In recent years, innovation and entrepreneurship education is one of the hot spots of higher education research and practice in China. Innovation and entrepreneurship education can be taken as a new direction. Despite the commonly held view that entrepreneurship education drive the promotion of entrepreneurial intention, little is known about the mechanism through which this intervention impacts on entrepreneurial intention. Based on the assimilation learning theory of cognitive structure and the planned behavior theory, the purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship education (IEE) and entrepreneurial intention from the perspective of educational psychology, to explore the influence mechanism of IEE on entrepreneurial intention, and to promote the success of college students in entrepreneurship. In this study, questionnaires were conducted among college students of different colleges, majors, and grades in Anhui province, with the aid of multiple linear regression analysis and mediating effect model analysis. The results show that IEE has positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. In addition, entrepreneurial knowledge plays a mediating role in the relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention. And the mediating effect of innovation behavior and entrepreneurial attitude is not obvious. These results are expected to provide evidence for understanding the relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention under the background of Chinese education, to enrich and expand the theoretical basis of IEE, and to possess theoretical, empirical, and practical significance for the design and implementation of innovation and entrepreneurship education for college students. In recent years, innovation and entrepreneurship education (IEE) has been a hot topic in the academic community. Since 2016, innovation and entrepreneurship as the core qualities of talent development have grown up. The concept of IEE originated from Harvard Business School, and later, a course on entrepreneurship was opened in Harvard Business School in 1947. After that, IEE in universities was rapidly popularized all over the world . The purBird first proposed the concept of entrepreneurial intention and believed that entrepreneurship was a kind of willing and planned behavior . EntreprThe purpose of this paper mainly includes the following three aspects:The first purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of IEE on college students’ entrepreneurial intention, based on the assimilation learning theory of cognitive structure and planned behavior theory. At present, there are many discussions about the impact of IEE on entrepreneurial intention, but the conclusions are quite different. Some studies believe that IEE can promote entrepreneurial intention of students, but some research suggest that the effect of IEE on students’ entrepreneurial intention is insignificant or even negative. The conclusions lack generality. This shows that the specific role of IEE has not been fully explored.The second purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating effect of entrepreneurial attitude, innovative behavior and entrepreneurial knowledge on the relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention of students. So, is there a certain logical relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention? Can IEE effectively improve entrepreneurial intention of students? If there is a logical relationship between them, furthermore, what is the mechanism of action and how does it work? Therefore, the impact of IEE on entrepreneurial intention needs to be verified. As a consequence, the article attempts to prove that the impact of IEE on entrepreneurial intention has a positive and statistical relationship with specific innovation behavior, innovation knowledge, and entrepreneurial attitude.The third aim of this study is to enrich and expand the theoretical basis of IEE and to offer constructive suggestions for design and implementation of IEE. Previous studies show that education is an important way to train entrepreneurial intention and innovative ability . This viAusubel, a famous American cognitive educational psychologist, proposed a unique theory of “meaningful learning,” namely, “cognitive assimilation theory.” The theory belongs to the category of educational psychology theory, as an important part of educational psychology . Zhijie Psychologist Ajzen proposed the theory of planned behavior in Late 20th century, which evolved from theory of reasoned action . AccordiIEE refers to the collection of all forms of knowledge transfer of innovation and entrepreneurship . Bird fuH1: IEE has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention.Hamilton considered that entrepreneurial learning can help students acquire, accumulate, and create entrepreneurial knowledge . AccordiH2: Entrepreneurial knowledge has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention.West and Farr defined innovative behavior as an activity in which individuals generate, introduce, and apply new ideas and procedures to the organization . Some scH3: Innovative behavior has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention.In the field of psychology, attitude has been proved to be effective predictors of behavioral intention. Pandit considered that the individual’s attitude toward a certain behavior will significantly affect the behavioral intention . The morH4: Entrepreneurial attitude has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention.IEE has a demonstration role, which can arouse learning desire and instinct of imitation of people. H5: IEE has a positive impact on entrepreneurial knowledge.H6: IEE has a positive impact on Innovative behavior.Entrepreneurial attitude is the degree of people’s views and preferences on entrepreneurial activities, as well as the degree of cognition of the impact of participation in entrepreneurial activities. The attitude and cognition of a person toward entrepreneurial activities will directly affect his or her willingness to participate in this activity and eventually have an indirect impact on behavior . JonathaH7: IEE has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention.Drawing form Maha understanding about attitude of innovation, the author define the innovative attitude of college students as follows: under certain circumstances, college students’ cognitive, emotional and behavioral tendencies toward innovative ideas, innovative tasks, and innovative behaviors can be understood as the degree of control over innovative behaviors after considering the interaction between the individual and the learning environment . AccordiH8: Entrepreneurial attitude plays a mediating role in the relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention.It can be seen that there may be a logical relationship among Innovation and entrepreneurial education, innovative behavior, and entrepreneurial intention. Through innovation and entrepreneurship education, students will acquire knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship and obtain the ability and characteristics conducive to entrepreneurship. These students will be likely to engage in innovative activities, such as participating in entrepreneurship competition, publishing academic papers, publishing invention patents, trying to establish a new company, and so on. The realization of the innovative behavior of the students will stimulate their own entrepreneurial intention . TherefoH9: Innovation behavior plays a mediating role in the relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention.According to H10: Entrepreneurial knowledge plays a mediating role in the relationship between IEE and entrepreneurial intention.To sum up, the hypotheses and theoretical model of this paper are shown in This study takes college students as the research object. Before the formal distribution of the questionnaire, this study invited 5 experts in the field of entrepreneurship education to review the questionnaire and selected two universities in Anhui Province for pre-investigation, so as to adjust and revise the questionnaire. The research group carried out the survey in a number of universities in Anhui province by distributing the electronic questionnaire online. A total of 500 questionnaires were sent out, and 460 were received with a recovery rate of 92%. After eliminating the invalid questionnaires, a total of 414 valid questionnaires were collected with an effective recovery of 82.8%. The distribution of sample composition is shown in In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the measurement, we adopt existing scale developed as a tool to collect empirical data, which is appropriately modified according to the purpose of this study. Likert’s five-point scale was used to score the questionnaire. The scale of innovation and entrepreneurship education draws on the research of Franke and Lüthje; meanwhile, we follow in Min Zhang’s footsteps for the entrepreneurial knowledge scale; besides, Ajzen afforded us lessons for the entrepreneurial attitude scale. The innovative behavior scale is based on the research of Scott and Bruce; as to entrepreneurial Intention Scale, we co-opted many from the research of Linán and Chen. The items are summarized in This study takes Cronbach ă to measure the reliability of the scale and use the SPSS25.0 to test the reliability of the variables. The values of a Sig are all 0.000, which indicate that the data can be analyzed by factor analysis. According to the theoretical research model proposed before, this paper constructs the structural equation model. With the help of AMOS23.0, a path graph between variables is drawn. As shown in Next, the goodness of fit test is performed on the structural equation model. Although the questionnaire has been revised repeatedly in the pre-survey process of this study, the problem of identity of data sources cannot be completely avoided. So, it is necessary to further verify the existence of common method deviation. The test results show that the values of variance inflation factor are all less than 10 and the values of tolerability between 5 variables are all more than 0.2. Therefore, this study does not suffer from serious common method bias and collinearity problems.p<0.05) has significant correlation with innovative behavior. The result indicates that the innovative behavior of college students will vary with the different education phase. The higher the education level is, the higher the innovative behavior is. Meanwhile, the results show that entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial knowledge, entrepreneurial attitude, innovative behavior, and entrepreneurial intention are positively correlated. Especially, entrepreneurial knowledge had the most significant correlation with innovation and entrepreneurship education . However, whether the hypothesis proposed in this study is valid needs to be further analyzed by establishing a regression model.In order to acquire the relationship between entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial knowledge, entrepreneurial attitude, innovative behavior, and entrepreneurial intention, this study conducted correlation analysis on the variables described above. The results are shown in In order to further explore the relationship between the variables above, the authors adopt multiple regression analysis method to analyze the obtained data. We construct 10 regression models to test the hypothesis, taking education stage, major and gender as control variables. Results of the regression analysis of the above independent variables and entrepreneurial intention are shown in p<0.01). It indicates that IEE has a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, the hypothesis “H1: IEE has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention” is true. Entrepreneurial knowledge effectively explained 44.9% of the variation of entrepreneurial intention, and there was a significant positive correlation . Thus, hypothesis H2 is established. Innovation behavior effectively explained 69% of the variation of entrepreneurial intention, and the positive correlation was significant , showing a very significant positive correlation between innovation behavior and entrepreneurial intention, and hypothesis H3 is established. Entrepreneurial attitude effectively explained 46.5% of the variation of entrepreneurial intention, and there was a significant positive correlation . It indicates that entrepreneurial attitude has a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention, and so, hypothesis H4 is true.As shown in The regression results of IEE and entrepreneurial knowledge (Model 5), innovative behavior (Model 6), and entrepreneurial attitude (Model 7) are shown in The mediating effect results of this paper is shown in We used family background as a newly added independent variable to perform robustness tests. The regression results are shown in Based on the assimilation learning theory of cognitive structure and planned behavior theory, we constructed and verified the mediating effect model of the mechanism between IEE and entrepreneurial intention. The conclusion as follows: First, IEE has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. Accepting entrepreneurship education and learning knowledge related to entrepreneurship is conducive to enhancing students’ entrepreneurial intention. Second, entrepreneurial attitude, innovative behavior, and entrepreneurial knowledge have a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. Third, entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on entrepreneurial attitude, innovative behavior, and entrepreneurial knowledge. Entrepreneurship education positively influences students’ entrepreneurial attitude. Fourth, entrepreneurial knowledge plays a mediating role between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention, while entrepreneurial attitude and innovative behavior play a partially mediating role between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention. This explains the influence path of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention.Generally speaking, the study has made important contributions to the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship education especially from the perspective of educational psychology.Firstly, this paper is a useful supplement to the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship education. Existing literature suggests that there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention . This arSecondly, this paper expands the research scope of innovation and entrepreneurship. Isidora Ljumović consider that encouraging entrepreneurial culture and developing entrepreneurial education are key factors for the development of modern economies and society as a whole . Some stThirdly, this paper puts forward a new theoretical explanation for China’s innovation and entrepreneurship education from the perspective of educational psychology. Existing studies show that innovation and entrepreneurship education significantly enhances the entrepreneurial intention of college students . The resAccording to the above research conclusions, the effectiveness of IEE in universities can be improved from the following aspects to enhance the entrepreneurial intention of students. First, a sound IEE mechanism should be established. IEE is particularly important in enlightening students’ entrepreneurial intention. It can connect students with innovation and entrepreneurship and inspire innovative and entrepreneurial ideas, which are helpful to promote the formation of entrepreneurial intention. Second, colleges and universities should optimize the innovation and entrepreneurship course system and improve students’ knowledge structure of entrepreneurship. From the empirical data, it can be seen that the imparting of entrepreneurial knowledge has a significant impact on the entrepreneurial intention of college students. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a curriculum system, build entrepreneurial incubation bases, enrich students’ entrepreneurial knowledge, improve their entrepreneurial practical ability, and promote the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intention. Third, a positive entrepreneurial culture should be fostered. Entrepreneurial culture is the sum of values, realistic conditions, characteristics, and social environment that promote individual entrepreneurial behavior. Institution of higher education should gradually form a good atmosphere of encouraging innovation and tolerating failure, exert a positive influence on the entrepreneurial attitude and innovative behavior of college students imperceptibly and silently, and promote college students to form a general consensus of daring to try and explore.First, this work conducted a survey in the form of questionnaire and collected static cross-sectional data. Dynamically track the entrepreneurial willingness of the survey samples is lack. So, dynamic tracking survey sample is a starting point of research perspective in the future. Second, college students’ understanding of innovation varies with different majors, so it is impossible to fully guarantee the consistency of the research objects’ understanding of innovation behaviors. Different self-evaluation abilities will lead to errors in the evaluation of individuals’ attitude toward entrepreneurship. Finally, in order to further expand the research path, future studies can explore whether there are moderating variables in the formation of this mechanism, such as learning style, the mechanism of action of other factors can be considered to consolidate the results of this study.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Hefei University of Technology Ethics Committee. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.This research was supported by the fund (Grant No. 2020xhx074). This research was supported by the fund (Grant No. szxy2020ccjy02).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The ability of GIFs to generate emotionality in social media marketing strategies is analyzed. The aim of this work is to show how neuroscience research techniques can be integrated into the analysis of emotions, improving the results and helping to guide actions in social networks. This research is structured in two phases: an experimental study using automated biometric analysis  and an analysis of declared feelings in the comments of Instagram users. Explicit valence, type of emotion, length of comment and proportion of emojis are extracted. The results indicate that the explicit measure of emotional valence shows a higher and more positive emotional level than the implicit one. This difference is influenced differently by the engagement and the proportion of emojis in the comment. A further step has been taken in the measurement of user emotionality in social media campaigns, including not only content analysis, but also providing new insights thanks to neuromarketing. Currently, social media marketing strategies seek to position brands within the hearts of their customers, where the main experience of value is emotion ,2  to assess the effectiveness of GIFs as generators of emotional experiences on social networks. In addition, neuroscience techniques were used to observe physiological and cognitive responses (implicit measures), as well as to perform sentiment analyses (explicit measures) of Instagram comments.There are a large number of definitions of the concept of emotion in existent literature, as well as of existing emotional states, the ways to measure them, and their neurophysiological representations. In this investigation, emotion is understood as the cognitive process of evaluating and interpreting feelings, with the aim of regulating social and/or relational responses in social networks. To address emotion, there are two traditional measurement perspectives in the field of psychology. The first is the dimensional measurement of emotion, which states that an emotion is composed of valence and arousal. Emotional valence is the positive or negative evaluation of the emotional state, while arousal   or physiTherefore, this emotionality underlies psychological and physiological responses   , who stuSocial media, and Instagram in particular, are experiential products that continuously reinforce both positive and negative habits    have triTherefore, the literature found reflects the relevance that the analysis of content has had and continues to have today, in terms of the emotions it reflects and the emotional engagement that can be obtained through social networks.The measure of emotional valence is being used as an indicator of the success of social media communication campaigns. This measure is often obtained from automated emotional analyses of user comments, which are considered an explicit measure as they are self-expressed in the form of texts and emojis ,8,22,29 Although there is little empirical evidence, some studies can be found that have used neuroscience tools for the analysis of emotionality in social media. These include the study by Harris, Ciorciari and Gountas (2019) , which aRelevant studies have used a combination of measures of emotional valence to investigate different stimuli related to marketing communications. There is one study, focusing on aesthetic and utilitarian emotions in response to advertisements, that combines neuroscience research techniques  with the study of subjective self-evaluations of emotion  . In the This shows the potential of combining neuroscientific and biometric devices with self-reported measures in the study of social networks.GIFs have become culturally relevant in the digital context, especially in social media. They are a good tool for sensory appeal through the use of movement, color and repetition  . They arPrevious studies have investigated the use of GIFs in social media, showing interesting results. According to one of them, GIFs are the most attractive resource on Tumblr in terms of likes and reblogs  . AnotherIn this way, GIFs are an attractive option when it comes to generating emotions, which can translate into higher conversions on social networks. For this reason, addressing how they can be effective in communicative terms, combining explicit and implicit measures can provide information that has not been explored so far.The following are the research questions and hypotheses derived from previous literature.RQ1. Are there differences between implicit and explicit measures of emotional valence in Instagram users?Hypothesis 1.The measure of explicit valence of Instagram users’ response to GIFs will be more positive than the measure of implicit valence.RQ2. What might account for these possible differences?Hypothesis 2.The greater the user engagement with GIFs, the smaller the difference between implicit and explicit measures of emotional valence.Hypothesis 3.The longer the comment, the smaller the difference between implicit and explicit measures of emotional valence.Hypothesis 4.The greater the proportion of emojis in the comments on GIFs, the greater the difference between implicit and explicit measures of emotional valence.RQ3. Are explicit comments and biometric tools equally effective in identifying the emotions felt by subjects?Hypothesis 5.Biometric tools are more accurate predictors for assessing the basic type of emotion that is aroused in response to GIFs.In order to test these hypotheses, this research was divided into two phases focused on inferring the emotional valence derived from a selection of GIFs posted on Instagram . In the In this first phase, neuromarketing devices  are applied to analyze and quantify the emotional valence, the engagement generated and the type of basic emotion caused by 18 Instagram GIFs selected for being used by renowned brands and for having a high number of likes. The selected GIFs are images in movement with an approximate duration of 4 s. All the images are high-quality, some taken outdoors and others indoors. Concerning audiovisual treatment, some contain a filmed scene and others constantly repeat a moving image. The visual contents are varied: people, objects and animals, both in the foreground and in the background.The valence variable allows us to identify the sign of the emotion (positive or negative). The engagement variable indicates the emotional state the person is in when viewing the stimulus, and is extracted through the combination of emotional valence and activation. The type of basic emotion recorded indicates which specific emotions have been experienced through the recording of facial expressions .The three variables provide the measure for each subject and each GIF, and these individual data are added to the aggregate values for the group, thus obtaining a quantitative value for each variable for each GIF.Participants were selected randomly, with the inclusion criterion being regular use of at least one social network.The sample size was 30 participants. This sample size was considered representative with a probability of error of less than 1% ,42,43  by the top 100 international brands . The 18All subjects viewed one of the three versions of the video. During the presentation of the stimulus, facial micro-expressions, skin conductance level and pupil direction were recorded.The GIFs were presented via a laptop (Windows 10 operating system) and a 24-inch monitor. In addition, an external webcam was used to record facial expressions and pupil direction.Face coder. This records the data from the decoding of the person’s face through software that analyzes the image provided by the webcam. The software developed by the company INTERACTÚA+ was used.The Face Coder tool provided six concrete emotions , with their respective value, recorded from facial micro-expressions that were generated in the presence of each GIF. Subsequently, the values of these emotions registered in all participants were aggregated, obtaining a single value for each emotion per GIF.Previous research in communication and marketing stimuli using this tool for the analysis of emotion type has been considered as the empirical background  ,47,48,49Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). This records skin conductance levels through electrodes placed on the fingers of the subject’s hand. The eSense® device was used.Previous studies involving GSR to analyze unconscious responses to marketing stimuli were taken into account in the design  ,51,52,53Eye-tracker. This has been included in the experimental study to ensure that the participant is viewing the stimulus. It consists of a device that tracks the eye and records the subject’s gaze while viewing a stimulus.All recorded data were first processed in Excel in order to clean them and make them manageable in the SPSS statistical software.Specifically, the data recorded by the facial emotion identification tool (face coder) determine the valence of the emotions (positive or negative) and the type of emotion according to the classification of the six basic universal emotions  . The recEmotional valence and engagement were tested for normality and homogeneity of variances. The basic emotion type was quantified to get an approximation of how much each emotion was experienced upon exposure to each GIF.The study was approved on 20 April 2018 by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Spain, under the number LABNMKT-001-2018.The ethical protocols of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (1964) were followed. In addition, informed consent was obtained from all participants, assuring data confidentiality.After signing the informed consent form, each participant was placed in front of the computer. Both the face coder and the GSR were checked to ensure that they were calibrated and working correctly, and the baseline measurement was taken. Then, one of the three videos with the 18 stimuli was randomly played. Once the video had finished, they were thanked for their participation and accompanied to the exit. Each test lasted about 6 min in total.In order to obtain the baseline of the GSR tool, sensors were placed on the non-dominant hand of the participants in such a way that it began to collect values prior to the presentation of the stimulus, thus establishing the skin conductance baseline of each participant. At the same time, the computer equipment and the tool software were synchronized. On the other hand, the eye tracker and Face Coder tools shared the same software and implementation. The first step was to regulate the webcam to achieve optimal lighting conditions and get the face of the participant centered on the screen. Then, the calibration software allowed us to obtain the baseline. This involved following a point that moved across the screen and picking up the point where the pupil is located.IE) and engagement (Eg) are close to normal . Furthermore, their variances are homogeneous, according to the results obtained in Levene’s test of equality of variances . The measures of the variables analyzed are shown in The Shapiro–Wilk normality test see  shows thThe 18 GIFs selected reflect the six basic emotions. The emotion that appears most frequently is sadness, followed by anger, as shown in In this phase, a quantitative methodology was implemented and a content analysis was carried out, using data mining and sentiment analysis. To do this, the comments on the Instagram GIFs selected in Phase 1 were obtained.The explicit emotional valence of the comments was quantified (negative or positive), both the one derived from the text and the one derived from the emojis in the comments (negative and positive), as well as the length of the comment itself (including both text and emojis) and the proportion of emojis in the comments.A total of 1420 comments were analyzed. These came from each of the 18 GIFs used in Phase 1. Up to 100 comments were extracted from each GIF (15 April–1 May 2021). If they had less than 100 comments, all existing comments were extracted. Similarly, if they had more than 100 comments, only the first 100 were used.Sentiment analysis of comments. To obtain information on the length and composition of the comments, a program written in Python 3 was used. This program takes as input an excel document, generated through the Export Comments application, with the comments on each GIF (the openpyxl library was used). The comments were cleaned up using a function that removes strange punctuation symbols and tags that correspond to other users. The Emoji library was used to identify the emojis present in the comments. Then, a function was created to obtain the number of words, the average lengths of the comments, and the percentage of words and emojis in the comment. With all the information obtained, a new Excel document was generated (using openpyxl) that includes the following statistics: average number of words in the comments, average number of emojis and percentage of emojis versus words for each GIF.https://www.twinword.com/; accessed on 31 May 2021) was used. This natural language processing (NLP) interface, based on the Python programming language, detects the intentionality of sentences and paragraphs. The measure it provides is the overall score of the analyzed text. Thus, values lower than −0.05 are considered negative, values higher than 0.05 are considered positive, and all values in between are considered neutral. In addition, thanks to this application, a list of the most emotionally charged words and adjectives was obtained from the comments.The Twinword API , developed and validated by Kralj et al. (2015) [. (2015) . Content analysis. We developed our own counting application to obtain the maximum length of the comments, as well as their composition (proportion of text and emojis).(1)Compilation of comments on each GIFhttps://exportcomments.com/; accessed on 31 May 2021), an Excel file was obtained for each GIF. If it had more than 100 comments, the tool extracted 100; if this number was lower, all comments were extracted.Using the URLs of the Instagram GIFs, up to 100 comments were collected for each of the 18 GIFs under study. Using Export Comments .Subsequently, all comments were translated into English as the sentiment analysis tool only evaluates content in this language. This was done via Google Translator ((2)EE .In order to obtain one single standardized value for the explicit valence measure, all text and emoji values were taken together and divided by the number of comments. This resulted in the variable Explicit Emotional Valence (V(3)emj , we used our own counting application, designed in Python language. Thus, we obtained the average value of the length of the comments in each GIF and the percentage of emojis used in their comments.In order to count the length (LgC) and the proportion of emojis in the total content of the comments (P(4)Analysis of the Differences between Explicit and Implicit Emotionality and Calculation of the Variable VD The variable Emotional Valence Difference (EVD) was obtained by the difference between the values recorded explicitly (comments) and implicitly (biometric tools):IE and VEE through the Shapiro–Wilk test (IE and VEE (p > 0.050). In addition, the assumptions of homogeneity of variance were met using Levene’s test for equality of variances (p = 0.873 > 0.05).The first step was to calculate normality for the Vilk test . The disIE  and VEE  = −7.178, p = 0.000). Therefore, emotional valence was significantly higher when users expressed themselves through comments on Instagram than when the emotional valence aroused by GIFs was recorded through biometric tools. Consequently, H1 is confirmed. Moreover, in both cases the average emotional valence was positive.Since the normality and homoscedasticity criteria were met, a t-test for independent samples was performed to compare the average of implicit valence and explicit valence. The results, as shown in emj).A new continuous variable is defined: the difference of the emotional valence between the implicit and the declared measures in each GIF (VD). This value was calculated for each GIF. Additionally, in order to obtain which variables could explain this difference between the two measures of valence, different correlations between different variables were studied through Pearson’s bivariate correlation coefficient. Specifically, these variables were engagement (Eg), comment length (LgC) and proportion of emojis in the comments of the GIFs (P(1)Relation between Valence Difference (VD) and Engagement (Eg)r = −0.546, p > 0.050). This indicates that the more engagement a GIF generates, the smaller the difference in emotional valence measured explicitly (through comments) and implicitly (biometric tools), thus confirming H2.In the relation between VD and Eg, the correlation showed a statistically significant inverse relation with a negative sign, as shown in (2)Relation between Valence Difference (VD) and Comment Length (LgC)r = −0.380, p = 0.120), rejecting H3. Therefore, the greater difference found between the psychophysiological and the stated measure of valence was not due to the length of the comment.A possible significant and positive relation between VD and LgC has been hypothesized. However, the results indicate that there was no statistically significant relation between VD and LgC ((3)emj)Relation between the Valence Difference (VD) and the Proportion of Emojis , as shown in With respect to the relationship between VD and PComparison between the Emotions Generated by the GIFs According to Whether They Were Measured Implicitly or Explicitly.In order to find out which type of measurement is more effective as a predictor, understanding effectiveness in this case in terms of precision, the specific emotions that gave rise to both implicit and explicit emotional valence were obtained see .As a result, while the biometric tools detected the six basic emotions  in the 18 selected GIFs, when analyzing the comments, it was not possible to detect all the emotions. Only the emotion happiness appeared in all 18 GIFs, while more negative emotions such as anger or disgust were not detected in any of them. In fact, most of the words used in the comments alluded to positivity see . Given tThe present study reflects the emotional impact that can be achieved through the use of GIFs in social networks ,35,36,  emotional charge than what they actually feel . Biometric tools can therefore help to provide a more accurate analysis.This finding raises the question of what might account for the differences between the two valence measurements. Thus, the possible influences of engagement, the length of the comments, or the higher proportion of GIFs on the difference in valence are investigated.As for the relation between the differences in valence and engagement, a significant inverse relation is evident. This indicates that the greater the engagement with the GIF, the smaller the difference between the valences. This relation can probably be explained by understanding engagement as commitment to the brand. This commitment could mean that users are less vulnerable to external influences, so that the emotions expressed would be more in line with what the subjects really feel towards the brand. In contrast, with a lower level of engagement, the emotions declared are under greater external influence: conditioning due to being a quality brand  , while with emojis the range of expression is smaller, and more limited in its emotional gradation.Finally, in the comparison of the type of emotion recorded by biometric tools and in the declared comments, a higher number of emotions were detected when recording data with neuromarketing devices.We suggest that, when there is public exposure, through comments on social networks users express more positive emotions (happiness and surprise), avoiding more negative ones such as anger or disgust ,18  can achieve similar results to those achieved with GIFs.


A joint collaboration between the Cuarto region of Argentina championed by the National University of Rio Cuarto and the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland, Finland organised a conference on several topics that are related to food sovereignty, sustainability, circular economy and bioeconomy. The efficient utilisation of natural resources in both regions is an important theme in meeting the sustainable development goals agenda. Hence, this partnership between the partner institutions will lead to the cocreation of knowledge. The topics were multidisciplinary, and the discussion focussed on research and teaching opportunities for institutions in both countries. The experts from both countries will continue to engage on the possibility of promoting the research agenda in these important areas. The collaborative initiative between the North and the Global South is fostered by the University Partnership for International Development (UniPID). UniPID is a network of Finnish universities aiming to advance universities’ global responsibility and strengthen their response to global challenges. UniPID offers a variety of support services for interdisciplinary studies, research and societal impacts of universities that are related to global development.FinCEAL develops Finnish Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation between Europe, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean through networking. FinCEAL BRIDGES contribute towards strengthening on-renewab cooperation, while expanding the thematic focus to Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the 17 sustainable development goals. This is in recognition of the need for cross-sector and cross-country collaboration in pursuit of all the goals by the year 2030.Climate change mitigation and the sustainable development goals are part of the Finnish government’s program. Finland aspires to be carbon neutral by 2035 . In ordeIn this case report, we explore how food sovereignty can be better promoted amongst local people in remote areas such as the Arctic and in the Southern Cone which has big countries. The coproduction of knowledge between Finland and Argentina on the management of natural resources is important within the context of bioeconomy and circular paradigms from a multidisciplinary perspective. In the partnership, we hope to answer specific questions such as what circularity and bioeconomy mean exactly in these two contexts. The emphasis of this study was on the utilization of natural resources within the bioeconomy and circular economy paradigm. The participants highlighted the relevance of natural bioactive compounds in promoting health, food sovereignty, sustainability, digitalisation, value addition and food product development that can empower the local people in both regions. an economic system that is based on business models which replace the ‘end-of-life’ concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes, thus operating at micro level , meso level  and macro level , with the aim to accomplish sustainable development, which implies creating environmental quality, economic prosperity and social equity, to the benefit of current and future generations” [The circular economy concept has been defined in various ways. Kirchherr et al., 2017 reviewed 114 definitions and defined it as “rations” . There arations” ,9. On thrations” ,11. It wrations” . As a rerations” . Most ofAt a recent World Bioeconomy Summit, the bioeconomy was defined as “the production, utilization, conservation, and regeneration of biological resources, including related knowledge, science, technology, and innovation, to provide sustainable solutions  within and across all economic sectors and enable a transformation to a sustainable economy” . The bioFood sovereignty is a broad concept focused on the rights of people, rather than corporations and market institutions, as the actors that the transnational social movement La Vía Campesina believes have come to dominate the global food system and control how and what kind of food is produced . In tranCocreation of knowledge between Finland and Argentina to seek better ways to manage natural resources was employed as a method. We adopted a type of collaborative autoethnography to study society and cocreate knowledge in the Arctic and South Cone regions during this unprecedented pandemic era . SustainIn early October 2021, there was a virtual event organised at the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland with welcome remarks from the Counsellor for Education and Science Team Finland Knowledge, Argentina and the Director of International Relations, University of Lapland. Team Finland Knowledge connects academic institutions outside Europe towards better solutions to global challenges. The event was part of the Second regional meeting on circular economy and bioeconomy organised by the Argentine partners. Discussions on collaborative research partnerships between the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland, Finland and the Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina, were intensified.The need for collaboration with Argentine partners was a driving force in the design of topics delivered by the Finnish partners to coincide with the hybrid regional conference in Argentina, where many stakeholders in the field of bioeconomy were in attendance. There were 26 participants from Argentina and Finland, including 14 speakers from both countries who shared their thoughts for several hours throughout the day on several topics in both physical and virtual modes. As indicated, the topics discussed under “Results and Discussion” were transdisciplinary, with participants from academia, research agencies, the Ministry of Agriculture, farmers, cooperatives, extension workers and students. There were live, simultaneous interpretations from English to Spanish and vice versa. The physical and virtual event in a zoom meeting considered the geographical time difference between the two countries. We also utilized social media by engaging followers with hashtag #AC_UNRC on Twitter. PowerPoint slides of the speakers’ presentations and short comments on their topics were circulated with live commentaries from Twitter followers mainly from Finland and Argentina.This is a case report intended to foster the partnership between Finland and Argentina. The event was hampered by the lack of physical interactions due to travel restrictions and some meanings might be lost in translations. Another limitation was that some of the project’s technical materials were only available in Spanish. However, we have kept in constant communication to advance our ideas. The virtual zoom meeting was recorded for future training and development opportunities by both partners. All the topics discussed at the event are presented in the next section.The hybrid event resulted in topics that were actively discussed by participants, and they agreed to follow up on areas of mutual interests that will help to promote sustainable development goals. A snapshot of the oral presentations delivered by the expert speakers at the event are summarized in There is an urgent need to transform our food system for both individual and planetary health, and this was recognized by the recent UN Food System Summit Scientific Group, where they emphasized that food is central to people, the planet and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) ,27. ImprThe manufacturing industry is transitioning from the era of mass production into the era of smart production, where physical production merges with the opportunities created by digitalisation into cyberphysical systems. From the Finnish perspective, the smart specialisation concept is designed to ensure that the Arctic natural environment is turned into an opportunity in the form of natural resource utilisation, from which new and innovative business areas and networks are emerging alongside and within the traditional industries . DigitalIn Finland, Food Economy 4.0 as an ecosystem connects traditional and new actors with end users in new ways. The know-how of biomaterials, modular processes, robotics and digital technologies will create new international business opportunities, but they will also improve the competitiveness of domestic food . The colIntroduction to the second meeting: The chairman of the event, Arnaldo Soltermann, distinguished between bioeconomy and circular economy from the Argentinian perspective and its historical development in his introductory speech. In the Argentinian bioeconomy context, emphasis was on production based on biological resources, which includes processes and methods by which goods and services are provided in a sustainable way. The Argentinian strategy has three important aspects: (i) use of renewable biomass and efficient processes to achieve sustainable production (ii) use of converging technologies that includes biotechnology, nanotechnology and digital technologies and (iii) integration between applications such as agriculture, health and industry. Global challenges such as climate change and the use of non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels were strongly considered. In the 1980s, Argentinian technical efforts were intensified in the use of genetically modified organism (GMO), direct seeding, biotechnology, new seeds, biofuel, bio alcohol, organic and agroecological production and those developments are today important in the economy of Argentina. The circular economy as a strategy aims to reduce the input of raw materials as well as the output of generated waste. It raises important challenges such as moving away from fossil fuels to renewable fuels with further discussion on the role of finance and economic performance. In this context, it will be important to note that not all bioeconomy development is part of a circular economy. Some important examples in Argentina are the first-generation bio-fuels like bio alcohol and biodiesel from corn or oilseeds. They are clearly part of bioeconomy but it is very difficult to consider as part of a circular economy.According to Georgescu-Roegen , the ecoIn 1999, the Development Laboratory was established  as an interdisciplinary research group, which began its work by analysing the technical and economic possibilities of the existence of an oleochemical development centre in the south of Cordoba (province), compatible with Mercosur and other markets as an incipient contribution to the circular bioeconomy concept.During its evolution, the Development Laboratory also helped small cooperatives and artisans to produce healthy foods for the whole community. Some examples of those work are as follows: (A) The Agroindustry wastes: The oil industry in Argentina produces annually nearly 9 million tons of oil and 600,000 ton of wastes from nearly 20 Mha of oilseed . Waste fLiquid soap is an important market product , and resInitia (a workers’ cooperative) was formed as a technology-based company with a sui generis organizational formation based on the cooperative capital. This last point could be instrumental in developing countries to ensure circularity from generated side streams [The industrial processes were supported by original, well-proven scientific and technological developments condensed in the business plan. A patent application is being developed. The plants designed are flexible, with an initial production of 120 tons/year of liquid soap and 50 tons of vitamin E. The projected plants are easily replicable and reproducible and require a relatively low initial investment, with excellent IRR and NVP values. Thus, as a spin off involving several non-university members,  streams , and it (B) New technologies and social convergences:Nowadays, there is a greater awareness of the need to know the origin of foods, as exemplified by the “Protected designation of origin” (PDO) regulation. The PDO regulation covers agricultural products and foodstuffs that are produced, processed, and prepared in a given geographical area using recognized know-how in this specific zone or region . In ordeBased on the activities of INTA and FERICAMBIO experiences, our laboratory supports the production of safe and quality foods, with elaborate manuals of good practices for the production of jams and cheese, and we demonstrate the superior quality of chicken eggs following the principles of production with animal welfare. We support agroecology and organic production of vegetables, developing and manufacturing them through INITIA pest biocontrollers for those products that do not exist in the market.The Southern Cone is a geographic and cultural region composed of the southernmost areas of South America. It covers Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. The region has over 50% of its lands classified as having agricultural potential, with positive projections for 2050 that offer a basis for a strong bioeconomy that will contribute both to food security and energy objectives, with important social opportunities. Biodiversity resources in the region are also significant, with some of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots. Similarly, Finland has the highest percentage of forest in Europe, as indicated in the introduction. The Argentinian Ministry of Agriculture promotes artisan and organic products in the Cuarto region, as compiled by Queiroz et al. for two cities in the South Cone region, i.e., Río Cuarto  and Seropédica  . CommercDuring 2016, the fortnightly organization of the sale of fresh vegetables and basic food supplies with previous orders and at fairs was intensified. In addition, meetings were held to analyse and expand municipal ordinance No. 1273/06 for the marketing of food based on new social demands and alternatives for the production and marketing of family farming, accompanied by dissemination with simple brochures. For this reason, there is a need to strengthen the alternative channels of commercialization of family farming (FF) products that began to have greater demand and sale in the year 2016.This is how “Fericambio” was born, an exchange fair made up of an integration of public and private organizations and institutions that make the alternative systems of production and/or commercialization of family farming products known  (p. 6). It should be remembered that Fericambio is an initiative in which numerous institutions and social organizations participate, where seeds, seedlings, aromatics, handicrafts, baked goods, canned goods, beverages, cheeses, wool and leather, among other agricultural products, are exhibited, exchanged and commercialized. In addition to raising awareness, informing, and offering the inhabitants of Rio Cuarto and the region, it serves as a dynamic for collective learning on the subject.The beneficiaries from Fericambio are producer cooperatives, family farmers, stalls who attend fairs, individuals interested in obtaining products from family agriculture (AF), educational institutions, NGOs and consumers.This project on digital technology received the highest award for Innovation in Agricultural Technologies (CITA) last year (2020), and the members were recognized by Governor Carlos Verna at the opening ceremony of ExpoTecno 2018, which reinforces the positioning of the province of La Pampa as an inescapable reference of current precision livestock.Another project is known as “Mobile breeding center for the improvement of swine genetics of small and medium-sized producers in La Pampa”. Dean Abelardo Ferrán together with Sebastián Ramos were responsible for executing the project, which aims to improve the quality of the final product and the productive and socioeconomic indices of primary production, which positively impact the entire pig chain, improving the profitability of the sector. At a national level, pig reproductive biotechnologies are restricted to intensive production systems. On the other hand, this project seeks high-merit genetics that are accessible to small and medium producers. Innovative large-scale operations are also forthcoming with a more sustainable focus. Biogas production, farm management systems and optimization of their production facilities are indicated as the main focus points. As mentioned in the presentation, companies such as Pacuca, Qualitá and “The Good Pig”, amongst others, are already implementing these sustainable projects . The preThe presenter believes that the development of linkage networks between technical researchers, extension workers and producers, but also consumers and other actors of the agri-food systems, will ultimately result in the strengthening of the aforementioned axes. Some concrete contributions through projects link agrotechnical schools in Argentina and Uruguay, spreading the use of free, public and free-access management systems of farms through information and communication technologies, the construction of an interactive map that references the various actors of the SAPs of the countries that are part of the space, the monthly production of reports with economic results of production models that become decision tools for producers and technicians, and the weekly publication of the summary of CIAP information that reaches numerous users. On a personal note, the presenter left with a reflection on his thoughts on natural resources and digital solutions despite the apparent distance between the two countries involved (Finland and Argentina), their levels of development, and the high coincidence that we can find in the digital tools to address our common problems.Leena Favén briefly introduced the current status of the bioeconomy in Finland. According to the Finnish Natural Resource Institute, the added value-added bioeconomy in 2019 was EUR 26 billion , and theOne of the research and development interests of Centria’s Chemistry and Bioeconomy team is the extraction and characterization of valuable compounds from biobased raw materials in order to enhance the development of industrial refining of high value-added biobased products. Biobased raw materials in Finland grow under long daylight hours and a clean environment, and they are often organic and of premium quality. The concentrations of polyphenols and antioxidant capacities have been analysed in order to characterize the potential premium quality of various biobased raw materials of Nordic berries, leaves and herbs.-Comparative studies on plant-based health-promoting ingredients utilized in different parts of the world and countries (Argentina and Finland);-How to meet global challenges in sustainable plant-based raw material availability in order to provide food for a growing and ageing population;-How to work towards global standardization of methods.Project ideas were presented for future learning and collaboration opportunities, such as:The brewing of alcoholic drinks is part of most cultures globally. Therefore, the potential circular solution for Finnish breweries might also be well-executed in Argentina and other countries.2 which in most cases is emitted into the air.Malt, water, hops and yeast are the main input ingredients in brewing. Additionally, breweries are both energy- and water-intensive . Energy Implementing the circular economy principles to all streams would help small breweries to improve their economy and would have a positive environmental impact. The main challenges are associated with setting up an economically feasible value chain and finding high-value products. Many Finnish breweries are located in rural and peripheral areas and have small outputs, i.e., producing less than 1000 hL of beer per year. Thus, breweries, especially those who have no access to cost-effective transport, e.g., hubs, cannot benefit from the agglomeration effect, technology and business capacities that are available in cities or more segregated locations . FurtherFinnish beer is produced from barley. Barley crop is rich in proteins, and dry BSG contains about 15% of crude protein. This fact is recognised by farmers, and if there are cattle farms close to breweries, the by-product is picked up by them. Such collection practices aid a potential reduction in biowaste handling costs, such as transportation and gate fees of biowaste acceptors. Other minor routes include biogas production and composting.Thus, higher-value products that can overpower pre-treatment and transport costs would inspire entrepreneurs in the creation of the value chain for better utilisation of this by-product.-Preservation of BSG as it is susceptible to microbial growth and spoilage;-Separation and purification of protein fraction from BSG;-Identification of other by-product sources to increase the scale of the technologies being developed.Centria University of Applied Sciences is assisting the brewing industry in the estimation of the technological routes and identification of potential partners for collaboration in BSG, as well as other by-products’ utilisation. The technology includes:We expect that our work can inspire industries in creating novel circular economy-inspired business cases and improving the resource efficiency of biobased materials. This work is part of the SYMBIOMA project, financed by the EU’s Interreg NPA Programme.In this talk, the author summed up the law’s relevance in governing the circular economy. As a contributor from Finland in this event, she felt the necessity of highlighting Finnish initiatives to promote a circular economy. Since Finland is a member of the European Union, the European regulatory context was also discussed.The use of the notion of circular economy almost gives it away to the study of economics. What role does law play in a matter of economics?Linear economy is opposed to circular economy, and it does not follow the throwaway culture. Due to existing environmental crises caused by overexploitation of natural resources, the concept of circular economy appears to be promising to bridge the gap between environmental protection and economic development. Simply put, it is of interest to economists, environmentalists as well as policy makers, but law has not intervened in this area as much. However, when it comes to implementation, law is of essence, as it can support the sustainable development principle of international environmental law. It is a disputed principle, but it requires states to reconcile economic development with protection of the environment. Sustainable development is also identified as a general aim of a circular economy. In order to guide the transition to circular economy, the EU proposed action plan 2020 to close the loop by focusing on consumption changes and production behaviour through reuse and recycling, as well as waste management .Relevant EU regulations ,56,57,58Legal practices that are able to reflect more social planning types of theory might better facilitate a smoother and swifter transition towards the circular economy . A systeIn conclusion, a circular economy can be achieved by combining economics, law and policy in a multidisciplinary manner. Instead of having strict laws backed by sanction, there could be an ideology of soft laws through which companies adding to the promotion of the circular economy can be rewarded—for example, tax reduction for their businesses.The processes of regenerating soil using compost and regenerative agriculture were highlighted in this presentation. The practiced agriculture includes livestock, and trees are also integrated in the farms symbiotically. The concept of regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, and the introduction of flowers to attract pollinating insects is a welcome development in the contribution of agroecology to food sovereignty. In an assessment of various grassroots initiatives in Latin America, it was revealed that the application of the agroecological paradigm can bring significant environmental, economic and political benefits to small farmers and rural communities as well as urban populations in the region .Faced with the obvious signs of unsustainability presented by the predominant agricultural model, agroecology is proposed as an alternative agricultural model, dispensing with the use of agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers while respecting at the same time the natural behaviour patterns of animals in terms of their space, food and health. In recent years, the existence of agroecology experiences has grown notably in Argentina, and in particular in the province of Córdoba. The last National Agricultural Census revealed that 5277 fields practice agroecology, organic agriculture or biodynamic agriculture . Agroecology was sustained in the world by a group of farmers who resisted in the twentieth century the advance of chemical management as an agricultural paradigm, given the evidence of its environmental and socioeconomic impacts.The concept of food sovereignty emerged as a response to the global food crisis that adds to the aforementioned environmental problems. In this sense, in 1996, civil society organizations such as Southern Peasant Movements and La Via Campesina proposed the concept of food sovereignty, trying to overcome the concept of food security proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Food security was proposed by FAO as a state in which all people enjoy, in a timely and permanent way, physical, economic and social access to the food they need, in quantity and quality, for its adequate consumption and biological use, guaranteeing them a general welfare state that contributes to the achievement of their development , a conceThe concept of food sovereignty, for its part, is considered as a deepening of the term of food security, since it encompasses new dimensions with a strong sociocultural and political nature: it includes aspects such as access and use of productive assets, mainly land, water and biodiversity; the valorisation and improvement of peasant and indigenous productive systems; the optimization of the diversity of the ecological offer; the respect, rescue and improvement of ancestral agroecological practices; the preservation of peoples’ identities; the construction of new institutions for productive diversification and exchange with access to fair price markets; the conservation of genetic and ecological diversity, health equity, prohibiting the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs); and the development of local facilities to satisfy basic needs in food and locally processed, preserved and distributed products, which are culturally in demand .As can be seen, food sovereignty is not only concerned with the availability of food in quantity and quality, but also with local development, access to markets for both suppliers and consumers, for the forms and conditions in which they are produced. Food is key for the preservation and respect of local cultural practices. So, food sovereignty can be thought of as a proposal under construction towards a productive and political model that allows for satisfying the right to adequate food.Agroecology, and its purpose of avoiding the use of inputs from chemicals, deploys a series of technical strategies that consist of trying to imitate the biological processes of natural ecosystems in a field. For this, the regeneration of the soils is prioritized through various techniques, and the recovery of biodiversity—trees, biological corridors, flower cords—is incorporated, the size of the cultivated plots is reduced, and a certain level of spontaneous plant species is tolerated, where a series of beneficial insects fulfil part of their biological cycles. In this way, agroecology manages to obtain satisfactory productive results and economic results that are usually higher than the averages of regional agriculture, because money is not spent on chemical inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides, or on genetically modified seeds.It can be thought, then, that agroecological production, due to its strategies and objectives, will contribute the most to the development of food sovereignty in these territories.Maize or corn is one of the most important crops in the world, with an average annual production of 1127 million tons . Only 25Food products containing maize do not have gluten but have a high percentage of starch (high energy), and they are used for various foods such as soups, bread, flour and polenta, snacks, pasta, breakfast cereals, brewing, semolina and bran for biscuits. Other important products in the corn production chain involve other sectors of the industry such as oil, packaging material, paper, textiles, pharmaceutical industries and biodegradable bags.Finally, as an example of the potential of the dry milling technology, is it possible with an investment lower than USD 500,000 to process 100 tons of corn per day, generating work for more than 10 people and producing cereal for breakfast, alongside other products. In addition, some by-products remain, e.g., the germ of the corn and the shell which are used for animal feeding and to extract oil. In a nutshell, dry milling is a method of adding value to the corn without the necessity of going through protein transformation using animals, generating a fast and healthy economic food.The traditional and agricultural processes in soybean production are related to the circular economy in Argentina. There are several by-products including biodiesel from the processing of soybeans. However, biofuel is not to be construed as circular economy-related but it is part of the bioeconomy. Argentina generates lots of income from the export of soybeans, but there are environmental concerns. For instance, in 2019, Argentina exported USD 3.47 billion worth of soybeans, making it the third largest exporter of soybeans in the world. Most of the soybean exports from Argentina go to China (USD 3.01 billion), Egypt (USD 214 million), the United States (USD 64.6 million), Vietnam (USD 40 million), and Russia (USD 32 million) . The proSoybean production is one of the most relevant activities in the Argentine economy. The soybean agroindustrial complex is organized with a marked export profile, based on the industrialization of primary grain production as exemplified in the Cuarto region. It is the main export chain in the country , surpassing the cereal chain and the automotive chain. Most of the soybean is used for milling. The industrialization of soybeans mainly comprises the production of oils, flours and, more recently, biodiesel. Of the total production of crude soybean oil, more than 60% is destined for export, the rest for biodiesel production and refining (both for domestic consumption and for other industries). The by-products of the oil industry such as protein flours are processed for the production of balanced food for animal consumption, 90% of which are destined for the foreign market. Thus, Argentina is the world’s leading exporter of oil and pellets. The crop began to be sown in the mid-1970s, and in less than 50 years it has had an unprecedented advance, with production increases of more than 80 times the initial one. The primary link in the chain involves a large number of producers with a heterogeneous composition. In particular, a large group stands out, accounting for more than 50% of production. It is representative of large-scale agriculture consisting of land leasing, equipment and machinery rental, use of process technologies such as direct seeding and annual double cropping, and input packages based on genetically modified seeds, herbicides and fertilizers. In addition, the increase in production is due to the increase in the area planted. This has occurred due to the substitution of other crops or livestock fields, as well as due to the agricultural advance on deforested lands or with lower productivity than those of the Pampean agroecosystems. The main challenges of primary soybean production are being able to decouple the increases in yields obtained from the environmental impact they generate. When analysing the sustainability of soybean production, the following critical points were detected: 1.—The soybean cropping system in Argentina is characterized by being extractive of nutrients from the soil, according to INTA data for every 40,000 tons of soy that leave the country, there are approximately 3576 tons of nutrients. 2.—Advances towards areas with soils more susceptible to degradation. The expansion of the agricultural frontier advanced many times in places such as native forests whose soils are not suitable for this type of crop but which are an important source of environmental goods and services. The literature indicates that the deforestation of native forest leads to losses of organic carbon in biomass and soil, which increase greenhouse gas emissions and deteriorate the natural sinks of this element in the long term . 3.—The Stevia rebaudiana with great potential in the avian industry.It is often preferred to have poultry products that are raised in nature instead of on antibiotics. This offers a promising outlook for Some of the potential benefits of this plant in avian animals include it having no additives, antioxidants, antimicrobials, or immunostimulants in its production. It can be employed in chicks for broilers. The addition of stevia at 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% was tested in the diet of chicks. The results showed lower toxicity at nanomoles per ml in the plasma of chicks with increased concentration.Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) (S), with different mechanisms of action enhancing gut health.In avian production, the international and national regulations have diminished the use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP). These regulations and the requirement from avian consumers which prefer natural products have directed researchers to look for natural growth promoters (NGP) as additives. NGP can include numerous substances: prebiotics, probiotics, enzymes, antimicrobials, and phytogenics such as Stevia  present in the leaves and stems. Together with the sweetening effects, they have numerous properties which are less known, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumoral properties. There has been some research using S stems, leaves or extracts from leaves applying various extraction methods, with different results in humans, laboratory and productive animals. However, the mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects are still little known. In different research, both in vitro and in vivo, it was found that S can enhance their productivity performance and have properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumoral, antifungal properties, and positive effects on the immunologic system.p ≤ 0.05) and low peroxidation levels on broilers received this phytogenic at both doses. Regarding immunologic variables, S extract liquid increased Fabricius bursae weight (1% S extract liquid) and increased IgA levels of both 15- or 21-day-old chickens (0.5–1%). With respect to gut health, S extract generates a better Villi Height (VH)/Crypt Deep (CD) Ratio (p ≤ 0.05), overall at 1%. Regarding the S solid assay, the result was similar to liquid extract. S (0.5–1%) increased gut health by a better VH/CD Ratio (p ≤ 0.05), and increased plasmatic cells (Ig A producers) and goblet cell number, with a high mucus layer on the gut. Conclusion: S extract liquid or solid (0.5–1%) enhances gut histomorphometric variables, increasing gut health, when added to broilers’ diets to broilers during the first 15 days of life. This was reflected in a better conversion index in all broilers receiving this phytobiotic.Our research team over the past 3 years, has been researching the addition of S extract liquid or solid on broiler chicken from 1 to 15 or 21 days old, on water or diets (0.5–1%) with good results . S extraThe Arctic Centre at the University of Lapland has been undertaking long cooperation activities in the field of Arctic and Antarctic social studies with institutions in Argentina since 2006. In 2006, a colleague from the Universidad del Salvador (Buenos Aires) was invited to the conference panel “Livelihood, politics and environment in flux” . Since then, the circumpolar activities started to develop and demonstrated a great potential for mutual academic benefits, involving northern and southern perspectives in their research. Afterwards, we had a series of joint events on circumpolar sociocultural aspects.Circumpolarity became a focus of the “The Arctic and the Antarctic come together” Circumpolar Art and Science seminar at the Arctic Centre in 2007 . Invited Argentinian colleagues contributed with different geographical, cultural, and scientific perspectives on the ways in which people feel and think about their environment.In 2007 the “Arctic and Antarctic International Journal on Sociocultural Issues” (based in Buenos Aires) was established, and the author was invited to the editorial board. In 2010, she participated at the “1st International Conference on Circumpolar North and South  at the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires”. These activities have greatly contributed to the development of a network between Nordic and Argentinian colleagues in the field of social science and to the growing interest in circumpolar perspective.-2012. “How do we see the sea? Multiple meanings of water”. A week of lectures and documentary films in November ;-2016. Founding meeting of the directive and scientific committee of the International Circumpolar Observatory (ICO) in Buenos Aires and Ushuaia . Since then, conferences on circumpolar sociocultural studies organized by ICO have been taking place annually. The educational activities have been an important aspect of these collaborative activities. Currently, the members of ICO are elaborating on the International Postgraduate Programme in Circumpolarity under the lead of the Universidad del Salvador . The programme proposes to develop five intensive online courses in Arctic and Antarctic Studies.The following events were organized in close cooperation with the colleagues from Argentina:In 2016 and 2017, she conducted fieldwork in Tierra del Fuego and Santa Cruz (Argentina) and made observations on issues of cow breeding. The production of meat became of particular interest to her in the context of comparative study. Environmental challenges and patterns of adaptive practices in this sector in Patagonia showed close similarity to the processes in the sector in her research sites in Finland and Siberia. In her current developing interest in food studies (Food on the move), she is focusing on foodways that create new economic and societal ties and change established foodscape environments. Food consumption goes beyond sustenance or taste, and in proposed research, she focuses on the affiliation of foods with mobilization of not only economic, but also socially and culturally coded resources.It would be a pleasure for her to continue the collaboration, with a possibility for a closer expertise exchange and for developing a comparative study in this complex process of changing the food environment that takes place in a transnational field. After her visits in Argentina, a comparative perspective has also been integrated into her teaching activities within the Arctic Studies Programme at the University of Lapland.The innovative ideas that are presented in this conference will help to advance development in both regions. The intersection of traditional knowledge with modern ecology could result in the generation of knowledge that is simultaneously deep and broad . UltimatTransdisciplinary sustainability researchers often target interdisciplinary research that encourage the ability to speak and move with agility across disciplines and epistemologies while developing their core discipline and becoming grounded in specific methods ,72. For Food democracy is a process that puts people at the centre and gives them a voice and control over the transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems . This isThere are some common problems in remote rural areas in Finland and Argentina that endanger food sovereignty, for example there has been issues with migration of the younger generation moving to urban cities to seek employment. In the Argentine example, the promotion of soybeans as monoculture has environmental and human health implications, and it excludes small farmers, labourers, and indigenous people . AccordiIt is pertinent to bear in mind that one social aspect that may influence how circular economy is practiced in Latin American countries could be related to different worldviews. Some authors have extensively discussed how the way different worldviews conceive “development” or “quality of life” depends on subjective and cultural aspects ,80. The The World Bank suggests that decision makers should aim to understand users and the technology, and should “engage in participatory iterative project design” to better engage small-scale farmers to clarify their specific needs concerning agricultural technologies . AccordiWhen digitalisation within a local food system in Arctic Finnish Lapland is considered, there is a need for accurate data; the value chain of local products will lead to opportunities to improve on processes at different stages. Strengthening value addition to local food crops will help to reduce food miles and the transparency of where food comes from. It will also be easier to share best practices and monitor food safety. The collation of processing data parameters on what goes on at each stage can provide useful information to help artisan food producers at local levels that will be useful in the future .The synergy in the bioeconomy- and circular economy-led development between Finland and Argentina will be worthwhile in the future. The research project at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland explores cross-cutting issues from a multidisciplinary perspective related to the impacts of climate change, food security and a more sustainable means of food production, in order to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Within the context of the food–energy–water nexus, digitalization and smart manufacturing as ways to produce food in a more efficient and sustainable way are relevant to food sovereignty. Food is known to be at the heart of the sustainable development goals, and the processes involved from farm to table will benefit from the knowledge coproduced with active research collaboration from the two regions. In our future outlook, we will be integrating the participation of indigenous peoples in both regions, integrating digital solutions that are appropriate for rural communities in Finland and Argentina, and the partnership will also look at the possibility of promoting the “Team Finland Knowledge” programme that has been created to strengthen cooperation between Finnish higher education institutions and the target regions and countries such as Argentina that are selected in the network. We plan to follow-up on the possibility of future collaboration in the near future by jointly developing grant applications that will be of mutual benefit to coproduce knowledge that can strengthen the circular economy and bioeconomy.