Background and objectives: The use of antagonistic probiotic microorganisms and their byproducts represents a promising approach for the treatment of viral diseases. In the current work, the effect of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by lactic acid bacteria from different genera on the structural and functional characteristics of cells and the development of adenoviral infection in vitro was studied. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity of six EPSs of lactic acid bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus was determined by MTT -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The influence of the EPSs on the infectivity of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) and on the cell cycle under a condition of adenovirus infection was studied using plaque reduction assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Results: It was shown that exopolysaccharides were non-toxic to Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK) as they reduced their viability by 3–17%. A change in the distribution of the cell cycle phases in the non-infected cell population treated with EPSs was observed. The analysis demonstrated an increase in the number of cells in the S phase by 47% when using EPSs 15a and a decrease in the number of cells in the G1 phase by 20–27% when treated with the EPSs 15a, 33a, and 19s. The use of EPSs did not led to the normalization of the life cycle of HAdV-5 infected cells to the level of non-infected cells. The EPSs showed low virucidal activity and reduced the HAdV-5 infectivity to 85%. Among the studied exopolysaccharides, anti-adenovirus activity was found for EPS 26a that is produced by Lactobacillus spp. strain. The treatment of cells with the EPS following virus adsorption completely (100%) suppressed the formation and release of HAdV-5 infectious. Conclusions: EPS 26a possessed distinct anti-HAdV-5 activity and the obtained data demonstrate the potential of using exopolysaccharides as anti-adenoviral agents. Despite successes of vaccination, chemoprevention, and chemotherapy of human respiratory viral infections, these diseases still are one of the leading causes of human infectious disorders. Adenoviruses cause keratoconjunctivitis, as well as respiratory, urogenital and intestinal tract infectious diseases. In addition, adenoviruses may persist in the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils and adenoids for a long time, causing upper respiratory tract infections in adults ,2.Various compounds have been found to be effective against adenoviruses. Anti-adenoviral activity was shown in vitro for nucleotide analogs ,4. RibavTherefore, the development of new antiviral drugs that would be effective against adenoviruses without adverse effects, for a wide range of patients, including long-term users, is very urgent.Currently, the use of probiotic antagonist microorganisms and their metabolic products represents a promising approach for the treatment of viral diseases . Lactic Pediococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus against human adenovirus type 5.The present study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria of the genera In this study MDBK cells were obtained from the tissue culture collection of the Institute of Virology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences  and HAdV-5 was obtained from the collection of the Institute of Microbiology of the Budapest University of Medical Sciences  and propagated in HEp-2 (ATCC CCL-23) cells.®  in a growth medium composed of 45% DMEM , 45% RPMI 1640  and 10% fetal bovine serum  heat inactivated at 56 °C with antibiotics penicillin  and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) .MDBK cells were maintained in sterile plastic falcon 7 PFU/mL.Cultivation, purification, and preservation of HAdV-5 were performed according to the standard method . The infPediococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus were extracted, purified and accumulated by the researchers from the Department of Physiology of Industrial Microorganisms at the Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by lactic acid bacteria of the genera  Ukraine  16,17].,17.Pedio2 for 3–4 h, then the medium was removed and 150 µL of 96% ethanol was added. The plates were read using a Multiskan FC  with a 538-nm test wavelength.MTT-assay was used for the analysis of cell viability . After 2Percentage decrease of cell viability under the condition of EPS action was calculated by the following formula:50) was estimated in comparison to the control cells not treated with EPS.EPS concentration at which cell viability was inhibited by 50% (CCMDBK cells infected with adenovirus (treated and not treated with the EPSs) were fixed in 96% ice-cold ethanol for 1 h, resuspended in 500 mL solution of phosphate-buffered saline  that contained RNAse (100 μg/mL)  and propidium iodide (PI) (50 μg/mL) , and incubated at room temperate in a dark place for 1 h . The celTo investigate the best order of EPSs’ antiviral effects, three experimental procedures were used as follows:To MDBK cells were added 100 μL of EPSs at the concentrations of 20, 100 and 500 μg/mL, which were then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Then, cells were infected with HAdV-5 (the multiplicity of the infection (MOI) of 7 PFU per cell). After 1.5 h, the virus-containing medium was removed, and 200 μL of serum-free medium was added.Adenovirus (MOI 70 PFU/cell) was mixed with an equal volume of EPS at a concentration of 1500 µg/mL and incubated at 37 °C for 3 h. The MDBK cell monolayer was infected with 50 µL per well of suspension of EPS-HAdV-5 of the appropriate dilution. Following the virus adsorption that was carried out at 37 °C for 1.5 h, the virus-containing material was removed, and 200 μL of serum-free medium was added.The MDBK cells were first infected with HAdV-5 at 50 μL/well (MOI 3.5 PFU/cell), and the virus was adsorbed at 37 °C for 1.5 h. Then, the virus was removed, and the growth medium with the appropriate EPSs concentration was added .2 at 37 °C until a visible cytopathic effect of adenovirus appeared (3–5 days), and the virus material was selected for further investigation of the virus titer. Non-treated cells and cells treated with HAdV-5 served as controls.Plates with cells were kept at 5% CO2. After adsorption of the virus, the medium was removed, and the cells were covered with 1% methylcellulose , DMEM medium  and 2% fetal bovine serum . Cells were incubated at 37 °C at 5% CO2 for 5 days. Next, the cover was removed and 200 μL of 0.2% crystal violet  in 20% ethanol was added to the cell monolayer [The titer of the virus was determined by the plaque method, based on the formation of necrotic sites in the infected cells due to the reproduction of the virus. Cells were grown in a 24-well plate  to form a 100% monolayer and were infected with serial ten-fold diluted lysates of cells previously infected with adenovirus (untreated or treated with different concentrations of EPSs) at 0.3 mL per well and incubated for 1.5 h at 37 °C at 5% COonolayer . The titThe antiviral activity of EPSs was determined using the following formula:A decrease in the infectious titer of the virus by 2 lg or more (or 99% or more), compared with the control, indicates significant activity of the compound against the virus, 97–99% demonstrates a moderate effect and less than 97% shows a relative activity .± S.D. for three independent experiments. The Student’s t-test  was used to evaluate the difference between the test sample and control. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Statistical data processing was performed according to standard approaches for calculating statistical errors (standard deviation) using Microsoft Excel 2010. The results were expressed as mean The issue of directed inhibition of the reproduction of infectious disease pathogens requires a search for medicines that are characterized by low toxicity and a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. As viruses are intracellular parasites, selective suppression of virus reproduction without adverse effect on the viability of host cells is one of the requirements for antiviral inhibitors.MTT analysis is one of the most simple and available methods for the estimation of cytotoxicity. The technique enables the identification of the negative impact of EPSs on the viability of cells and the functional activity of mitochondria .50 value was significantly higher than 1500 µg/mL. The CC50 value for referent compound Ribavirin was 400 µg/mL.It was found that EPSs at a concentration of 375–1500 µg/mL were not toxic for MDBK cells, as they suppressed their viability only by 3–17%, whereas the CCAs toxic compounds often cause the termination of cell growth and proliferation, the effect of EPSs on the MDBK cell populations was studied. Cells were fixed and dyed with fluorochrome propidium iodide and analyzed using flow cytometry. The approach allowed the estimation of the distribution of cells by their structure and cell cycle phases, as well as the identification of apoptotic cells, as the propidium iodide signal is directly proportional to DNA content.As can be seen from cell cycle profiles A based oUnder the conditions of the compound treatment, the distribution of cells in G1 and G2/M phases was similar to control cells. However, compared to control cells, EPSs 48a and 19s decreased the number of cells in the G1 phase up to 16%, whereas EPSs 6a, 48a, and 6s increased the number of cells in the G2/M phase by 11–42%.The anti-HAdV-5 activity of EPSs (in non-toxic concentrations) was confirmed by measuring virus yield synthesized de novo using a plaque reduction assay.Analysis of the antiviral activity of EPSs added to MDBK cells 24 h before adenovirus infection demonstrated that only EPSs 48a, 26a and 6s showed low antiviral activity, reducing virus reproduction by 23–67% , indicatIt was found that EPS showed weak virucidal activity decreasing the infectious titer of HAdV-5 by 3–85%, whereas incubation of the virus with EPS 6a increased HAdV-5 reproduction by 15% .Using EPSs at late stages of adenovirus reproduction and immediately after virus adsorption, it was found that only EPS 26a shows apparent anti-HAdV-5 activity. At the concentrations of 20 and 100 µg/mL, the EPS absolutely blocked the synthesis of viral progeny . Other EVirus infection frequently results in the disturbance of key cellular processes within the host cell. The subversion of cell cycle pathways is a well-established mechanism by which viruses create the most suitable environment for their replication . NotablySignificant changes in the cell cycle of cells infected with HAdV-5 compared to non-infected cells were revealed. In particular, the number of cells in the G1 phase decreased by 67%, whereas the number of cells in the S phase is doubled . The redIt was found that after the treatment of cells infected with adenovirus using exopolysaccharides, the distribution of cells in cell cycle phases was similar to the distribution of cells infected with adenovirus, demonstrating the inefficiency of the exopolysaccharide treatment (data not shown). A decrease in the number of cells in the S phase by 5–33% compared with the distribution of infected cells was observed. However, there was no increase in the number of cells in the G1 phase, indicating continued blocking of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle due to viral infection. Only the use of EPS 48a at a concentration of 100 and 20 µg/mL resulted in a significant increase in the number of cells in the G1 phase (1.5–2 times) compared with infected cells, and a decrease in the number of cells in the synthetic phase by 18–29%, indicating normalization of the cell cycle of infected cells to the level of uninfected cells .Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Weissella. LAB exopolysaccharides have unique physical and rheological properties. As a result, they are used in the food industry as binding, stabilizing, and gel-forming agents, specifically in the production of dairy products. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the study of the biological activity of EPSs. In particular, it was shown that they have immunostimulating, antitumor, and antioxidant qualities. Since the biological activity of EPSs is strain-specific, the search for new strain-producers among LAB representatives found in the natural microbiota of fermented products is of great interest. Strains producing EPSs, especially in high amounts, are important for improving the rheological properties of the product and may possess possible health-improving effects for the human body. Previously, searches for LAB strains producing exopolysaccharides were performed. The isolates of LAB present in traditional fermented milk products, fermented fruits and vegetables were analyzed. Most EPS producers were found among representatives of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus isolated from pickled apples, pickled tomato juice, and sauerkraut. Therefore, the biological activity of these EPSs was analyzed in the current work. In the preclinical study of potential drugs, the first step is associated with the assessment of the compound’s toxicity for cell culture . It should be noted that most toxic agents act on the cell by interfering with the molecular mechanisms of homeostasis. This action can be expressed in a whole set of effects, which include changes in the fundamental cellular reactions, leading to destructive effects. We have studied the impact of EPSs extracted from lactic acid bacteria of the genera Pediococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus on the growth and division of MDBK cells sensitive to adenovirus. It was identified that EPSs in the studied concentrations are not toxic to MDBK cells, since they reduce cell viability only up to 17%. Also, the analysis of the effect of the highest EPS concentration on the cell cycle of MDBK cells showed the absence of significant changes in the distribution of the cell population in the G1, S and G2/M phases of the cycle. The obtained data allowed the use of all EPSs for the study of their antiviral potential. It is known that bacterial exopolysaccharides show significant antiviral activity due to the degradation of the viral particles, a decrease in the titer of viruses, the blocking of viral DNA replication, and the release of the infectious virus particle. However, the antiviral potential of these drugs has not been studied sufficiently. As a result, to investigate and exhibit EPS-mediated anti-adenoviral activity and to determine the stage of viral reproduction inhibited by EPS, various EPS treatment schemes were used in the work. Based on three different treatments, the results suggested that EPSs have a specific inhibitory effect on HAdV-5. The EPSs showed low virucidal activity and reduced HAdV-5 infectivity up to 85%. In most cases, neither pre-treatment resulted in a significant inactivation of virion infectivity. The inhibitory effects were observed only when EPSs were added to cells at the end of the virus adsorption period. However, only EPS 26a (produced by Lactobacillus sp.) reduced the titer of the virus obtained de novo and inhibited HAdV-5 plaque formation by 100%.In recent years, there has been a tendency to use LAB exopolysaccharides for the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary system, as well as cancer, allergic diseases, and viral infections . HoweverL. paracasei A14, L. paracasei F19, L. paracasei/rhamnosus Q8, L. plantarum M1.1 and L. reuteri DSM12246) and the lipid envelope of the VSV, which leads to blocking of the virus adsorption on the cell. Similar data were shown for E. faecium NCIMB 10415 against influenza viruses and L. gasseri CMUL57 isolated from vaginal microbiota against the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The probiotics of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus and their exopolysaccharides can stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of interleukin 12 to enhance the activity of natural killer cells and the synthesis of IgA in the spleen. Such activation of Th1 immune responses and the production of IgA determine their action against influenza [Lactobacillus sp., plays an essential role as a natural microbocide within the vaginal ecosystem and is toxic to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HSV-2. Lactic acid, which is the final product of carbohydrate metabolism and is synthesized by all types of lactobacilli, is essential for maintaining the required pH of the genital organs, since it is known that the acidic pH of the environment inactivates HIV, and HSV-1 and -2. It has been revealed that lactobacilli can produce compounds that inhibit replication of the viruses. The L. brevis cell wall inhibits the replication of HSV-2 DNA in cell culture, while the acidic products of the Lactobacillus metabolism inhibit the activation of T-lymphocytes, leading to a decrease in the sensitivity of lymphocytes to HIV infection, which is especially important for mixed HIV–HSV infections [Currently, several possible mechanisms of the influence of lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites on the development of viral infection have been identified: i) inhibition of virus adsorption and penetration into cells as a result of direct bacterium/metabolite-virus interaction; ii) inhibition of late stages of viral reproduction and reduction of their infectivity; and, iii) stimulation of the immune system . As a renfluenza . In addifections . It has The characteristic changes in DNA synthesis and content induced by HAdV-5 infection allow the use of flow cytometry to detect not only viral infection but also potential antiviral activities . The infLactobacillus sp.), which produced EPS 26a suppressing the yield of virus particles, was selected. Furthermore, this strain is interesting as potential probiotic or starter, whereas the in-depth investigation of the functional and technological properties, EPSs monosaccharide composition and structure are currently studied. Taken together, our data suggested that exopolysaccharides produced by LAB strains exhibited anti-HAdV-5 activity in vitro. Among the six used strains, one LAB strain (Lactobacillus sp. possessed significant anti-HAdV-5 activity, based on the obstruction of HAdV-5 reproduction, inducing the formation of non-infectious virus progeny. Thus, this LAB strain is a promising producer of EPS with antiviral activity against HAdV-5. However, further investigation is needed to explore the antiviral mechanism of such an EPS in detail.In summary, the EPS 26a produced by


Central nervous system (CNS) is one of the largest killers of people’s health all over the world. The overactivation of the immune and inflammatory responses is considered as an important factor, contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of CNS disorders. Among all kinds of immune and inflammatory reaction, the inflammasome, a complex of proteins, has been drawn increasingly attention to by researchers. The initiation and activation of the inflammasome is involved in the onset of various kinds of diseases. The NLRP3 inflammasome, the most studied member of the inflammasome, is closely associated with many kinds of CNS disorders. Here in this review, the roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis and progression of several well-known CNS diseases would be discussed, including cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, depression as well as other CNS disorders. In addition, several therapeutic strategies targeting on the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of CNS disorders would be described in this review. Innate immunity is a vital protectself-defensive mechanism against various kinds of internal and external threatening factors in organism . The infThe inflammasome, an inducer of innate immune reaction, functions in the recognition and targeting of numerous invasive or internal pathogens such as microbes . It is wFigure 1).The NLRP3 inflammasome is comprised of three components, including the NLRP3 protein, adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and procaspase-1 . In the Figure 1). In the first step, a priming signaling is triggered by certain PAMPs or DAMPs on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which leads to the activation of the NF-κB-mediated pathway. The triggering of NF-κB activation leads to the increase in the transcription of the NLRP3 inflammasome-related components, including the NLRP3 protein, pro-interleukin-1β (proIL-1β), and proIL-18. In the subsequent step two, with the further stimuli on immune and inflammatory cells, the NLPR3 protein was oligomerized, followed by the assembly of the NLRP3 protein, ASC and procaspase-1 into the complex of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The successful formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers the transformation of the procaspase-1 to caspase-1, catalyzing the formation of the mature IL-1β and IL-18 from proIL-1β and proIL-18, which are secreted outside and lead to the cascade immune or inflammatory reaction , PAMPs, DAMPs, silica, β-amyloid, autophagy deficiency as well as factors leading to the enhancement of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and so on  is widely considered to be a classic ligand for the activation of the TLR4 . In addind so on .NLRP3 genes may lead to the occurrence of some congenital disorders in patients and animal models .As we discussed above, the NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly produced in innate immunity cells, thus triggering the cascade immune and inflammatory reaction through the secretion of two pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18. As a result, the NLRP3 inflammasome is highly involved in the onset and development of various kinds of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases , metabolic disorders , digestive diseases (inflammatory bowel disease), renal diseases and CNS diseases . In addil models . For exand IL-18 . In CNS,nd IL-18 . In thisCerebrovascular diseases refer to a group of pathological processes which result in the negative influence on cerebral vessels and circulation, thus leading to the subsequent damage of the brain tissues in function or structure. Cerebrovascular diseases are regarded as a group of major health problems for human beings worldwide, causing high morbidity, mortality as well as disability . It is wThe NLRP3 inflammasome has been reported to play a vital role in cerebrovascular diseases, and many signaling pathways mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome are highly involved in the onset and progression of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke . For exaSinomenium acutum, in mice cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic models in vivo and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated in vitro models . One of the most popular agents is interferon-β, which has already been applied in clinic as a first-line drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis through the induction of the phosphorylation of STAT1 as well as IL-10 production . HoweverAnother CNS disease highly related to the NLRP3 inflammasome is depression. Although it is regarded as a mental disorder, yet modern studies have demonstrated that the pathogenesis and progression of depression is involved in the overreaction of inflammatory and immune responses . NLRP3-dSalvia miltiorrhize, contributed to the attenuation of depression in symptom through the promotion of the protective autophagy process, thus leading to the induction of the clearance of the NLRP3 protein. Astragaloside IV, an active component purified from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge, attenuated the neuroinflammation-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice through the PPARγ/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis . So far, we are lucky to have many kinds of inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation developed, which have already been shown to be effective in the alleviation of certain CNS diseases in patients or animal models. However, because of the limitations of modern studies, there is still a long way to go for their successful application in clinic and get rid of the side effects. Further efforts are demanded to develop potential and effective therapeutic strategies against CNS diseases taking advantage of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.All in all, recent studies have demonstrated the important roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis and progression of various kinds of CNS diseases (B-ZS retrieved concerned literatures and wrote the manuscript. QC designed the table. CL revised the manuscript. All the authors agreed to be accountable for the content of the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


In some patients with a family history of the gender-linked disease, determination of the fetal gender in the first trimester of pregnancy is of importance. In X-linked recessive inherited diseases, only the male embryos are involved, while in some conditions, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, female embryos are affected; hence early determination of fetal gender is important.The aim of the current study was to predict the gender of the fetus based on the accurate measurement of the fetal anogenital distance (AGD) by ultrasound in the first trimester.To determine the AGD and crown-rump length in this cross-sectional study, 316 women with singleton pregnancies were exposed to ultrasonography. The results were then compared with definitive gender of the embryos after birth.The best cut-off for 11 wk to 11 wk, 6 days of pregnancy was 4.5 mm, for 12 wk to 12 wk, 6 days was 4.9 mm, and for 13 wk to 13 wk, 6 days was 4.8 mm.AGD is helpful as an ultrasonographic marker that can determine fetal gender in the first trimester, especially after 12 wks. For patients with a family history of gender-linked diseases, determination of the fetal gender in the first trimester of pregnancy is very important. In X-linked recessive inherited diseases, only male fetuses are involved, and in adrenal congenital hyperplasia, only female fetuses are involved. It is clear that early detection of fetal gender is of importance. The most definitive method of determining the gender of an embryo is the biopsy of the chorionic villus under ultrasound, but this is an invasive procedure with a 0.5% to 1.0% chance of fetal loss . Another method of determining gender is to analyze the cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's blood. This is considered to be a non-invasive procedure, but is costly and is not available in all locations (3).The simplest non-invasive technique to determine the fetal gender is ultrasonography in the second trimester and the use of the morphological criteria . In the absence of gender abnormalities, this easy and available technique is 100% accurate after 20 wk of pregnancy (4–6). Before the second trimester of pregnancy, the accuracy of fetal gender determination decreases due to biological factors such as a small size and insufficient difference between genitalia or because of technical factors such as the difficulty of correct determination of the midsagittal plane .In the late 1990s, a new technique was developed for the determination of fetal gender in the first trimester. This involved measurement of the genital angle of the tubercle to a horizontal line on the lumbosacral skin in the midsagittal plane of the fetus . After 13 wk of pregnancy, this procedure has a sensitivity of 100% for determining gender, but its sensitivity between 11 and 12 wk is low .Gender morphogenesis is a dynamic and hormone-dependent phenomenon that occurs after 6 wk of pregnancy. The anogenital distance (AGD), the distance between the tail-like end of the fetus and the genital base of the tubercle, is dependent on testosterone and, thus, on the gender (13). The AGD of males is larger than of females . In animal models, this distance represents fetal exposure to androgens during masculinization . In humans, AGD in male neonates is more than twice of that in females. This difference is significant until the age of 24–30 months, after which it decreases up to adulthood .The necessity for early diagnosis of fetal gender as related to gender-dependent diseases was the motive for the present study to evaluate the accuracy of AGD ultrasonographic measurement at 11 wk to 13 wk, 6 days of pregnancy.A total of 316 pregnant women referred to Taleghani Hospital, Arak, Iran, from October 1, 2016 to September 1, 2017 offered to participate in this cross-sectional study.Our inclusion criteria were women aged 18–35 years old with a singleton pregnancy in 11 wk to 13 wk + 6 days. The exclusion criterion was patient failure to provide consent. The demographic data of the mothers were collected on an information form. All mothers submitted to ultrasound by an experienced sonologist during which the fetal AGD was examined in a neutral position (neither hyperflex nor hyperexten) on the midsagittal plane. The image was used to measure the crown-rump length (CRL) (13) to determine the exact age of the pregnancy. The AGD then was measured from the fetus caudal to the inferior end of the genital appendage . Specifications of ultrasound instrument that was used in this study contain: Probe Convex c7-3, zooming 500%.To assess the participants, they were divided into three groups by the age of pregnancy:•n = 87),Group 1: women with pregnancy age 11 wk to 11 wk, 6 days (•n = 180), andGroup 2: women with pregnancy age 12 wk to 12 wk, 6 days (•n = 48).Group 3: women with pregnancy age 13 wk to 13 wk, 6 days .Statistical analysis data was entered into SPSS version 15 (USA). ROC analysis was used to calculate the predictive value of some variables. These values were considered to be statistically significant at p The follow-up process was completed for all 316 pregnant women under the study. A total of 87 fetuses were studied in group 1. Out of this number, 60 embryos were female with an average AGD of 4.01 Group 3 included the fetuses of 13 wk to 13 wk, 6 days of age. These totaled to 48 fetuses. Of these, 23 fetuses were female and 27 were male. The average AGD of the females was 4.65 To remove the effect of age on AGD for each group, the best cut-off was separately calculated for predicting gender . Characteristics and sensitivity were determined in all three groups (Table I). The areas under the curve were compared every 3 wks. No significant difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.10). A significant difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 and group 1 (p = 0.0003); thus, the samples in groups 2 and 3 were combined into one group. The best cut-off was determined to be 4.9 mm . The sensitivity and specificity were calculated, respectively, as 95% and 89.6% (Table II).The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of the AGD of embryos in the first trimester of pregnancy is a novel and accurate means to determine embryo gender. The AGD in the male embryos was significantly greater than that in the female embryos. The best results were obtained in pregnancies of over 12 wk of age at a cut-off of 4.9 mm. On this basis, the gender of 88% male embryos and 95% female embryos was diagnosed correctly. The measurement of AGD at 11 wk of pregnancy contained the weakest result.Salazar-Martines and co-workers measured AGD in male and female neonates. They examined 87 neonates (42 girls and 45 boys) resulting in term pregnancy (38 Kutlu studied AGD in Turkish neonates. The AGD of 300 neonates from two studies were measured. The AGD of the males was 41.8 In the current study, to increase the precision of the results, embryos studied in the first trimester of pregnancy were divided into three groups to determine the best week of pregnancy for determining fetal gender based on AGD. The weakest results were for 11 wk to 11 wk, 6 days, at a cut-off of 4.5 mm. The likelihood of the embryo being male at AGD None of the previous studies for the determination of the gender of a fetus by AGD had been done in the first trimester. The current prospective study supports the measurement of fetal AGD as a new ultrasonographic sign for early determination of the gender of the fetus. It appears that this method is an accurate tool, especially after 12 wk of pregnancy. More studies are needed to verify the results.The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in this study.


The method presented in this article is helpful for analyzing the landscape properties and unfolding the transversal continuity of natural landscapes in the coastal zone. The novel conceptual approach to analyze the landscape structure in the transversal direction with reference to coastline is different from others focusing on the longitudinal analysis of landscape properties in the coastal areas. The procedure is relying on the fundamental questioning of the spatial relation of each landscape patch with the coastline. The raw material is Land-Use/ Land-Cover (LULC) data. At this stage the method is tested successfully utilizing CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data. The method is structured in four sequential stages, and formalized via ModelBuilder/ ArcGIS software into a model applicable to any coastal zone. The output of each phase is used as the raw material of the following stage. The presented method is useful in identifying a set of endangered natural landscape patches located as a hinge in between two transversally connected natural landscape mosaics (TCNLM). A second set is highlighted as potential artificial surfaces located as barriers between the coastline and TCNLM. The presented method is useful in the analysis stages of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Sustainable Coastal Tourism (SCT).•The presented procedure focuses on the transversal landscape structure in the coastal zone rather that the classical longitudinal analysis of coastal landscapes.•The procedure brings a new way of CORINE Land Cover data utilization beyond its basic monitoring objective, useful for a variety of decision making and management processes such as; Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), Sustainable Coastal Tourism (SCT), Environmental protection, Landscape connectivity, etc.•The method builds a novel tool set customized via ModelBuilder in ArcGIS, being applicable to any coastal zone. Specifications Tableconcept of bands . The main goal of the Stage 3 is the reclassification of each landscape patch of TCNLM by the maximum band level they provide transversal connectivity for, by assigning the transversal continuity depth (hereafter TCD) value. Last, at the Stage 4 there are defined a set of endangered natural landscape patches and a further set of potential artificial land cover surfaces.The workflow consists of one preparatory and four analytical stages . First, The endangered natural landscapes set consists of patches which are located as singular hinges in-between two TCNLM. Generally, these patches belong to middle bands such as, the band 5, the band 6, or the band 7. Their endangered status relies on the assumption that if such unique natural landscape patches were artificialized, they would cause landscape fragmentation to TCNLM in the coastal zone. Similarly, the set of potential artificial landscape units includes artificial patches belonging to the band 1 (located in the waterfront), which act as barriers between the coastline (sea/ ocean) and the TCNLM. These artificial patches are labeled as potential based on the assumption that if they were recovered/ restored close to their natural state, they would provide extensive connectivity between the coastline and TCNLM.band level. The workflow of the Stage 1 is formalized via ModelBuilder  for the Stage 2 (S2-a1) aiming to reveal the TCNLM along the coastal zone. The procedure of the Stage 2 initiates with a filtering operation of natural CLC patches of each band (S2-a3). The natural surfaces consist of the following CLC classes; clc-523, clc-522, clc-521, clc-422, clc-421, clc-411, clc-333, clc-331, clc-324, clc-323, clc-321, clc-313, clc-312, clc-311. In other words, the artificial surfaces (clc-100) and the agricultural areas (clc-200) are excluded at this stage .Fig. 5ThThe set of natural land cover classes may tolerate some exceptions due to the specifics of the context of the study area. For example, in the Mediterranean context the olive groves (clc-223) and agro-forestry (clc-244) areas are considered part of the natural environment ,6, and aselecting by attributes there are filtered the patches of the band 1 (S2-a2). A further filter is performed aiming the exclusion of artificial and agricultural surfaces (S2-a3). The remaining natural landscape surfaces are exported as the set of natural surfaces in the frontline of the coast (S2-b2). The sub-sequence (S2-A) is run again for the band 2. The natural landscape patches of the band 2 that intersects with the natural surfaces of the band 1 (S2-b1) are exported as transversally connected natural landscapes of the band 2 (S2-b2). The remaining natural surfaces of the band 2 that are not connected with natural surfaces of the band 1 are excluded from the further steps of the workflow. The same sub-sequence repeats for all remaining bands resulting in a set of natural landscape patches that are interconnected. The merged data consist of the TCNLM along the coastal zone.As shown in the full workflow of the Stage 2 in The Stage 3 consists of a reclassification procedure for each patch of the TCNLM as derived from the Stage 2. The patches are classified by their maximum band level they provide transversal connectivity for. For example, a patch belonging to the band 2 and being part of a TCNLM that stretches further inland to the band 8, is assigned a TCD value of 8. In this context, the patches having a low band level  and a high TCD value  can be considered crucial components of TCNLM structure. In other words, those natural landscape patches are closer to the sea but providing deeper natural landscape continuity further inland.The workflow of the Stage 3 as represented in First, the reclassification initiates by setting TCD value of 10 to all patches of band 10 (hereafter b10t10). Next, TCD value of 10 is assigned to the patches of the band 9 that are adjacent with b10t10 resulting in b9t10. Similarly, TCD value of 10 is assigned to all patches of further lower bands that are transversally connected to the preceding ones in descending order. After finalizing the sequential string defining TCD = 10, in the next step the reclassification operates on the un-classified patches only. Thus, TCD value of 9 is initially assigned to all patches of the band 9 that have not been assigned a TCD value of 10 in the preceding sequence. Similarly, the procedure continues with the following bands in descending order as in the first sequence. The same logic is repeated for the remaining TCD values going less in complexity. Finally, TCD value of 1 is assigned to natural landscape patches that are adjacent to the coastline only and are not transversally connected to any patch of the band 2.Further in detail, The process runs the same with the following bands in a descending order, resulting in the merged set of patches belonging to various bands but sharing a TCD value of 10 (S3-c3). Regarding the reclassification of the remaining TCD values the process runs in a similar way according to the procedure explained in The presented three stages consist of data analysis procedures based on the existing attributes of CLC datasets. Whereas the Stage 4 stands on two interpretive evaluation of the results of the previous stages .Fig. 10TFor example, the Stage 4A relies on the cross-tabulation of band level to TCD value for each TCNLM patch . As prevA second interpretive analysis relies on the assumption if all artificial patches belonging to the band 1 were natural landscape surfaces. The assumption is introduced in the process at the initial steps of the Stage 2. During the filtering process (S2-a3), there are filtered the artificial surfaces instead of the natural ones. The rest of the process runs identical with the remaining workflow sequences of the Stage 2 to identify TCNLM that connects to the coastline through an artificial land cover patch. The aim of the Stage 4B is to identify artificial patches belonging to the band 1 that separate the coastline and TCNLM which starts at the band 2. The highlighted artificial surfaces if restored/ reclaimed can provide extensive connectivity to TCNLM to the coastline.The method and procedures presented in this article are useful for several research fields sharing the coastal zone as the common study area, as discussed in our initial study . For exa


The results show that the changing in the gas physical properties does not affect the distribution of the velocity field, temperature fields, or other fields in the Knudsen pump. The thermal creep effect is related to the molecular mass of the gas. Even in N2 and O2 gas mixtures with similar molecular masses, N2 can be also found to have a stronger thermal creep effect. Moreover, the lighter molecular weight gas (N2) can effectively promote the motion of the heavier gas (O2).A Knudsen pump operates under the thermal transpiration effect or the thermal edge effect on the micro-scale. Due to the uneven temperature distribution of the walls in the channel axis direction or the constant temperature of the tips on the walls, directional thermally-induced flow is generated. In this paper the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is applied for N It is well known that the thermally-induced flow of rarefied gas is generated by the temperature gradient along the walls of the Knudsen pump and that the gas is driven to flow from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side. That is the basic mechanism of the Knudsen pump which was first put forward by Danish physicist Martin Knudsen in 1909 ,3, gas a2Te3 [The classic rectangular Knudsen pump is composed of a series of alternately connected wide and narrow micro-channels . A tange2Te3 ,20 to co2Te3 , matrix 2Te3 , curved 2Te3 , alterna2Te3 ,24, tape2Te3 , and rat2Te3 ,27,28,29It is well known that the Boltzmann equation is the basic equation for solving the continuous, transition, and free-molecular regimes. It has been developed in mathematical methods such as the moment method and model equation in recent years. Chapman-Enskog solution is the most important representative of the moment method, whose first-order solution is the Navier–Stokes–Fourier (NSF) equation ,31. By aCompared with other study methods ,44,45,462 and O2 in Knudsen pump are simulated with the DSMC method. A classic rectangular channel is applied, that is more common and convenient to machine. The problem statement and the numerical method are presented in 2 and O2 in three different ratios are discussed in In present study, the flow characteristics of gas mixture of Nx-direction. For decreasing the calculation amount and improving the simulation efficiency, a basic unit presented by the green dash-dotted line in x-direction  between the two walls of the wide channel is triple that of the narrow channel. The length of the basic unit is L; the length of the narrow channel and the wide channel in the x-direction are both equally mL, which is half of L.The distance between the two walls of the narrow channel is indicated by H = 1 μm, D = 3H = 3 μm, L = 4 μm, and mL = L/2 = 2 μm, respectively. In consideration of the thermal resistance of the materials in practice and the high heat flux density in the micro-scale, the reference temperatures of the cold walls and hot walls are, respectively, The configuration, temperature, are geometric parameters of the rectangular channel are Th=375 K ,28. In tH, the distance between the two walls of the narrow channel. In Equation 1, P is the pressure. The mean temperature is C is the molar fraction of the first gas component. The dynamic viscosity The Knudsen number ,56:(1)Kn the law ,51.The DSMC method is based on three basic dynamic theories of rarefied gas, the ergodic assumption, binary collision assumption, and the molecular chaos assumption. The flowing characteristics of the real gas molecules in the micro-channels are represented by a set of simulation particles in the process of simulation. With its movements, inter-molecular collisions and the interaction of the boundary walls, some information of the simulation particles can be stored in the computer, including position, velocity, internal energy, and so on. The simulating process for the gas flow is achieved by applying statistics to obtain the average information of the simulation particles in all cells to represent the macroscopic variation.Additionally, the time step of DSMC method should be far lower than the mean collision time. Therefore, the real processes of the molecular free movement and the inter-molecular collisions are decoupled into two consecutive steps. It is assumed that molecules are in uniform rectilinear motion in the original direction within one time step size. If collisions with the walls occur in the process of the free movement, the collision will be calculated first, and the post-velocity will be used for the free movement and inter-molecular collisions. Finally, the microscopic variables of all simulation particles in the cells can be used to depict the macroscopic physical quantities using statistics. There are many molecular models depicting inter-molecular collisions. The most famous are the hard sphere (HS), variable hard sphere (VHS), variable sphere (VS) and variable soft sphere (VSS) models . The vareL and iR in For the boundary conditions, the constant cold temperature In the present study, an open source Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code, dsmcFoam ,58 was eN to equivalent particle number Ep:Grid (or cell) size and the number of simulation particles in the cell are two main factors influencing the calculating efficiency and accuracy. Bird ,39,40 poIn terms of the gas mixtures, the cell size  follows :(4)0.005Kn = 0.387).Besides, in the actual simulation, when the number of simulation particles in the cell is over 15 and the cell size is 2 and O2 in the ratios of 4:1, 1:1 and 1:4 in the rectangular channel Knudsen pump. The flow field, distribution of temperature gradient, distribution of velocity, and mass flow rate are thoroughly studied. The physical properties of the gases for the simulation particles of N2 and O2 in the VHS model are listed in This section mainly discusses the flowing characteristics of the gas mixtures of N2 and O2 in the three different mixed ratios, the representative velocity and temperature distribution in the rectangular channel for Kn = 0.055, Kn = 0.387, and Kn = 3.87 are illustrated respectively in For NKn = 0.055. When the Knudsen number increases, the velocity stream of gases near the central axis expands towards the upper side and the lower side. Within the larger vortex, two anticlockwise secondary vortexes are generated, illustrated by white arrows for Kn = 0.387. With the higher rarefied degree of the gas, the secondary vortexes completely replace the main vortexes. The secondary vortexes individually exist near the corners of the wide channel, shown by white arrows for Kn = 3.87.By observing the figures, it can be seen that gases flow forward from left to right in the narrow channels without differences, though the Knudsen number increases. However, large differences are triggered in the wide channels, and the rarefied degree of the gas is enhanced. A larger circular-flow vortex appears respectively in the upper side and the lower side of the wide channel for In terms of the temperature field, as the rarefied degree of the gas increases, the total number of gas molecules decreases. The thermal conductivity is weakened. Thus, the energy transmitting from the walls to the field decreases dramatically, as does the temperature difference. For different ratios of the gas mixtures with the same Knudsen number, the general distributions of the temperature field and the velocity field do not change dramatically with the variations of the ratio.p is the species of the simulation particle, q is the amount of the species of the simulation particle, p isp isIn the DSMC method, the overall temperature of the gas  follows ,39,40, and (10) into Equation (5), the overall temperature is obtained by the summation of all species of the simulation particles. Similarly, in the dsmcFoam, the overall temperature of the gas oam code ,(11)T=2Kn = 0.387 is larger than the velocity for Kn = 0.155 (Discussion later). This is because the thermal creep effect hardly appears near the slip regime. It is not obvious, though the temperature gradient is larger. Therefore, we conclude that the value of the temperature gradient does not correspond to the performance of the thermal creep effect near the slip regime.Moreover, it was found that for different Knudsen numbers, these distribution patterns always remain as asymmetric sinusoidal patterns. The maximum temperature gradients respectively reach the medium points of the narrow channel and the wide channel shown as b. For thx = 1 μm  and free-molecular regime (Kn > 7.75), no matter how changeable the compositions of the gas mixtures are, the mean velocities of each composition are almost the same. That is because the thermal creep effect cannot be effectively induced by the temperature gradient in the slip regime, while in the free-molecular regime the thermal creep effect is weaker. Therefore, regarding systems that process gas separation using the thermal creep effect, it should be guaranteed that gas mixtures are in a transition regime in order to improve the efficiency and quality of gas separation.It was also found that the mean velocity of each composition in different gas mixtures reaches the maximum for x = 1 μm  is successfully generated. The influences of N2–O2 gas mixtures in different ratios, and different gas rarefied degrees (different Knudsen numbers) on the flow characteristics of gases are well studied. The following conclusions can be drawn:The flow characteristics of N(a) Under the same Knudsen number, the flow fields of the three different gas mixtures in the Knudsen pump channel are highly similar. The distribution of the temperature gradient is all asymmetric sinusoid in nature on the central axis of the channel. That is, the variations of the gas compositions do not make a difference in the distribution of the flow field in the Knudsen pump channels.2 and O2 gas mixtures with similar molecular masses, N2 is found to have a stronger thermal creep effect. It was successfully verified that the thermal creep effect has a relationship with the weight of the gas molecules.(b) Even in N2 has a larger velocity than O2. If the proportion of N2 increases, the overall velocity also increases. The lighter gas can promote the movement of the heavier gas.(c) In gas mixtures, N(d) The lighter gas and heavier gas respectively correspond to a larger volume flow rate and a larger mass flow rate. With the ratio of the lighter gas increasing, the incremental volume flow rate somewhat weakens the difference of the mass flow rate resulting from the difference of densities. Even though the ratios of each composition of the gas mixtures differ greatly, the total mass flow rates are almost equal, especially when the thermal creep effect is the strongest.


The data contained within this article relate to a rotating rod within a stationary ring that was used to generate shear stress on cells and tissues via a medium. The geometry of the rotating rod within a stationary ring was designed to work with a 35-mm diameter culture dish. The data of the shear stress distribution are presented in terms of area-weighted average shear stress and the uniformity index, which were calculated for medium volumes of 4 and 5 ml at various rotational speeds ranging from 0 to 1000 rpm. The calculation in double digit precision was used to achieve simulation results with high accuracy. The second-order upwind discretization scheme was selected to avoid the oscillation of the solution. The under-relaxation factors of the pressure, density, body forces, and momentum were set at 0.27, 1, 1, and 0.55, respectively −6 was achieved. The degree of the model discretization was based on the convergence evaluation results. The final model had 397,307 computational polyhedral cells and 72,510 nodes.The geometry of the computational domain of the fluid d was disThe assumptions made in the simulation were (i) the model was under the steady state and isothermal conditions, (ii) the fluid velocity at a fluid-solid boundary was equal to that of the solid boundary (no-slip condition), (iii) the medium was homogeneous and isotropic, and (iv) the cell height at the bottom of the culture dish was negligible The criterion used to determine how uniformly the shear stress is distributed over the surface of the culture dish bottom is the area-weighted uniformity index (The simulations were performed using an Intel Xeon E5-1650 v2 @ 3.5 GHz processor with 32 GB RAM and 4 GB graphic card memory.


The aim of this article is to develop a method for determining the dose of radiation in the processing of chilled fish and its effect on the antioxidant activity and thermophysical characteristics of muscle tissue. Radiation processing of chilled fish was performed using a linear electron accelerator model LEA-10-10S2. The dose of radiation was determined by the method of electron-paramagnetic resonance. After being treated with ionizing radiation, the cooled fish meets the requirements of the technical regulations of TR TU 021/2011 “On food safety” and TR EAEU 040/2016 “On the safety of fish and fish products”. As a result of our research, a correlation was established between the area of the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) signal and the absorbed dose of the radiation dose. We proved a decrease in the antioxidant activity of muscle tissue of fish with an increase in radiation dose. It is established that radiation treatment of chilled fish affects the thermophysical properties of muscle tissue. Thus, defrosted fish is characterized by high microbial contamination  can lead to the development of oxidative damage of fish; to the reduction of concentration of fatty acids; and to the increased synthesis of thiobarbituricacid and, as a result, it can lead to the formation of radiolysis products and the destruction of thiamine (B1) while maintaining riboflavin (B2) ,7,8.Codex Alimentarius has established a maximum dose of absorbed radiation of up to 10 kGy. At the same time, in the countries of America , the maximum permissible dose for processing fish products is 2.2 kGy, in the EU countries —3.0 kGy .At the same time, there is a number of unresolved issues that remain in the technology of processing and defrosted fish with ionizing radiation: technological parameters of processing ionizing radiation of fish are not established to ensure high quality characteristics during storage, including preserving its antioxidant activity and preventing the development of enzymatic and oxidative damage; the effect of ionizing radiation on the thermal conductivity of irradiated defrosted fish has not been studied, there are no regulations that can be used to identify irradiated fish products.In this regard, the aim of the present work is to develop a method for determining the dose of ionizing radiation during the processing of defrosted fish and its effect on the antioxidant activity and the thermophysical characteristics of muscle tissue.Salmo irideus) cooled and gutted with a head weighing between 700 g and 1000 g, up to 25 cm long, and up to 2 cm thick, taken in the third quarter was used. Studies were performed after two days of storing fish in the refrigerator after catching at a temperature from 0 to 2.For experimental studies, rainbow trout (n = 5). The choice of radiation doses was performed based on the analysis of scientific and technical information, in which it is recommended to irradiate fish with doses from 1 to 2.5 kGy [Samples of the first group trout (control) were not treated with ionizing radiation; the samples of the second experimental group were treated with an ionizing radiation dose of 1 kGy, the third—2 kGy, the fourth—3 kGy, the fifth—4 kGy. There were five fish samples in each group  of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin. A linear electron accelerator model UELR-10-10C2 with energy up to 10 MeV was used for irradiation. The study of irradiated cooled fish was carried out on a portable automated Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrometer of the X range of the Labrador Expert brand at a microwave frequency of 9200 MHz in the magnetic field range from 3.000 to 3.500 Gs. The main characteristics of the electron beam are indicated in The choice of the dosimetry system (equipment) for determination of the absorbed dose is associated with the fact that one of the most effective and practicable methods of investigation and identification of radicals, induced by radiation, is electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bone tissue density, structure and composition are heterogeneous, the variations of the absorbed dose differ on the surface, inside and in different parts of the sample. Therefore, the use of a precise EPR method of the average sample allows to obtain reliable and repeatable results. EPR spectra were measured and processed using a specialized computer program for an EPR spectrometer. The main parameters of the radiation signal were determined: g-factor, amplitude, width and area of the EPR spectrum.The dose of ionizing radiation of radiation-treated fish was determined on bone tissue samples (BTS). For this purpose, a special sample preparation was carried out. The basic principles of sample preparation are based on the main provisions of GOST R 52529-2006 Meat and Meat Products. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Method for Detecting Radiation-Treated Meat and Meat Products Containing Bone Tissue.The technique of preparing bone tissue samples (BTS) of fish differs from the technique of GOST R 52529-2006, increasing the duration of bone tissue drying up to 30 h, which allows obtaining stable EPR spectra and, accordingly, reliable results.Fish bones are cleaned from muscle tissue Then it is dried in a dryer at a temperature of 39–40 °C during 24–30 h until the residual moisture of 3–4%, cooled, incubated at a room temperature during 30–40 min and crushed to the size of separate fragments up to 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm with a total mass of at least 0.05 g.The tested BTS are weighed with the accuracy of the third decimal place, put in labeled quartz ampoules with a height of 10.0 ± 0.5 mm, and placed in the working area of the resonator at a fixed depth.2−, CO33−, SO2− and SO3−. The authors of the source [The authors of the sources  state the source  used EPRIn the experiment, the value used to estimate the degree of ionizing radiation impact on the sample was taken as the radiation dose; as the absorbed dose (the amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed by the samples).Antioxidant activity (AOA) was determined by a potentiometric method using an MPA-1 analyzer. In order to determine the thermophysical characteristics of the trout, the test samples were ground before and after the treatment with ionizing radiation to a stuffed state (a mince state) in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 55505-2013 Frozen Minced Fish Food. Technical Specifications.The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity coefficient of minced fish was determined using the first regular mode method proposed by G.М. Kondratyev . For thiIn order to find the thermal diffusivity, the test-bed consisted of a liquid thermostat 3 a, which The thermal conductivity coefficient was found using a λ-calorimeter 7 b in the In the process of cooling, the temperature difference between the product in the calorimeter and the cooling medium was recorded with a differential chromel-copel thermocouple 4 and a noise-proof PMPT-1 DC microvoltmeter (5), whose readings were recorded with a KSP-4 potentiometer (not shown on the test-bed). The temperature measurement error did not exceed 0.01 °C.The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity coefficient were found by experimentally determining the rate of cooling of fish mince samples on α-calorimeter and λ-calorimeter. The specific heat capacity of the trout minced fish was determined by comparative cooling of the sample and a geometrically similar reference  by removing the process cooling curves.All tests were performed in fivefold replication. The results were processed by the method of variation statistics using the Microsoft Excel computer program with Student’s t-test. Confidence level was 0.99 and 0.999. The research results are analyzed with the method of analysis of variance with the use of Student coefficient.−6 rel. units, increasing the dose to 2 kGy amplitude increases to 3.76 × 10−6 rel. units or 2.9-times the samples of bone tissue of trout irradiated with doses of 1 kGy, with an increase in the dose up to 3 kGy, respectively, to 6.29 × 10−6 rel. units or 1.7-times, compared with the third group. With an increase in the radiation dose to 4 kGy, an amplitude increase of 7.5-times was found compared with bone samples irradiated with a dose of 1 kGy, with a high degree of correlation dependence—0.9942  .The ratio of the absorbed dose to the dose of radiation and the area of the EPR signal of samples of chilled trout is 0.95. The dependence of the absorbed dose-change on the radiation dose and on the area of the signal for OCT of trout is shown in According to ,16, the Since the test object by EPR spectroscopy is the steady-state concentration of free radicals , therefoStudies of antioxidant activity (AOA) of fish muscle tissue have been conducted. It was established that the AOA of non-irradiated trout samples (group 1 control) is 0.201 ± 0.085 mM-eq. With an increase in the radiation dose from 1 kGy to 4 kGy, the AOA in samples of chilled trout muscle tissue decreases from 0.201 ± 0.022 for unirradiated samples to 0.161 ± 0.011 mM-eq for samples. irradiated with a dose of 4 kGy, or 19.9% with a high degree of confidence (up to 0.97) . PossiblThe acid and peroxide numbers of fat are the important indicators characterizing the development of oxidative damage to fish . Acid nuAn increase in the acid and peroxide numbers of trout lipids with an increase in the radiation dose is a confirmation of a decrease in the concentration of antioxidants . The perThe results of studies of thermophysical properties are presented in It was established that when cooling minced trout meat in an air thermostat, the cooling rate of samples of the first control group was lower than in the experimental groups of samples irradiated with different doses, that is consistent with the results obtained . It was An analysis of the experimental values of the thermal conductivity coefficient showed that as a result of the processing of fish samples with ionizing radiation, the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient increases. So, in samples of the 5 experimental group it increased by 20.0% compared with untreated samples. The coefficients of the specific heat capacity of muscle samples of radiation-treated trout cooled with increasing radiation dose are comparable to samples of the first control group. The coefficient of the specific heat capacity of fish samples of 2, 3, 4 and 5 groups is lower by 1.8%, 0.9%, 0.7% and 0.6% in comparison with control samples, respectively.p ≤ 0.05). The obtained experimental parameters of the EPR spectrum of irradiated trout allow us to recommend the EPR method for determining the radiation dose and, in general, for the identification of radiation-treated fish. It has been established that the radiation of fish leads to a significant decrease in AOA, which is consistent with the activation of fish lipid peroxidation. The treatment with ionizing radiation of fish leads to changes in its chemical composition and the formation of hydroxyl radicals, hydrated electrons, and hydrogen atoms [Thus, as a result of this research, it was established that with increasing meat radiation dose from 1 kGy to 4 kGy, the EPR signal parameters significantly increased  and absorbed dose by 25.6%  with an increase in radiation dose is associated with a high content of chemically and mechanically associated water (55–85%) in fish, which is consistent with research ,24,25,26The other main reactive elements in the irradiated systems containing water, in particular, in our experiment in the irradiated meat, are hydrated electrons. According to , they arReactions of hydrogen atoms have an intermediary position between the reactions of hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons. Like hydroxyl radicals, they can combine with various chemical compounds, although the rate of these reactions is several times lower than hydroxyl radicals. In fish muscle proteins, their main reactions are directed to sulfur-containing and aromatic amino acids.According to , the effOther products of the radiolysis of amino acids are ammonia, carboxylic acids, amines, and carbon dioxide, resulting from their reductive deamination and decarboxylation. The decay of amino acids, including essential ones, reduces the nutrition value of the irradiated products . In the As is known, fish contains up to 30% fat in its chemical composition and it is characterized by the presence of important polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 and Omega-6. According to , the treWe also cannot ignore the results of studies ,25, whicChanges in the structure of the compounds that make up the product affect the sensitivity of the enzymes of the digestive tract, reduces its ability to digest and assimilate food. At the same time, from the point of view of the modern theory of metabolic processes, the chemical structure of food components should correspond to the enzyme systems of the body. Its qualitative and quantitative violations are the cause of intolerance and incompatibility of food products, which can manifest themselves in various forms of allergic reactions of the body .The data on food irradiation suggest that our studies of irradiated fish are consistent with the results of ,28,29,30Irradiation of fish leads to a change in its thermophysical properties—the rate of fish cooling increases, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, and the specific heat capacity irradiated with increasing radiation dose tends to decrease. The results of studies of the thermophysical characteristics of irradiated fish can be taken into account during its heat treatment.


The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and the adipokine-cytokine profile of patients with coronary heart disease, which can be of significant importance for predicting the course of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Eighty-four patients with CVD were assessed and divided into two groups based on the presence of visceral obesity (VO). In patients with VO, the thickness of the epicardial deposits of the left and right ventricles were 1.75 and 1.43 times greater, respectively, than in patients without VO. For patients with VO, the prevalence of the volume of the left anterior descending artery was 10% higher, and the middle third of the envelope artery was 28% higher, when compared to patients without VO. When evaluating inflammatory status, it was established that the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and leptin in the blood serum of patients with VO exceeded the values of patients without VO. The level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was 2-times lower in patients with VO. The findings of this study show that increased EAT and PVAT are independent risk factors of CVD, as well as a possible model for the assessment of drug effectiveness for CVD. Obesity is a rapidly growing problem that is becoming an epidemic on a global scale, affecting both children and adults ,2. This The widespread introduction of diagnostic imaging methods allows for the classification of obesity according to visceral and subcutaneous tissues, depending on the location of excessive fatty deposits . Many stThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the thickness of EAT and PVAT and the adipokine-cytokine profiles of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), which can be of significant importance for predicting the course of CVD.The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, and was developed according to the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, 2000 edition, and the “GCP Principles in the Russian Federation”, approved by the Russian Ministry of Health. Patients were included in the study after they provided written informed consent.Eighty-four patients with CAD, comprising 65 men and 19 women, whose mean age was 58.7 years , were included in this study. Diagnosis of CAD was established according to the criteria of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology (2007), European Cardiology Society (2013), American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, and the World Heart Federation Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction [In patients, the presence of VO was verified by measuring the area of visceral AT and subcutaneous AT by means of multi-spiral computed tomography (MSCT) on a Siemens Somatom 64 computed tomography scanner  .2, and the ratio of the area of the visceral and subcutaneous AT (VAT/SAT) should be greater than or equal to 0.4 [For VO, the area of VAT should be greater than 130 cml to 0.4 . The detDetermination of the volume of the paraaortic AT at the level of the thoracic aorta was performed at the level of the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery by 70±1 mm in the caudal direction; the volume of the abdominal aorta was determined at the level of the L2–L5 vertebrae over 70±1 mm from the abdominal aortic bifurcation in the cranial direction. In addition, the thickness of the paracoronal vessels was assessed on post-contrast imaging at the level of the left coronary artery and at the level of the proximal and middle segments of the anterior descending envelope and right coronary arteries .The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo)-A1, Apo-B, free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, and HbA1c levels were measured using enzymatic methods with end points on an automatic biochemical analyzer . The serum insulin and C-peptide levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits . Insulin sensitivity was evaluated based on insulin and fasting glucose levels using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index as follows: insulin level × glucose level/22.5. Insulin resistance (IR) was diagnosed when the HOMA-IR index was >2.77.The leptin, soluble receptor (sOB-R), and adiponectin levels, as well as the serum sample levels, were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits . Each sample was tested twice and intra-assay correlations of variation were calculated. Samples averaged 5.8% with all standard curve correlation coefficients >0.998. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using a commercially available ELISA  . The free leptin index (FLI) was defined as the ratio of the leptin to sOB-R; hence, the sOB-R level provides an indication of the free leptin level. Leptin resistance was diagnosed when the serum FLI was >0.25.p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The statistical analyses were performed using Statistica software, version 6.1 . The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the non-normally distributed independent variables. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was used to identify the dependencies between the variables. The data are presented as the median values and the 25th and 75th quartiles. A value of The clinical and demographic data of the study patients are shown in According to the MRIs and MSCTs of patients with VO, the accumulation of fat in the epicardial and perivascular depots was more pronounced compared with patients without VO. In patients with VO, the thickness of the epicardial deposits of the left and right ventricles were 1.75 and 1.43 times greater, respectively, than in patients without VO . A similFor patients with VO, the prevalence of the volume of the left anterior descending artery was 10% higher, and PVAT the middle third of the envelope artery was 28% higher, when compared to patients without VO. Whereas in patients without VO, the prevalence of fatty deposits around the right coronary artery and the lower third of the envelope artery was 6.7% and 11.4% higher, respectively, when compared to patients with VO .p = 0.02), thickness of the epicardial deposits of the right ventricle , and the volume of both the chest PVAT  and the intra-abdominal aorta . The volume of fat deposits of the paracoronary arteries did not depend on the magnitude of the VAT or the volume of the PVAT of the aorta. However, there was a direct connection between both PVAT of the left ventral descending artery and epicardial deposits of the left ventricle , as well as PVAT of the right coronary artery with EAT of the right ventricle .In the group of patients with VO, a direct correlation was found between the area of VAT and the thickness of the epicardial deposits of the left ventricle .It was discovered that the concentration of atherogenic lipid metabolism values  in the blood serum of patients with CAD on the background of patients with VO increased significantly and the content of anti-atherogenic fractions decreased (HDL-C and Apo-A1), relative to patients without VO . In patip = 0.04). The defeat of several blood vessels with stenoses of less than 30% was found in 44.4% (n = 24) of patients with VO and in 30.0% (n = 10) of patients without VO (p = 0.04). The lesions of several basins with stenoses from 30–50% was detected in 27.8% (n = 15) of patients with VO and in 16.7% (n = 5) of patients without VO (p = 0.04). A lesion of several basins with stenoses of more than 50% was recorded in 9.3% (n = 5) of patients with VO and in 13.3% (n = 4) of patients without VO (p = 0.26). In addition, 3 or more lesions of the coronary vessels predominated, which occurred in 66.7% (n = 36) of patients with VO, compared to 46.7% (n = 14) in patients without VO (p = 0.03).The presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia and IR was accompanied by the formation of widespread atherosclerotic vascular lesions in patients with CAD and VO. Based on the results of angiographic examinations and the duplex scanning of blood vessels, isolated CAD was recorded in 18.5% (n = 10) of patients with VO and 33.3% (n = 10) of patients without VO . A negative dependence on the EAT thickness was also established for the FLI . In addition, the VAT area was directly dependent on the leptin concentration . A similar dependence was established for FLI .The correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between EAT thickness and the serum concentrations of adipokines. Thus, in patients with VO, the leptin concentration had a negative dependence on the thickness of the left and right ventricle . A general finding for both patients with and without VO was a positive correlation between the concentration of TNF-α, as well as IL-1β, and the area of VAT . The obtained results indicate the absence of the identity of the metabolic processes in EAT and VAT, despite the direct correlation with EAT thickness and the number of VAT.Adiponectin levels were inversely related to the VAT value , as well as the FLI . In addition, a link was also found with lipid metabolism indices, namely, FFA . A direct relationship between the AT thickness of the left coronary artery trunk and TNF-α , the AT circumflex artery , and glucose levels . In patients without VO, such connections were not established.It should be noted that the PVAT of the abdominal aorta is similar to the properties of visceral AT. An analysis of the possible relationship between perivascular adipocytes and adipokine exchange rates showed a direct relationship between the volume PVAT of the abdominal aortic ventricle and leptin , LV hypertrophy , HOMA index , and FFA . The most significant factors for increasing the PVAT volume of the coronary artery were TNF-α , adiponectin , and leptin . Over the course of the analysis, there was no evidence of a correlation between VAT magnitude and the thickness PVAT of the coronary artery.This study examined the relationship between both EAT and PVAT, and the adipokine-cytokine profile of patients with CAD. According to the literature, EAT is a type of visceral AT localized near the myocardium and around the coronary arteries . VAT andDespite the presence of this bond, epicardial adipocytes have unique properties that distinguish them from the fat cells of other depots . The celHowever, against the background of obesity and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, the phenotype of EAT adipocytes from brown to white changes due to activation of the IL-6 signaling pathway of JAK-STAT3 . For whiHowever, the metabolic processes accompanying hypertrophy and changes in the phenotypes of EAT adipocytes differ from those in visceral adipocytes. Therefore, we have demonstrated that an increase in VAT is associated with leptin hypoproducts against adiposopathy, as well as with the development of leptin resistance. Meanwhile, the EAT thickness was inversely related to the concentration of leptin and the FLI index (one of the main leptin-resistance markers).Perivascular fat is located around vessels of different sizes and does not have barriers separating it from the adventitia of the vessel ; therefoEAT and PVAT coronary arteries have different phenotypes, but the presence of a common microcirculation network and direct anatomical proximity allows these tissues to interact and influence each other. Therefore, the thickness of the perivascular deposits of the left coronary artery depended only on EAT thickness , and the vessels of the right side of the heart from the EAT (left ventricle). Evaluation of the volume of para-aortal AT showed no difference in the thoracic region, depending on the presence of VO. Perhaps this is due to the thoracic aorta being surrounded by brown adipocytes, of which the number and volume do not change over a patient’s life or the development of obesity , 38. MeaThe heterogeneity of the PVAT of a vessel can be important for the realization of its protective or pro-atherogenic function. In the course of our study, it was shown that the metabolic potential of PVAT of the abdominal aorta is similar to VAT, as evidenced by the correlations with the concentration of FFA, leptin, and FLI, while such connections were not discovered in the thoracic region. In addition to the presence of traditional correlations for visceral deposits with TNF-α and leptin, the thickness of PVAT of the left ventricular artery depended on the concentration of adiponectin. Previously, such connections were demonstrated only in subcutaneous AT, whereas for other visceral deposits such connections are not characteristic.The results indicate the potential of the depot data as a drug application point. The study of the molecular basis of PVAT and EAT function can provide a more complete understanding of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of CVD and develop an effective strategy for their prevention and control.


Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture is one of the important characteristics of yeast growth status. This work innovatively presents the quantitative monitoring of cell concentration during the yeast culture process using a homemade color sensor. First, a color sensor array, which could visually represent the odor changes produced during the yeast culture process, was developed using eleven porphyrins and one pH indicator. Second, odor information of the culture substrate was obtained during the process using the homemade color sensor. Next, color components, which came from different color sensitive spots, were extracted first and then optimized using the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. Finally, the back propagation neural network (BPNN) model was developed using the optimized feature color components for quantitative monitoring of cell concentration. Results demonstrated that BPNN models, which were developed using two color components from FTPPFeCl (component B) and MTPPTE (component B), can obtain better results on the basis of both the comprehensive consideration of the model performance and the economic benefit. In the validation set, the average of determination coefficient The odor information produced in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as budding yeast or bread yeast, is a gram stain positive bacterium [acterium . It is aacterium ,3,4 and acterium ,6,7,8. HIn the process of yeast culture, traditional chemical analysis is the most commonly used method for the detection of cell concentration ,10,11. AOlfactory sensor technology, also known as electronic nose technology, has been successfully applied in some fields, such as food quality analysis ,16,17,18In this study, a color sensor array was developed to “visualize” odor change information during the yeast culture process, so as to realize change monitoring of cell concentration in the process of yeast culture. The detailed contents of the research are as follows: (1) constructing a homemade color sensor array based on optimized color sensitive materials; (2) visualizing the representation of odor information from yeast culture media and extracting color features; and (3) optimizing feature sensors using the ACO algorithm and monitoring of cell concentration during the yeast culture process based on the BPNN model.Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inoculated in 100 mL sterile wort medium. The temperature of the incubator was set to 30 °C with a speed at 150 r/min and continuous culturing for 24 h. Secondly, twenty 100 mL sterilized tripod bottles were prepared and numbered in the order of 1 to 20 to prevent the possible problem of bacterial contamination in each sampling. Then 25 mL of liquid seed culture medium was loaded into each numbered tripod, and the number 1 tripod was set as the control group, and the number 2 to 19 tripod was set as the treatment group. Sampling operations were performed at 19 time points . Then, 0.1 mL of culture solution was loaded in a triangular flask with liquid seed medium, with two triangular flasks from the control group and 0 h were immediately put into a 4 °C refrigerator for storage after shaking. The remaining 18 triangular flasks, which had been vaccinated with culture solution, were set to a concussion incubator at 28 °C with 150 r/min oscillation. Finally, one triangular flask was taken out every 4 h for measurement of the optical density (OD) value and data acquisition of the color sensor.First, 1 mL of activated In this study, a total of 8 batch experiments were carried out according to the above experimental materials and methods. A total of 152 samples was finally obtained as 19 samples could be obtained in each batch of yeast culture.(1)H,23H-porphine (TPP);5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21(2)H,23H-porphine manganese (III) chloride (TPPMnCl);5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21(3)H,23H-porphine iron (III) chloride (FTPPFeCl)5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21(4)H,23H-porphine iron (III) chloride (TPPFeCl)5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21(5)H,23H-porphine copper (II) (TPPCu)5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21(6)H,23H-porphine cobalt (II) (FTPPCo)5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-methoxyhenyl)-21(7)H,23H-porphine zinc (TPPZn)5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21(8)meso-Tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphine tetramethyl ester (MTPPTE)(9)meso-Tetraphenyl porphyrin-Ni(II) chlorin (MTPPNiCl)(10)H,23H-porphine nickel (II) (OEPPNi)2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-Octaethyl-21(11)meso-Tetraphenyl porphyrin (chlorin fee) (MTPP)(12)Bromothymol blue (BTB)According to the preliminary experimental results, eleven porphyrins  and one hydrophobic pH indicator  were finally determined for color sensor manufacturing. The color sensitive materials selected were as follows:The color sensor array (4 × 3) was prepared using the above materials, and the process of the color sensor fabrication was as follows: (1) For each color sensitive material, first, 10 mg of the color sensitive material was weighed accurately and dissolved with dichloromethane, and put it into a 5 mL volumetric flask. Then, in order to speed up dissolution, the solution was treated with ultrasound for 15 min to obtain solutions with a concentration of 2 mg/mL. (2) Then 1 μL of the solution was extracted using a capillary tube (The spectrophotometer (UV-2204PC) was turned on to preheat for 20 min, and the wavelength of the spectrophotometer was set to 600 nm. Adjustment the 0 position of the instrument, and the light transmittance to 100% were carried out. The determination was carried out after repeating the adjustment several times to stabilize the instrument. When the OD values of all samples were measured, a sterile liquid seed culture medium was used as the blank control. The OD value of each sample was detected three times, and the average result of the three measurements was recorded as the OD value of the sample.In the determination of yeast concentration by the spectrophotometer, the OD value of measured samples should be between 0.1 and 0.65 in order to ensure a good linear relationship between the OD value and the cell concentration. However, the OD value of the measured sample will exceed this interval if the mass concentration of the yeast suspension is larger. Therefore, a suspension solution with a high mass concentration should be diluted appropriately to ensure that the measured OD value is between 0.1 and 0.65, and the real OD value of the sample will then be equal to the dilution multiple times the measured OD value.In this study the images before and after the reaction obtained by the 3CCD camera were first preprocessed using median filtering, threshold binarization, and morphological processing, and the center of each color sensitive spot on the sensor array was marked as the center of the circle. The circle with a radius of 15 pixels for each color sensitive spot was extracted as the region of interest (ROI) of each color sensitive spot. Then, the gray mean values of the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) components were extracted in the ROI area of each color sensitive spot before and after the reaction, and the gray mean values were subtracted to obtain the feature differences of R, G, and B components before and after the reaction . Finally, the feature graph was generated by normalizing the absolute values of ΔR, ΔG, ΔB and subsequently superimposing the grayscale image. Since three color components of ΔR, ΔG, and ΔB can be obtained from each color sensitive spot, 36 color features could be extracted from each sample for subsequent multivariate analysis.Back propagation neural network (BPNN) is the most basic neural network. Its output results adopt forward propagation, and the error adopts reverse propagation . The bacStep 1: Network initialization;Step 2: Calculating the output of the hidden layer;x represents the input variables, and the ix is the ith input variable. n is the number of hidden layer nodes. jH, which is also the input variable of the output layer node, the output result of the jth hidden layer node. ijw represents the weight of the ith input variable connected to the jth hidden layer node, and jth hidden layer node.Assume both hidden layer and output layer neurons adopt the Sigmoid function, thenkth output layer node. q is the number of output layer nodes. jkw is the weight of the jth hidden layer output variable connected to the kth output layer node, and kb is the threshold value of the kth node in the output layer.Step 3: Calculating the output of the output layer;Step 4: Calculating errors; kth sample, and kth sample.The error h represents the number of iterations, and ihw and hjw are the updated connection weights of the input layer to the hidden layer and the hidden layer to the output layer, respectively.Step 5: Updating weight;hth iteration, and Step 6: Updating threshold;Step 7: According to the output, if the error is within the allowable range, and the algorithm ends; otherwise, skip to Step 2.In this study, BPNN was employed to establish a regression model between the color sensor features and the OD values of all samples. The parameters of the BPNN network were set as follows: the number of neurons in the hidden layer was set to 10, the learning rate factor and momentum factor were set to 0.1, the initial weight was set to 0.3, and the scale function was set as “trainlm” function. The permitted training error was set to 0.01; and the maximal times of training were set to 1000.The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is an intelligent optimization evolutionary algorithm based on parametric probability distribution, and the parameters of the model are pheromones released by individual ants . In factk is the individual number of the ant colony; i is the current position of the individual ant colony, and j is the position that the individual ant colony can choose. Formula (10) is used to calculate the probability that ant k at position i chooses position j. Λ is a set of optional locations at position i up and down; i and j; i and j; i and j, mainly including natural evaporation and ant release; Q is the total amount of pheromone released by individual ants. Lk in the ant cycle system model is the distance traveled by the ant, and the ant determines the amount of pheromone released according to the length of the globally optimal road. The ant cycle system model is adopted to calculate the pheromone quantity secreted by ants on the road, which can ensure the convergence and stability of the ACO algorithm. Normally, the smaller the distance, the more pheromones the ants leave behind.The potential solutions of common pheromone model optimization algorithms are all calculated based on one of the probability distribution models. The feasible solution of this model is calculated using the iterative optimization method to further update its own parameters. The search scope of the model gets closer to the optimal solution space, and then searches for a better solution in the optimal solution cluster. The optimal solution can only be effective if the high-quality solution can meet the actual problem and meet certain requirements. The ACO algorithm finds the potential relationship between the information of the solutions constitution and quality by the optimization iteration loop to further construct a high-quality solution that meets the requirements. The following three Formulas (10), (11), and (12) describe the ACO algorithm.ntrain is the number of samples in the calibration set, and ei represents the deviation between the measured value of each sample and the predicted value of the BPNN model in the calibration set and ntest is the number of samples in the validation set, while ej represents the deviation between the measured value of each sample and the predicted value of BPNN model in the validation set. In addition, the parameters of the ACO algorithm were set as follows: the population size  was set to 20, and the maximum number of iterations was set to 100. The initial pheromone concentration In this study, the ACO algorithm was used to optimize the color feature components of the color sensor according to the mean deviation between the measured value and the predicted value of the BPNN model in the calibration and validation sets. Therefore, the objective function  of the ACO algorithm was defined as follows:All the algorithms were implemented in Matlab R2018a  under Windows 10 in data processing. The feature selection algorithm, which combines ACO and BPNN used in this study, was developed and written by our team.Before the model calibration, all 152 culture samples were divided into two subsets. One was the calibration set, and the other was the validation set. In this study, a total of eight batches of yeast culture experiments were conducted. Thus, samples from the previous six batches of the culture experiments, which contained 114 samples, were included in the calibration set, and the remaining 38 samples from the latter two batches were included in the validation set. The homemade color sensor array can transform the odor information of yeast media into visible image information, which can make the results presented more intuitive and visual. ACO has a certain randomness during the initialization of the algorithm. Therefore, in this study, 50 independent runs of the ACO algorithm were carried out under the same parameter setting in order to eliminate the influence of randomness. Then, the results after 50 independent runs were statistically analyzed. In this study, a novel color sensor was designed to realize the monitoring of cell concentration during yeast culture. An ACO algorithm was employed to optimize the features of the primary color sensitive materials. The results of research show that two, four, and five color feature components optimized by the ACO algorithm were used to construct the BPNN models, which all could effectively realize the process monitoring of odor information during yeast culture, while the results were similar especially in the predictive process. Therefore, FTPPFeCl and MTPPTE were finally selected and could be used to prepare relatively inexpensive sensor arrays, which can meet the needs of accuracy and stability of cell concentration monitoring during the yeast culture process. It can be inferred that the sensor array will have promising applications for monitoring of cell concentration in application in industrial processes.