Rapid developments and implementation of digital technologies in public health domains throughout the last decades have changed the landscape of health delivery and disease prevention globally. A growing number of countries are introducing interventions such as online consultations, electronic health records, or telemedicine to their health systems to improve their populations’ health and improve access to health care. Despite multiple definitions for digital public health and the development of different digital interventions, no study has analyzed whether the utilized technologies fit the definition or the core characteristics of digital public health interventions. A scoping review is therefore needed to explore the extent of the literature on this topic.The main aim of this scoping review is to outline real-world digital public health interventions on all levels of health care, prevention, and health. The second objective will be the mapping of reported intervention characteristics. These will include nontechnical elements and the technical features of an intervention.We searched for relevant literature in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, CENTRAL , IEEE  Xplore, and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Full-Text Collection. All original study types , as well as governmental reports, books, book chapters, or peer-reviewed full-text conference papers were included when the evaluation and description of a digital health intervention was the primary intervention component. Two authors screened the articles independently in three stages . Two independent authors will also perform the data charting. We will report our results following the PRISMA-ScR  checklist.An additional systematic search in IEEE Xplore and ACM, performed on December 1, 2021, identified another 491 titles. We identified a total of 13,869 papers after deduplication. As of March 2022, the abstract screening state is complete, and we are in the state of screening the 1417 selected full texts for final inclusion. We estimate completing the review in April 2022.To our knowledge, this will be the first scoping review to fill the theoretical definitions of digital public health with concrete interventions and their characteristics. Our scoping review will display the landscape of worldwide existing digital public health interventions that use information and communication technologies. The results of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal in early 2022, which can serve as a blueprint for the development of future digital public health interventions.DERR1-10.2196/33404 The potential of digital technology for improving the health of individuals, communities, and populations is unprecedented. Technological advancements empower individuals to engage in self-management and well-being . There iDigital technologies for health are intrinsically interdisciplinary, including computer science, engineering, information science, clinical medicine, epidemiology, and public health ,13. AlthFor this review, we will define digital public health following the understanding of the European Public Health Association as the use of digital technologies or tools to achieve public health goals. Therefore, digital public health is not a new discipline but rather represents the digitalization of public health . FollowiThis importance of the given definition of public health makes it suitable for our understanding of digital public health as the digitalization of Winslow’s definition. According to the ongoing importance of Winslow’s description in essential public health functions, we define DiPHIs as interventions that address “at least one essential public health function through digital means” . SimilarWe expect that the described interventions of our finally chosen papers will target one of the health areas listed in This scoping review aims to serve as a blueprint for future DiPHIs to support countries in adapting digital public health to their health system. To fulfill this aim, the main objective is to outline real-world DiPHIs on all levels of health care , prevention, and health promotion based on our predefined definition of a DiPHI. The second objective will be to map reported intervention characteristics of existing real-world DiPHIs.For this scoping review, intervention characteristics will include the nontechnical elements  and the technical features of an intervention . Our review will not provide a detailed analysis of the cost-effectiveness of DiPHIs, their influence on health outcomes, the facilitators or barriers for implementation, or adaptation of interventions, as DiPHIs overall are too heterogeneous to be summarized within one literature review ,27.The inclusion criteria follow the PIOS  format. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are summarized in We will extract data from all studies that focus on the geographical community level and above . As public health concentrates on the population level and not the merely individual level, we will exclude all case studies that focus exclusively on single institutions or departments  but do not address at least the community level.Our scoping review will aim to describe DiPHIs and online technologies for the general public (ordinary citizens of a city/state country that form a society). We will include papers addressing health care workers  and people with access to health care and health insurance  without further regulations or restrictions. In contrast, we will exclude groups with limited or special access to public health care . This applies to the following three groups with precisely regulated access to health care: (1) veterans and the armed forces , (2) prisons and inmates (for which a prison physician needs to approve the treatment by another physician outside the prison), and (3) refugees and asylum seekers .Our review will include all participants in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, morbidities, education level, staff role, and occupation. We will include studies that examined specific interventions among health care providers  and studies that analyzed the use of interventions by laypersons .Following our definition of a DiPHI, we will include studies describing digital health interventions that use the internet  and/or Bluetooth  to address at least one essential public health function to (1) facilitate health care, (2) allow for communication between providers or between providers and patients, (3) promote one’s health, (4) collect data in a way that enables their secondary use in public health research, or (5) allow for digital surveillance of public health disasters.We will exclude every digital health intervention that does not address one of the five inclusion criteria listed above as they are not deemed to represent digital public health based on our definition.To be included, studies should not exclusively focus on individuals  but should also focus on groups of people . They will also have to report on the DiPHI as the main object of research and offer a description of the intervention/technology. Such examples include studies explaining the implementation of a national digital surveillance system in a country or the social acceptance of online consultations in a public health system.Studies that use a DiPHI only for secondary data analysis but do not have the DiPHI as the main object of research will also be omitted. Examples of such papers are studies mainly interested in measuring obesity in a community and only use electronic health records (EHRs) as a data source without going into detail on the records themselves. Therefore, the EHR in such study types would not be seen as an intervention for the sake of this scoping review. We will also exclude studies that offer no precise details on the modules of the intervention or its implementation process, such as studies that only give a brief overview of telemedicine opportunities in general without a concrete adaptation case. We will further exclude studies that evaluate or present interventions for the private market, for which individuals will have to buy without the option of a refund from their public health system . Interventions that do not use the internet or Bluetooth  will be excluded. Technologies that focus solely on background management processes  are not considered to be DiPHIs and are therefore not included.To answer our research questions, we will map the description of DiPHIs and their characteristics presented in the selected papers. These elements will be clustered to form an overview of specific modules for DiPHIs.The scoping review will include all suitable published papers to gather information on all digital tools classified as DiPHIs. This includes all peer-reviewed original studies , governmental reports, books, book chapters, or peer-reviewed conference papers that have the evaluation and description of a digital health intervention as their primary intervention component.We will exclude study protocols, editorials, and commentaries based on their limited containment of an intervention description and concrete original study results. Further, we will exclude review study types such as narrative, scoping, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses to avoid duplications. We will also exclude conference proceedings and not peer-reviewed publications . Lastly, publications will be excluded in the screening process if the described intervention does not match our definition of digital public health.We will use a two-part search strategy to identify publications that meet our inclusion criteria. For the first part, we searched three electronic bibliographic databases for published work on February 19, 2021, using a comprehensive search strategy for possible DiPHIs: PubMed, CENTRAL , and Web of Science . Following the aforementioned inclusion criteria, we will separate the screening process into title screening, abstract screening, and full-text screening. In case of disagreements over the eligibility of specific papers, the two screening authors (LM and MF) will discuss whether or not to include a publication for each of the three stages of the screening process . If the disagreement cannot be resolved through discussion, the third author (CCP) will have the final decision on the eligibility of the publication. We will calculate the Cohen κ value for each step of a screening process to illustrate the agreement between the two screening authors (LM and MF).Following quality assessment, we will extract data from the included studies. Two review authors (LM and CCP) will independently extract data in a Microsoft Excel 2019 sheet. These data will contain information on: (1) participants, including recruitment, study completion rates, study population, and participant demographics ; (2) intervention, including a description of the intervention, target group, use case, addressed level of prevention/health care, geographical level of intervention , and core function/modules of the intervention; (3) outcomes, including indicators of user acceptability, indicators of health economic evaluation, and other outcomes and indicators; and (4) setting, including the country, year of publication, publication type, study methodology, and year of data collection.We will request missing data from the authors of our included studies via email. We will resolve any discrepancies through discussion with the third author, MF.All included studies will be summarized in a narrative synthesis. We will group all included papers in a table according to the described intervention type see . Based oFor each intervention type, we will analyze the following: the country setting by income level according to the World Bank , level oWe will further analyze differences between locally implemented interventions and national digital public health policies for the same intervention group. The clusters for categorization of the interventions’ features will be developed during data extraction based on our research evidence. This approach is used mainly in qualitative research. Based on the aim of our scoping review, we decided against predefined clusters for categorization as these would require predefined descriptions of intervention characteristics, which we want to explore with this review.The systematic search in the three databases, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and PubMed, was performed on February 19, 2021, and produced 18,363 results. A total of 13,383 papers were included in the review after deduplication. Of these, 2962 titles were included for abstract screening. We performed an additional systematic search in the IEEE Xplore and ACM Full-Text Collection databases on December 1, 2021, which identified another 491 titles, 38 of which were included for abstract screening. In addition, 22 abstracts from the second search were included for full-text screening. In total, we have included 1417 publications for full-text screening and expect to complete this scoping review in April 2022. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and conferences based on the identified outcomes.This paper presents the protocol for a scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR  reporting standards . This scThe chosen method of a scoping review is an effective technique for mapping comprehensive and interdisciplinary topics such as digital public health. The search is performed in the three largest databases for digital public health topics  and the two largest databases for computer science (IEEE Xplore and ACM Full-Text Collection), which reduces the risk of missed articles. Two researchers (LM and MF) will systematically and independently select the studies that fit the inclusion criteria. The third author (CCP) will settle disagreements to ensure the reliability of the results. Additionally, we explained our study identification process in detail, including inclusion criteria, to ensure reproducibility. The review will follow the PRISMA-ScR checklist that is specific for scoping reviews  to ensurOne limitation of our scoping review is that we do not include study protocols, editorials, or commentaries. It is also worth mentioning that although we include research performed worldwide, our review is limited to publications in English, German, or Chinese. This could limit the completeness of the identified publications. Publications might also be missed as we will restrict the manual search to the reference lists of included studies. We will not assess the quality of the included literature in this review, which may lead to concerns about the accuracy of the literature and affect the generalizability and evidence of the results. However, as we are not assessing the outcome results of the selected studies but only examining their description of a DiPHI, the missing quality analysis is not relevant to our scoping review. The last limitation is that this review is not going to assess the impact of the implementation of DiPHIs in a health system, but will rather only provide an overview of existing technologies and their characteristics.


With the increasing digital transformation, work tasks are changing—in some cases, significantly. Our study addresses the question of whether the established criteria for work design are still sufficient or if they should get updated and additional criteria become necessary in the context of digitalization. In a multistage consensus process involving interdisciplinary groups of experts, we have identified specific criteria for the humane design of work in a world increasingly permeated by digitalized work tools. Starting with an expert workshop using a combined nominal group/focus group technique, followed by a real-time Delphi study, a content analysis and a five-stage peer comment process, we detected 13 criteria and 38 design guidelines for human-centered work in digital transformation. Mapping these with established criteria, it became apparent that some established criteria have experienced a new dynamic because of the digital transformation. For other criteria, a need for digitization-sensitive design is discernible. In addition, criteria have emerged whose necessity is rooted in the digital transformation. A diffusion and stronger interconnection of the various levels of the work system in connection with the digital transformation of work is apparent. The digital transformation of the world of work is a much-discussed topic, and as such has already been talked about in a wide variety of formats . TechnolThe Integration of technology into the workplace is a persistent theme in the design of work. One core of the current digital transformation is the interconnection of technologies and people. This enables a new level of globally networked work as well as more individualized and flexible work ,6. As a With the increasing digitization and networking of systems, the activities and tasks that people take on as part of their work are changing, sometimes significantly. Increasing automation means that a large number of occupational tasks are no longer required or are replaced by others ,17,18. TEver-new developments of technological possibilities and their uses in work characterize the current scientific discourse ,24. In rUnder similar conditions, consensus methods have been successfully used several times in other research areas to develop valid criteria and design recommendations ,29,30,31Starting with a cursory look at established concepts of work design, we follow up with the methodical procedure for the development of the new criteria and design guidelines. The results of the process, including the criteria developed and the specific design guidelines, appear in the results section. We then elaborate on these extracted criteria classified in a model with respect to effects of the digital transformation in the discussion. Finally, in the summary, we point to both a concrete need for action and existing research gaps.Tasks should be free from harm;Workable;Free of impairment;Enhance learning and health.In particular for the design of work tasks, there are established concepts for the preservation of the health and performance of employees and the promotion of personality development ,33,34. ATo this end, Ulich  describeBuilding on this model, in addition to criteria at the level of the specific work task, we therefore also address design features at the work system level and with a view to the contextual factors; and where available, we compare these with existing criteria. In addition, the human–organization interface is considered. The digital transformation enables a wide range of structures and forms in which work is organized. As a result, these roles and the associated responsibilities and duties of employers and employees are changing .We developed the criteria and guidelines using a four-stage sequential mixed-methods design involving interdisciplinary groups of experts. Our approach included: (a) an expert workshop using a combined nominal group/focus group technique, (b) a real-time Delphi study, (c) a content analysis and (d) a five-iteration peer-commentary process.A group of 15 experts took part in a two-day face-to-face workshop facilitated by an external moderator with the aim of initial identification of key trends and issues in the digitized world of work. The workshop ran under the Chatham House rule. Using nominal group technique ,43 experThe theses and design guidelines were then the basis for a real-time Delphi ,45 conduAfter a short introduction, including the criteria developed in the workshop, the panel members were asked to rate the theses belonging to a criterion according to agreement on a six-point scale  and the design notes created according to relevance for OSH . The order of processing was free. Participants could skip individual theses and design notes if they did not feel able to contribute. The panel members also had the opportunity to comment freely on the individual theses and design guidelines. Following the real-time Delphi method, the panel’s rating as well as all comments were immediately visible to the participants after each initial rating. We also asked the experts to comment on the relevance of the criteria underlying the theses and design notes in free text fields. In this way, they could indicate alternative names and still missing criteria. Additionally, they should identify the three most important criteria. Again, the survey showed the current ranking value per criterion after the first ranking.Throughout the five-week survey period, the experts had the opportunity to return to their assessment via the provided link. They could adjust it in view to the current assessment of the entire panel or add further comments in reaction to ratings and comments of others. Since each user receives the average answers and reasons of their predecessors immediately after their own rating, even one-time users can immediately adjust ratings and respond to others’ comments. An important strength of this modified Delphi process is that it does not force consensus but instead seeks to identify where agreement exists while being explicit about where disagreement lies.At the end of the survey period, we considered agreement with the formulated theses as well as the relevance of the design notes as given, if the resulting distribution was significantly left-skewed with a median greater than four. Conversely, we classified theses and design guidelines with a right-skewed distribution as rejected. The preference judgments on the criteria formed indicators for their relevance. We then qualitatively evaluated the free comments in a content analysis.Which criteria did the experts consider particularly important?What did the panel participants feel was missing from the catalog of criteria?What did the experts identify as genuinely new effects of the digital transformation of work?Which criteria, theses, or design references were unclear or interpreted differently?Which criteria, theses, or design guidelines did the participants regard as irrelevant?Two members of our research team carried out a qualitative evaluation of the free comments in accordance with the content analysis according to . This coWe were especially interested in explanations as well as in lines of argumentation for specific quantitative assessments. We also looked for references to literature or projects on individual criteria, theses, or design cues, as well as reported research ideas.For this purpose, we applied a multistage procedure of category formation and coding. In a first step, both researchers coded the material available up to that point during the online commentary, using codes derived from the research questions, along the main themes. In a second step, we coded all the material again, differentiating and adding to the existing categories, in accordance with the process character of qualitative research . To ensuBased on the results of the content analysis as well as the ratings from the real-time Delphi, we revised the criteria and design guidelines identified in the workshop.To do this, we first condensed the categories and subcategories of the content analysis and looked at interrelations between categories. In order to identify the specifics of the digital transformation of work, we compared the thus-defined criteria and design guidelines with established criteria for work design. We integrated the so-identified challenges to OSH into a model for working in the digitally transformed world of work. Then, we presented the reformulated, literature-enriched and supplemented criteria and design guidelines to an internal subsample of the online discussion for peer review in four iterations.How do you evaluate the overall findings?How do you view the criteria? Are they coherent and complete?How do you evaluate the classification of the criteria into the categories, established criteria, criteria with new dynamics and new criteria? Is this classification useful?How do you rate the design notes? Are they applicable in practice?Do you have any further comments on the guideline paper?In order to finally assess the scientific applicability of the obtained results, the members of the Institute’s external scientific council received the formulated criteria and design guidelines. For this final peer comment, we asked researchers to critique the criteria and design guidance based on five guiding questions:The 15 experts identified through personal contacts of the project team had backgrounds in psychology (8), engineering (4) and social sciences, social policy, or sociology (3). The main research areas represented with regard to work design in the digital transformation included workplace, machine and operational safety; human factors and ergonomics; structural changes and work organization; working time and flexibilization, work and health; workplace intervention; and occupational safety and health structures and strategies.These experts identified 14 criteria for human-centered work design with particular relevance in the digital transformation. For each criterion, the participants formulated two to three one-sentence theses for clarification and one design guideline for each thesis. This resulted in 36 theses and 36 associated design guidelines, depicted in In the subsequent web-based, real-time Delphi, 68 of the invited experts (72%) participated in the ratings and the anonymous discussion. Due to the anonymity, no information is available on the specific research focus or sociodemographic data of these experts. Of the respondents, 38 (56%) used the option to log in multiple times. In the first possible week of the survey, 50 percent of the multiple users and 27 percent of the one-time users started their evaluation. Likewise, 27 percent of the one-time participants started the Delphi in the fifth, final week. In the group of multiple participants, this proportion was 11 percent.Human decision-making authority (rated by 32.4% (N = 22) of the experts on rank one to three);Transparency (rated by 25.0% (N = 17) of the experts on rank one to three);Work densification (rated by 23.5% (N = 16) of the experts on rank one to three).Regarding the preference ranking of the three most important criteria, we found the following order:Scoring once, the criterion “Error Culture” is at the lower end of the preference ratings. Even though the expert panel rejected three individual theses, and some theses and design guidelines did not reach consensus, there was a consensus among the Delphi participants in favor of the 14 overarching criteria. None of the 14 criteria fell short of a place in the top three, indicating the significance of the individual criteria in the digital transformation with regard to OSH.From the 36 initial theses, 19 reached consensus on the six-point scale with a median ≥ 5 and being significantly left-skewed. Of these, five reached the highest possible median of 6. Three were right-skewed with a median of three (twice) or of two (once). This implied a negative consensus for rejection. The remaining 14 reached no consensus, showing a symmetrical distribution with a median of four  Table A2The design statements developed in the workshop consistently achieved high relevance ratings. In total, 31 reached consensus with a median ≥ 5 with a significant left-skewed distribution. The remaining five guidelines had a symmetrical distribution with a median of 4. Six design guidelines received the highest possible median of 6 and one had the lowest median of 4  Table A3In addition to comments on the procedural approach, the real-time Delphi resulted in 1156 comments on content. Of these, 536 related to the theses on future developments of work, 37 to the proposed criteria for human-centered design of work in a digital transformed world of work and 583 to the design guidelines developed in the workshop. The minimum number of comments was 3  and the maximum number was 35 (thesis on “increasing risk of information overload”). We did not find any correlation between the average ratings and the number of comments.Deductive codes, based on the research questions at the outset, concerned the criteria, theses and design guidelines , as well as supplementary information . New main codes inductively formed in the coding process were references to linkages between the material presented, societal and operational matters, comments on ethics and values in digital transformation and process-related comments. In addition, inductively generated subcodes differentiated the ex-ante established codes. The final coding scheme included 9 main codes with 25 sub codes see  Table A4The in-depth evaluations of the content showed that the criterion of transparency encompasses various interrelated aspects. Here, the content analysis initially resulted in a differentiation into two aspects “technical system transparency” and “informational self-determination” due to different focal points. The comments further indicated that the criteria “technical system transparency” and “human decision-making authority” describe a common latent construct. Therefore, we combined both when the criteria were condensed. We present the relationships between the criteria revealed by the content analysis and the classification model in detail in the discussion section.In a first step, we revised the criteria and design guidelines according to the results of the content analysis as well as the evaluations from the real-time Delphi. For seventeen of the presented theses, we were unable to establish a positive consensus based on the Delphi results. From the content analysis, one of the main criticisms of the theses was the lack of clarity due to their brevity and the lack of supporting evidence. In the final formulation of the criteria, we therefore dispensed with the short theses as explanatory material altogether. Instead, we illustrated the criteria with detailed texts based on the consensus theses as well as material from the initial workshop, and supported them with literature references. We then contrasted the formulated criteria with established work design criteria to identify specific aspects induced by digital transformation. This resulted in 13 criteria and the 31 design guidelines of human-centered work with positive consensus from the real-time Delphi. According to the results of the content analysis, we assigned eight of the design guidelines to other criteria.The subsequent five stages of peer commentary served in revising the text. In the first four iterations, seven of the real-time Delphi experts participated in an open peer-review format. They represented research topics in workplace, machine and operational safety, human factors and ergonomics, neuroscience, working time and flexibilization, workplace interventions and occupational safety and health structures and strategies. The six researchers in the final fifth round, who reviewed the scientific applicability of the results obtained, expanded this spectrum of research topics, including, among others, economic aspects of occupational research, risk assessment and occupational, social and environmental medicine.This process led to seven additional design guidelines. Furthermore, the peer commentary suggested that the criteria should reflect positive design demands. As a result, we renamed six criteria while retaining their content, and added wording to three others. The qualitative evaluation in the final stage of the comment process showed broad support for the guidelines. Three participants emphasized the need to validate the design guidelines in practice, for example, through case studies (see limitations).In the following, we present the final thirteen criteria for human-centered work design in the context of digital transformation resulting from the overall process .The design feature of holism is realized according to  by a worThe high importance of holistically designed work tasks does not initially change because of the digital transformation. Rather, it seems important that even in work processes involving digital technologies, e.g., as assistance systems, all employees retain planning, executing and controlling elements of their work.On the one hand, the use of digital technologies harbors the risk that a fragmentation or segmentation of work tasks will lead to small-scale, monotonous work tasks for individual employees. This does not give employees the opportunity to recognize the importance of their activities for the task as a whole, leading to further undesirable human-related consequences ,49.The holistic nature of a work activity should be a central criterion when deciding on the allocation of labor between humans and technology in the production and service process.Ensuring holistic work tasks needs to begin during the design or development of a digital technology and it should guide decisions and actions during its implementation and evaluation in the work process.Adequate change of activities should be included in the job design.On the other hand, within a digitized world of work, work tasks with increasingly highly complex cognitive demands on humans  may arise . For worAccording to , diversiThe diversity of requirements at the level of the work task continues to be a relevant criterion for human-centered work design, which, however, is also becoming digitization-sensitive in some cases against the backdrop of the digital transformation of work.On the one hand, automation and digitization can lead to a noticeable physical relief for those affected by technological change . Even ifExercise should become an active part of a sedentary workday.Mobile workstations should also consider physical ergonomics.The amount and complexity of the information provided should be processable by humans.On the other hand, digital systems can process and provide information faster, more extensively and in more detail. For example, digital systems and networked systems can capture and manage more business and process data. In the interaction between people, digital work processes and work tools, the risk of human information overload arises due to the quantity and complexity of the data involved ,55. AmonTime elasticity as a design feature of the work task protects against “inappropriate work compaction” . Time buThe criterion of time elasticity continues to be a relevant criterion. Digital transformation can make work processes more efficient, as data and decision-making bases are available more quickly than before. Such digitized, more efficient work processes can result in an intensification of work for employees, leading to time and performance pressures. The process of introducing new technologies may itself also increase the intensity of work ,58.The ratio of work quantity and working time must balance each other properly.In order to minimize hazards to health and wellbeing due to excessive workloads, it is therefore necessary to design the amount of work and working hours accordingly for each employee. This results in the following design guideline:In order to make the work task conducive to motivation, personality and health, according to , it shouThe importance of this design criterion takes on particular relevance in the digital transformation, as the rapid increase in technical communication possibilities and the associated opportunities to work together at different locations in different time zones may be associated with different and new forms of interaction. Relationship building and trust are particular challenges of digitally mediated communication, since the rather spontaneous informal exchange that is important for this becomes more difficult ,60.Digital work should include opportunities for direct and non-digitally mediated communication as well as collegial exchange.The choice of communication medium should be appropriate for the communication content.The decision about whether interaction with colleagues should take place face to face or using a digital communication medium, or when to use which medium, should be made according to the purpose and content of the intended communication . Not allJob control comprises degrees of freedom in the processing of tasks, which manifest themselves in the scopes of action, design and decision making . Scope oDegrees of freedom in task processing should be maintained, and where possible and individually desired, expanded through system design.It should be possible to limit one’s own responsibility for task processing.The importance of adequate job control takes on a digitization-sensitive dynamic. On the one hand, technical systems offer the possibility of prescribing small-scale work steps associated with the risk of restrictions in scope of action and decision latitude. At the same time, the use of technical systems offers employees the opportunity to expand their scopes of action and design, for example by taking advantage of the possibilities of ubiquitous workflows . ConcurrLearning in the work process occurs, among other things, through the analysis of one’s own tasks. For a human-centered work design, it is important to promote learning or to create conditions favorable to learning. For example, tackling new or challenging tasks in the context of the work process can promote and expand existing knowledge and skills ,67. It iExisting dimensions of work design conducive to learning retain their relevance in the digital transformation. In addition, the criterion of conduciveness to learning gains a digitization-sensitive dynamic, especially through digital work assistance systems. In digital work, technical, product-related and organizational innovation cycles are shortening. In this context, knowledge-intensive activities are increasing and work content is becoming more complex . These rBy providing, for example, context-sensitive information, digital learning and work assistance systems can contribute to supporting work-integrated learning in a meaningful way ,74. PartThe use of digital technologies, including the learning and assistance systems mentioned above, can also lead to an increased sense of performance monitoring, as well as increased information overload and complexity . The chaThe integration of technical innovations into the work process should take into account and preserve the value of human experiential knowledge.Digital assistance systems should support employees in their activities where necessary, but continue to provide incentives for cognitive engagement, learning and development.Work design should take into account opportunities offered by digital technologies for work-integrated learning.Employees themselves can make a significant contribution to the design of work. Through their daily dealings with the work process, they have (partly implicit) experiential knowledge both about problems that arise and about possible solutions. Incorporating this knowledge into processes of systematic preventive work design is one of the challenges of the digital transformation of work . The folThe digital transformation affects the level of the organizational–social subsystem of work by providing a high degree of time- and location-flexible forms of work design. Here, the need for a new criterion of human-centered flexibility becomes apparent.For many employees, the possibilities of flexible working represent a great opportunity for an improved work–life balance ,79. OptiFurthermore, if employees in digital work systems only meet sporadically in workplaces or meetings and instead communicate primarily via electronic media, there is a risk that supervisors as well as colleagues will not perceive signals of interested self-endangerment .The opportunities offered by digital technologies for balancing work and family life should be seized.Even in flexible forms of work, employees should have a right to be unavailable outside their agreed working hours.To protect against motivated self-endangerment, managers should be able to assess the stress levels of their employees regardless of where they work and take preventive action.Taking into account the following design considerations, flexible working can be human-centered and health-promoting:Digital transformation not only enables location- and time-flexible working, but also the collection of large amounts of data, which are useful for decision-making at various levels in companies. At the same time, however, the use of the data thus obtained and aggregated allows for opportunities for performance monitoring and control ,86. In aFurthermore, especially in the field of new forms of work such as crowd or platform work, the use of digital assessment systems as a basis for job assignment and thus for task allocation can be observed to an increasing extent. This can have a significant impact on the long-term employment opportunities of the evaluated, as their job situation is directly dependent on the results of the evaluation systems ,90. Of pIndividual performance monitoring should not be fully automated.Humans should regularly check decisions made by digital and especially self-learning systems for plausibility and fairness.To protect employees from the negative consequences of third-party performance evaluations, the design of digital systems should be robust against outliers and grant a “right to be forgotten”.Employees should have the possibility to independently save and use built-up digital assessment data.The following design guidelines result from the above:Algorithms can compute optimized solutions to problems from existing data, and thus may be able to contribute to faster, more efficient and more comprehensive solutions and decisions than humans can in the same amount of time . HoweverA lack of transparency can have an unfavorable impact on several areas of human decision-making authority ,94. For Humans should be able to retain decision-making authority and control over the functions of technical systems.The decision of algorithms in work processes should be verifiable in all functional areas by suitable specialist personnel.Given the condition of technical transparency, there is a clear, communicated assignment of responsibilities for procedures and decision making.Interaction with autonomous systems should be immediately apparent to users.Especially in situations where difficulties or errors arise in the work process, a clear attribution of responsibilities is necessary. In digitized work processes, the integration of technical systems creates the particular challenge of understanding these responsibilities, since technical systems cannot assume responsibility themselves . InnovatThe reliability of the technology plays a central role at the level of the work subsystems as well as in the interaction with the work task. In connection with the digital transformation, new dynamics and challenges for work design are developing—in some cases, very rapidly.It is likely that digital technologies will increasingly support employees in their work processes, or partially or completely replace them. The freedom from interference and errors of systems such as video systems, VPN tunnels, or network coverage will become a condition for avoiding misuse and/or endangerment of employees interacting with the technologies ,98.Increasing networking through digital technologies is observable. Ensuring the functional safety of increasingly complex systems, facilities and machines and making them accessible for testing presents new challenges and requires the further development of measures and methods. An additional problem arises from possible manipulations and misapplications due to networking ,100. A pWork support technology should have a predefined reliability and safety level assessable by means of suitable analysis methods.Security measures to protect against tampering should have a predefined reliability at all times and be accessible to an appropriate risk assessment that takes into account not only the type of digital application but also the context of use, such as the work task and requirements.For learning systems, testing mechanisms should be available to allow for verification and validation of the underlying algorithm.For learning systems, checking mechanisms should be in place to ensure the plausibility of data and correct results.Defined quality criteria exist for training data that allow for later use of the learned model with a defined reliability.Accompanying monitoring over a defined period after commissioning of the learning systems should occur in order to be able to analyze, evaluate, and if necessary, improve reliability in the context of use.As learning systems proliferate, ensuring relevant training data is required . While cClosely following the criterion of meaningfulness formulated by  with refIn new forms of control and distribution of work, such as crowd and platform work, it is possible to outsource isolated work steps. Particularly in cases where a fragmentation of originally complex activities comes with de-skilling, limited opportunities for action and increased control, the sense of meaning can also be impaired. Moreover, employees may experience the introduction of technologies in the context of digital transformation as restructuring. Such an experience of restructuring can jeopardize the sense of meaning at work if the perceived corporate values and norms no longer match one’s own, due to the change processes.The decision to use digital technologies should not be made for the sake of using the technology, but based on its usability, taking into account economic and social influencing factors, so that employees can attribute meaning to their work activity as well as to the choice of work equipment at any time.Meaningfulness through a human-centered use of technical innovations is effective not only at the task level of work, but also at the contextual level of the work system, which, among others, takes into account social, cultural and normative influences. Thus, meaningfulness can also occur for employees if they can contribute to a societal or social benefit through their work that corresponds to their values and has an identity-forming effect ,103. AccThe use of technical innovations in the work context should enable meaningful task processing for people.The use of technical innovations in the work context should involve an assessment of its benefits for society.The individual adaptability of digital technologies for employees should receive consideration in the technical design and organizational use.At the level of organization-related contextual factors, digital technologies should be implemented with regard to their potential for individual work design. Digital technologies have the potential to enable inclusion and promote diversity, for example, by reducing barriers and inequalities in the workplace . DigitalWith the use of innovative technologies, the opportunities for differential work design increase . Linked Thus, digital assistance systems and technological aids can help compensate for physical impairments, especially those caused by physical and sensory disabilities ,106,107.The use of digital assistance systems can also offer opportunities for individual work design, for example, in the course of the day or along the employment biography, and thus open up expanded possibilities for orientation to individual needs and requirements in the interaction between work and other areas of life .The opportunities that new technologies offer for work design should also provide for inclusion and diversity.In the course of increased use of digital technologies and greater networking of systems, work processes are also becoming more demanding and complex and require correspondingly higher skills and abilities on the part of employees. This may worsen employment opportunities, especially for people with cognitive impairments . Here, tOrganizational, regulatory and spatial aspects of the work system influence the effectiveness of OSH. The use of digital technologies has a direct connection with the organization of work and influences organizational and social structures and processes that are relevant to occupational safety and health. The growing networking and software support of production and business processes enables a wide range of flexible forms of work, i.e., independent of fixed locations, standardized working hours and stable organizational structures. Rules and procedures in OSH and the associated rights and obligations of employers and employees have so far tended to be oriented toward a world with fixed, tractable and familiar workplaces and describable work situations. In the course of the digital transformation, the question of responsibility in occupational safety and health is taking on a new dynamic.The rapidly changing market processes, associated with digital transformation, create a need for companies to adapt flexibly to changes that are fraught with uncertainty. In order to be able to react quickly and flexibly to market adjustments, many companies are changing their structures and processes. Alternative flexible forms of organization are discussed in this context, with the keywords of participation, self-organization, decentralization or flat hierarchies and agility .Important aspects of such organizational forms include the autonomy of employees and the self-organization of teams. To benefit from innovation and productivity gains, employees must take responsibility for development steps within their own work. It enables teams to act faster and respond more flexibly to changes at short notice. This is associated with greater demands on leadership, which is detached from hierarchies and increasingly takes place at eye level ,109. FroThe effectiveness of occupational safety and health may also suffer from the fact that many activities no longer necessarily require a specific work location or fixed working hours due to digital technologies. Responsibility for OSH and the duty of care for their employees continues to lie with managers. The physical distance makes it more difficult for them to identify hazards to employees and to monitor the implementation of necessary protective measures, and so requires new tools and procedures.In addition to changing intracompany organizational structures, digital technologies also support a wide range of networked work structures in which workers engage work processes via supply chains and or platform-mediated work . In thesParticularly in agile forms of work, the employer should take responsibility for the safety and health of employees and make everyone involved aware of this.It is vital to implement OSH structures effectively even in the changed forms of work and employment.Managers should also exercise their responsibility for care when leading in spatially and temporally distributed forms of work.When using technical work equipment and technical systems, the distinction between manufacturer and operator becomes increasingly blurred. Based on the systematic processing of data and information about the work process, work equipment and machines can assume autonomous control functions in real time and reconfigure themselves. For this interface between product safety and OSH, questions arise about responsibility for risk assessment and hazard evaluation. The following design guidelines result from the above:This study aimed to develop criteria and guidelines for the humane design of work in a digitized working world. Starting with an initial nominal group/focus group method, we validated the thus-generated criteria using a real-time Delphi and compared them with existing concepts .The multistage process proved to be very suitable for developing the criteria and design guidelines with a large group of OSH experts in terms of both breadth and depth of content. By drawing up the initial workshop with a broadly diversified group of researchers, a wide range of research knowledge on the future development of the digital transformation in the world of work emerged right from the start. The use of the nominal group technique facilitated an equal presentation of relevant topics with subsequent discussion and evaluation. The focus group technique enabled a more in-depth elaboration of the identified topics and an initial formulation of design guidelines. Due to the scope and prospective nature of the guideline to be developed, we felt that this method was significantly more efficient than the alternative of a preliminary review. The fact that the Delphi panelists confirmed the criteria as well as the majority of the established design guidelines, and at the same time did not point out any missing topics, increases our confidence in the chosen approach.Given that a higher number of items leads to a significantly lower response rate in the second round of a classical Delphi , we see The qualitative comments from the real-time Delphi were very valuable for refining the criteria, while at the same time improving their comprehensibility. In particular, the criticism that the presented theses were not clear enough due to their brevity and lack of evidence convinced us to illustrate the criteria with background information and to provide literature references. We consider the subsequent iterative peer review process to be particularly important to ensure transparency in the development of the newly formulated criteria and design guidelines.We set out to answer the question of whether the established criteria for work design are sufficient for the digital transformation of work or whether they require updating and supplementing. The content analysis of the comments was very valuable for comparing the criteria generated in the consensus process with the already established criteria. Thus, using this multi-stage consensus methods design, involving interdisciplinary groups of experts, we also derived five central findings from the process.A large number of the criteria for a human-centered work design in the digital transformation relate to already-established criteria of human-centered work design . This esWe have also identified a number of digitization-sensitive criteria characterized by a new quality of challenges. The risks and potentials of digital transformation lie in close juxtaposition to these criteria, resulting in a need for digitization-specific forms of design. Thus, social interactions happen in new, digitally mediated ways. While this can create opportunities for interaction in hybrid work, it may also negatively affect, for example, teambuilding . The negWe were able to pinpoint criteria for human-centered work design that are only becoming necessary due to of the current digital transformation. Four of these criteria are at the level of organizational–social and technical subsystems. The aspect of human-centered flexibility with its opportunities and challenges appears in a wide variety of studies ,122,123.In addition to a change in the dynamics of individual criteria, we perceive a diffusion of system boundaries in the general picture. Assigning the individual criteria to different levels of the work system increasingly appears to be too limited. Even established criteria, previously primarily directed at the design of work tasks, often already gain design significance at the system level on the boundary between the technical and the organizational subsystem. For example, opportunities for social interaction can arise not only through the specific work task itself, but also through agile forms of organization or the use of digital systems, such as chat programs and virtual meeting rooms . The tasFinally, the content analysis of the Delphi comments shows that individual criteria, identified as significant, can also contradict each other. This illustrates, for example, controversial comments on the connections between technical system transparency and fair evaluation systems, as well as time elasticity. While technical system transparency is seen as an important basis for informational self-determination, it can, at the same time, contribute to information overload and work intensification, and thus impair time elasticity, since it can increase both the amount and the complexity of information that employees have to deal with . EmployeOur study looks at the digital transformation of work from a specific OSH perspective. In order to reflect the potential of digitization for a positive development of the world of work, the focus in developing the criteria deliberately lies on aspirational ideals. The 13 criteria take into account both technologies already used in everyday work and prognostic components. The proposed criteria cover a wide range of different technological developments and at the same time go beyond the assessment of individual specific technologies. This broad perspective on the digital transformation of work also allows the interlocking of the criteria with each other to emerge clearly. The three high-level criteria in particular also point to the social significance of work design in the new work reality. Validated by researchers from interdisciplinary backgrounds, these recommendations provide a good basis for further research.Despite pending empirical testing in the field, our recommendations have also emerged with implementation by practitioners in mind. It is precisely with the 38 design guidelines, identified in the consensus process, that we hope to provide an initial implementation aid for those involved in occupational safety and health settings.There are some limitations related to the process of generating the criteria. First, in the real-time Delphi format chosen, individuals who participated in the assessment and commentary only once at the beginning of the survey period can contribute little to iterative consensus building . They alNevertheless, it might be a good idea for future studies to send e-mail reminders to participants halfway through the time allotted for a real-time Delphi to encourage one-time participants to submit follow-up assessments.Second, given the focus on national OSH implication, the samples that the study is based on are purely German. As a result, the design guidelines obtained also reflects a view aligned with the German occupational safety and health system and the work science approaches represented here. This limits generalization to other countries.Further research is needed to formulate non-country-specific criteria here, if possible. With the criteria presented here, we hope to contribute to further research around the design of safety and health in digital transformation in general. Furthermore, we encourage other scholars to continue exploring the interactions of design criteria in the digital transformed work as well as the diffusion of boundaries in the system of work.Third, the work design criteria generated are the result of a purely scientific consensus process. They have been formulated to support the development of OSH scenarios in the near future and thus to contribute prospectively to the design of work in the future. It is therefore possible that some of the formulated design guidelines are more applicable in practice as others.Hence, further research is desirable that examines the implementation of the criteria in company-related workplaces, e.g., through case studies.The digital transformation permeates all areas of work and acts as a driver of comprehensive changes. These include both diverse opportunities and risks affecting the system of work. A prospective, positive and design-oriented approach based on ergonomic findings and must focus on people in the digitized system of work. To this end, we require clear criteria for a human-centered design of work increasingly permeated by digitalized work tools.In a multistage consensus process, we identified such criteria for human-centered work design in the digital transformation and mapped them against established findings on design. In addition to criteria that have experienced a new dynamic because of the digital transformation, we found criteria for which a need for digitization-sensitive design has emerged. In addition, criteria have arisen whose necessity is rooted in the digital transformation. Particularly noteworthy is a diffusion and greater interdependence of the different levels of the work system in connection with the digital transformation of work.The criteria developed here and the concrete design guidelines provide initial guidelines for human-centered work design in digitized work. This will enable a prospective development of occupational safety and health in order to make tomorrow’s work not only more efficient and productive, but also to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the digital transformation in terms of safe, healthy and good work.


The use of urban space by vulnerable groups, especially ASD children with social anxiety, is an important part of building sustainable urban development. In this study, we focus on the play behavior of ASD children from the perspective of urban planning; then, we discussed how the urban built environmental factors affect the social behavior of ASD children. In this paper, 220 parents of ASD children were given questionnaires and 197 valid questionnaires were obtained after removing invalid ones. Stepwise regression was adopted to further accurately analyze the influence of each factor index in the built environment on children's social behavior. The results showed that multiple urban built environment factors had significant influence on the social behaviors  of children with autism at three stages: before departure, during journey, and arrived at destination. The purpose of study is to fully consider the use of urban space by ASD children when urban researchers or urban planners construct sustainable urban forms, formulate urban design guidelines, and implement old city renewal strategies. Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is listed by the WHO as the first mental disease that seriously affects children's health in global public health problems. Among them, social disorder is the core problem of children who suffer from ASD (Hereinafter referred to as ASD children), which has a far-reaching impact on children's social activities. If it is not treated in time, it will have a great impact on children's living ability and social function . TherefoObservation. Children observe the behavior of other children to further judge whether they have the willingness to participate in the activities that other children are engaged inParticipation. After preliminary observation and judgment, children will try their best to join in but it may not be accepted. If rejected, children may still take some behaviors to join in, such as quietly blending in and sharing itemsRetreat. When children lose interest or confidence in activities, they have withdrawal behavior, which manifests as withdrawing from social situationsConcealment. When children are tired or afraid, they will look for quiet rest space where they can be alone. Enclosed space with strong sense of privacy is easy to bring children a sense of securityThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  believes that ASD children have social anxiety in specific fear situations . AccordiFyhri et al. studied the independent mobility of children to schools, friends, and places of leisure activities through the 2005 Norwegian National Tourism Survey and telephone interviews on children's living physical environment and activities. A structural equation model was used to investigate the impact of a range of background variables on the choice of schooling or leisure activity patterns among Norwegian children. The study found that the distance to school and the age of children were the most influential variables on the independent mobility of children, and there were significant seasonal differences in travel modes, and the overall travel level was low in winter. Objective descriptions (subjective assessments) of the traffic environment indirectly explain independent mobility through parents' experience of how safe roads are to go to school. Jiayao et al. investigated how a built environment affects children's independent walking to and from school by means of questionnaire survey and analyzed students from three primary schools in Wenshan, Zhongnan, Jingmei, and Xinhua in Taipei. The analysis results showed that higher shade density and higher sidewalk coverage encouraged children to walk to and from school independently, while a larger block size and increased number of intersections discouraged children from walking to and from school independently. In addition, while high building density, high vehicle density, and diverse commuting options encourage children to walk home from school, a bus or medium passenger transport, block size, and road width discourage children from walking. The study also proposes three strategies to reshape Taipei's built environment: compact structures, pedestrian-friendly designs, and frequent bus services. This study explores the interaction between children and their peers. The target population is ASD children whose behavior is highly dependent on parents and whose social behavior is in the basic stage. Through the questionnaire survey of parents, more real feedback can be obtained. According to previous interviews, ASD children often travel mainly by walking accompanied by their parents. Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the influence of built environment on children's social behavior by representing social behavior through game behavior after a random trip. It should be noted that open space and semiopen space are the research scope of this study is and do not pay attention to an indoor environment.Before departure (building density). Overcrowded housing conditions have a negative impact on the healthy development of children During journey . Children's physical activities and outdoor games are positively correlated with the walking path, bicycle path, road connectivity, park accessibility, recreational facilities, destinations, and public transportation in the built environment; it is negatively correlated with high traffic exposure and crime , 10Arrived at destination . Children's play behavior is related to parents' cognition of the built environment. Facilities , safety and cleanliness of destinations, population density, and surrounding greening degree all have an impact on children's play behaviors , 12According to the travel process, the built environment factors are matched :Before The participants in this study were parents of ASD children in special education schools in Fujian province, China. At the beginning of the study, we contacted the principal through the Internet, introduced the intention and method of the study through video clips, and invited the principal to spread the questionnaire to the parents of the children and through the “snowball” approach to more principals, to obtain their assistance.This study focuses on three core issues: how the built environment before departure affects the social behavior of ASD, how the built environment during journey affects the social behavior of ASD, and how the built environment arrived at destination affects the social behavior of ASD. The dependent variable is the social behavior  of ASD children, and the independent variable is the built environmental factor during the travel process .In this study, an online questionnaire was distributed to parents of ASD children. Parents will be asked to take their children to destinations that are 5–10 minutes' walk away from where they live, such as parks. The first part of the questionnaire describes children's gender, age, family background, etc. The second part is based on parents' objective cognition of built environment and children's actual play behavior. The second part was based on the travel process (before departure–during journey–arrived at destination), and the built environment factors  on children's journey will be completely divides to the above three processes. The questions were positively described ; the answers are as follows: “strongly agree,” “agree,” “not necessarily,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree,” which are marked as 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively.This research method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The questionnaire is a subjective survey, which is used as the dependent variable after reliability and validity analysis. The objective built environment is the objective data, which is used as the independent variable. Multiple regression was used to explore the causal relationship between dependent variables and independent variables.Open space and semiopen space are the research scope of this study, which expands the comprehensiveness of the research. In addition, autistic children and the research on vulnerable groups are the research object, which also enriches the theoretical knowledge of the built environment.Parents of 220 ASD children were invited to participate, but only 197 parents submitted valid questionnaires. There was only one difference in gender among the subjects. The age distribution is mainly concentrated in 6–9 (42 children aged 3–6 and 41 children aged 9–12). Of all the respondents, 67% have registered permanent residence and only 7.5% are single-parent families. 31% had parents and children living together, and 69% had parents, children, and grandparents living together. Most of the total household income was 10000–20000 RMB per month, accounting for 61.5% of the total. The educational background of the main guardians in their families is high school, accounting for 48.5%, followed by bachelor's degree or above, accounting for 38%. About 49.5% of families have two children, followed by the only child, accounting for 41%. 67% of the children in other families are healthy, 20% are subhealthy, and 13% have physical or mental defects.R squared. Therefore, stepwise regression is adopted in the regression part to further accurately analyze the influence of each indicator in the built environment on children's outdoor activities and games .As there are variables involved in the distance and destination, some coefficients are not significant in the regression analysis, which does not contribute to the goodness of At the significance level of 0.01, residential building density has a positive influence on the four behaviors of children . This haAt the significance level of 0.01, intersection environment and complete sidewalk facilities have a positive impact on children's observation behavior . At the When the significance level was 0.01, destination accessibility, sidewalk greening, and vehicles yield to pedestrians had a positive impact on children's participation behavior. The perception of road environmental safety can improve children's enthusiasm in activities . The proWhen the significance level was 0.01, sidewalk facilities, roadside parking, and road connectivity had a positive impact on children's withdrawal behavior. By reducing the number of roadside parking spaces, the proportion of children's activities can be effectively increased . At the When the significance level was 0.01, the accessibility of destination, sidewalk greening, and vehicle comity had a positive impact on children's concealed behavior. Children with autism experience the stress-relieving benefits of nature more than typically developing children . At the When the significance level is 0.01, the number of activity facilities, complete leisure facilities, quality of leisure facilities, and the number of activity venues have a significant positive impact on children's participation behavior. Improving the quantity and quality of community and park infrastructure  may have a positive impact on the activities of children and adults , 24. ParWhen the significance level was 0.01, the number of children, noise interference, the number of activity facilities, and the quality of leisure facilities had a significant positive impact on children's retreat behavior. ASD children are more sensitive to sound than ordinary people , and excAt the significance level of 0.01, a clean environment, the number of activity venues, and lighting equipment have a significant positive impact on children's concealment behavior. ASD children have difficulty initiating and responding to social interactions with others, maintaining eye contact, sharing objects and activities, and responding to others' feelings . In one This study focuses on the built environment for autistic children's activities, including open space and semiopen space and indoor environment . Therefore, it can be further studied as another study question in future research. At the same time, due to the difficulty in finding samples, this study was only conducted on autistic children in one city in China, which limited the external validity of the research conclusions. If conditions permit in the future, studies on autistic children in different types of cities can be conducted and the comparative study concludes that there are differences.In the context of the global construction of a “child-friendly city” and “healthy city,” this study focuses on the vulnerable group of children, ASD children. The improvement of the built environment can improve the social behavior of ASD children and alleviate their social anxiety. The empirical analysis draws the following conclusions and suggestions:For the residential environment, appropriate control of building density in residential areas can increase the social behavior of ASD children upon arrival at their destination. Increasing the proportion of residential greening can not only promote the physical and mental health of ASD children but also play a significant role in promoting their social behavior in the destination. Therefore, the greening area should be increased in urban planning and design.For the environment during journey, increasing sidewalk facilities at intersections and reducing waiting time at traffic lights, strengthening traffic control, enforcing speed limits by sections, and increasing roadside no-stop zones can promote pedestrian-oriented travel. At the same time, the establishment of green space with moderate distance, the increase of separation facilities between people and vehicles, and the reasonable division of no parking area for vehicles can also improve the possibility of social interaction of ASD children.For the destination environment, keeping the environment clean and odor free, setting up a variety of activity venues with different functions, limiting the theme of the venue , and increasing the number of activity facilities can improve the observation behavior of ASD children. Increasing the completeness of leisure facilities  and improving the quality of leisure facilities can promote the participation behavior of ASD children. Controlling the crowd density of the destination, reducing noise interference, and increasing monitoring functions (such as setting up enough monitoring equipment and increasing patrol security personnel) can reduce the withdrawal behavior of ASD children and maintain the social process. Keeping the destination environment clean and tidy (such as without sundry and garbage being discarded), increasing the lighting equipment, and completeness of service facilities  to the concealment behavior of ASD children have a positive role in promoting, can protect them after social rejection, and get enough security requirements.