Urban public parks can provide convenience for residents to get close to nature and provide places for daily ecosystem services. It is of practical and theoretical significance to choose urban public parks as the entry point to explore the changing trends and supply paths of urban residents’ daily ecosystem service consumption. Based on the government ‘s research? of urban public parks in Beijing from 1993 to 2018, this study explores the residents’ ecosystem services consumption demands and the contributions of park constructions to these demands. The results show that: (1) in the past 25 years, the frequency, duration, participation rate, and evaluation of people’s daily ecosystem service consumption have increased significantly. In other words, the ecosystem services demands are increasing. (2) different constructions of a park have distinct contributions to the increasing demands of ecosystem service consumption. The contributions from constructions of the natural landscape and the infrastructure have been in decline since 1993, yet they contribute the most to the demands of residents’ ecosystem services consumption until 2018. The contributions made by constructions of management and maintenance, and transportation around urban public parks have been on the rise and the significant points occurring after the 2008 Olympic Games. Our research proposes a method to determine the relation between the demands of residents’ ecosystem services consumption and the contributions of park constructions to these demands, which has significant implications for optimizing the constructions of urban public parks to better meet the demands of ecosystem services consumption. The world is experiencing an unprecedented urbanization trend that 60% of the land will be urban in 2030 . China’sUrban public parks serve as hubs for entertainment, education, disaster prevention and mitigation functions and specially for high-quality ecosystem services that are accessible to and highly valued by visitors. Therefore, urban public parks can be a starting point to study the trend of ecosystem service demands and how urban park construction can meet residents’ daily demands in consuming ecosystem services.The related literature of urban public parks is rich and can be organized according to research methods and perspectives: (1) In terms of research methods, research in urban public parks has evolved from independent research on ecology or sociology to integration research. The first branch of studies explored the relationship between the constructions of parks and ecosystem service capabilities based on ecological methods. Agnes et al. revealed potential of single trees in urban environment for the small-scale climate regulation. They selected five healthy, mature trees free of the disturbing  effects present in any other trees or artificial objects. Results showed that the five investigated trees have a significantly greater impact on the components of the radiation budget, while their modification of air temperature and humidity is less obvious . Vanwall(2) The research perspectives of ecosystem services have undergone a shift from functions and value evaluation to supply capabilities. Some studies have researched the service function and value evaluation of urban public parks Paul, et al. carried out functional research and value measurement of urban parks in their own countries. Jun Yang explored the spatial and temporal changes of parks to examine the dynamic impact of parks on urban ecosystem services through research on urban fringe areas. With the maturity of research and measurement methods, the subject of research has gradually shifted to the supply capabilities ecosystem service –31. HeatTo sum up, high-quality ecosystem services are the major motivation for residents to visit urban public parks. The existing research on urban public parks focuses on social economics and ecology and some questions are left unexplored. First, previous research mostly centers on the factors that affect parks usage, not how much these factors have contributed to residents’ demands for ecosystem demands. Second, the object of existing literature includes only the impact of some constructions, such as the natural landscape, and internal constructions, such as infrastructure. Little literature focuses on other impacts of constructions such as management and maintenance, and surrounding public transportation, which cannot be ignored when analyzing the contributions of constructions to residents’ demands in park consumption. Third, the existing studies only explore the contribution of a single factor such as landscape construction. Few scholars conduct systematic research on the contributions of multiple construction factors to residents’ ecosystem services demands.This paper concentrates on the changing trends of demands for residents’ ecosystem services consumption and contributions of park constructions to these demands based on government-led surveys and questionnaires. Specifically, the study used a production function and a panel model to strip off the contributions of urban public park constructions to residents’ ecosystem demands, and to explore the general rules supporting urban ecosystem planning and designing.Residents’ daily visits to urban public parks were mainly measured by time, and the daily visiting time of urban residents is obviously affected by regional climate differences. The more the survey sites are, the more intrusive these factors will interfere with the results, and the more difficult to control the results. The survey sites are selected with caution in order to control for selectivity differences, regional climate, and other interference factors on the daily urban public park utilization. We choose Beijing is selected as the research object given its representativeness among Chinese cities.According to the above explanation, combined with the purpose of the study, the data required for the study consists of government-led surveys and questionnaires.Government surveys. The data used were derived from the Beijing Garden Yearbook, Beijing Garden and Greening Yearbook, and Beijing Park Year-book from 1993 to 2018. Part of the data came from the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Land-scaping and Park Management and Maintenance. Chaoyang District, Fengtai District, Shi-jingshan District, Haidian District, Mentougou District, Fangshan District, Tongzhou District, Shunyi District, Changping District, Huairou District, Pinggu District, and Yanqing District were finally selected and a total of 12 urban public parks in each district were used as re-search objectsQuestionnaires. To investigate the trend of residents’ daily demands for ecosystem service consumption, we randomly sampled visitors in two parks and a total of 361 questionnaires were obtained. Questionnaires were collected from 12 urban public parks in Chaoyang District, Fengtai District, Shijingshan District, Haidian District, Mentougou District, Fangshan District, Tongzhou District, Shunyi District, Changping District, Huairou District, Pinggu District, and Yanqing District. 361 questionnaires were completed by 210 males and 151 females, with an average age of 48.7. History data came from respondents’ memories.According to the discussion above, the analysis of the constructions contributions to demands of residents’ ecosystem services consumption mainly considers the following four aspects: natural landscape construction, infrastructure construction, management and maintenance construction, and surrounding public transportation construction.Natural landscape is the groundwork for an urban public park. The main purpose of residents to visit park daily is entertainment as well as to improve their physical and mental health. Parks with diverse natural ecological environment quality are more attractive. The per capita area and diversity of natural landscapes are directly associated with the phenomenon of crowding and viewing of urban public parks, which have a greater impact on park consumption demands and satisfaction. If the per capita area is too small, urban public parks are more likely to be crowded and the user experience will deteriorate. The spatial distribution of urban public parks that determines the convenience and accessibility of residents’ daily visits to the park has a greater impact on residents’ park consumption demands.Infrastructures in urban public parks provide convenience for visiting, enrich options forentertainment, and improve other services of urban public parks. Footpaths and fitness facilities are important parts of the infrastructure to meet residents’ various daily demands for fitness. Besides, the construction of convenient facilities such as road chairs (stools) and toilets response to their resting and physiological needs. Therefore, improvement in the number, types, maintenance of footpaths and facilities will increase the residents’ daily demands for ecosystem services consumption.The main construction of an urban public park is the management and maintenance when the park is put into formal operation. Construction of management and maintenance is an important guarantee for parks to provide residents with sustainable services. Management and maintenance can upgrade or maintain the natural landscape and infrastructures, organize diverse amusement projects, and manage the opening time. The improvement of the personnel professions is the key to improve the management and maintenance. More parks without walls or longer opening times of parks facilitate residents’ entry to the park. These management and maintenance constructions are all conducive to the increase in residents’ demands for ecosystem services.The construction of public transportation around the park provides convenience for visitors who live far away to enter the park. Easy transportation shortens the time for visitors to enter the parks, prolong the experience time of residents in the parks, extends the daily effective service radius of the parks and make it possible for residents to visit more frequently.Y = αLβAK to analyze the constructions and their contributions to the demands of residents for consuming ecosystem services using the data of urban public parks in Beijing. i and t represent the targeted district and the year, respectively. Y represents the residents’ demands for daily park consumption, X represents the contributions made by constructions to the residents’ park consumption demands, ε represents the random error, and the elastic coefficient kα represents the flexibility of factor kX to meet the residents’ demands for visiting urban public parks.This study used the Cobb-Douglas production function We found that the number of urban public parks in Beijing providing free services to residents exceeds 90%. It is impossible to measure the residents’ demands for ecosystem services based on the actual expenditures of residents. Therefore, this study used the average stay time in parks per resident to measure residents’ demands for park consumption in each sampled area. The calculation of demands of a given park consumption is shown in The consumption frequency, duration, and participation of daily ecosystem services can be described by frequency and duration, and participation of urban public parks, as shown in As shown in The questionnaires describe the changes in the residents’ evaluation of urban parks in Beijing, as shown in According to the literature review, this study uses the average daily travel time per person in the sample area to measure the demands for urban public park consumption. The dependent variables are the annual number of tourists, the average stay time per visitor and the average stay time per resident in the urban public parks. The independent variables are classified into 4 categories of 11 variables, including natural landscape construction, infrastructure construction, management and maintenance construction and public transportation construction. The proportion of people over 60 years old is used as the control variable, as shown in Based on government survey data, empirical analysis aims to find the contributions of constructions to residents’ demands for ecosystem service consumption in 12 districts of Beijing in the past 26 years. Tests of collinearity and robustness are required before empirical analysis. Stata 14.0 was used to do the analysis. The collinearity test mainly used the method of variance inflation factor (VIF). As shown in To test the robustness of the model, the ratio of the area of urban public parks to the urban area was used to replace the variable of the per capita area, and the parameters of the measurement model were re-estimated. The sign of regression coefficients of the independent variable did not change. The p-values of area ratio and the per capita area were 0.017 and 0.00, respectively, and t-values were 2.80 and 5.24, respectively, both of which changed little. Besides, the variable footpaths  were used to replace the variable footpaths (per 100 hectares). There were no significant changes in the coefficients, and t and p values significance. The coefficients and significance of other indicators were relatively stable and model was robustAs shown in Three models were constructed based on the fixed effect model. The first two models feature a panel econometric analysis based on the overall data to analyze the contribution of park construction to park demand in the recent 30 years. The last model divides the overall data into five stages, and constructs five panel econometric analysis models for each period, so as to calculate the contribution of park construction to park demand in different periods. The first model is based on the whole sample and the panel data contains 12 panel numbers and 26 periods. The second model slices 25 years (1993–2018) into 5 smaller periods to re-examine the contribution of the different constructions of urban public parks to residents’ ecosystem demands, and the panel data contains 5 periods and 60 (12×5) numbers. The separation eliminates the possible cyclical fluctuation deviations in each period and unearths the characteristics of the data. The stock data is the mean of the head and the tail stock data, and the flow data is the mean of all data. We found that the measurement results of the model with 5 periods were roughly the same as the measurement results of the model with 26 periods, but the fit ability of the former model was better than the latter.The third model was to find the trend of contributions of each kind of construction with time going by. The whole sample (1993–2018) was subdivided into 5 smaller samples analyzed in a panel model. Compared to the second model, the third model consists of 5 models. Every model contains 5(or 6) periods and 12 numbers.The results of the former two models are shown in Tables The construction of urban public parks in Beijing has the following characteristics.(1). Natural landscape construction. The contribution of per capita area of urban public parks is relatively enormous to residents’ utilization of urban public parks. The contribution of spatial distribution and diversity are much smaller compared to that of per capita area.(2). Infrastructure construction. The construction of footpaths and fitness facilities have relatively higher contribution rates, while road chair (stool) construction has a lower contribution rate, and public toilet construction has the lowest contribution rate although they facilitate public travel. The public toilets have the least contributions possibly due to in-adequate toilets around the streets and pocket parks.(3). The management and maintenance. In the case of safety and stability, the management and maintenance of urban public parks are gradually developing to improve soft power which is defined by openness and service quality of urban public parks. The average service time of urban public parks in Beijing has been extended with more parks opening all day or extending opening time, despite its slowest growth speed. The extension of opening time greatly increases the space-time capacity of urban public parks and contributes the most for this kind of construction. The proportion of parks without walls has the fastest annual growth, though of the least importance in this kind of construction. Institutions managing parks pay more attention to the employee with professional qualifications but the contribution of personnel is not as large as expected.(4). Public transportation construction. The improvement of urban public park service quality also relies on the cooperation and assistance of external environments. Transportation is a kind of external construction and contributes greatly to the use of the service function of urban public parks. It provides convenience for residents who live far away to visit the park, facilitates their daily ecosystem service consumption activities, extends the daily service radius, and opens the full radiation of urban public parks, which releases and expands the services of urban public parks. The constructions of urban public parks should create a service pattern that relies on both internal and external environments in the future.The total contributions made by the management and maintenance, and the transportation are much lower than expected. This may be explained by the model which is based on the data of 26 years (1993–2008). Contributions of these two constructions would be larger with time going, which can be proved by dividing the time into smaller periods.The full dataset was divided into five smaller datasets and each data set constructed a panel data respectively, where the number is 12 and the period is 5 or 6. The measurement results are shown in The contribution of the natural landscape construction of urban public parks in Beijing has been in decline since 1993, although it is the highest at present. The contribution of infrastructure first increased and then declined, with the turning point occurring in 2005. The management and maintenance and public transportation contributed the least, though their contributions were once on an upward trend, with the former rising more rapidly.Compared with the existing literature, this study features the following three aspects. First, in terms of the research method, this paper uses the production function and panel model to conduct a multi-period dynamic analysis of the daily ecosystem service consumption contribution rate, and the analysis results are more credible, while the existing literature used Probit and Logistics models to analyze in a certain period of time. Second, in terms of data acquisition, the existing research used statistical data or survey data, while our study uses statistical data and survey data to enrich the data. Third, in terms of the conclusion, the existing literature centered on the contribution of a single factor, while our paper is more comprehensive by reviewing, classifying and analyzing all the factors that may contribute to the daily ecosystem service consumption.This paper reveals the dynamic relationship between the supply and demand for daily ecosystem service consumption, and provides practical and feasible solutions to better meet residents’ daily ecosystem service consumption needs. There are some other views to research this topic. First, issues from the individual micro perspective can be explored by including more comprehensive micro variables, such as income, leisure time, and family support burden. Second, the effect of daily park visiting on physical and mental health can be carried out which can be used to enhance physical health care and mental health of visitors. In the future, the data acquisition can make full use of the big data crawler technology to obtain more accurate and richer data, thus deepening the relevant research.Contributions of urban public park constructions will generally go through the internal  to the external development  process, all of which can better satisfy the residents’ demands for daily ecosystem service consumptions. Research finds that the demands, such as frequency, duration, participation rate, and evaluation of people’s daily ecosystem service consumption have been in increasing in the past 25 years. The contributions made by internal constructions have been in decline since 1993, though they were still the greatest until 2018. The contributions made by external constructions around urban public parks have been rising, with the significant points occurring after the 2008 Olympic Games.Urban public park should be constructed from "hard" to the "soft" to satisfy residents ecosystem services demands. The primary construction of parks is to expand area and improve infrastructure. Therefore, in areas where the construction of the park is relatively backward, it is important to expand the scale, optimize the spatial distribution, enrich the landscape structure, and improve the construction of related fitness facilities to meet demands of ecosystem services consumption. If the basic construction work is relatively completed, more attention should be paid to enhancing the professions of management and maintenance and transportation which will improve the comprehensive strength of urban public park to provide services to residents. Besides, park construction should also pay attention to the external construction to facilitate the daily consumption of residents. For example, public transports around parks provide convenience for visitors and facilitate the daily ecosystem service consumption of residents living far away which will extend the service radius and open up the service functions of parks.In conclusion, urban public parks firstly need to expand per capita area, optimize spatial distributions, enrich the diversity of landscape, and improve the fitness facilities to enhance the inherent quality of ecosystem services. To lay the foundation for fully releasing the service functions, urban public park constructions should also attach importance to optimizing the management and maintenance, and transportation of parks.S1 File(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.S1 Dataset(XLSX)Click here for additional data file.


Background: Thus far, most researchers on genocide and transgenerational transmissions have focused on the National Socialist Holocaust as the most abhorrent example of this severe human rights violation. Few data have been published on other ethnic or religious groups affected by genocidal actions in this context. Methodology: Using a mixed-method approach integrating qualitative interviews with standardized instruments (SCID and PDS), this study examines how individual and collective trauma have been handed down across three generations in an Alevi Kurd community whose members (have) suffered genocidal perpetrations over a longer time period . Qualitative, open-ended interviews with members of three generations answering questions yielded information on (a) how their lives are shaped by the genocidal experiences from the previous generation and related victim experiences, (b) how the genocidal events were communicated in family narratives, and (c) coping strategies used. The first generation is the generation which directly suffered the genocidal actions. The second generation consists of children of those parents who survived the genocidal actions. Together with their family , this generation suffered forced displacement. Members of the third generation were born in the diaspora where they also grew up. Results: Participants reported traumatic memories, presented in examples in this publication. The most severe traumatic memories included the Dersim massacre in 1937–1938 in Turkey, with 70,000–80,000 victims killed, and the enforced resettlement in western Turkey. A content analysis revealed that the transgenerational transmission of trauma continued across three generations. SCID and PDS data indicated high rates of distress in all generations. Conclusions: Genocidal environments such as that of the Kurdish Alevis lead to transgenerational transmission mediated by complex factors. Unfortunately, extreme violence and human rights violations remain a common or even increasing challenge in many countries and are followed by a massive impact on group and individual mental health . In geneThis can also apply to whole groups, as defined by ethnicity and religious affiliation, who suffer collective trauma as the whole group is directly threatened and persecuted . Both thA growing body of publications has explored possible direct and indirect mechanisms of transgenerational transmission, and, most recently, epigenetic mechanisms . ThroughCoping and adaptation patterns are passed on to future generations and can be integrated as part of culture, religions, and norms and can be experienced through communication in the form of oral tradition, but also through rituals and ceremonies . This prIn this context, most theories focus on the psychological transference mechanisms of family patterns at both conscious and unconscious levels . WilliamIn order for the older generation to be able to come to terms with the trauma experiences, the children consciously and subconsciously try to take over emotional themes from them in an attempt to relieve them. However, the emotional themes can be assumed to be the children’s own emotions if they are not sufficiently reflected and sustained. These processes are based on transgenerational patterns and imperatives which, in turn, rely on two fundamental conditions. First, the children perceive an emotional debt to parents. Additionally, there is the differentiation of the self. Both conditions are considered an indication that the children have been unable to resolve emotional attachments to the parents .Williams and Bray (1988) assume, on the basis of their studies, that children take over certain emotional themes of the older generation, so that this generation can find a conclusion through children, or at least a compensation takes place. Certain issues within a family are in turn reproduced by the children because the older generation in particular cannot deal with the stressful experiences.According to this view, the subjectively experienced emotional guilt towards the survivors plays a role, which is why the following generations take over the passing on of these experiences themselves and are not able to deal with them sufficiently . Thus, tIn connection to investigations in this realm, there are several problems. First, there is a general lack of actual research supporting the respective models. Additionally, the scarcity of studies coincides with several methodological problems. These difficulties include the validity and reliability of test instruments as well as samples and a failure to address gender-specific aspects . HoweverStudies have found the following common themes for second- and third-generation transference phenomena: increased awareness of parents’/grandparents’ status as (Jewish) Holocaust survivors, parenting style, over-identification with parents’/grandparents’ experiences, and general fear and distrust of people. Other studies emphasize internal psychological conflicts as a consequence of a protective role which children of Holocaust survivors take on. These conflicts emerge from an incompatibility between feelings of responsibility to those who were killed during the Holocaust and a feeling of having failed because one was not able to save the victims. These studies conclude that the conflicts lead to mental illness .In contrast, the studies of Hantman  and Juni (2016) assume that the third generation is better able to cope with the experiences of their grandparents compared to the second generation. They indicate higher levels of psychological well-being by the third generations. The authors assume that, compared to the second generation, grandchildren have a better self-understanding and are better able to cope with their grandparents’ experiences from a certain distance. Thus, the second generation is assumed to have a higher level of effect than the second generation ,28.Studies on other ethnic and religious groups that have experienced genocides and massacres have come to different conclusions. These investigations include studies on the emergence of transgenerational trauma from the 1915 Armenian Genocide ,30. ThesBased on current studies, it can be in conclusion assumed that, according to the concept of the transgenerational transmission of traumatization, parental traumatization at least potentially affects offspring who were not yet born at the time of the traumatic event ,32. AccoIn this context, historical traumas that also date back several generations seem to be important for the psychological burden of their descendants. Consequently, we want to take a closer look at the topic of transgenerational trauma, in particular despite, or precisely because of, the still-developing and preliminary conceptualization of the subject and the lack of research on other genocides besides the better-explored Jewish Holocaust .As a concrete case study for many groups, the historical and current traumas of the Kurdish Alevis from Turkey can lead to a better understanding of transgenerational trauma. The Alevis make up approximately ten to a maximum of twenty percent of the population of Turkey. Of these, about one-third are Kurdish-speaking Alevis who live in eastern Turkey . Alevis “dede” (Turkish for grandfather). A “dede” is the male representative of a lineage that are revered as sacred and who alone can lead the Alevi ritual and who, in traditional Alevism, were responsible for the religious and social leadership of Alevi communities [Alevi ritual and religious practice is strongly influenced by oral tradition. There is no central Alevi authority and no unified written corpus. Authority in Alevism is embodied in the figure of the munities  In 1937–1938, a military campaign took place against parts of Tunceli province, formerly Dersim, Turkey. The military operation was officially “justified” with the argument that the Kurdish population and rebels were “out of control” . The opeIn our study, we wanted to explore possible links between historical factors (such as major events still present in the memories of group members) with present factors  in the defined ethnic group of Kurdish Alevis, who were exposed to generations of persecution and genocidal action in a continuous  environment. We further intended to better understand the complex interaction of coping, stressors, and communication patterns in the families in regard to traumatic past events and intergenerational transmission of memories.Due to the limitations of the present conceptualization of the field, and the lack of clearly defined syndromes or diagnostic categories, and corresponding diagnostic standardized instruments, we decided to use a mixed-method approach, integrating qualitative research to explore possible reaction patterns, symptoms, and mechanisms in addition to well-established standard instruments as described in more detail below. Inclusion criteria: We included representatives of three successive generations of Kurdish Alevi families fulfilling the following criteria: (1) the first generation had been personally threatened, had several family members killed, had seen people killed themselves and had had to flee or had been forcibly resettled; (2) all families had to be Kurdish Alevis and originally from Dersim; (3) family members of all the families that are survivors of the Dersim massacre of 1937–1938, in which officially more than 13,000 community members were killed . Sample recruitment: Sample recruitment needed to be conducted with care due to the ongoing persecution and was based on purposive sampling, using a network of trusted key informants including relatives, acquaintances, and friends who were treated by the author in a transcultural psychosomatic clinic in Germany and Alevi associations in Germany. Security concerns were considered in this process.The interviews were conducted in Germany by the first author (JIK) and the interviews in Turkey by two psychologists. Psychologists had received comprehensive training to conduct quantitative and qualitative interviews and documentation.Based on these criteria, we included the following group of participants: Eight participants, aged between 9 and 13 during the traumatic event in 1937–1938, but now elderly, experienced the massacre, and were forcibly relocated with their families to western Turkey. Ten participants and their families belong to the second generation, who were born and grew up in western Turkey. They still live in western Turkey. Twelve other participants belong to the third generation and were born and raised in Germany.Procedures:Qualitative component:An interview guideline was developed, discussed with the interviewers and corrected, and the final version accepted. The interviews for the qualitative part of the survey were recorded, transcribed, and rendered anonymous by four trained psychologists.Each participant was contacted and asked by the author to give informed consent. Written consent was obtained from all participants after the study had been explained.The participants were visited in their home by the trained psychologist and completed the interview face-to-face. Interviews were recorded on a digital audio device, pseudonymized, transcribed, and analyzed on a PC. Evaluation was conducted according to qualitative content analysis after Mayring . The anaThe ethics board of the University of Duhok in Northern Iraq approved the study. The following test instruments were used for the quantitative part of the study to assess different relevant social and clinical aspects.The sociodemographic data and context characteristics in connection with the work and the personal trauma or flight experiences were assessed by a questionnaire developed for the study.Quantitative component :Structured clinical interview (SCID)The Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  is a widely used semi-structured interview intended to determine whether an individual meets the criteria for any DSM disorder . We usedThe interview was performed to determine the consequences war trauma on the mental health of survivors . This allowed, in this study, diagnosis of any mental disorders of three generations after the genocide in 1937–1938 against Alevi Kurds according to the DSM-IV classification relevant at that time .The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS)  was usedThe authors used means, percentages, and distributions for the sample description. Mann–Whitney-U-tests for independent samples were used for the analysis of the differences in means, since the data were not normally distributed. To test the correlations of determinants with the respective outcome (PDS scores), the Spearman rho test was applied as a nonparametric measure. Multiple-linear-regression analyses were performed to assess whether the determinants were associated with the PDS scores and to identify potential risk and resilience factors. The level of significance for all analyses was set at α = 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. As no validated statistical norm data are available in the ethnic group in question, we restricted analysis mainly to descriptive methods.In the first generation (n = 8), the mean age was 89 years, with a balanced percentage of 50% men and 50% women. All participants had at least five years’ schooling and had been employed in low-level jobs.In the case of the second generation (n = 10) living in west Turkey, the sample consisted of 60% men and 40% women, with a mean age of 63 years. Four participants had a university degree, three participants had a secondary-school degree, and three had a college diploma. In the third generation (n = 12) who were all born and living in Germany, the sample consisted again of 50% men and 50% women, with a mean age of 41 years. Of the participants, four had a university degree, another five had a high-school diploma, and all were employed in a professional capacity. Three participants had a graduate degree and were employed as workers.The study did not show any significant differences between responses given to the male and female interviewers (psychologists). This applies to all results of this study, which consistently yielded no gender differences. In the diagnostic examination with the SCID by trained clinical psychologists, a larger part of the first-generation sample was diagnosed with affective disorders (65%), followed by anxiety disorders (52.5%) and somatoform disorders (36.3%). In the second generation, affective disorders (38.5%) were again the most common diagnosis, followed by anxiety (26%) and somatoform disorders 834.5%). In the third generation, personality disorders were diagnosed in 12%, in addition to affective disorders (18.5%), anxiety (16%), and somatoform disorders (11.5%). Symptoms of PTSD could be observed in participants of the second and third generation, as summarized in Thus, all participants of the first generation (100%) reported a personal trauma history, 25% of the second, and 16.7% of the third generation reported a trauma history. At least 50% of the first generation, 25% of the second generation, and 16.7% of the third generation reported a traumatic experience. All participants of the first generation report experience of forced migration (100%), while 16.7% of the second generation report a forced migration. The third generation, who were born in Germany, did not have a personal history of flight, but had grown up in a more stable environment. The analysis of the interviews conducted with three generations allowed the development of a system of categories. These categories cover several questions. First, they address the way how those affected remembered the massacres perpetrated in 1937 and 1938. Moreover, they record how the massacre events were communicated. In connection to that, the frequency of mention was documented. Finally, the strategies which enabled the first generation and the subsequent generations to cope with the massacre events and to develop resilience were addressed. This category system, in turn, could be used to show mechanisms of how trauma was handed down to the subsequent generations and mechanisms of how those affected could cope with transgenerational trauma by drawing on resilience, for example.As part of the “genocidal environment” experienced, present events and ongoing narratives triggered memories and aggravated the feeling of continuous danger .First-generation representatives commented most frequently on repressive measures they had experienced , the flight from their place of origin , and religious persecution (87.5%). The struggle of the Kurds in Turkey (75%), the politics of the government in Turkey (62.5%), international events such as wars and flight (62.5%), and the death of relatives (62.5%) still occupy their minds.Statements by the participants described the immediate experience of this continuous persecution :The government continues to deny the Dersim massacre and we Alevis continue to be discriminated against…. We are Kurds and Alevis, that is the reason. It is not getting better.(Participant 1)The third generation in particular described religious persecution (58.3%), the Kurdish struggle in Turkey (58.3%), political organizations (41.7%), and events (41.7%). For more than a third of the third generation, the death of relatives (36.7%) was also an issue of concern.The Alevis are and still are called infidels by the Sunnis. My family had to hide the fact that they are Alevis for a long time. During fasting days, we got up in the night even though we do not fast like the Sunnis. We turned on the lights at night so that the neighbors would think that we were also starting the fast.(Participant 12)The sub-categorization scheme below shows the relevance of the modes of communication used between the survivors and the following generations. The ways of communication encompass a wide range of communication. On the one hand, there was regular communication, which means that those affected openly addressed potentially traumatic events in everyday conversations. On the other hand, unspoken assumptions, silence, taboo, and secrets were identified as ways of communication as well. From these insights, it can be deduced that the mode of communication significantly shapes the way members of the subsequent generations integrate trauma experienced by their parents or grandparents with their lives. The communication style of the first generation was less open (25%) compared to the second generation (50%), while the second (60%) and third (58.3%) generations tended to communicate about the massacre through music and written and oral narratives.The first generation largely preferred the mode of indirect communication (75%). An overwhelming majority considered avoidance, tabooing, or silence as most appropriate ways of approaching the topic of the massacres from 1937 and 1938 (87.5%). However, this attitude decreased in the subsequent generations. While it persisted among half of the second-generation participants, it could be observed to a significantly smaller extent (16%) among the third generation.I do not talk about the massacre with my children, or only a few if they ask questions. I do not want to stress them and I want to protect them.(Participant 1)An interviewee reported that their parents had never told them directly about their personal experiences during the massacre in 1937–1938. The traumas of their parents or grandparents were unconsciously communicated, for example, when they listened to their parents’ or grandparents’ conversations with other elderly Alevis and realized that they must have experienced similar or related catastrophic events.My parents did not talk about Dersim. I always learned what really happened from friends, at events, and later through books. They never really answered my question. They always said it was bad and you do not need to know about it… For me, it was terrible that I did not know what had happened to them and that they were always so sad.(Participant 18)Guilt, shame, and the fear that their experience would negatively affect the life of the subsequent generations frequently characterized the communication patterns of the first generation. This often led to silence, secrecy, and unspoken issues related to traumatic experiences and the historical event of the massacre. Since the grandparents did not talk about their traumatic experiences, it was difficult, especially for the second, but also for the third generation, to integrate these events psychologically and biographically, although such a process is significant for identity. Nevertheless, the experiences and processing of trauma were valued very differently by the three groups: 50% of the first generation, 60% of the second, and 33% of the third generation try to avoid the topic. Identity and trauma seemed to be strongly linked, which was significant for the sense of lack of belonging to a country or place among the third generation (58%).Why should we talk about something that is already over. The dead do not come back to life; the pain does not never pass. There is no need to talk about it. We just have to forget about it.(Participant 8)The constant remembrance of trauma and its visualization was most frequent among the first generation (87.5%). Experiences of guilt, victimization, and subjugation were reported by 62.5% of the first generation, 70% of the second and, somewhat surprisingly, by 33.3% of the third generation. I want to forget, but I cannot. I remember every day how they slaughtered us and the river turned red from the blood.(Participant 1)The second and third generations reported feelings of anxiety and symptoms of restlessness and tension in the PDS questionnaire, as well as in the interviews, reflecting a sense of imminent threat, as if they had experienced their parents’ traumatic events themselves or had lived during the time when these events had occurred.The Dersim massacre is not over. After that, the government and radical Sunnis continued. They attacked and killed hundreds of Alevis in their homes in the city of Maras in 1978… I will never forget the scenes on TV when radical Sunnis, with the help of the government, set fire to a hotel where Alevi artists and academics were holding a conference in 1993. We must always be on guard that nothing happens to us. I do not trust myself to say everywhere that I am an Alevi.(Participant 12)The qualitative analysis of the interviews reveals five main ways of processing the massacre perpetrations from 1937/1938 and of coping with coinciding traumatic experiences. These strategies were considered effective in all three generations. First, those affected attempted to attach meaning to the events by ascribing the survivors’ story to a mystical sense of uniqueness. Additionally, those affected felt able to process and cope with the experience by visiting the places where massacres were perpetrated. Moreover, music and art were considered effective coping strategies. In addition to that, social cohesion and unity were perceived as essential to encounter the challenges caused by the massacre experiences. This attitude was relatively consistent across the different generations (75%/60%/75%). Finally, similar developments could be observed for the conviction that their religion is a universal as well as peaceful faith and therefore an effective coping mechanism (62.5%/50%/60%).I have been playing saz …  … since I was a child and I have memorized all the songs about the massacre. It is good for me to deal with the pain, even if it is sad. Through music and my religion, I get support to be able to live on.(Participant 14)The strong connection between the second as well as third generation with the surviving (great) grandparents is reflected in similar ways of communication and of approaching and coping with issues. The trauma events of their parents and grandparents have an important impact on the development of their lives and continue to influence their cognitions, emotions, and behavior.Limitations: The selection of participants and the small sample size can be seen as an obstacle to generalization, though they are a common factor in qualitative research. Results can be seen as a pilot for similar studies in this and other groups exposed to war and genocidal environments. Despite its small sample size and its partial exploration of trauma and strategies which allow those affected to cope with massacre events, this study is valuable contribution in the several ways. First, the use of a mixed-method approach and of qualitative interviews have enabled a better understanding of how traumatic experiences and coping strategies are handed down across different Kurdish Alevite generations and integrates the aspects of established diagnostic categories with the more open and flexible qualitative interview, which thus far has been rarely used in the field of genocide studies which usually has been restricted to either one of the two approaches. Fundamentally, the study has shown that traumatic experiences arising from the 1937/1938 massacres have been handed down across three generations. In connection to that, it can be pointed out that the negative experiences which were directly suffered by the first generation have had a continuing and a significant, negative impact on the subsequent second and third generations, as also observed for example by other authors using qualitative models . The negMoreover, this study suggests that how a trauma is handed down across generations depends on the question of what exact kind of trauma was experienced. Additionally, this study has revealed that the familial behavioral patterns and the particular life mission of a family in one generation were handed down from that generation to the subsequent generations. In other words: the second and third generation did not question the attitude from previous generations, adopted ideas, and considered them self-evident and fixed.In the families, loyalty as a form of survival strategy and of not forgetting seemed to have been passed on to the descendants  as a forAlthough the massacre is not openly discussed in the survivors’ families and sometimes the survivor generation is silent, they do communicate through music, stories, and various repetitive events and rituals. It seems clear that the wounds of the Dersim massacre will never heal, but must be recalled and memories kept alive—and this out of loyalty. It seems that this kind of tradition is caused by a feeling of guilt which is focused on the experiences suffered by the first generation. The tradition functions as a familial lesson. It must be taught to the subsequent generations. In this way, the tradition can be seen as a kind of familial ‘mission’. The way the survivors process the traumatic events psychologically is connected to the tradition with which they hand down their experiences to the subsequent generations (communication style). The findings in this study reflect the results from previous studies  focusing on samples from other (ethnic) groups insofar as these previous studies emphasized the impact of emotional control, narrative, and symbolic representation on how subsequent generations approach the trauma experienced by their (grand)parents . It must be pointed out that traumatic experiences are deeply entrenched in the second and third generation, particularly when members of the previous generation hand down these experiences in an indirect way by choosing to taboo the experiences and remain silent on them. The way in which the traumatic experiences are passed on by survivors can significantly affect how subsequent generations process these experiences psychologically.Among other things, this form of communication can lead to the second and third generations (who did not experience the massacre) linking their own emotional and psychosocial deficits to the inability of their grandparents to adequately overcome the trauma. In this way, the experiences suffered in 1937 and 1938 can be perpetuated, which affects the psychological well-being of the subsequent generations extensively. Additionally, the experiences can be perpetuated in various other ways. Those affected can suffer from feelings of guilt which can be caused by external signs or symbols. Symbols can also prompt feelings of becoming the object of victimization or subjugation. In all these scenarios, the worldview of those affected is characterized by fear and distrust. The behavioral and emotional patterns which can be observed among those connected to traumatic stress are a logical and therefore normal consequence if the knowledge about the traumatizing experiences is communicated by a significant other , which fOn the basis of the cases studied here, the current political situation of the Kurds and Alevis, and their discrimination, seem to lead to a perpetuation and transmission of the trauma. As a result, in addition to the degree of secondary traumatization, the current life situation , and denial of the state, also influence the psychological state of all three generations ,50.Moreover, the extent to which traumatic experiences are handed down can also be determined by the individual and the degree to which the individual is emotionally vulnerable and resilient. Previous work has pointed out that different individuals can show different, individual reactions to traumatic events . Additionally, previous studies have shown that extensive trauma can overwhelm predispositions . Apart fHowever, it is possible that the consequences of the traumatic experiences result in the emergence of resilient patterns among subsequent generations. This can happen when members of a particular generation defend universal or community values, when they are socially or politically active, and when they look for collective attachment and social support networks. Members link the traumatic experiences to these activities and, in this way, they develop resilience .In their attempts to process more knowledge about the massacre and the trauma, the third generation favors, among other things, artistic creation and implementation processes . This can be understood as a legacy, in that the following generations have taken up this event as a part of their collective memory and, through different forms of communication, do not wish to forget it. For the third generation, living in migration, this transgenerational trauma is also a coping strategy, enabling them to develop a positive perspective integrating with their identity of origin and migration as a transcultural identity ,10,31.As with any qualitative or mixed method study, the findings here cannot be generalized to all members of the group or other groups, as noted in the list of limitations given earlier. This type of research is usually small scale and exploratory in nature. It would be interesting to expand its scope to other settings and to compare not only the descendants of war victims, but also other minorities such as the Yazidi, Kakai, Ismaili, Bahai, Uighur and Kazakhs, or Oriental Christians in the Middle East, who have also experienced numerous historical traumas. The gender-specific aspects of trauma processing and its transmission are also topics for further research. The description of some specific aspects found in the results can also be explored in further research using complementary methods such as quantitative approaches.The findings suggest that older generations affect the psychological well-being of subsequent generations in different ways by passing on traumatic experiences to subsequent generations. The impact on subsequent generations can manifest itself in PTSD symptoms. However, the former is not limited to the latter. This highlights the need for physicians, therapists, social workers, and other professional groups in contact with survivors to be aware of the trauma-related background of their clients and its possible impact, even though the client may not present it as relevant. It is necessary for clinicians to understand clients’ perceptions of their grandparents’ and parents’ trauma-related past, the general genocidal environment of their group, and their role in relationships within the family. In this sense, the findings from this study on the transmission of trauma in families and other collectives may be worth further investigation in order to re-evaluate transgenerational, collective, and individual trauma in terms of their appropriateness and impact on subsequent generations’ own lives and to consider these when treating their clients. When considering family narratives, which are connected to a particular trauma, one must pursue and approach the following questions. First, one must identify the mechanisms with which subjectively perceived obligations  are handed down to subsequent generations. Moreover, one must pose the question of what the situation looks like after the family mission was accomplished. Up to now, there are no insights into whether the members and families of a particular generation find another mission or whether the mission is characterized by a different direction. Moreover, it is worth asking whether the family mission can be considered a commitment to become the object of commemoration, when the mission requires a concrete action and that action is completed. Future studies must address these and other questions. Doing so, future work must focus on how these questions are related to effects and characteristics of how the trauma is handed down across generations.


The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a current global health crisis with dreadful repercussions all over the world. A global economic recession is anticipated, with strong impacts in all economic and social sectors, including the cultural sector. Although all sub sectors will be impacted , the cultural built heritage is particularly at stake, as it relies on multiple stakeholders through a wide range of heritage-related activities . Sites management and heritage conservation have not only been vulnerable to strong economic and social disruptions, like most of other cultural fields, but have been greatly challenged because heritage values and the paradigm of conservation (50 years after adoption of the UNESCO convention) are being themselves revisited in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper aims also to consider cultural heritage as part of the Cultural and Creative Sectors (CCS) and how creativity and innovation contribute to post-COVID recoveries through Schumpeter-related creative destruction process. The current crisis might be perceived in a perspective of long wave theory of innovations and economic growth. The economic history is filled with many examples of such transition period when inventions, innovations, and growth reactivate the economic development in an upward long-term trend. In such framework, crisis can trigger innovation and creativity and can be understood as opportunity to increase the CCS resilience and sustainability, as well as harness the universality and the power of creativity. Finally, the paper aims to describe implications of such situation by providing to the CCS ways to learn and experience cultural entrepreneurship, resilient strategies, new sustainable and circular business models applied to the cultural heritage sector and its conservation. The current global health crises have dreadful repercussions all over the world, not just anticipating a new global economic recession, but a severe transition in the long-run with all economic and social sectors being challenged and impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As it can be expected from a sanitary crisis, it impacts more the urban context with its variety of cultural activities and immovable built heritage, with heritage sites, theatres, museums, operas, art galleries and other places of public congregation being forced to close. Festivals, fairs, performances, biennales and concerts have been cancelled. Public and private cultural institutions and foundations, numerous freelancers in heritage conservation, performing arts, film and music, and related businesses have seen months, if not years, of intense creative effort and preparation evaporate at short notice. In terms of industries, the Cultural and Creative SectorsThe challenge is global, the solutions are diverse and adjusted to local and sectoral considerations. As far as the CCS is concerned, some countries and public agencies provided support to institutions and individuals, but not enough  and significantly hinders the professional, social and already volatile economic status of artists and cultural and creative professionals. It is clear that, as with the rest of the economy, emergency plans are needed, the possibility of accessing extraordinary resources in order to avoid a destruction of the cultural capital on a large scale and give the necessary time to cultural institutions and operators for experimenting with new forms of sustainability, to face the most difficult challenge ever: overcome in one leap the whirlpool that suddenly opened and recover structural weaknesses with more solid foundations.‘heritage value typologies … describe the same pie, but slice it in subtly different ways’. are supply-sided units which provide products and services on the different markets, and it is acknowledged that CCS are among the most recent and booming industries with a lot of potential in development , but they are characterised by an endogenous component specific to long wave theory. This is due to the distinction, already made by Kondratieff, between invention and innovation. ‘Scientific-technical inventions in themselves, however, are insufficient to bring about a real change in the technique of production. They can remain ineffective so long as economic conditions favourable to their applications are absent’ . Schumpeter’s approach emphasises not only the importance of innovations, but also those of entrepreneurs who must clearly be distinguished from managers. When cultural activities are at stake, the same distinction should be made between cultural entrepreneurs (artistic creativity) and cultural managers .das technologische Patt), characterised by the absence of creativity, of cultural initiatives, of risk-taking decisions (Mensch Innovation berwinden die Depression). This state-of-mind and entrepreneurial spirit regenerates the economy by creating new ideas, new products and services, as the foundations for the new long wave. The continuing process is made up of the replacement of basic innovations by improvement innovations.Still, even if the entrepreneur is sublimated in Schumpeter’s theory, there is no explanation on why innovations appear at certain times and usually in large numbers (clusters) Thomas . To answs Mensch . On the As far as the long wave is characterised, product innovations come first by adapting scientific inventions to consumption needs . Then, process innovations come, as new products and services will expand to all the consumers’ brackets, to all geographical areas, and to all subsections of the cultural and creative industries. Finally, organisational innovations come, with new business and governance models to adjust to the new organization of the economy. The probability of a new wave of innovations coming with sustainability-centred challenges will further require organisational changes in the enterprises impacted by a decrease in productivity and loss of competitiveness (Silva and Serio This later stage may take some time to be implemented (sometimes a whole generation), since its success is highly correlated to changes in education, knowledge and skills, also to the social turmoil and resilience vis-à-vis the destruction of obsolete jobs and industries that accompanies the creation of new jobs and industries. In arts and culture, like in economics, creative destruction is the result of time that goes by, with modes and styles, winners and losers, individuals from the past and newcomers. It will thus, require a change of mind in the behaviour and skills of the cultural actors.Figure A closer look to economic waves during the last century is highlighted in Fig. In particular, the two last waves (the very last one being prospective) would provide innovations which benefit over time to all economic sectors. Some of these innovations may substantially contribute to growing cultural and creative industries too. The Schumpeterian perspective remains strong today, where entrepreneurship and innovations are key-elements in the post COVID-19 recovery of the global economy. Current innovation theories enlarge the concept of entrepreneurship to a more systemic role, and stress on the dynamics between different actors and stakeholders. ‘a much more complex phenomenon whereby changes in one component in a system trigger changes in other components’ , social resilience to changes, cultural behaviours in terms of risk-taking and individual responsibility, learning and education systems, the latter two being at stake in a training program of cultural entrepreneurship.The cultural sector, and in particular the cultural heritage, is no exception to the conditions for successful recovery. As far as artistic and cultural activities are concerned, individual skills and know-how are key-resources, and the generally labour-intensive process of such activities is about to explain weak productivity gains. Baumol’s law states that cultural sectors experienced no or low increase of labour productivity thus, undergo unwelcome cost increase in response to rising salaries .While the profound disruption to cultural life and livelihoods caused by COVID-19 is palpable, the current crisis might be also perceived as an opportunity to trigger efforts to increase cultural resilience and sustainability, as well as harness the universality and power of creativity. As the preceding section has described, economic history is filled with many examples of crisis as triggers for innovation and creativity that contribute to cyclical waves of creative destruction. Such processes of technological creativity are shaped in the same way as artistic creativity.The sector of cultural built heritage and conservation is no exception. The COVID-19 has impacted the sector in different ways ICOMOS . HeritagAccording to Block et al. , a debat‘By and large, researchers are now realising that the desired benefits from entrepreneurship are mostly generated by a small number of innovative, high-growth ventures, whereas the vast majority of new ventures only experiencing moderate growth in terms of employment and turnover, if they survive at all.’  through which tools (innovative business models). Cultural studies emphasize the cultural and creative values while scholars in cultural economics focus on the embodied and yielded cultural and economic values. Finally, sociology exploits the Bourdieu framework of the forms of capital in order to understand how cultural entrepreneurship is characterized by a collaborative economy which mobilizes the social, cultural and symbolic capital Scott . DiffereNevertheless, not all scholars agree on depicting the cultural entrepreneurship as a voluntary choice but on the contrary, some refer to it as the activities carried out by self-employed freelancers and cultural and creative workers, who are forced by the precarious labour market conditions in the cultural sector to act as entrepreneurs Ellmeier .To date, there is no agreed upon definition of cultural entrepreneurship. However, we would like to provide the following definition: Cultural entrepreneurship is a set of activities aimed at harnessing a cultural business opportunity. The novelty stands in being innovative in transforming cultural values into economic values. The process of creating new cultural expressions could be also interpreted as the business of transforming intangible values  into tangible assets in the form of cultural capital. The process of creating new adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is about the business of transforming abandoned, underused or not in use cultural heritage into common goods which reflect needs and aspirations of the contemporary local community with respect to environment and social practices and interactions. By transforming the cultural asset, the cultural entrepreneur harnesses the existing cultural (tangible and intangible) and economic values and transform them into enhanced cultural, economic, social and environmental impacts, outcomes and benefits. For both processes, the cultural entrepreneur makes use of new skills and technologies to transform assets into innovative cultural services, goods, uses and organizational forms that generate financial revenues, positive societal impacts, and new creative and cultural markets.Cultural entrepreneurship is gaining momentum nowadays because it elaborates on new organizational forms of business and finance of cultural activities. It revisits the role of the state  and keeps into account the constraints that might impact on the performance and outcomes. It enables new ideas on the quantity and quality of resources—in particular financial resources in a framework where the role of public authorities may become limited and where forms of crowdfunding and other alternative ways of cultural finance are at stake. Cultural entrepreneurship also refers to the way cultural heritage initiatives are governed where the community—seen as the group of individuals that will be using heritage sites—is becoming leader, actor, and decision-maker.Recently, just like other impact entrepreneurs, cultural entrepreneurs are also keen at ‘doing no harm’ to the environment as well. This is possible not only because of the visionary leadership and characteristic of the cultural entrepreneur but also thanks to the organisation behind him/her and to the adoption of strongly sustainable business models. Deploying these innovative tools is having a twofold impact: On one hand, it is attracting the attention of the public and private sectors alike. In a similar manner, it is stimulating public policies tabling and discussions around the role of cultural entrepreneurship in not only growth and job creation but also in humanizing our lived environment. However, not everyone is an entrepreneur and not all cultural entrepreneurs are equipped with the right toolkit. For this reason, cultural entrepreneurship is taking ground as an academic discipline aimed at studying, accompanying and empowering the cultural entrepreneur in his/her entrepreneurial journey. Nevertheless, scholars’ put emphasis also on the environment as an enabler/disabler of the cultural and creative activities.The magnified precariousness of the CCS coupled with the multiple repercussions  on the people working in the CCS caused by the pandemic made us go back again to Schumpeter’s creative destruction theory and explore agile and resilient strategies based on existing resources. In order to make ends meet, we believe that there is a need to develop and experiment new sustainable and circular business models in tandem with addressing the CCS from a cultural entrepreneurship perspective. This recovery strategy is two-fold: First, delivering innovative business tools which are adapted to the ongoing trends of sustainability, circular economy, and CCS-oriented managerial techniques; Second, coaching and mentoring CCS’s decision-makers towards better entrepreneurship.As far as the cultural built heritage is concerned, it entails the use of specific business models, such as the circular business model for the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage developed by the authors under the framework of H2020 project CLICHowever, before describing what an entrepreneurial journey entails, a mapping of the needs and challenges was deemed necessary. For this reason, a survey addressing professionals from the CCS interested in starting an entrepreneurial journey was launched.ICHEC Brussels Management School, the survey was open from 19 October until 4 November 2020. It was available on ICHEC’s Social Media ; circulated to the authors’ professional network via email; and kindly hosted by creatives unite, the artists and creatives community COVID-19 resource platform operated by the European Creative Hubs Network and the Goethe-Institut as part of Creative FLIP.Under the framework of the cultural entrepreneurship project C-SHIP at 58% of respondents were females and 42% were males representing 27 countries  Figs.  and 4.FThe respondents were asked to select the cultural and creative sector in which they work and were provided with a list based on the concentric circles model of the cultural industries Throsby  Fig. 5)5) exceptIn terms of experience in the cultural field Fig. , 28% of When asked about the organization in which they work Fig. , 30% decWhen asked about their practiced profession Fig. , 62% of We tried to investigate whether there is a correlation between experience and the number of practiced jobs. Out of the 25 junior professionals (1–5 years), 17 practiced one job, 5 practiced two jobs, and 3 practiced three jobs Fig. . Out of With reference to employment Fig. , 30% is The majority of respondents were self-employed professionals who usually struggle by virtue of their precarious working conditions, which are currently magnified because of the pandemic. The answers are in line with the dataset of the EurostatThis means that, although these professionals find it important to upskill, they might not have the financial means to enrol in an upskilling course. This is why, reaching out to policy-makers and impact investors interested in supporting professionals from the CCS either by providing scholarships or investing in their course project is key in the process. Not only, funders have also to review their funding structure and priorities allowing for flexible and agile funding. Seen the current circumstances, it is not possible to play by the book and continue business as usual. Beneficiaries are always requested to adapt and be inventive, can’t funders follow the same path and revise their evaluation and impact criteria?The aim of the survey was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 on CCS’s artistic business and activity in tandem with exploring interest in upskilling in sustainable and agile business management. As described here above, the cyclical framework of economic growth brings an endogenous incentive during the upward stage, and a constraint during the downward stage. All industries and economic activities are by definition cyclical, and dominantly pro-cyclical , otherwise, the cycle would not be like it is. Nevertheless, all economic activities are not timely correlated: some move earlier (leading), some are coincident to the main cycle, and some move later (lagging). As it has been explained previously, CCS are expected to be very sensitive to any change in the general economic conditions (GDP rate of growth), partly because they are low capital-intensive, their activity do not benefit from high productivity gains, and the uniqueness of their product and services (two performances of Beethoven’s symphony will be different). In other words, the CCS can be highly disrupted by a major upturn/downturn of economic fluctuations, and severely impacted in a crisis.The next questions of the survey aimed to assess such impacts at the light of the expected sensitivity. Figures Figure Figure Finally, respondents are mostly interested in learning how to develop sustainable business models because by its intrinsic nature, the sector is content-driven and often lacks business management skills Fig. . Such skThe COVID-19 sanitary crisis has been a global challenge for the social and economic life, and a strong impetus in the long wave-related transition period that the global economy experiences since the end of last century. Never in the past have new technologies been so quickly available on a global scale, offering opportunities for all sectors of activities, including the cultural built heritage. Most of these technological and organizational innovations appear in the cultural and creative industries, taken as a broad and generic field of human activities. The development of new COVID-19 vaccine is an example of how fast and efficient the international scientific research and collaboration could perform today. But by the same token, the current long wave-related transition period is also a time of uncertainty, destruction of past production and consumption patterns, global recession, and major political and social disruptions. The paper aimed to emphasize that the current transition period is timely related to the questioning of modern heritage conservation. Are heritage values, and our current awareness towards the tangible and intangible heritage enough today to preserve our world heritage in troubled times? Is there no need for a change in paradigm, in the perspective of new ways of living, and sustainable conservation in particular in urban settings? Such challenges were typical in upturns/downturns of long waves in history. The current COVID-19 sanitary crisis takes the role of catalyst in these changes today.International network for contemporary performing arts provides a sharp framing of the major challenges to the performing arts sector which has a lot in common with the other CCS ‘to maintain the vibrancy and diversity of the performing arts sector and provide millions of highly skilled professionals with decent living and working conditions, policy-makers must take concrete steps to constructively address the multiplicity of issues at stake: social security, social benefits, unemployment status, remuneration, copyrights, funding structures, and many more’.  within the European Union. Its published report ‘the Economy of Culture’, is the first comprehensive study attempting to map the CCS contribution in connection to growth, competitiveness, jobs creation, sustainable development, and innovation at the EU level (KEA European Affairs The challenge is enormous, as CCS stand at the interface between two realities. On the one hand, the world of culture with its diversity, uniqueness, pure creativity, universal values, qualitative and subjective dimension; while on the other hand, the world of economic transition with its new technologies, new needs and behaviours, new allocation of resources, new values, new quantitative models and innovative tools. Both realities face each other in the new framework of sustainable development, questioning the past and building the future. Despite the size of the challenge, still the current situation is not a unique one. It is something in fact recurrent in the history of development, unfolding in spurts, in similar not identical stages, in lasting and recurrent innovations. Such transition must be accompanied, not only by public policies, but by the emergence of new educational markets and tools which will allow cross-fertilization between cultural, social and economic projects and actors.Our modest survey demonstrates that the respondents are interested in embracing a journey of social and cultural entrepreneurship with agile ways of working and systemic and inclusive approach to the creative economies. While the creativity remains high in the sector, there is a growing need to enable cultural professionals to fulfil financial sustainability and resilience. Three interrelated management upskilling pillars are crucial at this stage: agile and exponential organization, human and cooperative organization, and sustainable and positive impact organization.The magnified precariousness caused by the pandemic coupled with multiple employment status and low remuneration in relation to the dedicated time and in comparison, to other sectors, calls for urgent measures.Policymakers need to transform the sporadic and fragmented good practices at the EU level into a long-terms vision aimed at improving the work conditions of CCS professionals; facilitate their access to funding; and invest in research and professional training.


The fascination with brain research is widespread, and school teachers are no exception. This growing interest, usually noticed by the increased supply of short-term training or books on how to turn the brain more efficient, leads us to think about their basic training and outreach resources available. Little is known about what the official Initial Teacher Training (ITT) offers concerning the brain literature and if it meets scientific standards. Also, what are the science communication materials that teachers can access to learn about the developing brain remain undiscussed. First, we examined the ITT courses taught in Portuguese Higher Education, both in public and private institutions, to identify the syllabus with updated neuroscientific knowledge. Second, we searched for the neuroscience-related books published in the last 6 years through the National Library of Portugal database. Thirty ITT courses and 35 outreach publications were reviewed through a rapid review methodology. Our results showed an absence of curricular units indicating in their programs that brain research, and its relationship with learning, would be taught in a representative and updated way. In contrast, the number of brain-related books for educators increased in Portugal, corroborating the demand for this field of study by these professionals. Based on the literature that shows how misunderstandings about the brain have increased in school contexts, our discussion recognizes that science outreach could be a way to increase the scientific literacy of school teachers with the research community working more in this direction, but, since a previous problem seems to be unsolved, there is an urgent need for specialized attention to the development of training curricula for future kindergarten and elementary school teachers. In the educational neuroscience field, which has been advancing more to emerge as a distinct discipline, how to integrate neuroscience into educational practice remains a discussion . BetweenOne of the problems pointed on this highly interdisciplinary research framework is based on the scarce specialty literature. It has been presenting more discussion about the promise of applying neuroscience to education than educational neuroscience applications already studied . Increas1).The relationship between neuroscience and education advances theoretically but not practically in natural contexts , and we The enthusiasm of educators and policymakers to support their educational policies and practices with scientific evidence quickly caught the attention of the commercial companies to sell new learning techniques with science make-up . TeacherAccording to previous surveys, despite interest of teachers in brain topics, a high percentage believed in neuromyths. Moreover, this happens despite they are teachers from Portugal, Spain, England, The Netherlands, Turkey, or China . These sWhat contributes the most to these beliefs is not yet consensual, and data suggest that factors like age, education level, and neuroscience exposure influence neuromyths detection . Hence, Knowing that for any professional domain, initial training plays a fundamental role in the success of the practice; we developed this study to verify which updated scientific knowledge coming from the neurosciences field can be accessed by teachers in their basic training. First, we analyzed the syllabus in the Portuguese reference courses for teacher education. And second, we surveyed the outreach books about the brain available in Portuguese and published in Portugal in recent years.Based on a double objective, we divided the study into the (1) Initial Teacher Training (ITT) syllabus survey and the (2) neuroscience outreach books rapid review.Licenciatura em Educação Básica) is a 3-year course directed to prepare future professionals to deal with children from 0 to 12-year-old in school contexts. This ITT course is required to access the master’s degree that enables later to teach pre-school and elementary years (2), we found the list of the higher school institutions and through their web pages (N = 30) elementary education ongoing courses in the academic year 2020/2021 were reviewed to identify the curricular units related to the mind-brain scientific research domain. We used the following criteria for the analysis of the courses: name of the curricular unit, contents covered, unit objectives, and recommended bibliography. Unrelated curricular units, i.e., without mind-brain topics, were excluded from our selection process. Since the analysis was only based on publicly available information, the data limitations in several courses prevented us from relying on bibliographic criteria for robust conclusions. The main reason for selecting the courses for Early Childhood Education and Elementary Education is because these teachers will be the first line of contact between children and formal education, in which the importance of the early years in human development must be specially attended to in your training.The Portuguese Elementary Education Degree . The mission of the BPN is to gather, protect, and make available all knowledge in the Portuguese territory. With 200 years of existence, BNP acts as the National Bibliographic Agency and gathers its collection either through legal deposit or through the acquisition of works of a recognized bibliographic or cultural value, keeping a collection that exceeds 3 million publications  of the open vacancies (N = 846). Despite our 20 public courses list, the official results of the entry grade average in higher education only count to 19. For reasons beyond our knowledge, the University of Évora does not appear. The grades (ranking between 0 and 20) of the last student admitted in the 19 public courses  show the highest grade was 14.52 (Polytechnic Institute of Porto—Higher School of Education), and the lowest grade was 9.85 . Seven courses have filled all student vacancies, and four courses have less than five students each  or that explicitly addressed the link between neuroscience and cognition in the contents or objectives of the curricular unit . The selected units fall into the course general education category and were distributed across four major domains . The avaAs for the survey of books about the brain, applying our search descriptors, the BNP database showed us 272 records . ConsideN = 35).We included 140 records from which we carried out a screening to classify the books to further fine the selection. As for the original language of the books, only 19% are written by Portuguese authors, in which the majority (81%) are translations from English, Spanish, and Italian. From our classification based on the BPN descriptions, we identified 78% outreach books, 8% textbooks, 6% exercises books for adults, and 8% for children/youth . Within the outreach category, we looked into the books within the scope of the mind, brain, and education themes (Open brain! (2015), The child’s brain explained to parents (2016), and The brain: a story of you (2017) were the top three books reprinted in Portugal, assuming a higher sales volume.The publication number shows an increasing trend over the last 6 years, with 2019 standing out compared with other years . In the N = 140), we selected those that presented valuable content for teachers to learn about the neuroscience of learning, reading, identity, language, memory, and attention (N = 35). Within the included books list  are the topics mostly present in the psychology disciplines examined. Also, the revised syllabus does not address the mind, brain, and education integrated view, not even in a slight way. This is in line with the National Council on Teacher Quality report, which indicates that most of the teacher education courses and textbooks in the United States do not cover principles from cognitive psychology related to evidence-based learning, and some of them propagate learning misunderstandings .Trying to implement popularized strategies, such as the multiple intelligences, the learning styles, or the brain gym, may not be the best use of teacher’s time and, as Providing new tools drawn from scientific research does not have to go through the prescription way . InvolviPrevious studies revealed that Portuguese teachers are very interested in training in these domains and the lack of scientific literacy can contribute to their easily succumbing to neuromyths , 2013. IIf the interest in the educational vocation were equal to the general fascination with neuroeducation topics, we would no longer have a problem to solve. Our results show an increase in the number of publications about brain discoveries in the last 6 years. As for the book category, there were more outreach books found, although brain stimulation exercise books were higher produced, compared with textbooks. We also noticed that the available books in European Portuguese are mostly translations, with few Portuguese academics specialized in writing books for the general public. Furthermore, not all of the brain outreach books reviewed are written by experts in the neuroscience field, which also makes this kind of publication more vulnerable to speculation . Nevertheless, the publications reviewed that have school teachers as a target, and which main subjects are addressed to bridge the interdisciplinary area of the mind, brain, and education, remain scarce. As such, it is not run out yet the production of these materials for the educational audience with a scientific quality label. We also realized that even Portuguese researchers with an expressive scientific contribution in the field of relationship between brain sciences and education may not have science extension materials recently published e.g.,  or authoWe knew that neuroscience has a major presence in psychology than in education research , and we As limitations, we highlighted the restraint on public data that when not available unallowed to draw strong conclusions regarding the recommended bibliography in the reviewed courses. However, we also recognized that there may be a wide variability since the same content can be approached differently depending on the training or updating of teachers, which may be a good indicator to explore in future studies. Another weakness is due to the library database used since it is not prepared for the application of typical procedures on a scientific basis , making advanced surveys less accurate and reliant on manual final verification. Also, due to not achieving a full reading and a fact-check, the scientific quality of the reviewed books was based on the broad subjects and authorship expertise, so further studies are required to thoroughly analyze the neuro-prefix materials and workshops or other events that enter schools. A review of the publications to the general public by panel-of-expert would help to distinguish what is pseudoscience from the issues covered in a scientifically supported way.The main contribution of the study was to present an exhaustive curricula picture in future training of teachers on Early Childhood Education and Elementary Education and the brain-mind outreach books published in Portugal. The recent explosion of mass-produced information about brain discoveries runs counter to what we see embodied in teaching curricula. Improving the units within the general education category in the ITT courses with an integrated mind-brain-education updated program appears urgent and a possible path to stop misinformation and the spread of educational practices so-called based on the brain but without scientific evidence. Achieving EBPs in schools also involves preparing the educational professionals for scientific literacy right from the beginning of their training. The teacher preparation programs should be seen as a good investment and here neuroscience can play a modest, but booster role in building an evidence-based learning education culture. Still few reference researchers who work on the relationship between brain sciences and education published outreach books for Portuguese educational communities. Quality science communication publications can narrow the scientific brain knowledge gap in educational professionals but, in this case, is dependent on their interest and careful interpretation of this kind of literature.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Research protocol was approved by the Comissão de Ética para a Saúde (CES)—Universidade Católica Portuguesa (ref. number 131/2021). Written informed consent was not required in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.JR and AC-C outlined the research idea. JA collected and processed the data. All authors contributed to the writing and reviewing of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.