hydrogen atoms in the fragments of the PVP chain in the copolymer , compareThe endoeffect in the temperature range 220–280 °C of samples 2 and 3, in comparison with sample 1, is deeper and shifted to the range of higher temperatures. This indicates the formation of more crosslinked copolymer structure involving oxidized ≡C–H groups. For the mixture of pHEMA and PVP (sample 1), the smallest value of the endoeffect is typical, which is shifted to the range of lower temperatures b and the2+/PVP complex  is characterized by a higher thermal stability. Therefore, we can affirm that the particles of the obtained Ni obviously affect the copolymer structuring, due to the localization of the monomer molecules in the field of the polarized Ni complex b, as welC = 358 °C [On the DTA curves of copolymers, there are exothermic peaks in the temperature range 360–400 °C. Since, in this temperature range, there is no increase in the weight of samples, these exoeffects may be related to the combustion of the organic phase, as well as the process of nickel crystallization . The cha= 358 °C . The incC, kg/mol). The structural characteristics of the obtained copolymers and the composition of the copolymer significantly depend on the extent of the ratio of HEMA:PVP in the initial composition—with the increase of PVP content in the PMC, its amount increases in the copolymer  , curve 12+ reduction, has a mutual influence on the properties of the metal filler and polymer matrix and composite in general. It has been established that the properties of Ni/pHEMA-gr-PVP composites greatly depend on the conditions of Ni2+ reduction.Polymer hydrogels are distinguished from other materials because they have limited swelling abilities in water and aqueous solutions of various substances. However, without access to moisture, these materials are in a vitreous state. Therefore, the properties of Ni/pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers were studied, respectively, in the elastic (swollen) and solid (dry) states. The simultaneous implementation of two processes, including polymerization and NiSamples of composites synthesized at initial pH 7.5–8 have higher strength properties, both in dry and swollen states, but are characterized as having a lower water content than samples obtained at the initial pH 4–4.5 .An increase in the content of PVP in the initial PMC results in a decrease of the strength and elastic characteristics of swollen copolymers a. This iAs the content of metal filler increases, the strength characteristics of the composites increase . The con2+ in the composite  particles is the ability to conduct an electric current. An improvement of electrical conductivity is observed with an increase in the content of reduced Niomposite . It can e medium .At the same time, it was found that the composites obtained in the alkaline medium obtain magnetic properties. The combination of the magnetic properties of the filler and the sorption ability of the hydrogel matrix is a prerequisite for the creation of up to date, new materials, named magnetic sorbents, that are capable of structural changes under a magnetic field .2·kg−1) and the coercive force  were determined.In order to characterize the magnetic properties of the studied materials, their magnetization curves were obtained and studied , from wh−1), it follows that the investigated materials are magnetized. This is important in view of the fact that in a variable magnetic field, the transformation of magnetic energy into heat is rather small. Products based on Ni/pHEMA-gr-PVP composites in a variable magnetic field will be characterized by minimum energy losses per cycle.From the analysis of the curves’ shape and the small amount of coercive force  particles have not oxidized and did not change their structure and properties over time, which is additional confirmation of the stabilizing action of the polymer matrix.2+ ion reduction. The basis of the proposed method is the use of the exothermia of the polymerization process to provide the necessary temperature conditions for the reaction of Ni2+ chemical reduction. This approach is particularly attractive from both a practical and scientific point of view, since Ni(0) particles are formed simultaneously during the formation of the polymer matrix, which makes it possible to achieve a better, uniform distribution of particles and to obtain material with isotropic properties. The course of graft polymerization of HEMA on PVP with the formation of a crosslinked copolymer is confirmed.Composite metal-filled materials based on HEMA and PVP copolymers were produced by the method of combining the processes of polymer matrix synthesis and NiThe composite materials obtained are characterized by a homogeneous structure, filled with nano- and ultrafine Ni(0) particles, the size of which, depending on the technological regimes of synthesis, is within the range of 0.5–1 μm.3 Ohm · m, which is 104 times higher than the resistance of samples obtained in alkaline medium, which, in turn, have magnetic properties.The interconnection of physical and mechanical properties of synthesized composites with their structure is determined. The produced materials have high-strength and elastic properties, which depend on the content of PVP in the initial composition and the concentration of the obtained filler. The water content during equilibrium swelling, depending on the components of the composition and the regime of synthesis, is 50 ÷ 71 wt.%. Talking about electrical conductivity, the obtained materials relate to conductors. The specific volumetric resistance of materials obtained in the acidic medium is within the range of 10In the future, further research is planned in the direction of creating conditions for reducing the size of metal-filler particles, as well as testing obtained materials as catalysts of chemical processes.