The improvement of technological progress can reduce the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5. Still, the results indicate that the reduction effect of these two pollutants originates from the treatment process rather than reducing the source of the production side. The inability of technological advancement to reduce CO2 emissions suggests some carbon lock-in in China’s technological advancement. The Chinese government should increase the proportion of new energy applications and reduce the production methods of polluting industries to reduce pollutants effectively.Current research on technological progress does not focus on whether there is a biased selection of technological progress based on the resulting pollutant emissions and the emission reduction effect. This paper measures green total factor productivity for 30 provinces in China from 2004–2018 and tests whether technological progress is selectively biased towards the pollutants emitted. The results find a selective bias of technological progress on pollutant emissions, and there is also heterogeneity in the selective bias across regions. The current level of technological progress is on the right side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for SO More seriously, in 2011 and 2015, several Chinese provinces experienced PM2.5 explosions with pollution levels reaching up to 1155 μg/m3, and serious environmental pollution problems will pose a significant threat to the health of residents [2.5 and PM10 as the primary pollutants was 74.2% and 20.4%, respectively [China’s economy has been reformed and opened up for more than 40 years and has made brilliant achievements in the economic field. However, since the reform and opening up, China’s economy has been in a rough economic development model for many years, making China’s environmental pollution problem increasingly serious. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution causes nearly 7 million deaths worldwide each year. As one of the most polluted countries globally, China has endured haze pollution, acid rain, and excessive greenhouse gas emissions that continue to plague the country in the fall and winter of recent years ,2. Accorectively . Numerouectively ,9.In the face of severe environmental problems and the need to transform the economic development model, China has continued to transition to a greener economy in recent years. The key is to promote technological innovation to achieve pollution reduction and sustainable economic development . HoweverThe invention of the steam engine set off a wave of the industrial revolution. It also brought about quite serious pollution events such as the London toxic fog that caused thousands of deaths ,16. Some2.5, SO2, and CO2 levels and technological progress consistent with the inverted U-shaped relationship of the environmental Kuznets curve [2.5 [2 and have not paid attention to the bias of technological progress for multiple types of undesirable outputs [However, in the face of the multiple pollutants embedded in the environmental pollution brought about by the rough economic development, can the promotion of technology effectively reduce the emissions of all pollutants? Is the relationship between the action of air pollutants represented by PMts curve ,34? Althrve [2.5 ,36, is trve [2.5 ,36. Biasrve [2.5 ,38,39,40rve [2.5 ,42,43. M outputs ,44,45,46In this paper, based on the existing studies, we measure the green total factor productivity of Chinese provincial panel data and decompose the green technological progress from it; secondly, we verify the possible inverted U-shaped relationship between multiple air pollutants and technological progress. Then, this paper analyzes the bias of technological progress for emission reduction among different pollutants in detail to investigate whether there is a preference for different types of pollutants and whether there is heterogeneity in the bias of technological progress among different provinces in China. Finally, the selective bias of technological progress on pollution emissions is empirically analyzed by means of an econometric model to verify the analysis made in the previous paper.Compared with previous studies, the marginal contributions of this paper are as follows. (1) Verifying whether the inverted U-shaped relationship between multiple air pollutants and technological progress holds. (2) Decompose technological progress and analyze the bias of output-based technological progress for different kinds of air pollutants. (3) Analysis of the possible bias of pollutant emission reduction in different provinces in China and attempt to explain the bias that causes different biases among different provinces. (4) To verify the bias of output-based technological progress for different types of air pollutants by using econometric models. By solving the above problems, this paper hopes to provide suggestions for China to adjust its environmental protection policies.This section presents the econometric models involved in this paper, where the DEA-SBM  model is used to measure green total factor productivity and describes the process of decomposing it into technological progress and technological progress bias. The regression model is a validation of the inverted U-shaped relationship between multiple pollutants and technological progress and empirical analysis of socioeconomic factors.Among the methods for measuring total factor productivity, the DEA model approach can be used for multiple inputs and outputs and does not require constructing a production function to estimate the parameters, thus avoiding the errors associated with an artificially set production framework. Therefore, the DEA model is selected in this paper to estimate the required total factor productivity. The traditional DEA model fails to solve the problem of slack variables better when measuring efficiency evaluation. Therefore, in this paper, we adopt the SBM model proposed by Tone , with unIn this study, we use Chinese province panel data, wherein each of the 30 provinces is made a production decision unit DMU to construct the optimal production frontier of China in each period. Each province uses M kinds of inputs to obtain S kinds of desired outputs and I kinds of non-desired outputs, then the DEA-SBM model can speak about the production process of Chinese provinces as:mth input of the kth DMU, the pth desired output, and the qth undesired output, respectively. kth DMU environment, where less than 1 means that the kth DMU is inefficient.According to Equation (1), the DEA-SBM model for undesired output can be written as:TFP) growth rate is decomposed into technological change (TC) and efficiency change (EC). We further decompose technological change into output-biased technological progress (OBTC) and input-biased technological progress (IBTC) and magnitude of technological change (MATC).This study constructs the Malmquist index distance function in conjunction with the SBM model dealing with undesirable output. According to the Malmquist exponential decomposition method, the total factor productivity , the technology bias index can be decomposed into input-biased technological progress and output-biased technological progress indices as follows:After decomposed TFP Fare , decompoMATC represents the scale effect of technological progress, refers to the neutral transfer of the technological frontier, while BTC means the bias of technological progress refers to the “non-neutral” transfer of the technological frontier. IBTC and OBTC reflect the impact of input and output changes on technological progress. If IBTC (OBTC) > 1 (<1), indicates progress (regression) in input-biased technology. When IBTC and OBTC = 1, it means that the technology change is Hicks-neutral.OBTC > 1 indicates a OBTC < 1 indicates a OBTC = 1, the output-biased technological change is Hicks-neutral. When OBTC > 1 indicates a OBTC < 1 indicates a It needs to be pointed out that output-based technological progress bias refers to the ability of technological progress to produce more output when the input factors are unchanged. We draw on the ideas of Weber and Domazlicky  and Li eThis paper will focus on analyzing the output bias of technological progress. The specific descriptions of technical bias relationships are listed in 2, SO2, and PM2.5. Therefore, the quadratic term of technological progress is introduced when constructing the mechanism of the effect of technological progress on pollutants to draw relevant conclusions in favor of reducing environmental pollution.In general, the relationship between the impact of technological progress on environmental pollution has not yet reached a unified conclusion. One view is that the abatement effect of technological progress on pollutants cannot offset the environmental pollution caused by the increase in production efficiency brought about by technological progress. There is also a view that the reduction effect of technological progress and pollutants is in line with the inverted Kuznets U-curve for the environment. When a country’s technological progress is on the left side of the inflection point, and the technological progress itself is based on the fossil energy-based industrial system, the essence of its technological innovation is with pollution attributes. Its pollution reduction effect is necessarily limited. When the level of technological progress is on the right side of the inflection point, then the technological progress is biased toward the use of clean energy, with environmental attributes. The progress of technology can promote pollution reduction. According to the above idea, to further explore the relationship between technological progress and pollutants, the scatter fit of the relationship between technological progress and pollutants required for the analysis of this paper is shown in 2, SO2, and PM2.5, The model is set up as follows.(1)Labor input. Labor input is measured using the number of employed persons in each province of China, and the data are obtained from the statistical yearbooks of each province of China.(2)Capital input. The amount of completed fixed asset investment in each province of China is used to measure capital input. The data are obtained from the statistical yearbooks of each province of China.(3)Energy input. We use the data of energy consumption of each province in China; the data come from the China Energy Statistical Yearbook.(4)Desired output. Nominal GDP data of each province in China are used and deflated to real GDP using CPI index, data from China Statistical Yearbook.(5)2 is the converted emissions from energy consumption in each province, and the conversion method uses the carbon emission calculation method in the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .Undesired output. We use pollution data for each province in China, where COIn this paper, we use Chinese provincial panel data for green total factor productivity measurement. Based on the availability and reliability of the data, we set the time span of the study as 2004–2018 and apply the DEA-SBM model to measure China’s green total factor productivity based on input-output data of 30 Chinese provinces (except Tibet), and decompose the technological progress and biased technological progress from green total factor productivity. The input-output data and processing are as follows.2 represents the amount of carbon dioxide emissions to be estimated, The calculation formula is:2 is obtained from the industrial emission data of each province, and the data are obtained from the China Environmental Statistical Yearbook. PM2.5 is satellite gridded data measured by the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group at Dalhousie University, Canada ).SOTo determine the relationship between technological progress and pollutants, this paper also includes variables such as Economic Development Level, Energy Structure, Industrial Structure, Human Resources, and Foreign Direct Investment in the econometric model. Energy Structure (ES): The proportion of coal energy consumption to total energy consumption is used to measure the regional energy consumption structure. The higher the level of this variable, the less green the region is.Industrial Structure (IS): Measured by the proportion of the output value of the secondary industry in the region’s GDP, the higher the level of this variable, the more the region’s economic development relies on the industry.Human Capital (HC): Human capital refers to the degree of knowledge, skills, and quantity of labor in the workforce. Regions with higher human capital tend to have more advanced technological standards and higher environmental awareness. Higher human capital is beneficial to local environmental improvement, and this paper uses the number of years of education per employed person to measure the level of human capital.Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The current research findings on FDI are not uniform, and some studies suggest that foreign investment will cause the transfer of polluting industries from developed countries to developing countries, leading to environmental pollution in host countries ,52. SomeEconomic Level (EL): There is a strong correlation between the level of economic development and the environmental pollution problem. Early economic development often came at the expense of the environment, which also led to serious environmental pollution in China, and with the economic model change in recent years, China’s environmental problems have not been properly solved. In this paper, the GDP per capita of each province in China is selected to measure the economic development level of the region.The data of the above economic data variables are taken from the China Statistical Yearbook and the statistical yearbooks of each province, and the energy variables are taken from the China Environmental Statistical Yearbook, and the descriptive statistics of each indicator are shown in Table 2To better understand the technological progress of each province in China from 2004 to 2018, this paper measures the green total factor productivity of each province in China and decomposes it into technological progress and technical efficiency. Further, this paper decomposes technological progress into biased technological progress (BTC), including input-biased technological progress (IBTC) and output-biased technological progress (OBTC). The green total factor productivity and its decomposition terms for China as a whole and for each province are shown in From 2 is still on a rising trend year by year, SO2 is on a decreasing trend in general, PM2.5 is on a rising trend first and then on a decreasing trend, and the inflection point of SO2 is later than the inflection point of PM2.5. These three pollutants differ in their reduction effects. They have heterogeneity in their reduction times, indicating a certain bias in reducing different pollutants at different stages of China’s economic development process. Based on the previous principle of output-based technological progress bias, we measured the characteristics of output technology bias elements for China as a whole and each province, as shown in 2 output has been on an upward trend, while in contrast, SO2 and PM2.5 are clearly on a downward trend, with PM2.5 showing an upward and then a downward trend, a result that is corroborated by the changes in pollutant concentrations in China.With the different needs of the times, China’s economic development model is also changing, which has different requirements for the technological progress behaviors such as technological innovation and technology introduction in the production process, i.e., the production process has different factor bias for the input process and output factor process. During the pursuit of high economic growth, this brash development model determined that the production process tended to ignore environmental protection, resulting in serious environmental pollution problems. In recent years, China’s economic development model has changed from pursuing high growth to the pursuit of sustainable and high-quality economic growth, and the demand for environmental protection has been gradually increasing. Therefore, an analysis of the elements of China’s technological progress bias will allow us to analyze whether China’s technological progress is free from “carbon lock-in” and whether there is a bias for pollutant reduction among pollutants. In order to better understand whether the bias of China’s technological progress has a bias among various pollutants, the average values of pollutant concentrations in each province of China were processed, as shown in 2 < PM2.5 < SO2. The eastern region shows the output preference of PM2.5 < CO2 < SO2 < GDP. However, as time progresses, the output of PM2.5 and SO2 show a decreasing trend. In contrast, CO2 still shows an increasing trend, indicating that fossil combustion is still the main energy supply system in these regions. There is a “carbon lock-in effect” in technological progress. Still, the emission of pollutants such as PM2.5 and SO2 has decreased due to the due to China’s increased control of industrial emissions and the upgrading of environmental processes and equipment such as flue gas desulfurization treatment. There is also a shift in the pollution chain within China, with heavy polluting industries moving from economically developed regions to less economically developed regions, also contributing to pollution problems in inland provinces. The northeast, central, and western regions of China have always been economically less developed regions that rely mainly on industry, and the technology level and energy structure of these regions are less developed, and their pollution reduction capacity lags behind that of the eastern regions. The results of the above analyses show that although the overall emissions of pollutants such as PM2.5 and SO2 have been reduced in China, its production side still favors a production model with pollution attributes, and the reduction of its pollutant concentration is probably due to the increased control of pollutant production and the level of pollutant treatment processes, and CO2 emissions do not show a decreasing trend. This indicates that China’s overall energy structure is still dominated by fossil fuels as the main production system, and there is a certain “carbon lock-in effect” in its technological progress, which promotes the transformation of technology to cleaner production and energy conservation and environmental protection, while there may also be a certain pollution phenomenon caused by the expansion of production due to technological improvement.Due to the vast territory of China and the large differences in economic structure and technology levels among various regions, this paper summarizes the pollution emission bias of four major economic regions in China, including the northeast, central, eastern, and western regions, after dividing China into four major economic sub-regions, and finds that in general, the northeast, central, and western regions show GDP < CO2, PM2.5, SO2, and technological progress all show an inverted U-shaped relationship, indicating a significant increase and then decrease between pollutants and technological progress. The primary and secondary term coefficients of the variables all pass the significance level test. From the results of the model, the inflection point between technological progress and CO2 is 1.343, and the average value of LnTC in China’s provinces in 2018 is 1.130, which is still on the left side of the inflection point, so the current technological progress has not yet exerted an emission reduction effect on CO2. The inverted U-shaped inflection point of technological progress for SO2 is 1.08, and the current level of technological progress in China is already on the right side of the inflection point. The increase in the level of technological progress contributes to the reduction of SO2 concentration, which is also verified in the previous graph about SO2 concentration. The inverted U-shaped inflection point of technological progress for PM2.5 is 1.052, indicating that China’s technological level is on the right side of the inflection point. The improvement of technological progress can effectively reduce PM2.5 emissions. From the model results, there is a selective bias in the pollution emissions of technological progress in China. For CO2, technological advancement cannot reduce CO2 production, which indicates that there is a certain “carbon lock-in effect” in China’s current economic situation. However, technological advancement can effectively reduce SO2 and PM2.5 concentrations, probably because China started to control SO2 emissions in the early 20th century and has formulated a series of measures and policies to reduce SO2 pollution, and has technically realized the treatment of SO2 emissions and PM2.5 as the main pollutants of urban haze pollution, and its harm is self-evident. The government at all levels in China has made a lot of efforts to reduce haze pollution and achieve the goal of PM2.5 emission reduction. In terms of the influencing factors of pollutants, energy structure has a positive relationship with pollutant concentration, indicating that the larger the proportion of coal energy in energy consumption, the more serious the pollution. Industrial structure has a positive relationship with pollutant concentration, indicating that the greater the proportion of the industrial economy, the more serious the pollution. The coefficient of FDI is negative for CO2 and SO2 and positive for PM2.5, indicating that current foreign direct investment in China can reduce CO2 and SO2 pollution but increase PM2.5 pollution, which may be related to the production projects or production processes of foreign investment in China. The positive relationship between the level of economic development and CO2 and PM2.5 indicates that the phenomenon of economic development accompanied by environmental pollution still exists.(1)2, PM2.5, and SO2 have an inverted U-shaped relationship with technological progress. As the level of technological progress increases, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions are significantly suppressed, and the level of technology breaks the inflection point of the inverted U-shape. As for CO2, the improvement in technology level has not yet played a significant role in reducing CO2 emissions, which indicates that there is a certain “carbon locking effect” and “energy rebound effect” in China’s technological progress, and also indicates that China has not yet shifted from its crude economic development model.There is a selection bias for pollutant emissions in China’s technological progress. CO(2)2 output is steadily increasing, SO2 is decreasing, and PM2.5 is increasing and then decreasing. This is corroborated by the changes in pollutant concentrations. However, due to the vast geographical area of China, there are obvious differences in economic structure and technological level among different regions, and their output-based technological progress bias factors also differ. In general, the northeast, central, and western regions show the output bias of GDP < CO2 < PM2.5 < SO2, while the eastern region shows the output preference of PM2.5 < CO2 < SO2 < GDP. However, as time progresses, the output of both PM2.5 and SO2 shows a decreasing trend, while CO2 still shows an increasing trend, indicating that fossil combustion is still the main energy supply system in these regions, and there is a “carbon lock-in effect” in technological progress, and China’s emission treatment technologies for both PM2.5 and SO2 are more mature, achieving the emission of both pollutants. China’s emission treatment technology for PM2.5 and SO2 is more mature and has achieved the reduction of these two pollutants.From the perspective of the output-based technological progress bias factor, it can be seen that the output-based technological progress bias in CO(3)2 and PM2.5, indicating that China’s technological progress has a carbon lock-in effect and economic development is still accompanied by environmental pollution, indicating that China has not ended the brutal economic development mode during the study period and is still in the process of economic transformation.In terms of pollutant influencing factors, energy structure and industrial structure are positively related to pollutants, and its economic development is also positively related to COTechnological progress is of great importance in the process of pollution reduction. However, there are “carbon lock-in” and “energy rebound” effects in the relationship between technological progress and pollutants, increasing technological level not necessarily reducing the concentration of pollutants. To investigate the relationship between technological progress and pollutants in China, this paper uses the DEA-SBM model to measure the green total factor productivity of 30 Chinese provinces, decomposes the technological progress index from the green total factor productivity, and decomposes the technological progress index into output-based technological progress bias and input-based technological progress bias. Combining the results of China’s pollutant concentration map and output-based technological progress bias factors, this paper finds that biased emissions of pollutants exist in all regions of China. This result is corroborated by the analysis of the influencing factors of pollutants. Combining these analyses, the results show that:(1)Strengthen government support to guide technological innovation. The government should fully support technological innovation and other behaviors in terms of policies, such as subsidies and tax incentives for R&D and application of clean technologies, to promote technological progress in each region to cross the inverted U-shaped inflection point in carbon emissions. At the same time, the government should actively guide research institutes and other research institutes to cooperate with enterprises to better transform and apply clean technologies.(2)2 emissions being the primary target of all pollutants. The reduction of SO2 and PM2.5 pollution concentrations is attributed to the Chinese government controlling these two pollutants’ emissions and the technological progress of pollutant treatment processes. However, there are still pollutant outputs at the source of production. Moreover, from the results of this paper, there is a “carbon lock-in effect” in China’s economy. The coal-based energy consumption structure makes the emission of CO2 and other pollutants more serious, and increasing the proportion of new energy applications such as photovoltaic, wind power, and hydropower can effectively reduce the output of pollutants on the production side.Increase the proportion of new energy applications and eliminate the carbon lock-in effect. China’s economic model is still in transition from the pursuit of economic growth to high-quality development, and the pollution problems accompanying economic development have existed for a long time, with CO(3)Promote the development of technology to be clean and green. China’s existing production system is based on fossil energy. Transitioning to clean, green development can effectively reduce the pollutant emissions in the production process, as can strengthening technology research and development, enhancing the learning effect of foreign investment, and taking other actions to help improve the level of technological progress.(4)Actively guide the technology exchange between regions and promote the transformation of industries to a low-pollution direction. The northeast, central, and western regions show an overall preference for pollutant emissions, which is due to the less developed production levels dominating these regions. Actively guiding these regions and the developed eastern regions in technology exchange and cooperation, breaking the technical barriers between regions, and promoting the transfer and diffusion of advanced clean production technologies from the eastern regions to these regions will help these regions to improve their technology levels. The government should promote the transformation of industries in a low-pollution direction and promote the transformation of regional industries in a green direction, facing the obvious differences in economic structure and technology level between the regions that exist. To promote the transformation of regions with underdeveloped production capacity and polluting industries to low-pollution production methods, the government should introduce policies including subsidies for the renewal of clean equipment so that regions with polluting industries can end the status of rough economic development.This paper analyzes green total factor productivity and technological progress in China, and investigates the output bias of technological progress on the output relationship of multiple pollutants. The findings effectively enrich the research related to technological progress and environmental protection, and provide theoretical support for the Chinese government to adjust its environmental protection and production policies. Based on the results of the above analysis, this paper gives the following recommendations.


To meet the needs of low-power microelectronic devices for on-site self-supply energy, a galloping piezoelectric–electromagnetic energy harvester (GPEEH) is proposed. It consists of a galloping piezoelectric energy harvester (GPEH) and an electromagnetic energy harvester (EEH), which is installed inside the bluff body of the GPEH. The vibration at the end of the GPEH cantilever drives the magnet to vibrate, so that electromagnetic energy can be captured by cutting off the induced magnetic field lines. The coupling structure is a two-degree-of-freedom motion, which improves the output power of the energy harvester. Based on Hamilton’s variational principle and quasi-static hypothesis, the piezoelectric–electromagnetic vibrated coupling equation is established, and the output characteristics of GPEEH are obtained by the method of numerical simulation. Using the method of numerical simulation, studies a series of parameters on the output performance. when the wind speed is 9 m/s, the effective output power of the GPEEH is compared with the classical galloping piezoelectric energy harvester (CGPEH) who is no magnet. It is found that the output power of GPEEH 121% higher than the output power of CGPEH. Finally, set up an experimental platform, and test and verify. The experimental analysis results show that the simulated output parameter curves are basically consistent with the experimental drawing curves. In addition, when the wind speed is 9 m/s, under the same parameters, the effective output power of the GPEEH is 112.5% higher than that of the CGPEH. The correctness of the model is verified. With the popularization of the application of microelectronic devices, the workload of battery replacement is increasing . At the Galloping generally happens on a complex, irregular, and non-streamlined cross-sectional structure with edges a galloping energy harvester has usually a single degree of freedom, as the spring-damping-mass model . CompareIn order to suffice higher energy supply demand and wider working conditions of energy supply devices, many scholars have been carrying out related studies for the direction of hybrid energy harvester ,37. Li eThis paper presents a novel GPEEH whose coils are placed inside. It can make reasonable use of space. First, it is introduced for the working principle of GPEEH. Second, based on Hamilton’s variational principle and the Quasi-static hypothesis derives the coupled vibration equation of the structure. Third, the influence of relevant parameters on the output characteristics of the energy harvester is studied by numerical simulation. Finally, there are some experimental researches to verify the correctness of the model. The GPEEH is made up of a galloping piezoelectric energy harvester (GPEH) and an electromagnetic energy harvester (EEH) which is shown in The EEH is installed inside the bluff body and mainly includes a base, a spring, a guide column, a magnet, a coil, and a cylinder. When the bluff body is driven by aerodynamic force to generate excitation, EEH swings with it. In this structure, the displacement of the cantilever beam and displacement of the magnet are coupled with each other (two degrees of freedom). Due to the output power of GPEH and EEH are different, GPEEH can supply power to two external loads at the same time and can also be combined for power supply. The combination of two energy harvesting methods achieves the purpose of improving energy harvesting efficiency. Simultaneously, GPEEH can improve the space utilization rate of the energy harvester. R1 through wires. On the other hand, the swing of the bluff body promotes the magnet to move in the direction of the guide column. The displacement is related to the vibrated behavior of the end of the cantilever beam, so the transverse displacement of the cantilever beam and the displacement of the magnet along the guide column direction are coupled with each other. The vibrating magnets hold the movement of cutting the magnetic induction line in the coil. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be currently generated in the coil, which can supply power to the load R2.Working principle of GPEEH: on the one hand, wind flows through the bluff body from the positive direction of the z-axis. When the wind speed reaches the start-up wind speed of this structure, the aerodynamic forces at the y-axis direction component generated to drive the bluff body to make a stable cyclic vibrated movement which causes PZT-5H to deform. Simultaneously, the positive piezoelectric effect causes a potential difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the piezoelectric sheet, supply power to load h1, h, hp are the thickness of the front and hind step of the cantilever beam, and the thickness of the piezoelectric sheet, respectively. Lb, Ls, L1, L2 are the total length of the cantilever beam and the bluff body, the distance between the fixed end and the left, right faces of the piezoelectric sheet, and, respectively. bs is the width of the bluff body, and the distance from the top surface of the bluff body to the bottom surface of the magnet is Lk, which contains the free extension of spring Lk0 and spring displacement change during the balance Ro, RA is outside and inside the radius of the cylinder, respectively. The cross-sectional view is shown in (a)Sticky pieces of the structure are fixed and bonded, ignoring the influence of the adhesive for the structure;(b)Piezoelectric cantilever beam agrees Euler–Bernoulli beam theory;(c)An average and stable wind blows along the positive direction of the z-axis;(d)Treat the magnet as an ideal magnetic dipole;(e)Assume absolute smoothness between the guide rod and the magnet bearing.(f)When the structure is vibrating, it agrees to the quasi-static assumption.In order to build the model of GPEEH in theory, the following assumptions need to be made:Under the above assumptions, the expression of the system vibration equation derived via the generalized Hamilton’s principle :(1)∫t1t2u(t) represents the relative displacement of the spring relative to the free extension position during the vibration of the magnet.The deformation diagram of the cantilever beam is shown in TA (the kinetic energy of the cantilever beam) and TB (the sum of the kinetic energy of the bluff body and the kinetic energy of components of the EEH). They can be solved by Equations (2) and (3):A, A1, Ap is the cross-sectional area of the front section and hind section of the stepped substrate, and the cross-sectional area of PZT-5H, respectively. Additionally, mg, mx, mt, mtip, Ig, Ix, It, Itip stand for the mass and moment of inertia of guide column, coil, cylinders, and bluff body. The total kinetic energy of the system is:The kinetic energy of this model consists of V is the volume of substrate, Vp is the volume of PZT-5H, E is Young’s modulus of copper, Lg, Lx, Lt, Ltip are the height of the guide column, coil, cylinder, and bluff body, respectively.The total potential energy of the system includes the elastic potential energy of the cantilever beamIn Equation (5), considering the characteristics of large deformation of galloping, essed as :(10)ε=−yThis model satisfies mechanical clamping and electrical short circuit (the second type of boundary conditions of piezoelectricity), and the equation is as follows:Put Equations (5)–(11) into Equation (12) to get the total potential energy R1,Rc and load resistance R2, the The virtual work of the system Wp includes theR1 can be expressed as:Rc is coil internal resistance. The virtual work of the load resistance Then, the system virtual work is expressed as:Putting Equations (13)–(16) into Equation (17) can get the system virtual work.The aerodynamic force generated by galloping can be broken down into three directions: x, y, and z. The driving force for the stable cyclic oscillation of the bluff body is mainly provided by the aerodynamic force Cy is related toattack angle Aerodynamic coefficient Because the bluff body is highly long, the transverse velocity along the length of the bluff body is quite different, and the aerodynamic attack angle The Then, aerodynamic torque Putting Equations (18)–(20) into Equations (21) and (22) can get the aerodynamic force i is regarded as the modal order.Using the Galerkin procedure, the transverse displacement of the cantilever beam essed as :(23) wx,To determine which vibration mode dominates the cantilever beam vibration, this paper uses finite element software to perform modal analysis of GPEEH and the results are shown in Therefore, the transverse displacement can be simplified as:mulation  or boundmulation  to obtaiSince the piezoelectric sheet has little effect on the modal function, to simplify the fitting effect, the influence of the piezoelectric sheet on the model function is ignored, and the model shape can be regarded as:According to the corresponding displacement, rotation angle, layered position, bending moment, and continuous conditions of shear force, it can be defined: Equation (26) can be used to solve the coefficients L and the virtual work Wp which derived above bring into Lagrange’s equation:Arrange Equations (2)–(12) to get kinetic energy I2 and Ip can calculate:Organize and simplify Equation (27) to get the vibration equation of GPEEH, as shown in:is paper . SolvingDefine:Then, the standard form of Equation (28) can be expressed as:The maximum power of piezoelectric and electromagnetic output of the energy harvester Effective power calculating equation :(32)P1rmThe total effective power The calculating equation for improving efficiency K2 is 158 N/m. Magnet quality M2 is 0.027 Kg. Then, the material properties and aerodynamic empirical coefficients in the model are shown in The model parameters of GPEEH are shown in Here, the displacement of the end of the piezoelectric cantilever beam is set to R1 of the GPEH and the matching resistance R2 of the EEH on the output performance of the GPEEH is studied. Set R1 to a fixed value (set R1 = 1 × 106 Ω), change the load resistance R2, then analyze the influence of the change of R2 on the output power of the GPEH, and use the analysis results to draw the curve of the influence of wind speed P1max of the GPEH, as shown in R2 unchanged (set R2 = 40 Ω), change the load resistance R1, analyze the effect of the change of R1 on the output power P2max of the EEH, and use the analysis results to draw the curve of the electromagnetic maximum output power P2max as the wind speed In order to study the maximum output power of GPEEH, it is necessary to analyze its optimal matching load. The effect of the matching resistance R2 changes in the range of 10–160 Ω, the maximum output power of the piezoelectric energy harvester increases nonlinearly with the wind speed, and the changing trend is basically the same.It can be seen from P1max is 0.2 mW (5.2% difference). The curves of When the wind speed reaches 9 m/s, the maximum difference of output power R1. Setting the load resistance R2 is 40 Ω, and study the influence of the load resistance R1 for maximum output power under different wind speeds . It can be seen from R1 is 9.43 × 105 Ω, P1max of each curve reaches its peak. Thus, 9.43 × 105 Ω is the optimal matching load resistance of the GPEH (R1). To specifically determine the values of the two optimal load resistance R1 is 9.43 × 105 Ω. When the wind speed is 7, 8, 8.5, 9 m/s, the output power P2max of the EEH varies with changing of its load resistance R2, as shown in R1 is the same, the maximum output power of the electromagnetic part P2max increases with the increase of wind speed. When the load resistance R2, the maximum output power of the EEH increases first and the rate of increase is faster, but then gradually decreases after reaching the peak, and the changing trend becomes slower. Different wind speeds correspond to different optimal matching load resistances R2, ranging from 36–50 Ω. Because P2max of the same curve fluctuates very little in this interval, we set the optimal electromagnetic matching load resistance R2 as 40 Ω.Keeping the load resistance Through the above analysis, two kinds of optimally matched load resistances for GPEEH have been obtained. Next, the influence of wind speed on the output characteristics under optimally matched loads is studied, It is observed that all of the output curves in R1 sets 9.43 × 105 Ω and R2 is 40 Ω), as shown in Ppe is the total output power of GPEEH, Pcg is the output power of CGPEH, Pp is the output power of the GPEH, and Pe is the output power of the EEH.The CGPEH is the structure in which the magnet is fixed but related structure and material parameters are the same as GPEEH’s. The output power of GPEEH is compared with CGPEH  is nearly negligible in the proportion of Lk  obtains the output voltage Vol of the GPEH and the output current Ic of the EEH as a function of time, and compare them with the numerical analysis results, as shown in R1 = 9.43 × 105 Ω and R2 = 40 Ω. The experimental test results and the numerical analysis results of output current Icmax is compared as shown in When the wind speed is 6 m/s, 7 m/s, and 9 m/s, the experimental test , designs a theoretical model, deduced vibration coupling equation, and analyzes the influence of wind speed (1) The method of numerical analysis determines the best matching load resistance of the system. On this basis, the influence of wind speed on the output characteristics of GPEH and EEH is studied. Numerical simulation results show that the starting wind speed of GPEH is about 4.8 m/s, and the starting wind speed of EEH is 5.3 m/s; The effective output power of GPEEH is 3.78 mW, and the effective output power of CGPEH 1.71 mW. The improved efficiency K2, Magnet quality M2, and Free extension of spring Lk0. With increasing of K2, P1max first fast increases to a fixed value and then remains unchanged, and P1max gradually decreases to zero. The influence of Lk0 on the output power of GPEH and EEH is mainly due to the change of the vibrated frequency. The larger the Lk0 is, the smaller the vibration frequency is, the smaller the output displacement is, and the smaller the output power is. M2 is the effect of gravity and inertia on the output power P1max and P2max, respectively. M2 gradually increases, P1max gradually decreases until it reaches 0, and P2max first increases and then decreases. We can get from the figure, try to control K2 below 200 N/m and M2 between 0.025 and 0.03 Kg, so that GPEEH has great output characteristics.(2) The study for output performances of parameters of EEH include: Spring stiffness (3) The wind tunnel was verified by experiments and found that the experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. When the wind speed is 9 m/s, the effective output power of GPEEH is 3.57 mW, and CGPEH reaches 1.68 mW. The effective power increased by 112.5%. The deviation is within an acceptable range, verifying the correctness of this model.


Transcription factors are an extremely important group of proteins that are responsible for the process of selective activation or deactivation of other cellular proteins, usually at the last stage of signal transmission in the cell. An important family of transcription factors that regulate the body’s response is the FOX family which plays an important role in regulating the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The members of this family include the intracellular protein Foxp3, which regulates the process of differentiation of the T lymphocyte subpopulation, and more precisely, is responsible for the development of regulatory T lymphocytes. This protein influences several cellular processes both directly and indirectly. In the process of cytokine production regulation, the Foxp3 protein interacts with numerous proteins and transcription factors such as NFAT, nuclear factor kappa B, and Runx1/AML1 and is involved in the process of histone acetylation in condensed chromatin. Malfunctioning of transcription factor Foxp3 caused by the mutagenesis process affects the development of disorders of the immune response and autoimmune diseases. This applies to the impairment or inability of the immune system to fight infections due to a disruption of the mechanisms supporting immune homeostasis which in turn leads to the development of a special group of disorders called primary immunodeficiencies (PID). The aim of this review is to provide information on the role of the Foxp3 protein in the human body and its involvement in the development of two types of primary immunodeficiency diseases: IPEX (Immunodysregulation Polyendocrinopathy Enteropathy X-linked syndrome) and CVID (Common Variable Immunodeficiency). Transcription factors are a group of proteins that exhibit the ability to bind to genetic material (DNA). The site of attachment of transcription factors in the DNA region may be a promoter or an enhancer sequence in a specific site or region that regulates the transcription process. The action of transcription factors can be selectively activated in the cell or deactivated by other cellular proteins which usually takes place at the last stage of signal transmission in the cell . One of The aim of this review is to present the role of the Foxp3 transcription factor in the human body in maintaining immune homeostasis and its significance during the development of immunodeficiency. Due to the Foxp3 protein’s involvement in the regulation of transcription, we will try to explain its role in the development of primary immunodeficiency diseases that are strongly associated with genetic disorders.FOXP3 gene is located on the X chromosome, more specifically, by genomic sequence analysis, it was shown to be on the p arm at position Xp11.23 . An. An32]. 2+) in the domain is crucial for the stability of the entire structure as its absence may result in structural and functional changes. The zinc atom in this structure is coordinated by residues C198, C203, H216, H221, and partially by D220 [Another motif located between amino acids 414–417 is the nuclear localization signal which is an amino acid sequence that “tags” a protein for import into the cell nucleus via nuclear transport . Typical by D220 ,43. Near by D220 ,45. This by D220 ,45. Addi by D220 . The dis by D220 . It shou by D220 . The sec by D220 ,48. It i by D220 . The NFA by D220 ,50.Treg cells belong to the subpopulation of lymphocytes responsible for suppressing an overly increased or autoreactive immune response, which may be specific or non-specific for a given antigen, without causing general immunodeficiency ,52. It iAnother group of immune system cells in which the Foxp3 protein is expressed is NKT cells . This isIn addition to T cells, expression of the Foxp3 protein is also observed on B cells. Regulatory B cells, which are characterized by the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines , also contribute to the enhancement of the immune homeostasis in the human body . Recent The Foxp3 protein plays an important role in the regulation of cytokine production through interaction with numerous proteins and transcription factors such as NFAT, nuclear factor kappa B  , and RunThe N-terminus of the Foxp3 protein also has properties to inhibit the transcriptional activity of the NFAT factor and is necessary for the inhibition of IL-2 production by T cells. Studies have shown that the association of the Foxp3 protein with the IL-2 and IFN-γ promoters correlates with the process of hypoacetylation (low level of acetylation) of histones in condensed chromatin ,96. The In Treg cells, the Foxp3 protein is present as a part of a large complex that also includes histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) ,101. TheMoreover, it has been shown that the stability of the Foxp3 protein is significantly higher in the presence of the enzyme p300 than in the presence of KAT5. After combining with the p300 protein, Foxp3 shows a higher affinity for DNA chromatin, while after interaction with KAT5, its affinity for the IL-2 promoter has significantly increased . The impThe transcription factor Foxp3 is a major regulator of Treg cells’ growth and suppression activity. As indicated in the literature, it is also subject to complex regulation by the participation of many posttranscriptional modifications as well as posttranslational modifications (PTM) which also indirectly affect Treg suppressor activity. The first modifications of the Foxp3 protein concern epigenetic changes related to the regulation of DNA methylation , histoneDifferentiation, proliferation, and suppressive function or survival of Treg cells are influenced by various factors of energy metabolism. Therefore, the role of the Foxp3 protein in the regulation of cellular metabolism is also an important issue . Naive TTreg lymphocytes, due to their extremely important functions in the human body related to the suppression of immune reactions, have now become an important research target for many scientists. Particularly noteworthy are those studies that concern the possibility of their introduction as a treatment for autoimmune diseases and cancers . The resFOXP3 but also participate in the process of increasing the number of Treg cells and their functions. Currently, these compounds have found their application in animal models as therapeutics used to regulate the activity of Treg cells in autoimmune diseases  [The first group of such compounds are inhibitors of HDAC enzymes which, as shown by studies, can enhance not only the expression of tatitis) ,139 and tatitis)  as well tatitis) ,141. Thetatitis) . ObviousAnother group of compounds with therapeutic potential are histone acetyltransferase inhibitors . The avaIn order to determine the best therapeutic strategy aimed at changing the level of Foxp3 protein expression many thorough studies should be carried out which will determine not only the mechanisms of action of selected allosteric molecules but also allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of such therapies in a clinical setting. However, therapies with the use of a targeted modification of the expression of the Foxp3 protein will certainly become a valuable tool in the future in the fight not only of autoimmune diseases but also of neoplastic diseases.PIDs are a group of genetically determined diseases that are characterized by the impairment of one or more mechanisms of innate or acquired immunity. Unlike secondary immunodeficiencies, the symptoms of PID occur throughout the patient’s life. This disease has a heterogeneous course, characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms with varying severity which may manifest themselves in childhood or even in adulthood . PIDs arFOXP3 transcription factor is expressed on CD4+ Treg cells and is crucial for Treg function which is responsible for suppressing immune responses, especially at their early stages. The most important function of Foxp3 is its ability to confer suppressive activity on Treg cells, for example, by maintaining constitutive high expression of CTLA-4. It acts by preventing the activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes [The course of PIDs varies considerably which means that many clinical symptoms may be present from birth or may gradually worsen over time until the disease develops in childhood or adulthood. According to the literature, the mean time from the onset of symptoms to full PID diagnosis is on average ~5 years and largely depends not only on the type of deficiency and the patient’s age but also on the patient’s country of origin ,160. Thiphocytes . Howeverphocytes ,166. Thephocytes ,168,169.phocytes ,171. Thephocytes . Foxp3+ phocytes .FOXP3 gene which affect its proper functioning and contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases [FOXP3 gene [The studies conducted so far indicate the presence of 63 identified mutations within the diseases ,175. TheXP3 gene ,175,176.FOXP3 gene is associated with the development of the IPEX disease syndrome and was described for the first time in 1982 by Powell et al. as a rare immunodeficiency syndrome with a genetic predisposition [The occurrence of mutations in the position . This diposition . IPEX isposition . This reposition ,178. Dueposition .FOXP3 gene  promoter which is the target of FOXP3 mediated transcriptional repression. Thanks to this discovery, scientists were able to identify the most suppressive population of human Treg cells, expressing the phenotype CD4+CD25+CD127low [low correlate well with the population of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ cells. Of course, the two populations should not be considered identical since conventional CD4+CD25-CD127+ T (Tcon) cells rapidly decrease CD127 expression following IL-7 signaling and TCR stimulation [low phenotype may also be present in some IPEX patients who suffer from decreased FOXP3 expression due to the occurrence of hypomorphic mutations [An important diagnostic and cognitive tool turned out to be the use of flow cytometry which makes it possible to assess the expression of Foxp3 on cells of the immune system. Although high levels of  T cells . The belCD127low ,193. Thimulation . Studiesutations ,195. It utations . IPEX alutations ,181,182.FOXP3 expression is promoted in CD4+CD25− T cells by signaling cytokines, which include STAT5, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, on peripheral blood cells [FOXP3 expression in lymph node derived CD4+ T cells [FOXP3 induction may influence discrepancies in cytokine activation-induced T cell suppression [Due to the special role of the Foxp3 protein in the development and progression of IPEX teams, many scientists are considering using this molecule as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of this disease. The studies available in the literature also show that in the absence of antigenic stimulation, od cells ,196,197. T cells ,197. Thepression ,200,201.FOXP3 gene results in a population of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells which exhibit a stable phenotype and preserved suppressive function. In addition, their studies have shown that CD4+FOXP3+ T cells are stable during inflammation not only in vitro but also in in vivo models. Therefore, based on the above observations, the researchers proposed the use of FOXP3 gene transfer therapy in the IPEX syndrome in order to restore immune tolerance [FOXP3 transcription factor gene [Another therapy using the role of the Foxp3 protein proposed in the literature is the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Currently, this therapy is the only treatment option for sick patients with IPEX. According to the study by Passerini et al. in 2013, the conversion of CD4+ Treg cells after lentivirus-mediated transfer of the olerance . From tholerance . From thtor gene . Such diRecent studies have also shown the role of the Foxp3 protein in the development of another PID disease, i.e., CVID. This disorder belongs to the humoral immunity deficiencies and is characterized by a relatively mild course. It is a type of polygenic disorder associated with the defective production of immunoglobulins, often accompanied by autoimmunity . The epilowFoxp3+ or CD25+CD127lowCD4+ was analyzed and the results were compared with data from healthy patients. They found that, regardless of the phenotype used to define them, patients with CVID experienced a significant decrease in the percentage of Treg cells which correlated with the development of autoimmune disease. This provided evidence that a reduction in the number of Treg cells in CVIDs may play a role in the development and progression of clinical symptoms and may also contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of CVID complications [HIGHFoxp3+ cells in the peripheral blood, accompanied by a reduced intensity of FOXP3 expression. Additionally, they found that although CVID patients with autoimmunity had a reduced frequency of CD4+CD25HIGHFoxp3+ cells, FOXP3 expression levels did not differ from those of healthy controls. Thanks to the obtained results, the researchers showed that CD4+CD25HIGHFoxp3+ cell homeostasis is disturbed in patients with CVID, especially in the presence of autoimmunity, which may indicate that Treg lymphocytes are involved in the pathological mechanisms of CVID [Due to the important role of T lymphocytes in stimulating the synthesis of antibodies by B lymphocytes, some scientists have started research to determine whether the Foxp3 protein may be involved in this process . The resications . Other r of CVID . The res of CVID . The red of CVID . They sh of CVID . HoweverThe literature analysis was carried out on the PubMed database where the search for available articles was performed based on the following keywords: “Foxp3”, “IPEX”, “IPEX like”, “Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-Linked”, “CVID”, “Common Variable Immunodeficiency”, and “Primary Immunodeficiency”. The time range of the searched articles was established for the years 2000 to 2021 and filters related to the type of articles  were used. Repetitions were rejected from the found articles. The suitability for the inclusion of each work into the publication was thoroughly assessed. Eventually, 223 articles were included in the review.For bioinformatic analysis, the amino acid sequences deposited in the UniProt database  were useNumerous studies conducted in recent years have shown that Treg lymphocytes, which express Foxp3, appear in the human body immediately after birth and lead to the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases after they are depleted. The Foxp3 protein has been shown to be necessary for lymphocytes in the thymus to differentiate into Treg lymphocytes. High expression of this transcription factor also guarantees their suppressive effect. The Foxp3 protein influences several cellular processes both directly and indirectly. In the process of cytokine production regulation, the Foxp3 protein interacts with numerous proteins and transcription factors such as NFAT, nuclear factor kappa B, and Runx1/AML1, and is involved in the process of histone acetylation in condensed chromatin. Thanks to their analyses and many experiments, scientists have shown that the similarity in the disturbance of the functioning of the FOXP3 gene in humans and mice is very similar. This allows for the conclusion that the process of dominant self-tolerance in these organisms is similar to each other. Scientists’ persistence in researching the Foxp3 protein has led to including this factor in one of the most reliable molecular markers of natural Treg lymphocytes. In addition, studies on the dysfunction of the Foxp3 transcription factor caused by the mutagenesis process have shown that it significantly affects disorders of the immune response as well as the development and progression of primary immunodeficiencies or autoimmune diseases.


Drosophila melanogaster ovaries in which the full cycle of oogenesis took place under simulated microgravity. Since cellular respiration depends on the state of the cytoskeleton, the contents of the main cytoskeletal proteins were determined by Western blotting. To modulate the structure of the cytoskeleton, essential phospholipids were administered per os at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in medium. The results of this study show that after a full cycle of oogenesis under simulated microgravity, the rate of cellular respiration in the fruit fly ovaries increases, apparently due to complex II of the respiratory chain. At the same time, we did not find any changes in the area of oocytes or in the content of proteins in the respiratory chain. However, changes were found in the relative contents of proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. There were no changes of essential phospholipids and no increase in the rate of cellular respiration of the ovaries after exposure to simulated microgravity. However, in the control, the administration of essential phospholipids led to a decrease in the efficiency of oxygen consumption in the flies’ ovaries due to complexes IV–V.Studies of the function of the female reproductive system in zero gravity are urgent for the future exploration of deep space. Female reproductive cells, oocytes, are rich in mitochondria, which allow oocytes to produce embryos. The rate of cellular respiration was determined to assess the functional state of the mitochondrial apparatus in  Realization of reproductive function after, or even during, a long space flight is one of the prerequisites for maintaining the human species during the exploration of deep space. Among a number of negative factors of space flight beyond leaving the Earth’s magnetosphere, ionizing radiation, hypomagnetic conditions and weightlessness are included. Moreover, weightlessness deserves special attention due to the technically extreme difficulty in providing protection against it.Under space flight conditions in a low-earth orbit (LEO), where microgravity is the main factor and in experiments simulating the conditions of weightlessness on Earth, it has been convincingly shown that a number of changes can be observed at the level of germ cells and organs. Thus, in space flight, the number of mature spermatozoa in the epididymis of the testes decreases and in model experiments, for example, with antiorthostatic suspension, this decrease is more significant ,3,4,5,6.The female reproductive system is even more vulnerable to various negative factors due to the limited supply of primary germ cells, particularly in humans. However, in general, female reproductive cells and organs under zero gravity have not been studied. Using the antiorthostatic suspension model to simulate the effects of weightlessness on female mice, we showed that regulation of cytoskeletal organization occurs primarily at the translation level, maintaining the protein pattern unchanged but with a predominant increase in the mRNA contents of the corresponding genes . In oocyDrosophila melanogaster, which can be exposed to simulated microgravity conditions during the full cycle of oogenesis. Despite a number of differences in oogenesis compared to that in mammals, the main features of maintaining the energy supply of oocytes and early embryos are apparently rather conserved between these species. Mitochondrial DNA begins to replicate after the initiation of oocyte maturation in the ovary and, in particular in Drosophila melanogaster, is controlled by the JNK-insulin-Myc cascade [A convenient model for this kind of research is the fruit fly  cascade . TherefoAt the same time, the functional activity of the mitochondrial apparatus depends on a number of factors, including the state of the cytoskeleton . Under cIn connection with the above findings, the main goal of this study was to determine the cellular respiration and contents of the main cytoskeletal proteins in the ovaries of flies that had undergone a full cycle of oogenesis under conditions of microgravity simulation and after of oral administration of essential phospholipids.Drosophila melanogaster of the Canton S line, 2 days old, were placed in 50 mL Falcon tubes  with an air-permeable lid containing 10 mL of the standard medium for Drosophila breeding. Essential phospholipids were added to half of the tubes in the form of EssentsialeR ForteN  at a dosage of 500 mg/kg medium [C: Control group receiving the standard nutrient medium and kept under standard conditions;sµg: A group that received the standard nutrient medium and remained in simulated microgravity for a full cycle of oogenesis;C + E: Control group receiving nutrient medium supplemented with essential phospholipids and kept under standard conditions;sµg + E: A group receiving a nutrient medium supplemented with essential phospholipids that was exposed to simulated microgravity for a full oogenesis cycle.To study the full cycle of oogenesis, virgin females of the adult fruit fly g medium . The int®, GC-US-RCE010001, Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan). It has been shown that the effects of such an exposure correlate with the data obtained after a real space flight [The effects of zero gravity were reproduced by exposing flies on a random positioning machine , an experimental procedure was immediately performed to determine the rate of cellular respiration. Other ovaries  were frozen in liquid nitrogen and then used for protein isolation and subsequent Western blotting. In addition, some of the native ovaries were used to estimate the area of oocytes.All the experimental procedures were approved by the Commission on Biomedical Ethics of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation—Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) (Minutes No. 521 dated 25 September 2019).Drosophila melanogaster [To analyze cellular respiration, the oxygen uptake rate was determined by polarography according to the protocol described in detail by Kuznetsov A.V. et al.  with minnogaster . Each saBriefly, the ovaries were isolated in physiological solution and saponin was added at a final concentration of 10 μg/mL, incubated for 15 min at +22 °C and transferred to a polarographic cuvette to measure the change in oxygen concentration using Oxygraph+ .We recorded V0—the rate of oxygen uptake by permeabilized ovaries and Vglu + mal—the rate of oxygen uptake upon addition of the substrates of the first complex of the respiratory chain 10 mM glutamate and 5 mM malate; Vmax is the maximum oxygen uptake rate (when adding 2 mM ADP).c. The cellular respiration rate is expressed as pmol O2 per mL per min per ovary.Then, a substrate-inhibitor analysis was performed , adding 2 using ImageJ open source software . Due to the significant increase in the area of oocytes from stage S2 to S14, the data are presented on a logarithmic scale (lnS).Immediately after extirpation, the ovaries were placed on a glass slide and photographed under transmitted light under an Olympus IX73 inverted microscope  using 10× magnification. The following stages were determined: germarium—G, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13 and S14, in accordance with . The arec-1, MW 13.5 kDa ; cytochrome c oxidase, MW 16 kDa ; and ATPsyntase F1 (blw), MW 56 kDa ;Mouse antibodies against cytochrome Rabbit antibodies against alphaTub84, MW 50 kDa ; betaTub56D, MW 50 kDa ; and beta-actin, MW 42 kDa ;rat antibodies against alpha-actinin MW 102 kDa .Frozen ovarian tissues were homogenized in Laemmli buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail . After electrophoresis in a SDS-polyacrylamide gel, proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes, followed by staining with specific primary antibodies:Mouse secondary antibodies against, rabbit primary antibodies  and HRP-conjugated streptavidin-peroxidase were used. The membranes were developed using ECL substrate . Signals were detected using a ChemiDoc XRS+ imaging system  and analyzed using Image Lab Software .https://imagej.net/Fiji, accessed on 30 April 2021).Biotinylated goat antibodies were used as the secondary antibodies to detect rat IgG  at a dilution of 1:10,000. The membranes were then treated with a streptavidin solution conjugated with horseradish peroxidase  at a dilution of 1:10,000. The protein bands were revealed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine  and the data were analyzed using the ImageJ program .The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA using the post hoc t-test with a significance level of All the methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.Drosophila melanogaster ovaries (V0) that had undergone a full cycle of oogenesis under simulated microgravity (sμg group) was 210% higher than that of ovaries in the control group (p < 0.05) (p < 0.05) and the maximum respiration rate was increased by 161% with the addition of 2 mM ADP (Vmax) (p < 0.05). Substrate-inhibitory analysis showed that after inhibition of the first complex of the respiratory chain with 0.5 μM rotenone and the subsequent addition of the substrate of complex II (10 mM succinate), the rate of cellular respiration V(II) was also increased by 72% compared to that of the control group (p < 0.05). However, after inhibition of complex III with 5 μM antimycin and the addition of artificial substrates of complex IV (0.5 mM TMPD + 2 mM ascorbate), the rate of oxygen uptake V(IV) in the sμg group did not differ from that in the control group.The cellular respiration rate of permeabilized  < 0.05) . Similarp < 0.05), respectively.In the groups that were administered essential lipids, both the control group (group C + E) and the group that had been exposed to simulated microgravity during the full cycle of oogenesis (group sμg + E), the oxygen uptake rates V0, Vglu + mal and Vmax did not differ from those in group C . MoreoveThe area of oocytes at different stages of development (from germarium G to mature oocyte S14) in the sμg group and the groups administered essential phospholipids (C + E and sμg + E) did not significantly differ from that in control group C .Drosophila melanogaster that had undergone a full cycle of oogenesis under simulated microgravity. The administration of essential phospholipids also did not lead to significant changes in the relative content of cytochrome c-1, cytochrome c oxidase, or ATP synthase F1 in groups C + E and sμg + E compared to those in group C (The relative content of proteins that are components of the III–V complexes of the respiratory chain did not change in the ovaries of  group C .p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the control (group sμg vs. group C). The administration of essential phospholipids led to an increase in the contents of actin and alpha-actinin in the control group C + E compared with those in group C by 20% and 14% (p < 0.05), respectively. However, when exposed to simulated microgravity and administered essential phospholipids, the relative contents of these proteins did not change compared to those in the corresponding control group (group sμg + E vs. group C + E), remaining 23% higher than the content in group C  and 15% .Likewise, there was no change in any of the study groups of the major components of microtubules: alpha- and beta-tubulin . HoweverDrosophila melanogaster ovaries that had undergone a full cycle of oogenesis under conditions simulating the effects of microgravity.The study of the influence of space flight factors on the functional state of the ovaries and oocytes can provide fundamentally new information about the role of gravity in maintaining the reproductive potential of the human species. Since mitochondria are key participants in metabolism and provide the cell with energy, we assessed cellular respiration as an indicator of the functional state of c (complex III), cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) and blw (ATPsynatse subunit)  . TherefoDrosophila melanogaster is observed at three stages of development and is a necessary stage in the normal maturation of oocytes [Since the use of an inhibitor of complex I of the respiratory chain and the subsequent addition of substrates of complex II also leads to an increased rate of oxygen uptake, but V(IV) does not differ from that in the control, it can be assumed that the total increase occurs, apparently, due to complex II of the respiratory chain. Complex II of the respiratory chain, in contrast to proteins of other complexes, is completely encoded by nuclear DNA and is one of the key sensors of apoptosis induction . At the  oocytes ; therefoA number of studies have shown that the transcription factor STAT3 can increase the efficiency of respiration as a result of its action on complex I and/or complex II, both in differentiated cells ,32 and iDrosophila [Drosophila alpha-actinin, also colocalizes with STAT3 in the heart [Previously, it was assumed that the destruction of actin could activate STAT3 . Howeverosophila . Moreovehe heart . TherefoThe tubulin content did not change; however, the total actin and alpha-actinin contents were significantly reduced in the ovaries after simulating the effects of microgravity . Since SDrosophila melanogaster, leading to changes in the structure of spermatozoa and spermogram parameters when simulating microgravity [Drosophila melanogaster (To test this hypothesis in vivo, oral administration of essential lipids was used to alter the structure of the cortical cytoskeleton. The use of essential phospholipids leads to a decrease in the content of cholesterol in the membrane and, further, to rearrangements of the cortical cytoskeleton, causing an increase in its stiffness and in the contents of actin and actin-binding proteins . In partogravity ,25. In tnogaster . Howevernogaster .However, both in the control group and group under simulated microgravity treated with essential phospholipids, there was a decrease in the rate of ATP synthesis due to complexes IV–V of the respiratory chain according to inhibitory analysis. In the absence of changes in the area of the ovaries after administration of essential phospholipids , as wellDrosophila melanogaster, cellular respiration increases in a constant area of oocytes at different stages of maturation and with constant contents of proteins of complexes III–V of the respiratory chain. The assumption about the role of the STAT3 factor in the activation of respiration due to interaction with alpha-actinin was indirectly confirmed in an experiment assessing the effects of the oral administration of essential phospholipids.In summary, we have shown that after a full cycle of oogenesis under simulated microgravity in the ovaries of


The inclusions in the deposited metals were Mn-Si-Pr-Al-Ti-O after Pr addition; the average size of the inclusions in the Pr-containing deposited metals was the smallest, while the number and density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of acicular ferrite formation) was mainly in the range of 0.6–1.5 μm. In addition, the content of upper bainite decreased, while the percentage of acicular ferrite increased by 24% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the Pr-containing deposited metals in this study. This study shows that the addition of 1% Pr6O11 is efficient in achieving fine interlaced multiphase with an ultrafine-grained structure, resulting in an enhancement of the impact toughness of the deposited metal.The evolution of austenite, acicular ferrite, upper bainite and martensite, and the nucleation of inclusions in the microstructure of high-strength steel deposited metals, was systematically investigated using three kinds of A5.28 E120C-K4 metal-cored wires with various rare earth Pr contents. Grain structure evolution in the process of high temperature, dispersoid characteristics of inclusions and the crystallographic characteristics of the microstructure were assessed. Compared with no addition of Pr The use of 690–1200 MPa high-strength steel is widespread in industries with extremely high safety requirements, such as the petrochemical industry, nuclear power, aerospace and rail transit. However, the corresponding welding consumables with matched strength and toughness are few, which limits its further application. In the welding of high-strength steel, the higher the strength level of the deposited metals, the more likely the occurrence of hydrogen embrittlement. At present, the microstructure of high-strength steel deposited metal can be optimized by adjusting the composition and proportion of alloying elements, so that its strength and toughness can be improved. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the effects of alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steel deposited metals and the development of matched welding consumables .Currently, the research on improving the strength and toughness of high-strength steel deposited metal mainly focuses on microalloying elements such as Nb, Ti, Cu, Ni and Zr. Fine inclusions can promote the formation of acicular ferrite (AF); inhibit the growth of bainite, ferrite side-plate, and proeutectoid ferrite in the austenite grains; affect the diffusion of other elements and the nucleation and growth of new phases and induce the change in microstructure and properties of the high-strength steel deposited metals ,6,7,8,9.Rare earth elements can spheroidize and refine inclusions in high-strength steel deposited metals, which acts as the pinning of grain boundaries to restrain grain coarseness. In the cooling process, rare earth inclusions can induce the formation of AF, thereby improving the toughness of deposited metals. Therefore, the mechanical properties of high-strength deposited metal can be improved by controlling the content of rare earth elements to refine grains, and by controlling the quantity, size, shape and composition of inclusions to promote the formation of AF ,15,16.6O11 on the growth behaviors of austenite, ferrite, bainite and martensite in the microstructure of 800 MPa high-strength steel deposited metals. The chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and nucleation of inclusions in the deposited metals were also discussed. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of Pr on the deposited metals so as to enrich and improve the theory on the effect of rare earth in welding metallurgy.Most current studies focus on high-strength steel deposited metal microstructures after solidification, but have not dealt with the real-time observation of the dynamic transformation of austenite, ferrite, bainite and martensite in high-strength steel deposited metals at high temperature. In this research, the starting point of phase transformation was not defined, and the grain nucleation growth as well as migration were not observed. The use of a high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscope for in situ observation of microstructure at high temperature can solve the above problems ,17. In t6O11 was 0% weight percent with wire no. 1, 1% weight percent Pr6O11 with wire no. 2, and 2% weight percent Pr6O11 with wire no. 3. The welding parameters are shown in Three kinds of self-developed high-strength steel metal-cored wires (1.2 mm in diameter), designated as wire nos. 1–3, were used to prepare deposited metals by welding according to the AWS standard A5.28 E120C-K4 . The addFrom the position parallel to the surfacing surface on each deposited metal, 6 cylindrical specimens were cut to 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in length. One of the specimens was ground and polished to be the metallographic specimen etched by 5% nital. The microstructures of the deposited metals were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a Hitachi S-3400N microscope, and the inclusions in deposited metals were analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. Selecting the impact sample for metallographic analysis, a sample was cut with a thickness of 5 mm and a length and width of 10 mm × 10 mm below the fracture surface. After water grinding and polishing, the surface of the sample had no oxide layer and continuous corrosion pits. The surface of the sample was electropolished with chloric acid alcohol solution to eliminate the surface processing strain layer. The operating voltage during electrolysis was 12 V and the time was 15 s. The orientation relationship and crystallographic grain size of microstructure was examined by 20 KV voltage electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) with a Tescan LYRA3 XMH SEM. The remaining 5 specimens were polished to be the high temperature metallographic specimens and mounted in an alumina crucible. The in situ observation was carried out by high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy with a Lasertec VL2000DX-SVF17SP and an Yonekura infrared image furnace. The specimens were heated to 1500 °C at a rate of 5 °C/s and then cooled at a rate of 5 °C/s to form austenite, ferrite, bainite and martensite microstructures. The photographs were taken at a speed of 15 images per second during the simulated thermal cycle. The OLYCIA-M3 quantitative analysis software was used to perform quantitative statistical analysis on the microstructure and inclusions of deposited metals.6O11 is shown in 6O11 as shown in 6O11 as shown in The in situ observation of austenite grain growth in the deposited metal of high-strength steel without Pr6O11, the average austenite grain size first decreases and then increases.From the statistical results of the average austenite grain size in 6O11 was not added, the average size of the austenite grains reached 129 μm, because the growth of the grains was not restricted due to the agglomeration of inclusions. When 1% Pr6O11 was added, the addition of rare earth elements refined and spheroidized the inclusions, making them dispersed in the deposited metal. The inclusions have a pinning effect on the austenite grain boundaries, so they limit the growth of austenite grains [6O11 was added, the decrease in oxygen content in the deposited metal led to the reduction of nucleation sites of inclusions, which made the growth of austenite unrestricted, and the average size of austenite grains increased to 53 μm.When Pre grains . The ave6O11, the impact toughness increased at first and then decreased. When 1% Pr6O11 was added, the impact toughness reached the maximum of 72 J.The −40 °C impact toughness of the depositded metal is shown in 6O11 contents. With the addition of Pr6O11 from 0% to 2%, the strength of weld metal gradually decreased. With the addition of 2% Pr6O11, the tensile strength of the weld metal decreased from the initial value of 843 MPa to 814 MPa, and the yield strength decreased from 793 MPa to 720 MPa. With the addition of Pr6O11, the elongation of the weld metal first increased and then decreased. The 0% Pr6O11 had the lowest elongation, which was 17%. The 2% Pr6O11 had the highest elongation, which was 20%. The −40 °C impact toughness of the deposited metal is shown in 6O11, the impact toughness increased at first and then decreased. When 1%Pr6O11 was added, the impact toughness reached the maximum of 72 J.6O11 content is shown in 6O11 is not added, AF nucleates and grows on the inclusions, and UB nucleates and grows at the austenite grain boundary and then gradually occupies the space for austenite. Usually, the nucleation temperature of acicular ferrite in weld metal is 40–70 °C higher than that of bainite [6O11 is added, AF in the grain boundaries first nucleates and grows on the inclusions, divides the austenite grains into many smaller and separated regions, and limits the subsequent formation of UB and martensite growth. As a result, the percentage of AF in the grains is greater than that of UB and martensite, thereby optimizing the impact toughness of the deposited metal. 6O11 is added, the inclusion nucleation particles are reduced due to the decrease in oxygen, resulting in a decrease in the AF nucleation rate, so UB and martensite grow unrestricted. As a result, the content of UB and martensite in the grain boundary is higher, and the impact toughness of the deposited metal is reduced.The in situ observation of the growth process of ferrite, bainite and martensite with different Pr bainite . Therefo6O11 content. It can be found that the content of AF first increases and then decreases with the addition of Pr6O11. When Pr6O11 is not added, the highest UB content is 46%, and the lower AF content is 28%. The average length of plates of UB and martensite is 51 μm and 46 μm. When 1% Pr6O11 is added, the highest percentage of AF is 52%; while the content of UB and martensite is the lowest, 21% and 27%, the average length of plates of UB and martensite is 32 μm and 28 μm. This is the because the addition of 1% Pr6O11 promotes the nucleation and growth of AF, inhibits the growth of UB and martensite, and generates the formation of an interlaced multiphase microstructure. AF preferentially nucleates and separates the austenite, so that the subsequently formed UB and martensite do not grow too large to realize grain refinement. When 2% Pr6O11 is added, the content of AF decreases to 29%, the content of UB and martensite increases and the average length of plates of UB and martensite is 53 μm and 39 μm. The microstructure of the deposited metal is not uniform, and the lath structure increases. 6O11 contents. It can be seen from 6O11 is not added, inclusions in the grains are reduced due to the accumulation of inclusions in the grain boundary, so the nucleation sites of AF are reduced. Thus, the growth of UB and martensite is not restricted. As the content of UB and martensite increases, the toughness reaches as low as 45 J. 6O11 is added, the inclusions are dispersed in the austenite grain boundary, and AF nucleation sites increase. A large amount of AF nucleates and grows in grain boundaries, and divides the austenite, so the subsequent growth of UB and martensite is restricted, and an interlaced multiphase microstructure is formed. The impact toughness of the deposited metal is improved to 72 J. It can be seen from the schematic diagram in 6O11 is added, the decrease in inclusions leads to a reduction of AF nucleation in austenite grains, resulting in the unrestricted growth of UB and martensite. As the UB and martensite increase, the impact toughness of the deposited metal is reduced to 61 J. With the addition of Pr6O11 from 1% to 2%, the proportion of AF decreases from 52% to 29%, and the proportion of UB and M increases from 27% and 21% to 38% and 33%, respectively, resulting in a decrease in toughness. However, the addition of Pr6O11 has little effect on the tensile strength of the deposited metal, which is about 810–840 MPa.6O11 is basically a single orientation. However, 6O11, the deposited metal has more interlaced multiphase microstructures with different orientations. This explains why the impact toughness of deposited metal is significantly higher with 1% Pr6O11 than without Pr6O11.Since the solid phase transition during the welding process is continuous and complex, the microstructure of the deposited metal is complex and uneven. As the temperature of the deposited metal changes, AF nucleates and grows prior to UB and martensite at high temperature, and divides the original austenite grains into several parts. The subsequently generated UB and martensite can only grow in the segmented region. In the formed interlaced multiphase microstructure, each grain has various orientations and the size of the grain is small. The cracks need to change many times when passing through this microstructure. Passivation or branching occurs at the large-angle grain boundary formed between UB and AF. More energy is consumed, so the deposited metal has excellent impact toughness. The grain size of the original austenite has been determined at high temperature. The more the divided structure of the complex phase is generated by the subsequent phase transformation, the more complex the degree of interlacing, and the more excellent strength and toughness of the deposited metal. UB and martensite act as the main strengthening phase, and AF acts as the main toughening phase. It can be seen from 6O11 is higher than that of deposited metal with 1%Pr6O11. The addition of Pr6O11 can serve as the core of AF heterophasic nucleation. The grain core preferentially attaches to the surface of these impurities and promotes the formation of a large amount of AF, which inhibits the formation of phases such as martensite and UB. Martensite and UB are the main strengthening phases, which can increase the strength and hardness of the weld metal. AF is the toughening phase in the weld metal, which mainly improves the low temperature impact toughness of the weld metal [6O11 leads to a decrease in strength and an increase in toughness.AF is considered to be an excellent microstructural component that improves toughness by effectively refining grains. AF grains can divide the coarse austenite grains into small single regions, forming a mixed structure of fine particles. The microstructure of AF has larger angled grain boundaries, which can effectively increase the crack propagation path during fracture. The increase in the energy required for crack propagation helps to improve the low temperature impact toughness of the weld metal, which may explain why the impact energy of deposited metal without Prld metal . The for6O11 mainly improves the toughness of deposited metal through the following three aspects: firstly, rare earth Pr promotes the nucleation of AF and inhibits the growth of UB and M; secondly, rare earth inhibits the growth of original austenite grains during the welding; thirdly, the deposited metal forms an interlaced multiphase microstructure with different orientations. Rare earth elements can improve the mechanical properties of deposited metal, mainly by changing the aggregation status of inclusions, making inclusions dispersed in the deposited metal to pin the austenite grain boundary and limit the growth of austenite. It also helps to promote the nucleation and growth of AF and divide the austenite, so that the subsequent growth of UB and martensite is restricted, forming an interlaced multiphase microstructure and improving the impact toughness of the deposited metal. However, the amount of Pr6O11 added should be controlled. Excessive addition will reduce the oxygen content in the deposited metal, reduce the content of inclusions and AF nucleation sites, thereby reducing the impact toughness of the deposited metal of high-strength steel.Therefore, Pr6O11 content. Without adding Pr6O11, the inclusions are mainly composed of Fe, O, Si, Mn, Ti, Al and Zn. The inclusions are mainly Mn-Si-Zn oxide. The inclusion size is mainly distributed between 1.2–1.8 μm; the average size of the inclusion is 1.725 μm and 0.89% in area. The inclusions agglomerate irregularly, which is not conducive to the formation of AF [on of AF ,22.6O11 is added, the inclusion is mainly composed of Fe, O, Si, Mn, Ti, Al, Pr and Cr, and the size is mainly distributed in the range 0.6–1.5 μm; the average size of the inclusion is 1.206 μm and 0.92% in area. Zhang et al. [6O11 inclusion size is conducive to AF nucleation and growth. In addition, the inclusions present a dispersive distribution, are small in size and their shape is spherical or elliptical. This indicates that the addition of 1% Pr6O11 promotes the refinement and spheroidization of the inclusions. Pr was found in the deposited metal and the inclusions are cored with Si-Al-Ti-Pr oxides and covered by an outer layer of Mn-Fe oxides. It was found that the inclusions in the deposited metal changed from the long strip of a larger size to the spherical or elliptical of a smaller size [When 1% Prler size .6O11 is added, the inclusion mainly consists of Fe, O, Si, Mn, Ti, Al, Pr and Cr. The inclusion size is mainly distributed in the range 1.5–2.1 μm; the average size of the inclusion is 1.813 μm and 0.63% in area. The inclusions are cored with Al oxides and covered by an outer layer of Mn oxides. The O content in the inclusions is reduced from 1.18% to 0.90%, and the quantity of inclusions is significantly reduced. This is because that the deoxidation of the rare earth element Pr leads to a decrease in O content in the inclusions, and the formation of inclusions in the deposited metal is closely related to the O content [6O11 may inhibit the formation of inclusions in the deposited metal; the decrease in inclusions leads to a reduction in AF nucleation in austenite grains, resulting in the unrestricted growth of UB and martensite.When 2% Pr content . The add6O11, and the inclusions are characterized by composite oxides of Al and Ti covering MnO and Pr6O11. The presence of Pr6O11 in the vicinity of complex inclusions has contributed to the formation of high density of AF grains [6O11 is added, the inclusion mainly consists of Fe, O, Si, Mn, Ti, Al, Pr and Cr. The inclusion size is mainly distributed between 1.5–2.1 μm.The main mechanism of AF nucleation is the formation of an element depletion zone around inclusions. In the Pr-free deposited metal, only a small amount of AF grains nucleate on some inclusions. The inclusion consists of Al, Ti, Mn and O elements. It is observed that the inclusions are complex oxides of Al and Ti wrapped in MnO, which usually lead to the formation of a poor Mn zone due to the precipitation of MnO. The fundamental mechanism of AF nucleation in Pr-free deposited metal is the depletion of Mn near inclusions. The formation of a manganese-poor zone increases the phase transition temperature and nucleation driving energy, thus promoting the nucleation of AF grains. Compared with the Pr-free deposited metal, there are more AF grains nucleated in the inclusions in 1%PrF grains . When 2%6O11 in the deposited metal will promote the transformation of inclusions and form rare earth composite inclusions. With the addition of Pr6O11 in the deposited metal, the inclusion phases in spherical forms normally have the maximum surface tension under the premise of the same volume. The spherical inclusions have the minimum thermodynamic driving force during their growing process in the weld pool [The addition of Preld pool . Thus th2O3 in the inclusions, the addition of rare earth will promote the formation of uniform Pr-Al-O rare earth composite inclusions [6O11 reacts with Ti2O3 and Al2O3 inclusion particles to form rare earth composite inclusions. The diameter of the inclusions gradually increases, and the core of the inclusions transforms into Mn-Si-Pr-Al-Ti-O composite inclusions. The existence of Si and Mn in the inclusions is caused by the absorption of Si and Mn in the base metal and welding wire during the growth of inclusions. Mn in the inclusions is also an important factor affecting AF nucleation [With Alclusions ,27. Duricleation ,29,30,316O11 content. 6O11 contents. The size of grains without Pr6O11 is mainly distributed in the range 4–8 μm. With adding 1% Pr6O11, the grain size becomes smaller, mainly distributed in the range 3–5 μm; with a small angle grain boundary (0°–15°), the quantity of grains is significantly reduced, and the number of large-angle grain boundaries (grain boundaries greater than 15°) is increased. When the crack crosses the large-angle grain boundary and enters adjacent grains, it inevitably changes the direction of crack propagation. Crack propagation will be hindered as it consumes energy during the process, so the impact toughness of deposited metal will increase [6O11, the proportion of acicular ferrite increases so that the high-angle grain boundaries in the deposited metal increase. The reasons for the improvement in impact toughness of the deposited metal with the addition of 1% Pr6O11 include: firstly, the grain size is reduced, and the grains become refined; secondly, the quantity of small-angle grain boundaries decreases significantly, and crack propagation is hindered as a result of the increase in large-angle grain boundaries.increase . The ene6O11, adding 1%Pr6O11 can change the inclusion aggregation from agglomeration at the grain boundary to dispersed distribution within austenite grains. The size of the inclusions becomes smaller, and their shapes are spherical or elliptical. The inclusions pin the original austenite grain boundaries so as to effectively inhibit the growth of austenite grains. The size of inclusions is mainly distributed in the range 0.6–1.5 μm, which is conducive to the formation of AF nucleation particles. AF nucleates and grows on the inclusions, divides the austenite grains and restricts the growth of UB and martensite, forming an interlaced multiphase microstructure.Compared with no addition of Pr6O11 in the deposited metals, the average size of austenite grains was at a minimum (41 μm). Small-angle grain boundaries were reduced and large-angle grain boundaries increased. The tensile strength of the deposited metal reached 834MPa, and the maximum impact toughness reached 72 J.After adding 1%PrThe inclusions in the deposited metal were Mn-Si-Pr-Al-Ti and Mn-Si-Pr-Al-Ti-O in the free-Pr and Pr contents of the deposited metals. The average size of inclusions decreased after Pr addition. These composite inclusions effectively induced the formation of AF.6O11, excessive rare earth elements caused the austenite grains to coarsen; the inclusion size was mainly distributed in the range 1.5–2.1 μm. AF nucleation sites were reduced, thereby reducing AF. The growth of UB and martensite were unrestricted, resulting in a reduction in the impact toughness of the deposited metal to 61 J.With the addition of 2% Pr