During the hospitalization period, it is possible to observe considerable changes in the vital parameters of patients, which may require emergency interventions or intensive treatment. The alteration of signs and symptoms that lead to physiological instability that can worsen the clinical picture with progression to shock, respiratory failure, or cardiorespiratory arrest is currently defined as clinical deterioration. Identifying signs of clinical deterioration at an early stage can lead to substantial decreases in mortality rates, the need for emergency interventions, and unscheduled treatments in intensive care units. Identifying and appropriately referring patients who show signs of clinical deterioration can be facilitated by applying early warning systems that provide rapid responses. The nursing team is usually the first to identify clinical changes in patients. Although the literature demonstrates that early recognition of clinical deterioration is the key to early intervention and leads to better outcomes, we only sometimes pursue the most appropriate intervention.This study aims to implement and evaluate an evidence-based professional training program designed for nurses and coordinated by a nurse using the “just-in-time” methodology and the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to assess the risk of early clinical deterioration and appropriate referral in inpatient units of a public university hospital in southeastern Brazil.This intervention protocol is structured according to the recommendations of the SPIRIT  Declaration 2013. The type of training to be offered, “Just-in-Time Training,” consists of a teaching modality that facilitates the delivery of a time-based and work-based education, with greater emphasis on providing on-the-job learning as needed. A qualitative stage will also be conducted through focus groups and interviews with nurses to verify the factors that influence the professional practice related to the early evaluation of the clinic. A script of previously tested questions will guide and standardize the different groups. The data will define the intervention’s elements: the strategy, the type of training, the location, the teaching methodology, and the teaching material.The study has received authorization from the ethics committee, and participants will be recruited in July 2023. Data collection should be completed in October of the same year. The results obtained at the end of this research will be shared with the participating nursing team through the presentation of reports. In addition, the research results will be submitted to scientific journals and presented at international scientific conferences.This study will support nurses and possibly other clinicians to improve their approach to early recognition of clinical deterioration in patients.Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials RBR-5hq9y3k; https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5hq9y3kPRR1-10.2196/47293 A patient’s clinical deterioration originates from physiological changes detected by monitoring vital signs, which can indicate early or potentially critical patients who need special monitoring in the wards ,2. Such The nursing team is usually the first to identify clinical changes in patients. The nursing team comprises a diverse group of health care professionals collaborating to deliver patient care. This team typically includes registered nurses, licensed practical nurses or licensed vocational nurses, certified nursing assistants, nurse practitioners, nurse managers or supervisors, clinical nurse specialists, and additional support staff. These professionals possess specialized skills and training, allowing them to provide comprehensive care, administer treatments, monitor patient conditions, and fulfill administrative responsibilities. The composition of the nursing team may vary based on health care settings and specific patient needs.The evaluation of vital signs is a routine activity of the nursing team in the hospital and is of extreme importance as it tracks the evolution of the clinical picture and the individual’s health and can predict clinical deterioration. Intrinsically, nursing is linked to patient surveillance and monitoring changes that may indicate warning signs, and these factors are interlinked with survival outcomes in cases of in-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Therefore, the nursing team can predict these events early to increase patient safety and prevent this clinical deterioration .Early recognition of clinical deterioration is the key to early intervention and can lead to better patient outcomes . Early wConsidering the PICOT  approach , this trConsidering this research question and given the options available in the literature of instruments that aim to facilitate the assessment of clinical deterioration, we decided to develop a training project for nurses to assess early clinical deterioration in a university hospital through the use of an alert scale designed for early identification of signs of clinical deterioration in patients. This protocol aims to implement and evaluate an evidence-based professional training program designed for nurses and coordinated by a nurse using the “just-in-time” methodology and the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to assess the risk of early clinical deterioration and appropriate referral in inpatient units of a public university hospital in southeastern Brazil.This study was structured according to the recommendations of the SPIRIT  Declaration 2013  10]..10].A quasi-experimental study of the type before and after, with a single arm, will be conducted with all nurses from inpatient units of a tertiary-level university hospital in the interior of the southeast of São Paulo to implement a training program to assess the risk of early clinical deterioration. This study aims to demonstrate causality between the proposed intervention and the nurses’ ability to use the NEWS2 tool to assess the patient’s clinical deterioration and provide appropriate referrals. Quasi-experimental designs are often used when assigning participants randomly to different groups is not feasible or ethical. This allows for intragroup comparison of outcomes . In this study, having only a subset of the staff receiving the training would not be feasible. Although a quasi-experimental design does not offer the same level of control as a randomized controlled trial, it can provide valuable insights into the effects of the training program because it offers a real-world evaluation of the intervention’s impact within the specific setting and considers the practical constraints of implementation.The trial was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) with the number RBR-5hq9y3k. For the design of the method, the limits of the Guideline for Reporting Evidence-Based Practice Educational Interventions and Teaching (GREET)  were resAll assisting nurses allocated to the university hospital’s clinical and surgical hospitalization units in the interior of São Paulo will be included. During the data collection period, nurses who are inactive or on health or maternity leave or vacation will be excluded because they cannot be invited to participate in the training due to labor legislation issues.The type of training to be offered, known as “Just-in-Time Training” (JITT), consists of an education modality that facilitates the delivery of time-relevant and work-based education, with a greater emphasis on teaching provision at work as needed . JITT isThe JITT approach to recognizing and responding to patient deterioration has theoretical and educational relevance in its design. Education takes place in the clinical setting using real meetings with patients to guide the content. This approach is closely aligned with learning through a theory of practice, as the literature recommends . In thisThe training program developed for nurses was based on the intervention mapping  protocolThe needs assessment will be gathered by reviewing the literature on nurses’ knowledge and use of early deterioration tools. To use the experiential approach, a qualitative step will be conducted through the realization of focus groups and interviews with nurses from inpatient units to verify the factors that influence professional practice related to the early assessment of clinical deterioration. A script of previously established questions will guide and standardize the different groups . The invThe interviews and focus groups will be based on a pre-established script . All groTeam presentation: 3 nurses.Aims: Invite nurses to participate in a project offering training on early assessment of clinical deterioration.Planning: After agreeing and signing the consent form, the nurses will participate in a 30-minute focus group meeting. Six months after the meeting, training will be offered. Those who participate will receive feedback and a certificate.Setting: Nursing Department, University Hospital.Do you know what early assessment of clinical deterioration in patients is?Do you usually perform an early assessment of the clinical deterioration of patients admitted to the wards? If so, how?For you, what is the importance of this assessment in your daily work in the ward?Do you use data from early clinical deterioration assessment to guide the care plan of patients under your supervision? If so, what data? How?Do you think it is feasible to carry out an early assessment of the clinical deterioration of patients admitted to the wards?In your opinion, what factors can favor the early assessment of clinical deterioration of patients admitted to the wards?In your opinion, what factors can hinder the early assessment of clinical deterioration of patients admitted to the wards?How would you like to receive this training? Reflect and give your opinion on the best strategy, the type of training, location, teaching methodology to be used and teaching material.Following the needs assessment stage, we will establish the training objective. The most appropriate content and training strategies for the target population and context should be identified at this stage. The data obtained will allow us to define the elements of the intervention, including the strategy, type of training, location, teaching methodology, and teaching material.In this stage, the content to be addressed, the methods design, and the strategies and means of communication will be defined.This phase will consist of a pretest of the intervention applied to a population subsample to verify operational aspects of the chosen content, strategy, and means of communication. This step aims to assess the adequacy and feasibility of the proposed intervention.In this step, a questionnaire  will be Although this tool has been widely used globally, no studies have been published on its psychometric properties. Assessing the psychometric properties of a measurement tool is relevant for ensuring its validity, reliability, and suitability for data collection in most research contexts. However, there are situations where a psychometric evaluation may be unnecessary, such as for well-established and widely used tools, especially those that do not measure psychosocial constructs . Once the tool has been extensively used, widely accepted, and has a solid empirical foundation in the literature, conducting a full psychometric assessment may not be necessary .The planned intervention will be implemented via the chosen method, and the participants will be informed in advance to allow for planning and effective participation.In this step, the Brazilian version of the RRT survey will be reapplied to compare the pretraining and posttraining results and evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.The nurses’ assessment regarding the suitability, acceptability, and quality of the proposed intervention will be assessed through a self-answered, open-questions questionnaire. This questionnaire will have its content submitted for validation by specialists.Participants will be discontinued for not attending scheduled meetings or ending participation in the study during the intervention or data collection phase.An SMS text message will be sent to participants’ telephones a day before the scheduled appointment, reminding them to attend the training.During the intervention, participants must not engage in any other training regarding clinical deterioration.A form for analyzing the sociodemographic profile will be applied to nurses with the following variables: age, sex, education level, time of training, place, and time of work in the unit.The effect of evaluating the theoretical content related to the early assessment of clinical deterioration by each participating nurse will be considered to compare the pretraining and posttraining results.t test was used. In this calculation, a significance level of 5% was assumed with a test power of 80% and an effect size of 0.50, which, according to Cohen [The minimum sample size was calculated according to the stages of data collection in the pretest and posttest. To evaluate the responsiveness of part 1 of the RRT survey comparing the scores from the two evaluation periods, a paired student to Cohen , can be to Cohen ,19.To assess the internal consistency of part 2 of the RRT survey, we referred to the recommendation proposed by the COSMIN  initiative that at least 50 participants are necessary for a sample to be considered adequate when this measurement property is evaluated .To evaluate assertiveness in filling out the NEWS2 before and after the intervention, the same methodology was proposed by the COSMIN initiative that at least 50 participants are necessary . Thus, 5The human resources records of each eligible participant will be accessed through a list of registered nurses in floor units. Participants who engage in the study will be scheduled for a baseline appointment. On the appointed day, the interviewer will personally invite the participant and both will sign two copies of the research consent form.Considering the nature of a JITT, no randomization will be conceived. All nurses allocated in floor units will be sequentially included according to their availability, schedule, and willingness to participate.The lead investigator will implement intervention strategies.This is not a blind study as both the lead investigator and participants will know they are receiving an intervention.The experiment will be offered from July to December 2023 and include nurses who work in the clinical and surgical floor units.Initially, a meeting will be held with the managers of the inpatient units to present the training program. Then, nurses will be recruited through an individual invitation to be offered by the researcher in the work units. After acceptance by the participants, a roster will be set up, together with the managers of the units, to assist in the organization of work rosters so that every position is covered when the nurses leave to participate in the training. Several training sessions will be made available in the morning, afternoon, and evening to carry out the training within the working hours of each nurse and according to what was described in the JITT method. The training sessions are structured to be 1 hour long and include the following steps: training presentation, signing of the informed consent form, application of the pretest, training, application of the posttest, and final evaluation. All nurses will participate in a single session and receive a participation certificate after completing all the steps described. The training will be carried out in a training room within the hospital.Content analysis will be carried out during the qualitative phase . The most appropriate contents and strategies for nurses, as defined by them, will be combined to determine the elements of the intervention. Regarding the web-based questionnaire and the RRT survey, both of which are quantitative instruments, any increase in the score from the pretest to posttest will represent an improvement and, consequently, indicate the effectiveness of the intervention.The gathered data will be compiled in a spreadsheet using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation) using double entry. In this spreadsheet, numerical encodings will be created for categorical variables. Quantitative variables will be inserted as collected. To avoid erroneous double entries or differences in the created codes, preset values for categorical variables will be used. The spreadsheet containing the data will be password-protected and solely accessible by the lead investigator.The data spreadsheet will be imported into SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute). The results of the focus groups, as well as the preintervention and postintervention assessment questionnaires, will be submitted for content analysis.Qualitative variables will be described by calculating frequencies and percentages, and quantitative variables through position measurements and dispersion.t tests or paired Wilcoxon tests [Comparisons between the two time periods concerning the score of the NEWS2 instrument and part 1 of the RRT survey instrument will be carried out using paired Student on tests , accordiThe internal consistency of part 2 of the RRT survey instrument will be assessed using Cronbach α coefficient . This coThe statistical software SAS and SPSS  will be used to carry out the analysis with a significance level of 5%.No monitoring committee was established for this study because we understand it will bring minimal risk to participants, as described in the section Harms below. In addition, the protocol may be terminated early due to these minimal predicted risks.For this study, small risks and discomforts to participants are foreseen. Participants may feel uncomfortable during the encounters or while answering any questions about clinical deterioration, and they may need to know the answer.The following audit procedures will be considered: (1) compliance audits, by assessing the extent to which nurses are complying with the prescribed training protocol ; (2) knowledge assessments, by assessing nurses’ understanding of the content; (3) skills evaluations, by observing and assessing nurses’ performance of the specific skills or procedures required through direct observation, simulated scenarios, and practical assessments; (4) feedback surveys, to gather feedback from nurses about their training experience; and (5) quality assurance reviews of training materials, resources, and procedures, to ensure they align with evidence-based practices.The local Research Ethics Committee approved the study . All enrolled participants will sign the informed consent form, according to Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council, when instructed about anonymity and the freedom to withdraw their consent at any time during the research. It should be noted that the database will not be sent abroad for analysis. The study was also registered in ReBEC (RBR-5hq9y3k).The lead investigator shall keep research forms for 5 years, at which time they shall be incinerated. A multimodal dissemination strategy will be used to share findings with multiple stakeholders. Strategies will include scientific publications and presentations in the form of an expository and oral class in previously scheduled meetings with hospital managers and the participating nursing team, with the results obtained at the end of the training program implementation.Data collection will start in July 2023 with results expected in December of the same year. This study aims to describe a protocol for a professional training program developed for nurses so that they can implement early assessment of the risk of clinical deterioration and offer appropriate referrals. The protocol will also influence nursing managers and nurses in elaborating protocols and clinical practice because, as the first team to identify changes in the status of patients, the importance of nursing in detecting clinical deterioration is recognized.The results obtained at the end of this research will be shared with the participating nursing team through the presentation of reports. In addition, we will submit the research results to scientific journals and present them at international scientific conferences.This study will describe a protocol for a professional training program designed for nurses to implement early risk assessment of clinical deterioration. This protocol is unprecedented and of great relevance, as some studies ,25 have The development of this proposal is expected to implement a pioneering early warning system with Unicamp Clinical Hospital to increase the quality of care, improve indicators related to patient safety, and decrease the preventable hospital mortality rate.Some limitations pertaining to the study’s design and methodology exist. The limited generalizability is a concern, as the study will be conducted in a specific public university hospital in southeastern Brazil, potentially limiting the applicability of the findings to other health care settings or regions. Potential selection bias is another limitation, as the recruitment process will not be randomized. The data collection period may restrict the gathering of a comprehensive and long-term data set.The second set of limitations revolves around data collection and analysis. The qualitative stage involving focus groups and interviews with nurses introduces the possibility of self-reporting bias, where participants may provide socially desirable responses, or their recollections may not accurately reflect their actual practices. Finally, it is not possible to control or account for potential confounding factors, such as patient demographics or other interventions that may influence the outcomes.Despite the acknowledged limitations, this paper provides a valuable contribution by outlining the design of a nurse-led intervention program that other health care professionals can replicate. The structured and systematically mapped intervention presented in this study offers the potential for improved resource allocation and results optimization. By enhancing nurses’ ability to detect early signs of clinical deterioration and facilitating prompt and accurate interventions, this program holds promise for improving patient outcomes and increasing the likelihood of positive treatment outcomes.Some studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of using intervention mapping in nursing in planning and implementing interventions and evaluating results. The research subjects reported that the interventions allowed a better understanding of the studied models ,28.This study aims to contribute to advancing nursing practices in the context of clinical deterioration among inpatients. The intervention proposed in this research is grounded in established theoretical principles and is characterized by its cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation. Specifically tailored for adult patients in inpatient units, this program holds the potential to substantially enhance nurses’ ability to accurately diagnose and promptly intervene in cases of early clinical deterioration. The paper introduces an evidence-based professional training program designed for nurses and led by a nurse, implementing a risk assessment protocol for early clinical deterioration within the inpatient units.


This research aims to advance the understanding of the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) systems in interior design and the built environment. To assess the current state of research in this field, a systematic review method was used. Multiple databases were searched using keywords such as "smart homes," "smart houses," "IoT and interior design," "IoT," and "the built environment," yielding 475 articles. Following the application of inclusion criteria, 14 articles were chosen for analysis. The findings of this review indicate that, while IoT system integration in the built environment is still in its preliminary stages, it has significant potential for global development in the future. By investigating current and future approaches to IoT systems in interior design and the built environment, the paper adds to the body of knowledge. The advancement of technology has provided the world with the ability to connect devices through the Internet of Things (IoT). This technology has been integrated into many sectors, including the built environment. The Internet has changed and continues to change people's lives by allowing connectivity anytime with anyone who has Internet access . In addiAs the number of Internet-connected devices increases, a study showed that by 2020, there will be more than 50 billion electronic devices connected to the Internet, with a prediction of this number reaching over 200 billion . This trIoT is a concept that allows users to connect everyday objects and smart devices to the Internet, such as home appliances and mobile devices. When these objects and devices are connected to the Internet through a network and infrastructure, it can be referred to as an IoT system  is revolutionizing numerous sectors through its ability to connect devices and create 'smart' environments ,2.It is As the pervasiveness of IoT continues to rise, it is predicted that by 2025, the number of Internet-connected devices could surpass 200 billion . This drThe adoption of IoT is already manifesting in several sectors, driving advances in energy efficiency, healthcare, and the design of living spaces . It is also triggering a change in basic assumptions among architects and interior designers, who are beginning to embrace innovative design concepts and approaches enabled by IoT technology . However, the potential applications and impact of IoT within the interior design realm remain under-studied, creating a significant research gap that this review seeks to address.This systematic review, therefore, aims to advance understanding of IoT's role and potential in interior design and the built environment, drawing on global research into the development and application of IoT systems. Recognizing the rapid pace of technological progress in the IoT field , this review also considers how IoT systems, primarily sensor-based, are deployed within built environments to gather, transmit, and respond to data, and how these capabilities may influence future design strategies .Finally, the review acknowledges that while the benefits of IoT in terms of lighting control, thermal comfort, energy management, and HVAC system control have been well-documented, there is scant literature on the integration of IoT in furniture and space planning within the interior design process . As such, this review will explore this lesser-studied aspect of IoT integration, offering valuable insights for interior designers seeking to navigate the emerging landscape of IoT-enhanced design.By shedding light on the current state of research in this area and identifying areas for future exploration, this systematic review aims to contribute to the effective and informed integration of IoT systems within interior design and the built environment.2This paper uses the systematic review research method. To do this, several keywords were searched in multiple databases. The keywords used were: "Internet of Things"; "IoT"; "Smart Home"; "Smart Space"; "Interior Design"; "IoT Security"; "IoT Privacy"; "IoT in Healthcare"; "IoT in Residential Spaces"; "IoT in Commercial Spaces"; "IoT System Limitations"; "IoT System Implementation. " These keywords were used in various combinations to retrieve the most relevant articles for the review. Also, these keywords were combined with the terms "OR" and "AND" followed by "Internet of Things" or "IoT." The keywords were used in searches on the following databases: Google Scholar, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect. These databases cover many papers on IoT applications in smart homes from an interdisciplinary perspective.31Articles must discuss aspects of the 'smart home' concept in relation to IoT and offer new insights or contributions to the field. Literature that merely mentioned the term 'smart home' or IoT without a substantive discussion or contribution were excluded.2The selected articles must provide a detailed examination of the IoT-based smart homes and their underlying communication mechanisms. Studies that merely used the term 'IoT-based smart homes' without delving into the technicalities and particulars of the IoT communication systems were also excluded.In our systematic review, we implemented a two-step exclusion criterion to streamline the collected literature and focus only on the most relevant papers to our research. Our exclusion criteria were:It is also important to note that our search was restricted to papers published in English due to language capabilities. In this way, we assessed 475 articles related to the topics under investigation. Given the lack of a universal building code or guideline on integrating IoT systems within the built environment, our selection was based on the quality of the subject covered in the paper and its theoretical considerations of the topics . We beliOutcome measures will include general and specific quality-of-life improvement devices and strategies that can or have been implemented within the built environment. Security and energy efficiency are particularly relevant to users and the reasons for implementing IoT systems in the interior space of the built environment. Furthermore, specific outcomes relevant to smart furniture will be grouped into categories and subheadings, such as smart desks for remote work and safety within the built environment in both residential and healthcare spaces . DependiReview data were processed, and a narrative summary was written, focusing on how the findings related to the study's stated goals. Data analysis involved summarizing the significant benefits of using IoT systems within the built environment and conducting a thematic analysis of the included papers to interpret the emerging themes and patterns. Finally, a table of captured critical categories and a summary of key findings and their interpretation regarding the integration and implementation of IoT systems, both positive and negative, within the built environment were provided.3.1475 papers were found and collected from the search. These papers were from the following databases: IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. They were all published research and articles. In the first round of filtering round, duplicate papers were removed, leaving 396 papers. Then, in the second round, the title and abstract of each paper title and abstract were reviewed and scanned, resulting in the exclusion of 382 papers due to their irrelevance. 14 papers met the inclusion criteria that directly connected the built environment and IoT systems from different perspectives. The 14 papers that met the inclusion criteria are summarized in 44.1Many built environment practitioners may have a basic understanding of IoT systems but may not be knowledgeable about the complex, intricate details involved, from hardware devices to software and programming issues. Therefore, an introduction to the components of an IoT system is necessary for this paper.An IoT system is made up of two major components. Hardware and software components are set up and connected to the Internet, along with several types of sensors based on what the user wants to measure ,42.An IoT system is made up of two main components: hardware and software. These components are set up and connected to the Internet, along with several types of sensors based on what the user wants to measure ,42.The user interface allows the information provided by the end-user to be actionable. For example, a user warning might be issued through an email, text, or notification . For ins4.2Findings revealed several existing strategies for implementing IoT systems within the built environment that are designed and implemented to improve the occupants' quality of life of occupants and reduce energy consumption. Many of these strategies, when implemented in healthcare spaces, are aimed at improving the lives of patients and reducing the risk of falls and detecting such, many strategies improve patients' lives, reduce the risk of falls, and detect events . HoweverOther studies have developed, designed, and tested innovative approaches for using IoT systems in smart homes to control water consumption and temperature. However, most of these studies were very technical and may be beyond the reach of interior designers and architects without deep understanding and experience with IoT systems. While all the studies stressed the importance of IoT systems and demonstrated a clear potential for the benefits of IoT system implementation within the built environment to improve quality of life, other studies emphasized the need for further experimentation before IoT systems can be fully implemented in the interior spaces of the built environment .Most of the studies that implemented IoT technology within a healthcare environment had a significant focus on using cameras and sensors to provide healthcare services to elderly people, where privacy was a significant concern, especially when using cameras to detect facial expressions to evaluate and understand the emotional state of the patient in order to act on those emotions . In addiThe findings of this review suggest that implementing IoT systems within healthcare spaces can positively impact emotions and can change the health of the person using the space or being monitored . The finIoT systems can alert healthcare providers about emergencies and provide monitoring capabilities for at-risk patients with different symptoms ,47. Howe4.3Energy conservation is a significant factor that must be considered when constructing or occupying any space. One way to conserve energy in smart spaces is to monitor energy consumption within a given space, analyze the collected data, and improve energy consumption .A cloud based IoT network can help monitor energy conservation in smart homes . In a smThe use of renewable energy in buildings is becoming more common. According to Ref. , solar eGrid and smart home energy management and design were tested, and the results were used to develop an energy timing interface model . The resThe smart home control system demonstrated a significant impact on energy conservation when using IoT systems within a smart home. It was found that using just a few sensors saved about 12 % of total energy consumption within space . It can In conclusion, the advancement of technology has provided the world with the Internet of Things (IoT), which has been integrated into most sectors around the world worldwide, including the built environment. By 2020, it is estimated that there will be over 50 billion Internet-connected devices, with a prediction of this number reaching over 200 billion by the year 2021. The main function of IoT systems is to collect data from sensors within a space and transmit this data to a larger network for processing and decision-making. Implementing IoT systems in the built environment can improve the quality of life for occupants, reduce energy consumption and costs, and lower healthcare costs with personalized care. However, privacy concerns must be addressed, particularly in the healthcare sector, and they need to be addressed. Energy conservation is a significant factor that can be improved with the use of IoT systems, and adopting these systems can help users monitor and determine their energy consumption rates, allowing them to make energy-efficient choices . However4.4People conduct multiple tasks in their daily lives, and the kitchen is one of the significant spaces that people use daily; with so many activities going on in the kitchen, the temperature will change quickly . In addiAlso , have dePrevious research has planned, built, and tested utilizing an IoT system with multiregional sensors within the kitchen space. The testing results showed that an IoT system could deliver SMS notifications anytime there is a high gas concentration in the air. As a result, this system may be used in private houses and public establishments like hotels and restaurants. In addition to being fully automated, modern kitchens also have safety features like gas leak detectors .IoT systems can also be implemented in kitchens by installing sensors and identification devices within the cabinet space. Sensors and identification devices in cabinet spaces can help grocery-level management by measuring product weight before and after use . Then an4.5It is well known that poor sanitation and hygiene of bathrooms can negatively impact users' health and welfare . BathrooThe parts of IoT systems in the bathroom have a variety of sensors starting from sensing the presence of the user to automating flush systems and checking natural ventilation within the space ,47. The After finishing using the bathroom, a flush system is automatically activated ,64. ThisFurthermore, if a person is trying to use a public bathroom, IoT systems can check the availability of the bathroom. Also, this can provide the person with an available bathroom in case the bathroom on that specific floor is fully occupied. This reduces waiting times in large buildings and populated events for public bathrooms. Also, the IoT system can notify security if someone is taking too long in the bathroom to alert them that a user might be facing a health emergency ,68.One can notice the vast benefits and potential of having an IoT system installed within the bathroom's interior spaces, whether in a residential or commercial space. Those benefits can be more developed to reach an ideal efficiency and ease of use level for the public.4.6As one digs deeper into the field of IoT. The system, functions, and uses become more important for home and space users. Security, safety, and privacy are some factors that can be critical and hugely beneficial from IoT technology. As for home security, drastic developments have been made through IoT systems, such as switching from only an on/off alarm system to an intelligent space security IoT system where it collects data through sensors distributed within the space and sends the collected information to the users' phone and the authorities through the Internet regardless of the Internet action while monitoring the situation via live feed at the same time ,69. TherFurthermore, as part of using IoT systems for security. As mentioned previously, it can also be used to monitor the space for potential safety issues such as room temperature and humidity levels, the flame on the stove, rain conditions, and the presence of intruders. They also control the air conditioning system and detect if a person has filled, or he/she is in distress ,36,70.The advantages of using an IoT security system within the space come from several factors, such as the low cost where a user can install an IoT security system, its affordability, and the minimum efforts needed to maintain the system . Also, aDue to the previously mentioned advantages, it can be concluded that ease of use and affordability can be significant factors in making IoT security systems trending within interior spaces, whether in residential or commercial spaces. Also, ease of installation is one of the factors that can be included as part of the advantages of IoT systems, where it does not require significant changes to the infrastructure of the space, and many of the devices used for the system are wirelessly connected.4.7As systems are being used increasingly within interior spaces and are now considered part of the design process more than ever, specialists try to warn people about some downfalls and limitations of IoT systems that anyone who uses them should be aware of. Furthermore, it is argued that manufacturers are focusing more on the energy consumption of each device and sensor without digging deep into solving some privacy and security issues that can come from using an IoT security system in the interior space .In general, IoT-based security systems have concerns since they rely on a wide variety of Internet-connected devices, each of which has its own unique set of privacy and security risks ,31. MoreAnother limitation of using IoT systems in the interior space is that it requires some understanding and skill with using smartphones and technology. However, not all the population has these skills. This issue can be overcome with the proper training and development of a simple and easy-to-read guidebook and guideline fitted for each installed system that gives clear and direct instructions to the users .5This paper aimed to systematically evaluate and assess the IoT systems' role in interior design and in creating smart homes and spaces. Several studies have defined IoT systems and their importance to smart homes, along with providing information on creating smart homes through implementing sensors and collecting data. It can be said that there is an urgent need to study the field of smart homes since the topic is trending, and people are getting more interested in smart homes and spaces.Systematic reviews on Interior Design and built environment and their relationship with IOT studies are incredibly important to guide the implementation of IoT tools to provide an overview of life and space improvement through the right integration between design and technology.The role of the interior designer in this field is expanding, and more information regarding smart home and spaces are needed for interior designer to convince and provide their clients with the best services they can. However, it can be noticed that most of the published studies are very technical, and it can be challenging for an interior designer to understand the smart home's components thoroughly. Therefore, a collaboration between architects, interior designers, and I.T. Specialists should be undergoing in the industry of smart homes and spaces.The benefits of IoT systems were identified in various parts of space. In healthcare facilities, it can help monitor patients in their homes or at the care facility and alert healthcare providers at any point of the day. Therefore, this can reduce trips to healthcare facilities and the workload on healthcare providers. Also, the benefits of IoT systems were identified in terms of residential spaces based on each space where it is implemented. Furthermore, most of the research focuses on the advantages of IoT systems in space surveillance, where spaces can be monitored throughout the day, and the users can be notified about any predefined issue. This can correlate with safety and security within space. The tole of IoT systems is expanding in the practice of interior design, more research improves its benefits for users of the space, and healthcare providers in healthcare facilities can help meet the ever-changing demand for better spaces and healthcare facilities.This systematic review is a starting point for further research regarding smart homes and space implementation. This review revealed that the integration of IoT systems within the built environment is still under development. However, this field has immense potential to expand on a global scale, and the estimated market value of such an industry to be around 98 billion USD by 2025, with the number of connected devices to the Internet estimated to be six times the world population . Smart hStudies show that to transform conventional indoor environments into "smart," multi-level, multi-strategy system techniques must be used. Those upgrades would be highly effective for healthcare providers and space users. Also, embedding those upgrades and interventions within the interior space would provide considerable security and energy savings. However, more high-quality research is needed to confirm energy-saving claims. Hopefully, this analysis's findings will encourage more studies and actual IoT practitioners and interior design professionals to work together more closely to produce integrations of IoT systems and the interior environment.Future systematic reviews regarding IoT systems and interior design would benefit from reporting the most effective strategies and components of IoT systems within the interior space. There is a need to have clear guidelines on integrating IoT systems within the interior space to protect security and privacy and provide better healthcare for the aging population. Furthermore, future reviews could dig deeper into the cost-effectiveness of installing and implementing IoT systems within the interior space, either in residential, commercial, or healthcare facilities that will benefit the most.Limitations of IoT systems within the interior space were discussed, and the most critical parts were based on the security of the collected data and privacy issues of users' data. Also, the usability and technical knowledge needed to operate the technology within space can be a barrier for some users. However, this can be overcome with proper training, doing periodic checks, and visiting the users, and involving a systems evaluation in the post-occupancy evaluation process of the building.5.1While there has been significant research into the application of IoT systems in interior spaces, several gaps and limitations in research persist that warrant further exploration. Those gaps and limitation are as follows:Integration of IoT systems: Despite the existence of several standalone IoT systems targeting different areas of a home or commercial space, there is a lack of comprehensive studies that integrate these systems seamlessly for an enhanced user experience. This study addresses this gap by examining how various IoT solutions can work in tandem to optimize overall functionality.User-friendly IoT systems: Several studies, such as , have hiPrivacy and security of IoT systems: Many researchers, like , have poStandardization of IoT systems: A lack of standardization exists in the current IoT landscape, with various manufacturers using different technologies and standards. This situation often leads to compatibility issues, hindering the adoption of IoT technologies. Therefore, more research on the development of standardized protocols and interfaces is needed.Energy-efficient IoT systems: While IoT systems have been shown to help manage energy consumption, more research needs to be conducted on making the IoT devices themselves more energy-efficient. This area forms a significant part of this paper's scope.IoT systems in education: The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the educational sector holds significant promise, transforming learning environments and teaching methodologies. Smart, interactive classrooms can be created through IoT, where sensors monitor and adapt environmental conditions for optimal learning . IoT devThe application of IoT extends to enhancing e-learning platforms, offering real-time, interactive sessions and immersive experiences through Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) devices . It alsoAs we look into the future, there are sevelate action that can be take to fill the gap in the literature in the field of IoT and interior design. Hence, the need for an in-depth empirical research that focuses on the long term benefits of implementing IoT technology within the interior space. These studidies can give new insights and explore the effectiveness of using such technologies, and what extents it should be used.Particularly for interior spaces, future research could explore innovative IoT applications that provide comprehensive security solutions. They might investigate how new advancements, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, can be integrated into IoT systems to enhance their effectiveness.As for interior design, future research could explore the extent of using IoT technology in improving safety and securitybsuliosions within the built environment. Fithurmore, in the ducation sectore, researchers can explorethe utilization of IoT technology in creating more engaging and interactive classroom space.In conclusion, there is a huge potential for IoT technology for enhancing interior design and the built environment on a multy level scale. It can evolutionze safety, security, power consumption, and education. However, the existing literature in these specifics areas is lacking the depth and comprehensiveness. This review paper has identified the gaps, and it provides an overview of the current state of research in this field. By addressing these gaps, the field of IoT technology can be future studied which will lead to maximizing it benifitial usage, and create safer and more effieciant interior spaces.By addressing these research gaps, a profound contribution to the advancement of IoT systems' deployment in interior spaces, emphasizing their potential to enhance safety, efficiency, and overall user experience can be made.Informed consent was not required for this study because the data used in this paper is published research, and no data collection from human and/or animal subjects were conducted.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


When the rice grain and husk samples were evaluated in terms of arsenic accumulation, the highest values (1.62 ppm) were obtained from areas where groundwater was used as irrigation water, whereas the lowest values (0.21 ppm) occurred in samples from the stream. It was observed that the abundance of the Comamonadaceae family and Limnohabitans genus members was at the highest level in groundwater during grain formation. As rice development progressed, arsenic accumulated in the roots, shoots, and rice grain. Although the highest arsC values were reached in the field where groundwater was used, methane production increased in areas where surface water sources were used. In order to provide arsenic-free rice consumption, the preferred soil, water source, microbiota members, rice type, and anthropogenic inputs for use on agricultural land should be evaluated rigorously.Access to safe food is one of the most important issues. In this context, rice plays a prominent role. Because high levels of arsenic in rice grain are a potential concern for human health, in this study, we determined the amounts of arsenic in water and soil used in the rice development stage, changes in the  Agricultural use has a 37% share of the land area at the global level. Most of this land is used to produce rice, a staple food that act as an important energy (70%) and protein 50%) source for more than half of the world’s population ,2,3,4,5.0% sourceEscherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus sp., the resistance developed against As compounds is regulated by an operon known as the ars operon, which consists of at least three genes: arsB, arsC, and arsR , and trimethylarsine [(CH3)3As]) is included, the arsenic cycle in rice agriculture emerges [With root formation, the highest As values occurred in the samples from the Ulukır region, which contained the lowest As concentration in the sludge samples but the highest concentration in the irrigation water. However, this value occurred in the first tillering period, and an approximately five-fold decrease in the amount of As in the root occurred with grain formation. In other samples, the amount of As accumulated in the root during grain formation increased . As is a emerges . For thi emerges . In our Although the amount of As accumulated in the shoots increased with grain formation, the highest values occurred in the shoots obtained from the Danakumu region (DKSH3), which is irrigated with groundwater. The lowest values were observed in samples from the Gündoğan Region, where irrigation is conducted with water from the Yenice dam (GDSH3). Although the Danakumu region ranks second in terms of As accumulation in sludge, the highest As accumulation in exile was observed in this region. On the contrary, the accumulation was at the lowest level in the rice shoots grown in the Gündoğan region (GDSH3), which showed the highest sludge (GDB3) As value. Therefore, irrigation with dam water appears to be the most appropriate method. When the rice grain and husk samples were evaluated in terms of As accumulation, the highest values occurred in samples from the Danakumu region (DKK1), whereas the lowest values occurred in samples from the Ulukır region (UKP1). When the samples were evaluated without separating the husk, the highest values occurred in samples from Gündoğan (GDG1) and the lowest values occurred in samples from the Ulukır region (UKG1) . Thus, lAs-contaminated irrigation water greatly affects the rise of As in the soil and its subsequent accumulation in rice grains. As accumulation in rice is highly dependent on its bioavailability, even in As-rich soil, and is influenced by various factors such as the soil type; physicochemical parameters; presence of other elements; composition of minerals such as iron, phosphorus, sulfur, and the soil–rhizosphere–plant system; rhizospheric microorganisms and their activities; organic matter and related microbial populations; water regime; and nutritional status .Although the amount of As in soil, water, and sludge is very important, the microbiota in the habitats where rice cultivation is carried out is of great importance. With the occurrence of biochemical transformations, there are variations in the amounts of different compounds. Therefore, the species abundance and diversity should be evaluated in order to make accurate assessments in such habitats .arsC gene copy numbers were also found in the sludge samples, consistent with the occurrence of the highest bacterial load in the Danakumu DKB1 sample. At the same time, the highest mcrA gene copy number was found in this sample. With the onset of the first germination period, there was a decrease in the number of arsC gene copies in the sludge samples from the Danakumu and Ulukır regions; however, in contrast, there was an increase in the samples from the Gündoğan region. Whereas the mcrA gene copy number was high, consistent with the high total bacterial load in the first Danakumu sludge sample obtained by fully saturating the agricultural land with water before germination started, a decrease in the copy number of this gene region occurred with the onset of germination . Although the bacterial load in the underground water, which is the water source for the Danakumu region, gradually increased, there was a numerical decrease in the sludge samples in the following sampling periods. Although the bacterial load in the Yenice Dam water (Gündoğan region) gradually decreased, the number of bacteria contained in the sludge sample gradually increased . The higmination . VariatiarsC gene copy number present in these samples. There are many gene regions that function within the scope of bacterial As metabolism [arsC gene region, arsenate is reduced [arsC gene region is intensively investigated in terms of As accumulation in food [arsC gene copy number in the same samples. This can be explained by the fact that arsenic contamination did not occur long ago, and therefore, members of the microbiota have not had enough time to obtain the necessary gene regions. However, as a result of the highest arsC gene copy numbers occurring in the Danakumu sludge samples  have been identified in rice paddy soils. Methane can be metabolized anaerobically as well as aerobically. Aerobic methanotrophs are also found in the phyla Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia . The resLimnohabitans genus (When all of the results had been evaluated, it was revealed that the Danakumu region, where groundwater is used as an irrigation source, had the greatest As accumulation in rice grain and husk samples. During grain formation, the diversity and abundance of the members of the Comamonadaceae family , as wellns genus  (which garsC gene copy numbers. The second highest level of accumulation occurred in rice from the Gündoğan region, which is irrigated with dam water. The same picture was observed in this region. Accumulation in roots and shoots gradually increased, resulting in an increase in the grain samples as a result. There was a gradual increase in the number of mcrA gene copies, the last component of the gorgeous trio, in the Ulukır and Gündoğan regions, where the surface water sources, the Gönen Stream and Yenice Dam, were used to obtain irrigation water. This is an expected result, as the air temperature increase and the effects of anthropogenic pollution inputs can be seen immediately.In the samples from the Danakumu region, it was revealed that as paddy development progressed, the amounts of As accumulated in the root and shoot also increased, resulting in the highest As accumulation in the husk and rice grains. These obtained data became more meaningful as the Danakumu samples contained the highest People are exposed to high levels of As by drinking arsenic-contaminated water, using these water sources as sources of irrigation for food crops, and consuming arsenic-contaminated food as a result of industrial processes. Rice, which is one of the basic foodstuffs consumed all over the world, is cultivated under anaerobic conditions and exposed to high levels of As contamination in the wetlands where it is grown. For this reason, the current study was carried out to determine the changes in the amount of As accumulated in rice by assessing the functional gene pathway and to support the data with a metagenomic study. As a final word, the highest rate of As accumulation was found in the rice grains cultivated with groundwater, which is more difficult to pollute compared with surface water. Demand for groundwater is gradually increasing due to the decrease in surface water due to the increase in global warming and the effects of anthropogenic pollution, as the remaining areas are also unusable. However, due to the high cost of monitoring these water resources in terms of their capacity to threaten public health, the food obtained from these resources and agricultural areas is increasingly becoming a great risk. The factors that can be effective in As accumulation are the As content of the water and soil used in rice farming, the phytoremediation ability of rice, the stabilization properties of As on land, and the microbiota members present. However, it would be beneficial to include all microbial physiological cycles in the evaluation in order to make the most accurate interpretation of the final result. Many gene regions are required for the metabolism of As, and these gene regions can vary in different species. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effects of microbiota members and their resistance genes on As accumulation in the environment and food in detail. Although researchers are working on different bacteria and genes responsible for arsenic uptake, transport, and/or detoxification in rice plants to produce more suitable crops for consumption, cultivation under various field conditions with different microbiota members and subsequent quality rice production remain unsolved problems. The data obtained in this study reveal the land and irrigation sources in the sampling area with high potential for arsenic risk. In rice agriculture, such studies should be carried out first and the soil and irrigation resources that contain the most suitable microbiota members in terms of arsenic bioremediation and pose a low arsenic risk should be selected. As a result, important steps will be taken to reach a safe environment and safe food production with biofertilizer or vaccine culture applications that contain the necessary microbiota members with the necessary gene regions.


The review is devoted to the methods of introducing aryl functional groups to the CNT surface. Arylated nanotubes are characterized by extended solubility, and are widely used in photoelectronics, semiconductor technology, and bioelectrocatalysis. The main emphasis is on arylation methods according to the radical mechanism, such as the Gomberg–Bachmann and Billups reactions, and the decomposition of peroxides. At the same time, less common approaches are also considered. For each of the described reactions, a mechanism is presented in the context of the effect on the properties of functionalized nanotubes and their application. As a result, this will allow us to choose the optimal modification method for specific practical tasks. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a present-day material discovered in 1993 . CNTs diThe purpose of this work is a critical analysis of the CNT surface functionalization methods by aryl fragments to determine their effect on the properties of modified nanotubes. This reaction class has been chosen due to the wide application areas of arylated nanotubes, both by themselves and for further modification. At the beginning, various methods of arylation and their mechanisms are described in the context of the influence of test conditions on the structure and properties of functionalized CNTs. This is followed by a summary of the properties of nanotubes functionalized by aryl fragments, and their application.Arylation by the Gomberg–Bachmann reaction with diazonium salts  is the mDiazonium salts are unstable in solution and extremely explosive in dry form, excluding some complex fluorides, aryl sulfonates , and o-bThe production of arylenediazonium in non-aqueous media in situ is also widely used, this is achieved by the reaction between isoamyl nitrite and aromatic amine. However, this approach is not environmentally friendly, as well as the dispersibility of native nanotubes in organic solvents does not meet the requirements. The reaction has been proposed to be carried out in a two-phase water-isoamyl nitrite system , but thiThe study  suggestsTriazenes are proposed to be used as an alternative to arylenediazonium borofluorides due to their greater stability and solubility in water ; howeverThe study  has showThere is still no consensus on the detailed mechanism even for the classical Gomberg–Bachmann reaction; nevertheless, there have been attempts to describe the mechanism of CNT arylation, mainly for aqueous CNT dispersions in the presence of surfactants at different pH values ,40,41,42The occurring aryl radicals attach to nanotubes, reacting as electrophiles. Due to this fact, there can be observed both the selectivity to CNTs with a metallic type of conductivity and a higher reaction rate of aryl radicals with acceptor substituents . The resStudies ,43, baseAdding diazonium cations in small portions has been suggested to achieve a high degree of arylation selectivity . The attThe Gomberg–Bachmann reaction shows selectivity both to the type of CNT conductivity, and to their diameter, but the data is contradictory. Studies ,45 reporInformation about side reactions is also contradictory. On the one hand, GC-MS analysis of the filtrate has not revealed the presence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons . On the The reductive arylation of CNT salts with various reagents (the Billups reaction and its modifications) is of great interest. It has been shown since 1997 that an electron is transferred from a metal atom to carbon when CNTs are fused with alkali metals . Due to CNT salts can be obtained by several methods , interacThe reaction in THF with alkali metals in the presence of electron–carrying catalysts, such as naphthalene ,74,75,76Aryliodides are mostly used for the arylation of CNT salts ,57,72,73The synthesis of electrically conductive polymers is proposed by the interaction of CNT salts with paradiodobenzene and paradiodobiphenyl, alongside benzene-4,4′-bis (diazonium) and 1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-bis (diazonium)  Figure . The mosUsing aryliodides as arylating agents leads to the fact that functionalized CNTs turn out to be contaminated by-products of a combination of radicals that are difficult to remove. This has been shown by analysis of GC-MS filtrate after alkylation of CNT ,59. AlkyThe common disadvantage of alkylation and arylation reactions by Billups is a side hydrogenation process, occurring during both the reaction  and the Thermal decomposition of benzoyl peroxide is widely used for CNT phenylation ,94,95,96A solid-phase reaction is also described . Other pThe mechanism of CNTs’ interaction with organic peroxides has been studied in several studies ,93,95. ECNTs reduce peroxides to radical anions, which immediately undergo the breaking of O-O bonds. The radicals rapidly react with the cation radicals of the nanotubes after decarboxylation, and functionalization occurs. In the study , the PMRReactions of CNT arylation by structural analogs of peroxides have been described, which apparently proceed by a similar mechanism. Phenyl radicals have been sewn through a sulfide bridge by boiling CNTs with a twofold excess of organic disulfide in toluene for 48 h without oxygen . The degWong et al.  have shoThere is a report on the use of the Ullmann reaction for the arylation of CNTs . InitialCNT has been proposed to be arylated with 4-methoxyphenylhydrazine hydrochloride by boiling in toluene in an oxygen medium  or irradThe study  shows thThe cross-linking of aromatic hydrocarbons with nanotubes via a carboxamide bond and cycloaddition reactions do not belong to traditional arylation methods, nevertheless, they allow introducing aromatic fragments onto the CNT surface. Therefore, they can be used to solve the same problems. The production of aromatic amides from CNTs has a number of disadvantages: the multi-stage nature of the process, the strong destruction of the CNT structure, as well as the crosslinking of aryl groups mainly with edge carbon atoms. This characteristic does not allow to get a high functionalization degree; thus, the main focus is paid to cycloaddition reactions in this section . There hThe studies ,106 haveThe Diels–Alder cycloaddition is also described for CNT. Nanotubes can act both as dienes and as dienophiles . HoweverThe study  proposesAll scalable methods of CNT synthesis give a mixture with a wide range of properties: length, diameter, and type of conductivity. The isolation of individual CNT fractions is important for the most effective use of their extraordinary properties. The most acute problem is the separation of metal nanotubes from semiconductor ones . SemiconIt is also possible to fractionate nanotubes by diameter with the help of arylation. Thus, the Billups reaction  and arylThe properties of modified CNTs are closely related to the functionalization method in use, so it is necessary to choose a special approach for each application area. A dispersibility increase in different solvents is one of the most important properties of CNTs functionalized by aryl groups. Reviews on this topic have recently been published ,123. TheDespite the low functionalization degree (1:69–1:272), CNTs, functionalized according to Billups, have the greatest solubility . Most liIt is widely known that semiconductor carbon nanotubes are capable of photoluminescence in the near IR range ,117,118.Bioelectrocatalysis plays an important role in modern chemistry . The creMany methods of introducing aryl groups to their surface have been described since the discovery of CNTs, but a more detailed study of the functionalization mechanisms is needed, as there are only a few works devoted to this problem and there appear to be serious contradictions. At the same time, understanding the reaction mechanism will make it possible to obtain materials with specified properties, which is the ultimate goal. All the approaches discussed in this review have their advantages and disadvantages see , so they


Active transportation referring to non-motorized modes of transport is promoted and popularized both in practice and in the scientific literature, while their use for urban freight transport has been largely neglected. Thus the main scope of the paper is to indicate the development potential of micromobility use in urban freight transport and to check its influence on urban sustainability.The authors have hypothesized that active means of transport, with a focus on micromobility, have great development potential in freight transportation in cities. The implemented methods for analyzing the relationship between users’ characteristics, micromobility, and its impact on urban sustainable development, were logit and probit modelling. The authors’ system includes an analysis of factors connected with the topics of sustainability and micromobilty, that have met an essential scientific gap that this paper addresses.Logistic (logit) regression is used mainly for binary, ordinal, and multi-level outcomes to find the probability of success (i.e. occurrence of some event). Probit regression, however, is primarily used in binary response models and assumes the normal distribution of data.The main finding of the article has led the authors to the statement that active means of transport, including micromobility have great development potential in freight transportation in cities.Knowledge of the acceptance of micromobility solutions is essential for municipal authorities in shaping the development of urban transport systems. Thus proper strategies and actions need to be prioritized to leverage the sustainability-related co-benefits of active transport. The consequence of globalization and urbanization processes involves growing cities with a high accumulation and concentration of various economic activities. As a result, cities worldwide are facing challenges in developing sustainable, healthy, and efficient mobility. Contrary to people living in the country, city residents are much more exposed to numerous inconveniences like noise, harmful substances emissions, and congestion caused mainly by urban transport. Thus all urban transport stakeholders, significantly city inhabitants, could benefit from the practical solutions and infrastructure investments in providing new mobility models –4.Research and reports on urban transport issues provide overviews of mobility solutions dedicated to passengers and freight that can improve sustainability and health outcomes –7 EspeciAccordingly, the article highlights the most important challenges related to the urban transport system with a focus on sustainable urban freight transport. The authors have analyzed how the micromobility solutions used for freight transport in cities contribute to achieving sustainability goals. The general aim of the paper was to indicate the possibilities and perspectives of sustainable urban freight transport development. To achieve this goal, the authors have used a survey to collect data from the respondents.The nextt stages were based on data analysis. The logit/probit method was used with the analysis which enables estimating connections between individual explanatory variables and determining their impact on the explained variable simultaneously.The structure of the paper, was subordinated to the objectives. Firstly, researchers described the sustainability concept, next micromobility solutions were mentioned with their characteristics and main problems. In the following section, data, and methodology were presented with the subsequent research results and the conclusion containing research implications, limitations, and future research plans.The concept of sustainability was initially mentioned during the 1980 World Conservation Strategy and was defined as a kind of development allowing the world’s ecosystems and biodiversity to stay sustainable. The 1987 Brundtland Report ,14  starting to be analyzed in the scientific literature –59, withTo conduct the literature review, the three databases were analyzed . AccordiAs a term, micromobility was first used by H. Dediu, who described this way of transport as provided by shared vehicles weighing less than 500 kg.  This dirAccording to this definition, two types of vehicles represent micromobility–human-powered and electrically powered vehicles, e.g., to be more precise, IFT classifies micromobility vehicles into 4 groups:type A–unpowered or powered vehicles with speed up to 25 km/h and weight of 35 kg ;type B–vehicles with speed up to 25 km/h and weight of 35–350 kg;type C–powered vehicles with speeds up to 25–45 km/h and a weight of 35 kg;type D–vehicles with speeds up to 25–45 km/h and weight of 35–350 kg.Regulatory frameworks related to micromobility vary depending on the country of origin. European Union regulations related to micromobility were established in law N°168/2013 . L-categThe efforts to classify micromobility were made in the US by SAE International –a standatop speed of 48km/h;weight of the vehicle up to 227 kg;width of the vehicle up to 1,5m;power sources: electric motor or combustion engine.The New Urban Mobility Alliance NUMO  presentsConsidering various systematizations of micromobility vehicles , the maiThus the micromobility solutions were analyzed from the perspective of their sustainable character in environmental, social, and economic terms. Next, the particular criteria based on the literature sources were described in In the study, three potential subjects have been addressed. First, regarding the sustainability criteria mentioned above for micromobility, the authors have decided to check whether the micromobility solutions fulfill the requirements of sustainable development. The relationship between sustainability and micromobility solutions has been emerging in the literature on the subject. However, it is often addressed on a theoretical level in general  or with The research process was designed in three layers: descriptive, methodological, and analytic. Firstly an initial literature review was conducted in order to identify the research gap. Secondly, the research scope and research questions were formulated, and the methodological approach was chosen on their basis,. During this phase, possible interrelationships between agreement with sustainability criteria (perception of passengers) and usage of micromobility transport facilities have been examined. Next, typical characteristics of passengers  and their perception of the usage of micromobility solutions have been taken into account, as in studies in different countries , e.g., Awad-Núñez et al.  FollowinOn the basis of these steps, the research questions (RQ) were formulated:RQ1: How do the micromobility solutions meet the criteria of sustainable development?RQ2: Which individual characteristics of significantly different passengers determine the usage of micromobility means of transportation?RQ3: How do the characteristics of passengers, usage of modes of transportation, and perception of micromobility solutions determine the use of micromobility means of transportation in urban freight transport?Following this, the interview questionnaire was prepared and conducted.The next stages were based on data analysis. The logit/probit method was used with the analysis which enabled estimating connections between individual explanatory variables and determining their impact on the explained variable simultaneously .The authors collected data in the last months of 2021 based on the CAWI survey data with a random sample of over 500 Polish residents. For the research, the data collected by preparing a questionnaire were used. As a result, the authors obtained accurate information on 551 users of different means of transportation. The sample is representative as it considers the distribution of age in population, gender, and place of residence of potential passengers. One of the main features of such a database is unique information about micromobility features, usage of specific micromobility solutions by passengers, and perception of users of micromobility solutions on meeting sustainable development criteria, which are divided into categories.age), binary , ordinal  variables, and categorized in the Likert scale . Descriptive statistics for all variables used in the study are presented in Appendix A and in basic form in As the data collected are based on a questionnaire, they are on different scales, such as continuous  regression is used mainly for binary, ordinal and multi-level outcomes to find the probability of success (i.e. the occurrence of some event). Probit regression, however, is primarily used in binary response models and assumes the normal distribution of data.For example, in terms of logit regression, the dependent variable can be defined as:Following the described approach and formulated hypotheses, the authors calculated models accordingly. Firstly, regarding micromobility solutions and sustainable development, the authors checked the distribution of answers given by passengers on their agreement with the questions referring to the consistency of micromobility and sustainable development criteria.use_micro_any  which refers to the fact that a passenger used any micromobility means of transportation . The authors applied logit regression to obtain the probability of using any micromobility means of transport by a specific person. Regarding control variables, the individual characteristics of passengers , and working status), and passengers’ perception on using micromobility (e.g. existence of gender gap and types of ownership/sharing micromobility) have been taken into account.Secondly, logit regression was utilised in terms of usage of micromobility facilities in general. The primary dependent variable is use_aim_freight with probit modelling as the normal data distribution is obtained. Thus, the probability of using micromobility in urban freight transport has been estimated.Thirdly, when focusing on urban freight transport, the authors have included factors determining the usage of micromobility from the second step with the addition of currently used modes of transportation. The dependent variable is Therefore, taking into account the results presented in In the next step, the factors influencing the usage of micromobility, in general, were analyzed. As shown before, the authors considered the characteristics of the respondents  and variables related to the use and ownership of micromobility solutions. The results have been presented in Appendix B. The main determinants differentiating the results are gender and age . The results also differ for the income category, the number of people staying in the household, etc.Finally, results for a specific type of transportation–urban freight transport were obtained. The results have been presented in For the general model, the critical differentiating factors include age , the number of people in the household , the level of income  and the type of employment . Notably, the factors related to the perception of micromobility are statistically insignificant here.The paper consists of a few subjects, and first of all investigates the impact of micromobility solutions on sustainability level, and subsequently, the relationships between the passengers’ characteristics and the propensity to use micro mobile vehicles for freight transport.Our study supports the position, that micromobility solutions meet the criteria of sustainable development and this is the first study to compare the micromobility used for UFT’s impact on the sustainable development of cities. This is somewhat surprising given the fact that in recent years the papers from scientific journals have focused on the micromobility potential quite intensively. However, the mainstream scientific literature agrees as to the role of these new modes (classified as micro mobile vehicles) in sustainable development –96, analExisting research is used to build a three-pillar approach, that is then implemented for evaluating the extent to which micromobility contributes to the sustainability of urban transport systems. Nevertheless, the environmental performance of micromobility solutions is quite frequently the subject of the analyses, where the authors calculate the impact of micromobility on the emissions of harmful substances , congestAlthough the authors, while preparing and conducting the research, made an effort to ensure that the results obtained were as plausible and credible as possible, they have been aware of certain limitations related to the study. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced travel in general and disrupted travel patterns across cities all over the world, affecting urban mobility which was confirmed in reports  and scieSecondly, the results for one country have been presented, and collecting and analyzing data from different countries would give a broader picture of the use of micromobility for passenger and freight transport. And finally, the respondents were asked if the micromobility met the particular sustainability criteria. In future work, more factors should be taken into consideration including e.g. no battery recycling issues, legal restrictions on movements, and accidents with other road users, to name a few.The use of micromobility solutions as an additional mode in urban transport systems begins to be a component of transport behaviors. Since micromobility used in passenger transport is undoubtedly expected to grow in the future, our study has examined this mode’s share in UFT. Therefore the analysis consisted of a few subjects—investigating whether micromobility met Poland’s sustainable development criteria and examining the relationship between the probability of using micromobility modes of transportation  and the individual characteristics of passengers. While the impact of the use of micro mobile vehicles on sustainable development has been confirmed and accepted due to the consistency of the results obtained from the analysis of passenger responses, the relationship between the characteristics of the respondents and their propensity to use modern modes is a more complex problem. Results for using micromobility in urban freight transport, confirming the leading role of age, income, and housing conditions as the main differentiating factors in the analysis, were estimated. Yet, one should underline the scarce evidence on the impact of the perception on sharing micromobility on the usage of this type of transportation facility.The current analysis points out the directions for further research:The study should be deepened by conducting repetitive cross-section models in the future to prepare for sensitivity analysis.This kind of research would enable one to show much more differentiated results regarding the probability of using micromobility solutions and meeting sustainability criteria for micromobility.Comparing micromobility transportation modes (and assessing the likelihood of their use) in different countries would be an asset.Secondly, however, the obtained cross-section data have not allowed us to conduct a more detailed analysis regarding key determinants of urban freight modes of transportation because of the relatively low number of observations for specific micromobility solutions. Therefore, there should be an effort made to collect more targeted data on urban freight modes of transportation using micromobility to have the analysis significantly enriched.As addressed above by the authors, there is plenty of room for changes in the perception of micromobility in Poland, indicating the directions and areas of future research, so it is hoped that this study will continue the scientific discussion about micromobility development and its share in urban mobility, both in passenger and freight transportation Passengers have been increasingly likely to use new ways of transportation—those related to micromobility vehicles in general, as well as micromobility for urban freight transport. What is crucial is that, it is followed by their increasing awareness of meeting sustainable development goals through these modes of transportation. Of course, people differ a lot, and these differences significantly determine their use of micromobility. However, one important conclusion is viable, namely, there is vast, initially exposed the potential for the usage of sustainable means of transportation that would lead to a significant shift toward micromobility solutions.S1 Table(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S2 Table(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S3 Table(XLS)Click here for additional data file.