As a malignant tumor, liver cancer has a high lethality rate. The research on the pathogenesis of liver cancer is the key to the treatment of liver cancer. The latest research claims that lncRNA-PVT1 as a tumor gene participates in the generation and development of tumors by regulating matrix metalloproteinase MMP9. The purpose of this article is to explore the specific effect and mechanism of lncRNA-PVT1 on liver cancer rats by regulating the expression of MMP9. In this article, 50 rats are used as experimental subjects, the rats are divided into control group and observation group, and the liver cancer cell line HepG2 is cultured. The transplanted tumor liver cancer model was constructed by transfection of hair, the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 in the observation group was reduced by knockdown method, the expression levels and changes of lncRNA-PVT1 and MMP9 in the two groups were detected by PCR fluorescence method, and the difference between lncRNA-PVT1 and MMP9 was analyzed. The MTT method was used to detect the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities of the two groups of liver cancer cells (LCC) and to explore the effect of lncRNA-PVT1 on rat LCC by regulating the expression of MMP9. The results of the study showed that after knocking down the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 in the observation group, the expression of MMP9 also decreased. At the same time, the migration rate of LCC HepG2 decreased by 27.4%, the level of invasion ability decreased by 21.6%, and the proliferation rate of LCC decreased by 17.8%. Therefore, it can be seen that lncRNA-PVT1 plays a positive regulatory role on the expression of MMP9, and the expression of MMP9 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of rat LCC. Liver cancer has always been the most common disease among adult patients with malignancies in China, although the early treatment and rehabilitation techniques for adult liver cancer have been continuously improved, such as surgical liver resection, liver transplantation, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the overall 5-year survival rate of many patients with advanced liver cancer has not improved significantly. One of the important reasons for the high mortality and poor prognosis of liver cancer is that the main molecular immune mechanism of the early occurrence and development of liver cancer is still poorly understood.Long-chain nonlinear coding RNA lncRNA coding is a hot spot in medical research in recent years. Current studies have found that lncRNA still has important cell biology coding functions, such as regulating human cell benign proliferation, cell cycle, cell differentiation, and cell benign apoptosis . In addiIn order to explore the specific effect and mechanism of lncRNA-PVT1 on liver cancer rats by regulating the expression of MMP9, a large number of related materials were consulted. Among them, Wu et al. introduced the pathogenesis of liver cancer in detail and analyzed several main common treatment methods that are still commonly used in the treatment of chronic liver cancer in China; the main methods include new hepatitis B early surgical treatment combined with treatment, radiotherapy combination of chemotherapy, and other hepatitis B drug therapy . Xiong eIn the study of the specific effect and mechanism of lncRNA-PVT1 on liver cancer rats by regulating the expression of MMP9, this article summarizes and analyzes the research experience and results of a large number of predecessors. In addition, this article has made some innovations in research content and detection methods. There are two specific innovations as follows: first, this article uses tumor cell transfection to create a rat liver cancer animal model, uses a multicomponent statistical data analysis method collected by data analysis software, and uses PSPY software to carry out liver cancer cell transfection. The statistical data collection and analysis of the detection results of changes in various indicators greatly improves the accuracy of the research results. Second, firstly, it focused on the direct relationship between the abnormal gene expression of lncRNA-pvt1 in malignant liver cancer early tumor cell tissue production and the early clinical pathological response characteristics of liver cancer tumor cells and then focused on the expression of this gene in liver cancer. The cell generation function of tumor patients has a direct impact on the sensitivity of liver cancer chemotherapy drugs. Finally, the prognostic value of lncRNAPVT1 by regulating the expression of MMP9 in patients with malignant tumors was evaluated.In this experiment, 50 male SD rats were selected as the research objects, with an average age of 8 to 12 months and a weight of (250 ± 3.0) g. The laboratory that has been disinfected and pollution-free was selected as the experimental site, and the laboratory temperature was 16-24°C, the moisture in the air is about 16.3-20.8%, the laboratory maintains ventilation to ensure sufficient oxygen content in the air and raises them in cages according to the national standard whistle-dent animal feeding specifications. Check the health of the rats before the experiment rats with abnormal health.The main equipment used in this experimental research is liver cancer cell line HepG2, PCR fluorescence detector, SKB-500 type microplate reader, western blot electrophoresis equipment, flow cytometer, and section paraffin embedding machine. ACL-V8 animal ventilator, POWER-8 model physiological signal acquisition instrument, LEICB-218 slicer, BX230 electron optical microscope, image analyzer , fluorescence display, automatic blood analyzer, BCL-210A Rongcheng water tank , and electronic balances are produced by Stayer Company. The relevant reagents used in this experiment are shown in A cell rpm-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin was used to culture normal hepatocarcinomatous cells hepg2, bel-742, and normal adult hepatocyte culture strain l02 cells. Normal culture conditions are culture in a 10% co. incubator, the temperature is constant at 30°C, and saturated humidity. The normal hepatocarcinomatous cells hepg2 were cultured to the logarithmic growth phase and carefully observed under a microscope, and the digestive juice can be passaged for subsequent experiments. Cultivation method after normal LCC is digested, hepg2 is covered to 70~80% of the bottom of the penicillin culture flask, aspirate the old penicillin culture medium, rinse the pbs with water, and add a little penicillin combined. Digestion solution, shake the penicillin streptomycin culture flask gently to make the combined digestion solution evenly flow over the surface of LCC, and place it in a new incubator. After 1 min, observe carefully under a light microscope, and see that the cell gap in the culture medium gradually increases and when the cells become rounded, a small amount of deem joint culture medium is added, then the joint digestion is terminated, and the cells are gently blown with a pipette. Transfer the supernatant to the cell centrifugation master, centrifuge at 1000 r/min for 5 min, aspirate the cell supernatant and then wash it twice with soap pbs, continue centrifugation at 1000 r/min for 5 min, and aspirate and discard the clear liquid pbs in the cell from the tube. After filtering, add it to PCD and reset the culture solution to form a suspended cell. After 1 : 2 or 1 : 3 passage, place it in a small culture room incubator with a normal constant temperature and then perform the second time to cultivate.Dilute the hepg2 in the logarithmic growth phase to ix107 cells/ml, inoculate it in an 8-well plate, and culture the cells to a confluency of 70-80% for cell transfection. First use the diluted serum-free mem medium to dilute the liposomes and the fragments and carriers of each group, and then gently mix the diluted equal volume of liposomes, the carriers and fragments of each group, and incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was dropped into the already cultured liposomes and hepg2 cells, mixed gently, placed in a 34°C, 10% co2 incubator for 5 hours, replaced with rpmi-1640 complete medium, transfected for 48 hours, and the liver cancer. The cell line was injected into the rat with a syringe to verify the transfection effect. One week later, observe whether the rat liver cancer tumor cells are formed to determine whether the modeling is successful.Collect normal liver cells and LCC in each group, extract total RNA from the cells according to the requirements of the MMP9 extraction kit, and store them at -60°C. When the fusion rate of LCC is about 80%, PCR fluorescence method is used to detect the level of MMP9 expression of related molecules in LCC.2 incubator for 24 hours. Use a cotton swab to gently wipe off the fixed and migrated cells in the upper chamber. Ice formaldehyde is used as the fixed and migrated cells, stained with crystal violet, and observe the cell count under microscope.Detection of cell migration ability: each group of HepG2 cells after cell transcription infection is cultured to normal logarithmic growth phase, the cells are collected, and diluted protein-free serum rpim-1640 medium containing 1% BSA is added to the diluted cells. The concentration is 2.5 × 105 pcs/ml. Put the upper chamber cells into the lower chamber and place them in a 37°C 5% COμL (0.5 g/l) of glue on the inner membrane of the chamber, starting at 33°C incubate for 15 min to make the gel completely solidify. After digestion, centrifugation, and counting to take out the cells, the cells were diluted with nonfetal bovine serum medium according to 2.5 × 105/L to make a nonfetal cell digestion suspension. According to 200 μL per well, add the suspension for cell digestion from the lower chamber to the upper chamber of the trill, and at the same time, add 20% fetal calf serum +300 all of the medium to the lower chamber of the trill, put it in the initial incubator at 34°C for culture, and formaldehyde fixation, stain with crystal violet for 20 minutes, and then gently wipe the cells on the chamber membrane with a cotton swab. Cell count under a high-power field microscope 4 cells that penetrate and filter the chamber membrane under a high-power field microscope are counted.Invasion ability test: all reagents and other test equipment are precooled on ice, put the cells in the trial chamber and place in a 24-well plate, and evenly smear 80 Proliferation ability detection: MT method is used to detect cell proliferation. The lncRNA, which is the most effective inhibitor of PVTI expression, was screened and transfected into HepG2 cells of liver cancer. The HepG2 cells in logarithmic growth phase were used for logarithmic growth phase and seeded into 96-well plates, and routine cells were performed four times in each well. After culturing for 24, 48, and 72 hours, discard it to remove the logarithmic medium in the growth phase. After adding mt each time, add mt repeatedly and continue to perform routine cell culture per well for 3 hours. After adding one mt, it can make demos cell lysis, using automatic cell fluorescence emission microplate reader to continuously detect the total absorption fluorescence of granulocytes per well . The cell absorption fluorescence value of each well can be repeated continuously for 4 times.The results of the study showed that the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 in the control group was significantly lower than that of the observation group, and the expression of MMP9 in the observation group was higher than that of the control group. After successful transplantation of LCC, the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 in the observation group increased significantly and was higher than that of the control group, indicating that LCC induced an upregulation of lncRNA-PVT1 expression. Studies have found that lncRNA-PVT1 can regulate the expression level of MMP9 in rat LCC. The effects of the successful establishment of rat liver cancer animal model and the reduction of lncRNA-PVT1 expression on the expression level of MMP9 are as shown in P < 0.05), while the proliferation of LCC transfected with lncRNA-PVT1 was significantly higher than that of the observation group (P < 0.05). It can be seen that reducing lncRNA-PVT1 can reduce the expression of MMP9, thereby inhibiting the proliferation activity of LCC. The research results show that lncRNA-PVT1 can affect the proliferation of rat LCC by regulating the expression of MMP9. The relevant data are shown in The results showed that the expression of MMP9 after knockdown of lncRNA-PVT1 was significantly reduced, and the proliferation of LCC was significantly reduced (From the data in P < 0.05). Upregulating the expression of MMP9 can reverse the inhibitory effect of lncRNA-PVT1 overexpression on LCC, while downregulating its expression can reverse the promotion of MMP9 silencing on gastric cancer cell migration. The study found that the invasion ability of HepG2 cells after upregulating the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). At the same time, the invasion ability of cells in the control group was significantly lower than that of the observation group (P < 0.05), and lncRNA-PVT1 was downregulated. After expression, the migration ability of HepG2 cells is heightened. Downregulating the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 can reverse the promotion of MMP9 overexpression on the invasion of LCC, and downregulating its expression can reverse the promotion of MMP9 silencing on the invasion of gastric cancer cells. The specific data are shown in After transfection of lncRNA-PVT1 to reduce the expression of MMP9, the migration ability of HepG2 cells was significantly lower than that of the control group  is the only protein expressed in malignantly transformed liver cells and is closely related to the occurrence and development of liver cancer , 10. HBXStudies have found that HBVX protein can induce chromosomal changes and microsome formation in liver cells. The number of microsomes in hepg2 cells transfected with HBVX protein increased three times faster than that in the control group of cells with HBVX protein transfected . The hepThe interaction between early hepatitis B virus and methyl p53 has a certain inhibitory effect on the malignant proliferation and apoptosis of early tumor epithelial cells of hepatitis B . HepatitAccording to the relative sequence position of lncRNA in the genomic sequence of each type of protein gene coding, lncRNA can be divided into 5 categories at present. The first method is to encode the sense gene lncRNA, which is usually transcribed from a sense link that encodes the sense gene in a proteome. The second type is antisense lncRNA transcription from the antisense strand of protein coding genes. The third type is bidirectional, which can be simultaneously transcribed in the same or opposite direction as the transcription direction of adjacent mRNA. The fourth is genomics, which is transcribed from the space between two protein-coding genes. The fifth type is lncRNA, which is transcribed from the intron region of the gene encoding it . lncRNA The complex and precise gene regulation mechanism function of lncRNA greatly explains the expression and complexity of daily life genes and helps people to understand the genetic complexity and complexity of daily life from the perspective of gene expression and the complexity of regulating gene networks. Development has opened up new scientific horizons. Existing studies have shown that lncRNA can participate in a series of cell biology processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, cell cycle, and cell differentiation , 24. MallncRNA and signal transduction have brought new hopes and breakthroughs in leading and treating liver diseases. Studies have shown that the mechanism of lncRNA on liver disease is the result of a combination of multiple factors. lncRNA can not only interfere with the expression of downstream genes but also affect the biphasic regulation of TGF-cells in tumors . In the The results of the study showed that after knocking down the expression of lncRNA-PVT1 in the observation group, the expression of MMP9 also decreased. At the same time, the migration rate of LCC HepG2 decreased by 27.4%, the level of invasion ability decreased by 21.6%, and the proliferation rate of LCC decreased by 17.8%. Therefore, it can be seen that lncRNA-PVT1 plays a positive regulatory role on the expression of MMP9, and the expression of MMP9 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of rat LCC.


Background and objectives: Chronic nonspecific back pain is a common clinical disease typically treated by ultrasound-guided spinal injection. This minimally invasive treatment targets the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve (PRSN). The target of the medial branch is clear, but there is unclear target for the intermediate and lateral branches. This study attempted to observe the distribution of PRSN in the dorsal region of transverse process to provide a more detailed anatomical basis for treating spinal pain.Methods: The present study was conducted on 16 transverse processes of six adult male embalmed corpses. The dorsal area of the transverse process was divided into three equal zones, which are zone I, zone II and zone III from inside to outside. The origin, distribution, quantity, transverse diameter, and relationship with the bone structure of the PRSN on the transverse process were observed.Results: Sixty PRSNs were found in the lumbar of six cadavers, of which 48 were divided into three branches, and 12 PRSNs were divided into two branches. The intermediate branch is mainly distributed in zone I, and the lateral branch is mainly distributed in zone II. Twenty-nine communicating branches were found in 48 adjacent segments of six specimens, all of which originated from the intermediate branch of the previous segment and connected with the lateral branch of the next segment.Conclusion: This anatomical study describing the PRSN may have important clinical significance for spinal surgeons. Understanding the bony localization targets of the PRSN and the links between the PRSNs may benefit patients with low back pain who receive spinal injections. The target of spinal pain injection therapy is the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve, previous anatomical studies have confirmed the injection target of medial branch, but the injection targets of intermediate branch and lateral branch are still unclear. We found that in the dorsal region of transverse process, the intermediate branch is mainly distributed in zone I and the lateral branch is mainly distributed in zone II. A communicating branch exists in adjacent segment. This study analyzed the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve distribution on the transverse process to provide a more detailed anatomical basis for the treatment of spinal pain.Nonspecific chronic lower back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide , with atThe PRSN is usually small and distributed in the deep muscles and corresponding parts of the skin of the nape, back, waist, and buttocks, and its primary branching pattern remains controversial . UltrasoTherefore, the present study attempted to further anatomize and observe the distribution of PRSN in the dorsal region of transverse process and discuss its possible clinical significance to provide a more detailed anatomical basis for treating spinal pain.The present study involved six adult male embalmed cadavers  without local disease, surgery, or injury to the lumbar region and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Development District Hospital (GZ2022006. 27 April 2022). All specimens were collected and processed by the Teaching and Research Section of the Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, according to relevant scientific research, laws, and other regulations.The origin, distribution, quantity, and transverse diameter of the PRSN of the L1–L5 transverse process and its relationship with bone structure  were studied.The corpses were placed in a prone position, the lower back skin was incised, and the superficial fascia, fat, latissimus dorsi, and serratus posterior inferior were dissected to expose the erector spinae. In the lumbar intervertebral foramen area of L1–L5, the muscles were removed layer by layer by slotting, and the PRSN was exposed . The disThe dorsal area of the transverse process was divided into three equal zones. The zone near the posterior midline was defined as zone I, the middle zone as zone II, and the area near the outside as zone III . The numThe measurements were analyzed using SPSS software version 26.0  and expressed in the form of “Sixty PRSNs were found in the lumbar intervertebral foramina of six cadavers, and 48 (80%) PRSNs were divided into three main branches, namely MB, IB, and LB. Twelve (20%) PRSNs were divided into two main branches, MB and LB. In L2 and L4 segments, 12 (100%) PRSNs were divided into three main branches; in L1 and L3 segments, ten (83.3%) PRSNs were divided into three branches, and two (16.7%) PRSNs were divided into two branches. In the L5 segment, four (33.3%) PRSNs were divided into three branches, and eight (66.7%) PRSNs were divided into two branches. The types and numbers of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve are displayed in Forty-eight intermediate branches passed through the back of 16 transverse processes in six specimens, of which ten IB passed through the back of the L1 transverse process, four (40%) in zone I and six (60%) in zone II). Twelve IB passed through the back of the L2 transverse process, nine (75%) in zone I and three (25%) in zone II. Ten IB passed through the back of the L3 transverse process, all in zone I. Twelve IB passed through the back of the L4 transverse process, ten branches (83.3%) in zone I and two branches (16.7%) in zone Ⅱ. Four IB passed through the back of the L5 transverse process, all in area I. The diameter, number, and distribution of the IBs are displayed in Sixty lateral branches passed through the back of 16 transverse processes in six specimens, of which 12 LB passed through the back of the L1 transverse process, one (8.3%) in zone I, seven (58.3%) in zone II, and four in zone III (33.3%). Twelve LB passed through the back of the L2 transverse process, 11 (91.7%) in zone II and 1 (8.3%) in zone III, and 12 LB passed through the back of the L3 transverse process, two (16.7%) in zone I and ten (83.3%) in zone II. Twelve LB passed through the back of the L4 transverse process, two (16.7%) in zone I, eight (66.7%) in zone II, and two (16.7%) in zone III. Twelve LB passed through the back of the L5 transverse process, four (33.3%) in zone I, seven (58.3%) in zone II, and one (8.3%) in zone III. The diameter, number, and distribution of the LB are illustrated in Twenty-nine communicating branches were found in 48 adjacent segments of six specimens, all of which originated from the middle branch of the previous segment and connected with the posterolateral branch in the next segment see . The L1-We found that in the dorsal region of transverse process, the intermediate branch is mainly distributed in zone I and the lateral branch is mainly distributed in zone II. A communicating branch exists in adjacent segment. This study analyzed the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve distribution on the dorsal side of transverse process to provide a more detailed anatomical basis for the treatment of spinal pain.The primary branching pattern of the lumbar PRSN is still controversial. Previous textbooks and studies have divided the PRSN into two main branches, the medial and the lateral . Bogduk Spinal dorsal ramus mediated back pain is the second most commonly described condition originating from pathology involving posterior branches of lumbar spinal nerves . Bogduk Previous studies have confirmed that the MB lies consistently between the accessory and the mammillary processes in the lumbar region. There are reports that rhizotomy failed to relieve the symptoms of low back pain , which mOur study is based on morphological observations; the measured data and texture of embalmed carcasses may differ from living tissues, the measurement of vernier caliper may be biased, and nerves may shift during dissection. Furthermore, the small sample size, the time taken for careful dissection of each part, and the sex inequality in the study  prevent the generalization of the findings to the entire population. However, despite these limitations, we believe the study findings complement the anatomical knowledge of the PRSN, thus benefiting clinicians and patients with pain associated with the PRSN.This systematic anatomical study describing the PRSN in the dorsal region of transverse process may have important clinical significance for spinal surgeons and pain doctors. Understanding the bony localization targets of IB and LB, as well as the connections between the PRSN, may bring significant benefits to patients with low back pain who receive a spinal injection.


This paper mainly studies the hardware implementation of a fully connected neural network based on the 1T1R (one-transistor-one-resistor) array and its application in handwritten digital image recognition. The 1T1R arrays are prepared by connecting the memristor and nMOSFET in series, and a single-layer and a double-layer fully connected neural network are established. The recognition accuracy of 8 × 8 handwritten digital images reaches 95.19%. By randomly replacing the devices with failed devices, it is found that the stuck-off devices have little effect on the accuracy of the network, but the stuck-on devices will cause a sharp reduction of accuracy. By using the measured conductivity adjustment range and precision data of the memristor, the relationship between the recognition accuracy of the network and the number of hidden neurons is simulated. The simulation results match the experimental results. Compared with the neural network based on the precision of 32-bit floating point, the difference is lower than 1%. The artificial neural network is constructed by simulating the connection mode of the brain neural network. There are several mainstream algorithms, such as fully connected neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and generative adversarial neural networks ,2,3,4,5.2 passive crossover array, and can provide the density and connectivity required for hardware implementation of the neuromorphic computing system [Memristors have been shown to be able to emulate synaptic functions by storing the analog synaptic weight and implementing synaptic learning rules ,15,16,17g system ,19,20. Ig system ,24,25,26g system ,27,28 org system ,30,31 isHowever, take into account the level of technology maturity, attempts to implement memristor neural networks have been plagued by device non-uniformity, resistance level instability, and sneak path currents. Especially in integrated circuits, the damage of components will cause irreversible effects on the whole system. Previous studies have been conducted on the impact of different damage of memristor on the whole through simulation . Here, wIn our work, the effects of memristor failure rates and failure modes on network recognition rates is investigated. It is hoped that the unit devices in the matrix can be replaced freely, so the matrix is not integrated on a chip. In order to prevent crosstalk between the memristors in the array, the bottom electrode of each memristor is connected in series with the drain terminal of a commercial NMOSFET  to form a 1T1R structure. Among them, the MOS device functions as a selector. 2. The three-dimensional schematic diagram of the Ti/Al: HfO2/Pt RRAM device structure is shown in 2 film is deposited by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. The 10 nm dielectric layer is deposited alternately by 8 cycles of HfO2 and 1 cycle of Al2O3 at 300 °C. The dielectric layer pattern is obtained by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching. Finally, the 50 nm Ti top electrode (TE) and a 100 nm Au cladding layer are deposited by electron beam vapor deposition. Doping HfO2 with Al can improve the resistance switching characteristics of the memristor. The memristor adopts a crossbar structure with an effective area of 5 × 5 µm2 memristor in 2–based memristor can be adjusted gradually by the voltage pulse. The synaptic weights of the neural network are represented by the resistance of the memristor, which is regulated by voltage pulses. Therefore, the memristor should have the characteristics of multi value storage in pulse mode. As shown in The data set used in this article is the handwritten digits MNIST data set. The training set selected 3823 digital images handwritten by 30 people, and the test set selected 1797 digital images handwritten by 13 people. Each image has 16-level grayscale 8 × 8 pixels, which can be represented by a 4-digit binary number. At the same time, each image has a classification label. ky is the output value of node k, and kz is the expected output value.For a fully connected neural network, the update of the synapse weight can be obtained through the error back propagation algorithm . The trajkw of the weight jkw is:According to the error back propagation algorithm and the chain rule of differentiation, the update amount ∆η is the learning rate, which can be adjusted by the amplitude and pulse width of the voltage pulse.Among them, For hidden nodes, the same can be obtained:It can be seen that as long as the partial derivative of the error to the input of previous layer is deduced from the output layer in turn, the weight update amount of each layer can be obtained.To reduce the failure rate of memristors, all memristors in the synaptic weight array are pre-set to low conductance. As mentioned above, the devices in the system are replaceable. In order to improve the recognition rate of the network, we replace all the failed devices with those that can work normally and train the neural network array again for 20 times. The final conductance distribution of the memristor array is shown in In order to further improve the accuracy of network recognition, a double-layer fully connected network containing 20 hidden neurons is constructed. The first and second layers of networks use 65 × 40 and 21 × 20 memristor arrays, respectively. According to As shown in In order to study the influence of failed devices on the recognition rate of the network, the memristor of the single-layer and double-layer networks that have been trained are randomly replaced with those in high-conductance failure or low-conductivity failure. It can be seen that devices with low-conductivity failure have little effect on the network recognition rate. When 20% of failed devices appear in the two-layer network , there is still a recognition accuracy of 88.06%. The single-layer network has a slightly poorer fault tolerance to low-conductance failed devices, and 20% of failed devices will reduce the recognition accuracy of the network to 64.7%. Regardless of whether it is a single-layer or double-layer network, the recognition accuracy rate drops sharply as the proportion of high-conductance failure devices increases. When the proportion of failed devices exceeds 4%, the recognition accuracy of the single-layer network is just less than 20%. When the proportion of failed devices exceeds 10%, the recognition accuracy of the double-layer network also drops to about 20%. The tolerance for low-conductance failure devices is much greater than that for high-conductance failure devices. This may be explained by the fact that the output current is too high. Excessive current will mask the current signals of other units in the same row in the array, seriously hindering the normal operation of the entire network. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid high-conductance failure devices in the array.The influence of the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the double-layer network on the recognition accuracy is investigated by simulation. This paper designs and builds a single-layer and double-layer fully connected network system based on 1T1R array to realize handwritten digital image recognition. For the 1T1R unit, the device can realize a continuous adjustment of the conductivity of about 1 µS~350 µS by applying voltage pulses. By replacing the failed devices, a recognition accuracy rate of 95.19% is obtained in the double-layer neural network. It is found that devices in a low-conductance failure state have little effect on the recognition accuracy of the network, while devices in a high-conductance failure will sharply reduce the recognition accuracy of the network and increase the overall conductance of the memristor. According to the experimental test parameters, the relationship between the image recognition accuracy of the double-layer fully connected network and the number of hidden neurons is achieved by simulation. By increasing the amount of hidden neurons, the recognition accuracy of the network can reach 96.57%. Compared with the simulation results of weight accuracy of the 32-bit floating-point accuracy, the error is below 1%.


This study analysed the processes of damage formation and development in early age unloaded concrete using the acoustic emission method (IADP). These are of great importance in the context of the durability and reliability of a structure, as they contribute to reducing its failure-free operation time. Concrete made with basalt aggregate and Portland or metallurgical cement cured under different conditions after demoulding was the test material. The obtained damage values were compared with the measured concrete shrinkage, and a shrinkage strain–acoustic emission signal (resulting from damage) correlation was found. The correlation allows easy measurement of damage level in the early period of concrete hardening, and consequently can be the basis of a non-destructive method. Concrete, especially reinforced concrete (RC), is currently the most commonly used material for the construction of buildings and engineering structures. It is subjected to various effects, i.e., mechanical loads (static and dynamic) ,2, variaAn important aspect is not only the current strength of elements or entire structures but also their durability .Increasingly complex and ambitious design challenges and sustainable development goals require using concrete and steel with new properties that significantly impact the behaviour of structures ,9. TightUndoubtedly, the width and growth of cracks are crucial parameters in diagnosing buildings . For thiThe cracks observed in the structures are the final result of a more complex process of the formation and development of damage in early age concrete . When haStress concentration, caused by heterogeneous and often excessive temperature and humidity fields, is also a factor in microcracking ,35. MicrNon-destructive or semi-destructive methods ,39,40,41One of the non-destructive methods (used in this paper) is the acoustic emission (AE) method—IADP (identification of active destructive processes), which has been successfully used to analyse the development of cracks resulting from loads on the structure, including the service load ,45,46,47The objective of this paper is to analyse AE signals caused by destructive processes in unloaded early age concrete, detected using the AE IADP technique, and their correlation with the measured shrinkage strains.In the papers ,53, AE sThis paper attempts to determine the correlation between the strain values and the destructive processes recorded in the hardening concrete. The tests were performed on unloaded concrete that varied in the type of cement and maintenance conditions after removal from the moulds. The strains and the course of the destructive processes in concrete were tested for 56 days. Furthermore, the shrinkage strains were estimated according to three standard approaches: Eurocode 2 (EC2) , Model CDestructive processes in the material  are accompanied by a rapid release of energy, generating elastic (acoustic) waves in the material. These waves  graduallIn this study, the IADP method was used to measure destructive processes. The method does not rely on the selected parameters of the AE signal, but is based on the reference signals created with the use of 12 parameters of the recorded electric signal: counts, counts to peak, duration, rise time, amplitude in mV or dB, energy, strength, root mean square, mean level, mean frequency, reverberation frequency, and initial frequency. The use of this method for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures (bridges) is presented in ,46,47.The signal is measured when an active destructive process occurs in a given element during the measurement, e.g., a crack is formed or propagated . Damage Using AE signals, it is also possible to analyse other destruction processes. In the case of prestressed elements, these are ,43: micrmicrocracks in the cement paste and at the aggregate-paste interface (Class 1),internal propagation of microcracks (Class 2),formation of microcracks on the concrete surface (Class 3), andgrowth of microcracks (Class 4).In ,55, the A destructive process in concrete  is an acoustic wave sources. Twelve parameters of the AE wave  are recorded by the AE sensors and compared with the base of reference signals, which allows us to determine the destructive process  and its location based on the arrival time of the AE signal.Although microcracks and damage in early age concrete do not have a direct impact on the safety of the structure  (unless Nine concrete samples (three series of three samples) with dimensions of 150 × 150 × 600 mm were used in the tests. The samples varied in terms of selected parameters described below and summarised in The composition of individual concrete mixes is shown in An 8 inch (~20 cm) demountable mechanical strain gauge was used for the strain test b. The meStrains were measured on four faces of each specimen and the basic statistical parameters were calculated, i.e., mean value, coefficient of variation, and variance. The strain results obtained for three series of specimens at varied curing conditions are shown in The strains (shrinkage) from the tests were compared with the results predicted according to the following standards: Eurocode 2 (EC2)—PN-EN−1992−1−1 , Model CThe strain values obtained in the C−I (MC) and C−III (MC) concrete  are shown in The strains estimated according to the EC2, MC90–99, and B3 approaches in water-cured samples C−I (MC) (with Portland cement) and C−III (MC)  fell within the range of +/− 20% in relation to the values obtained in the laboratory tests. In the first week of the test, swelling of concrete C−I (MC) and C−III (MC) was observed. The phenomenon was most likely due to the higher humidity in the thermal chamber than the ambient humidity in the laboratory hall where the samples were prepared for testing.Higher ambient humidity in the climatic chamber resulted from samples with higher humidity being placed there. With the same number of samples and the volume of the climatic chamber, the result was a significant increase in humidity inside the chamber. As a result, the humidity of the samples themselves increased, and, as a result, their volume increased. Over time, the humidity decreased, contributing to the recorded shrinkage deformations, not swelling. This was largely due to the low humidity of the environment in which the chamber itself was located, which contributed to the final decrease in the level of humidity.In the case of the non-moisture-cured C−III (AC) concrete with metallurgical cement, the strain values predicted according to the standards were lower than the values obtained from laboratory tests.The impact of not curing and curing errors in the initial stage of hardening on the shrinkage strains are not taken into account in the adopted standards ,28,29, wThe tests were carried out using the IADP acoustic emission method, validated, among others, in . The floConcrete samples C−I (MC) and C−III (MC) were removed from the moulds after 10 days of cure. C−III (AC) samples were tested without curing. Two Vallen VS30-V sensors were placed on one side of each sample. The concrete surface was cleaned before the sensors were attached to the surface with a thermally conductive silicone paste and elastic rubber.The calibration before the start of the test consisted of checking the amplitude of the recorded AE signal from breaking the graphite of a pencil with a hardness of 2H, diameter 0.3 mm, length 3 mm  inclIf the amplitude of the signal excited by breaking the pencil recorded on each sensor reached 100 dB, calibration was performed successfully. If a lower amplitude was recorded, the amount of thermal paste was added to improve the contact between the sensor and the concrete surface.Before the test, an input data file was created in the Mistras program. The dimensions of the tested element, the spacing, and number of AE sensors as well as measurement parameters were set. AE signals were recorded in the samples in 12 h cycles preceding the measurement at 1–8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 38, and 46 days at the points where strain values were taken, the samples were weighed, and cracks were observed.The test results were analysed using Noesis software and the reference signal database . Based oThe classification involved comparing the registered AE signals with the previously prepared reference base. It was developed in the research described in .They werThe correlation between the strains obtained from the tests and the number of AE signals (destructive processes such as microcracks in the cement paste and at the aggregate-paste interface (Class 1), the internal microcrack propagation (Class 2), and the formation of microcracks on the concrete surface (Class 3) was recorded in concrete series C−I (MC)–C−III (AC), and as shown in In the presented graphs on the horizontal axis, the values of shrinkage strains are shown, while the vertical axes show the number of class 1 signals on the left axis, and the number of class 2 and 3 signals on the right axis. The use of two vertical axes is due to significant differences between the quantities of class 1, 2, and 3 signals. Presenting them on one axis would make their analysis impossible. However, if class 3 signals were not recorded in a sample, no additional vertical axis was added.From the results in Equations of linear functions shown in In a paper , the uniThe obtained correlation between the unit energy of the signals of individual classes (representing damage) and the strains is shown in From the results in The equations of linear functions shown in One of the objectives of the study was an attempt to develop a relationship that would allow the prediction of the number of AE signals due to damage and processes in time.On the basis of the trend lines in the graphs showing the increase in both shrinkage strains and acoustic emission signals, a natural logarithm function was adopted as the base function modified with adjustment coefficients.α, β—estimated correction factors,skA, skB—coefficients of the logarithmic trend line of the additional shrinkage strain for the tested sample, andx—time in days.α and β, were adopted to better match the results. The coefficients were estimated as the ratios of the A and B coefficients read from the trend line (logarithm functions) of the increase in shrinkage strains (SKA and SKB) and the acoustic emission signals (AEA and AEB).Correction factors, α and β coefficients were estimated with two methods (API and APII) based on the results obtained from the concrete series. In the first approach (API), the AE/ASKA and AE/BSKB ratios were determined for each concrete series (C−I (MC) to C−III (AC) separately, and then the values were averaged, obtaining α and β coefficients, respectively. The second approach (APII) consisted of determining the average AEA, SKA, AEB, and BSK coefficients from the C−I (MC) to C−III (AC) concrete series. Then, α and β coefficients were calculated from AE/ASKA and AE/BSKB relationships. The parameters adopted to estimate the theoretical values of AE signal increase are presented in The values of the The initial verification of the results was carried out based on the calculated coefficients (α and β) and the values of experimental shrinkage strains from the C−I (MC) to C−III (AC) concrete series. The course of the predicted increase in acoustic emission signals over time in relation to their experimental values is shown in I and βI coefficients, while the dashed red line represents the theoretical gain of the AE signals estimated from the αII and βII correction factors. Both lines were developed on the basis of the shrinkage strains of the examined concrete, i.e., the trend line in the diagram of the actual strain increment. The analysis showed that the predicted values of the increase in the number of AE signals were consistent with those obtained experimentally and, therefore, the adopted algorithm of the procedure can be considered properly matched.The dotted lines (with markers at measurement points) show the real increase in AE signals for the C−I (MC) to C−III (AC) concrete series over time, while the dashed lines show the increase in predicted course of the AE signals. The black dashed line represents the theoretical gain estimated from the αAs has been shown, it is possible to describe the number of AE signals as a function of shrinkage strains, which is the basis for the wide testing program taking into account various parameters that affect the shrinkage in concrete.Using the AE technique, a very strong correlation, in the range of 0.91 to 0.99, between the strain values and the number of AE signals related to destructive processes in early age concrete was found. Additionally, the recorded processes were divided into three classes, i.e., microcracks in the cement paste and at the grain boundaries in the cement paste (Class 1), the formation of microcracks in the cement paste (Class 2), and the formation of microcracks on the concrete surface (Class 3). The indicated correlation was described using a simple logarithm function.Additionally, a very strong correlation was found between the increase in strain and the increase in energy of the AE signals, which can be described using a similar logarithm function.Hence, by measuring shrinkage strains and knowing experimentally defined factors, one can estimate the theoretical range of AE signals. On this basis, one can determine whether, in addition to the basic processes, there are also those indicative of progressive internal micro-damage. This is important, as they can reduce the structure’s durability and reliability.Additionally, a comparative analysis of experimental shrinkage strains and strains estimated according to selected calculation models, including those used in the relative standards shown in o Class 1—microcracks in the cement paste and at the aggregate-paste interface,o Class 2—internal propagation of microcracks, ando Class 3—formation of microcracks on the concrete surfaceThe increase in the number of AE signals resulting from damage:is strongly correlated with the increase in strain over time and can be described by logarithmic function. Simple logarithm functions describing this relation were developed for C−I (MC), C−III (MC), and C−III (AC) concrete with specific parameters and variables.Presented results show that:The increase in the energy of Class 1, 2, and 3 signals over time is strongly correlated with the increase in strain over time and functions describing this relation were developed.The results presented may form the basis for simple diagnostics of new elements. It means that by knowing the early age shrinkage strains (easy to measure), one can estimate the early age damage.More concrete tests should be performed to optimise the function formula and other variables should be added, e.g., aggregate, admixtures, and concrete strength.It was also shown that:Experimental shrinkage strains and those estimated according to selected standards show a strong correlation in the case of cured concrete C−I (MC) and C−III (MC)).In the case of non-cured concrete (C−III (AC)), the shrinkage strains estimated according to the standards are lower than those measured in the laboratory tests.The obtained results are very promising, in particular due to the diagnostic possibilities they offer. For this reason, an extended program to verify these findings on other specimens made with a different concrete composition is being prepared.


Mixtures of a determined silica concentration were sprayed on as an aerosol, whose particles, sedimented on dedicated matrices, were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Since it was not possible to quantitatively identify the markers based on the obtained images, the filters exposed with the AirSampler aspirator were analyzed based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP-OES method enabled us to determine the concentration of silica after extracting the marker from the filter, and consequently to estimate the number of markers. The developed procedure opens up the possibility of the quantitative estimation of the spread of the coronavirus, for example in studies on the aerosol transmission of the pathogen in an open environment where biological markers—surrogates included—cannot be used.Aerosol transmission constitutes one of the major transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen. Due to the pathogen’s properties, research on its airborne transmission has some limitations. This paper focuses on silica nanoparticles (SiO The global death toll caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has now topped 5.3 million ,5,6. TheThe increasing virological risks determine the need for research in the area of pathogen identification and transmission pathways. Due to the complexity of the problem, these issues have not been sufficiently explored so far. The quantitative and qualitative identification of microorganisms present in bioaerosols is based mainly on conducting growth method analyses, as well as molecular and immunological tests, and mainly concerns the detection of pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, or allergens . Very feThe surrogates constitute the most proximate taxonomic group of microorganisms characterized by significantly lower or insignificant virulence and harmfulness, and their use allows for recognizing the mechanisms of the examined processes ,23. The The physical (abiotic) markers constitute an alternative to the microbiological surrogates. This group includes nanoparticles and fluorescent markers  used in cytometric analyses . To dateWithin the group of abiotic markers, the silica markers deserve special attention due to their size being equal to coronavirus particles, their low cost, the simplicity of their application and identification , and their neutral character, allowing their use in real conditions in non-isolated environments ,29. In t3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and hydrofluoric acid (HF). Finally, the analyte in the form of silicon complexes (silico-molybdate and molybdenum blue) is measured through visible adsorption spectrophotometry. Methods employing a filter-based collection of airborne silica have a few drawbacks, which include the reasonably high detection limits (ranging from 1 up to 10 µg per sample) and the long sample collection time. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) approved a few methods for the detection of crystalline silica. In the NIOSH 7500 method , dust coThe measurement of silica aerosols employing quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based infrared spectroscopy seems to be a more promising option taking into account the detection limit and sample collection time. Silica-containing particulate matter is deposited on a filter membrane and then undergoes detection in a system as described by Wei et al. . Wei et Silicon occurring in nature has three stable isotopes, 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si, with percentage abundances of 92.2%, 4.7%, and 3%, respectively. This phenomenon facilitates silica determination through HR-ICP-MS (high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Yu et al.  firstly The possibility of identifying the markers on filter materials opens up numerous research paths within the scope of virus transport associated with aerosols. Markers sprayed in the air are collected on the device’s filters. Such devices are equipped with separation systems, which enable the separation of the so-called aerosol respirable fraction, the sizes of which do not exceed 10 µm and which according to the ISO  criteriaIn the case of “active” aerosols, also the thoracic fraction is capable of passing beyond the larynx as well as the respirable class, including all kinds of suspended dust inhaled through the nose and mouth, which may result in an infection. As for the transport of the aerosols, this depends to a large extent on their size, which necessitates the application of devices enabling one to explore the size distribution of “active” aerosols, i.e., the impactors. The impactors are devices equipped with impaction plates on which aerosols of particular sizes are collected during the measurements of diffusion screens, which capture fine aerosols ,38.2 marker. The research was conducted using the developed proprietary procedure for the assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen transmission, the aim of which was to quantitatively estimate the spread of the coronavirus markers. This study was supposed to allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of the pathogen spread in the environment in situations when biological markers, including surrogates, cannot be used. However, it should be emphasized that at this stage the aim of the article was not to model phenomena but just to develop a method to identify markers on a filter. Modeling the aerosol spread will be the next step by using devices that can separate aerosols into different size classes. Aerosol transmission constitutes one of the most dominant routes of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen’s spread. Therefore, this work was concentrated on air-borne SARS-CoV-2. This was because the authors intended to perform such experiments in an underground environment with forced ventilation, where viruses can travel a long distance from the source to the receivers along the air stream.The objective of the paper was to develop a method that could be used for the investigation of the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen based on the application of an abiotic SiOFor the purpose of this research, solutions with silica markers measuring 40 and 200 nm were prepared and next sprayed in the form of aerosols on dedicated matrices. An analysis of the collected material was performed in order to quantitatively identify the markers. The tests were made by employing scanning electron microscopes (SEM) as well as transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Several attempts at quantitatively identifying particular marker particles using the SEM technique did not bring about the expected results. Only the cryogenic fixation of the sample and a subsequent TEM observation enabled us to obtain clear images of the markers. However, while applying the TEM technique, it is difficult to precisely determine the amount of analyzed sample, which excludes the possibility of performing a quantitative analysis of the markers. Considering this limitation, for the experiments an AirSampler-type aspirator enabling the collection of the aerosols on filters was used. In the next step, the collected particles were extracted from the filters and the chemical concentration of the silica was evaluated through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The obtained results of the quantitative silica measurements on the filters from the subsequent consecutive stages of extraction were next applied to determine the efficiency of the process for both marker sizes, which in turn allowed us to estimate their numbers. The presence of the markers in the solutions after the extraction was also confirmed through TEM observations.3 is more than 1 g/cm3. However, the terminal settling velocity for the 40 nm particles is ca. 2 × 10—7 m/s, and for the 200 nm particles ca. 4 × 10—6 m/s, even if the Cunnigham correction factor is taken into account. The terminal velocity is reached by the particles within a timeframe of far less than 0.01 ms, so across almost the whole distance, from the height of 1.5 m to the ground, they will travel at such a velocity. This means that the retention time will be more than 2000 h for 40 nm particles and more than 100 h for 200 nm particles.The coronavirus marker was used in the form of solid spherical silica nanoparticles suspended in water . The silica nanoparticles were synthesized using the Stöber method  to guaraFor the experimental studies, 100 mL of working solution with each silica nanoparticle size was prepared by dilution. During the dilution, 4 mL of initial silica marker solution was transferred into volumetric flasks and filled up to a 100 mL total volume with 1% ethanol. The working solutions were named R1 and R2 for 40 nm and 200 nm, respectively. The marker concentration in solution R1 was 5602 mg/L, while in R2 it was 4332 mg/L.The spraying of the solutions in the form of an aerosol was performed in two series. In series I, the solution labeled R1 containing markers measuring 40 nm was used, whereas in series II, the solution labeled R2 containing markers measuring 200 nm was used. For each series, three independent experiments were conducted in a way that ensured similar experimental conditions regarding the amount of sprayed solution, the operation time of the nozzle, as well as the parameters characterizing the environment in the location of the research .The aerosol was generated by employing a Lumina ST-6R1.3 nozzle  with a diameter of 1.3 mm that met the regulation efficiency in the range of 0–360 mL/min, which was from producing a stream in the shape of a 95 mm diameter cone at a distance of 300 mm from the nozzle. The liquid was fed to the nozzle under the impact pressure of 1 m and sprayed with compressed air under the pressure of 100 kPa. The distribution of the droplet sizes of the generated aerosol is presented in 3 cubature under conditions of comparable temperature and humidity.The measurement of the droplet sizes was performed using a Spraytec  analyzer, which uses laser light diffraction as well as a diffraction model based on Mie and Fraunhofer scattering, including a patented multiple scattering correction method utilizing a HeNe laser light of 632.8 nm wavelength. The size of the droplets was measured within the range of 0.1–2000 μm. The tests were performed in a laboratory room of 117 mThe stream of the generated aerosols was directed towards the SASS 3100 AirSampler  aspirator, which was located at a distance of 2.5 m from the aerosol nozzle and at a height of 1 m. The aspirator enabled the suction of the air including the aerosol with the determined efficiency of 200 L/min for collection on the replaceable filter. The distance between the aspirator and the aerosol nozzle was determined based on the so-called “safe social distance” of 2 m recommended by the WHO, which was enlarged by an additional safety margin of 0.5 m . The schThe generated aerosols correspond to the size of the particles that are produced when coughing or urinating.32- using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with the application of an Optima 5300 DV spectrometer  according to ISO standard 11885:2009 [The collected silica nanoparticles were extracted from the above-described filters with a manual procedure. Firstly, the filters were removed from the plastic holder and placed in 150 mL glass beakers. To each beaker, 5 mL of 1% ethanol was added, then the filters were shaken 3 times using a Vortex-Genie 2 Digital  device for 30 s at a speed of 2500 rpm. After shaking, the filters were left overnight to dry. Silica marker extraction from every filter was performed for four days running, so finally 24 liquid extracts with different silica concentrations were obtained. These were marked as R1a ex1, R1a ex2, R1a ex3, R1a ex4, R1b ex1, etc., as shown in 885:2009 .The imaging of silica marker in solutions sprayed on dedicated carriers was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detection and a large-field detector (LFD). The SEM imaging supported with an X-ray EDS microanalysis was performed using an SEM SU3500 Hitachi electron microscope  with a variable vacuum coordinated with an EDS UltraDry X-ray spectrometer with energy dispersion. The X-ray microanalysis was performed under the following parameters: accelerating voltage—15 keV; working distance (WD)—10 mm; pressure—30 Pa; vacuum—variable. The SEM analysis with the LFD detector and secondary electron (SE) emission was performed with the application of an ESEM Quanta 250 FEG–FEI microscope . The imaging was performed in low-vacuum (LV) mode.The TEM imaging of the silica marker was performed in R1 and R2 solutions before spraying them, as well as in solutions obtained after the fourth step of filter extraction . The analyzed material was prepared via the cryogenic fixation of the tested samples (cryo-TEM). For the purpose of the research, a Tecnai F20 X-TWIN microscope  was used. The microscope was equipped with a field emission gun operated at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. The images were recorded on a Gatan Rio 16 CMOS 4k camera and processed with Gatan Microscopy Suite (GMS) software . Specimen preparation was performed via vitrification of the aqueous solutions on grids with a holey carbon film. Before use, the grids were activated for 15 s in oxygen plasma using a Femto plasma cleaner. Cryo-samples were prepared by applying a droplet (about 3 μL) of the suspension to the grid, blotting with filter paper, and immediately freezing in liquid ethane using a fully automated blotting device. After preparation, the vitrified specimens were kept under liquid nitrogen until they were inserted into a cryo-TEM and analyzed in the TEM at −178 °C. The nozzle used in the course of the experiments enabled us to obtain aerosol droplets with sizes within the range of 2–100 µm. Considering the size distribution of the generated droplets, it was stated that 10–20 µm particles dominated in the sprayed aerosol. In the total volume of the aerosol, more than 50% of the generated droplets had a diameter below 20 µm, whereas over 90% of the generated particles had a diameter that did not exceed 50 µm. The distribution of the generated aerosols was similar to the actual droplet size distribution produced during speaking or coughing. Coughing generates on average 3000 droplets, which roughly corresponds to the number of droplets exhaled during a five-minute speech . The aveBetter imaging results, which enabled a clear distinction of single particles of the marker in the observed microarea and allowed us to determine their sizes, were achieved by employing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with a cryo-TEM mode facilitating the physical fixation of the sample through freezing. The tests were carried out separately for each of the solutions prepared for spraying. The images of R1 and R2 solutions before spraying, as presented in This was made possible by the extraction of the AirSampler filters, which absorbed the sprayed aerosol droplets together with the markers. The liquid material obtained from the last steps of the filter extraction process and examined using the cryo-TEM technique contained the markers; however, their identification was problematic due to the random character of their occurrence in the observed microarea and their relatively small number concerning the volume of the tested sample (approx. 3 µL) .The images obtained in this way could not provide the basis for the quantitative determination of the number of markers captured by the AirSampler aspirator filters. In addition, the mode of preparation constituted yet another obstacle because it excluded the possibility of determining the volume of the examined sample, and consequently the accurate number of markers in a given volume.32− in the obtained extract using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).The application of the cryo-TEM technique enabled the confirmation of the presence of the silica marker in the solution after the extraction had been performed . Comparii is the mass concentration of silica in the solution determined in consecutive measurements using ICP-OES, and Mo is the unknown initial mass of silica that was sedimented on the filter during the operation of the aspirator.Assuming that each subsequent step of the filter extraction runs with the same efficiency η, the mass of the silica in the solution should be:As a result of applying the equations, it is possible to calculate the efficiency η, where the subscripts i and j indicate the subsequent steps of the marker extraction from the filters:o immediately after the air had been pumped through the filter, as well as their number, taking into consideration the density, size, and spherical shape, calculated as follows:In a blank sample prepared by means of rinsing a clean filter, the silica concentration in the obtained solution equaled 0.419 mg/L, which was adopted as a reference level. To estimate the values of the initial masses of the markers Mo, four extraction steps were performed within the framework of three independent experiments (see 2 from the filters were performed for three independent experiments (see Taking into account only the results of the measurements of the marker concentrations after the first and fourth extraction steps and using Equation (5), efficiency values equaling 0.60, 0.53, and 0.61 were obtained. The values did not differ much from the ones presented in ents see  and 0.57ents see . Therefoents see .2 sedimentation on the filters equaled 100%. Therefore, the estimated numbers of the markers on the filters did not take into account the actual filtration efficiency. The one-point characteristic of the collection efficiency indicated by the manufacturer is 50% at 0.5 µm particle diameter. Based on the above, it was stated that the actual number of markers that reach the filter could be approximately twice as much as the values provided in The numbers of markers collected on filters were estimated with the assumption that the efficiency of SiOThe application of silica markers enables researchers to design and conduct experimental studies on the transmission of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) without the risk of a negative impact of the work on the research staff. Sometimes scientists use biological markers that can be used at the defined rigors. Most often, however, markers of this type have sizes that differ from the size of the coronavirus. For example, in the work by Kinahan et al. , the tesIt was confirmed that silica nanoparticles can be used as physical surrogates of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus on a microscale under laboratory conditions, as well as in real conditions, which constitutes a considerable advantage over the other markers and surrogates accessible on the market.In light of the ever-emerging new strains of bacteria and viruses, using silica markers to simulate the spread of dangerous agents through airborne aerosols may prove a useful research approach to assess the transmission potential of such agents and to determine the methods of minimizing the risk of infection. The results of the SEM and TEM imaging enable us to confirm the presence of silica markers in the examined samples; however, they do not allow us to determine the number of markers in the samples because it is problematic to estimate the amount of the solution sample designated for such an analysis.The quantitative estimation of the marker number may be achieved through the assumptions proposed in this paper and the adopted proprietary method consisting of a multi-step filter extraction process and the ICP-OES determination of silica concentrations and relevant calculations.The results of the assessment of the efficiency of the marker extraction from filters at the level of 50–60% confirmed that the developed proprietary method, based on the ICP-OES analysis, enables researchers to analyze the spread of the coronaviruses forming complexes with environmental aerosols with the use of safe and inexpensive markers.


Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation is a common treatment to remediate polluted sites with the inconvenience that the effluent generated must be treated. In this work, a complex mixture of chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes in a non-ionic surfactant emulsion has been carried out by volatilization. Since this techhnique is strongly affected by the presence of the surfactant, modifying the vapour pressure,  The contamination of soil and groundwater by, among others, chlorinated organic compounds has become a severe environmental issue . These pOne of the remediation treatments that was successfully applied to remove the NAPLs mass in the subsurface in a short time is Surfactant Enhancement Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) ,4. The sThe SEAR technique presents significant benefits compared to other technologies, such as pump and treat , since iSelective oxidation of organic contaminants in the emulsion has been proposed and tested successfully ,10,11,12The air stripping of volatile or semivolatile chlorinated organic compounds in soil (VCOCs–SVCOCs) has been reported at the field scale ,19,20. S® as surfactant). These chlorinated compounds are often used as solvents or reagents, and leaks from storage tanks result in soil and groundwater contamination [This work aims to study and model an air stripping process to eliminate a mixture of chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene isomers in a non-ionic surfactant emulsion , 1,2-dichlorobenzene , and 1,4-dichlorobenzene  prepared from commercial compounds . The distribution of each compound, expressed as molar percentage, was 53% of CB, 29% of 1,2-DCB, and 18% of 1,4-DCB. The quantification of SVCOCs was carried out using calibration curves prepared from standard samples of known concentration in methanol from commercial compounds . Additionally, the limonene ((R)-(+)-Limonene, Sigma Aldrich) (cosolvent of surfactant) was also calibrated. Bicyclohexyl (lsewhere .® (E3) , which is a non-ionic surfactant with a critical micelle concentration (CMC), measured of The surfactant selected to carry out the experiments was E-Mulse 3and DCBs .The air employed to perform the air stripping experiments was supplied by Carburos Metálicos, with an air purity of 99.999% , the surfactant stability was studied at different temperatures. In the second one (B2), the influence of surfactant concentration, temperature, and chlorinated compounds concentration on each COC  volatility was analyzed. The product of vapour pressure by the activity coefficient Surfactant stability experiments were performed in batch mode employing sealed 20 mL glass vials for gas chromatography without headspace closed with PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) caps in the absence and presence of SVCOCs. In the last case, the aqueous phase was saturated with the mixture of VCOCs, adding the corresponding amount of SVCOCs to obtain a saturated emulsion of organic phase in the aqueous surfactant emulsion. The amount of VCOCs added was calculated from the molar solubilization ratio MSR (amount of SVCOCs that can be solubilized in the surfactant solution when saturation is reached) obtained elsewhere for a complex mixture of chlorinated compounds in this surfactant  . Vials were heated in a thermostatic bath to obtain the desired temperature (25–60 °C) and agitated using a magnetic stirrer for up to 48 h. Zero time was considered when the desired temperature was reached. The experimental conditions are summarized in SC is the surfactant concentration .In the absence of pollutant, the remaining surfactant concentration at each time was calculated by dissolving 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene , measuring the solubilized concentration of this compound in the aqueous phase and using Equation (1) taking into account that This set of experiments was proposed to estimate the product of Firstly, certain amounts of CB and DCB isomers were solubilized in an aqueous solution of the surfactant at the corresponding concentration. The emulsion was prepared in 100 mL flasks, without headspace, to avoid the volatile loss. Surfactant E3 concentration ranged from The volatilization of volatile chlorinated organic compounds from aqueous surfactant emulsion passing an air flow rate was performed in the experimental setup schematized in The volatilization experiments were maintained for 8 h when the airflow was stopped. The experiments were carried out at The concentration of SVCOCs in emulsion was analyzed by gas chromatography (Agilent 8860) with autosampler (Agilent GC Sampler 120) coupled with a flame ionization detector and an electron capture detector (GC-FID/ECD). The column was Agilent HP5-MSUI . Two microliters of samples were injected using helium as carrier gas (flow rate of The SVCOCs concentrations in the vapour phase in B2 experiments were measured by HeadSpace Gas Chromatography (HS-GC). Twenty millileter glass vials for gas chromatography closed with PTFE caps, were filled with 10 mL of the emulsion of SVCOCs mixture. The vials were agitated and heated at constant temperature  for 1 h, ensuring the equilibrium between liquid and vapour was reached. After this time, 2.5 mL of the vapour phase was to the GC using a 10:1 split ratio. The column and the method conditions employed were the same as described for analyzing SVCOCs dissolved. More details of the method are shown in The experiments summarized in As shown in Nevertheless, the SCL is always less than 10% in the time interval, and the temperature range studied being considered negligible. Therefore, the active surfactant concentration with time corresponds to the the initial value, j was carried out from data obtained in the surfactant presence in set B2 summarized in j can be described by modified Raoult’s law Equation (3), assuming the vapour phase is an ideal gas phase and the effect of the surfactant and VCOCs in the liquid phase is taken into account with the values of the product of the vapour pressure, jy is the molar fraction of chlorinated organic compound j in the vapour phase; j; jx is the molar fraction of compound j in the liquid phase; j compound. The estimation of In Equation (3), the total pressure in the vial (bar) is calculated assuming that at the conditions tested water and air are the main compounds in the gas phase in the vial, according to Equation (4).j at different temperatures, surfactant, and SVCOCs concentrations in the liquid phase were determined according to Equation (5), after measuring the gas phase composition of the vial by GC, as explained in SVCOCs analysis section.j compound in the vial gas phase, In the literature, there is scarce information regarding how the surfactants modify the ideality of the liquid phase. For that, experimental values of S. By raising the surfactant concentration, a higher concentration of micelles is generated [The experimental results of the enerated , which rT is the temperature (°C), a-f are the parameters obtained from response surface methodology  and the statistical parameters obtained from the analysis of variance (Coefficient of variation (R2), Fischer’s test value , and probability ) obtained from the fitting are summarized in 2 is close to one for all the compounds present in SVCOCs, indicating the good compromise between the data obtained by experiments and those predicted by the model. Additionally, the F-values are large (>>1), and the p-values are small enough (<0.05) for the compounds, then, the model proposed for The results of the parameters j in the emulsion in the batch experiment schematized in j in the emulsion; j in the liquid phase.Volatilization of SVCOCs in the emulsion can be modelled considering those values that influence the volatility of the chlorinated organic compounds. These variables are temperature, airflow, and surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase. The molar balance of each chlorinated organic compound j compound in the gas phase is calculated with Equation (8).The gas flow rate which leaves the bottle  is assumj compound disappearing from the emulsion is the same as the molar flow of this j compound that leaves the bottle in the gas phase (both phases in equilibrium), as described in Equation (9).The molar flow rate of the j in the emulsion with time can be predicted by integrating Equation (9) as shown in Equation (10), where K is a constant defined in Equation (11).The molar fraction of The value of j compound in the emulsion (Equation (12)).The ratio The consistency of In The effects of temperature and flow of air were studied. Experiments V1 and V2 were carried out at different temperatures. The higher the temperature (V2 experiment), the lower the fraction of SVCOC that remained in the aqueous emulsion, as was shown in On the other hand, experiment V3 was carried out using a two-fold air flow rate, compared to the one used in V1. This variable presented a lower impact than the temperature increase in the remaining ratio of SVCOCs after 8 h. The improvement performed using a higher air flow were 81, 37, and 30% for CB, 1,4-DCB, and 1,2-DCB, respectively. As concerns each SVCOC, chlorobenzene is the compound that is more easily volatilized because it has the highest value of Pvoγ , reachinoγ (Pvoγ . After 8The surfactant capacity loss (SCL) during volatilization has also been measured and estimated for runs in ® in SEAR treatment has been successfully applied in a real soil polluted with DNAPL. This DNAPL is formed by a complex mixture of chlorinated compounds among which are chlorobenze and dichlorobenzene isomers [As observed in  isomers .The emulsion extracted from the new SEAR cycle will be treated by SVCOCs volatilization, which will have better results since the It is important to point out that the volatilization process results forms the need to treat the resulting effluent after SEAR treatment, as it contains chlorinated compounds that require elimination. In this work, the mixture of semi-volatile chlorinated organic compounds has been successfully volatilized from a non-ionic surfactants emulsion, reducing remarkably the concentration of SVCOCs in the emulsion, but keeping the surfactant capacity for recycling the emulsion in further SEAR treatments.Regarding surfactant stability, it has been observed that surfactant capacity keeps constant at temperatures up to 60 °C during 48 h, with Surfactant Capacity Loss lower than 10%.From the experimental results, the thermodynamic behavior of the SVCOCs in the emulsion was remarkably affected by surfactant concentration and temperature. The model proposed to simulate the evolution of SVCOCs in the emulsion during the air stripping process was successfully to predict the experimental values. Therefore, the estimated


The development of electroconvection in electromembrane systems is a factor that increases the efficiency of the electrolyte solution desalination process. The desalination of the solution, manifested by a change in the distribution of the ion concentration, can affect the mechanisms of development of electroconvection. The purpose of this work is to study the electroconvective flow developing in the desalination channel under various desalination scenarios. The study was carried out on the basis of a mathematical model of the transfer of binary electrolyte ions in the desalination channel formed between the anion and cation exchange membranes under the action of DC current. An analytical estimation of the threshold current density reflecting the conditions of the system transition into a quasi-stationary state has been obtained. The chronopotentiograms of the desalination channel and the thickness of the electroconvective mixing layer are calculated for both pre-threshold and supra-threshold values of the current density. Electrodialysis is actively used for the production of drinking water in the food and pharmaceutical industries ,2. The fAn initial, almost vertical section, defined by the initial ohmic resistance of the solution;A region of slow growth of the potential jump, which is associated with a decrease in the concentration in the depleted solution near the membrane surface as a result of electrodiffusion processes;At overlimiting current densities, an inflection point of the ChP curve is noted, which is associated with the appearance of another ion transport mechanism ; thus, tA section where the system is in a stationary or quasi-stationary state .One of the methods of electrodialysis system research is chronopotentiometry, that is, studying the change in the potential jump in the system over time under the action of DC current. Based on the analysis of the results of chronopotentiometry, the mechanisms of mass transfer processes and the properties of ion exchange membranes are investigated ,5,6,7,8.Experimental studies ,5 have secd) in the region near the membrane surface corresponds to the transition region of the ChP. Slipping of vortices and vortex complexes along the channel under the action of forced flow causes oscillations in the potential jump. In a quasi-stationary state , the thickness of the electroconvective mixing layer also becomes quasi-stationary [The theoretical calculation of the ChP for a layer of a dilute electrolyte solution near the surface of a homogeneous ion exchange membrane, taking into account the development of electroconvection, which qualitatively coincides with the experimental data, was performed in . On the ationary . It was Since the ChP was calculated for the electrolyte layer near the surface of a single ion exchange membrane, the outer boundary of this layer is taken as the core of the flow with constant uniform distributions of ion concentrations, flow velocity, and electric potential . This asV0 , which is pumped at the average velocity V0 . Let x a channel .The non-stationary process of transfer of binary electrolyte ions in membrane systems in the absence of chemical reactions taking into account electroconvection is described by the following equations:t, is scaled by the value x and y, by the channel width H; velocity, V0; pressure, p, by the velocity head n-th ion, c0; electric potential, φ, by the value n-th ion, nD, by the electrolyte diffusion coefficient n-th kind, nZ is the charge number of the n-th ion; F is the Faraday constant; R is the gas constant; T is the absolute temperature; Equations (1)–(4) are given in a dimensionless form: time, rameters ; Zn is tt and spatial coordinates x and y. The Navier–Stokes equations, Equation (1), describe the velocity field under the action of a forced flow and a force of the electric field. The equations of Nernst-Planck, Equation (2), material balance, Equation (3), and Poisson, Equation (4) describe the concentration of ions and the electric potential.The quantities Equation (5) defines the total current density, ∂∂t(∇φ), :(5)i→=z1avi, must be satisfied [When modeling the DC current mode, the conditions of constancy of the average current density at the solution/membrane interfaces, atisfied :(6)iav=1The vector field of the total current density is solenoidal,  follows :(7)ix=∂ηOn the basis of Equations (2), (5) and (7), Equation (8) was obtained, which makes it possible to determine the current density distribution in the DC current mode :(8)Δη=−, (3), (4) and (8). Let us set boundary conditions similar to the conditions in  with they = 0, the parabolic Poiseuille velocity profile is taken, Equation (9); for ion concentrations, the Dankwerts conditions are taken, which determine the fact that the rate of entry of ions into the channel is equal to the rate at which ions cross the plane y = 0 through a combination of electromigration, diffusion, and convection, Equation (10); and the condition for the electric potential obtained from Equations (2) and (6) taking into account the zero density of the tangential current, yi = 0 , Equation (11):At the channel inlet, y = L, the "soft" boundary conditions are accepted [At the channel outlet, accepted , Equatiox = 1, c1, is set as a constant value that is cN times greater than the input concentration of solution [nTA and nTC, determine the portion of the current carried by ions of this type  [At the solution/CEM interface, solution , EquatioT2C = 1) , Equatioion (18) :(15)Vx–(4), (8) the electric potential enters only in the form of derivatives on spatial coordinates; therefore, only the potential jump is significant. For the convenience of calculations, we set the zero potential on the left boundary, Equation (22):Boundary conditions for the electrical current function :(23)∂η∂xt = 0, the flow is parabolic, Equation (24); the electrical neutrality condition is satisfied at all points of the desalination channel, and the ion concentrations are equal to the initial electrolyte concentration c0, Equation (25); the potential is zero everywhere, Equation (26):At the initial time, To determine the condition for the transition of the electrolyte solution in the desalination channel to a quasi-stationary state, we perform a sequence of transformations of the equation for the cation concentration, Equation (3):z1, and perform the integration over the considered region of the desalination channel:We multiply Equation (27) by the charge number of the cation, The first term on the right side of Equation (28) is determined taking into account the boundary conditions (17) and (21), and the fact that In the last transformation (29), the conditions for the constancy of the average current density at the solution/membrane interfaces, Equation (6), are taken into account.The second term on the right side of Equation (27) is determined taking into account the boundary conditions (9)–(14):Then, Equation (27) can be written as:The terms on the right side of Equation (31) are the values of the partial current of cations through the boundaries of the system under consideration. The condition for the transition of the system to a stationary (or quasi-stationary) state is the equality to zero  of the right side of Equation (31):The zero flux of cations at the outlet of the channel determines the balance state of the processes of desalination of the electrolyte solution and its entry into the channel through forced flow. The current density for these conditions is determined by Equation (34):tri: at value of current density less than tri the system goes into the stationary (or quasi-stationary at overlimiting currents) state, and when the value of current density is exceeded tri, the electrolyte is completely depleted, and the potential jump increases rapidly.Therefore, Equation (34) defines the threshold current density for the transition of the system to the quasi-stationary state, CE) and the energy per ion removal (EPIR) in the DC current mode. CE shows how efficiently the current is used to remove ions [Note that Equation (32) makes it possible to estimate the current efficiency (ove ions :(36)CE=PEPIR is determined by Equation (37)  [d by RT) :(37)EPIREPIR in dimensional form (J/mol):For a quasi-stationary state, taking into account Equation (32), it can be written:CE < 1 due to imperfect membrane selectivity, EPIR is determined by the potential jump and ion transport numbers in membranes.Thus, in the quasi-stationary state of desalination by DC current Pe = 62, 3, 2/s, 2/s. For the forced flow velocity, The numerical solution of problem (1)–(26) is found by the finite element method . The callimi. For the solution under consideration (NaCl) we use the limiting current density of the CEM defined by Equation (41) [t1 is the transport number of the cation in solution, t1 = 0.395 [When analyzing the results of studying processes in membrane systems, it is customary to normalize the current density by the value of the diffusion limiting current density, ion (41) :(41)ilim = 0.395 .limi, determines the state of almost complete depletion of the ion concentration at the solution/CEM interface. When the limiting current density limi is exceeded, an extended space charge region is formed and an electroconvective flow develops in the region near the CEM surface [t2 = 0.605 is the anion transport number in solution), similar processes develop in the region near the AEM surface.The limiting current density,  surface ,28. Whentri, is greater than the values of the limiting current density for CEM and AEM, that is L = 8 correspond to these conditions. Then, the threshold current density calculated by Equation (34) will be equal to tri ≈ 1.76limi. av/ilimi: 1, 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9.Experimental studies of electrodialysis systems, as a rule, are carried out under conditions when the threshold current density of the quasi-stationary state, avi = limi, at the ChP of the system under consideration, there is a successive change in the initial ohmic region by a region of slow growth of the potential jump (associated with a decrease in concentration in the regions near the surfaces of both membranes) and a transition to a stationary state without the development of electroconvection  and at the AEM (dec AEM), At values of the current density above the limiting value, rmed see . In ordeogy with ). In thelimi and 1.5limi, at the moment of development of the electroconvective mixing layer near the surface of CEM, a decrease in the growth rate of the potential jump and a transition to a quasi-stationary state, accompanied by an increase in dec CEM, are observed. The shapes of these curves differ significantly in the transition region, since as the current density approaches the value of the limiting state of the solution at AEM, On the ChPs for the current density equal to 1.1mentally ,5,6,7,8.dec CEM for the current density of 1.1limi, there are periodic oscillations of small amplitude (≈0.001 in the quasi-stationary state), which are associated with the movement of single electroconvective vortices (dec CEM fluctuations for the current density of 1.5limi have a more complex shape and a larger amplitude (≈0.012 in the quasi-stationary state), which is due to the fact that instead of single vortices, larger vortex complexes are observed  and at the AEM (dec AEM).At current densities of 1.6 the AEM , while alimi and 1.9limi , all the characteristic sections of the ChPs described above are observed, except for the quasi-stationary state. Desalination of the solution occurs until the concentration is completely depleted ), performed with and without taking into account the development of electroconvection for the following values of current density avi/limi: 0, 0.1, …, 1.7. EPIR increases with increasing current density. Exceeding the limiting density in the calculation without taking into account electroconvection is accompanied by a sharp increase in EPIR. The appearance of electroconvection first at the CEM (at limi) and later at the AEM  significantly reduces EPIR. Therefore, the development of electroconvection significantly reduces the EPIR. At the supra-threshold current density, the sharp increase in the potential jump causes large EPIR.The study of the desalination process of the electrolyte solution in the electrodialysis desalination channel under the action of DC current by means of numerical simulation is carried out. The model makes it possible to describe the development of electroconvection caused by the action of an electric field on the space charge formed near the surface of ion exchange membranes, taking into account the process of desalting the electrolyte solution. The analytical estimate of the threshold current density of the transition to a quasi-stationary state is derived. ChPs calculated for pre-threshold current densities are characterized by a transition to a quasi-stationary state over time. The thickness of the electroconvective mixing layer under these conditions is also a quasi-stationary quantity. The ChP for supra-threshold current densities reflects an unlimited growth of the potential jump with a gradual depletion of the ion concentration. In supra-threshold current modes, electroconvection covers the entire channel over time. The depletion of the electrolyte concentration causes the destruction of the space charge regions and the attenuation of electroconvection. It is shown that in pre-threshold current regimes, the development of electroconvection significantly reduces the energy spent on ions’ removing.


MSTN, MEF2B, FABP4, etc.), a genome-wide search for associations of individual polymorphisms with intravital indicators of meat productivity was performed. Using the Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip 600K, 606,000 genome loci were evaluated. Twenty-three substitutions were found to be significantly associated with external measurements of the body and ultrasonic parameters. This made it possible to describe 14 candidate genes, the structural features of which can cause changes in animal phenotypes. No closely spaced genes were found for two substitutions. The identified polymorphisms were found in the exons, introns, and adjacent regions of the following genes and transcripts: CDCA2, ENSOARG00000014477, C4BPA, RIPOR2, ENSOARG00000007198, ENSOARG00000026965 (LincRNA), ENSOARG00000026436 (LincRNA), ENSOARG00000026782 (LincRNA), TENM3, RTL8A, MOSPD1, RTL8C, RIMS2, and P4HA3. The detected genes affect the metabolic pathways of cell differentiation and proliferation and are associated with the regulation of the immune system. This confirms their possible participation in the formation of the phenotypes of productivity parameters in animals and indicates the need for further study of the structure of candidate genes in order to identify their internal polymorphisms.In a group of Jalgin merino rams with no significant influence on the dispersion of the phenotypes of known productivity genes ( Genomic and marker-associated breeding methods are becoming an integral part of modern animal husbandry. They allow one to effectively assess the breeding value of animals and predict productive qualities. This significantly accelerates the improvement of the used breeds and the breeding of new ones. However, the further development of genetic technologies in animal husbandry requires more information about the genes that affect the phenotypes of economically valuable traits .MSTN, GDF-8), which limits the growth of muscle tissue. The appearance of mutations in the gene region that reduce its functional activity leads to increased muscle growth and the formation of a double muscle phenotype RIMS2 genP4HA3 gene encoding prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit α 3. This protein is a component of the enzyme synthesizing collagen and participating in its folding. Due to its participation in the epithelial–mesenchymal transport of substances, it affects cell differentiation and can cause the development of malignant neoplasms [P4HA3 makes it possible to attribute it to possible candidate genes for productive traits.The rs427196452 substitution associated with the back width in the examined animals is located in the intron of the eoplasms . The funThe genotypes constructed according to the profiles of the polymorphisms we identified clustered into two large subgroups. The animals belonging to them showed a significant difference in the three most important indicators of meat productivity: live weight, the daily gain associated with it, and the size of the muscle «eye». This once again proved the role of the candidate genes we proposed in the formation of the productive qualities of animals. In addition, several polymorphisms, based on the presence of which a clear clustering was performed in the genotype, are of interest as molecular genetic markers for identifying promising animals in the breeding process.From the five molecular functions discovered during the GO analysis, four were associated with the activity of proline dioxygenase, also described as prolyl hydroxylase. This enzyme is widely represented in various organs and tissues, as it takes part in the modification of one of the most common connective tissue proteins: collagen. With its participation, the correct tertiary structure of the protein is formed and its functional activity is ensured . The funMSTN, MEF2B, FABP4, etc.). For genotyping, we used the Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip 600K, which allowed us to evaluate 606,000 genome loci. As a result of the research, 23 substitutions were found that were significantly associated with the exterior and ultrasonic parameters characterizing the size of the muscles. Based on these data, 14 candidate genes were annotated, the structural features of which could cause changes in the animal phenotype. The identified polymorphisms were found in the exons, introns, and adjacent regions of the following genes and transcripts: CDCA2, ENSOARG00000014477, C4BPA, RIPOR2, ENSOARG00000007198, ENSOARG00000026965 (LincRNA), ENSOARG00000026436 (LincRNA), ENSOARG00000026782 (LincRNA), TENM3, RTL8A, MOSPD1, RTL8C, RIMS2, and P4HA3. The candidate genes we proposed affected the differentiation and proliferation of cells and were associated with the regulation of the function of the immune and nervous systems. This confirmed their possible participation in the formation of the phenotypes of productivity parameters in animals and indicated the need for further study of the structure of candidate genes in order to identify their internal polymorphisms.We performed a genome-wide search for associations of individual polymorphisms with intravital indicators of meat productivity in a group of rams of the Jalgin merino breed with a significant absence of influence on the dispersion of the phenotypes of known productivity genes (