Several urban agendas related to different urban spaces in cities are documented in the global literature. This research explores social interactions in voids between buildings using tactical urbanism. As part of this study, we examine changes in perceptions of the use of spaces between buildings by comparing critical differentiation factors before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. We conducted an online survey for three months among residents in Egypt using a comparative method based on personal, residential, and district characteristics. The results revealed that during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the spaces between buildings played a critical role. According to the conclusion, tactical urbanism, rapid and low-cost intervention, material availability, and small-scale pop-ups are essential for reducing the adverse effects of COVID-19. These findings confirmed that the longer the outbreak persisted, the more planning shifted to smaller public spaces within walking distance, resulting in long-term activities rather than large areas of land being planned. The rapid spread of coronavirus pandemics worldwide has significant implications for the work-life balance and has far-reaching impacts on millions of people , 49. COVThe future of public spaces is ambiguous because, during the first three months of the outbreak, access to public spaces was restricted to reduce the rapid rate of outbreaks . However•What features of change in the usage of spaces between buildings before and after the COVID pandemic?•What are the priorities of tactical urbanism principles that mitigate the negative effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic?Recently, urban planners, designers, architects, and landscape architects have discussed how this crisis would transform our relationship with public space , 79, 83.COVID-19 has profoundly impacted public life, and people have attempted to return to their everyday lifestyles by taking precautionary and preventative measures . As a reThis article aims to present a comparative analysis of changes in shared space use between buildings before and after the COVID pandemic. It also revisits the priorities of tactical urbanism in Cairo. This paper focuses on the user’s changing perception and usage of spaces between buildings after the pandemic. Using tactical urbanism approaches, restrictions on the use of shared spaces between buildings and social distancing policies have been lifted. In light of the current global health crisis, this study raises a critical question to guide future research and policy. Given the preceding, it is necessary to conduct further studies in Egypt.The findings of this study may assist urban planners, urbanists, and policymakers in understanding the challenges and issues that will need to be addressed in the future. A contribution here highlights the importance of using the spaces between buildings as an alternative to public areas during and after an outbreak. Furthermore, tactical urbanism was promoted to overcome the negative aspects and issues that prevented people from spending time in these spaces. To effectively address the needs of neighbourhoods where people's lives and livelihoods are under threat, professionals and advocates from economic development, public health, criminal justice reform, and public space design and management must work together. Furthermore, the people affected by the pandemic must be directly involved in the response. This would lead to the implementation of such a controversial concept in our Egyptian context. Hence, our suggested results would lead to a better quality of life for Egyptian citizens and visitors.This study is structured into four sections, which follow this introduction. The first section displays a literature review to help think beyond the current measures. This section considers the changes caused by the pandemic and how states and cities have responded to the coronavirus pandemic. In the second section, a conceptual framework is then drawn from this literature review. An online survey conducted by users seeks to answer our research questions. The third section shows the results and discussions. Finally, conclusions and future work are discussed.This section discusses two issues: the spaces between buildings and the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on these shared spaces. This section also shows how tactical urbanism principles could help lessen the destructive effects of the pandemic and encourage people to talk to each other.This article first defined the spaces between buildings. The relationship between facilities and outdoor space has often been ignored and abandoned , 89. OneThe spaces between buildings are defined in this study as continuous spaces between different urban structures with various forms of mixed-use and development . The spaCities have gone through more than one peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. The crisis’s size, scope, and speed make it feel like we live through a profound transformation . TherefoLefebvre  classifiIn congested urban environments, these underutilised spaces typically serve as breathing spaces. With its mix of retail, food, entertainment, and service purposes, these spaces provide an opportunity to engage in a variety of activities such as shop extensions, praying, seasonal activities, playing football, or going cycling. Social interactions were also recognised as meeting new people and making new friends. The outdoor seating area was used for conversation and gatherings. These activities allow users to achieve a reasonable degree of meaning and attachment to the space .Therefore, the users can convert a space into a particular living place. Tactical urbanism or do-it-yourself urbanism (DIY) refers to interventions carried out by the users of the area to enhance the surrounding environment. These interventions can occur by individuals or groups to fulfil their everyday needs  see Fig. Teresa Lydon and Garcia  define ‘COVID-19 mitigation measures can benefit from tactical urbanism interventions with a long-term health vision, which can boost the vitality of residual spaces between buildings. These interventions benefit from physical activity and social interaction . Using bOn the one hand, neighbours have come up inventive ways to stay in touch and remain associated, such as communicating across balconies or driveways, to prevent isolation . On the Hence, a new vocabulary or typology by changing the type and distribution of green areas in spaces between buildings is a high demand that planners and designers should follow to create spaces refuge away from the hustle and bustle of the city where people feel welcome, comfortable, and safe . As a reAfter reviewing published literature concerning the research topic, the next step is to explore how to revive the residual spaces between buildings during the COVID pandemic according to previously mentioned principles, as shown in Fig. This paper attempts to interpret the term ‘spaces between buildings’ and how such places promote social interaction. The research investigated the changes in perception and the usage of spaces between buildings that residents most frequently encountered before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in Cairo. The conceptual framework follows a quantitative approach to data collection guided by the leading research questions. This research was designed based on an online survey and collection of previously published research and online archival resources based on the work of different scholars. Within this scope, a statistical analysis was used with both primary and secondary data. As preliminary data, a survey was conducted with 277 participants living within the different areas in Cairo from March to June 2021. This research used a descriptive exploratory approach by choosing a random sample collected and considering the conclusion reached from reviewing the literature.The survey questions were designed to be understandable by both experts and users. They include both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Closed-end questionnaires were standardised, quantifiable, and used to generate empirical data. However, due to the limited scope and time of research, the survey questions cannot be manually ported. Survey questions were designed using a user interface that leverages Google Forms. These datasets were quantitatively analysed using the IBM Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) to interpret differences between participant responses related to individual, place of residence, and district characteristics. To define the size of the sample, it was estimated using the following equation:Z is the confidence level, assuming you have selected a 90% confidence level and equals 1.645. The acceptable margin of error that corresponds to the needed confidence level is equal to 0.05. The standard deviation is equal to 0.5. This equation is for an unknown or huge population size [where ion size .\documenGeneral perception and evaluations (regardless of the outbreak),Usage of shared spaces between buildings before the outbreak (past tenses),Use of shared spaces between buildings during the outbreak (present tenses), andUsage of shared spaces between buildings after the outbreak (future tenses).Moreover, when using a broader context, saturation refers to the point in data gathering when no more problems or insights are discovered, data begins to duplicate, and additional data collection becomes redundant. The data collection reaches the appropriate sample size , 42. AccHow much time did you spend with your friends or family in the spaces between buildings one day before the pandemic?In one day, when do you spend the most time with your friends or family in the spaces between buildings?How satisfied are you with the design of the spaces between buildings in your neighbourhood?Are these shared spaces safe and designed to be suitable for all kinds of users like older adults, children, and women to socialise and spend their daily needs in the morning or evening?Can you recall an incident in the shared 'spaces between' that bothered you and made you dislike spending time there? Or is there a reason why you have never walked through these spaces?Our perceptions of shared spaces changed after the current pandemic, so what features/kinds of change?What features do you/your family need or enjoy most spaces?Are you with or against planners beginning to prioritise the design of smaller local neighbourhood green spaces over large open spaces?The online questions about how the COVID-19 pandemic changed the design, use, behaviours, and perceptions in shared spaces were sent to the users on different social networking sites. This online survey was conducted in English and Arabic for better communication. The eight questions were:All the respondents’ identities remain confidential, and they were presented with consent forms before participating in the study. Thus, this section provides an inductive process from data collection to analysis, leading to the design intervention using tactical urbanism tools and focusing on using daily tools to analyse the open shared space. These tools helped uncover how space is conceptualised and used by different actors providing the main inputs for better using and utilising the spaces between buildings and what opportunities lay behind these spaces.Two indicators were used to identify the usability of spaces between buildings on one hand and users and activities on the other. The indicators of user aspects were the personal characteristics of respondents. The activity indicator aspects were the range and intensity of the usage of spaces between buildings and the user’s associated evaluations. The pilot study of 277 participants consisted of 135 working people. The participants comprised 132 females and 145 males of different ages and education levels. The results indicated that all age groups were doing their activities in these spaces according to their perception, from youth to the elderly. The other important finding of the survey was that there was a significant difference between age groups regarding the frequency of going to the spaces between buildings. As such, the main descriptive statistics derived from the questionnaire are summarised in count and percent in Table According to the results, many developed urban communities have niches and ‘spaces between buildings’ that support stationary activities. The results showed that activities were primarily found in the inner parts of the modern settlements. However, static activities such as sitting and standing tend to occur mainly in the spaces between buildings. This result was aligned with Gehl , who menBased on the results of the previous question, we found that we need to measure the level of satisfaction with the design of the spaces between buildings in their neighbourhood. Our results were yielded by using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 indicating very dissatisfied, 2 indicating dissatisfied, 3 indicating neutral, 4 indicating satisfied, and 5 indicating very satisfied. Using the scale’s mean value equals 3 is the midpoint. Therefore, values above 3 are considered somewhat comfortable but at higher levels. Similarly, any value less than three is unsatisfactory but at a lower level.However, the results showed that the respondents who asserted ‘unsatisfied’ (scores 1 and 2) were more significant than those who claimed ‘satisfied’ scores 4 or 5), which means they were not satisfied with their spaces between buildings in Fig.  or 5, whA community sense of attachment is crucial because it suggests that how change takes place in communities may also have the potential to produce social benefits , 54, 55.This result is in line with previous research where Minou, Dane, and Berg  stated iThe results also were confirmed by Honey-Rosés et al. , who disThe spaces between buildings have a positive potential, particularly if they are suitably enacted. However, numerous spaces between buildings represent a danger to safety and security if they may no longer be utilised intentionally , 62.As a result, the survey should clarify the everyday incidents that may occur in these spaces that cause users to become irritated and dislike spending time there. We used checkboxes to display the answers to this question to analyse the main issues with the spaces between buildings that face different age groups.This study showed that most male or female respondents were 61.7% annoyed by the spread of garbage and waste in the street, which is considered one of the main issues that users face. These results are compatible with the studies conducted by Azhar and Gjerde , 16 whicNearby, the other responses suffer from safety, classified as fear of darkness, sexual harassment, and the spread of stray dogs everywhere, which is compatible with the incidents discussed . Losing In terms of the problems and incidents faced by residents and users of the spaces between buildings, the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic is sweeping the world and has positive and negative impacts on the use of these spaces. Therefore, the next part of the research analysis is the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on the frequency of going to the spaces between buildings. According to the responses, the researchers of the present work found that 19.5% of men spend the same time with taking into consideration some precautions, and about 15.2% of men spend more time than before the outbreak, unlike 17.7% of women spent less than the time before and 11.2% no longer spending time there. This indicates that the effect of the trauma caused by the pandemic would continue for a long time. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 appears to be a turning point that will permanently change the perception. How personal, residential, and regional characteristics affect the perception and use of these shared spaces. Above this level of satisfaction, people kept doing their activities in these shared spaces and making them an active area.In terms of residential and personal characteristics, particularly gender , there iThe community engaged in both active and passive activities, such as walking, talking, and conversing with friends and family members, eating and drinking, and entertainment , or simply sitting while enjoying the open greenery space features and environment . There iThese activities promote a sense of place and have the most significant potential to empower the community to drive future change. People can also create a place they will be proud to be associated with in the future . Thus, tOur survey results reveal a significant shift towards using common spaces during the outbreak. The responses also show that a significant proportion of the participants believe this shift should be permanent in the post-pandemic city. According to all the above questions, the last one sums up if the user is with or against urban planners beginning to prioritise the design of smaller local spaces between buildings and neighbourhood green spaces over large open areas. The results showed that the majority of people (74.0%) agreed with the concept of prioritising the design of local spaces between buildings over larger open spaces, as shown in Fig. The second reason was facilitated accessibility by being within walkable distance, which was confirmed by the high percentage of walking activity for daily activities. The third reason was giving opportunities to the local community, supporting social bonds, and promoting social interaction between people. The fourth one was for more safety to avoid harassment or potential dangers. The fifth one was a high sense of ownership, more privacy, more enclosed intimacy, and a heightened sense of belonging. It is also easy to maintain and take care of, which leads to the preservation of the surrounding environment. Summarising all the above, the spaces between buildings will improve the quality of their neighbourhood, which will positively affect their psychology and mental health. It has been demonstrated that citizens can survive and adapt to crises with appropriate spatial policies. Suggestions and the fulfilment of recreation needs are city-of-life indicators , as seenThis research recommends ‘Do It Yourself’ interventions according to users’ priorities and results to be permanently implemented to benefit people more broadly in the long term and combat the COVID-19 pandemic, as shown in Fig. Due to time and resource constraints, the research only studied a subset of residents in random residence areas affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, specific areas should be considered and targeted based on understanding the context to enhance and strengthen the results. Collecting data from more participants would have provided a complete understanding of the subject. Due to a lack of ability, a larger sample size should be considered, and different neighbourhoods within the city should be studied to generalise and validate the overall Cairo findings. Furthermore, the analysis should have addressed governmental urban plans and policies because it focuses solely on residents' experiences and perceptions. The research participants included only residents and no governmental representatives or other stakeholders.Based on the current research context, the survey was conducted between March and June 2021, just after the first phase of the pandemic. Therefore, the results should reflect the perception at that time. Repeated investigations in other states may result in different outcomes. Egypt’s warm climate allows the use of open spaces throughout the year. Since many human activities depend on weather conditions, similar studies are needed to cover different phases of the outbreak in Egypt and different cases worldwide. Further studies that can contribute to understanding the shaping and transformation of public space in the post-pandemic city are expected to deepen these inquiries and discuss them in different periods and cases. Therefore, this study points out that pandemics can cause changes and revolutionise the perception and use of shared spaces between buildings.One of the significant limitations of the study was that the time available to conduct the chosen methods needed to be increased to achieve optimal results. Additionally, online questionnaires were answered only by a minimal number of people who are familiar with using the internet. Hence, using online questionnaires does not help reach a broad sample of people. Due to the limitations mentioned in this paragraph, the results were relatively poor. Furthermore, because the questionnaire is a quantitative method, it cannot be covered without qualitative sociological tools such as observation. At this level, you can extend the snapshot tool application to a natural environment to understand the social use of your neighbourhood in its urban entity.This paper investigates possible changes in perception by comparing differences in the use of shared spaces between buildings in Cairo before and during the pandemic outbreak. In addition, the paper highlighted the importance of designing spaces between buildings as a new medium for social interaction instead of large public spaces. This research assessed the tactical urbanism approach using its principles. This study started with a general overview of the spaces’ characteristics and components, to a detailed exploration and analysis of the everyday spaces before and after the outbreak. Mental mapping of the old and new residents’ perceptions of their shared spaces was also essential in relating to their imagination and affiliating with the neighbourhood. An online questionnaire was designed to investigate the potential of spaces between buildings in the community and comprehend the effects of COVID-19 on these informal social interactions.This study also concludes different levels regarding utilising the shared spaces between buildings and thinking beyond the current measures to consider the priorities of tactical urbanism principles during and after the pandemic outbreak. The results reveal that as the pandemic gets longer, the possibility of giving attention to spaces between buildings to change urban habits increases. The online survey, conducted with 277 participants, lasted from March to June 2021. The present study presents the differentiation of this effect according to personal, residential, and district features. This condition can continue to a large extent after the outbreak. Hence, tactical urbanism adds value beyond physical activity and social interaction as it increases streets’ vitality and enhances a local sense of place close to residential areas.This study contributes to the debates about the future of shared spaces and opens new discussions on how shared common areas can be transformed and designed in post-pandemic cities. The most important recommendation for future research is to achieve more accurate and robust results. They should build a better foundation to minimise the limitations that face this research. We also anticipate that circumstances will change between the time of writing and the time of reading. Things are moving fast. As a result, an early start should be considered to allow as much time as possible for methods to be implemented and results to be met. The other vital recommendation is to use more techniques than online questionnaires to reach a broader sample of people and get a more extensive range of feedback and opinions.As per our findings and discussion, the space plan needs to function to improve the common shared spaces between buildings to be suitable for daily or weekly uses. The current study concentrated on everyday activities. Other factors can be explored and may affect the use of spaces between buildings. The duration of residence, homogeneity or social and functional heterogeneity can be among the aspects that can influence the use of outdoor spaces between buildings.Building on the research limitations, it is likely that other theoretical frameworks will be tested against tactical urbanism, given the abundance of spaces between buildings in many cities, to realise the full potential of underutilised urban areas and contribute to the well-being of its residents. A multidisciplinary, behavioural, sociological, and environmental approach can be considered to explore the other aspects over the medium or long term to identify the impact of time on the usage of spaces between buildings.


Tonsil caseous affects a significant percentage of the population. Surgeries, conservative or not, have been the only viable alternatives of treatment. However, today there is still not, up to now, an economical and non-invasive treatment that presents satisfactory results.The objectives of this study are to evaluate the efficiency of a mouthwash, with active ingredients that associate oxygenating and antimicrobial substances, in the reduction of caseous and tongue coating formation, whose etiology is similar to caseous, and to evaluate the reduction of the volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) concentration.Double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical and experimental study.A sample of 50 volunteers with more than one year of chronic caseous tonsillitis complaint used it. The research was carried out in 2005, in the cities of São Paulo and Campinas.For the group that used the placebo solution, there was no correlation between the variables or statistical significance in the results. For the group that used the mouthwash, the results were significant in all analyzed questions.This new mouthwash proved to be a viable conservative alternative for the treatment of tonsil caseous, being also efficient in the reduction of tongue coating formation and VSCs concentration. Caseum can build up in the pharyngeal tonsils' cavities or crypts , basical,It is made up of epithelial cells that shed off the oral mucosa, salivary proteins and protein remains of food, that will serve as food stuff to the proteolytic anaerobe bacteria that dwell there.Tonsillitis or caseous chronic tonsillitis have its signs and symptoms reported as a feeling of frequent throat discomfort or irritation, and is characterized by shedding tonsil caseum alone or associated with other symptoms such as halitosis, feeling of foreign body or repetition tonsillitis. Such symptoms may still be followed of hyperemia and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy, without fever, and usually disappear after the caseum is shed. This disorder can happen at any age, especially in individuals who have never had tonsil symptomsControlling tonsil caseum is an important tool to prevent diseases, because the bacteria present in this process  are associated with the etiology of some diseases such as gastritis, pneumonia and periodontal disease, the latter is also associated with many other systemic disorders,,The clinical treatment,,Recognizing pharyngeal tonsils as a lymphoepithelial organ with an important immune functionThis new mouthwash was patented by the Halitus® company, together with Propeq, a junior company from the school of chemical engineering of the State University of Campinas – Unicamp, taking into account the legislation in effect from the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA), as well as all the recommendations from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the many pharmacopoeias from many countries.The goals of the present investigation are to assess the efficacy of this new mouthwash in reducing the formation of tonsil caseum and tongue saburra – with similar etiology to that of the caseum; and to asses the reduction in volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) concentration.The study was designed o be a contemporary longitudinal cohort; clinical and experimental, randomized and double blind, placebo controlled.This study involved the participation of human beings, and it was approved under protocol number 05/291, issued on July 20, 2005 by the Ethics in Research Committee of the School of Dentistry of São Leopoldo/Mandic.The voluntaries were submitted to screening and selected based on the following inclusion criteria: a complaint of chronic caseous tonsillitis for more than one year, having caseous shedding as the main symptom and caseous shedding alone or followed by other symptoms such as halitosis, a feeling of foreign body and/or acute tonsillitis. We used a sample made of healthy adults, of any gender, older than 18 years of life and non-users of illicit drugs.1)Frequency of shedding caseum;2)Halitometry – in order to check for VSC in parts per billion (PPB) by making use of a Halimeter® RH 17;3)Tongue saburra volume :Each volunteer was assessed three times: initial evaluation, after four weeks and final evaluation − 8 weeks after the study began, in three items:0-No saburra;1-Mild saburra present in the tongue's posterior third;2-Mild saburra present in the medium and posterior thirds of the tongue;3-Moderate saburra in the posterior third of the tongue;4-Moderate saburra in the medium and posterior thirds of the tongue;5-Moderate saburra in the anterior, medium and posterior thirds of the tongue.Observation: a) Mild saburra: the lingual papillas are visible, despite the tongue saburra; b) Moderate saburra: lingual papillas are not visible, and are covered by the tongue saburra.The volunteers were informed of the objective of this study and signed an informed consent form.The volunteers were called by the publication of notes about the research in popular newspapers of large circulation. We needed two adds to reach a total of 62 volunteers. Of these, 31 used flasks with the placebo solution and 31 used the mouthwash.Placebo: demineralized water, dye, essence and edulcorant;Mouthwash: demineralized water, dye, and essence, edulcorant, fluorine, preservative, solubilizer, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and cetylpyridinium chloride.The different solutions were randomly given to the volunteers, by order of service in the initial evaluation, with the letters A and B for the different groups, for a first group of volunteers, and letters C and D for the second group. This second group joined the study some weeks after the first group, because it was difficult to find volunteers after only one add campaign.Mode of use: the subjects were asked to gargle 5 ml of the solution for 20 seconds every 12 hours (morning and night), followed by mouthing the same solution for 20 seconds. After that the volunteers were instructed to spit the entire solution and not to drink, eat or wash their mouths for at least 20 minutes. Moreover, each volunteer was instructed as to keep using the product, not miss any of the sessions and keep the same oral hygiene routine they had been following before the study so as to prevent any alteration from impacting the frequency at which caseum appeared in the oral cavity, VSC concentration and tongue saburra quantity.At the end of the study, 12 of these volunteers were excluded for the following reasons: they abandoned the study or did not come to one of the sessions for personal reasons or on account of disease, and also for having temporarily interrupted the use of the product.The average volunteer age as 40 years. Users of fixed, partial and removable dental prosthesis were 24%; and 4% wore orthodontic braces. Their gums were considered good in 70% of the cases; while 30% had gingivitis; 20% had mild gingivitis, sporadic gum bleeding when hey flossed and 10% with moderate gingivitis, with gum bleeding at least twice a week, with dental floss and /or tooth brush.The information about caseum shedding, as well as VSC readings and tongue saburra levels were noted in the volunteers' charts and they also signed the charts in order to authenticate the truthfulness of the information collected.Their tongues were photographed in each session. Using a 5.1 Mega pixels Nikon Coolpix 5200 digital camera, for comparative analysis of the tongue appearances.Halitometry – to check for VSC concentrations – in parts per billion (ppb) – we used a Halimeter® RH 17, for these measures .Figure 2The average results from the group that used the placebo solution  showed tFor the t-Student test, carried out in the initial and final variables, to check the statistical significance of the group that used the placebo solution , there wAs we checked the statistical correlation among the variables from the group that used the placebo solution  we did nFor the mean values of the results from the group that used the mouthwash , there wFor the t-Student test carried out in the initial and final variables, in order to check the statistical significance of the group that used the mouthwash , there wAs we checked the statistical correlation among the variables  from theFor more than eight years treating patients with bad breath, we have seen many different methods and products have been used to reduce or even interrupt the formation of tonsil caseum, which is a problem that affects a significant portion of the population, especially those with halitosis.,As we surveyed the literature looking for conservative treatment options for pharyngeal tonsil caseum, we noticed that there is no non-invasive and low cost treatment method available todayThus, based on the assumption that pharyngeal tonsil caseum etiology and mechanism of formation are the same as those of tongue saburraThe products used for gargling and mouth washing usually have alcohol in their formulation, and this dries and dehydrates the oral mucosa, increasing cell shedding and, consequently, increasing tongue saburra and tonsil caseum. It happens because of proteolytic bacteria that degrade these scaled cells, which are protein remains that cause VSCs1 in this process. Thus, an important characteristic of this mouthwash we developed is that is does not have alcohol in its formula.,,,Another important characteristic of this mouthwash is the presence of oxygenators (one or more associated), which will act inhibiting the formation of caseum because they periodically oxygenate the tonsil crypts, making them less prone to anaerobic bacterial colonizing, and antimicrobial agents (one or more in association), in order to reduce the bacteria population present in the caseum forming sites. There are many studies showing that Hydrogen PeroxideOne factor that must be analyzed in the results obtained by the placebo solution in reducing tonsil caseum is probably due to the liquid turbulence caused by gargling twice a day. One hypothesis to be investigated for these results is that, those crypts more anatomically accessible by gargling may respond positively to the reduction in the formation of tonsil caseum, probably due to the cleaning action of gargling itself with the placebo solution inside the crypts.For the results presented by the group that used the placebo solution, there was neither statistically significant result nor variable correlation.For the group that used the mouthwash solution, all results were statistically significant, and there was a correlation between VSC ppb – halitometry x level of tongue saburra, at the level of 1% .The mouthwash, when compared to placebo, yielded better results in all items analyzed, proving to be a feasible conservative alternative to treat caseous chronic tonsillitis, being also efficient in reducing VSC and tongue saburra.


Self-sucking is an abnormal behavior lead to important economic losses for dairy farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate tongue piercing as a novel technique to prevent self-sucking in cattle and buffaloes. The study was carried out on 26 cows and 4 buffaloes suffered from self-sucking. Tongue piercing was achieved by the application of an implant in the midline of the tongue and anterior to the frenulum linguae. With a follow up period of 6 months.This implant produced mechanical disruption of the affected animals ability to curl their tongues, in a U- shape manner, subsequently it was impossible for these animals to cup their tongues and suck its own teats. Slight swelling around the piercing site of the tongue was observed among all animals on the first 3 days after surgery. No other complications have been reported.Tongue piercing is an effective, rapid, easy, minimally invasive technique to prevent self-sucking among cattle and buffaloes, moreover, the technique was more widely acceptable by the owners than other traditional and surgical methods. Self-sucking is an abnormal behavior in dairy farms in which the affected animals curl their tongues into a U shape for the purpose of sucking milk from their own teats .Various factors can influence the occurrence of self-sucking, including feeding management, nutrient deficiencies, housing systems and genetic factors –5.Self-sucking causes significant financial losses for dairy farms by lowering milk yield and causing udder damage and mastitis. Moreover, the affected animal can be left out of breeding in early periods due to only this kind of behavioral defect .To prevent self-sucking, a variety of conservative methods  were used, but these methods are ineffective as the relapse rate is considerable, and may cause severe injuries to the affected animal as well as neighboring animals. Additionally, the affected animal regarded as of lower quality in markets –8. BecauA variety of surgical techniques were used for the prevention of self-sucking. These techniques were designed to prevent animals from being able to cup the dorsum of their tongues and suck teats, including the ventral glossectomy technique –10 and tThe purpose of this research was to assess the tongue piercing technique as a new method for the prevention of self-sucking in cattle and buffaloes.Physiological parameters in all the affected animals were sufficiently normal for performing surgery. All vital parameters remained within the normal physiological range after performing the procedure.Slight bleeding was observed at the puncture site of the trocar insertion; however, no other intra operative complications were recorded. The blood vessels and nerves of the tongue were not invaded and remained intact.There was no further bleeding after the tourniquet was removed. Slight swelling around the tongue piercing site was observed in all animals during the first 3 days after surgery.In all treated cases, the animals’ normal prehension of all types of feed was unaffected, and all animals were able to eat and drink properly immediately after the surgical procedure.Operated animals attempted unsuccessful self-suckling for 1–2 weeks after surgery, but by the end of the second week, they had completely stopped.A six-month follow-up observation revealed that, clinically, neither local nor systemic signs of inflammation or infection could be observed. There were no problems with the device that was used. Self-sucking had completely disappeared in all of the treated animals.Self-sucking is a common problem in dairy animals, resulting in milk loss as well as udder damage, mastitis, and breeding animal culling .In the present study, despite several trials of isolation and application of bull rings with spikes, the problem persisted and there was a great fear of the spread of this anomalous behavior by imitation from the neighboring cows. This agrees with Abou-El-Ella  who statThe previous glossectomy techniques for treatment of this problem relied on the surgical excision of varying thicknesses of tongue tissues to disrupt the tongue’s contour and prevent it from curling, making milk suction difficult. The procedures of these techniques are time- consuming, may necessitate general anesthesia and result in tongue tissue damage, which can lead to bleeding and sepsis. Furthermore, determining the precise size and thickness of the tongue tissue to be excised is a major challenge with these techniques .El-Sherif and Seddek et al. , 13 perfBody piercing is the insertion of an ornament into openings in the skin or mucosa . Body piIn the current study, the piercing implant created mechanical disruption of the affected animals’ ability to curl their tongues in a U-shape, rendering these animals unable to cup their tongues and suck milk from their own teats. Here, the tongue has the ability to perform its function efficiently after the operation and all animals were allowed to drink and eat freely after the operation compared with other surgical techniques. The food was offered after 12 hours in the sublingual-mucosal-resection technique and after 24 hours in the partial glossectomy technique. This may be attributed to the post-operative pain associated with these techniques, which dissuades the animals from feeding . On the In the present study unsuccessful attempts of self-suckling were made by operated animals for 1–2 weeks after surgery, but by the end of the second week, they had entirely stopped. A six-month follow-up observation revealed that self-sucking had completely disappeared in all of the treated animals. In the previous studies, the animals’ trials of self-sucking lasted 3 weeks in the intra-lingual suture pattern technique  and moreIn this study, tongue piercings are performed with a sheep stainless trocar with cannula and the implant consists of a barbell with two screws; one is fixed and the other is removable. In humans, barbells are the most common implant placed in the tongue after it has been pierced with a hollow needle. It is made up of a stem that varies in length and has a ball-shaped tip on each end .In humans, tongue implants are made from a variety of different materials such as surgical stainless steel, silver and gold, as well as synthetic materials such as Teflon, nylon, and plastic. Recently, implants made of natural materials such as stone, wood, horn, ivory and bone have been developed . The impIn this study, the tongue was pierced dorsoventrally, and this agrees with Peticolas et al. , who desIn this study, the implant was placed in the midline of the tongue, anterior to the frenulum linguae and about 3–5 cm caudal to the tip of the tongue. This is the same surgical site as the previous tongue operation for prevention of self-sucking , 13. HowThe piercing procedures in the present study were performed under sedation and local infiltration analgesia and this agrees with Farah and Harmon,  who saidSafety was the most important factor in this study. However, only slight swelling around the piercing site of the tongue was recorded, and no long-term complications have been reported. In particular, no cases of the device’s dislodgement were recorded. And this is in contrast to Bentsen et al. , who repBecause human oral microflora is diverse and abundant, it’s important to keep the pierced area clean, and antiseptic mouthwash must be used three to four times per day until the entire healing process is completed and if a patient complains of pain, oedema, and an inflammatory reaction from tongue piercing, the implant should be removed, local debridement performed, and antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial treatment administered to hasten healing and resolve the problem .Jornet et al.  performeIn the present study only slight swelling around the piercing site of the tongue was recorded in all animals on the first 3 days after surgery and no other complications have also been reported. This may be attributed to the large number of salivary glands in ruminants that contribute to the production of large amounts of saliva, which can reach 100 L per day in adult cattle , 29.In the present study, we did not investigate the use of piercing technique to prevent inter- sucking. Inter-sucking was not recorded in our study because the housing system was tie-stall, which restricts the movement of the animal and each cow away from the other cattle, rather than a free-stall housing system, which allows cattle more opportunities to suck milk from the udders of other cattle. Loose housing allows the animals to engage in more abnormal behaviours, but space allowance, group size, and the general layout of the housing may limit some of the abnormal behaviours . TherefoThe piercing technique for prevention of self-sucking in cattle and buffaloes had a lot of advantages, like its quicker nature, as it can be considered a one-shot surgical technique, and its less invasive nature due to the preservation of tongue tissues with minimal intra-operative pain. Furthermore, the piercing technique was accepted by the owners due to its ability to solve the problem with low cost and rapid return of the operated animal to normal foot intake and productivity.All procedures in this study have been approved by the National Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All methods are reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. Animals are cared for and used in research and education in accordance with Egyptian laws and OIE animal welfare guidelines. The owners signed an informed consent form to use the animals in the current study.The study was conducted on 26 cows and 4 buffaloes that belonged to private owners in Aswan governorate, Egypt, (ages ranged from 3 to 6 years) suffered from self-sucking behavioral disorder. These animals were selected for this technique after the failure of several trials of isolation, application of bull ring with spikes and after approval of the animals’ owners.Before surgery, physiological parameters such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were assessed to determine whether an individual animal was healthy enough to undergo this surgical technique.Tranquilization was acquired by administering xylazine HCl 2%  at a dose rate of 0.05 mg/kg body weight of the animal for operations that were performed in a recumbent position and at a dose rate of 0.01 mg/kg body weight of the animal for operations that were performed in a standing position. Lidocaine HCl 2%  was locally infiltrated into the lingual submucosa of the operative site.The oral cavity was flushed with povidone iodine solution 1% . The tongue was grasped gently, disinfected with povidone iodine solution 10%, and a tourniquet (made of rolled gauze) was circumferentially applied to the base of the tongue as close to the frenulum linguae as possible. The operative area on the dorsal surface of the tongue is marked with a pen, usually along the midline, anterior to the frenulum linguae and about 3–5 cm caudal to the tip of the tongue.Tongue piercings were performed with a sheep stainless trocar with cannula. The implant consists of a barbell with two screws; one is fixed and the other is removable. It was made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), known as Teflon, and was custom-made in the workshops of the Faculty of Engineering at Aswan University Fig. .Fig. 1ThThe trocar and cannula pierced the tongue in a dorsal-ventral direction. The trocar was then removed and the barbell was inserted through the cannula traversing the tongue. Once the barbell was in place, the cannula was removed, and the removable screw was screwed into place with a pair of pliers and the bandage was removed Figs. , 3 and 4The oral cavity was irrigated with povidone iodine solution 1% twice daily for three successive days. Animals were allowed to drink and eat freely after the operation. The owners were instructed to observe the treated animals and document any attempts by the treated animals to suck themselves. All treated cases were followed for up to 6 months to see if there were any complications Fig. .Fig. 5To


The study hypothesizes that the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) of the host country have a significant effect on clean development mechanism (CDM) implementation. As CDM incorporates sustainable development as one of the objectives for the green transition, many countries endeavor to adopt and implement CDM as their cleaner production method. Based on the institutional theory, the study aims to investigate the mechanism by which the institutional process of each ESG pillar makes an opportunity for a host country and to see how such country-specific factors influence the implementation of CDM projects. A county-year unbalanced sample drawn from World Bank and multinational CDM project data was analyzed using panel logistic and Poisson regression. Panel regression results show that high-energy intensity and low renewable electricity output as an environmental pillar positively affect CDM implementation. Unemployment and undernourishment as a social pillar positively affect CDM whereas low government effectiveness and the high rule of law positively affect CDM. In the results of zero-inflated Poisson regression, the direction of government effectiveness was upturned. The findings have broadened and deepened the ESG pillar based on the institutional theory and emphasized sustainable development rather than economic outputs. The impact of global warming has become an urgent issue worldwide, which severely impacts ecological and environmental well-being, and ongoing industrial development worsens this at an unprecedented pace . VariousThe Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, is the first international regulation designed to implement the UNFCCC based on the concept of CBDR. The clean development mechanism (CDM) is one of the Kyoto mechanisms introduced through the Kyoto Protocol; Annex I countries called advanced countries under the UNFCCC can cost-effectively achieve their binding reduction goals. Developed countries support through capital and technology to carry out the projects to reduce GHG emissions in developing countries; the reductions generated from these projects are recognized as certified emission reductions (CERs) and can be used as domestic reductions. CERs generated can be traded between countries/companies. In other words, developing countries can sell CERs for reduced environmental pollutants to developed countries and thereby gain an opportunity to participate in the global carbon market and achieve sustainable development .Clean development mechanism has started with the expectation that it will become a win-win system that benefits both developed and developing countries. CDM finances emission reduction projects with technologies needed for host countries, thereby contributing to low-carbon technology-related skills, employment, and capacity building for developing countries .Contrary to the earlier implementation principles, the Paris Agreement and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, finalized in 2015, emphasize sustainable development visions through self-differentiation of countries’ responsibilities. To achieve this ultimate goal, the Paris Agreement provides countries in need of a framework for financial, technical, and capacity-building assistance. In other words, the implementation of the Paris Agreement is essential for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and provides the most comprehensive roadmap for climate actions that will reduce emissions and strengthen climate resilience. Previous studies found that climate actions outlined in the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) voluntarily submitted by each country to carry out the Paris Agreement promote synergies with national development priorities that reflect the 2030 Agenda . In thisTo address the above issues, we aim to explore the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) pillars at a country level that affects the implementation of the CDM based on a sustainable development perspective. Previous literature focuses on how factors of ESG at the firm level have affected CDM project acceptance, technology transfer, and environmental contribution . HoweverBy filling the above research gaps, our research has made three contributions to the literature on the implementation of CDM projects by ESG at the national level. First, based on the institutional theory, we extend the understanding that the environmental and social characteristics of CDM beneficiaries can provide cost-benefit opportunities for investment countries. Successful CDM projects continue to be copied and benchmarked through a mimetic isomorphism when additionality should be allowed. Second, our exhaustive approach provides a theoretical understanding of the contextual characteristics of each national ESG in a CDM project. Our findings suggest that interactions with stakeholders in the feasibility examination can act as an opportunity to strengthen the legitimacy of accepting and internalizing the norm for CDM projects in interacting with the environment rather than unilaterally. Third, this study presents a paradoxical perspective that the CDM project was originally designed to help the sustainability of least developed and small countries, but it may not. This finding suggests that remedies are needed by coordinating structural or substantive examination of the organizational body that manages CDM according to the country’s ESG situation.While various theories and frameworks have been used to explain the responses to climate change, institutional approach has been widely embraced, along with legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory . These fFrom an institutional point of view, the existing literature related to the carbon project verified forest-based mitigation , REDD+ , and CDMClean development mechanism has started expecting that it would benefit both developed and developing countries. Developed countries can use CDM to minimize the relatively expensive domestic reduction burden and fulfill their reduction goals at a low cost through abroad projects. In contrast, underdeveloped countries can adopt it for transfer to boost national development. However, it is hard to measure the achievement of carbon offsetting since there is no agreed standard for evaluation. Also, the minor participation of local stakeholders or authorities makes the CDM lack transparency and accountability , thus maClean development mechanism projects are more likely to invest in countries with a high-energy intensity than those with low-energy intensity to obtain more credits through projects. Of the proposed CDM projects from 2008 to 2012, the energy-intensive countries such as South Korea, India, Brazil, and China possessed the potential for green technology . HoweverTo earn more carbon credits through the project, CDM-investing countries are more inclined to participate in host countries with high renewable electricity generation opportunities. H1. The host country’s energy intensity will positively impact the CDM project.H2. The host country’s renewable electricity output will negatively impact the CDM project.Unemployment of the unskilled population is a pivotal contributor to crime, political violence, and social backwardness. Income inequality generated through unemployment stimulates crimes while instilling a sense of relative deprivation in the low-income class . HoweverThe use of fossil fuels for producing goods and services is increasing worldwide . Fossil Countries with high poverty rates may prefer environmentally friendly technologies. Although developing countries do not have high-energy demand as industrialized countries, interest in growing crops for biofuel production by utilizing vast available arable land is growing. Through this, developing countries can expect job creation and income increase in rural areas, and advanced countries can respond to rising fossil fuel costs, instability of oil supplies, and climate change. Nevertheless, the pace of biofuel development in Sub-Saharan Africa is relatively low. This is because a significant proportion of Africa’s residents are net food buyers, and repurposing land used to produce food crops for biofuels could increase food security concerns and exacerbate poverty . TherefoH3. The host country’s unemployment will positively impact the CDM project.H4. The host country’s prevalence of undernourishment will positively impact the CDM project.Governance is a multidimensional concept that can be divided into civic participation, political stability and absence of violence, government efficiency, regulatory quality, the rule of law, and corruption control. Civic participation refers to the freedom of expression and speech and the degree to which citizens can participate in elections, whereas political stability and the absence of violence refer to the likelihood that a government will be destabilized or overthrown by violent means. Government efficiency refers to the quality of public services and independence from political pressure, the quality of policy establishment and execution, and the reliability of government policy implementation. The rule of law refers to the level of trust and observance of social discipline by the elected, and corruption control refers to the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain .Governance can influence the implementation of CDM due to a variety of factors. Environmental regulation is one such factor. According to the institutional theory, companies show that they care about legitimacy, image, and reputation to external stakeholders by complying with the system . MoreoveIt is difficult to effectively promote low-carbon communities and respond to climate change through government policy. To further enhance the effectiveness of government policies, transparency in government policies is essential. The financial burden is significantly difficult to meet the GHG emissions reduction target. A country with low corruption can build trust and secure funding for climate change from the international community . In addiH5. The host country’s governance effectiveness will positively impact the CDM project.H6. The host country’s rule of law will positively impact the CDM project.However, despite the third phase of EU ETS during 2013–2020, CDM showed a declining trend as of 2012  due to tYes and CDMNumber, which refers to whether the CDM project was adopted or not, and the number of adoptions, respectively. This study developed variables by acquiring and analyzing CDM data by countries from 1999 to 2019 from UNFCCC CDM  and Project CDM, where the unit project constituting a program is classified as component of program activities (CPAs). For analysis, researchers in this study divided all CDMs into project units and analyzed them. Thus, if a country implemented the CDM project at least one time during a specific year, 1 was recorded in CDMYes, and if not 0; CDMNumber represents the number of CDM implementations during the year.FCCC CDM . CDM proThe first control variable in this study is export. This represents the value of services and goods sold to the global market. Export was measured through the exports of goods and services to GDP. Import was measured by the imports of goods and services to GDP. As the sum of values created by producers of all industries, excluding the value of intermediate goods and services from gross production, industry value added was measured by industry value (including construction) to GDP. As a by-product of fossil fuels, CO2 emissions were measured by annual metric tons per capita. Data for import, export, and industry value added were acquired from Independent variables of this study are 6 different variables corresponding to E, S, and G. Variables under E are energy intensity level and renewable electricity output. The energy intensity level is the ratio of energy supply measured by purchasing power parity and GDP; it was measured by dividing the energy supply by GDP calculated in the value of USD in 2011. Renewable energy output is the power generated by renewable power generation and was measured by the ratio of renewable energy to the total annual power generation. All variables corresponding to E were acquired from We statistically test our theory using panel logistic regression. The model is specified as follows:P is the probability that country i will host the CDM project. Vector Xit represents the properties of country i  in a given year. We partially corrected unobserved differences by adding a random-effect term in the random-effects model and excluding the time-invariant effect in the fixed-effects model  range for all variables, including two dependent variables, was a minimum of 1.17 and a maximum of 3.69, confirming that there was less risk of multicollinearity .There are 902 observations for CDMp < 0.001). For unemployment, the coefficient was 0.051 in Model 5, partially statistically meaningful at 10% level, but in Model 6, the coefficient was 0.081, whereas the significant level was 1%, showing the differences among the models. For government effectiveness, a negative correlation with the coefficient of −0.750 was meaningful in Model 5 (p < 0.001), but the coefficient turned positive in Model 6, thereby losing its statistical significance.Energy intensity level, renewable electricity output, the prevalence of undernourishment, and the rule of law, the independent variables, all turned out to be significant in both Models 5 and 6 .Therefore, this study attempted to verify the robustness of our hypotheses through zero-inflated Poisson with corrected Vuong regression. The Vuong test is generally used to determine which zero-inflation component or single-equation count model is appropriate. Zero-inflated models contain more parameters than single-equation models, and the Vuong test can provide corrections for comparing models with different numbers of parameters . When thIn As the most representative technology transfer model of “GHG reduction” for climate change response, CDM has gone through continuous institutional supplementation based on numerous actual cases that took place during its long history. At the same time, it is expected to provide environmental-social benefits, including the environment and climate change response to both developed and developing countries . ThroughUnlike the Kyoto Protocol, where GHG reduction obligations were only given to developed countries, the new climate regime under the Paris Agreement requires 165 countries, which account for about 96% of the world’s GHG emissions, to be obliged to reduce domestic GHG emissions through establishing national NDC . The UNFSustainable development goals ultimately emphasize the need to tackle new global environmental issues, including developmental gaps, worsening inequality, climate change, and the international community’s solidarity to implement balanced growth considering the economic, social, and environment. Taking this into account, a carbon reduction strategy using CDM, which promotes GHG reduction under the new climate regime and sustainable growth, is even more vital as it can contribute to achieving both GHG reduction and SDG goals .In this vein, this study was carried out to suggest ESG perspectives and examine the effects of each pillar as a host country-specific characteristic regarding the purpose of CDM, a global climate technology cooperation platform, to respond to market mechanisms. The theoretical and policy implications derived from this study are as follows.This study viewed CDM from the perspective of ESG by applying institutional theory. The results of this study will be discussed in this section. First, from the perspective of institutional theory, environmental/social factors of CDM recipients can serve as an opportunity for investing countries regarding the cost-benefits. As a mimetic isomorphism in the institutional theory, the higher the energy intensity from an environmental perspective and the lower the renewable electricity output. The existing successful fields and national projects continue to be copied and benchmarked when CDM projects’ additionality should be acknowledged. This can also be linked to unemployment and the prevalence of undernourishment. More CDM businesses were carried out at times of higher unemployment rates and lower undernourishment rates, which shows that technology projects for GHG reduction were promoted by targeting countries with infrastructures relatively established at a certain level. In other words, from an investor’s perspective, business development is likely to take place focusing on business sectors where additionality may be acknowledged, mainly among emerging developing countries with economic development above a certain level. It is highly likely to be carried out by benchmarking the best practices performed by countries or companies of a similar status. It is in line with the fact that colleagues influence corporate CSR participation in the community discovered . TherefoSecond, from the governance perspective, it was expected that more CDM businesses would be carried out with higher government effectiveness and the rule of law. Nevertheless, our result shows that more CDM businesses were implemented with low government effectiveness and a high rule of law. It can be implied as a result of explaining minimum normative isomorphism. In other words, it might be a country with relatively low government efficiency, and CDM businesses are being carried out in countries with normative pressure in promoting CDM projects. In particular, validation by a third party in the CDM business might be a mechanism to strengthen it. Normative pressure in neo-institutionalism is a process in which organizations implicitly accept norms and internalize the language in interacting with the environment; instead, a unilateral and direct influence on the organization from the environment. The stakeholder consultation process amid the feasibility test should have served as an opportunity to strengthen them. The above results are consistent with the previous study , which rThe ESG perspectives as host country-specific characteristics are presented for the cause of CDM implementation, and each pillar’s analysis and consideration of the impact are as follows. First, from the environmental point of view, the higher the energy intensity and the lower the renewable electricity output, the more CDM that was expected to be implemented was consistently supported. CDM implementation centered on countries with relatively high-energy intensity, in other words, in developing countries pouring efforts to enhance their energy efficiency. Considering that Energy Intensity in Asian developing countries is improving at an annual rate of 3.3% , CDM migSecond, it was expected that the higher the unemployment rate and undernourishment rate were from a social point of view, the more CDM implementations would be carried out. Nevertheless, the result showed that the higher the unemployment rate and the lower the undernourishment rate, the higher the frequency of CDM implementations. It can be inferred that technology projects for GHG reduction, such as CDM, have been promoted in countries with certain levels of infrastructure. The most critical factor in a CDM business is providing “additionality,” with the same recognition of “real” and “measurable” GHG reduction following the Kyoto Protocol Article 12 . AdditioThird, from the governance perspective, it was expected that the higher the government of effectiveness, along with the rule of law, the more CDM projects were to be implemented. However, the result demonstrated that the lower the government effectiveness, the higher the rule of law, and the more CDM implementations took place. It can be perceived that traits of CDM projects have been reflected in the results. Once CDM successfully passes the validation process, the CDM is officially registered as a carbon offset business under the UNFCCC. The process of officially confirming the project approval of a host country is mandatorily required in this validation process; CDM project approval is issued by government organizations designated as Nationally Determined Authority (NDA) according to the UNFCCC regulations. According to the result, the lower the government of effectiveness, the more CDM implementations occurred; this demonstrates SDM’s opportunity of functioning as a mechanism complementing political uncertainty as well as government efficiency of the host country.First, it should be possible to analyze the extent to which CERs are obtained through the CDM project and quantitatively analyze how much the results contributed to the GHG reduction of investing countries/corporates and developing countries. Second, a study on indicator development for sustainability is required. For example, CDM mandates the consideration of understanding and participation of residents as the direct beneficiaries of carbon reduction activities; however, verification has not been conducted closely due to a lack of data to verify this area. Thus, indicators on unemployment and undernourishment rates were inevitably used in this study as social factors. Still, indicators that can measure social impacts more accurately in the future should be developed through comparative research. Third, although the CDM projects are mutually reciprocal activities occurring in the relationship between developers and beneficiaries, studies on incentives that can be derived from CDM have not been conducted in various aspects. It is expected that if quantitative analysis of the CDM sector is possible, it will help to complement the limitations of the current research from an ESG perspective. In addition, looking at the purpose and interests of corporates carrying out individual CDM projects, it is hoped that they will be able to make more theoretical contributions in connection with CSR research. Furthermore, hopefully, the limitations of CDM will be supplemented, including the inconsideration of specific technology demands of development, regional bias, and the absence of technology business diversification. Finally, we expect the CDM-based SDM projects to become more prevalent as the role of the international carbon market is expected to attract more attention in achieving carbon neutrality. However, for SDM projects to succeed, it will be necessary to clearly understand the success/failure factors of the CDM project that has been promoted for the past 20 years. Based on this backdrop, the global climate consensus will accelerate and facilitate more efficient technology projects from an ESG point of view.The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.TR supervised the data, did the conceptualization, performed the methodology, carried out the formal analysis, investigated the data, wrote the original draft, and wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript. SKL and GC did the conceptualization, wrote the original draft, and wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript and contributed equally to this work as first authors. SYL and D-BU wrote the original draft and wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and physical activity is a key preventive strategy to reduce them. There is a relationship between the built environment and the practice of physical activity, but little evidence as to whether those built environment interventions not initially designed for promoting physical activity actually have an impact on promoting the behavior. To identify whether such built environment interventions were able to change physical activity in adults. We conducted a systematic review of interventions targeting modifications to the built environment changes in urban areas. Out of 5,605 articles reviewed, only seven met our inclusion criteria. The seven studies found higher levels of physical activity after the interventions. We recommend greater specificity regarding the study design, the timeline of interventions implementation and post-intervention measurements, as well as the use of more objective measures. Finally, we point out the need to make more explicit the mechanisms of change related to the interventions assessed. This will also contribute to the body of knowledge related to evidence-based urban development, which can directly or indirectly have an impact on the prevalence of NCD. We checked the systematic review of the Guide to Community Preventive Services This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA criteria ,The search included only papers on adult populations in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. To track the most recent trends studies, the search was limited to papers published between 2000 and 2016. We chose this period because, after the year 2000, there was increased recognition of the relation between built environment interventions and health behaviors including PA We only included those papers describing interventions not primarily designed to promote PA but measuring at least one outcome related to this behavior before or after the intervention. In this sense, we included those studies related to transportation or built environments designed for and available to the general population. For the purposes of this study, physical activity was defined as any muscular movement requiring energy expenditure of moderate or vigorous intensity including sports, active recreation, play, wheeling, walking, or cycling We used three different filters in the selection of studies: the exclusion of duplicated articles; the review of articles and abstracts by four trained researchers with English and Spanish reading skills, one of whom also had Portuguese reading skills, to evaluate the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the review by pairs of researchers of those articles whose inclusion was previously agreed. Possible discrepancies on whether to include a paper or not were solved by a third reviewer of the team based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria previously established. Every paper included was then reviewed and categorized following these characteristics: year, language, country/region, type of study, area of knowledge, type of intervention, type of population and participants’ age, physical activity and other outcomes, effect estimate of PA, and main results .The results were organized as follows: First, we present the number of initial records identified in the databases and the final number of articles included in the sample. Second, we identify and describe the study design of the papers reviewed. Third, we describe the type of population or participants in the studies reviewed and the type of PA measures used in each paper, and, finally, the mechanisms underlying the interventions when this information was available.A total of 5,605 records were identified through the initial database search. After excluding duplicates, 5,273 records were screened by title and abstract and 5,232 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria; the remaining 41 articles were assessed for eligibility, and seven were included in the final sample .-All the studies identified were on interventions not primarily designed to promote PA as defined in the inclusion criteria. Three of them were presented as natural experiments ,,,The studies included a total of 1,947 participants in the different interventions ranging between 70 and 537 while one of them gathered information from 750 households ,-,All the interventions evaluated PA levels associated with changes in the built environment such as transport infrastructure, traffic calming schemes, and street interventions, among others . Four st,,-,,,,,,The papers reviewed used different approaches to measure PA : walking,,,All the measures in the studies reviewed were taken before and after the interventions, though in one of them, the measure was taken right after the intervention. In the other studies, the follow-up measurements were made at different times after the interventions had become effective: three months later ,et al. et al. et al. Regarding the underlying mechanism of interventions, we used the Behavioral Change Theory (BCT) as the theoretical, methodological, and analytical foundation to explain changes in PA behavior and proxies. Two studies have made explicit reference to the theories of change, specifically the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review analyzing whether built environment interventions not initially designed to change PA could actually achieve it in urban areas. As systematic reviews in this field are usually interested in interventions designed to impact PA levels, our focus on interventions not designed to change PA is, we believe, a unique contribution to the literature. A better understanding of how built environments can influence the practice of PA should lead to the use of an inter-sector approach in public health, particularly in the efforts to promote PA in urban areas. As noted above, our synthesis of evidence on these urban planning interventions as affecting PA can contribute to consolidating our knowledge regarding built environments and PA performance in urban areas.,,,All the studies reviewed found higher levels of PA and PA proxies after the interventions. These results appear to be consistent with other authors’ findings regarding the influence of built environments on health behaviors, particularly in PA Three methodological aspects are relevant in our evaluation of the selected studies. First, although the studies reviewed used a quasi-experimental design, not all of them described the study design exhaustively and one failed in mentioning it at all Another important observation was that the studies did not discuss enough how these interventions impact underserved communities and disadvantaged groups. In our sample, only one study discussed this issue with reference to low-income African American women Another important issue was the authors’ understanding of the mechanisms of change related to the interventions assessed along with the theoretical decisions guiding measure selection. An adequate understanding of the mechanism of action behind the interventions would allow explaining behavior changes related to specific interventions According to the World Health Organization We did not find any study in languages other than English and none were carried out in Latin America and the Caribbean region, which we believe is a limitation of the study. Although we wanted to focus on interventions that were not initially designed to change PA, we only used health sciences databases because we were analyzing the PA outcome measure. Our expectation was to include studies in low-income and minority communities, but only one of them explicitly referred to the inclusions of participants in this category and, therefore, it was not possible to draw generalizations for such populations.As for the strengths of the study, it is worth mentioning that we included interventions from fields other than health whose purpose was not the promotion of healthy behaviors such as PA but can nonetheless be effective in promoting them. Additionally, our interdisciplinary and multilingual team broadened the review scope with abstracts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Our findings showed that built environment interventions not designed to promote PA are potentially effective in encouraging this behavior.


Positive psychology has paved the way for newer and more informed ideas of living a meaningful, integrated and well-rounded quality of living. The current era of the pandemic has also moulded the ways in which individuals perceive their quality of life and how they want to integrate a holistic approach towards their well-being. The workplace settings have seen tremendous changes in terms of how employers, employees and the organisations at large function and operate. The pre-pandemic concept of success has shifted its focus from hard work to developing grit among employees to increase the overall efficiency of the organisations. Grit has revolutionised the conventional standards of success, meaning in life and has impacted personal as well as occupational welfare. This integration of positive psychology and transpersonal psychology has catalysed the purpose for the current study. To help organisations and individuals thrive in their professional endeavours at the workplace and to provide them with relevant psychological tools to enhance their occupational growth, the present study has been conducted empirically to investigate the antecedents and consequences of grit among 209 working professionals in India. The results of this study indicate that the transpersonal capital of metacognition, flow, optimism and empathy have a significant role to play in developing grit among the participants. The findings have implications for enhancing job satisfaction and job performance of participants. The current research also provides a framework to organisations towards designing interventions for improving efficiency at the workplace. JEL Classification code: I10, I15, and I31The phenomenon of grit has received considerable attention over the last decade. Grit, which has been defined as the passion and perseverance for long-term goals , is an eIn the ever-changing and fast paced world that has valued and emphasised the significance and implications of talent and hard work, which led to the achievement of success, as a major event that would occur in an individual’s life, has been widely prevalent . This meRevolutionised in the past decade, the emerging concept of grit, as a non-cognitive trait and a psychological tool to make sustained efforts towards achieving long-term goals in challenging domains, irrespective of talent  has receGrit has significant implications during the COVID-19 pandemic in mitigating the effects of psychological distress imposed by the global health crisis. Research has found that grit can foster pandemic resilience to face the adversities caused by it . IndividIt is imperative to look at the various concepts laid down by researchers investigating the psychology of achievement from the western and eastern perspectives. One of the pioneering researchers in this area, Drawing from the transpersonal psychology perspective, the present study is conducted for the purpose of taking the entire human experience into account. The field of transpersonal psychology, also known as the fourth force, was founded by Maslow who moved humanistic psychology into the spiritual realm . The shiEmployee well-being since the inception of the COVID-19 pandemic has compelled organisations to introduce and implement new solutions to tackle ordeals and challenges across myriad areas of operations among the abrupt change in working conditions . The panGrit at the workplace is an under researched area since most of the literature till date has explored grit in the educational setting. Grit, in the isolation of passion and perseverance in promoting well-being of individuals has been challenged and called into question as not being psychometrically unsatisfactory . ExistinThere is a gap in the present literature in terms of giving a deep understanding and insight into the underlying mechanisms of grit and how grit can enhance the occupational health of employees and employers. Thus, the present study aims to fill this gap by providing an eastern perspective of the antecedents and consequences of grit. The current paper tackles these issues through its formulation of a conceptual framework that could help organisations thrive and foster employee satisfaction and performance through the perspective of transpersonal psychology.In the context of the current study, the transpersonal capital of metacognition, optimism, flow and empathy are of utmost significance and importance to workplaces, owing to their inclusive and comprehensive nature of providing a deep understanding and insight into expanding the well-being of individuals. There is supporting evidence to the expansiveness of the transpersonal perspective suggesting that self-transcendence can be facilitative of meaning-making and flow experiences and these subjective flow encounters also mediate psychological capital and happiness at work . To incrThe usage of the transpersonal psychology perspective has not been implemented or thoroughly researched earlier in terms of enhancing workplace management . ThroughThe study followed a quantitative approach for data collection and analysis. The sample was selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Purposive sampling was used to selectively obtain data from working professionals living in India along with other criteria for selection for participation in the study. All measures were in the English language.The data were collected from 209 participants who were working professionals in organisations in India through the online platform of Google Forms  which cor = 0.527) and Revised Norwegian Dispositional Resilience (Hardiness) Scale (r = 0.565).Grit was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale of Grit developed by Metacognition was assessed using the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale developed by Optimism was assessed using the Life Orientation Test-Revised developed by Flow was assessed using the Flow Short Scale developed by Empathy was assessed using the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire developed by Job satisfaction was assessed using the Job Satisfaction Survey developed by Job performance was assessed using the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire developed by The Institutional Ethics Committee reviewed the application for the present research and gave the necessary permissions for the ethical clearance for data collection. A pilot study was conducted with 30 respondents to estimate the time taken and the relevance of responses received through the tools being used for the study. After the successful response in the pilot study, the data were then collected for the full-scale study. The informed consent for voluntary participation was collected from the participants before the conduction of the study. The data collection was conducted on an online platform with the inclusion of all the above-mentioned measures in a self-reported form . The iteTo estimate the required sample size for the study, the G* Power 3.1 software was used, which is a widely used software for determining sample size and to conduct power analysis . The resTo assess the common method bias which refers to the presence of systematic variance in the undertaken measures, which can have an impact on the reliability and validity of the tools employed in the research , the HarStatistical analyses were performed using the following software and statistical methods. The total scores of all measures were used to conduct the analysis to ensure uniformity. To substantiate the relationship between the antecedents  and consequences  of grit, the Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 . Furtherχ2 (36) = 588.862, p = <0.001, and was found suitable for the factor analysis to be performed  and females (44%) working at organisations in different sectors were a part of the study. 31.1% were post-graduates, 67% were undergraduates and 1.7% reported to have done diplomas. Also, it was noted that 89.5% belonged to urban areas, whereas 10.5% belonged to rural areas, as shown in erformed .r = 0.662, p < 0.01), optimism , flow , job satisfaction , task performance  and contextual performance .χ2 = 3.144, p = 0.208, CFI = 0.995, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.018, NFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.976, AIC = 39.144, and for consequences of grit χ2 = 2.740, p = 0.254, CFI = 0.997, RMSEA = 0.042, SRMR = 0.035, NFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.985, AIC = 38.740, respectively, and indicate a good fit for both the models  as consequences of grit. Based on the data collected from 209 working professionals living in India, working in different parts of India, the findings of the analyses were found to be consistent with the hypothesis of the study that transpersonal capital predicts grit which, in turn, predicts job satisfaction and job performance. Grit was strongly associated with metacognition, optimism, job satisfaction and task performance, consistent with the existing body of literature .The relevance of the findings of the present study, implicating that the transpersonal factors of metacognition, flow, empathy and optimism can result in grit, can be due to the acknowledgement and inclusion of the contemporary human experience resulting from transpersonal psychology . The resThe field of transpersonal psychology has seen a shift from its emphasis on altered states of consciousness towards an inclusive, diverse, holistic, experience of simple transcendence at the individual and collective levels . TranspeThe necessity of a framework providing insights into understanding how to inculcate grit within working professionals and how grit in itself can influence and enhance job satisfaction and job performance at the workplace has played a pivotal role in the foundation of the present study. The need for grit to be integrated within a conceptualised framework has been ongoing in recent times  but has The implications of this study are several, including the potential for the conceptual framework of antecedents and consequences of grit from a transpersonal psychology perspective to be utilised, studied and implemented in organisations to improve employee well-being, health, welfare and to improve their levels of satisfaction and performance. Since the study is one of the pioneering researchers in understanding occupational outcomes from a transpersonal lens, it can serve as a guiding foundation for nurturing the capabilities and strengths of employees, considering that the study is one of the first in offering an eastern perspective of the factors behind the development of grit and its outcomes, in the context of the collectivist groundwork of India. Companies, organisations and working professionals across India have faced the setbacks of the transition from shifting from offline to remote work as well as occupational layoffs, burnout, decrease in work performance, work engagement, job satisfaction with a reduction in personal well-being. The inclusion and integration of grit through the transpersonal capital of metacognition, flow, optimism, empathy can significantly elevate not only the performance and satisfaction of employees, but will also equip themselves with psychological tools to help them navigate the ordeals and uncertainties of everyday life and henceforth, it will create a sense of meaning towards their work and personal life.There are a few limitations in the study. Firstly, due to the online collection of data, there is room for error and inaccurate responses by participants owing to technical difficulties. Owing to the pandemic, the data could not be collected in person, thus, increasing the level of portraying oneself socially desirable on the online data collection platform. Secondly, the constructs being measured in the study, are not a part of everyday occupational vocabulary, thereby, making it important for organisations to truly understand the constructs before trying to inculcate, improve and implement them in their workplace settings, especially in rural workplace settings which may not be familiar with these constructs, as majority of the participants in the study belonged to urban settings. Hence, further efforts can be made to inform and elevate the understanding of organisations for improving efficiency among employees. Thirdly, more diverse research can be conducted to study gender differences and inequalities  in assesThe present study pioneers in the research on studying the factors predicting grit, as well as the consequences of grit, from a transpersonal psychology lens and to offer a unique conceptual framework on the same. Grit is crucial for the personal and professional development of employees and others across the organisational sector. Previous research has focused on the importance of grit, but have not recognised the essential factors that can shape grit among individuals at work, from a higher order perspective, such as transpersonal psychology. The study has provided a conceptual understanding of the antecedents of grit, namely, metacognition, flow, optimism and empathy, which were found to have a positive association with each other, and the consequences of grit, namely, job satisfaction and task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive behaviour. Data analyses using path analysis revealed goodness of fit of the measurement models, thereby, substantiating the hypothesis of the study that the transpersonal factors can predict grit, which in turn can result in job satisfaction and job performance. The study offers a beneficial perspective on grit, by predominantly investigating grit from a transpersonal lens, amalgamating useful constructs from positive psychology and examining the consequences of grit inclusive of organisational psychology, from a collectivist setting.The Job Satisfaction Survey developed by Paul Spector in 1985 reserves its copyright permissions . The permission for using the Multidimensional Scale of Grit, Flow State Scale, Individual Work Performance Questionnaire and Job Satisfaction Survey was obtained from the authors.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Christ (Deemed to be University), Delhi NCR, India. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.DA, SC, and SS contributed in the conceptualisation of the research, data analysis, interpretation of data, and manuscript preparation. DA contributed in data collection and in drafting of the paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.