Climate policies can have a significant impact on the economy. However, these policies have often been associated with uncertainty. Quantitative assessment of the socioeconomic impact of climate policy uncertainty is equally or perhaps more important than looking at the policies themselves. Using a deep learning algorithm—the MacBERT model—this study constructed indices of Chinese climate policy uncertainty (CCPU) at the national, provincial and city levels for the first time. The CCPU indices are based on the text mining of news published by a set of major newspapers in China. A clear upward trend was found in the indices, demonstrating increasing policy uncertainties in China in addressing climate change. There is also evidence of clear regional heterogeneity in subnational indices. The CCPU dataset can provide a useful source of information for government actors, academics and investors in understanding the dynamics of climate policies in China. These indices can also be used to investigate the empirical relationship between climate policy uncertainty and other socioeconomic factors in China. Global Risks Report 20231 released by the World Economic Forum indicates that the failure of climate action will be the dominating global risk factor in the next decade. To address climate change, countries worldwide have actively participated in global climate governance by formulating and implementing a series of related policies. However, climate uncertainty greatly affects climate policies’ execution and effectiveness2. The impact of climate policy uncertainty (CPU) is also a new source of risk that affects macroeconomic and financial systems. For example, the unexpected introduction of climate-related policies will trigger changes in investor preferences, increase uncertainties of market expectations and lead to an increase in the risk of stranding carbon-intensive assets, which poses a threat to financial stability3.The 4, which is problematic because this can only reflect the uncertainty caused by a single climate policy. The second uses non-economic dummy variables as proxy indicators to measure CPU. For example, Ilhan et al.5 identified the United States presidential election in 2016 as a policy shock to reflect short-term changes in CPU. The third involves the construction of a CPU index based on media information, such as that from newspapers6. Compared to the first two methods, the uncertainty index construction method based on news text information offers better traceability, time variation and sustainability and is being gradually applied to empirical research on the impacts of climate policy shocks on economic and financial risks. For example, Gavriilidis6 used data from eight major US newspapers to develop an uncertainty index for climate policy and examined the impact of CPU on carbon emissions. Similarly, Faccini et al.7 constructed CPU index for the United States based on news data and examined CPU’s macroeconomic impacts.Given the continuous introduction of climate policies in various countries, it is crucial to quantify the uncertainty and time-varying characteristics of climate policies to help governments, businesses and investors make decisions. However, as CPU cannot be directly observed, quantifying its level is a key issue in assessing its impact and consequences. Existing studies have mainly measured CPU from three perspectives. One uses a single climate policy event to determine CPU8. China’s climate policies and their uncertainties have substantial implications for global climate governance. However, assessments of the uncertainty of China’s climate policy are still lacking. Only Lin and Zhao9 had constructed CPU indices for China, India, the United States and the United Kingdom. These indices have been used to examine the impact of CPU on economic activities. Xu et al.10 constructed the Chinese climate policy uncertainty (CCPU) index to determine the impact of CPU on the stock market. Overall, research gaps remain regarding the measurement of CCPU index. From the perspective of research methods, previous studies were based on the manual setting of rules to construct indices, in which text data categories were determined based on factors such as manually set keywords, and indices were then constructed based on the number of text categories. The major drawback of this method is its heavy reliance on rules and dictionary settings10, resulting in subjective selection bias in the research results. Second, it is difficult to handle ambiguous words in the text that are not in the dictionary, resulting in inaccurate text semantics and imprecise text classification. Finally, the used method in the previous literature has poor transferability and high requirements in terms of the quantity and quality of the training corpus10. If the corpus is not comprehensive and representative, the results and effectiveness of the classification model will be negatively impacted. Therefore, when using an index construction method based on rules and dictionaries, it is difficult to comprehensively and accurately mine CPU information in text.As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases and second-largest economy, China bears important responsibilities in the course of climate change and has formulated and implemented a series of climate change-related policies12. In addition, China’s climate policy implementation features numerous regional pilot demonstrations and testing, creating a strong need for the construction of regional-level indices.From the perspective of data granularity, existing studies have mainly focused on CPU indices at the national level, whereas similar measures at the provincial and city levels are often needed, especially for China. Provinces in China significantly differ in climate condition, geographical location, energy structure, industrial structure and resource endowment, and provinces, cities and regions vary according to the key areas that must be targeted by climate policies15, the MacBERT model does not depend on an existing knowledge base or dictionary and thus avoids potential biases inherent in some existing works10. In addition, the flexibility of this model allows it to be generalisable to many scenarios18. Based on the deep learning of a large volume of Chinese texts, the MacBERT model can effectively extract general linguistic patterns and features. The model can automatically and accurately capture information from an entire sentence, generating distinct vector representations for each word in various contextual positions. Given these advantages, pre-trained language models, such as BERT and MacBERT, have gradually become the main tools for the text mining of policy and financial documents in recent years21. The foundation of these indices is based on 1,755,826 articles published by six mainstream Chinese newspapers: People’s Daily, Guangming Daily, Economic Daily, Global Times, Science and Technology Daily and China News Service. Manual auditing of the selected samples was done to assist in the deep learning process and check validity.For the above-mentioned reasons, this study uses a deep learning algorithm, the MacBERT model, to develop the CCPU index for the national, provincial and city levels using data from January 2000 to December 2022. Unlike the rule- or dictionary-based textual analysis models or machine learning method10, which have mainly used statistical keyword methods to construct CCPU indicators. The second advantage of this study relative to existing works10 is that it expands the national-level CPU index to the provincial and city levels. This work also expands the frequency of the CCPU index from monthly to daily, enriching its information content and providing critical sources for research in the high-frequency domain. The dataset can be useful to policymakers, practitioners and researchers who aim to evaluate the impacts of policy uncertainties and form optimal strategies for hedging against such uncertainties.This study found that when the Chinese government introduced important regulatory policies and tools or changed regulatory attitudes, clear fluctuations occurred in the CCPU index. The main contributions of this article are as follows: First, from a technical perspective, the combination of manual auditing and a deep learning model based on textual analysis of news can avoid the subjectivity present in extant studiesTo construct the CCPU indices, mainstream newspapers in China were reviewed, and information related to both climate policies and uncertainties was extracted. This process consisted of six main steps: data collection, data cleaning, manual auditing, model construction, index calculation and validation. The general procedure is depicted in Fig. 23 in choosing the source of information. The following criteria are used: (1) Credibility. News media outlets are selected based on their position in the popularity hierarchy and public trustworthiness by referencing the List of Internet Information Source Units, which was released by the Cyberspace Administration of China. (2) Influence. The impact of policy dissemination by newspapers is also considered. For this information, the Top 100 List of Newspaper Convergence Communication released by the People’s Daily Online Research Institute in 2020, which highlights the significant role of newspapers in shaping public opinion and policy discourse, is consulted. (3) Internationalisation. Climate change is an international issue; thus, CCPU should also reflect uncertainties in the international environment, and the selected news media should feature international perspectives. This is reflected in whether the newspaper has an English version or versions in other languages. Overall, six newspapers are chosen as the main sources for constructing the CCPU index: People’s Daily, Guangming Daily, Economic Daily, Global Times, Science and Technology Daily and China News Service. The newspaper data are collected from the WiseNews database between January 2000 and December 2022. The indices can be updated regularly on a monthly basis.This work follows previous studiesGiven the inconsistencies in news formats and structures, which vary from a few sentences to several paragraphs, article titles and the main text are first combined into a single text document. Further text cleaning is performed to ensure data quality and to improve the accuracy and reliability of the model. This cleaning process primarily involved the removal of extraneous information that is least relevant to the research, such as punctuation, URLs and spaces.who develops climate policies), the issuance timing and policy content (when and what types of policies are implemented) and the consequences of the implementation of climate policies (outcomes of climate policy actions). A manual auditing team comprising master’s and doctoral students in the field of economics and finance is first assembled to determine whether a news item contains uncertainty on climate policy. Each member is asked to assess whether a news item contained a CCPU by manually reading the whole context of the article. The news item was then labelled CPU = 1 if yes, indicating that the news item contained CPU. Each item is assessed independently by multiple readers to ensure reliability. The detailed steps are as follows:Form an auditing guide. Each auditing team member reads news related to climate policy and invests two months in this endeavour. During this process, team members collectively formulate a standardised approach to recording the results of the manual audits. A manual assessment guide is also developed to ensure consistency and accuracy in the assessment process. The guideline provides detailed explanations of the auditing rules, an assessment template, frequently asked questions and several examples of auditing studies. These resources are provided to help the auditing team better understand the requirements for completing manual auditing accurately.Training and pre-assessment. Next, an auditing team consisting of 48 master’s and doctoral students specialising in economics or finance from universities such as the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China University of Mining and Technology and the University of Science and Technology of Macau is created. Relevant training is provided to the auditing team members, and each is assigned 100 news articles to rate. Based on the preliminary assessment results, further training is provided to the team members, and the guidelines undergo continued revision and refinement. Following several iterations, a pre-assessment result accuracy rate higher than 96% is achieved.Formal auditing. Each team member is assigned 800 news items to evaluate. The assessment results are then used for subsequent training and evaluation of the deep learning models. To increase the efficiency of the formal process, news items that have already been read are removed, and then a total of 28,800 news items are randomly and proportionally selected as the reading sample. Forty-eight auditors are assigned to 16 teams to make sure that each news item would be read by three auditors independently. During the formal manual auditing phase, group discussions are scheduled to recapitulate the challenges faced during the auditing process and continually improve the guidelines. A total of 4 months are required for all auditors to finish reading and rating the news samples.Cross-validation. News items with inconsistent results among the three auditors in the auditing teams are reassigned to another group of auditors for additional assessment. The new results are returned to the original team for feedback and to ensure consistency. In addition, the research team spent 1 month examining the manual auditing results.CCPU refers to the uncertainty associated with various aspects of climate policies, including the entities responsible for policy formulation  are used to train the model to learn Chinese language rules and features. At the same time, the model automatically obtains vector representations of the target texts. To enhance the pre-trained language model’s acquisition of knowledge, this research avoids training the base-level model from scratch; instead, the initial parameters of the official MacBERT-Base-Chinese are adopted24.Training and assessment. Here, the labelled datasets from manual auditing are used to train the MacBERT parameters to better reflect the relevance of CCPU-related news. In this stage, 70% of the labelled datasets are randomly selected as the training datasets, and 30% of the data are left as testing datasets. During the training phase, classification functionality is realised through the linear layer, which generate scores relative to each class label. The Softmax activation function then converted these scores into probabilities. Standard cross-entropy loss is used to optimise the training task.i-th element i-th classification of labels. If i-th classification; otherwise, i-th element i-th class label.CCPU news classification. After training and assessment, the model is used to classify unlabelled news directly. Compared to the architecture of the trained model, the only noticeable difference is the addition of the filter after the Softmax activation function. Softmax outputs the probability  Compute the time-series variance, σi, in the interval T for each newspaper i; (2) Standardise Xit by dividing through by the standard deviation σi for t—the operation yields for each news a series Yit with a unit standard deviation in the interval T; and (3) Compute the average over newspapers of Yit in each month t to obtain the series Zt, which is the normalised CCPU index.Specifically, let As the parameters in the model are primarily determined by the training set, changes in the samples can affect the value of the parameters and potentially result in errors. To address this problem, three rounds of random sampling and cross-validations are conducted in the manual auditing process to identify optimal parameters. In addition, to ensure that the constructed indices are reliable, the method described in the existing literature is adhered to in performing a set of cross-validations. The source data are based on six major newspapers. To address the concerns about the data sources, news outlets, such as specialised newspapers, is added as the foundation in constructing indices. Some typical model performance criteria are constructed based on the criteria previously described in the literature to check the superiority of the proposed deep learning model. The results are compared to the manual auditing results and alternative deep learning models to ensure that the MacBERT model works properly. This study acknowledges that previous studies have attempted to measure CCPU. Despite the limitations of existing works, prior results are used for comparison with this study’s dataset and the validation of the indices.China’s CPU index: This item contains the national CPU dataset in China from 2000 to 2022, including daily, monthly and annual indices. An Excel data file is provided in Figshare25.China’s provincial CPU index: This item contains CPU dataset of 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2022 , including monthly and annual indices. An Excel data file is provided in Figshare26.China’s city-level CPU index: This item contains CPU dataset of 293 cities in China from 2000 to 2022 , including monthly and annual data. An Excel data file is provided in Figshare27.Dataset of newspaper: Data from the six newspapers chosen as the main sources for constructing the CCPU index  are provided. The newspaper data featuring items published between January 2000 and December 2022 are collected from the WiseNews database. The dataset of 1,755,826 articles is stored in Figshare28.The CCPU dataset is publicly available on Figshare. There are four items in the repository. The files contained in the dataset are listed in Table 29. Therefore, a combined approach using authoritative general newspapers in conjunction with specialised newspapers focusing on energy and the environment is employed. Specifically, China Energy News, China Science Daily, XinHua Daily Telegraph and China Environment News are chosen as the supplemental data sources for the recalculation of the alternative CCPU index. A correlation analysis is performed between the alternative and previously constructed CCPU index. The correlation coefficient between the two indices is 84.47%, indicating that the main CCPU index is robust to the selection of news sources.Climate change policies are closely linked to energy use and the environmentFour indicators, specifically accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score (F1), are chosen for use in assessing the degree of consistency between the two results . Accuracy is calculated as the percentage of total samples with correct prediction results. Precision is the probability of actual positive samples among all the samples predicted to be positive. Recall is the probability of being correctly predicted. F1 is a combination of precision and recall. The specific formula used is as follows:News with CPU is defined as positive (P) news, and news items without CPU are defined as negative (N) news. The deep learning procedure is used to judge (predict) whether the news is positive or negative. TP denotes the number of correct predictions of positive news (true positive), and FP is the number of incorrect predictions of positive news . Similarly, TN refers to the number of correct predictions of negative news (true negative), and FN refers to the number of incorrect predictions of negative news . Therefore, accuracy is determined based on all predictions of positive news and negative news, precision only depends on news with positive predictions  and recall denotes the probability of a positive prediction being true.The accuracy, precision, recall and F1 results of the MacBERT model are 97.83%, 97.96%, 98.85% and 98.40%, respectively, indicating a high degree of consistency between the quantitative results of the MacBERT model and the audit study results. In addition, Cohen’s Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) tests are conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the manual auditing process. The Cohen’s Kappa is 0.843, and the ICC score is 0.843/0.915 (single/average), indicating a high level of consistency.To ensure that the results are not due to model selection and to check the robustness of the results, alternative models are used, and the new results are compared with those from the MacBERT model. The Lert, Pert and Roberta models are selected as alternative models. The same dataset (30% of the dataset in the labelled set that are randomly selected as the testing dataset) is used to evaluate the model’s performance. The results presented in Table The CCPU index is then calculated using the three new models. The new indices are compared to the CCPU index resulting from the MacBERT model. The correlations are 98.2%, 98.4% and 98.6% for the Lert, Pert and Roberta models, respectively. In general, the results are not affected by the model selection and are thus considered robust.et al.10 and Lin and Zhao9). This is the first news-based deep learning study. To evaluate the superiority of the proposed index construction method, the CCPU index is constructed using the testing dataset, following the methods of Xu et al.10 and Lin and Zhao9. The model performance results are shown in Table Before this study, few studies have attempted to empirically evaluate CPU in China (e.g. Xu Understanding the impacts of CCPU is often more important than that of individual climate policies. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap by constructing a robust CCPU measure for China. Specifically, manual auditing and deep learning models are combined to construct CCPU indices based on news text. Although the constructed indices are demonstrated to be robust and can depict the dynamics in China, limitations remain, such as the lack of indices classified by topic.First, the indices are constructed using all climate policies. In other words, this work does not distinguish between different types of climate policies. For example, economic- and finance-related policies may be separated, as the implications of these sub-categories differ. For example, financial investors may be more interested in finance-related policy uncertainties. Second, although this study demonstrates the need to highlight regional differences in terms of CCPU at the provincial and city levels, the indices constructed can be improved through the adoption of localised news outlets. Doing so will affect the general comparability of these local indices.Considering these potential extensions, the researchers plan to further investigate this issue by disaggregating CPU further and creating specific sub-indices to facilitate research/investment needs by different types of audiences. Moreover, given the robustness and reliability of the deep learning model, it is easy to expand the study targets to other areas, including the use of more detailed and localised news information.Supplementary information


The objective of this scoping review is to characterize the current panorama of inertia sensors for the rehabilitation of hip arthroplasty. In this context, the most widely used sensors are IMUs, which combine accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure acceleration and angular velocity in three axes. We found that data collected by the IMU sensors are used to analyze and detect any deviation from the normal to measure the position and movement of the hip joint. The main functions of inertial sensors are to measure various aspects of training, such as speed, acceleration, and body orientation. The reviewers extracted the most relevant articles published between 2010 and 2023 in the ACM Digital Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. In this scoping review, the PRISMA-ScR checklist was used, and a Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.4866 was applied, implying moderate agreement between reviewers; 23 primary studies were extracted from a total of 681. In the future, it will be an excellent challenge for experts in inertial sensors with medical applications to provide access codes for other researchers, which will be one of the most critical trends in the advancement of applications of portable inertial sensors for biomechanics. Inertial devices, specifically inertial measurement units (IMUs) , have beHowever, IMUs have a significant disadvantage: they are generally affected by cumulative errors related to changes in the position of the human body . To overAn inertial sensing unit consists of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. While a triaxial accelerometer can measure the proper linear acceleration of movements in a fixed three-dimensional 3D) frame per sensor, the estimated data includes components of motion and gravity. However, wearable sensors have not yet become standard in posturography [D frame pCurrently, wearable inertial sensor technologies are used to analyze human movements, providing versatility and cost reduction compared to laboratory techniques. These technologies are applied in various fields, such as clinical, healthcare, sports, and textiles, to generate value-added products and services by interpreting human movement.Additionally, Google Trends  examinesAs shown in The growing interest in rehabilitation in January 2023 could be related to the growing concern for health and well-being, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic . There mIt is important to note that search trends on Google Trends are not always indicative of global trends but can be influenced by many factors, including current events and changes in search behavior. Based on the data presented in In this context, future sensors and systems development trends and prospects focus on typical MEMS sensors for Internet of Things applications. Future sensor trends focus on intelligence and lower power consumption, and  future sThis document is divided into several sections. In The innovation of the technique or technology of inertial sensors for hip rehabilitation lies in their ability to provide objective and quantitative information about the patient’s movement and position during rehabilitation, which can help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the rehabilitation process.Unlike traditional rehabilitation techniques, which rely on the subjective evaluation of the therapist, inertial sensors can provide precise and objective measurements of the patient’s movements, allowing for more accurate tracking of progress and more efficient adaptation of therapies. Additionally, inertial sensors are portable and non-invasive, making them more comfortable and convenient for the patient.A systematic review is necessary to evaluate the validity and reliability of inertial sensors for hip rehabilitation and identify the trends and limitations of their use. This review allows researchers and medical professionals to make informed decisions about the selection and use of inertial sensors for hip rehabilitation, which can significantly improve outcomes and treatment efficacy. Furthermore, this systematic review can also help identify gaps in existing research and highlight areas for future investigation.Hip arthroplasty is surgery to replace a damaged hip joint with an artificial joint. The goal of this surgery is to relieve pain and improve the motor function of the joint. Hip arthroplasty surgery can be partial or total. Partial hip arthroplasty replaces only the head of the thigh bone, while total hip arthroplasty replaces the head of the thigh bone and the hip joint.It is important to note that the limited amount of scientific literature on these developments influenced the results obtained in the bibliometric analysis. The lack of data on this topic may also limit the generalizability of the findings and the ability to draw broader conclusions. Nonetheless, this bibliometric review provides valuable insight into the current research on using inertial sensors in arthroplasty treatments and can help guide future research in this area.The technologies shown in The five inertial sensor systems in The document  presentsThe study  uses a sThe technologies enabling The third technology incorporates visual sensors similar to Kinect systems in which the limbs are detected through spheres strategically placed as markers that indicate to the vision system the position of the limbs and movement speeds. This system will compare this movement with standardized movements and thus inform the specialist about the patient’s mobility status.A scoping review (SR)  was initThe research question is as follows: How can inertial sensors be used in hip arthroplasty rehabilitation, and what benefits and limitations are associated with their use? To avoid biases, we adapted the PRISMA-ScR checklist in this study to identify studies on applying inertial sensors in hip arthroplasty. This review was conducted in five phases, including defining research questions to establish the scope and developing a search strategy to retrieve all relevant papers, screening the articles to identify the most appropriate ones, coding the documents that meet the classification structure, and performing a data extraction and review procedure to obtain the results.Our primary research question is: How can inertial sensors be used in hip arthroplasty rehabilitation, and what benefits and limitations are associated with their use?The research question is relevant as it addresses a topic of great importance in post-arthroplasty hip rehabilitation. Using inertial sensors in post-arthroplasty hip rehabilitation may provide a non-invasive and accurate way to monitor patient movement and position. This research may help develop personalized therapies and improve treatment efficacy.In addition, the research question also addresses the limitations of inertial sensors, which may help researchers and medical professionals identify areas of improvement and develop solutions to overcome these limitations. From this question related to inertial sensors, we present three objectives.The first objective of this research is to present information related to the most relevant research on IMU applied in arthroplasty from 2010 to 2023. This systematic review (SR) contains several articles extracted from digital libraries, specifying authors, year of publication, and SCImago Journal Rank (SJR).The second objective is to identify different IMU technologies and determine trends.The third objective is to determine the main functions of IMUs and their technological development.Our research examines the results of primary published studies on IMUs and their application in hip arthroplasty to identify the current advantages and limitations of IMUs and their development.The research questions allow us to identify the advantages, limitations, and remaining issues in this area and are defined as follows:RQ1. What are the most common types of IMUs used to assess movement in hip arthroplasty? This question investigates the types of IMUs taken into account when evaluating movements in hip arthroplasty from studies between 2010 and 2023.RQ2. What are the main functions performed by IMUs to assess movements in people who have undergone hip arthroplasty? This question aims to classify the functions and techniques used to assess movements in people who have undergone hip arthroplasty.RQ3. What methods are applied in IMUs to evaluate movements in people who have undergone hip arthroplasty? This question determines the methods applied in IMUs to evaluate the movements of people who have undergone hip arthroplasty.RQ4. What types of research and contributions have been found related to IMUs for evaluating the movements of people who have undergone hip arthroplasty? This question distinguishes the type of research and contributions related to IMUs in assessing the movements of people who have undergone hip arthroplasty.RQ5. What advantages have been found in the application of IMUs? This question classifies the main advantages of using IMUs in hip arthroplasty.RQ6. What limitations have been identified in the application of inertial sensors? This question seeks to determine the main limitations of using inertial sensors in hip arthroplasty.A series of queries were conducted based on the research questions to obtain the primary research for this scoping review. The articles’ quality and relevance, population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) criteria were applied . The popThe search was conducted in October 2022; we selected five academic research databases used in engineering and healthcare to retrieve primary information: ACM Digital Library, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS).The search queries for each database were created using Boolean operators to combine related search words. This statement indicates that the evaluators who applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting the primary documents had a moderate agreement. Cohen’s kappa coefficient is a statistical measure used to assess inter-rater reliability or the degree of agreement between two or more evaluators. The coefficient ranges from −1 to 1, with values closer to 1 indicating higher agreement between evaluators. In this case, a coefficient of 0.4866 indicates moderate agreement among the evaluators. A percentage of 97.4% indicates a moderate agreement of the evaluators with the inclusion and exclusion of documents. This statement outlines the inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select primary studies for this systematic review. The inclusion criteria require that the preliminary research is (1) published in journals, conferences, books, or book chapters on inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty between 2010 and 2023; (2) a peer-reviewed primary study; and (3) written in the English language. These criteria help ensure that the selected studies are relevant, up-to-date, and highly qualified.The exclusion criteria specify that the preliminary study should not be related to (1) a summary of the central discourse, an introduction to the workshop, or only an abstract; (2) duplicate papers of the same research from different sources; and (3) secondary studies related to literature reviews. These criteria help exclude studies that do not contain sufficient data, redundant or repetitive studies, and studies that are not primary research but secondary analyses or literature reviews.Overall, these criteria help ensure that the selected studies are relevant to the research question and are of high quality while excluding studies that are not primary research or contain insufficient data.The PRISMA-ScR  tool is The review and selection process is presented in a flowchart, which provides a clear visual representation of the review process. The flowchart includes the different phases of the review, such as identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion, as well as the number of articles found and the number of articles rejected for different reasons. This level of detail helps ensure transparency and reproducibility of the review process, allowing others to assess the rigor of the review and potentially replicate it.The statement mentions that the number of articles that met the inclusion requirements for the study is extracted. This indicates that the review authors used a systematic and rigorous approach to selecting primary studies, which helps ensure that the review is comprehensive and informative.This statement refers to Phase 1 of the research involved the identification of relevant articles related to the research topic. The authors searched multiple databases, including ACM Digital Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and WOS.After conducting the searches, the authors identified a total of 681 articles. Specifically, they found 8 papers from ACM Digital Library, 65 articles from PubMed, 62 from ScienceDirect, 543 from Scopus, and 3 from WOS.The identification phase is essential in any research study, as it helps researchers gather relevant information and literature related to the research topic. By searching multiple databases, the authors collected a comprehensive set of articles that can be used to inform the subsequent phases of their research.Phase 2 of the investigation involved the selection of the articles identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Initially, the authors found a total of 681 articles from multiple databases. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 59 articles were excluded because they were duplicated in different databases, leaving 622 articles.Next, the authors reviewed all 622 articles and excluded 571 articles unrelated to inertial sensors and hip arthroplasties, such as literature reviews and other unrelated topics, leaving 51 articles for the next phase. Then, 28 articles that were not in the English language or that included abstracts were excluded. This left the authors with 23 articles that were relevant to the research topic and met the inclusion criteria.The selection phase is crucial as it helps reduce the number of articles to those most relevant and valuable for the study. By applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, the authors could select only the most relevant articles for the next phase of their research.Phase 3 of the research involved an in-depth full-text review of the 23 articles identified in the previous phase.The authors thoroughly reviewed each article to determine its relevance to their inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty research topic. They focused on primary studies that explicitly addressed this topic.After the full-text review, the authors did not exclude any of the 23 articles. All articles met the eligibility criteria and provided relevant information for the research study.The eligibility phase is essential as it allows the authors further to assess the selected articles’ quality and relevance. By conducting a thorough full-text review, the authors could ensure that the selected articles were appropriate for their study and would provide valuable insights into their research topic.Phase 4: Inclusion. The authors analyzed a total of 23 full-text documents for quantitative synthesis. Cohen’s  kappa coThe extraction of primary articles was an iterative process and was separated into stages, with different events carried out at each stage.The authors used multiple databases to identify relevant articles for their study, including ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and WOS. The data from ACM Digital Library were exported in BibTeX (BIB) format, while the other databases were transferred in Research Information Systems (RIS) format.The authors then imported the information from all five databases into the StartLapes version 2.3.4.2 tool. This tool automatically removed duplicate research from the extracted databases, ensuring that the authors did not include duplicate studies in their analysis.The four phases described in the PRISMA flowchart , which iIn the final phase of the research, the authors took the 23 selected articles and analyzed them in Microsoft Excel.To calculate the normalization values , the autThe score is the value obtained for each quality question, the minimum score is the lowest among all selected articles, and the maximum score is the highest value obtained for that question among all selected articles.The minimum (score) equals 0, the maximum (score) is equal to 5, and the score is the value considered in In this section, the authors answered two of the six research questions posed in defining the research questions to determine the scope section. These questions were:(1) What is the bibliometric assessment to collect yearly publication records on the increase in research over time from journals, conferences, books, and book chapters on inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty?(2) What is the scoping review to map studies according to perceptions of inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty?For the first question, the authors conducted a bibliometric assessment to collect yearly publication records on the increase in research over time from journals, conferences, books, and book chapters on inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty.For the second question, the authors conducted a scoping review to map studies according to perceptions of inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty. They used a systematic approach to identify and select relevant studies from multiple databases. They applied inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed a thorough full-text review of the selected articles.Through this scoping review, the authors could map out the current research on inertial sensors and hip arthroplasty, identifying key themes and areas of focus. They were able to provide valuable insights into the current state of the research in this area and help guide future research efforts.This analysis aims to answer RQ1. To answer our research questions, we thoroughly analyzed these 23 primary studies, examining sections such as abstracts, keywords, introductions, methodologies, discussions, and conclusions. We documented the relevant characteristics of each primary study in a spreadsheet for further reference.By focusing on these six research questions, we extracted the essential characteristics of each primary study and systematically analyzed their findings.In the following, we present and discuss the answers to the research questions of this study; the dataset and evaluation for replication are available in the Mendeley repository .By analyzing the 23 scientific articles, we highlight and identify in each study the type of sensor used for hip arthroplasty, the main functions, the methods applied, the research related to the study, the advantages and limitations that answer the six research questions raised in this scoping review. These results are summarized in In this question, we answer the types of inertial sensors taken into account in assessing motion in hip arthroplasty from studies conducted between 2010 and 2023. The authors ,23 argueThese sensors combine accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure acceleration and angular velocity in three axes. Refs. ,22 indicAnother article by  argues tRef.  refutes Ref.  replicatRef.  argues tOf the 23 studies analyzed, 95.7% use IMU inertial sensors; Ref.  is the oIn this question, we classify the functions and techniques used to assess the movements of people undergoing hip arthroplasty. We found that the studies ,13,22,23Refs. ,27,28 reResearch ,32 addreResearch  addresseWhen analyzing the most frequently repeated keywords in the twenty-three selected studies, we identified hip with a frequency of eleven times, followed by measurement and arthroplasty with six, and gait with five; summarized in In this scoping review, we found methods applied with inertial sensors to assess the movements of people who have undergone hip arthroplasty. The methods used in inertial sensors to assess the movements of persons undergoing hip arthroplasty according to ,23,29 inWith this question, we answer the type of research and contributions according to ,22,23; wRefs. ,27,28 suIn this scoping review, according to ,21,23, wRefs. ,13,29 foAccording to ,12,21,23This scoping review was derived from the PRISMA-ScR method  to contrPatient populations, research designs, and sensor protocols varied between studies, as shown in Wearable inertial sensors offer an accessible tool to support our understanding of the use of inertial sensors for hip arthroplasty rehabilitation and postoperative treatment. Different studies were identified that used portable inertial devices to evaluate hip arthroplasty rehabilitation. An IMU-based intelligent hip test system can be used to measure the orientation and speed of hip movement. However, the most widely used inertia sensors to assess movement in hip arthroplasty are IMUs and acceleration sensors.In ,29, it iTraditionally, in physiotherapy, joint mobility range evaluations have been based on the examination of conventional goniometers; there are also electrogoniometers and inclinometers, which give greater precision in measuring joint range. These devices facilitate the storage of information that can be recorded in a database for later interpretation, adding each record and giving the possibility of a more effective and natural movement identification.Despite the advantages of the electrogoniometer, it cannot record additional information related to acceleration and speed in movements developed in specific planes and axes, variables that can be recorded by IMUs in static positions, dynamic, and during the execution of functional activities.Some authors argue ,12,21 thThe main functions performed by inertial sensors to assess movement in people who have undergone hip arthroplasty, according to several authors, are to measure various aspects of movement, such as velocity, acceleration, and body orientation. Explicitly, the measurement of gait kinematics and the classification of the gait in inertial sensors in normal gait, on tiptoe, on heels, and the evaluation of balance.Other authors ,13 indicRegarding the advantage of the weakness of the inertial sensor, it is essential to note that a weak inertial sensor may provide less accurate and reliable measurements compared to a robust inertial sensor. However, in some cases, this weakness can be an advantage. For example, a weak inertia sensor may capture smooth and fluid movements better than fast and jerky movements in human motion monitoring. In addition, a weak inertial sensor may be less expensive and lighter, making it more suitable for portable and long-term use applications.Regarding the methods applied to inertial sensors to evaluate the movements of people who have undergone hip arthroplasty, the review showed that the accelerometer and IMU are the most used technologies within the systems.With the proposed methodology, the study shows that open-access publications and open-source software repositories present important models that can support growth, replication, reproduction, consistency, and inclusion in research. We found that 100% of the studies identified in this review were open-access. However, no studies provided open-source software attached to the articles. In the future, it will be an excellent challenge for experts in inertial sensors with medical applications to provide access codes for other researchers, which will be one of the most critical trends in advancing wearable inertial sensor applications for biomechanics.The selected studies revealed that optoelectronic movements could be studied as a standard measurement tool in biomechanics, noting that IMU systems can perfectly measure the joint angle. Another strength of this review was applying Cohen’s kappa coefficient to achieve precision and reliability in selecting articles, with a moderate agreement of 97.4% between reviewers. On the other hand, a limitation of this study is that only open-access studies in English were included, and there may be possible debates of interest in other countries with different types of developments in the area of hip arthroplasty rehabilitation.The authors propose a guideline for using inertial sensors (IMUs) for hip arthroplasty rehabilitation. Selecting suitable inertial sensors is essential to ensure accurate and reliable measurements. Arbitration, sampling rate, size, and battery life should be considered when selecting inertial sensors.The inertial sensors must be placed correctly and securely on the patient to ensure accurate and reliable measurements. Sensors should be securely attached to the patient and placed strategically to capture relevant hip position and motion.They are assessing the quality of measurements obtained by inertial sensors. Researchers and medical professionals must assess the measurements’ accuracy, repeatability, and validity to ensure their reliability.The data processed by inertial sensors must be processed appropriately to obtain helpful information about the patient’s movement and position. This process may include the fusion of data from different types of sensors to provide a more complete and accurate measurement. It can be used to develop personalized therapies for the patient. Medical professionals can use the data to tailor treatment to the patient’s needs and assess rehabilitation progress.Progress evaluation to assess the patient’s progress in hip rehabilitation after arthroplasty can be performed. Researchers and medical professionals can use the data to assess the efficacy and adjust the treatment plan. Patient safety involves ensuring that using inertial sensors is safe for the patient. Sensors must be correctly and securely placed to avoid injury or discomfort to the patient.This review evidenced the current trends and developments related to inertial sensors in rehabilitating hip arthroplasty through primary scientific articles published in the last three years. The methodological nature did not include a deep analysis of the selected material; however, future research will include a systematic and extensive review of the different developments in hip arthroplasty rehabilitation, including contributions in open codes, intelligent tools, and force sensors. This research has managed to identify the contributions of inertial sensors to medical applications in rehabilitation. However, there is still much work to be completed so that researchers can develop tools with more significant technological potential, which involve intelligent elements for more significant results. In the same way, this research offers academics, researchers, and health professionals a vision of instrumentation resources, in this case, sensors, that can be useful in engineering developments applied to medicine.In future projects, we will apply inertial sensor technology for personalized patient therapy in a web-based telerehabilitation system.Finally, we recommend (1) continuing with the reviews to complement the evaluations by considering a heuristic method, which allows the generation of engineering contributions for hip arthroplasty rehabilitation with greater efficiency, (2) using this study as a starting point for the creation of new developments in the area of sensors that contribute to the solution of health problems, and (3) including the study of intelligent tools that contribute to medical developments with inertial sensors, which involve individualized aspects of the patient that provide integration to his health problem.


Since Japan announced its plan to discharge Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea on April 13, 2021, the discussions on the hazards and illegality of this act have never stopped. In this discharge crisis, countries neighboring Japan are direct stakeholders, so the coping strategies they will adopt particularly attract worldwide attention. The paper focuses on the Challenges of Fukushima Nuclear Wastewater Discharge into the sea and discussing China's responses to Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge into the sea from the perspective of China's right-safeguarding strategies. It has reached the following conclusions: once Fukushima nuclear wastewater is discharged into the sea, it will result in a serious hazard and cause social and economic impacts on all aspects; the Japanese government's decision and act to discharge Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea are against laws; the legal basis for China to safeguard its rights includes China's domestic laws and Japan's domestic and international laws. Regarding the right-safeguarding strategy, China can act on the domestic and international levels to defend its rights and interests and safeguard the security of the ocean environment and humans. Because22.1Japan's discharge of Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea will have a profound and far-reaching impact on the marine environment and human health. Radioactive elements in nuclear wastewater cause long-term radiological hazards, which may induce diseases and genetic mutations. After the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), radionuclides (such as 131I and 134Cs) from this source were detected in the atmosphere of most Chinese cities and provinces . Also, tThe risk assessment is based on the above scientific evidence to make a suitable and sufficient assessment for the consequences of the Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge, which is mainly made by professional scholars. However, once Fukushima nuclear wastewater is discharged into the sea, it will result in the following hazards: irreversible damage, multiple-faceted safety hazards, and worldwide consequences. Its risks can be evaluated and summarized as follows: 1) Severe damage to marine ecosystems and animal mutations; 2) Exceedances of radiation levels in fishery products, fruits and vegetables, rice, and even in many segments of cosmetics; 3) The health of people in all countries along the Pacific coast .2.2Japan's discharge of Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea will cause social and economic impacts on all aspects, which are mainly reflected in infringements upon the right to a healthy environment, the right to development, and the property right. On October 8, 2021, the right to a healthy environment was officially recognized by the UN's Human Right Council as a basic human right [The right to development is a human right that recognizes every human right for constant improvement of well-being. The right was first recognized in 1981 in Article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights as a definitive individual and collective right . Japan'sThe property right is also basic human right. Judged by the economic impacts caused by the Chornobyl incident, the economic factors for Japan's discharge act include but are not limited to the ocean product industry, tourism, and the catering sector. Due to impaired functions of soils in coastal regions, citizens in polluted regions are forced to move to other places, which may waste more economic interests. A year after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, the Japanese government announced a series of standards for compensating citizens in the evacuation area of Fukushima's No.1 Nuclear Power Plant. These standards stipulated the compensations for immovable properties, including land and houses, house assets such as furniture and electrical appliances, and losses from operations and salaries . Further33.1United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). According to Articles 192 and 194 in the UNCLOS, Japan has an obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and shall take all measures consistent with this Convention to prevent, reduce, and control pollution. Besides, it shall take all measures to ensure domestic environmental pollution incidents do not cause damage by pollution to other states or spread beyond the areas where it exercises its sovereign rights. Considering the discharge of nuclear wastewater into the sea will increase the risk of polluting the marine environment, Japan should “observe, measure, evaluate and analyze, by recognized scientific methods, the risks or effects of pollution of the marine environment”, publish a report on environmental impact assessment, and notify the discharge plan and its environmental impact assessment report to IAEA  and all countries that may be affected in advance [UNCLOS.Japan is a contracting party to the  advance . In Pulp3.2UNCLOS stipulates that Japan has an obligation to take all necessary measures to prevent, reduce, and control pollution in the marine environment. Whether there is a more proper alternative plan is the criterion for judging whether Japan “individually or jointly as appropriate, all measures consistent with UNCLOS”. There are five disposition paths considered by the Government  [The illegality of Japan's act to discharge Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea can be analyzed from two perspectives. For one thing, Article 194 of the  burial) . In the UNCLOS and the basic legal principle of international radiation prevention. For another, the future act to discharge should meet existing standards for safe discharge. Currently, the international standards for the safe discharge of nuclear wastewater can be determined based on the UNCLOS and the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 (London Convention). According to Article 207 of the UNCLOS, “States shall adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from land-based sources … taking into account internationally agreed rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures.” This has been recognized by relevant international conventions. For example, the London Convention stipulates the wastes allowed to be dumped and their lowest exempted concentrations. Japan's future discharge of nuclear wastewater in the sea may result in two circumstances. Firstly, the activity concentration of radionuclides is higher than the safety discharge criteria stipulated by domestic laws and the IAEA, so it's inevitably against the laws. Secondly, the activity concentration of radionuclides is lower than relevant safe discharge criteria, and the Japanese government should confirm it by checking the oversight mechanism on the prerequisites of openness, transparency, and democracy. In addition, the Japanese government should timely update the implementation of the plan for discharging nuclear wastewater into the sea, the report on environmental impact assessment, and emergency preparation plans. Otherwise, it remains an unlawful act.However, the Japanese government insists on selecting the plan of discharging nuclear wastewater into the sea, which considerably increases the risks of severe damage to the global marine environment. It is sufficient to prove that the Japanese government didn't “take all measures consistent with UNCLOS” to avoid pollution to the marine environment. Therefore, the act to discharge Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea violates the 4the Law of the People's Republic of China on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships, Chinese victims have the right to launch lawsuits to claim infringement damage compensations in Japanese or Chinese courts. Besides, Japanese and Chinese domestic laws can be used as the proper laws for hearing disputes over compensation for environmental damage caused by Fukushima wastewater discharge.All parties in the international community should cooperate before damaging behaviors occur. It's an integral component of the principle for international cooperation, the precise application of the risk prevention principle, and the best annotation of protecting the ecological environment in the case of Japan's discharge of nuclear wastewater into the sea. The compensation and remedy for damage after the damaging act occurs are based on the legal responsibility that Japan should undertake when its international unlawful act causes transnational personal, asset, and environmental damage. According to Japanese domestic laws and Article 44 of 4.14.1.1where a tortfeasor violates the provisions of laws and intentionally causes environmental pollution or ecological damage, resulting in serious consequences, the victim shall have the right to claim corresponding punitive compensation”. Hence victims of the Fukushima nuclear wastewater pollution have the right to investigate and affix the tort liability and demand compensation liability of the infringing party based on the Civil Code PRC.Article 1229 of the law stipulates “where any harm is caused to another person by environmental pollution or ecological damage, the tortfeasor shall assume the tort liability”. If the discharge of Fukushima nuclear wastewater causes damage to people in China, the infringed party has the right to affix the infringement responsibility of the infringing party. Article1232 of the law stipulates “4.1.2it is prohibited to import radioactive wastes or radioactively polluted articles into the territory of the People's Republic of China or to transfer them via the territory of the People's Republic of China”. When Japan discharges Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the waters under China's jurisdiction, it shall comply with the discharge standards and regulations on discharge approaches proposed by China.Article 47 of the law stipulates “4.1.3the principle of reduction, harmlessness, appropriate disposal and permanent safety”. When the radioactive waste liquid fails to reach the standard for purification treatment, it should be converted into solid waste and processed by units with disposal licenses. Article 34 of this regulation stipulates that it is prohibited to bring radioactive wastes and radioactive-contaminated objects into the territory of the People's Republic of China.Article 4 of this regulation stipulates that the procedures for the storage and disposal of nuclear wastewater shall comply with “4.1.4a nuclear facility operating entity or a radioactive waste processing and disposal entity shall process or dispose of radioactive waste in a way to reduce its quantity and make it harmless in order to ensure permanent safety”. Article 90 of the law stipulates that “the nuclear facility operating entity which causes personal injury or death, loss of property or environmental damage by reason of a nuclear accident shall be bound to make compensation according to the national nuclear damage liability system unless it is able to prove that the damage results from such circumstances as war, armed conflict and riot”. Japan's discharge of nuclear wastewater is an act to dispose of nuclear wastewater without the permission of relevant competent authorities. When Fukushima nuclear wastewater causes pollution in China's territory, China can investigate and affix the legal responsibility of Japan.Article 41 of this law stipulates that “4.24.2.1the research, development and utilization of nuclear energy is limited to peaceful purposes, is to aim at ensuring safety”. Nevertheless, safety supervision was lacking, and relevant emergency measures were not in place when Fukushima Nuclear Plant developed its nuclear energy. Moreover, the plant failed to protect its nuclear facilities. Article 20 of the law stipulates that “in order to prevent radiation hazards and ensure public safety, the regulations on the manufacture, sale, use, measurement, etc. and any other safety and health measures relating to radioactive materials and radiation generating devices are provided separately by law”. After an accident occurred, nuclear wastewater was stored in the unique-textured water conservation tank of the Fukushima Nuclear Plant. When the government searched for a proper disposal plan for nuclear wastewater, hundreds of tons of wastewater leaked due to Japan's Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) 's neglect of management, aging facilities, and workers' failure to operate in strict accordance with standards. Thus, Japan should undertake responsibility for its domestic nuclear security.Article 2 of this law stipulates that “4.2.2a nuclear operator shall be responsible for taking full-scale measures for the prevention of the occurrence of a nuclear disaster pursuant to the provisions of this Act or any other relevant Act and for taking, in good faith, necessary measures with regard to the prevention of the progression (expansion) of a nuclear disaster (including the probability of the occurrence of a nuclear disaster) and nuclear disaster recovery efforts”. Nevertheless, Japan has deviated from the purpose of this act and failed to fulfill its obligation to prevent nuclear disasters in advance and provide emergency information timely afterward, which may severely threaten the public's lives and health. The Government of Japan can be liable for the nuclear damage if it failed to exercise its regulatory power over the Tokyo Electric Power Company or if its errant acts expanded the damage [Article 3 of this act stipulates that “e damage .4.2.3where nuclear damage is caused as a result of reactor operation etc. during such operation, the nuclearoperator who is engaged in the reactor operation etc. on this occasion shall be liable for the damage, except in the case where the damage is caused by a grave natural disaster of an exceptional character or by an insurrection”. TEPCO should undertake the liability for compensation according to the Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage, and the Japanese government should undertake the liability for compensation according to the Japan State Compensation Law. Thus, the Court of First Instance affirmed the claim for damage compensation. Japan Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage provides that the operator may be exempted from liability when " … the damage is caused by a grave natural disaster of an exceptional character … ". Where this exoneration applies, the government shall take, pursuant to the Compensation Act, “the necessary measures to relieve victims and to prevent the damage from spreading” [This act serves as the basic compensation system for nuclear damage resulting from nuclear accidents. Those harmed by the nuclear accident, as distinguished from those whose injuries were caused by the earthquake or tsunami, are eligible for compensation under legislation that governs the operation of nuclear power facilities . Sectionreading” .4.3Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1960), the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1963), etc. Many developed countries that develop nuclear energy, including Japan, haven't acceded to the conventions mentioned above because their domestic laws stipulate that domestic victims will accept higher compensation. However, Japan is a signatory of the Convention on Nuclear Safety that was adopted by the IAEA in Vienna, 1994. The IAEA has strengthened its regulatory powers in 1994 with the Convention on Nuclear Safety that establishes standards for member states, but it cannot verify whether the standards are being met nor penalize nations for failure to comply [Currently, international conventions on civil liabilities include the o comply . InternaTypical examples include the principles that ‘polluters pay’ and ‘the responsibility falls on the country’. Trail Smelter Arbitration caseThe requirements of these principles can be seen in the International Law Commission of the UN: it is important, as the preamble records of Draft articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, that those who suffer harm or loss as a result of such incidents involving hazardous activities are not left to carry those losses and are able to obtain prompt and adequate compensation . That is55.1In modern international relations, the merit of bilateral cooperation lies in its high flexibility and the ability to meet both parties' interests to the maximum extent and help both countries' expectations converge in handling international environmental disputes. It's impossible for a country not to interact with the outside world in modern international relations. By observing the principle of “safeguarding sovereignty and considering downstream interests”, China effectively solved issues concerning international waterways through bilateral cooperation in history. The bilateral marine cooperation in Chinese history mainly focuses on signing intergovernmental agreements on scientific and technological cooperation and memorandums of understanding on maritime scientific and technological cooperation. China has signed an intergovernmental scientific and technological cooperation agreement with the United States, France, Japan, and many other countries. If Japan continues to act arbitrarily, despite warnings from various countries, China might consult with South Korea, Russia, and East Asian neighbors, as well as the Pacific Rim fisheries industry chain, to develop a sanctions mechanism that can have a greater impact on Japan and restrict or ban the import of Japanese fisheries products .In the Mox Plant case,China and Japan can conduct bilateral consultations or sign bilateral agreements based on reaching a consensus on environmental standards and common interests. Besides, China and Japan should conduct negotiations through four principles: equality & mutual benefit, voluntary cooperation, mutual accommodation & mutual understanding, and consensus. Before a damaging act is committed, both parties should enhance their technical cooperation and exchange of information to achieve win-win results concerning protecting the ecological environment. After the damaging act is committed, China and Japan can discuss the compensation sum for the transboundary environmental damage caused by Japan's Fukushima nuclear wastewater pollution incident and negotiate how Japan should fulfill its compensation obligation and makes relevant commitments, so as to eventually safeguard China's right to claiming for compensations. In a word, measures should be taken to achieve peaceful coexistence and avoid making the environmental issue political.5.2Ahn said joint expressions of opposition in the region could force the Japanese government to choose a safe method to deal with the wastewater instead of dumping it into the sea . TransboFirstly, conclude regional framework conventions: As countries damaged by the nuclear wastewater discharge, they have common interest appeals. Thus China can cooperate with other countries that may be damaged by the nuclear wastewater in concluding regional framework conventions. Meanwhile, specific protocols in certain realms can be reached according to each country's economic conditions or political interests to cooperate in capital, technology, research, and personnel exchange.Secondly, share the monitoring information on the marine environment. The science and technology department of each country should monitor the domestic country's pollution level and share information and data within the framework of regional cooperation. It's conducive to forming a holistic understanding of marine pollution conditions and reaching a consensus on specific environmental pollution prevention and cooperation projects.International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage has set up a public compensation fund and proposed specific conditions for compensations to compensate for the property loss and environmental damage caused by transboundary activities to victims.Thirdly, establish a compensation fund for transboundary damage. Nuclear pollution lasts for a long time, and its damage can hardly be predicted. As a result, the compensation for transboundary damage can hardly reach the requirements for timeliness and effectiveness. Thus the compensation fund for transboundary damage is established to compensate victims of transboundary pollution acts more efficiently. For example, the 5.3Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) [. Secondly, countries should coordinate the specific matters and rules applicability under the leadership of UNEP to reduce barriers to each other party in international cooperation and relief actions.Since its establishment, UNEP has been a major tool for bringing environmental experts together to share experience and jointly solve environmental problems. In many successful cases concerning regional environmental cooperation, UNEP has served as an external impetus, and its regional marine projects are the best examples. Firstly, UNEP can enhance the responsibility, effectiveness, and influence of international relief actions for nuclear wastewater based on the es (GPA) . SecondlThe head of a taskforce from the IAEA said Friday it is examining whether Japan's planned release into the sea of treated radioactive water from the wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant meets international standards, but the decision on whether to go ahead with the plan is up to the Japanese government . China s5.45.4.1Optional Protocol for Environmental Disputes and made special arbitration rules on environmental disputes in the international community to provide arbitration channels with higher suitability for solving international environmental disputes. Hence these rules are professional in this regard. Since the Alabama Claims, international arbitrations have been adopted by a growing number of countries to solve transboundary damage disputes. Three years later, Western countries were involved in 110 arbitration cases. In international legislation activities, most dispute clauses in international conventions have stipulated how to submit the arbitration and its treatment. The regulations of the 1899 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and the 1907 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes have affirmed international arbitration practices. It symbolizes that arbitration, a way to resolve international disputes, plays a growingly important role in international laws. International arbitration has emerged as a significant means for resolving environmental disputes in the current international community. Important regional or global environmental conventions have stipulated that arbitration is one of the settlement means. For example, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty claims that as required by any party, the dispute should be submitted for arbitration or resolved in the same approach accepted by both parties.Convention and Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context also stipulate that the country involved can submit the arbitration according to procedures stipulated by these conventions.Flexibility and a certain degree of compulsiveness are two distinctive features of international arbitration. The parties involved can select arbitrators to set up an arbitration court and even choose the laws and procedures applicable to the arbitration. In 2000, the Permanent Court of Arbitration adopted the 5.4.2Statute of the International Court of Justice, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) can govern all cases submitted by the countries involved and all events stipulated by the UN Charter or existing conventions and agreements. ICJ is a judiciary institution with universal jurisdiction. Thus international environmental disputes can naturally be submitted to ICJ for settlements. From the perspective of resolving international disputes, the lawsuits accepted by the ICJ involve the explanations and suitability of conventions, territorial sovereignty, and the marine environment. Hence disputes should be resolved by peaceful means to avoid the tension states that may aggravate and threaten peace, thereby safeguarding the legal order of the international community. From the perspective of environmental protection, ICJ has considerably facilitated the development of international environmental laws based on previous judgments and consultation opinions, such as New Zealand v. France Nuclear Tests case,Japan declared that it would recognize the jurisdiction of the ICJ since July 9, 2007 . RegardiThe ICJ in Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area CaseMoreover, the judgments made by ICJ are legally binding and must be implemented by relevant countries. Thus, the Security Council has the right to propose suggestions on implementing a judgment when relevant countries refuse to implement it. Facing Japan's discharge of Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea, China should actively participate in the consulting procedures for the nuclear wastewater dispute cases between Japan and other countries, offer support for safeguarding the rights of countries damaged by the nuclear wastewater, and state its stances on the international platform.5.4.3Statute of the ITLOS (Annex VI of the UNCLOS). It can resolve the disputes caused by the explanations and suitability of each country for UNCLOS. ITLOS has broken away from the limitations of traditional international laws. While ICJ only accepts cases where the parties involved are countries, ITLOS can accept cases with subjects other than countries. Therefore, ITLOS is more applicable to the characteristics of current environmental disputes and more professional when resolving national environmental disputes. Aside from public prosecution for the dispute over Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge, international organizations or partial enterprises, as subjects of lawsuits, can actively safeguard environmental rights and jointly govern the international environment. In addition, Article 290 of UNCLOS stipulates that provisional measures, as special procedures for resolving marine environmental disputes, also play a critical role in ITLOS's practices. For example, Southern Bluefin Tuna Case and MOX Plant Case (Ireland v. United Kingdom) are both marine environmental dispute cases where temporary measures apply. Thus, China can apply temporary measures to ITLOS by taking environmental factors as primary appeals, adopting preventive measures, and taking specific actions when necessary to prevent environmental deterioration.ITLOS is a special court set up to adapt to the new situation of international environmental protection in accordance with provisions of the 66.1To prove the causality between the pollution in China's waters and Japan's discharge of nuclear wastewater, the damaged party should have a high technical and economical level. If individuals or enterprises seek relief as lawsuit subjects, they generally fail to collect or provide relevant proof, owing to inadequate technical and economical competence. Therefore, the country should set up a professional radioactive pollution evaluation mechanism to safeguard nationals' lawful interests, test the level of radioactive elements in ocean creatures within China's waters, and track the changes in the radioactive values of seawater and the ocean's ecological functions. The State Oceanic Administration stated in 2011 that relevant departments are advised to enhance the testing of the radioactivity of marine products in these waters to safeguard the Chinese people's health and security . TherefoTo raise the monitoring frequency and widen the monitoring scope. The monitoring samples of different monitoring stations at different periods should be retained to analyze the dynamic changes in radioactive materials. Considering Japan's plan to discharge nuclear wastewater into the sea is proceeding, the frequency for monitoring should be raised accordingly to ensure each change in the radioactivity value is recorded. Meanwhile, the provided data should be accurate, and all evidence should be real. On a scientific basis, the monitoring scope can be expanded to the waters without human activity but should receive due attention. In this way, preventive measures can be adopted once any abnormality occurs in the radioactivity value of these waters to avoid nuclear pollution in the waters with human activities. China could join forces with Pacific Rim nations, particularly South Korea, ASEAN countries, Australia, and New Zealand, to send experts to Japan to sample and inspect non-discharged wastewater to determine the extent of the risks .To enhance the accuracy of monitoring data. Firstly, representative seawater samples should be collected from different regions and monitored in strict accordance with standard methods. Meanwhile, samples should be prepared based on retaining their original characteristics, making it convenient to compare them with samples collected from different waters or at a different monitoring time. Secondly, testing and other equipment should operate stably to eliminate interference factors in the monitoring process to the maximum extent and guarantee the monitoring results' accuracy. Besides, the radioactive amount of seawater and diverse ocean creatures should be monitored at any time and updated timely to provide evidence for claiming compensation. Lastly, the monitoring data should be processed scientifically to enhance their accuracy.6.2on General Rules of Application of Laws in Japan stipulates that applied laws should observe the model of overlapping and suitability in environmental infringements.Jurisdiction and the choice of laws are equally important in rules on jurisdiction conflicts. For the infringement disputes in transboundary damage compensation cases, an emphasis should be laid on the private interest nature of infringements, and protecting victims is the center and starting point. However, the 2006 Act Draft Articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities stipulate that Japan, as the country where the damage originates, and China, the country which experiences the transboundary environmental damage, both have the right of jurisdiction in this transboundary damage case. If actual pollution and damage are caused after Japan discharges Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea, the individuals or enterprises damaged in China have the right to launch lawsuits to claim compensation for the pollution damage to the domestic courts with the jurisdiction right [After Japan discharges Fukushima nuclear wastewater into the sea and pollutes the waters within the jurisdiction of China, the regulations of the on right . Besides6.3The Constitution of the People's Republic of China protects and respects citizens' fundamental rights.Draft Articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities stipulates that victims should receive timely, adequate, and effective relief.Protecting its nationals is a country's right and obligation. In the lawsuit of compensation for transboundary damage resulting from discharging nuclear wastewater into the sea, it is advisable to set up a special domestic fund through national taxation and the environmental performance bonds, wastewater discharge fees, and environmental fines paid by enterprises to guarantee the country's right to subrogation and serve as its fund guarantees . Meanwhi7Convention on Nuclear Safety, the London Convention, the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, and UNCLOS, Japan willfully decided to discharge Fukushima nuclear wastewater, which fails to reach ALPS treatment standards, into the Pacific Ocean without fulfilling the obligations for transboundary environmental assessment, notification, and negotiations. In this case, Japan should bear the unshakable national and civil liabilities for its discharge act. Regarding Japan's act to discharge the nuclear wastewater, China should facilitate the international community's adherence to the concept of building a community of a shared future for mankind, improve the legal system for international nuclear security, enhance the monitoring of diverse subjects, and urge Japan to comply with international laws. More specifically, China should handle nuclear pollution with methods on two levels: On the international level, China should sign bilateral agreements, enhance regional collaboration, and reasonably utilize international dispute settlement mechanisms, etc. On the domestic level, China should focus on remedies of domestic laws, including exercising international civil jurisdiction, claiming remedies, and actively exercising the right of subrogation of the state. These measures are not only the bottom lines for protecting victims' rights and interests in judicial remedies, but also constitute a critical component of the transboundary damage liability system.Although the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on Nuclear Safety, and the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident do not explicitly oppose discharging nuclear waste into the sea, international treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulate the obligations of the parties to accidents that may cause transboundary effects . The JapAll authors listed have significantly contributed to the development and the writing of this article.Data included in article/supp. material/referenced in article.No additional information is available for this paper.The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests.10.13039/100012906Shandong Provincial Education Department in 2022 (Grant No. 2022RW016): “Research on anti-terrorism legislation and Human Rights Protection”.Meng Li reports financial support was provided by “Youth Innovation Team Plan” of Shandong Provincial Universities approved by 10.13039/501100018563Social Science Planning Research Project of Shandong Province in 2022 (Grant No. 22CFXJ13): “Study on the legal Guarantee of eco-environment collaborative governance in the Yellow River Basin”.Xuedong Wang reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100002862China University of Petroleum (East China) in 2022 (Grant No. 22CX06075A/27RB2211012): “Studies of the Public Interest in Judicial Review──from the perspective of British Common Law, EU Law and International Law”.Meng Li reports financial support was provided by Innovation Scientific Research Plan Project (Young People's Scientific Research Start-up Fund) approved by