MXene has been identified as a new emerging material for various applications including energy storage, electronics, and bio-related due to its wider physicochemical characteristics. Further the formation of hybrid composites of MXene with other materials makes them interesting to utilize in multifunctional applications. The selection of magnetic nanomaterials for the formation of nanocomposite with MXene would be interesting for the utilization of magnetic characteristics along with MXene. However, the selection of the magnetic nanomaterials is important, as the magnetic characteristics of the ferrites vary with the stoichiometric composition of metal ions, particle shape and size. The selection of the electrolyte is also important for electrochemical energy storage applications, as the electrolyte could influence the electrochemical performance. Further, the external magnetic field also could influence the electrochemical performance. This review briefly discusses the synthesis method of MXene, and ferrite magnetic nanoparticles and their composite formation. We also discussed the recent progress made on the MXene/ferrite nanocomposite for potential applications in electrochemical supercapacitor applications. The possibility of magnetic field-assisted supercapacitor applications with electrolyte and electrode materials are discussed. The composition of the MAX phase and MXene compound, tuning of composition of MXene and the possible MXene could be understood from 3C2Tx, one prominent example among the MXene group, is a key interest of many. The electrochemical characteristics of MXene have been debated in recent years with some experimental evidence [MXene, a class of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides, has been identified as a new emerging material for various applications including energy storage, electronics, and bio-related due to its wider physical characteristics. Further, the formation of hybrid composites of MXene with other materials introduces interesting uses in multifunctional applications. MXene offers tremendous promise for energy storage applications, due to its lamellar construction, outstanding density, conductivity, configurable terminations, and ionic pseudocapacitance charge storage process ,2,3. A wstigated ,6,7,8,9.evidence ,12,13. Ievidence . Furtherevidence .2O4, where A and B are metallic ions that are located at 2 distinct crystallographic places, tetrahedral (A sites) and octahedral (B sites), respectively, with key elements of Fe3+ in their structure. Three distinct spinel ferrite configurations, termed as normal, inverse, and mixed systems, are attainable for the composition of MFe2O4, based on the position of M2+ and Fe3+ location selection. M2+ is distributed at the tetrahedral location and Fe3+ at the octahedral location in a typical spinel configuration of ferrite. Fe3+ is evenly located at both positions in an inverse spinel configuration, whereas M2+ solely resides at the octahedral location. Both ions are indiscriminately located at the tetrahedral and octahedral positions in a mixed spinel configuration. Fe3O4 is considered an intriguing material for energy storage systems due to additional benefits such as high theoretical-specific capacitance (2299 F/g), a wide potential window (−1.2 to 0.25 V), abundance in nature, relative inexpensiveness, lesser toxicity, etc., [Spinel ferrites are homogeneous substances that have the typical chemical form of ABy, etc., . The chay, etc., ,18,19,20The MXene/Ferrite composites have attracted much attention in various applications including batteries, electrochemical supercapacitors, photocatalytic degradation, electromagnetic shield, and water purification methods ,27,28,29The advantages of these magnetic nanocomposites over other available nanocomposites are its magnetic characteristics. These magnetic nanocomposites can be reused after the completion of any specific application. The collection processes of the magnetic nanocomposites are also easy to process with the external magnet because of the magnetic nature of the nanocomposites. Another advantage in this magnetic nanocomposite is the utilization of the eternal magnetic field during the application process. The presence of the external magnetic field with the magnetic nanocomposite definitely could influence the reaction mechanism, which could reflect in the efficiency of the nanocomposites in specific applications . Green sMXene can be prepared through a top-down approach whereby the etching takes place using bottom-up methods, including chemical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition etc. ,32,33. H4HF2, molten salt etching, alkali treatment and the intercalation of additives such as hydrazine with N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, and urea, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, amine n-butylamine, and choline hydroxide [3C2 MXene and Ti2C MXene with LiF, potassium fluoride (KF), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and sodium fluoride (NaF) in hydrochloric acid (HCl), and then delaminated the resultant material with urea, dimethylsulfoxide, or ammonium hydroxide. Further optimizations were done with the time and temperature variation of the reaction process. The observed morphology of Ti3C2 and Ti2C for various conditions is shown in The etching process can be done through hydrogen fluoride (HF), lithium fluoride (LiF)/HF, NHydroxide ,44,45,463C2Tx  using an alkali-assisted hydrothermal technique has recently been reported for fluorine free synthesis of MXene [3C2Tx with a purity of 92 weight percent was produced by the complete procedure, which uses 27.5 M NaOH at 270 °C. Two stages make up the OH− attack on the Al layers in Ti3AlC2: oxidizing the Al to form Al (oxide) hydroxides and dissolving the Al (oxide) hydroxides in alkali as shown in 3AlC2’s exterior Al atoms are susceptible to oxidation and dissolve in NaOH as Al hydroxide is soluble in NaOH. These results in -OH or -O terminate the exposed Ti and Al atoms. The inner Al ions also oxidize if this etching procedure is allowed to continue. Al(OH)3 and its AlO(OH) are unavoidably produced by the OH− attack, though. These insoluble compounds are prevented from easily interacting with OH to form soluble Al(OH)4− due to the lattice confining provided by the Ti layers  and oleylamine (OAm), monodisperse magnetic Mn-Zn ferrite with a variety of morphologies from nanocrystals to clusters such as spherical, cubical and starlike nanocrystal have been effectively produced . The reaUsing a quick and affordable thermal decomposition approach, it was possible to successfully produce spherical, cubical, and hexagonal shaped Co-ferrite nanoparticles . The TEMWithout the use of a surfactant, a single moderate hydrothermal technique at 160 °C was used to synthesize Ni-ferrite with the morphologies of spheres, rods, and nano-octahedrons . When thDoping of metal ion into ferrite also could be used to alter the size and shape of the ferrite ,68,69,70The formation of composite is important as the application may require a synergic effect from hybrid materials. It is advantageous for the MXene to not have any nanomaterials between the layers to avoid the restacking. If the nanocomposite formation process is not completely done, then there is a chance of the formation of two different materials without any physical or chemical attachment. To achieve the complete formation of composites of ferrites and MXenes, first the MXene should be covered with the ferric, ferrous, or any other metal ions before the formation of ferrites. The further addition of oxidant or reducing agent, depending on the experimental methods, could form the ferrites physically, chemically or physic-chemically attached on the surface of MXenes. Any of the above discussed chemical synthesis processes could be adopted for the formation of MXene composites with MXene. Further, the addition of any other attractive materials such as carbon-based materials is also possible for the formation of ternary composites with MXene.The attachment of ferrites on MXene is important to be confirmed from any characterization techniques. The presence of ferrites on MXene could be evidenced from X-ray diffraction studies. But the manner of ferrite formation on the MXene could be evidenced through any microscopic methods. The fraction of ferrites in the MXene composites could be estimated from the magnetic hysteresis measurement, by estimating the saturation magnetization of bare ferrite and MXene/ferrite composites. The vibration modes can be analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy methods. Further, the evidence of the metallic state of the metal ions present in the MXene composites could be analyzed from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method. The specific surface area, pore size, and volume could be measured from the BET surface area measurement techniques. If we have strong evidence for the physicochemical characteristics of the MXene/ferrite, then the nanocomposite could be utilized for electro chemical energy storage applications.3O4 nanocomposite with uniform distribution of Fe3O4 on the exterior and between the interlayers of MXene [3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of MXenes in the MXene/Fe3O4 nanocomposites. Similarly, ultrasonic treatment is used to synthesize the MXene/Fe3O4 nanocomposite for the potential applications as additive sulfur cathode in the lithium−sulfur battery [3O4 distributed on MXene nanocomposite formation is shown in 3O4 on the lamellar structure of Mxene were achieved and the improvement in the battery performance was evidenced. Solvothermal synthesis was adopted for the synthesis of MXene/Feof MXene . The sim battery . The sch3O4 through the hydrothermal, chemical etching, and vacuum filtration technique. The MXene nanosheets with the thickness of around 1 nm were decorated with the spherical nanoparticles of Fe3O4 with a size of a few dozen nanometers. The thin layer structure of MXene and the attachment of spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the MXene layers were clearly evidenced from the TEM micrograph as shown in The successful nanocomposite formation was achieved by Xiaojun Yang et al.  with MXeVarious forms of ferrites with MXene along with other materials have been developed and their physicochemical characteristics studied for various applications. From 2O4) has been attempted for the formation of nanocomposites with MXene due to the extraordinary theoretical specific capacitance, mixed valence, and chemical stability [3+ ions coexist with Co2+ ions at tetrahedral regions and Fe3+ ions at octahedral regions, resulting in enhanced redox activity and effective charge storage. The main issue with the Co-ferrite in supercapacitor applications is its low electronic conductivity. However, this could be solved by forming hybrid composites with other materials that have excellent electronic conductivity. The addition of Co-ferrite would be advantageous in MXene/Co-ferrite nanocomposites, as the Co-ferrite could be used to avoid the restacking of MXene layers. Co-precipitation with wet chemical etching processes were utilized for the formation of Co-ferrite and MXene. The MXene/Co-ferrite composite formation was achieved through the ultra-sonication process for one hour and dried at 80 °C in vacuum. The single phase of Co-Ferrite was evidenced for bare Co-ferrite nanoparticles as well as for the MXene/Co-ferrite nanocomposite, and the observed XRD pattern of bare Co-ferrite and MXene/Co-ferrite are shown in The utilization of multivalence metal ions in the mixed ferrite could be beneficial for the charge transfer process during electrochemical reactions. In this regard, Co-ferrite . Without adding a magnetic field, the initial conductivities of the KOH, NaOH, and H2SO4 electrolyte were significantly higher than those of NaCl and K2SO4 electrolytes, as observed in 2SO4 electrolyte’s conductivities linearly increased as the magnetic field’s strength was amplified. Additionally, when the magnetic field was applied, the viscosity of all acidic and alkaline electrolytes decreased as observed in 2SO4 and NaCl are barely changed. This may be because the neutral electrolyte does not clearly show the polarization impact of metal cations or anions in water. The various impacts of the magnetic field on the magnetocapacitance factor (MCF) values for NaOH, KOH, Hlim) values derived from these Tafel polarization curves are displayed in lim enlarged little in the 1 and 2 M KOH electrolytes and significantly in the 4 M KOH electrolyte. Ilim values, however, were lower than the initial values in electrolytes with 8 and 10 M KOH. The data above showed a relationship between Ilim, the concentration of electrolytes, and the strength of the magnetic field. The values of the diffusion coefficients for the various concentrated KOH electrolytes in various magnetic fields are shown in The impact of magnetic fields on the electrochemical behavior of KOH electrolytes at various concentrations was studied as shown in 2SO4 electrolyte, in addition to the previously mentioned forces, the third paramagnetic force produced by the paramagnetic H+ under the magnetic field prevents the movement of H+. From the discussion, it is understood that the various magnetic forces acting on the electroactive ions cause solution convection at the electrolyte interface, which is the source of the magnetic field induced capacitance variation throughout the electrochemical reaction process. The fight among the driving force brought on by the Lorentz force and the damping force brought on by the conductivity of the electrolyte in KOH electrolytes is a key factor influencing the OH transport with the magnetic field. Whereas in the H3O4/rGO nanocomposites were created by coupling the reduction of graphene oxide with the formation of Fe3O4 NPs under ambient conditions and utilized for a supercapacitor application with an external magnetic field to evaluate the influence of the external magnetic field [3O4 and Fe3O4/rGO hybrid symmetric two electrode electrochemical performance was examined utilizing CV and GCD measurements with an electrolyte of 1 M Na2SO4. With 0.125 T of the external magnetic field, the electrochemical performances of both electrodes have been explored (0.125 T). In a one-pot synthesis, Feic field . Fe3O4 a3O4 and Fe3O4/RGO in a magnetic field. These curves are substantially wider than those of the electrodes without a magnetic field, which were recorded at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, and show a greater specific capacitance. 3O4 and Fe3O4/RGO electrodes in the presence and absence of a magnetic field, respectively, at a current density of 0.1 A/g. Calculated Cs for ferrite and ferrite/rGO electrodes in a magnetic field are 303 and 869 F/g, respectively, at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. These values are 1.45 and 1.93 times greater than those of electrodes without using the field. These outcomes could be explained by enhanced electron transfer in the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox process in the materials with magnetic field exposure, which enhances the performance of devices by improving interface charge density, facilitating electrolyte transportation, and promoting cation intercalation/de-intercalation performance.2O3 nanoparticles with sizes between 12 and 30 nm for the graphene surface [2O3, the capacitance performance of the Fe2O3/graphene nanocomposite is significantly decreased because of the higher internal resistance and poor electron transportation efficiency. The electrochemical supercapacitive characteristics were analyzed with 1.0 M Na2SO4 and the external magnetic field of 720 Gauss. The measured CV curves for bare Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/graphene nanocomposites with the external magnetic field are shown in The thermal decomposition approach was used to create consistently sized Fe surface . Decorat2O3/graphene nanocomposite displays an enhancement that is much greater by 154.6 and 98.2%. The estimated energy density and current density for bare Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/graphene nanocomposites are shown in The Cs of graphene is considerably increased by 67 and 27% at 2 and 10 mV/s, respectively, after positioning the electrode in an external magnetic field. At 2 and 10 mV/s, the FeFrom the above discussions, we observed that the external magnetic field can influence the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte. On the other hand, when we use the magnetic nanomaterials as supercapacitive electrode materials, the supercapacitive performance is influenced by the external magnetic field, as the magnetic electrode materials could easily respond to the applied magnetic field. The external magnetic field may increase or decrease the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitive electrode materials subject to the magnetic nature of the materials. Also, the amount of magnetic field used as external magnetic field can influence the electrochemical supercapacitive characteristics of the magnetic electrode materials. This discussion does not conclude that the rise in field strength can increase the supercapacitive performance. The supercapacitive performance of the magnetic materials depends on the particle size, shape, magnetic characteristics of the materials, and the external magnetic field strength. Limited reports are only available on the evaluation of the magnetic field effect on the supercapacitive performance of the magnetic materials. The combinations of MXene with ferrites should be investigated further with various forms of MXenes, ferrites, and further investigation could be done under the external magnetic field.3O4 and CoFe2O4. The importance of the selection of a suitable electrolyte was analyzed with the result of MXene/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites. The external magnetic field plays an important role in the tuning of electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte, as well as electrode materials. The role of the external magnetic field on the electrolytes was discussed with KOH, NaOH, NaCl, K2SO4, and H2SO4 electrolytes with 876 and 1786 Oe of magnetic field. Furthermore, we provided a detailed analysis of the effect of the amount of KOH electrolyte with the external magnetic field. The schematic preparation process and magnetic field-assisted electrochemical supercapacitor application is shown in The synthesis process for the MXene, Ferrites and MXene/Ferrite magnetic nanocomposites was briefly discussed. The importance of attachment of the ferrite on the layers of MXenes was studied. The recent progress on MXene/ferrite formation through chemical reaction was reviewed with FeThere are lots of issues related to the synthesis of scalable and single phase MXene through top down as well from the bottom approach methods. Present research could make the challenges into opportunities to explore further on the synthesis of MXene without any impurity or secondary phase. Several strategies are also demonstrated to have a stable MXene by avoiding oxidation/degradation. However, the formation of single phase, stoichiometry variation through synthesis process, shape and size of ferrites can be varied depending on the requirement as the well-established procedures and discussions were available for various ferrites. There are numerous ferrites with different stoichiometry need to be explored for the formation of magnetic nanocomposites with MXene. Several chemical reaction processes also to be optimized for the better formation of nanocomposite with required physicochemical interaction. Green synthesis methods could also be adopted for the development of magnetic hybrid composites with MXene. By optimizing the experimental parameters such as starting precursors, reaction time, reaction temperature and post thermal treatment we could be able to achieve the perfect nanocomposites of MXene and ferrite without any agglomeration. The effect of magnetic field on the electrochemical characterization of MXene/Ferrite nanocomposite are open to be explore further for the next generation supercapacitor applications as there are more opportunities to tune the magnetic materials shape, size, magnetic characteristics, and the strength of magnetic field. Analyses of studies that have already been published, hint at this field of study’s potential significance. However, there are still many unexplored facets of the magnetic field influence on electrochemical applications which needs attention.


Synchronization between heart rate variability (HRV) in the low-frequency (LF) range (0.04–0.15 Hz) and 1-min variations in the components and the total vector (F) of geomagnetic induction (nT) was studied in normotensive (blood pressure up to 140/90 mmHg) and hypertensive (blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg) individuals living in the Arkhangelsk region (60°51′52″ N 39°31′05″ E).The duration of registration of HRV for each person is 30 min in a sitting position. The most pronounced synchronization of the LF parameter, which reflects baroreflex activity, with variations in the GMF was found in normotensive individuals. The absence of a significant synchronization of the LF parameter with variations in the GMF components indicates a decrease in the sensitivity of the baroreflex mechanism and a risk of dysregulation of vascular tone, especially in people with arterial hypertension, under conditions of instability of the geomagnetic field. At high latitudes on Earth, including the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, a special electromagnetic background is formed, where the wave structure of magnetic variations causes the formation of polar substorms. . The divThe autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system may be impaired, resulting in an increased risk of arterial hypertension in humans. One of the mechanisms of arterial hypertension is a decrease in the sensitivity of baroreceptors, leading to an increase in blood pressure in the elderly, especially women ,9. IrritGmitrov showed that when a person is exposed to a static artificial magnetic field, the baroreflex reaction of the vessels increases, as does the intensity of microcirculation. When the natural geomagnetic field is disturbed, the baroreflex reaction, on the contrary, weakens, which is reflected in the weakening of the blood circulation . It has Violations of the biorhythmic genesis of the regulatory systems of the human body, caused by external geomagnetic factors, among other things, determine the risk of cardiac pathology, especially in the elderly. It has been shown that the frequency of most biotropic fluctuations in the activity of parameters of the cardiovascular system ranges from 0.001 to 10 Hz. A low frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) is associated primarily with the baroreflex regulation of heart rate ,14. Withp > 0.05).A survey of a group of local residents  was carried out in the Arkhangelsk region of the Russian Federation (60°51′52″ N 39°31′05″ E) from 13:30 on 18 March 2019, to 19:00 on 21 March 2019, Moscow time (UTC+3). The three-hour values of the planetary Kp index ranged from 0 to 3. An observatory of the Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences  was installed in the study area for monitoring the geomagnetic activity. The criterion for inclusion in the sample was voluntary participation in the study based on informed consent to participate in the study. The criteria for exclusion from the sample were cardiac arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and signs of acute inflammatory processes . In total, 15 individuals  had a normal blood pressure (no more than 140/90 mmHg),called Group I (age 46.9 ± 10.5 years), and 26 people  had a blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg, called Group II (age 51.3 ± 11.8 years). Six out of 26 people with signs of an elevated blood pressure were not compliant to antihypertensive treatment, and 20 people were taking selective beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was recorded using a digital blood pressure monitor . The age values in the groups are statistically identical  was recorded for each participant for 30 min in a sitting position. According to the recommendations of the North American Society for Electrical Stimulation and Electrophysiology, HRV data of at least 2 min of recording were used to assess the LF parameter. In order to obtain the most representative variational range of LF values in the subsequent 30-min series of cardiointervalograms used by the Varicard equipment, the series were divided into 2-min segments with a 1-min overlap see .2) and as a percentage (%) of the total HRV for subsequent correlation analysis. The first recording period (0–2 min) was not taken into account as a primary non-stationary process. Subsequently, the LF value from 1 to 3 min of HRV recording was regarded as the first point, the value from 2 to 4 min was regarded as the second point, and so on, until the 28th point (from 28 to 30 min); there are 28 points in the variation series for each person. The 1-min variations in the values of the geomagnetic field (GMF) induction—the X, Y, Z components of the GMF vector (nT) and the total vector (F) of geomagnetic induction (nT)—were obtained from the website of the Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences  via the Klimovskaya station (KLI). The time of the beginning of HRV registration for each person and several values of GMF variations in the X, Y, Z components of the total vector of magnetic induction F along the Greenwich meridian were used.This made it possible to obtain 29 LF values 0.04–0.15 Hz) –0.15 Hz ,14 in ab2, and LF%) and geomagnetic  series of values for each person separately. Mathematical operations of frequency filtering were applied to the analyzed time series to exclude certain periods using the MATLAB program (version R2010a). Before performing a correlation analysis due to removing low-frequency trends from the signal, the time series were passed through a band-pass filter with a Blackman–Harris window with an upper cutoff frequency fr = 0.9995 from the Nyquist frequency and a lower cutoff frequency fl = 0.70. A matrix of Spearman correlation coefficients, with time series of 1-min values of geomagnetic induction by the GMF components obtained from the Klimovskaya station ,was calculated with a zero time lag  between the physiological and geophysical time series (p < 0.05). Comparison of the percentages of individuals with different BP levels and significant correlation coefficients between GMF and HRV was performed using Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05). Thus, the data analysis design included the following steps: (1) formation of 1-min time series of variations in the values of the geomagnetic field components and 2-min overlapping 2-min series of LF values (in ms2 and LF%), (2) filtering the time series to exclude low-frequency trends; (3) correlation analysis separately for each person of time series of geomagnetic field components and LF values (in ms2 and %); and (4) assessment of the proportion of persons with significant correlations in groups of normotensive and hypertensive people.Correlation coefficients were calculated between all possible pairwise combinations of biological  with the LF values. It has been established that the synchronization of LF values with GMF variations is of an individual nature; that is, for a particular person, synchronization of LF with variations in magnetic induction can be either in one or several components of the GMF. For further analysis, cases were considered when, out of all the values of the GMF components, there was at least one statistically significant correlation , whereas the lowest degree was observed on the day of geomagnetic disturbances (Ap index = 32) . This coThe method presented here made it possible to reveal differences in the synchronization of the HRV indicator, which reflects baroreflex activity, and GMF variations in humans even against a background of an undisturbed geomagnetic field. It is known that the rhythmicity of fluctuations in the activity of bioelectric tissues is associated with periods of fluctuations in the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and chloride ions, which, in turn, are synchronized with periods of variations in the X and Y components of the geomagnetic field . The opiOne of the mechanisms of disturbances in the sensitivity of the baroreflex to external environmental influences may be a decrease in endothelial nitric oxide, which, in turn, is associated with the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. At the same time, the importance of identifying these disorders at the preclinical stage is emphasized. Baroreflex-mediated increment in vessel sensitivity to nitric oxide is suggested to be a new mechanism in baroreflex physiology, with potential implementation in cardiovascular conditions in which nitric oxide deficit and autonomic dysfunction substantially increase the risk of morbidity and mortality .The change in the synchronization of the low-frequency part of the HRV in people with arterial hypertension may be based on a violation of the mechanisms of cyclotron resonance, which ensures the natural magnetic sensitivity of the tissues of the human body. With variations in the external magnetic field, the movement of ions occurs along a cycloidal trajectory in the plane of the magnetic field perpendicular to the main direction and with a certain circular (cyclotron) frequency, the value of which depends on the charge, ion mass, and field strength. Ion cyclotron resonance can lead to molecular changes associated with enhanced proton transport ,21. DespThus, the presented method for determining the degree of synchronization between GMF variations and the low-frequency part of HRV on 30-min recordings of the cardiorhythmogram can be used to assess the adaptive capabilities of the human cardiovascular system to the instability of the geomagnetic field. Data on the sensitivity of baroreflex regulation of heart rate to variations in the local geomagnetic field in humans can be used for corrective procedures using artificial magnetic fields to optimize baroreflex activity , which iIt is also possible to use this method to identify individuals who need to activate the baroreflex with slow breathing. In this case, there is an increase in the value of heart rate variability at a resonant frequency of 0.1 Hz (including in low frequency of HRV). An increase in the low-frequency part of HRV is accompanied by improved vagally mediated heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity. These effects are achieved through temporal coherence of respiratory, blood pressure, and cardiac phases .Currently, much attention is being paid to studying the multiscale structure of HRV series using nonlinear analysis methods. This may indeed provide qualitatively new information on the relationship between the mechanisms of heart rhythm regulation  and variA new model for detecting the level of personal baroreflex sensitivity (according to the low-frequency part of the heart rhythm variability) to variations in the local geomagnetic field in humans is presented. For the first time, it is shown that synchronization of the values of the low-frequency portion of HRV (LF) and variations in the values of the local GMF components in hypertensive people is significantly reduced during 1-min variations in the values of the GMF components. The presence of a significant correlation of LF or LF% with magnetic induction fluctuations in one of the components of the local GMF  or the full vector of magnetic induction F indicates sufficient synchronization of the baroreflex activity with variations in the GMF and a relatively low risk of cardiovascular disorders associated with geomagnetic disturbances. The absence of the relationship between the above parameters indicates a weak synchronization of baroreflex activity with GMF variations and a risk of cardiovascular disorders during periods of geomagnetic disturbances, especially in hypertensive individuals.The limitations of the study included the limitations in the duration of recording heart rate variability, the dimension of variation series of heart rate variability, and variations in the geomagnetic field components, which did not allow the full use of the multiscale entropy method for analyzing heart rate variability.


Although lightweight particleboards have been commercially available for years, they still have a number of disadvantages, including difficulty to process, brittleness, low impact strength, and other mechanical resistance. The aim of the paper was to determine the possibility of producing particleboards of reduced density (dedicated for furniture industry) as a result of using blowing agents from the group of hydrazides, dicarboxamides, or tetrazoles, which were modifiers of the adhesive resin used for bonding the particles of the core layer of three-layer particleboards. The concept presents the possibility of producing low-density particleboards in a standard technological process by modifying the adhesive resin, which has not been practiced by others until now. Analysis of the results of testing the particleboards properties with various types of modifiers (blowing agents), glue content (high 10%/12% and low 8%/10%), differing in glue dosing method, and different particle sizes allowed concluding that the most satisfactory effect was found in particleboards made of the variant modified with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide. This variant was characterised by the highest mechanical properties  with high dimensional stability. The presented technology proposal can be applied in the industry. Particleboards with densities below 600 kg/m3 are designated as lightweight [3 [In recent years, wood-based panel industries have been undergoing rapid growth. Consequently, such an increasing demand puts strain on the wood supply, and density reduction becomes one of the topical issues in the wood-based panels industry . Intensihtweight  , the mechanical properties of such products are not satisfactory and differ from those of conventional products ,6,7,8. IThe process of foaming the polymer contained in the composite is an effective procedure that significantly reduces the density and improves the processing of such products. In the context of particleboard, polymer foaming can refer to both foaming the binder joining wood particles and producing boards with a foam-type core . In the 3), indicating that the pressure generated during the foaming of the glue ensures better contact between the wood particles and the glue, thus obtaining a better bond strength. Bi and Huang [3) is significant. Particleboards made with the use of PF resin (the degree of glue content was 12%) with 1% addition of AC to the PF resin were characterised by increased mechanical properties , and a reduction of thickness swelling after soaking the boards in water.Foamed UF resins are generally prepared by adding low-boiling alkanes such as hexane  or pentaPhysical blowing agents do not change the composition of the system, but affect its physical condition. Such agents release gas through a physical process such as evaporation or desorption . ChemicaMoreover, the use of foamed materials consumes quite a lot of binder. The use of in situ expandable beds improves the supersaturation of the core material compared with expanded beds. Shalbafan et al.  showed tLuedtke and Shalbafan et al.  used ExpIn order to reduce the environmental effects , Yoon et al.  proposedThe analysis of the available literature on the topic related to light particleboards indicates a fairly extensive interest in this topic by scientists, but with regard to the use of the solution presented in this paper, only Zhao et al.  and Bi aThe objective of the presented paper was to determine the possibility of producing particleboards of reduced density (dedicated for furniture industry) as a result of using blowing agents from the group of hydrazides, dicarboxamides, or tetrazoles, which were a modifiers of the adhesive resin used for bonding the particles of the core layer of the particleboard. The selection of blowing agents used in this study resulted from the conducted preliminary research, the results of which are planned to be published in the next study.3 and dimensions (width × length × thickness) of 320 × 320 × 15 mm3 were made. The boards were produced in 16 variants of 10 repetitions. A detailed list of assumptions for individual variants, within which three-layer particleboards were produced, is presented in the Pinus sylvestris L.) particles for which the average moisture contents were 4.9% (face layer) and 4.5% (core layer). The particles of the core layer within the individual variants were characterised by thickness of 0.4 mm and various length (8 mm and 4 mm), while the particles of the face layers were typical from the industrial production of particleboards. As part of the experiment, three-layer particleboards with an assumed density of 520 kg/mThe particles were bonded with commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) resin  with a concentration of 65%, hardened with a 10% aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate . The share of hardener dry weight calculated on the dry weight of the UF resin used for bonding the particles of the face and the core layer at the applied glue contents was 0.2%. Glue was dosed in two methods: pneumatic spraying and by flow dosing. In the case of boards variants from V to XVI, the UF resin was modified with the addition of blowing agents in the amount of 5% in relation to the weight of the resin at a concentration of 65%. The blowing agents used were: p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (group of hydrazides) , azodicarbonamide (group of dicarboamides) , and 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole (group of tetrazoles) . Paraffin  in the form of an emulsion (1% of dry wood mass) was used as a hydrophobic agent. Mats were hand-formed from the previously bonded particles and pre-cold pressed under a pressure of 0.5 MPa for 30 s. Hot-pressing parameters were selected on the basis of industrial conditions and literature . The matThe research plan  was desiThe property testing was preceded by particleboard surfaces calibration. In order to remove irregularities and guarantee flat parallel surfaces, the boards were sanded. The test samples were prepared in accordance with the relevant standards. Prior to testing, all samples were conditioned  in a climate chamber at 65% (±5%) relative humidity and a temperature of 20 °C (±2 °C) until constant mass was reached. Density measurements were performed according to EN 323 . The samThe bending strength (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were determined according to the EN 310  standardThickness swelling was determined according to the method described in EN 317 . The incp = 0.05. The significance of the influence considered variables was calculated using multi-factor ANOVA test by determining the percentage of contributing analysed factors. The experimental data were statistically analysed using STATISTICA 13.3 software .The determination of each property was carried out for at least 10 replicates for a given variant of the board. The mean values of tested parameters were compared in the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)—Tukey’s post hoc test, in which homogeneous groups of mean values for each parameter were identified for 3, and the lowest for variant VI—504 kg/m3  was found in variant XV, manufactured with the use of the 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole modifier, with glue content of 8%/10%. The highest surface hardness (17.8 N/mm2) was achieved in the V variant of the particleboard, manufactured with the modifier p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, with glue content of 10%/12%.The lowest surface hardness . Among the blowing agents tested, the best results were obtained for p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, with a higher degree of glue content (10%/12%) and bonding particles using the pneumatic spray method (variant V). In this case, both the higher degree of glue content and the bonding of particles using the method of pneumatic spraying in combination with the use of a blowing agent resulted in better coverage of the particles surface, which translated into an increase in strength parameters. This coincides with Dunky’s indications , who fou3, characterised by strength parameters that meet the requirements of EN 312 [Bi and Huang  also usef EN 312 . In thisf EN 312  standardf EN 312 . Moreovef EN 312  showed tf EN 312 , examinif EN 312 ,68. WithP = 12.80%, 20.56%, and 26.32%). In the case of MOR (P = 38.62% and 40.63%) as well as type of blowing agent (respectively P = 4.60% and 5.88%). As previously stated, among the examined factors, the least influence was shown by particle size (P from 0.01% to 2.60%). This was generally a statistically insignificant impact, except for MOE. The total effect of the examined factors on the strength properties of the boards was generally (except for SH Ʇ and MOE) smaller than the influence of factors not included in this study (error above 50.00%).When analysing the ANOVA results concerning the influence of individual tested factors on the strength properties of the boards, it should be stated that they were diversified . The bloe of MOR  and MOE e of MOR , the greTwenty-four h soaking of the tested particleboards samples in water caused their swelling and allowed for the observation of differences in dimensional stability. The results of the swelling test for individual variants of particleboards were averaged and are presented in The thickness swelling of particleboards after soaking in water is strongly correlated with the level of their compaction . Thus, iP = 38.93%). The strength of the blowing agent and glue content influence was P = 9.05% and 13.50%, respectively. In contrast to the strength properties, the total effect of the tested factors on the swelling on the thickness of the boards is greater than the influence of factors not included in this study (error = 35.04%). Analysing the influence of individual tested factors on the swelling on the boards thickness after soaking in water for 24 h , it was Analysis of the results of testing the particleboards properties with various types of modifiers (blowing agents), glue content (high 10%/12% and low 8%/10%), differing in glue dosing method, and different particle sizes allows for the conclusion that there was no relation between tested particleboards’ density profiles and the variables differentiating the studied variants. The highest value of static bending strength was found in particleboards made of variant V (the UF resin was modified with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide). Similar relations were observed for the value of the modulus of elasticity in static bending. The highest value of the tensile strength perpendicular to the planes was found in the particleboards of variant V (the UF resin was modified with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide).It was observed that the hardness of particleboards depends on the glue content and the method of applying the glue on the particles. The highest hardness values were recorded for variants in which higher glue content and particles were bonded with the use of pneumatic spraying. Among the particleboards differing in the type of blowing agent used, the smallest range of dimensional changes after 24 h soaking in water was characteristic for the V-variant particleboards, in the case of which the UF resin was modified with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide.3), the UF resin modifier in the form of p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide should be used, which allows for the production of particleboards with an assumed low density in laboratory conditions, meeting the basic technical requirements of the EN 312: 2011 standard .Based on the result, it can be stated that for the production of particleboards with a reduced density (at the assumed level of 520 kg/m


To explore the application value of the nutrition support team in chemotherapy period of colon cancer based on the internet multidisciplinary treatment mode. n = 45) and the control group (n = 45) according to the order of initials and the method of parity group. The control group was given conventional nutrition support, and the experimental group was given the nutrition support under the internet multidisciplinary treatment mode. The serum tumor marker levels (CEA and CA19-9), immune function indexes, nutrition indicators, and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups before and after intervention.  For the method of retrospective study, 90 patients with colon cancer admitted to our hospital from August 2018 to August 2020 were selected as the study subjects. They were equally divided into the experimental group (P < 0.001). The immune function indexes in the experimental group after intervention were significantly better than those in the control group (P < 0.001). The nutrition indicators in the experimental group after intervention were significantly better than those in the control group (P < 0.001). The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions above grade 2 in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were 20 patients with myelosuppression, 2 patients with neurotoxicity, and 1 patient with hand and foot syndrome in the experimental group, while 22 patients with myelosuppression, 4 patients with neurotoxicity, and 2 patients with hand and foot syndrome in the control group, with no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05).  The serum tumor marker levels in the experimental group after intervention were significantly lower than those in the control group ( The nutrition support team under the internet multidisciplinary treatment mode can improve the immune function of chemotherapy patients with colon cancer and enhance their nutritional level, thereby reducing the incidence of adverse reactions and improving the chemotherapy effects. Colon cancer is a malignant tumor originating from epithelial cells of colon mucosa, and the incidence rate has shown an upward trend in recent years, with the incidence rate of 0.3‰ . SurgeryNCCN has proposed that patients with colon cancer need multidisciplinary treatment during chemotherapy to closely assess their condition changes . MultidiThe retrospective study was conducted in our hospital from August 2018 to August 2020. The study subjects and researchers did not understand the grouping of this experiment, and the research designers were responsible for arranging and controlling the experiment.Inclusion criteria: (1) The patients were diagnosed with colon cancer by colonoscopy, which met the diagnostic criteria in the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Colon Cancer , and then = 45) and the control group (n = 45) according to the order of initials and the method of parity group. On the day when the patients agreed to participate in the study, the study group collected the data of sociodemography and clinical manifestation. It was found that there was no statistical difference in the patients' general information between the two groups by comparison (P > 0.05), which was comparable. In the experimental group, there were 25 males and 20 females with an average age of 51.27 ± 5.20 years old. Before intervention, the body weight was 55.65 ± 2.65 kg, the BMI was 21.22 ± 1.23 kg/m2, and the ECOG score was 0.67 ± 0.60 points. In Dukes staging, grade A had 2 cases, grade B had 18 cases, grade C had 18 cases, and grade D had 7 cases. There were 8 cases with hypertension, 6 cases with diabetes mellitus, and 15 cases with intestinal obstruction. In the control group, there were 26 males and 19 females with an average age of 51.22 ± 2.43 years old. Before intervention, the body weight was 55.74 ± 2.40 kg, the BMI was 21.24 ± 1.28 kg/m2, and the ECOG score was 0.64 ± 0.60 points. In Dukes staging, grade A had 1 case, grade B had 19 cases, grade C had 19 cases, and grade D had 6 cases. There were 8 cases with hypertension, 7 cases with diabetes mellitus, and 17 cases with intestinal obstruction.In the study, 90 patients were equally divided into the experimental group (This study was in line with the principles of Declaration of Helsinki 2013) [ [13], an2. On the first and second days, they received calcium leucovorin  by intravenous infusion at a dose of 200 mg/m2 and received 5-fluorouracil  by intravenous infusion at a dose of 400 mg/m2. With 14 days as a chemotherapy cycle, two chemotherapy cycles were performed. The measures of symptomatic treatment such as the prevention of vomiting and the protection of stomach were routinely taken before chemotherapy.Patients in both groups were treated with the FOLFOX4 regimen. On the first day, they received oxaliplatin  by intravenous infusion at a dose of 85 mg/mThe control group was given conventional nutrition support. Firstly, patients were given complete parenteral nutrition, with the heat maintained at 30 kcal/kg/d and the energy ratio of lipid emulsion to glucose as 2 : 3. They were given the enteral nutrition gradually, supplemented by nutritional agents with the daily heat supply of 500 kcal. Patients with severe gastrointestinal reactions also received parenteral nutrition until the surgery was performed.The experimental group was given the nutrition support under the internet MDT mode. (1) The MDT team about colon cancer was established. The team members included doctors and nursing staff coming from department of medical oncology in alimentary system, colorectal surgery, anesthesia department, intervention department, nutrition department, imaging department, laboratory department, and pharmacy department, and all participants joined the MDT WeChat group. The doctor and nursing teams were divided into the data, administration, and instruction groups. The managers were clinicians and nursing staff with high qualification and rich experience, whose primary responsibilities were to make an induction and summary of the data and monitor the implementation of the team work. The team members needed to deeply understand the MDT mode through the ways of master lectures and evidence-based medicine and fully learn how to formulate the medical decisions based on the data and apply the decisions to medical process. (2) The internet database was established with the help of the hospital diagnosis and treatment platform, which contained the patient data, medical data, nursing data, and literature data. The patient data were primary data mainly including the basic information of patients , treatment information , economic information , and MDT information . The medical data included doctors' orders and all kinds of inspection and examination information and patients' data of clinical symptoms and test indicators. The nursing data included doctors' orders and the implementation of inspection and examination, the common clinical scales such as the scale of Hamilton negative emotion and the scale of NRS nutrition risk assessment, and the questionnaire data collected from patients. The literature data included the data from Chinese and foreign professional literature on colon cancer for doctors and nurses to consult. (3) The instruction group established a diagrammatic figure of MDT nutrition support for colon cancer patients according to the data collected from the internet database and divided the work about nutrition support into three stages during chemotherapy. The first stage was the preparation of nutrition support, which is aimed at comprehensively developing the nutrition support strategies combining the mental status, nutritional status, and various clinical indicators to improve the treatment and nursing compliance and meeting the needs of mental and physical health of patients. The second stage was the implementation of nutrition support, which is aimed at improving the patients' immune function, alleviating the adverse reactions of chemotherapy, and providing good support for subsequent treatment by targeted measures of nutrition support. The third stage was from the end of chemotherapy to discharge, which was dominated by collecting feedback from patients to provide health guidance for them. (4) The administration group formulated the flow chart according to the tasks of each stage and supervised the implementation. The data group dynamically collected the internet data at each stage to facilitate the team to evaluate the implementation effects of the nutrition support under the MDT mode at any time. In the instruction group, the chief experts updated the progress once every 3 days, and the doctors and nursing staff made supplements and discussions in the WeChat group with weekly meetings offline. (5) The measures of nutrition support in the experimental group were formulated by the MDT team according to the above steps on the basis of the control group. The nursing navigators accompanied the patients and answered their questions throughout the intervention and delivered messages dynamically and timely between the MDT nutrition support team and the patients.The fasting venous blood was taken from the patients in the morning before and after intervention to measure the levels of CEA and CA19-9 by radioimmunoassay using a Roche electrochemiluminescence analyzer with original matching reagents (NMPA (I) 20113402843) and to measure the CA72-4 level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay .+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, Treg, Th9, and Th17 by a flow cytometry (ACEA BIO (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Medical Products Administration Certified No. 20142400581).The fasting venous blood was taken in the morning before and after intervention to measure the levels of CD4The body weight of the two groups after intervention was recorded. The fasting venous blood of patients in the morning was taken before and after intervention to measure the levels of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and hemoglobin (Hb) by an automatic biochemical analyzer with original matching reagents .The adverse reactions of patients in the two groups during chemotherapy were recorded according to the World Health Organization (WHO) evaluation criteria for adverse reactions to anticancer drugs , and theχ2 and t-test. When P < 0.05, the differences were considered to be statistically significant.In this study, the experimental data were processed by SPSS20.0, and GraphPad Prism 7  was used to draw pictures of the data. The items included in the study were enumeration data and measurement data tested by P < 0.001) . The levels of CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 in the experimental group after intervention were significantly lower than those in the control group .There was no statistical difference in the levels of CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 between the experimental group and the control group before intervention  . The levels of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the experimental group after intervention were significantly better than those in the control group .There was no statistical difference in the levels of CD4P > 0.05). The levels of Treg, Th9, and Th17 in the experimental group after intervention were significantly better than those in the control group .There was no statistical difference in the levels of Treg, Th9, and Th17 between the experimental group and the control group before intervention  . The body weight and the levels of TP, ALB, and Hb in the experimental group after intervention were significantly better than those in the control group .There was no statistical difference in body weight and the levels of TP, ALB, and Hb between the experimental group and the control group before intervention . In addition, there were 20 patients with myelosuppression, 2 patients with neurotoxicity, and 1 patient with hand and foot syndrome in the experimental group and 22 patients with myelosuppression, 4 patients with neurotoxicity, and 2 patients with hand and foot syndrome in the control group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05).There were gastrointestinal reactions of different degrees during chemotherapy in the two groups. In the experimental group, there were 18 patients with nausea and vomiting, 10 patients with diarrhea, 6 patients with nausea and vomiting above grade 2, and 5 patients with diarrhea above grade 2. There were 26 patients with nausea and vomiting, 18 patients with diarrhea, 15 patients with nausea and vomiting above grade 2, and 13 patients with diarrhea above grade 2 in the control group. The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions above grade 2 in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group . Since the decline of immune function is an important manifestation of malnutrition in patients with malignant tumors [+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ in elderly patients with colon cancer [The MDT mode means that the medical staff coming from different fields provide treatment programs with individual differences for specific patients, so that patients can obtain the best support for treatment. Previous practice has shown that the MDT mode can realize the integration and sharing of medical resources, improve the accuracy of treatment, and shorten the treatment time of patients , 19. Witt tumors , the immt tumors . Scholarn cancer . In thisP < 0.001). Another study has shown that the MDT mode is able to improve the 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced colorectal cancer [Nutrition support can maintain the continuity of their gastrointestinal function by improving the immune function and nitrogen balance of colon cancer patients, thereby enhancing the barrier and immune function and accelerating the recovery of intestinal mucosa , so thatl cancer . The surThe nutrition support team under the internet multidisciplinary treatment mode can improve the immune function of chemotherapy patients with colon cancer and enhance their nutritional level, thereby reducing the probability of adverse reactions and improving the effect of chemotherapy.


Pinus sylvestris L.) purchased from the forest districts of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Szczecinek town, Poland. For the impregnation, two commercial protection agents were used. The pressure impregnation of the elements and gluing with the PUR adhesive were carried out by a garden furniture manufacturer. The strength and durability after aging tests of glued joints were performed in accordance with the procedure described in Technical Approval No. AT-15-2948/00 and the PN-EN ISO 9142 standard. The collected experimental data can be used in technological solutions, mainly for processes which involve gluing wood after impregnation.This work aimed to determine the gluability of pressure-impregnated pine wood with two protection agents used in production technologies for garden equipment and their effect on the strength, water resistance and thermal resistance of joints, as well as their susceptibility to aging. The tests were carried out on Scots pine wood ( Wood continues to compete successfully with other materials used in various branches of industry. When considering the ecological balance, wood-based products provide many benefits in terms of their sustainable development and physico-mechanical properties. Conifer wood, particularly pine, is widely used in the construction industry to make a variety of engineering structures, finishing elements and fittings, including those used in garden architecture. However, when used in outdoor conditions, wood needs to be suitably protected; otherwise, changes may occur, leading to its technical degradation. The degree of such changes depends, above all, on the species and the features of its anatomical structure. The protection of functional wood, particularly that coming into direct contact with water or soil, is largely based on introducing protection agents with powerful, conserving, fungicidal properties. The range of such products is constantly being expanded with the introduction of new generations of active substances, which are currently being developed with regard to eco-safety requirements ,2,3,4,5.In subsequent technological operations, protected wood is often subjected to gluing processes. Glued laminated wood, suitably protected with biocidal substances, offers high functionality and durability. For glued wooden elements exposed to atmospheric conditions, they should be held together with bonding substances that ensure the highest strength against various static and dynamic loads, resistance to the effects of water and temperature, and while it’s used to fasten wood to protected surfaces—non-sensitivity to the protection agents ,7,8. In Binding substances of interest, preferred (among other things) for the gluing of impregnated wood, include PUR adhesives, which are available in both one- and two-component versions. In view of the variety of ways in which they can be used and the possibilities of crosslinking, they constitute a group of high-quality products with multifaceted applications. They offer excellent adhesion to many types of bases, relatively quick hardening, elasticity and the formation of joints with good thermal resistance, particularly at negative temperatures ,11,12,13One solution often applied in industrial practice is the impregnation of pre-glued elements as one of the final operations in the production cycle. However, this method requires certain conditions to be met, primarily concerning the methods of impregnation. The treatment of glued elements is usually limited to the simplest methods of surface protection. In the case of deep impregnation, when it is necessary to use the vacuum pressure methods, numerous difficulties arise, including a swelling of wood, moisture-induced stress, increased roughness of the protected surfaces, problems with the resistance of glued joints in the conditions of the impregnation process, and the need for repeated drying of the impregnated elements. Significant limitations often arise from the dimensions of autoclaves, which permit the impregnation of glued semi-finished products, but only if they are of relatively small size. Because of these reasons gluing elements that have been previously impregnated gives bigger possibilities. Solutions of this type ensure the resistance of glued systems on their entire cross-section, which is achieved much more effectively in the case of gluing easily impregnable pine wood. This approach also has other technical and economic advantages ,19,20,21In summary, as shown by a review of data from the literature concerning the suitability of impregnated wood for gluing, these studies cover a wide spectrum of questions. A systematic evaluation of the results obtained by different researchers is made especially difficult by the extremely divergent methodological approaches used, both in terms of the experimental methods and the criteria used for evaluation.In industrial practice, it is important to determine the functional parameters before the products are launched in the market. In view of the variety of impregnating and binding substances in use, in the course of the technological process, every case of gluing requires individual analysis . In the Pinus sylvestris L.) popular in the Polish timber industry, having a treated surface and which is intended for use in elements of small garden architecture. This work aimed to determine the gluability of pressure-impregnated pine wood with two substances used in production technologies for garden equipment and their effect on the strength, water resistance and thermal resistance of joints, as well as their susceptibility to aging. The collected experimental data may be used in technological solutions, mainly for processes which involve gluing wood after impregnation.In this context, the need has arisen for research to investigate and quantify the gluability of the pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) purchased from the forest districts of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Szczecinek, class WB0-1 . For the impregnation, two commercial protection agents were used: X  and Y . The impregnation of the elements  in the form of slats was carried out by a pressure method, subject to the technological conditions applied by a manufacturer of garden furniture, using two commercial substances based on the compounds of copper and boron .The impregnated wood was glued using a one-component commercial PUR adhesive (with a density at 25 °C 1.1–1.2 g/cm2). Next, sets were formed and placed in a pneumatic mold, where they were pressed under a minimum pressure of 1.5 MPa for a time of 1.5 h. Prior to application, the adhesive was heated to approximately 40 °C, and it was then applied to the suitably prepared slats using a roller  in Warsaw, used for the evaluation of the quality of joints in single-frame windows and balcony doors made from glued laminated wood . The tes64 h soaking in water at temp. (23 ± 2) °C.8 h drying in the temp. (55 ± 2) °C.16 h soaking in water at temp. (23 ± 2) °C.8 h drying in the temp. (55 ± 2) °C.16 h soaking in water at temp. (23 ± 2) °C.8 h drying in the temp. (55 ± 2) °C.16 h soaking in water at temp. (23 ± 2) °C.The aging tests of glued joints were performed in accordance with the procedure described in PN-EN ISO 9142 for the tests denoted D7 and D11, which simulate the effect of atmospheric conditions and are applicable to glued wooden elements used outdoors . The fir1 h in water at temp. (100 ± 2) °C.20 h drying in air at temp. (50 ± 2) °C.1 h in water at temp. (100 ± 2) °C.Cooling of samples immersed in water to a temp. (20 ± 1) °C.The stages of the second aging test (D 11) were as follows:The samples were subjected to aging in three cycles, according to the above procedures, and the strength of the joints was determined after each cycle.The tests of joint strength were performed using a Schopper ZDM 2.5/91 strength testing machine  with the load increment rate selected according to the ITB procedure so as to obtain delamination of the joint at a time of 90 ±30 s from the placement of the sample in the clamps of the testing machine. Immediately after the strength tests, a visual inspection of the surface was made for each sample by recording the wood failure percentage (WFP) factor. The value of the WFP factor was estimated with an accuracy of 10%. This provided an additional criterion for the estimation of joint quality.The results obtained were used for a comprehensive evaluation of the properties of joints made with the PUR adhesive, in curved elements for use in garden equipment, based on a proposed point scale. In this context, a system was developed that enabled the evaluation of the joints. avg., xmax., xmin., υ.The individual tests were performed for 16 samples. The results of the joint strength and resistance tests are provided in The analysis of the average values of the immediate strength of the joints —test 1 sIn individual tests , which is an additional argument confirming the good thermal resistance of the joints.It was found in a comprehensive analysis of the aging test results  that, asThe literature data indicate that cyclic changes relating to the sorption and desorption processes are responsible for a significant degree of deterioration in the strength parameters of glued joints. A large reduction in strength may be recorded, even in the first period of cyclic loading ,48,51,52Analysis of the WFP indicator after the aging cycles showed that the joints, which were made with the use of the tested adhesives, were characterized by similar resistance to aging conditions procedures specified in PN-EN 29142. For most systems, regardless of the number of cycles, the values of that parameter lie within a range of 80–100%. This confirms that the joints obtained have a high resistance to aging and that, decidedly, the weakest link in all the variants considered was glued wood.The coefficients of variation computed for the presented experimental data covered a wide range: 9.3–21.7% for the tests of “conditioned” samples —test 6. In order to provide a complementary assessment of the effect of the impregnating substances used in the study on the gluability of the treated pine wood in terms of the strength and resistance of the glued joints, the experimental data have been considered in light of the proposed evaluation criteria provided in The results obtained following ITB technical approval test No. 1 were used as a control . Table 8From an analysis of the data in In order to supplement the data and provide an even fuller evaluation of the influence of the wood protection agent on the quality of glued joints, a further criterion was applied, requiring an analysis of the relative strength of joints, expressed as a ratio of the value for glued impregnated pine wood to the value for unprotected wood. On the adopted scoring scale, the tested systems could obtain a maximum of 20 points in total. In the case of the pine wood impregnated, respectively, with the protection agents Y and X, the results of the computations for the joints were 17 points, which indicates that the wood protected using these substances is suitable for gluing. All the tested systems obtained the maximum point scores following that aging procedure, which proved to be significantly milder than the D7 procedure. Additionally regarding the D7 test we observed a gradual decrease in strength as a function of completed aging tests.Based on the results of the tests and the assumption criteria adopted for their evaluation, it is concluded that a PUR adhesive can be successfully used for the gluing of pine wood impregnated with the tested substances, thus obtaining joints with high resistance to the effects of water, heat and aging.In the evaluation of the mechanisms of the delamination of joints at destructive loads in the tests of water resistance, the significance of the WFP value turned out to be very high. Regarding the joint resistance tests carried out with the conditioning of samples, for the great majority of variants, the parameter exceeded 90%. This indicates that the presented test results of the strength and resistance of joints do not express the technical possibilities of the adhesives in a fully adequate manner and, to a large degree, refer to the specific properties of the glued wood, both unprotected and impregnated. It should be noted that favorable values of the WFP were also observed by the aging tests of joints. Practically, except in a few cases, the parameter attained a level of 100%.The tests in this study represent the first stage in an evaluation of pine wood from Szczecinek Forest District for producing elements made of laminated glued wood that have been previously impregnated for use in areas such as garden architecture. Additionally, we plan to carry out further experiments, in this regard, on wood originating from the stands growing in forest areas and former agricultural land. We will pay attention to the potential disadvantages of the initial treatment (proper wetting and adhesion of the glue to the protected surface) of the use of additional technological operations before gluing, such as removal of crystallized preservatives on the surface of the glued wood.Pinus sylvestris L.) wood, which was pressure-impregnated with two substances used in production technologies for garden equipment.The PUR adhesive that was used in the tests is suitable for gluing Scots pine (In the case of the impregnated wood, the PUR glue joints met the criterion requirements for water and heat resistance, according to the technical approval of the Institute of Building Technology AT 15-2948/00.The obtained adhesive joints showed, both in terms of the obtained values and the images of delamination expressed by the WFP factor, very favorable relations, indicating their high quality. The weakest zone in the evaluated joints, determining the level of the obtained values, was wood.The adopted point scoring system was found to be useful as a criterion for the gluing quality, enabling a classification of the joints on the basis of the overall analysis, including water, thermal resistance and aging tests.In the point-based analysis, the systems with impregnated wood obtained 38 points, approximately 85% of the total available.The following conclusions were drawn from the tests:


The Employment-Activity Program (EAP) of the PEPsNA aims that people develop or regain the occupational roles to wich ther aspire in their life after a first episode, due to the early ages affected by psychosis. Social-labor integration strategies  are effective tools to improve the evolution of people with serious mental illnes.Check the objectives achieved by the PEA, which in turn serves as a self-assessment, in order to improve our daily work.Data related to employment/occupation are analyzed, , instrumental functional capacity and neurocognitive status , occupational disability , social and occupational functioning  and quality of life The rate of active persons with employment or standarized studies increases by 7.2% at 24 months, and the long-term unemployment rate decreases by 4.9%, the timing of the highest occupation being at 12-18 months of treatment, reaching 55% and the one with the lowest unemployment at 12 months, with 17.3%. The percentage of people with ILT falls by 13.4%. The functioning scales also detect an improvement after 2 years of treatment.The PEA contributes to the improvement in the global funtioning of people and their quality of life.No significant relationships.


Salinization has an important impact on the degradation of ancient masonry buildings, and systematically mastering the law of salt migration and degradation of ancient masonry buildings is an important part of the protection of ancient buildings. In this paper, the damage law of gray bricks under the action of salt crystallization is studied. The orthogonal test method is used to carry out cyclic degradation tests on gray bricks. The nominal strength is proposed as a mechanical parameter to measure the structural damage of grey bricks, and the change in compressive strength and crystallization pressure of the samples after the test is measured and analyzed. The results show that the damage of different salts in the gray bricks shows a certain difference. Magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride cause significant damage to the surface of the gray bricks, while calcium chloride does not cause significant damage to the surface of the gray bricks. When the concentrations of sodium chloride solution, calcium chloride solution and magnesium sulfate solution are less than 13.73 mol/L, 11.47 mol/L and 17 mol/L, respectively, the nominal strength of gray brick samples increases; In the range of 9.9 mol/L and 4.73–8.94 mol/L, the crystallization pressure began to appear inside the sample. The research results provide an important scientific basis for evaluating the damage caused by salting to the damage of porous ancient building materials such as masonry. Ancient buildings have numerous characteristics that include large volume, a complex occurrence environment, immovability, and a vulnerability to environmental influence. With the passage of time, various physical and chemical changes of ancient buildings lead to diseases such as peeling, pulverization and cracking of brick masonry. The effect of salinity is the main problem affecting the durability of porous building materials, and it has become an indicator to measure the durability of porous building materials ,2,3. StuWater absorption and salt crystallization are the most common problems and the most serious phenomena leading to the degradation of ancient masonry buildings. Soluble salt is the main deterioration factor of porous building materials such as masonry and will reduce its strength. Water, as a transport tool for other substances such as soluble salt, transports soluble salt to different locations of the material to crystallize, so the moisture transport properties of the material have a great influence on the location of salt crystallization . The groMenéndez et al.  studied To sum up, scholars at home and abroad have carried out extensive research on the damage of porous media materials caused by salt crystallization, however, they have mainly focused on rock building materials such as sandstone and limestone. In order to find out the deterioration rule of gray bricks caused by salt crystallization, this paper conducts salt crystallization tests on gray bricks based on the orthogonal experiment method. In the salt crystallization test, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulfate solutions were used, and the solution concentrations were 1%, 3%, and 5%. The macroscopic physical and mechanical properties of gray bricks  and the change law of the microstructure of gray bricks after salt crystallization, were obtained on this basis, and the deterioration mechanism of gray bricks under the action of crystallization pressure generated by salt crystallization was analyzed. The research results have important practical significance for the preventive protection of ancient masonry buildings, and provide a certain basis for evaluating the damage of salt to porous ancient buildings such as masonry.The gray bricks used in the test are those left by the demolition of ancient dwellings in Kaifeng City, Henan Province. In order to reduce the influence of the discrete nature of the material on the test, gray bricks with similar colors and a difference of ±3% in dry weight were selected, and the samples were cut by a cutting machine into a 5 cm × 5 cm × 10 cm cuboid. The sample was washed in deionized water about 10 times to reduce the influence of the existing salt in the pores of the sample on the capillary cycle test, and then the washed gray brick sample was dried to a constant weight and stored in a desiccator for use.2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (Fe2O3), potassium oxide (K2O) and other metal oxides. In addition to the main components, gray bricks also contain trace amounts of titanium dioxide (TiO2), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and so on. The mineral composition of the green bricks was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer  and the results are shown in Before carrying out the test, the gray bricks are firstly subjected to characterization tests, such as chemical, phase analysis  and physical properties for material characterization. The main chemical components of gray bricks measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer  are shown in (1)+, Ca2+, Mg2+, accounting for 43.6%, 36.1% and 20.3% of the total content, respectively. The anions are dominated by HCO3−, accounting for 71.7% of the total, followed by SO42−, accounting for 16.8%, and the content of Cl− is the lowest, accounting for only 11.4% changes. The types of anions and cations in the groundwater are the same as those in the surface water, only their content varies.Choice of soluble salt. The salt used in the test is classified as sodium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate, according to the characteristic table of chemical composition of groundwater in Kaifeng City . The cat(2)Determination of salt solution concentration. According to the characteristics table of groundwater chemical components in Kaifeng City  and the The specific test steps are as follows: ① Stack two permeable stones with a diameter of 10 cm and a thickness of 1 cm at the bottom of each sample; ② Add salt solution to make the liquid level equal to the top of the permeable stone; ③ Take out the sample when the sample absorbs the solution for 30 min; ④ Put the sample, after inhaling the salt solution, into a drying oven at 95 °C for 3 h, which is a cycle test. According to the meteorological data of Kaifeng City: from 2000 to 2020, the annual average number of times the daily temperatures in Kaifeng City exceeded 35 °C was 13.28, and three cycle times gradients of 10 times, 20 times, and 30 times were set.In order to find out the influence of various factors on the deterioration of gray bricks, the soluble salt type (A), the salt solution concentration (B) and the number of cycles (C) are used as the three test indicators of the orthogonal test group in this paper. A three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment was designed , and purP is the nominal strength of the sample (MPa), F is the pressure on the sample (N), and S is the surface area of the push–pull gauge probe (mm2).In order to quantify the extent of the damage caused to the brick surface by salt crystallization during the test, this paper uses nominal strength to characterize the mechanical properties of the sample surface, dividing the specimen surface and the cut surface into three areas —top, midAfter the cyclic deterioration test was completed, the compressive strength of the grey brick samples was tested using an electro-hydraulic servo tester (MTS 810) with a test loading speed of 0.1 mm/s. Three samples were selected from each experimental group and the average value was taken as the final compressive strength.M0 is the initial mass of the sample (g), tM is the sample mass after the Nth cycle (g), and V is the sample volume (mm3).In this paper, the relative mass of each sample in the same volume is analyzed to reduce the deviation of the initial mass to test results caused by different manufacturing processes. 2B3C1) resulted in the largest increase in sample mass (19.25%) over 10 cycles. Similarly, in the samples of 20 and 30 cycles, the magnesium sulfate (A3B3C2) and sodium chloride (A1B3C3) groups with 5% salt solution concentration increased the most in mass, at 30.12% and 39.58%, respectively.In the cyclic deterioration test, the sample is absorbed by capillary action for 30 min in a salt solution and then dried in a drying oven at 95 °C for 3 h. The sample is cooled to room temperature after drying and is then weighed to measure the sample mass. There are usually two issues associated to the change in quality; salt crystallization inside the sample that leads to an increase in sample mass, and salt crystallization close to the sample surface that causes the sample surface to exfoliate, resulting in a decrease in sample mass. The final effect depends on the soluble salt species and salt solution concentration. In this experiment, the mass of the samples increased, and the concentration of the salt solution was the main factor affecting the proportion of the increase in the mass of the samples, and it was also the key to determine the damage status of the samples. From the analysis of The samples usually increased rapidly in the first six cycles. From the seventh cycle, the quality of the control group began to remain stable, and the growth rate of the samples in the experimental group decreased. This is due to the evaporation of water not destroying the internal pores of the sample, and drying at 95 °C for 3 h means that the sample cannot be completely dried, and the residual water remains in the pores. With the accumulation of soluble salt crystals, the crystallization pressure causes the microcracks inside the sample to expand, and the solution enters the internal pores, while the increase in salt content and the expansion of pores also increases the water absorption of the sample. In addition, sodium chloride will cause the surface of the sample to form a shell and peel away from the sample, and the surface of the sample containing magnesium sulfate will crack and gradually pulverize.All the gray brick samples were damaged after the test, the deterioration caused by magnesium sulfate was the most serious, and the damage caused by sodium chloride to the gray brick samples was the second highest. It can be seen from 3B3C2) caused the largest decrease in the nominal strength of the samples (0.27 MPa on average), followed by 20 cycles of 3% sodium chloride (A1B2C2), and the average nominal intensity of the samples was down by 0.12 MPa. Calcium chloride caused the least damage to the samples, with 20 cycles of 1% calcium chloride and 30 cycles of 3% calcium chloride samples with an increase in the upper nominal strength. Soluble salt crystallization is an important deterioration mechanism of gray bricks, the damage is caused by the crystallization pressure applied in the pores, and the microcracks caused by this mechanism can be observed in SEM.Origin software was used to fit the test data. 3B3C2) cycled 20 times and the details of the microcracks induced by the salt crystallization. SEM observation showed that the gray brick samples were severely damaged by sulfate crystallization, and microcracks were generated during the cycle test. Subsequently, the crystals continued to grow and deposit in the cracks that had already formed, and the microcracks caused the crack enlargement and chalking phenomena observed macroscopically on the surface of the gray brick samples. 1B2C2). It is found that the sodium chloride is mainly deposited in the microcracks formed by salt crystallization, which were also found on the mineral surface and in the pores. 2B2C3), and it can be seen that the calcium chloride crystals are quite different from the other two salt crystals. The calcium chloride crystals are smaller in size and mainly deposited in the pores of the minerals, which not only did not cause more microcracks in the gray brick samples, but also affected the pores. It plays a filling role and improves the compactness of the sample.3B3C2 group decreased the most. This confirms the conclusion of Lindström et al. . Af. Af1B1C13B3C2 group decreased the most, by 0.27 MPa and 4.9 MPa, respectively, and the maximum crystallization pressure was 57 MPa. However, the nominal strength (1B3C3 group samples with a maximum crystallization pressure of 73.87 MPa decreased by 0.12 MPa and 1.6 MPa, respectively. It can be found in 3B3C2 are significantly more than those in the A1B2C2 samples, indicating that the degree of sample deterioration is not only determined by the size of the crystallization pressure, but also related to the distribution of salt crystals in the pores of different sizes of the sample [It is worth noting that the nominal strength  and compstrength  and compstrength  of the Ae sample . Derluyne sample  developeIn practical engineering, the saturated solubility of calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate will increase with the increase in temperature. Therefore, the actual value of crystallization pressure is lower than the theoretical calculation value, but the theoretical calculation value provides a reference for judging the damage of gray brick crystallization, and can be used as a limit reference for judging the damage caused by salt crystallization to an ancient gray brick masonry building’s value.Salt crystallization has an important influence on the deterioration characteristics of the ancient brick masonry building body. In this paper, based on the orthogonal test method, the cyclic deterioration test of gray bricks under the action of different types of salt is carried out. The pressure and deterioration laws are discussed, and the microstructure damage characteristics under the action of different salt crystallization are discussed in combination with SEM images. The main conclusions are as follows:2B3C1, A3B3C2, and A1B3C3 groups with a salt concentration of 5% increased the most, which were 19.25%, 30.12%, and 39.58%, respectively. In appearance, the damage to the middle and lower part of the sample is more serious when the sodium chloride solution acts on the sample. With the increase in the number of cycles, the surface will form crusts and fall off. The damage of the magnesium sulfate solution to the upper part of the sample is more significant, mainly including pulverization, cracks, and causing parts to fall off. The calcium chloride solution has no obvious damage characteristics on the surface of the sample;The concentration of salt solution is the main factor affecting the relative change in sample quality. Samples of the A3B3C2 group decreased the most, with an average decrease of 0.27 MPa. When the concentrations of sodium chloride solution, calcium chloride solution and magnesium sulfate solution are less than 13.73 mol/L, 11.47 mol/L and 17 mol/L, respectively, the nominal strength of the sample increases;There are two factors that affect nominal strength: salt solution concentration and salt type. Nominal strength decreases with increasing salt solution concentration. Magnesium sulfate crystals have the most serious damage to the tiny pores of gray bricks, followed by sodium chloride and calcium chloride, which has the least. The nominal strength of the samples in the AThe size of the crystallization pressure has a lot to do with the quality of the salt inside the brick. When the concentrations of sodium chloride solution, calcium chloride solution and magnesium sulfate solution are in the range of 8.17~8.93 mol/L, 6.98~9.9 mol/L, and 4.73~8.94 mol/L, respectively, the crystallization pressure begins to occur;By observing the SEM images, it is found that the degree of sample deterioration caused by salt crystallization not only depends on the size of the crystallization pressure, but is also related to the distribution of salt crystals in the pores of different sizes of the sample. In order to better understand the damage mechanism of brick masonry caused by salinization under actual conditions, the next research topics include conducting mixed-salt cyclic deterioration experiments and determining the pore size of the crystalline distribution of different types of salts.


NanoFAST is a fluorogen-activating protein and can be considered one of the smallest encodable fluorescent tags. Being a shortened variant of another fluorescent tag, FAST, nanoFAST works nicely only with one out of all known FAST ligands. This substantially limits the applicability of this protein. To find the reason for such a behavior, we investigated the spatial structure and dynamics of nanoFAST, both in the apo state and in the complex with its fluorogen molecule, using the solution NMR spectroscopy. We showed that the truncation of FAST did not affect the structure of the remaining part of the protein. Our data suggest that the deleted N-terminus of FAST destabilizes the C-terminal domain in the apo state. While it does not contact the fluorogen directly, it serves as a free energy reservoir that enhances the ligand binding propensity of the protein. The structure of nanoFAST/HBR-DOM2 complex reveals the atomistic details of nanoFAST interactions with the rhodanine-based ligands and explains the ligand specificity. NanoFAST selects ligands with the lowest dissociation constants, 2,5-disubstituted 4-hydroxybenzyldienerhodainines, which allow the non-canonical intermolecular CH–N hydrogen bonding and provide the optimal packing of the ligand within the hydrophobic cavity of the protein. FASFAST is distinguished from other FAPs for several reasons, including the small size 14 kDa), high overall brightness, and ability to bind a variety of fluorogens with various light absorption and emission properties  kDa, hig. The iniFinally, analysis of the FAST structure in the apo form revealed that the first 30 amino acids form two α-helices in the FAST/fluorogen complex but are unstructured in the absence of ligand . ConsideIn this work, we posed several tasks. First, we resolved the structure of nanoFAST without the ligand to understand the effect of the N-terminal part of FAST on the structure and stability of its C-terminal domain. Next, we determined the structure of the nanoFAST/HBR-DOM2 complex to find the key features of the ligand, which make it active in complex with the FAP, while other ligands do not work. Finally, we characterized the internal mobility of the protein backbone to assess the stability of the protein.The structure of the nanoFAST apo state was determined using the conventional NMR approach and was based on NOE distances, chemical shifts, and J-couplings; the high overall quality of NMR data allowed obtaining the almost complete chemical shift assignment . The staWhile the structures of the two proteins are almost identical, the drastic difference between the behavior of FAST and nanoFAST becomes evident starting from the first view of the NMR spectra of nanoFAST . The speAs a second step, we determined the structure of nanoFAST in complex with its fluorogen HBR-DOM2 under the same conditions as the apo form. The quality of NMR spectra was almost perfect , which aAn interesting aspect of the obtained structure is the ionization state of HBR-DOM2. This fluorogen has two chemical groups that can possibly be ionized, the hydroxyl group of the phenolic ring and the amide group of rhodanine. As shown previously, the hydroxyl group of HBR-DOM2 is deprotonated inside nanoFAST , which a13Cα, which depend most on the protein secondary structure, are observed for the residues F2, R26, P42, and G43. , while N871b has a pyridine moiety. These two moieties are packed against the R26 (R52 in FAST) sidechain and alter the position of residues 25–27 and an adjacent turn of the 3–10 helix . The secand G43. . To summ15N relaxation parameters of nanoFAST both in the apo state and in complex with the fluorogen (2), describing the amplitudes of ps-ns motions of the protein backbone and Rex and contributions of slow µs-ms motions to the transverse relaxation. A direct comparison of nanoFAST apo and nanoFAST/HBR-DOM2 reveals that the internal mobility patterns are almost identical. The difference is observed only for the residues 20–30: this region is mobile in nanoFAST apo state, as follows from the decreased NOE and S2 values, and agrees with the obtained spatial structure. In contrast, the region is rigid in the HBR-DOM2 complex, with some slow motions detected for the residues 18–26 (H3) and 29, which can be explained by the formation of an H3 helix. A comparison of dynamics of nanoFAST/HBR-DOM2 and FAST/N871b complexes -glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources in the M9 medium. The cells were resuspended in a lysis buffer  and disrupted by ultrasonication. The target proteins were purified by IMAC  and SEC (1× PBS buffer) chromatography. For NMR applications, the target proteins were dialyzed against the NMR-buffer  overnight at 4 °C and concentrated up to 1 mM by ultrafiltration .FAST and nanoFAST proteins were synthesized as described earlier . Brieflyg for 5 min, and the supernatant was placed into the 5 mm NMR tube.To study the structure of a nanoFAST/HBR-DOM2 complex, the ligand was added to the protein sample as an aliquot of 50 mM solution in DMSO-d6  at 1.1× molar excess. The resulting solution was centrifuged at 5000× 3JCCo and 3JNCo couplings were measured from the spin-echo difference constant-time HSQC spectra  were determined by spectrofluorometric titration of protein by chromophore solutions with various concentrations on the Tecan Infinite 200 Pro M Nano dual mode plate reader. The protein concentration was 0.10 µM. The least squares fit (line) gave the dissociation constants KD presented as mean ± SD  in a complex with fluorogens and the apo state. We show that the absence of the N-terminal domain does not affect the structure of the remaining part of the protein. The observed differences between the FAST and nanoFAST are explained by the individual properties of the taken fluorogens. Our data suggest that the N-terminus of FAST destabilizes the dynamics of the C-terminal domain in the apo state. While it does not contact the fluorogen directly, it serves as a free energy reservoir that enhances the ligand binding propensity of the protein. The structure of nanoFAST/HBR-DOM2 complex reveals the atomistic details of FAST and nanoFAST interactions with the HBR-type ligands and explains the ligand specificity. nanoFAST selects ligands with the lowest dissociation constants, 2,5-disubstituted HBRs, which allows the non-canonical intermolecular CH–N hydrogen bonding and provides the optimal packing of the ligand within the hydrophobic cavity of the protein.