With the looming goal of carbon neutrality and increasingly stringent environmental protection policies, gas purification in coal-fired power plants is becoming more and more intense. To achieve the NOx emission standard when coal-fired power plants are operating at full load, wide-temperature denitrification catalysts that can operate for a long time in the range of 260–420°C are worthy of study. This review focuses on the research progress and deactivation mechanism of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration catalysts applied to a wide temperature range. With the increasing application of SCR catalysts, it also means that a large amount of spent catalysts is generated every year due to deactivation. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle the wide temperature SCR denitration catalyst. The challenges faced by wide-temperature SCR denitration catalysts are summarized by comparing their regeneration processes. Finally, its future development is prospected. X emissions, emission control around NOx will be a long-term task  under appropriate temperature and catalyst conditions. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOX is one of the most effective NOX removal technologies available , diesel vehicles and ocean-going ships (mobile sources). Its basic principle is to use ammonia as a reducing agent, and under the action of a catalyst, NOx in the flue gas can be selectively reduced to N2 and H2O. The core of SCR technology is the SCR catalyst. The current commercial SCR catalysts are mainly composed of V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2, which exhibit excellent NOx conversion and good poisoning resistance in the range of 300–420°C , NH3 will react with O2, that is, a side reaction will occur, generating N2, NO, N2O, etc., and NH3 will also be pyrolyzed to generate N2 and H2. There are mainly three types of side reactions that threaten the performance and operation safety of the SCR system, namely the oxidation and decomposition of NHs, the oxidation of SO2 and the formation of ammonium salts 2SO4). Part of the ammonia will be oxidized, To generate N2, NO and other nitrogen-containing substances, the possible reactions are  of the catalyst per unit time to the volume of the reaction gas flowing through the catalyst under standard pressure and temperature. It is a measure of the residence time of the flue gas on a unit volume of catalyst and determines to a certain extent whether the reactants are completely reacted. Increasing the space velocity ratio means that the residence time of flue gas in the reactor is shortened, the reaction may be incomplete, and the flow rate of flue gas increases, and the amount of ammonia escape increases. Reducing the space velocity ratio means that the residence time of the flue gas in the reactor is prolonged, and the removal rate of nitrogen oxides will increase. But the amount of catalyst increases and the cost increases. Therefore, a moderate airspeed ratio should be selected, which not only improves the denitration efficiency, but also reduces the economic cost.The flue gas temperature affects the denitration activity of the SCR catalyst. The catalyst type and flue gas composition directly determine the optimum temperature for the denitration reaction. The temperature range for most commercial catalysts today is 250–420°C. When the flue gas temperature is close to the optimum temperature, the catalyst has the highest denitration activity and the reaction rate increases. The same denitration effect only needs a smaller amount of catalyst, thereby saving the cost of the SCR denitration system, which is beneficial to the operation and performance of the SCR denitration system.3 and NO, H2O and N2 can achieve 100% conversion. The typical ratio of ammonia to nitrogen is 1.05. Excessive NH3 will produce ammonia escape phenomenon and cause secondary pollution, but the theoretical denitrification efficiency cannot be achieved when the amount of NH3 is insufficient. Oxygen concentration: O2 in the flue gas is very important in the SCR reaction and can improve the reaction rate. Studies have shown that the oxidation of NO and O2 on the catalyst surface is a crucial link in the SCR reaction process. In the SCR reaction, NO is first dissociated to generate O atoms, and then the catalyst active sites are reduced by the generated 0 atoms. The O2 in the flue gas will regenerate the active sites of the catalyst, so that the SCR reaction can be carried out. The reaction of NO with NHs is very slow under anaerobic conditions due to the weak oxidizing ability of NO on the catalyst surface.According to the SCR fast reaction equation, theoretically, in the reaction of equal amounts of NH2, and the working conditions of this reaction are relatively “bad".(1) High temperature and high dust arrangement: This arrangement is to place the SCR denitration reactor before the air preheater. At this time, the temperature region just reaches the active temperature window of the denitration catalyst, and there is no need for a secondary heating process, which saves the actual operating cost of the power plant. However, the high temperature flue gas contains a large amount of components harmful to the catalyst, such as fly ash, impurities and SO(2) High temperature and low dust arrangement: This arrangement is to place the SCR denitration reactor between the electrostatic precipitator and the air preheater. The advantage of this arrangement is that after the flue gas passes through the dust removal device, the fly ash and impurities in the flue gas will be effectively removed. The temperature range for this reaction is about 300–400°C, which avoids the problem of catalyst deactivation caused by fly ash. However, excessively high flue gas temperature will still lead to sintering of the catalyst.2 will be effectively removed. The working conditions become relatively “clean”, and the degree of damage to the denitration catalyst is relatively small. This helps extend the life of the catalyst and saves the actual operating costs of coal-fired power plants.(3) Low-temperature and low-dust arrangement: In this arrangement, the SCR denitration reactor is placed after the dust removal device and the flue gas desulfurization device. After the flue gas is dedusted and desulfurized, fly ash, impurities and SOGenerally, the SCR denitration reaction device is arranged before the air preheater, and about 95% of the coal-fired power plants adopt this installation. The advantage of this installation is that the flue gas temperature can meet the requirements of the actual working conditions, but the flue gas contains a large amount of fly ash and impurities, which will block the catalyst pores and affect the normal progress of the SCR denitration reaction. The cost of the catalyst accounts for about one-third of the cost of the overall denitration device, so adopting a suitable, low-cost, and economical arrangement is the key to the SCR denitration reaction. Appropriate arrangements need to be taken according to the type of fuel, combustion, etc. There are generally three arrangements:X emitted from stationary sources, since the combustion temperature is generally concentrated between 300 and 400°C, it is necessary to find medium and high temperature denitration catalysts. Generally, industrial kilns have a large production scale and a large amount of flue gas emissions. In order to achieve the purification effect, the amount of catalyst is large, and the requirement for space velocity is relatively low. Moreover, the industrial furnace flue gas purification device occupies a relatively large space, and the catalyst replacement is relatively easy, so the catalyst with low cost and high performance is the best choice. For diesel vehicles in mobile sources, due to higher fuel economy and lower CO2 emission requirements, the exhaust temperature of diesel vehicles will be further reduced, so there is an extremely urgent need to improve the low-temperature activity of catalysts. On the other hand, the regular regeneration of the particulate filter in the diesel vehicle exhaust after-treatment device will generate a high temperature above 800°C, which puts forward higher requirements for the hydrothermal stability of the SCR catalyst. In addition, due to its space effect and the difficulty of catalyst replacement, the catalyst must withstand high space velocity and long service life, and the requirements for the catalyst are relatively high. It can be seen that different SCR catalysts need to be found for different NOX pollution sources. SCR catalysts are divided into temperature ranges  Precious metal catalystsAt present, most of the research on medium and low temperature SCR denitration catalysts by scholars from all walks of life is the research on active components and carriers. On the basis of the medium temperature catalyst, the temperature window is widened, in order to meet the situation that the flue gas temperature cannot reach the design temperature due to the reduced load operation in the actual operation of the power plant. The active components of the medium and low temperature SCR catalysts are usually  metal ma2O3 and monolithic ceramics as carriers (2O3 has good denitration activity (2((2) Metal oxide catalystsEarly research on SCR catalysts mostly focused on precious metals, using precious metals such as Pt, Rh, and Pd as active components, and granular Alcarriers , which aactivity . The d etivity  and nanorod self-assembled microspheres (W-MP), WO3 nanoparticles (W-NP) have the best redox ability, and its W5+/(W5++W6+) The molar ratio of α is the largest, and the concentration of Ce4+ on the surface of Ce/W-NPs is the highest, which exhibits the best redox performance, thereby promoting the SCR performance. When CeO2 is used as the active component of SCR catalyst, it is easy to deactivate due to the instability of pure CeO2 at high temperature  has a higher specific surface area than other technologies, which may be one of the reasons for its excellent performance. In addition, the partial decomposition and amorphous structure of the MnOx-SC catalyst may also account for its relatively high activity. Tang et al.  Ni(1)Ox-UHHS preparation yielded pure spinel-structured NiMn2O4 nanosheets, both of which exhibited highly efficient SCR activity  and N2 selectivity . NiMn2O4-UHHS nanosheets also exhibited excellent resistance to H2O and SO2 in the low temperature range . Zhao et al.   preparedsistance . Wu et asistance  found the oxygen . Liu et e oxygen  synthesio et al.  investigo et al.  prepared3-SCR performance in the presence of water vapor  and maghemite (γ- Fe2O3), and their crystal structures and morphology have a significant impact on SCR performance. In contrast, the γ- Fe2O3 catalyst exhibited better SCR activity than α-Fe2O3 at 150–300°C. For example, Shen et al.  and (001) crystal planes by aqueous precipitation, and the results showed excellent NH3-SCR performance. In addition, Dong et al. , the SCR activity first decreased and then increased slowly. This is mainly due to the fact that at low temperature, the sulfate formed on the catalyst surface inhibits the adsorption of NOx, cutting off the L-H reaction pathway, resulting in the initial drop of NOx. However, with the continuous progress of the reaction, the deposited ammonium bisulfate (ABS) can be continuously consumed by NO + O2, indicating that the formation and consumption of ABS have reached a dynamic equilibrium. In addition, the formation of ferric sulfate species led to the enhancement of surface acidity, which facilitated the E-R reaction pathway, which further contributed to the enhanced activity. Liu et al.  and TiO2-NSP (nanoshafts) supported monolayer Fe2O3 catalysts by the isometric impregnation, since Fe2O3/TiO2-NS has more acid sites, oxygen defects and reactive oxygen species, thus exhibiting better low temperature activity. In addition, they also prepared CeO2-NR (nanorod) and CeO2-NPH (nanopolyhedron) supported Fe2O3 catalysts by hydrothermal synthesis. Among them, CeO2-NR mainly exposes (110) and (100) planes, while CeO2-NPH exposes 111) planes, and it was found that Fe2O3/CeO2-NR has higher activity than Fe2O3/CeO2-NPH of the catalyst and promote the adsorption and activation of NH3. At the same time, WO3 can also inhibit the crystallization of Fe2O3 and increase the specific surface area of the catalyst. In addition, He et al.  Molecular sieve catalystFor supported Fecatalyst . For exacatalyst  prepared/CeO2-NPH. When Fecidic Mo  and W , acting as a dealumination inhibitor of the zeolite . The results show that sulfation at 200 and 400°C leads to a significant decrease in SCR performance, while at 600°C, the sulfation phenomenon is not severe. This is mainly due to the H2SO4 covering the active centers at 200 and 400°C, and the formation of stable CuSO4 species is also the main reason for the deactivation of the sulfated catalysts at 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. The activity of the sulfated catalyst could be partially recovered after regeneration at 600°C, but was still lower than that of the fresh catalyst due to the formation of stable copper sulfate species  Carbon-based catalystMolecular sieves have special pore structure and surface properties, and are widely used in the field of catalysis. They are usually used as catalyst supports in SCR denitration. The commonly used molecular sieves are mainly zeolites, including ZSM, Y-zeolite, MOR and MIF. The molecular sieve catalysts have high denitrification and have attracted attention in the research of catalytic NOx reduction . To meet zeolite . As anot zeolite . In rece zeolite  compared species . The mai2O3/AC  deposition ability has been the focus of research in this field.In the SCR denitration system, the catalyst, as the core component, is usually placed before the air preheater, that is, the arrangement of high temperature and high dust. When the catalyst operates under such conditions, the catalyst will be deactivated due to poisoning, clogging, sintering and other reasons in the environment of high temperature and harmful substances such as fly ash and impurities for a long time. If the catalyst is arranged in a low-temperature and low-dust arrangement, that is, after the desulfurization and dust removal device, the catalyst can avoid problems such as sintering caused by high-temperature flue gas and clogging of catalyst pores by fly ash. Therefore, it is particularly important for the regeneration of deactivated catalysts and the development of medium and low temperature (<300°C) SCR denitration catalysts. Wide-temperature denitration catalysts are easily affected by H(1) Wear of the catalystFor SCR denitration catalysts in coal-fired power plants, the reasons for catalyst deactivation are different due to different operating conditions. Studies have shown that catalyst deactivation mainly has two aspects, one is the deactivation caused by physical factors, and the other is the deactivation caused by chemical substances. The physical factors of catalyst deactivation mainly include:(2) Catalyst pores are blockedThe wear of the catalyst is mainly due to the fact that the catalyst is in the scouring state of fly ash and impurities for a long time. When the flow rate of the flue gas is too fast and the impact angle of the fly ash is not appropriate, the wear degree of the catalyst will be aggravated. And the properties of the catalyst will also affect the degree of wear of the catalyst . Therefo4HSO4 and (NH4)2SO4) gradually accumulate in the catalyst pores during the long-term operation of the catalyst, and the particles gradually cover the surface of the pores from small to large, resulting in smoke The non-circulation of gas components (as shown in (3) Catalyst sinteringThe blockage of the catalyst pores is mainly due to the fact that small particles of fly ash and ammonium salts  Alkali metal poisoningThe sintering of the catalyst is mainly due to the change of the crystal phase of the active components on the surface of the catalyst when the catalyst is kept at an excessively high temperature for a long time, thus affecting the denitration activity of the catalyst. The crystal phase of the catalyst carrier TiO reduced . The che2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts by experiments and density functional theory. The results showed that alkali metal poisoning mainly reduced the Brønsted acid site of the catalyst. The amount and reducibility of active V5+. Chen et al.  Acid poisoningAlkali metal poisoning refers to the binding of alkali metals to the active sites of catalysts. Alkali metal species can cover and occupy the original active sites on the catalyst surface, resulting in catalyst deactivation . Yue et n et al.  studied 2 in the flue gas. SO2 is oxidized to the more harmful SO3 under the influence of catalyst substrates and other oxidizing substances. The sulfate formed by SO3 can lead to the blockage of catalyst pores and the sulfation of active sites, which seriously affects the SCR denitration reaction. SO2 and water vapor are the main causes of deactivation of low temperature SCR catalysts. Sheng et al.  poisoning, sulfur poisoning, fouling and clogging, sintering and volatilization of active components, and mechanical wear. The industrial process route of catalyst regeneration is: catalyst deactivation cause diagnosis, cleaning, loosening, compound pore, strengthening, activation, heat treatment. According to the “Technical Policy for the Prevention and Control of Nitrogen Oxides in Thermal Power Plants”, the preparation of high-performance catalyst raw materials, new catalysts and regeneration of deactivated catalysts are encouraged. The regeneration process is mainly to remove the blocking substances accumulated inside the catalyst by cleaning the deactivated components of the catalyst, so that the SCR denitration reaction can be carried out normally. For different catalyst deactivation reasons, it is the key to the regeneration process to take corresponding and effective regeneration to restore the catalyst activity. As shown in 2SO4, HNO3 and HCl can effectively wash away the alkali metal species (Na2O and K2O) on the catalyst surface , and the high-valent sulfur on the surface of the catalyst is reduced under high temperature conditions. Restore the denitration performance of the catalyst. After the V2O5/AC catalyst was regenerated at 300 °C in an atmosphere of 5%NH3-95%Ar, the performance of the catalyst was recovered well. The analysis considered that the content of NH4+ and NH2- on the catalyst surface increased, forming new active sites  Development of high-performance wide-temperature denitration catalysts. Coal quality in various countries is complex. Alkali coal, high arsenic coal, high mercury, high sulfur and high ash coal will directly cause the flue gas of coal-fired power plants to contain a variety of components that can easily lead to catalyst poisoning. The policy encourages the adoption of the “biomass utilization + incineration” disposal model, which uses waste incineration power plants, coal-fired power plants, cement kilns and other synergistic sludge and biomass fuels as a supplement to its disposal. The composition of flue gas produced by mixing sludge and biomass fuel is relatively complex, except for nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, as well as chlorides and heavy metals. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously consider the composition of catalytic materials and the design of surface microstructures. The innovative materials solve the problems of catalyst low-temperature denitration activity, hydrophobicity and ammonium salt deposition poisoning resistance when the unit is running at low load. Adapt to alkali and heavy metal components in flue gas and slow down catalyst failure.2 and other parameters and catalyst activity and stability. The popularization and application of denitration catalysts provide reliable basic data. The honeycomb catalyst extrusion molding process has matured. However, this process has strict requirements on the amount of active components and production process parameters, and it is difficult to form a honeycomb catalyst with a high pore number. The coating process can significantly save raw materials and reduce the cost of catalysts, and has the advantages of simple process operation, high strength and easy regeneration. This is suitable for the manufacture of honeycomb catalysts with high pore number and high content of active components, and can meet the denitration needs of flue gas in different fields.(b) Carry out research on catalytic processes under complex flue gas conditions. Comprehensively carry out catalyst performance evaluation tests under actual flue gas conditions , and establish the relationship between reaction temperature, space velocity, water vapor, SO(c) Develop a selection and design for wide-temperature denitration catalysts. According to the flue gas conditions of coal-fired power plants, rational design of denitration catalyst is the key to the normal operation of denitration system. Screen catalyst formulations based on big data and consider the impact of specific flue gas conditions. Calculate the technical parameters such as catalyst dosage, active component content, ammonia consumption in system operation, ammonia injection temperature, catalyst arrangement and catalyst life, and obtain catalyst design and selection parameters that meet engineering conditions and can be used for flue gas denitrification. On the premise of meeting the denitration performance requirements, the loss and accident rate should be minimized, the system operation efficiency should be improved, and the operation cost of the denitration system should be reduced.in-situ/off-line regeneration for wide-temperature denitration catalysts. Through experiments and theoretical calculations, the formation and accumulation conditions  of ABS in the catalyst and reaction system under low temperature conditions were obtained, and the safety of wide-temperature SCR catalysts in low temperature operation was comprehensively evaluated. At the same time, in-situ analysis and technologies based on the characteristics of different materials and poisoning substances are developed to prolong the service life of catalysts.(d) Exploring (e) Implement full-life management of denitration catalysts. The investment cost of the wide temperature denitration catalyst is high, and the catalyst has a limited service life. After the expiration date, a new catalyst needs to be installed or replaced, increasing the investment cost. Therefore, the service life of the catalyst should be extended by strengthening the catalyst management and standardizing the whole life management process of installation, operation, testing and maintenance. With the increase of operating time, the deactivation of the catalyst is inevitable, and the life-cycle management of the denitration catalyst is of great significance to prolong the service life of the catalyst. Waste catalysts are classified as hazardous solid wastes, which are difficult to deal with. Strengthening the research and development of waste catalyst treatment technology, including catalyst secondary regeneration technology, extraction of trace elements from waste catalyst, and recovery of effective components are the future development trends.Some interesting results have been obtained on the influence of catalyst SCR reactivity and the tentative design of mesoporous structure sulfur-tolerant catalysts. However, for the practical application of catalysts, the development of highly stable catalysts that meet the harsh industrial flue gas environment still faces great challenges, and there are some key scientific issues that need to be solved urgently. The following aspects still need to be further improved and developed in the follow-up work:


The identification of new proteins that regulate the function of one of the main cellular phosphatases, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), is essential to find possible pharmacological targets to alter phosphatase function in various cellular processes, including the initiation and development of multiple diseases. IIIG9 is a regulatory subunit of PP1 initially identified in highly polarized ciliated cells. In addition to its ciliary location in ependymal cells, we recently showed that IIIG9 has extraciliary functions that regulate the integrity of adherens junctions. In this review, we perform a detailed analysis of the expression, localization, and function of IIIG9 in adult and developing normal brains. In addition, we provide a 3D model of IIIG9 protein structure for the first time, verifying that the classic structural and conformational characteristics of the PP1 regulatory subunits are maintained. Our review is especially focused on finding evidence linking IIIG9 dysfunction with the course of some pathologies, such as ciliopathies, drug dependence, diseases based on neurological development, and the development of specific high-malignancy and -frequency brain tumors in the pediatric population. Finally, we propose that IIIG9 is a relevant regulator of PP1 function in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS. PPP1R32 gene, also known as C11orf66, FLJ32771, 4930579J09Rik, AU015816, and MGC144717. The human IIIG9 orphan gene (C11orf66) is located at the 11q12.2 locus, and its mRNA expression was first reported in 2002, when high expression was demonstrated in the ependymal wall of the fourth cerebral ventricle -(P)-[FW], where X is any residue and P is any residue except proline [KR]x[YW], SILK [GS]IL[RK], SpiDoC . I. I105]. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are dynamic regulatory mechanisms that change in time and space and that support the development of diverse biological functions that are fundamental for cellular activities. Thus, protein kinases (about 500 proteins in humans) and phosphatases (about 140 protein phosphatases in humans) orchestrate and regulate the function of hundreds to thousands of proteins at different times. PP1 is a phosphatase that is widely used in cell economy, where it is estimated that it is capable of catalyzing between 30% and 50% of the total dephosphorylation reactions that occur in cells, regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Given the diversity of functions and processes attributed to PP1, its specificity and regulation are determined by the formation of protein complexes between the catalytic subunits of PP1 , with highly specific regulatory subunits that determine where and when PP1 acts. IIIG9 is the regulatory subunit 32 of PP1, whose expression was initially restricted to highly polarized, ciliated epithelia, such as those of the trachea, oviducts, testes, and ventricular brain walls. We now know that IIIG9, like other ciliary proteins, may have extraciliary functions, such as the maintenance of adherens junctions in the epithelium, where it is expressed as ependymal cells. We also know that the loss of its function triggers the loss of these junctions, the apoptosis of ependymal cells, and the beginning of dilation of the cerebral ventricular system due to a possible deterioration in cerebrospinal fluid circulation , which is an initial stage of development of hydrocephalus. In turn, the literature suggests that IIIG9 is a versatile protein that may participate in cellular processes, such as the cell cycle, the assembly and/or function of primary (immotile) cilia and motile cilia, neural differentiation states, and the cortical specification of the upper cortical layers, where the action of PP1 could be necessary. Finally, IIIG9 may be a key protein in promoting the development of pathologies, such as various ciliopathies , developmental disorders of the nervous system , drug abuse and dependence , and the development of brain tumors with a poor clinical prognosis, due to their ability to spread within and outside the CNS . The protumoral effect of loss of IIIG9 expression could be explained by the loss of cell–cell junctions, favoring the metastasis of tumor cells. However, these and many other questions regarding the role of IIIG9 in human physiology and how its deregulation contributes to the development of different diseases will continue to be the subject of further research.


The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of gender and the specificity of sports activities on body balance. The investigated participants are 157 students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports/Bachelor’s degree: 109 men , and 48 women . (2) Design: Cross-sectional study, with the definition of the variables gender and sport activity with three stages . The evaluation was based on four dynamic balance tests  and three static balance tests . (3) Results: The variance analysis (multivariate and univariate tests) indicates the superiority of women in most tests applied, but with significantly better values (p < 0.05) only for the Flamingo test and Bass test. Men have superior results only for vestibular stability (Fukuda test) and One-leg standing test, but it is statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). The TSG group has slightly better values than the IS group for the whole set of tests conducted, but these are not statistically significant (p > 0.05), so we cannot highlight the certain superiority of TSG practitioners over those involved in IS. Both the TSG and the IS group outperformed all tests compared to the NA group, with significant differences (p < 0.05), especially for the TSG. Conclusion: Women have better values than men on most tests, and performance sports students have higher average scores than those in the NA group, which demonstrates the beneficial influence of specific training on static and dynamic postural stability.A sense of balance is required in sports activities, conditioning the quality of movements and physical performance. (1)  Balance is an ability that brings together somatic-sensory, vestibular and visual information for superior postural control, which is extremely required in sports activities and which conditions motor performance . In mainThe influence of anthropometric variables on body stability generates some contradictory aspects in specialized research. Weak positive and negative correlations, or lack of correlations between anthropometric dimensions and the value of results in static and dynamic equilibrium tests, have been identified for women university students in Iran 18–25 years), so there is no single anthropometric indicator to justify variations in balance –25 years. Even ifPhysical effort affects the balance values for shooting athletes, with higher oscillations and speeds of the CoP (center of pressure) being found for the groups that made an effort, compared to the values of a group that was not physically requested before shooting, according to . Muscle Sedentary behavior is associated with impaired muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance for adults >18 years), according to . Another years, aThe systematic review of the specialized studies did not firmly formulate the superiority of men or women in the tests of balance assessment; there are studies that confirm the better values for a gender but also research that does not find significant differences between genders . A betteFemale athletes have lower values of lower limb muscle strength but also compensatory models for neuromuscular control and higher values of static balance compared to male athletes . UnicyclPostural balance in young women is similar to that of young men, but older men have higher body balance and greater balance problems compared to women in the same age group .For participants experienced in sports activities with asymmetrical demands, the beneficial influence of a warm-up on the balance values is noticeable only for the dominant leg. However, performing the 10-min warm-up on the cycle ergometer does not reduce the differences/asymmetries related to the balance between the dominant and the non-dominant leg in healthy young athletes . The sigThe time interval of isolation and physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decrease in balance performance for children in Spain, but without significant differences between team sports, individual, and physically inactive, according to . The comBalance training exercises using different balance tools are more effective than resistance training programs in terms of ankle sprain improvement results. Higher values of dynamic balance, pain relief, and return to sports activities were noted for the subjects involved (20–39 years) . The impFor teenage rugby players in Poland, significant associations are determined between the values of dynamic balance  and the strength of the lower limbs at different jumps, these two interdependent variables having a role in reducing the risk of injury .The purpose of the study is to identify how gender and the inclusion of students in different sports activities  generate differences in performance on balance tests and reporting these values to similar research conducted nationally and internationally.Working hypotheses:Hypothesis 1 (H1).We assume that the independent variable gender will generate significant differences in the tests for the assessment of static and dynamic balance.Hypothesis 2 (H2).We estimate that we will obtain statistically significant differences between the average values of performance athletes .Hypothesis 3 (H3).We estimate that the group of athletes practicing team sports games will have statistically significantly superior performance compared to the group of non-athlete students in the balance assessment tests.Hypothesis 4 (H4).We estimate that the group of individual sports practitioners will perform statistically significantly better compared to the group of non-athlete students for the entire set of tests used.The students involved in the study belong to the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports  within the “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galați. All 164 subjects belonging to year 1 of the bachelor’s degree were invited to participate in the research, out of which 157 students remained in the study, with 7 cases being eliminated from the initial group . The distribution of subjects by gender is 109 men , and 48 women . The constitution of the groups according to the involvement and the type of sports activity was performed on 3 distinct categories: NA/non-athletes , the athletes involved in TSG/team sports games , and IS/individual sports . The number of subjects for the independent variables listed, as well as the percentage values related to them, are summarized in One-leg standing balance test: Standing on one leg, the other leg is raised with the knee bent, the forearms crossed on the chest . The time maintaining balance with eyes closed is timed (s).Stork test: Sitting on one leg with palms on hips and eyes open, raise their other leg and rest their toes on the opposite knee. Then move on to the tip of the foot remaining on the ground, and the time maintaining the balance is timed (s). The stopwatch is stopped when unbalanced, moving the supporting leg, contact with the whole sole, the lack of contact with the knee, the movement of the arms.Flamingo test (Eurofit test): The assessor tries to maintain balance on one leg , the arm on the same side is raised, the other lower limb is flexed, raised back and caught by the hand on the same side. We record the number of attempts/failures required to accumulate 60 s of holding the position.Functional reach test: The performer is standing sideways against the wall, with the same arm outstretched forward and parallel to the ground, and the examiner draws a mark on the wall at the end of the middle finger. The performer then bends their torso forward to the point where the balance can be maintained and marks the place where the middle finger reaches. The difference between the two drawn marks is recorded in cm.Bass test: It involves performing 10 consecutive jumps from one foot to the other, landing on the forefoot and maintaining the position for 5 s, treading signs measuring 2.54 × 2 cm. For each correct landing, 5 points are awarded, plus 1 point for each second of holding, so the maximum score is 100.Walk and Turn Field Sobriety test: Evaluates the balance while walking along a straight line drawn on the ground. Take 9 steps with the heel of the foot placed in front, touching the toes of the back foot. After taking the steps, the subject must turn on one leg and return in the same way in the opposite direction. Note: The following errors are identified: “Can’t keep balance during instructions, Starts too soon, Stops walking, Misses heel-to-toe, Steps off line, Uses arms for balance, Improper turn, Incorrect number of steps.”Fukuda test: The subject moves on the spot/50 steps with the alternative lifting of the knees, with the arms outstretched forward and being blindfolded/with eyes closed. At the end, the angle of deviation from the initial direction (left or right) is measured; values > 30 degrees indicate problems of balance/labyrinthine damage on the side where the deviation occurred.The applied research variant is one that falls into the category of cross-sectional studies. The measurement and testing of the investigated group were planned for April 2019, a period preceding the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation of the study group took place within the Research Center for Human Performance, associated with the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Galați. The investigation of the balance was performed by 7 tests, of which 4 are oriented for the evaluation of the dynamic balance , and 3 for the evaluation of static balance , additional data related to the test methodology, interpretation of results, validity, and reliability of the set of tests being stipulated by ,46,47,48The evaluation process was planned between 12.00 and 16.00, as we wanted to avoid variations in performance values for the balance tests, especially their decrease if the tests were performed early in the morning or late in the evening ,50,51; a2p was determined. Central trend indicators were calculated for each dependent variable (test), lower and upper limits of performance were identified, and differences in mean values were determined for the resulting data pairs (using Bonferroni Post Hoc Tests in interpreting the significance of the obtained differences) [p < 0.05) [The statistical processing of the data obtained after the evaluation was performed with the help of SPSS Software . The ANOVA parametric techniques (multivariate and univariate tests) with factorial design (2 × 3) were used, defining the independent variables gender (with both sexes) ands sports activity with 3 stages . Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances was used and the influence of each independent variable, the interaction between them on the whole set of tests and on each test separately, calculating the values of F and their significance thresholds, as well as the effect size expressed by Partial eta squared/Ƞerences) ,57,58. T < 0.05) ,60,61. GThe processed data are summarized in p < 0.05), and with average values of size effect/Ƞ2p . However, the gender * sports activity interaction does not generate statistically significant results (p > 0.05), with a low value of Ƞ2p (only 2.2% of the test performance variance is generated by this interaction).Multivariate analysis provides information on the overall effect of the two independent variables (gender and sports activity), but also on the interaction between them on all balance tests used (dependent variables) in p < 0.05): the Flamingo test and Bass test, but with weak values of Partial Eta Squared (only 3% and 2.8% of the variance of the results in these tests is due to the independent variable gender). For the other five balance tests, only statistically insignificant influences of the gender variable are reported (p > 0.05), which are associated with very weak and even zero values of size effect/Partial Eta Squared.For the independent variable gender, the univariate test analysis  establisp < 0.05) for five of the seven balance assessment tests: One-leg standing balance test, Stork test, Flamingo test, Walk and turn field sobriety test, and Fukuda test. However, the size effect values expressed by Partial Eta Squared are moderate of even weak: 9.7% of the variance is due to the independent variable for the Fukuda test, 6.7% for the Stork test, 5.4% for the One-leg standing balance test, only 4.8% for the Walk and turn field sobriety test, and 3.9% for the Flamingo test. Statistically insignificant influences (p > 0.05) are reported only in the case of the Functional reach test and the Bass test, with low values of Partial Eta Squared.Univariate test analysis at the level of the independent variable sports activity signals statistically significant influences (p < 0.05) is confirmed only for the Flamingo test  and for the Bass test . The women’s group also has better scores on the Functional reach test , the Stork test, and makes fewer mistakes in the Walk and turn field sobriety test, but without finding significant differences (p > 0.05). The group of men has superior average results for the One-leg standing balance test and shows better vestibular stability in the Fukuda test, but even in these two cases, the differences are insignificant (p > 0.05).The comparison of the average test results in pairs at the level of the independent variable gender  indicateIt should be noted the presence of eight cases with performances over 50 s for One-leg standing balance test in the case of men (with a group record of 89 s); for the group of women, there were only three cases with performances of over 20 s, an aspect that generated a lower average value for them in this test. Although for the Stork test, the top result of the whole lot (82.84 s) is also obtained by a man, the average value of men is slightly lower than that of women due to the fact that 32 men (29.35% of the whole lot) had results below 2 s, compared to the group of women, where only 5 cases (10.41%) had equally poor results. Significantly poorer male results for the Flamingo test result from 12 students (11%) needing more than 10 attempts to total the 60 s of balance on the support compared to the female group, where only 2 cases (4.16%) have similar results. This cancels out the slight advantage of men in terms of top results for this test: 16 cases (14.67%) manage to maintain the position in a single attempt, compared to 6 cases (12.5%) for the group of women. For the Bass test, women have higher percentage scores than men, 13 cases (27.08%) get values above 90 points, while 16 men (only 14.67%) fall into the same high values, but it should be noted that maximum performance (100 points) are, however, obtained only by 2 cases in the men’s group. For both sexes, we noticed the ease of detachment on one leg and precise landing with the coverage of chips placed on the ground, the problems being related to maintaining balance on the landing leg for 5 s, which limited the achievement of maximum scores for most participants.For the Walk and turn field sobriety test, we found very good results in both genders, most of those tested ended the evaluation without identifying mistakes: 97 men (89%) and 44 women (91.67%). The rare errors found are related to small problems when turning the body or slightly crossing the line on which to travel. At the Fukuda test, we obtained average values below 30 degrees for both genders . However, several individual cases exceeding this threshold should also be reported: 10 men (9.17%) and 6 women (12.5%). For men, we notice nine cases with a lack of body rotation (0 degrees), and for women, only one. Both genders have a higher incidence of body rotation on the right side; 70 men (64.22%) and 33 women (68.75%). Even though the average results do not indicate the presence of vestibular disorders, most students could not keep the body at the same starting point, being signaled forward movements when successively raising the knees up, with eyes closed, isolated cases moved forward a length of 2 m.p < 0.05) for five of the tests: the One-leg standing balance test, Stork test, Flamingo test, Walk and turn field sobriety test, and Fukuda test. The situation is similar for the differences between the individual sports (IS) and non-athletes (NA) groups, but here we find significant differences in only two cases: the Stork test and the Fukuda test. Even if the TSG group performs better in all equilibrium tests than the IS group, these differences are not statistically confirmed for the analyzed pairs, all being insignificant (p > 0.05).The average values related to better results belong to the groups of athletes, especially those who practice team sports games (TSG); they obtain results superior to the group of non-athletes (NA) in all tests, with evidence of statistically significant differences (p > 0.05), but the TSG group still has the highest values (greater than 50 cm): 11 cases (25.58% within this group), compared to 9 cases of the NA group (representing 13.04%), and 6 cases of the IS group (with 13.33%). For the Stork test, the significant differences (p < 0.05) reported between the NA group and the two groups of athletes are explained by the presence of higher individual scores for these two groups but also by the large number of poor results (less than 2 s of holding) recorded at the level of the NA group: 24 cases , compared to 4 cases for TSG , and 9 cases for IS .The weaker average results of the NA group for the One-leg standing balance test are also generated by the low number of cases with higher values (over 20 s): only four cases (5.79% for the NA group), compared to seven cases (15.55% for the IS group), and eight cases (18.60% for the SG group). However, the situation is more balanced in the case of the Functional reach test, where the superiority of the TSG and IS groups is not statistically confirmed (p > 0.05). The bass test is the second test where the superiority of TSG and IS groups over NA is not statistically confirmed, even if very good scores (over 90 points) are reported for athletes groups: 13 cases, 30.23% for SG, 7 cases, 15.55% for IS, and 8 cases, only 11.59%, for the NA group.For the Flamingo test, we noticed a lower number of cases that have more than 10 falls for the TSG group , unlike the IS group  and the NA group . In this test, we also report higher individual values  of the TSG group  compared to those in the IS group , but the difference between the average values of the two groups is not statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared to the NA group. At the level of the NA group, 10 cases with values higher than 30 degrees are identified (14.49%), for the TSG group, there are only 3 cases (6.97%), and for the IS group, there are also 3 subjects (6.66%). The lack of rotation around the body axis is reported for 10 subjects in the whole group, of which 3 are in the NA group (4.34%), 4 in the TSG group (9.30%), and 3 in the IS group (6.66%).A higher number of cases (12 subjects) in the NA group make mistakes during the assessment of balance during walking  compared to the groups of athletes (1 case for TSG and 3 cases for IS). At the level of the TSG group, 42 students follow the route without error (97.67%); for the IS group, this aspect is also confirmed for 42 participants (93.33%), while for the NA group, the number of those without errors is 57 cases (only 82.67%), which confirms the superior postural stability of athletes during dynamic actions. The assessment of body stability by the Fukuda test indicates significantly better values for the two groups of athletes  of the balance evaluation for the NA group, are represented graphically in At the level of the TSG group, we identify changes in the distribution of performance between genders, but these results must be analyzed with reservation; due to the small group of women (only seven cases), according to We compared our results to those provided by similar studies, differentiating and grouping those that investigate the values of balance according to gender and those that compare different sports and groups that are not involved in practicing physical activities.p < 0.05).The dynamics of the values of balance by age and gender indicate for the stage 20–49 years a consistency of results, followed by a reduction of values after 50 years, with men having slightly better results than women . HoweverDecreasing sedentary behavior for young adults (x = 21 years) optimizes the values of static balance, a fact confirmed for those involved in moderate to vigorous PA, and for women, there are better values than for men, according to . For theFemale soldiers (Air Assault), with an average age of 26.4 years, show higher static balance values than men, but no differences are reported between genders for dynamic balance performances . Dynamicp < 0.05). For the NA group (characterized by moderate effort), women also have superior results, with one exception: the Fukuda test.For healthy young people in Romania (18–25 years), there are no differences in postural balance according to gender, but the group of those who are involved in moderate physical activity has higher values of balance compared to those who have a low level of physical activism . For ourp > 0.05). Only at the level of the NA group are there slightly better values of women reported, but still insignificant; men have higher values for TSG and IS groups. When evaluating the static balance of the university students in our group, the girls have a slight superiority for the Stork test, but it is not statistically confirmed (p > 0.05), which is also maintained at the level of the NA and IS groups. However, men in the TSG group have higher values than women in the same category.A comparison of static balance results (single-leg stance position) for young athletes in Slovenia identifies higher values of dancers compared to other sports, and girls perform significantly better than boys . The evap < 0.05), which is also highlighted by the comparison between genders for each type of physical activity , with women needing fewer attempts to complete the test in all cases. Female university students in physical education and sports (Poland) have higher values than men for the Flamingo test. The dynamics of 10-year results (2004–2010) showed a significant decrease in the results for men and an insignificant decrease for girls . Our stup > 0.05) aspects were confirmed for those belonging to the TSG and NA groups. For the Walk and turn field sobriety test, women make fewer mistakes but still without significant differences.Research on team sports players  showed higher values of DSI (dynamic stability index) scores for men in most cases, so they have significantly lower dynamic stability than women . The groGender comparative studies have shown that female performance gymnasts have superior postural stability compared to male gymnasts via posturographic analysis, according to . The betp > 0.05).Although the demand for balance varies from one branch of sport to another, no statistically significant differences are found between team sport game practitioners and those involved in individual sports . For ourp > 0.05). Instead, significant differences are reported in this test for the TSG group compared to the NA group (p < 0.05).For Tunisian teenager football players (U-17), the application of an 8-week workout (based on plyometrics and short sprints) resulted in significant performance improvements related to lower limb strength, agility, and static balance assessed by the Stork test . Women wp < 0.05), but we did not obtain significant differences between the TSG and NA groups (p > 0.05).Using an occlusal device for professional ballet dancers  for 6 months improved neuromuscular coordination and static balance performance in the Flamingo test . AdditioInvestigations on university sports students in Japan have confirmed their superiority in postural stability during head rotation and better visual acuity compared to the non-sports group . RegardlThe types of sports influence the value of performances in balance tests. A study on Iranian sports students showed that the best results in static balance are achieved by gymnastics, then martial arts, soccer, wrestling, basketball, and weightlifting. On top for the dynamic balance are wrestling, followed by soccer, gymnastics, weightlifting, and basketball . Elite aTaekwondo practitioners achieve significantly better values of static balance  through one leg standing on a strength plate compared to groups of soccer and handball athletes. The explanation would be the adaptation to high blows during training, according to . TaekwonSports specialization generates several situations of significant differences in the manifestation of balance compared to the gender variable; the performances obtained indicate the level of demand for static and dynamic stability, according to the sport practiced. The fact that the NA group has the lowest average values in all tests confirms the beneficial effect of sports activities on body balance.p < 0.05). Men perform better at the vestibular stability/Fukuda test and One leg standing test, but these differences are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).Gender differences support a superiority of women for five of the tests applied, which is in agreement with many of the analyzed studies, but significant differences and confirmation of the H1 hypothesis are obtained only for the Flamingo test and Bass test (p > 0.05), so the H2 hypothesis is not confirmed. The differences between these two groups must be viewed with caution, as the study lacks sports specializations (such as gymnastics and skating), which would certainly have improved the average values of the IS group.Even if the TSG batch has slightly better values than the IS batch for the whole set of tests, they are not statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the Functional reach test and Bass test (p > 0.05). The comparison between the IS and NA groups generates only two pairs where the H4 hypothesis is confirmed: the Stork test and Fukuda test, with (p < 0.05); in the other tests, insignificant differences were reported (p > 0.05).We noticed significant differences in favor of the TSG group compared to the NA group; for most tests, the H3 hypothesis was confirmed , as well as the low number or lack of athletes in other sports types and trials less popular and less practiced . This makes the comparison between the different branches of sport irrelevant in terms of balance performance. The impossibility of testing the batch using baropodometric platforms, motion sensors, or pressure insoles at the time of the study is another neuralgic point, these data being much more accurate in analyzing and evaluating CoP variations in different directions and planes of motion ,101,102.Future research directions are focused on: the role of anthropometric variables in the manifestation of body balance; evaluating the performance of university students on other components of fitness, for example, in tests of strength and agility, which also involve the manifestation of good balance ; investigating the variations of static and dynamic postural stability depending on the seniority in sports activity or affecting the performance of the balance depending on the level of fatigue generated by the different stages of the intensity of effort.


The quality of Tibetan matsutake drops during cold chain transportation. To extend the shelf life and improve the market value, this study analyzed the matsutake logistics process, and optimized the dynamic monitoring and quality management systems for post-harvest matsutake with different preservation packaging in the cold chain. This system monitored the micro-environmental parameters of the cold chain in real time, and it identified the best preservation method by analyzing the quality change characteristics of the matsutake with different preservation packaging. It was concluded that the matsutake were best preserved under the conditions of modified atmosphere packaging. The data analysis on the collected data verified the performance of the system. Relevant personnel were invited to participate in the system performance analysis and offer optimization suggestions to improve the applicability of the established monitoring system. The optimized model could provide a more effective theoretical reference for the dynamic monitoring and quality management of the system. The Tibetan matsutake is a precious, wild edible fungi, known as the “king of fungi”. It has high nutritional, medicinal and economic values, and is deeply appreciated by people ,2. HowevThe Internet of Things (IoT), which describes the equipment of physical objects with sensors, actuators, computing logic and connectivity, has attracted much attention ,6,7,8. IThe post-harvest quality change of the matsutake is an inevitable process, and the application of preservation technology can slow down this change. Various existing types of packaging for fruit and vegetable preservation will slow down the aging of the matsutake quality and extend its shelf life to varying degrees. Different packaging methods have different relationships with quality. The most common packaging method is simple refrigeration preservation packaging, which is far from sufficient for long-distance transportation. The current post-harvest preservation techniques mainly consist of modified atmosphere packaging, coating film preservation, chemical inhibitors and so on ,15,16,17Based on previous studies, this study proposed a dynamic monitoring and quality management system for post-harvest matsutake, with different types of preservation packaging in the cold chain to extend the shelf life and maintain the market value. The system monitored the changes in the environmental parameters and quality data, and analyzed the quality characteristics and storage micro-environment data changes. Compared with the previous system, the matsutake quality changes could be evaluated more comprehensively. Additionally, this study explored the quality change characteristics of matsutake with different packaging methods to obtain the best packaging method to preserve, reduce the quality loss, extend the shelf life and improve the market value of the matsutake. The system provided a more refined technical means for matsutake preservation after the system evaluation, and a more scientific packaging method for matsutake storage and transportation.To understand the matsutake quality changes in the cold chain, a matsutake logistics survey revealed that the main processes are: picking, pre-cooling and cleaning/grading, packaging and storage, cold-chain transportation and sales . Figure 2 from the storage environment, consuming their own nutrients, and releasing H2O, CO2 gas and a large amount of respiratory heat, affecting the temperature and the gas environment. Under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions, the matsutake undergo anaerobic respiration, releasing alcohol, lactic acid and other substances that promote decay and deterioration. The matsutake release ethylene gas during the post-harvest maturation process, which promotes their maturation and opening, and rapidly affects their quality. Microorganisms in the storage micro-environment continue to grow and consume nutrients, accelerating the matsutake’s quality change.Different preservation methods controlled different factors affecting the matsutake’s quality, thereby inhibiting the changes in its physiological activities and achieving the purpose of preservation . The qua2, CO2 and ethylene gas concentrations in the micro-environment, and microorganisms. The physiological activities lead to moisture loss and microbial infection, thus affecting the sensory and physicochemical indicators and, consequently, the appearance, nutritive value, medicinal value and commodity value. The sensory indicators include the hardness (cap and rod), color and odor. The physicochemical indicators include the pH value, soluble solids content (SSC) and moisture content (MC). As time increases, the odor of the matsutake gradually fades, browning occurs on the surface and spoilage produces off-flavors and moldy spots. The hardness decreases with storage time because the matsutake rots and deteriorates before opening its umbrella.According to the analysis of the post-harvest quality change mechanism, the main factors affecting the matsutake post-harvest quality are the temperature and relative humidity in the storage environment, O2 gas preservative can inhibit and kill pathogenic microorganisms attached after picking, combined with refrigeration preservation technology to achieve the purpose of preservation.Preservation packaging is one of the preservation technology tools that has a positive effect on the quality change of matsutake caused by the environmental changes and the shelf life. The current mainstream packaging method is simple refrigeration preservation packaging, which extends the shelf life by controlling the storage temperature in a relatively low range and reducing the cellular activity of the organism . ModifieTo monitor the micro-environmental signals, a matsutake cold chain monitoring and tracing system was established. 2 gas sensor, an O2 gas sensor  and an ethylene gas sensor. It sensed and collected environmental information in the cold chain through the sensors according to the user-defined interval. The STC12LE5A60S2  was used as the master control chip of the information processing module. The information processing module processes the analog and digital signals received from the sensor module, including converting the analog voltage signals of the gas sensor into digital signals through the analog-to-digital conversion module, and sorting and storing all the data information. The system used 433MHz as the wireless frequency to improve transmission performance and form the wireless sensor network (WSN). The system was based on the wireless sensor network and monitored the matsutake cold chain storage micro-environmental parameters in real time through the sensor information collection node device, transmitted the data to the information processing module through the interface, and transferred them to the background system database through the 4G communication module to storage. After specific data analysis by the computer program, the user can display information about the monitored parameters of the matsutake during the cold chain process, such as real-time data, location and so on.The design of the hardware system structure is shown in 2, CO2 and ethylene) was realized. Users set personal information and account passwords via the user center; then, data query and display, data analysis and data storage are run in the monitoring center module; after that, the evaluation module evaluates the quality, based on diagnosis rules, and the information feedback module notifies users and feeds back their treatment measures. Finally, users can search and add other IoT devices to the exploration module.The design of the software system structure is shown in Step 1: Initialization. The sensor device node was matched and judged whether the connection was successful. After that, the software started to accept the data sent by the sensor device.Step 2: Data collection and analysis. The received data were analyzed and displayed by the monitoring center module. At the same time, the data were judged whether they exceeded the threshold, and the trigger would alert when they did.Step 3: Data storage. The monitoring center was determined to be connected or not to the sensing device; if it was connected, it would continue to receive and store data; otherwise, it would stop.The monitoring system software was mainly responsible for the data analysis and display functions, as well as providing alarm functions. After it was connected to the sensing equipment of the multi-parameter information acquisition and fusion device, it formed a complete data transmission process. The specific workflow of the software was as follows:2, CO2 and ethylene). The quality indicators measured in the experiment were divided into sensory indicators and physicochemical indicators. The sensory indicators include the hardness (cap and rod), color and odor, and they were scored by the assessment team. The physicochemical indicators include the pH value, soluble solids content (SSC) and moisture content (MC). The pH value was obtained by measuring the filtered clear liquid with a pHB-4pH meter . The filtered clear liquid was measured by a glycol refractometer  to obtain the content of the SSC. The SFY moisture meter  was used to determine the MC of the samples.The matsutake samples were divided into four groups and used to measure the micro-environmental parameters changes in the cold chain and the quality indicator changes with different packaging methods . PP (Polypropylene) has the advantages of a light weight, good mechanical properties and heat resistance, safety and health. PE (Polyethylene) has good air permeability, flexibility and chemical stability, good, low-temperature resistance and heat-sealing, and can be made into film and film bags for food packaging. The containers used for the experiments were hollowed out polypropylene (PP) baskets (length 23 cm × width 16 cm × height 9 cm) and polyethylene (PE) vacuum-packed cling bags  (length 20 cm × width 15 cm). The PP baskets were sealed with polyethylene (PE) cling film of 0.02 mm thickness. Each bag of matsutake packed in a cling bag was about 0.2 kg, and one bag was taken for each experiment. The temperature and relative humidity of the thermostatic incubator used for the experiments were 4 ± 1 °C and 90% RH (Relative Humidity), respectively. The physicochemical indicators of each experiment were measured three times and averaged.The matsutake samples used in the experiment were divided into three groups, each group was 1 kg and each matsutake sample was separated by a special, absorbent paper for freshness preservation. The sensor probe connected to the cold chain sensing monitoring equipment and the sample used in the experiment were installed in the PP basket, sealed and placed in a cold store at 2–5 °C for testing. Data were recorded every 2 min and, when significant decay of the sample was observed, the monitoring was stopped; the entire monitoring test lasted 16 days.Refrigeration preservation packaging: The matsutake samples were equally divided into two groups (T1 and T2), sealed in the PP baskets and put into the incubator at 0 °C and 4 °C. The T1 group underwent the experiment every 2 days and the T2 group underwent the test every 1.5 days. Each experiment treated two matsutake to determine the quality indicators.Modified atmosphere packaging: The matsutake samples were recorded as the G3 group. According to Shuang Zhao’s previous experimental results, this experiment adopted a set of modified atmosphere ratios with the best preservation effect for fresh matsutake, and the specific gas compositions were as follows: the O2 concentration was 1%, the CO2 concentration was 21% and the N2 concentration was 78% [ was 78% . The matPreservative preservation packaging: The matsutake samples were recorded as the P4 group. The matsutake was pre-treated and packaged in the PE vacuum cling bags, and the air mixed with 10 ppm SO2 gas was filled into the packages; they were placed in the incubator and the quality indicators measured every day.p ≤ 0.05.A parametric analysis was performed on independent samples from each treatment. The obtained data were analyzed by a double-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS software , to evaluate the impact of processing and storage time on the determined parameters. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between the various parameters, while Duncan’s multiple range test was used to identify the difference in the mean value of The group of trained assessors included a local picker, an acquirer, a chef and two consumers. All the five assessors scored the color, hardness and odor of the matsutake. They observed and filled out the form every day and recorded the scores. In this study, the sensory assessment is divided into four levels, and the specific assessment criteria are shown in The four sensory evaluation indicator changes with the different packaging methods are shown in The matsutake physicochemical indicator changes with the refrigeration preservation packaging at different temperatures are shown in Based on the above analysis of the matsutake physicochemical indicator changes with the different packaging methods, the matsutake physiological change process was divided into three stages: S1, S2 and S3. The S1 stage is the continuous growth stage: fresh matsutake are physiologically active after harvesting and consume nutrients towards maturity. The S2 stage is the quality stability stage: the matsutake quality varies very steadily. The S3 stage is the spoilage stage: the matsutake shows decay and deterioration, and the quality is highly variable and fluctuates individually.2, CO2 and ethylene were SHT11, SHT11, AJD-4M-O2, AJD/L/4CO2 and A15-75D, respectively. Due to the large sample size and the data reproducibility obtained in the experiment, the moving average method was selected to smooth the obtained data, according to one step for every ten data units when processing the data, and the data unit was 10 intervals. The whole monitoring process can be divided into three stages: S1, S2 and S3.In this experiment, the matsutake micro-environmental parameters in the cold chain were characterized at 2–5 °C. The temperature and relative humidity changes and gas environment changes in the matsutake storage micro-environment were measured. The sensors used for measuring the temperature and relative humidity, OThe changes in temperature and relative humidity in the matsutake micro-environment are presented in 2 concentration decreasing and the CO2 and ethylene concentrations increasing. In the S2 stage, the ethylene concentration reached its maximum; the O2 concentration decreased slowly at a lower rate than that in the S1 stage, and the CO2 concentration increased slowly. In the S3 stage, the O2 concentration continued to decrease and the rate became slower; the CO2 concentration rose slowly, and the ethylene concentration decreased. In the whole process, the ethylene concentration was low and the measurement accuracy was high, so the volatility was large. The variation range was 0–2 ppm, which was within the error range. Due to fluctuations in stability during the cold chain transportation, vibration can cause a significant increase in the measured gas concentration. The measured gas concentration will decrease significantly, due to the decrease in airtightness resulting from the package leakage.According to the correlation results of each indicator in a1, a2..., na) and B = , then the Euclidean distance between A and B is:The red ellipse represents a 95% confidence interval, which verifies the feasibility of the cluster analysis method. In this paper, the quality indicators of the matsutake were divided into two categories, namely, two cluster centroids were obtained, and finally two comprehensive indicators were obtained: cluster 1(PC1) and cluster 2(PC2); PC1 and PC2 contained most of the information of the original data. It is easy to see that the SSC has a strong positive correlation with PC2, the MC and pH have a negative correlation with PC2. The hardness , color and odor have a strong positive correlation with PC1. Therefore, the seven quality indicators were divided into physicochemical categories to represent the matsutake shelf life. The physical indicators, including the rod hardness, color and so on, accounted for the most important proportion (~70%), while the chemical indicators, including the SSC, pH and so on, had less influence (~20%).In this study, the relevant personnel were invited to participate in the system performance analysis and offer optimization suggestions, which improves the applicability of the established monitoring system. The evaluation team of the system was composed of staff, managers, research group members and experts from the cold chain logistics-related enterprises. They participated in the evaluation and discussion of the system to evaluate whether the function and the performance of the system could meet the requirements and whether it could be further improved. The optimized model could provide a more effective theoretical reference for the dynamic monitoring and real-time quality management traceability of the monitoring and management system. Through the data analysis of the collected data, the established matsutake preservation packaging and quality management system can evaluate the different preservation packaging methods well. The performance metrics are listed in 2, CO2 and ethylene sensors to the traditional IoT, and building the monitoring software of the remote monitoring center based on the TLINK platform to make the applicability of the system comprehensive, real-time, online and simple. The system monitored the micro-environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, O2, CO2 and ethylene during the cold chain transportation of the matsutake in real time, analyzed the data change pattern and the quality indicators, visualized the cold chain logistics process, and provided a more refined technical means for matsutake preservation.In this paper, we analyzed the logistics process for fresh matsutake after picking and the mechanisms of quality change, and we derived the quality-influencing factors of the matsutake. For the post-harvest cold chain transportation of matsutake, a dynamic monitoring and quality management system under different preservation packaging in the cold chain was designed and optimized, adding O2, 21% CO2 and 78% N2), with a shelf life of 18 days, and the system was verified. Through correlation analysis and cluster analysis, it was concluded that the three indicators of rod hardness, odor and MC were important for the research into the remaining shelf life, and the method was provided for the preservation of the fresh matsutake in the cold chain process to extend its shelf life and improve its market value.The cold chain micro-environmental monitoring experiment and matsutake preservation packaging experiment, based on three different preservation methods , were designed. We analyzed the changes in the storage micro-environment data and quality change characteristics of the matsutake after picking, and we explored the effect of different preservation methods in the cold chain on the quality of the matsutake. In conclusion, the matsutake shelf life was relatively long and best preserved with the modified atmosphere packaging method (1% O


The use of a numeric model to quantify real-time ultrasonographic (RTU) imaging is a prominent methodfor predicting the expected litter size by training an artificial neural network (ANN) to minimize the error of the prediction measured by metrics, such as root square mean error and mean absolute error. Time of the RTU application is a critical factor for such a prediction. Rated scale values (RSV) obtained from the RTU images relate to the accurate diagnosis of pregnancy and of litter size, suggesting the potential of a generalized use of the model in various farm conditions. Ultimately, the employment of the model in machine learning for an automated prediction of litter size can be used as a routine on-farm procedure for the efficient management of gestating sows.The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a numerical model, quantifying real-time ultrasonographic (RTU) images of pregnant sows, to predict litter size. The time of the test with the least error was also considered. A number of 4165 pregnancies in Farm 1 and 438 in Farm 2 were diagnosed twice, with the quality of the RTU images translated into rated-scale values (RSV1 and RSV2). When a deep neural network (DNN) was trained, the evaluation of the method showed that the prediction of litter size can be performed with little error. Root square mean error (RMSE) for training, validation with data from Farm 1, and testing on the data from Farm 2 were 0.91, 0.97, and 1.05, respectively. Corresponding mean absolute errors (MAE) were 2.27, 2.41, and 2.58. Time appeared to be a critical factor for the accuracy of the model. The smallest MAE was achieved when the RTU was performed at days 20–22. It is concluded that a numerical, RTU imaging model is a prominent predictor of litter size, when a DNN is used. Therefore, early routinely evaluated RTU images of pregnant sows can predict litter size, with machine learning, in an automated manner and provide a useful tool for the efficient management of pregnant sows. Since the application of artificial insemination (A.I.) is based on semen from A.I. stations, management of pig reproduction at a farm level is currently limited to the efficient reproductive function of the sow herd . The sysEarly diagnosis of pregnancy is provided, with the necessary information for the proper management of nutrition and housing for the gestating sow, in order to secure the successful completion of pregnancy and the farrowing of a large litter of well developed and uniform piglets. It is traditionally performed by a boar that identifies sows who do or do not return to oestrus. Alternative methods include measurement of urinary oestrogens, oestronesulphate assays, and ultrasound techniques Transabdominal real-time ultrasonography (RTU) is currently the most common method of pregnancy diagnosis in pigs, as it is non-invasive and can be performed as early as 21 days after mating with more sensitivity, specificity, and, moreover, with an efficiency close to 95% . RTU tecThere are earlier published results that demonstrate the potential of predicting the expected litter size using an ultrasonic Doppler method  and moreEstimation of the expected litter size during early gestation is information highly beneficial for the nutritional, reproductive, and housing management of pregnant sows. The main questions to be answered in such a quest are the time of the RTU scan that produces the most valuable results, along with the applicability of such a model in a variety of conditions. The present study aims to answer both these questions, by establishing the correlation between the quantified evaluation of the RTU image at various post-insemination times and the expected litter size, with the use of artificial neural networks. Consequently, there can be a model produced for the automated prediction of litter size based on the RTU imaging through machine learning.The present study was designed in view of a thorough evaluation of the performance of teal-time ultrasonography (RTU) under commercial farm conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the best post-insemination interval for the application of RTU, as well as to investigate the predictive value of a quantified evaluation of the RTU image for the prognosis of the expected litter size in a different farm.9 spermatozoa. For the on-farm collected semen, six boars were used, whilst utilization of two different boars for double insemination was recorded as a separate case. Litter size was registered after the placental expulsion (completion of parturition). In very large or extremely small litter sizes, cross-fostering was then practiced.The study was conducted at two commercial pig farms in Greece. In Farm 1, collection of data were made for a period of seven years (October 2014 to September 2021). The housing capacity of the farm is 300 sows and the number of present sows during the experimentation period varied annually between 254 and 285 sows. The experimental sow population comprised of 1205 sows, among which 321 sows were F2 crossbreds (large white × landrace), 839 sows were F1 crossbreds (landrace × large white) and 45 sows were purebred large white (LW) nucleus sows. Parity number of all recorded sows varied between 1 and 10. The sows were housed in individual crates from weaning to the establishment of pregnancy. Oestrus was detected by the standingheat reflex after exposure to a boar’s presence. Fertilizations were performed entirely by artificial insemination with semen produced on-farm for all terminal sows and purchased semen from an AI station for the purebred nucleus sows. Double insemination was carried out in each oestrus with semen containing > 3 × 10Farm 2 was a 240-sow unit, and data were collected for a period of 10 months (January to October 2021). The experimental sow population comprised of 278 sows, of which 264 were F1 sows and 14 were purebred LW nucleus sows. Parity number varied between 1 and 9. Farming conditions were generally similar to those described for Farm 1. In Farm 2 all inseminations were made using single-sire semen from an A.I. station.RTU pregnancy diagnosis was performed transabdominally, twice on each inseminated sow, with an average interval of 15 days between the two scans. The interval from insemination to first RTU scan varied in Farm 1 from 16 to 61 days post-insemination, whereas for the second RTU scan, the interval varied between 26 and 77 days post-insemination. In Farm 2, the intervals from insemination to first and second RTU scans varied from 20 to 44 days and 32 to 62 days, respectively. In Farm 1, a real-time ultrasound scanner  provided with a 5 MHz linear transducer and set at a depth of 13 cm was used for the first 1010 cases. It was then replaced by an updated device  using the same settings. An apparatus similar to the latter was used in Farm 2. For the operation of the diagnosis, the transducer was held against the hind abdomen at an angle of 45°, and exterior to the second nipple pair line. Mineral coupling gel was also utilized for the effective transmission of the ultrasound waves, as suggested by Knox and Althouse ,18. The The RTU pregnancy diagnosis was not limited to a ‘yes or no’ verdict. In each scan, the image retrieved upon scanning was subjectively evaluated and scored. For this purpose, a previously established 10-point rating scale was used, with objectively estimated values given for each RTU image. The rated scale value (RSV) was based on the level of coverage of the image with developing embryonic vesicles. Rated scale value “0” corresponded to a complete absence of pregnancy indications, and RSV “10” was given when the image was completely covered by numerous, well-developed embryonic vesicles , translaSow ID (ear tag number)Sow breed/lineSow parity numberInsemination date1st scan date1st scan score (RSV1)2nd scan date2nd scan score (RSV2)Farrowing dateLitter size .During the experimentation period, 4165 matings in Farm 1 and 438 in Farm 2 led to farrowings and the results were included in the database. The data collected for the purpose of the present study were based on the recording of the following parameters:Day 1 Day 2 Two extra parameters were also calculated, based on the collected data:The cases of sows that were not impregnated or did not complete pregnancy were excluded from the database, on which the artificial neural network was applied. There were also missing values in Farm 1, in either RSV1/Day 1 or RSV2/Day 2 due to the replacement of the apparatus and as a consequence of COVID-19 restrictions.The goal of this research is to create an artificial model to predict the expected litter size based on six different input factors of the sow, and thus, a deep neural network (DNN) was trained on the given data, due to its ability to be trained on complex data. Data from two different farms were used for the needs of the training of the ANN. Data from Farm 1 were split into an 80% training dataset and 20% validation dataset, while the whole dataset collected from Farm 2 was used for testing of the model. Farm 1 and Farm 2 contained 4139 and 438 cases, respectively. The scaling of the input and output data were calculated with the mean and standard deviation of the training data, to assure that validation and testing data were not playing any significant role in the training dataset. The 6 input parameters were set to be: (a) parity number, (b) Day 1, (c) RSV1, (d) Day 2, (e) RSV2, (f) sow breed, based on a previous study , and theLayer FunctionShapeParametersDropoutActivationInput Layer6---Hidden Layer 1644480.2reluHidden Layer 285200.2reluHidden Layer 3190.2reluOutput Layer1--The number of total parameters was 977.The results of the present study are presented for the purpose of verifying the uniformity of the database between the two farms, as well as establishing the applicability and the predictive value of the numerical model for the RTU imaging of pregnant sows, with the use of an ANN. The parameters studied are presented in In Based on the results from In order to exploit the information contained in the data base, an ANN was employed for the thorough investigation of the potential of the numerical model to predict litter size in an accurate and replicable way. For this purpose, data from Farm 1 were used for the training and validation of the ANN and the model was tested on data from Farm 2. In It is becoming apparent from The progress of the RMS values over 100 epochs, obtained by the employed ANN, along with their standard deviations are illustrated in In For the further evaluation of the quality of predictions achieved by the ANN, the mean absolute error (MAE), along with its standard deviation for training, validation, and testing are presented in MAE results from the ANN confirm those of RMSE in terms of absolute values and comparison among the training dataset, validation dataset, and testing. The overall values are higher than the equivalent RMSEs, which is a reasonable observation based on the mathematical equation of each metric. Therefore, the MAE and s.d. (standard deviation) values are not far from what was expected, further confirming the potential of the ANN to produce reliable predictions of litter size. To finally investigate which time of application of the RTU scan produces the most reliable predictions, the testing dataset from Farm 2 was divided in groups based on the days in pregnancy that the two scans were performed, namely Day 1 and Day 2. The grouping was generally based on 3-day intervals, with the marginal groups containing more days if necessary, for the purpose of avoiding a small number of observations in a group. The group division for Day 1 and Day 2 can be viewed in The results presented in The initial descriptive statistics from the present study demonstrate that the data collected were retrieved from two well-managed farms, with good reproductive output from their sow herds. What is interesting is the fact that in Farm 1, where the data were collected since October 2014, there was a significant increase in litter size, possibly due to the genetic progress achieved . This isA valuable outcome from the results of this study is that an effort was made for the exploitation of all the available information from a routine on-farm procedure such as pregnancy diagnosis and related data. Farm data analysis can accurately monitor lifetime performance in individual sows , and theTime is a critical factor for the attained measurements. RSV increased with time, with the earliest high RSV1 observed in both farms at 29–35 days post-insemination, followed by a decline in both RSV1 and RSV2 until day 48 and a new increase after day 50. These findings are in agreement with the work of Miller et.al. , who fouIn the quest to predict litter size, based on the RSVs attained in the confines of the present study, the employed DNN produced very promising results. Many studies suggested the use of deep learning in the development of recommendation systems. DNNs take multiple criteria evaluations into account and can make the most of intricate, nonlinear interactions, and so, they can provide more accurate suggestions. The DNN output in root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error are metrics that show how accurate predictions are and the amount of deviation from the actual values ,31. As mThe use of a numeric model to quantify RTU imaging is a prominent method for predicting the expected litter size by training an ANN to minimize the error of the prediction. Time of the RTU application is a critical factor for such a prediction and further research should be orientated towards the definition of the best time and training of the ANN model. In this way, the automated prediction of litter size by a simple RTU scan will provide the pig industry with a valuable tool for optimizing the management of gestating sows.


This study shows the results of Ni replacement with Co in a W-Ni-Co-type tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) in terms of the structure and mechanical properties. Five alloys containing 92 wt. % of tungsten plus Ni and Co changing in the proportions (Co:Ni) of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5 were prepared using liquid phase sintering (LPS). The specimens were studied directly after sintering and after solution heat treatment. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were evaluated. The results of tensile tests were supplemented with microhardness measurements of tungsten grains and matrix. Light microscopy was used for the microstructure, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an EDS attachment was applied for the assessment of the fracture mode and chemical microanalysis. It was concluded that the replacement of Ni with Co led to a tensile property increase that was accompanied by a gradual decrease in elongation that started to be critical for a Co:Ni ratio higher than 4:6. For centuries, the continual competition between projectiles and armour occurred. From the beginning, there was the race between the spear (bolt) and target, as well as more recently between projectiles and armour. In the latter case, the competition especially concerns the tanks that are equipped with increasingly more advanced armour plates with special geometry antitank projectiles. Currently, the most common antitank projectiles are fin stabilised armour piercing discarding sabot (FSAPDS)-type projectiles, often called kinetic energy penetrators (KEP) ,5,6,7,8.To assure high density of the alloy, a tungsten heavy W-Ni-Co alloy with a 92 wt. % of tungsten was chosen. The concentration of nickel and cobalt as alloying elements were changed. The chemical composition of the five tungsten heavy alloys being studied is provided in −4 s−1. To determine the Young’s modulus, we used an extensometer installed on a strength sample. Hardness of alloys was evaluated on the specimen in a parallel plane and perpendicular to the rod axis using the HRC method according to the PN-91/H-04355 standard on an HRC hardness tester machine . The hardness measurements were supplemented with microhardness testing that was performed with a Future-Tech FM 810  tester under load and time of F = 0.245 N and 15 s, respectively. Structure observations included light metallography and scanning electron microscopy investigations were carried out on a Nicon-Eclipse MA 200 Microscope  and on a microscope  by Zeiss Ultra Plus. Moreover, the chemical microanalysis was conducted with the EDS method on SEM microscopy with an attached EDS system (Quantax 400) by Bruker . XRD measurements were performed on a Siemens D500 X-ray diffractometer in Bragg–Brentano (BB) geometry with CuKa radiation at the wavelength of λ = 0.15418 nm. The XRD studies were carried out with the goniometer speed of 0.5 °/min. The evaluation of Ni-based lattice constant was based on a {222} reflex position.Finally, the compacts in the shape of rods of 510 mm in length and 15.2 mm diameter were heat treated for 3 h at 1200 °C in a vacuum furnace  and then the water was cooled. The shrinkage of the sintered compacts, calculated on the basis of the change in the linear length of the bar, was approximately 18%. This heat treatment was carried out for hydrogen removal. The density measurements were carried out with the Archimedes method. The tensile test experiments were performed on quintuple specimens of 3 mm diameter according to the PN-EN 10002-1 standard to evaluate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The tensile test was carried out on an INSTRON model 1115 testing machine  with a strain rate of 7.2 × 10The results of the density measurements are provided in The structure study included metallographic investigations: both a conventional metallographic observation and a qualitative assessment. For the qualitative evaluation of microstructure elements, the NIS elements imaging software by Nicon was used. For both tests, specimens with a metallographic section parallel (R) and perpendicular (P) to the main axis of the bar were used. The quantitative analysis of the WHA microstructure was to determine the size of the tungsten grains, the percentage of the matrix, the elongation of the grains, and the share of the direct contact points of the tungsten grains—contiguity.The typical microstructure of the WNi9Co1 and WNi5Co5 alloys were observed in a conventional light microscope  and a scIt is worth noting that this phase occurred in the shape of needle-shaped precipitates and formed a shell on the tungsten grains d.The results of the qualitative measurements are included in The presented results did not indicate any significant dependencies between the considered metallographic section for a single bar and the Co:Ni ratio for all bars. It appears from The aim of the fractographic investigation was to evaluate the mode (character) of failure. As can be seen, the fracture surface immediately after sintering was intergranular and brittle; there was no sign of plasticity a,c,e. InThe goal of chemical analysis was to verify if and how much Co addition influenced the chemistry of WHA, particularly in terms of the potential solubility of cobalt in a Ni-based matrix. The places of EDS analysis are shown in The X-ray diffractometry studies were carried out to observe the eventual changes of the lattice constant of the Ni base matrix caused as result of Co solubility in the matrix. The results of the lattice constant calculation based on the X-ray study are provided in As lattice constant of pure Ni was equal to 0.3499 nm, it follows from m, yield stress—Rp 0.2, and elongation—A5. The results of the investigation are provided in The results of the tensile test were carried out to evaluate tensile stress—RThe graphs illustrating the changes of mechanical properties for different alloys are presented in It is clearly visible from Microhardness testing was carried out for tungsten grains and the Ni base matrix. At least 12 measurements were performed for each sample. The load F = 0.245 N and time 15 s were selected to assure the best results of the measurements. The results of microhardness testing are provided in The graphic illustration of the hardness measurement is depicted in It can be seen from the graph in Five WNiCo-type weight heavy alloys containing 92 wt. % tungsten plus the addition of nickel and cobalt with different proportions of Co to Ni equal to 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5 were studied. The aim of the study was to investigate how the addition of Co influences the structure and mechanical properties of WHA. The alloys were prepared from high-purity powders. The alloys were made by liquid phase sintered (LPS) in a hydrogen atmosphere and then were heat vacuum treated for 3 h at a temperature of 1200 °C. The heat treatment was carried out to remove hydrogen, causing hydrogen brittleness. The specimens cut from each alloy were subjected to tensile tests in order to evaluate tensile and yield strength and elongation either after sintering or after heat treatment. Moreover, the hardness of alloys and the microhardness of HV0.025 were investigated. The mechanical testing was supplied with the structure observations using conventional light and scanning microscopy (SEM). The SEM studies made fractography observations and chemical microanalysis by EDS attachment possible. To evaluate the changes of lattice constant with the addition of Co, X-ray diffractometry was used.The density of alloys was almost the same as the theoretical one, which proved the lack of porosity. The results of the tensile experiment showed that the mechanical properties of the heat-treated alloys were much better than that of sintered alloys. The much lower tensile and yield strength and total lack of elongation of sintered alloys  compared2Co3W5 phase that corresponded to the Co7W6 very brittle intermetallic phase in the W-Co equilibrium phase diagram [The microhardness of this phase was more than double that of tungsten grains or the matrix . From th diagram ,49,50. I diagram . If so, It is worth noting to see the mechanism of structure evolution. In the case of relatively small cobalt addition, Co atoms replace Ni atoms in a solid solution, causing a small increase in Ni lattice constant . A higheThe parameters of the liquid phase sintering process allow for the obtaining of a homogeneous, non-porous material with an actual density comparable to the theoretical density.The applied parameters of heat treatment consisting of annealing and cooling in water make it possible to change the properties of the WHA material from brittle to elastic–plastic.Heat treatment increases the strength, plastic properties, hardness, and Young’s modulus.Tungsten heavy alloys of Co to Ni with proportions of 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9 have similar mechanical properties.An increase in Co concentration causes brittleness of alloys, which is especially visible in the case of WNi5Co5.2Co3W intermetallic phase, which is probably very close to the Co7W6 phase existing in the Co-W binary equilibrium diagram (μ phase). It can be suspected that the Ni2Co3W phase is really the 7W6 intermetallic phase. This phase appears as a needle in the matrix and forms a thin shell on tungsten grains.The brittleness is caused by the formation of the NiThis intermetallic W-rich phase is very hard, which was found by microhardness measurements of the matrix that showed that its hardness was equal to 1000 HV0.025 and was double of that where the intermetallic phase did not exist.The deviation from the equiaxials of tungsten grains is related to their accommodation during sintering in the process of contact flattening.Increasing the proportion of cobalt to nickel increases the concentration of tungsten in the matrix.Increasing the proportion of cobalt to nickel increases the parameter of the lattice constant of the matrix.Heat treatment lowers the tungsten concentration in the matrix, which results in a reduction of the lattice constant parameter of the matrix.Among the five alloys studied, two of them (WNi6Co4 and WNi5Co5) are too brittle to be promising for military applications, where extremally high fracture toughness is needed.Three alloys, namely, WNi9Co1, WNi8Co2, and WNi7Co3, are planned for further testing involving heat treating and cold working.The results of the investigation presented above and the discussion make it possible to propose the following: