Existing research has suggested that older adults in Japan enjoy phenomenal physical health status, but they have poor subjective well-being (SWB). Limited empirical evidence exists, however, on how physical health and SWB intersect and are linked to the lives of older men and women in Japan. Using the concept of health expectancy, this study examines the role of SWB, as measured by life satisfaction, in the mortality and morbidity experiences of Japanese adults aged 65 years and older.We used the nationally representative Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging, 1999–2009. Our measurement of morbidity is disability, based on difficulty in activities in daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs. We use the Interpolation of Markov Chains approach to compute life expectancy (LE), LE without disability (active LE), and LE with differing severity of disability for those who are satisfied with life and for those who are not.We documented significant differences in LE and active LE by the state of life satisfaction among older adults in Japan. Men and women who are satisfied with life are expected to live longer and spend more years without having disability compared to those who are not satisfied. We found no differences in the length of life with disability of differing severity by the state of life satisfaction.Our results highlight the important role of SWB at older ages in Japan, because it is directly related to the physical health of its aging population. Fully understanding the health of the older population requires research that focuses on both objective and subjective dimensions of well-being. Translational Significance: This study examined the role of subjective well-being (SWB), as measured by life satisfaction, in the health expectancy of older men and women in Japan. We documented significant differences in the length of active life by the state of life satisfaction, suggesting the importance of SWB in later life. This point is of particular importance in the years of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, when older adults are at greater risk of being socially isolated.With the fast pace of population aging worldwide, there has been a growing interest in the quality of later life. The United Nations (UN) declared the period between 2021 and 2030 as the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing, the global initiative to promote the well-being of older adults, their families, and the communities in which they live . QualityA large literature has investigated how SWB changes with age. Some researchers have found that SWB tends to be higher in later life , while odankai generation, reach age 75 in 2025. Another important feature includes the physical health status. In 2020, life expectancy (LE) at age 65 stood at 20.05 years for men (changing from 10.16 years in 1947) and 24.91 years for women  include physical and emotional abuse, as well as neglect . The expFurthermore, Japanese people have relatively poor SWB when compared with international standards. A repeated cross-sectional survey conducted in Japan, Germany, Sweden, and the United States shows that Japanese adults aged 60 and older are less satisfied with life compared to their western counterparts. According to the 2020 survey results , 81.5% oWhile older adults in Japan enjoy phenomenal physical health status but have poor SWB, several important issues remain unanswered. First, the relationship between objective and subjective dimensions of well-being remains to be established. This is because the literature on Japanese people’s objective and subjective well-being remains largely separate, and thus relatively little is known how SWB may be related to physical health status among older adults. A small body of work that does focus on the SWB and health of the Japanese population has examined mortality and health separately . With reUsing the concept of health expectancy that incorporates mortality and morbidity, the present study investigates the role of SWB among Japanese adults aged 65 and older. Our measurement of morbidity is disability, and we focus on life satisfaction as a measurement of SWB. We choose to focus on life satisfaction, because prior research has used it to examine the relationship between SWB and physical health status . There aThe Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging (NUJLSOA) was used for the analysis. We used the data from the baseline survey of 1999 and four longitudinal follow-ups in 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2009. The NUJLSOA is based on multistage probability sampling and provides a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized individuals aged 65 and older in Japan at baseline. The data were collected through in-person interviews based on a standardized questionnaire that covers a range of topics about the lives of older people, such as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, physical, mental, and oral health conditions, health care utilization, health lifestyles, interpersonal relationships, and social inclusion. The response rate of the baseline survey was 74.6% and remained higher than 80% throughout follow-up interviews. This study utilized the baseline sample of 4,994 people  who were followed through 2009. More details about the NUJLSOA survey have been published previously .Estimating health expectancy requires data on mortality and morbidity. In the NUJLSOA, death of a participant was reported by a family member through longitudinal follow-ups. There are in total 1,434 reported deaths between 1999 and 2009.The key indicator of physical health is disability, measured by difficulty in activities in daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs). ADLs in this study comprise bathing, dressing, eating, getting out of a bed, moving around the home, toileting, and walking, and IADLs refer to preparing meals, using the telephone, managing money, shopping for groceries, doing light housework, taking medications, and using public transportation. Response categories include “difficult” and “not difficult.” Using the information on ADLs and IADLs, the following three types of disability states were defined: without disability (no difficulty in ADLs and IADLs), IADL disability (difficulty in performing one or more IADLs but no difficulty in ADLs), and ADL disability (difficulty in performing one or more ADLs). Active LE in this study denotes the average length of life without difficulty in ADLs and IADLs. Prior research has used the same definition of LE with disability of differing severity .Our measurement of SWB is life satisfaction. While SWB can be measured by a range of variables, such as happiness, positive emotions, and meaning in life , this stWe use the multistate life table approach to compute incidence-based health expectancy in the Interpolation of Markov Chains (IMaCh) computer program version 0.99r24 . We defiWe then tested the role of life satisfaction in health expectancy measures. More specifically, we estimate LE, ALE, LE with IADL disability, and LE with ADL disability for those who are satisfied with life and for those who are not. The 95% confidence intervals, generated by the IMaCh program, allow us to detect significant differences, if any, in health expectancy by the state of life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is measured at each wave and included in the models as a time-varying covariate. We estimated life satisfaction-specific health expectancy separately for men and women.Next, we use the age-specific transition probabilities estimated above as the input into a life table and calculate LE, active LE, LE with IADL disability, and LE with ADL disability for those who are satisfied with life and for those who are not. Second, there are clear differences in active LE at age 65 by the state of life satisfaction. For men and women, the average length of life without disability at age 65 is significantly longer for those who are satisfied with life than those who are not. Active LE at age 65 was 17.17 years for men who are satisfied with life, while the result for those who are not satisfied was 13.03 years. Similar patterns are observed among women. At age 65, women who were satisfied with life could expect to live 17.64 years without having disability, while the result for their unsatisfied counterparts was 14.20 years. When these results are converted into the percentage of disability-free life (active LE divided by LE multiplied by 100), men and women who are satisfied with life are expected to spend greater proportions of their life without disability. Such differences by the state of life satisfaction, however, are not statistically significant.Third, the length of life with disability of differing severity does not depend on the state of life satisfaction. For men and women, there are no significant differences in LE with IADL disability and LE with ADL disability by the level of life satisfaction. Men who are satisfied with life are more advantaged in terms of LE with IADLs and ADLs than those who are not, but differences between these two groups are not significant. The patterns are reversed among women, because those who are satisfied with life are expected to spend more years with IADLs and ADL disability compared to those who are not satisfied.Estimates of LE, active LE, and LE with differing severity of disability at ages 75 and 85 are presented in Using the nationally representative sample on older adults in Japan, this study examined whether and to what extent LE and health expectancy depend on the state of life satisfaction. Our investigation yields the following findings. First, we noted substantial differences in LE and active LE by the state of life satisfaction. Men and women who were satisfied with life were expected to enjoy longer lives and spend more years without having disability compared to those who were not satisfied. These patterns are consistent across different ages. Yet, when results were interpreted in relative terms, the gap in the percentage of active life, between those who were satisfied with life and those who were not, was no longer significant. Second, there were no differences in the length of life with disability of differing severity by the state of life satisfaction. LE with IADL disability and ADL disability did not largely vary between those who were satisfied with life and those who were not.Overall, these results suggest the important role of SWB, as measured by life satisfaction, in LE and active LE among older adults in Japan. This study combined life satisfaction, mortality, and morbidity in the concept of health expectancy and documented marked variations in LE and active LE by the levels of life satisfaction. Most of the existing research on health expectancy among the Japanese population has typically focused only the negative dimension of health, namely the presence of disability . This isThe findings also imply the need for improving the quality of later life among older adults in Japan. Recent increases in abuse of older people and suicide rates are emerging evidence of poor SWB among older adults in the country. Active social involvement at advanced ages has well-documented health benefits, namely lowered mortality  and incrThis study has several limitations. The first limitation concerns the measurement of SWB. The present study focused on life satisfaction, but there are multiple ways to conceptualize SWB. For example, happiness, based on a global judgment of one’s life as a whole, is an important aspect of SWB . The NUJThe second issue is about the measurement of health. This study focused on disability, with particular attention given to the severity of disability. While we documented significant associations of life satisfaction with total LE and active LE, there were no variations in LE with disability of differing severity by the state of life satisfaction. These results are intriguing, but one should note that the relationship between SWB and health expectancy may depend on the definition of disability. One important area of future research will be to consider how to define disability and how SWB might translate into varying experiences of disability among older individuals.The third issue has to do with the data. The NUJLSOA only includes community-dwelling adults at baseline. The omission of institutionalized individuals may create a discrepancy between our estimates and the actual health status of older people. Past evidence from the United States shows that incorporating the data on the institutionalized population could produce more accurate estimates of health in a survey . Using pDespite these limitations, this study presents an important first attempt toward understanding the relationship between objective and subjective dimensions of well-being among older people in Japan. The policy implications of the present analyses include the importance of designing welfare programs targeted at enhancing the quality of later life. Promoting the well-being of older persons is important and becoming even more so during the COVID-19 outbreak. The older population has been vulnerable during this pandemic, not only because they are likely to have preexisting health conditions, but also because the pandemic has drastically diminished opportunities for social involvement, putting this population at heightened risk of isolation . In Japaigac075_suppl_Supplementary_MaterialClick here for additional data file.


Very little is known about the breast cancer risk profile among American Indian women. Previous research shows that the proportion of American Indian/Alaska Native women with baseline characteristics (commonly known breast cancer risk factors) differs from other ethnicities. This retrospective case control study was designed to the explore the association of these factors among American Indian women with and without breast cancer.n = 141), two controls were selected when possible (n = 278). Risk factors examined included woman's age, age at first live birth, age of menarche, the number of previous benign breast biopsies, the total number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, body mass index and parity. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression.Cases and controls were retrospectively selected from the medical records of American Indian women who obtained their health care from Quentin N. Burdick Memorial Health Care Facility  in Belcourt, ND. For each woman with breast cancer  in Belcourt, ND, between risk factors commonly identified in other populations and breast cancer were weakly positive. Nulliparity was the only risk factor to consistently show a positive significant association .Disparities in breast cancer incidence, mortality and screening among Northern Plains American Indian emphasize the need to better understand the risk factors associated with breast cancer in this population. Based on the results of this study, the value of current risk prediction models in American Indian communities is uncertain and clinicians should be cautious in using these models to inform American Indian patients of their risk for breast cancer. American Indian women are significantly impacted by breast cancer incidence and mortality. According to the American Indian Cancer Foundation, 1 in 8 American Indian women will get breast cancer in their lifetime . During n = 696) , limited the author's ability to make conclusions about the associations of these factors with breast cancer  . The pron = 696) . Resultsn = 696) . Howevert cancer .Historically, breast cancer risk factor data has been used to inform the creation of breast cancer risk assessment tools. A breast cancer risk calculator is a mathematical model that is commonly used by physicians to determine a woman's risk of breast cancer. Physicians also use information from these models to inform their patients about what risk factors are increasing their risk of breast cancer. Some of the more commonly known calculators are Gail, and Rosner and Colditz . Other pThis study explored risk factors included in the Gail model as well as BMI and parity for an American Indian population in North Dakota. Given that the model was adjusted for the same risk factors in other populations, it was hypothesized that the risk factors would be the same in the American Indian population; however, the magnitude of the associations would likely differ.This study was a quasi-case-control study design and was undertaken to assess the association between potential risk factors and breast cancer among a population of American Indian women who obtained their health care from Quentin N. Burdick Memorial Health Care Facility  in Belcourt, ND. The study was approved by the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Research Review Board, Great Plains Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the University of Minnesota IRB. The original study was completed while lead author (Nadeau) was at the University of Minnesota, hence the IRB was included from that location. A resolution in support of the study was also passed by the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa in Belcourt, ND.n = 1), unable to identify controls (n = 2), unable to retrieve chart from archives (n = 4), no previous mammogram (n = 9), and unable to confirm a pathological diagnosis for breast cancer (n = 13).An electronic database, the Resource and Patient Management System, at the Indian Health Service was queried using ICD-9 code 174 to retrospectively identify patients with a breast cancer diagnosis (cases) from May 1990 through January 29th, 2016. Case and control ethnicity was defined as American Indian by virtue of their eligibility for care within the Indian Health Service and was subsequently verified in each medical record. A total of 170 patients with a possible breast cancer diagnosis were identified. A pathological diagnosis was confirmed for 141 (82.94%) patients. The remaining 29 were eliminated for the following reasons: unable to find risk factor data  of the diagnostic mammogram of the case. Due to matching restrictions, there were four cases where we could only find one control. This resulted in a total of 141 cases and 278 controls with an age range of 29 to 88 years of age.Since 1986, the Quentin N. Burdick Healthcare Facility asked every woman undergoing a mammogram to complete a brief questionnaire that included the following questions about risk for breast cancer: date of birth, age at first pregnancy, menstrual history – age at onset, ever had breast surgery , and if any blood relative had breast cancer . These questionnaires, kept in the Radiology department, served as the primary source of data for the study.Each study participant was assigned a unique study ID which was linked to their chart number on a list that was kept in a secure area at the Indian Health Service facility. Data was recorded for risk factors included in the study. Date of previous benign breast biopsy, date of mastectomy and if the patient had an active radiology, electronic, and hard chart on file were also recorded. It was also noted whether review was completed for the radiology, electronic and medical chart files , age at first live birth , age of onset of menstruation , the number of previous benign breast biopsies , the number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer , BMI , number of live births .For Phase II of the analysis, the distribution of the data was assessed, and new adjusted categories were proposed. Compared to the general population, American Indian women in this study were screened at an older age and were younger at age of first live birth , age at first live birth , age of onset of menstruation , the number of previous benign breast biopsies , the number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer , BMI , number of live births .The following statistical models were computed for both Phase I  and Phase II (adjusted categories) of the analyses, (1) logistic regression using the Gail model , (2) logistic regression of the Gail model with BMI added, and (3) logistic regression of the Gail model with both BMI and parity added (first live birth was removed to avoid multicollinearity complications with parity). Odds ratios (OR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. The c-statistic was used to test the model as a whole.Medical record review occurred retrospectively for 141 cases and 278 controls matched by age of women and date of breast cancer screening at Quentin N. Burdick Memorial Health Care Facility  in Belcourt, ND. Five variables from the Gail model for predicting risk of breast cancer were used in this study . Table 2A in When multivariate analysis, restricted to the four risk factors included in the Gail model, was conducted, women who had never given birth were over twice as likely to have had breast cancer compared to women whose age at first live birth was before age 20 , age at first live birth , age of onset of menstruation , the number of previous benign breast biopsies , the number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer , BMI , number of live births . When the risks based on adjusted categories were analyzed, women who had an age at onset of menstruation of 12 was significant  in Belcourt, ND. The risk factors that were expected to be positively associated with breast cancer, for the most part, showed a null and/or an inverse relationship. The c-statistic for all models in Phase I and Phase II of the analysis ranged from 0.59 to 0.63. This statistic indicates poor model discrimination which means that the models do not contain variables that are strongly associated with the outcome of breast cancer. If the regression models contained explanatory variables that were strongly associated with the outcome, improved discrimination would be expected (Risk factors for American Indian women in the Great Plains region may differ and/or vary in magnitude compared to those identified in other populations. Additional breast cancer risk factors have been identified over the past two decades but have not been included in any models . These rIt is unlikely that a single Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool could be developed that would work for all tribes or regions of American Indian women. A total of 574 tribes are federally recognized across the United States, each one differing in their culture, environment, healthcare, and behavioral health, some of them dramatically (For the study, the availability of medical records data for potential breast cancer variables was limited. Variables previously associated with breast cancer, such as smoking and breast feeding, were unavailable. Further studies may have improved models if they include these variables, reducing variance in the model. Our sample was limited to women who had a mammogram. This may have biased the data if women are only likely to have a mammogram if they have a problem or can easily obtain the procedure. Further, the matching between cases and controls was not exact nor complete. Our conclusions could have been strengthened if the control group was enlarged, or if more precise matching had been available.Various studies have stratified data by looking at risk factors specific to premenopausal women and/or postmenopausal women –10. SeveTools to help gauge the risk of breast cancer for American Indian communities are non-existent. The creation of validated models could potentially result in data driven estimates in an easy-to-use format and would be useful for studying which factors increase the risk of breast cancer among American Indian women. Existing data for white women is currently being used to inform specific clinical decisions, plan intervention trials and counsel American Indian women about their risk of the disease because data on American Indian women is limited .Conducting this study was an important first step in gaining a better understanding of the breast cancer risk factors among American Indian women in Belcourt, ND. The results support the need to explore additional potential breast cancer risk factors in this population, such as oral contraceptive use, alcohol drinking, active smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, menopausal status, and breastfeeding. Since so little is known about the breast cancer risk profile for American Indian women, future studies are needed for other American Indian tribes. Population-based studies with an ample sample size to allow for stratified analyses while exploring multiple breast cancer risk factors in other geographical regions with a substantial American Indian population are needed.It is important to have data driven, population-specific breast cancer risk estimates so clinicians are better able to predict breast cancer risk at the individual and population levels. Disparities in breast cancer incidence, mortality and screening among American Indians emphasize the need to better understand the risk factors associated with breast cancer in this population. Once breast cancer risk factors are identified, appropriate interventions can be designed and implemented in order to reduce the breast cancer burden in American Indian communities.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/MN contributed to the conception, design of the study, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MK, LB, and KW wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.This research was supported in part by the University of Minnesota J. B. Hawley Student Research Award and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U54GM128729.The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the University of Minnesota, University of North Dakota, or the National Institutes of Health.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The construction direction of Japanese teaching evaluation system based on hybrid teaching mode is to give full feedback to teaching process, diversify evaluation subjects and evaluation methods, and obtain comprehensive and objective evaluation results. Compared with most similar studies, more EEG data of teachers' emotional stress relief and healthy people in Japanese teaching process were collected, and a large number of features were extracted. An experiment of teachers' emotional stress relief recognition in Japanese teaching process based on EEG signal was designed. The feature selection algorithm was used to screen the EEG feature combinations of teachers' emotional stress relief and healthy subjects, and the classification experiment was carried out to verify the difference. Finally, this paper uses the feature selection algorithm of tree model and the random forest model classifier to establish the recognition model of teachers' emotional stress discharge in Japanese teaching process based on EEG signals and achieves the effect of more accurate recognition of teachers' emotional stress discharge in Japanese teaching process. First, the connotation, value, and influencing factors of teachers' emotion management ability are logically integrated and systematically expounded. Second, based on emotional psychology, emotional intelligence theory, psychotherapy theory, and management theory, teachers' emotional management ability is constructed according to the three-dimensional structure theory of intelligence and information processing theory. It is constructed from three dimensions: object dimension , content dimension (positive and negative emotions), and operational dimension . With the development and progress of society, the role of talents has become prominent, and the country and society have paid unprecedented attention to education, which has brought various pressures and challenges to the profession of teachers. Especially in recent years, with the in-depth development of new curriculum reform, teachers have to face various reforms while completing their teaching tasks. Excessive work pressure increases the frequency of teachers' emotional fluctuations. However, Japanese teachers are burdened with complex and heavy educational tasks, such as high work intensity, complex work process, long periodicity, and lack of timely recognition of achievements. At the same time, the teachers of Japanese language teaching are also facing strong pressure of entering school, and various pressure situations make teachers' emotional problems increasingly accumulate and highlight. As one of the social members, teachers play multiple roles in social life, the role and the role of conflict and contradiction between and interpersonal complicated social life, which makes teachers produce many contradictions in the work and life and cause a series of emotional responses and wave and eventually to cause a lot of emotional problems. As the ability to process and deal with emotional information, the research on teachers' emotional management ability is helpful to adjust and alleviate teachers' emotional problems.Teachers' emotional stress in the process of Japanese teaching is closely related to brain activity , 2. NumeHybrid teaching mode is formed under the support of information technology, which changes the disadvantages of traditional teaching “time and space limitation” and can obtain higher teaching efficiency under flexible and changeable arrangement. The construction of Japanese teaching evaluation system based on hybrid teaching mode should not only conform to the characteristics of the mode but also fully evaluate the operation of the mode. Only in this way can the hybrid teaching mode play a greater role in Japanese teaching. From the current situation, many universities have set up Japanese major, so the research on Japanese teaching evaluation system has broad application space and can provide strong support for the better development of Japanese teaching. In order to diagnose the emotional stress of teachers in Japanese teaching more conveniently and to simplify the EEG collection process, it is of great significance to study an EEG recognition model with fewer channels. Therefore, we confirm the title of this paper: research and realization of emotional stress disorder recognition of teachers in Japanese teaching process based on EEG signals, aiming to provide an objective and convenient way to assist doctors in diagnosing emotional stress disorder of teachers in Japanese teaching process. In addition, the model channel studied in this paper is also a reference for the EEG channel concerned by simplified portable EEG devices.With the deepening of the research, the related emotion management research is also gradually developed. Foreign scholars' definition of emotion management can be divided into three categories. The first type is service management, which emphasizes that emotional management is an activity conducive to one's own survival and development and serves individuals . IndividIn the hybrid teaching mode, students can not only further expand their learning space but also obtain sufficient learning resources relying on Internet channels. However, it should be noted that teachers' emotions in the process of Japanese teaching based on EEG analysis have both advantages and disadvantages, because while students enjoy online “welfare,” they also need to face the impact of online complex information, especially those bad information will bury hidden dangers to students' physical and mental health . Under sIn the context of the current hot research on artificial intelligence, machine learning methods have been widely applied, and the field of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment has achieved rapid development. In addition, the emotional stress relief of teachers in the process of Japanese teaching has also been widely concerned in recent years. Many researchers in this context have tried to use machine learning method to detect teachers' emotional stress relief in Japanese teaching process from EEG signals in resting state . Some reVolunteers were instructed to sit in a quiet room with no sound or signal. We helped the subjects to wear EEG caps and apply conductive paste to the corresponding EEG electrodes until the electrode impedance of all EEG channels met the requirements and EEG was collected. The process of EEG data collection was to use a 10-20 system to record the EEG data of 64 channels of the subjects. The data were first collected when the subjects opened their eyes for 3 minutes and then collected when the subjects closed their eyes for 3 minutes. The whole preparation stage takes about 20 minutes, plus the 6 minutes of actual EEG collection and the time of filling in the scale, each subject participates in the experiment for about 40 minutes. At this time, the subject volunteers left, and we cleaned the EEG cap and renamed the EEG data according to the format, as shown in Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was used to analyze the long range correlation of time series. One of the advantages of DFA method is that it can filter the trend components of each order in the signal sequence and detect the long range correlation with noise ave and polynomial trend signal superposition y, which is suitable for the long range power law correlation residue analysis of nonstationary time series. W (n) is added to each EEG data segment, and the periodic graph of each segment is obtained. The periodic chart of paragraph I:Then, the window function F and power PSD in the frequency band. The absolute centroid is the dot product of frequency The first step in the construction of Japanese teaching evaluation system is to divide teaching activities and establish competence objectives based on teaching activities. In offline Japanese teaching, teaching activities include classroom tests, group tasks, self-evaluation and interaction, simulation, summary and reflection, final comprehensive project, and demonstration project. Japanese analyzes teachers' emotions in the teaching process. Teaching activities include reading digital resources, unit operation, homework mutual, unit test, final test, video of primary and secondary tests, classroom test, BBS answering questions, raising questions, and resource analysis. The goal of search and matching ability is “autonomous learning, knowledge, skills, knowledge skills and habit Formation,” “Communication and collaboration,” “knowledge skills and habit formation,” “knowledge skills,” “communication, interaction, analytical thinking,” and “information literacy, analytical thinking”.After the correlation between teaching activities and ability objectives, the key indicators should be determined on the basis of both, and then the corresponding assessment methods should be selected according to the content of the indicators. In this process, the key indicators should not only reflect the teaching situation but also meet the needs of the actual platform, such as online platform. The index content should not only be easy to quantify but also be able to truly measure the relevant situation. For example, the “online duration” index is relatively difficult to quantify. However, if it is unscientific to measure students' learning attitude, attendance rate, and learning efficiency by relying on this index, comprehensive consideration should be carried out in combination with other indicators. In specific view, Japanese teaching evaluation system can be divided into online key, noncritical online, and offline key indicators, offline noncritical indicators, and evaluation methods including formative assessment and summative assessment, such as in online critical index determination, unit testing, unit operation, and the final test are the determination of the content, formative evaluation and summative evaluation are the specific evaluation methods.The purpose of weight setting is to determine the proportion of assessment indicators in the evaluation system. To get scientific and reasonable evaluation result, need comprehensive consideration when weighting, such as in the online learning evaluation for students, “the online time” weight proportion should be reduced, and the weight of “in-class quiz” proportion should be improved, because “in-class quiz” better reflect the student is listening. In offline teaching, the proportion of the weight of “teacher evaluation” should be reduced, while the proportion of the weight of students' mutual evaluation should be increased, which can not only stimulate the enthusiasm of students to participate in the evaluation but also enhance the objectivity of the evaluation results, so that students can get comprehensive and objective evaluation. The weight setting of assessment indicators is not fixed, but should be flexible based on the specific situation. For example, in Japanese teaching, the evaluation of basic language knowledge should be based on grammar, vocabulary, and other test scores, but in the evaluation of oral expression ability and writing ability, the actual effect on site should be an important indicator.All 5,518 computational features were obtained. It is necessary to determine which feature subset or channel EEG signals best describe the differences between EMD teachers and healthy controls in Japanese teaching, i.e., a small number of EEG channels are selected by feature selection. Three different feature selection models were tested in order to find a better combination of EEG features and provide the best recognition effect of emotional stress disorder in Japanese language teaching. In addition to feature selection methods in statistics, this paper also tries to use machine learning model to assist feature selection, and Sklearn package also provides corresponding methods.Coefficients of linear models were used to screen for EEG features. The more important the feature, the larger the coefficient in the model. The coefficients for features unrelated to the predicted results are small. A sparse matrix is formed if there are more zeros. However, in most of the actual data, there are multiple interrelated features, so the model will become unstable. A little noise in the data may lead to huge changes in the model, which will make the prediction accuracy of the model very low. Regularization addresses this problem to prevent overfitting and improve generalization. In combination with the accuracy of classification, the parameters of the three feature selection methods are repeatedly adjusted, and the final feature selection parameters are shown in 7 positive pictures and 7 negative pictures were formed into a stimulus sequence, each picture appeared 55 times, and the stimulus sequence appeared 4 times in succession. The pictures were randomly drawn. In order to calm the emotions of the subjects, there was a fuzzy picture between the pictures of different groups, and the time of the picture appeared was 5 s. The stimulus design is shown in Through interviews with teachers in a school, it is found that most teachers are aware that negative emotions need to be regulated, but they are not aware of the regulation and maintenance of positive emotions. When asked “how to regulate their negative emotions,” the teachers' answers are shown in When asked “how do you regulate the negative emotions of individual students and student groups,” the teacher's answers are shown in Brain electrical signal is a signal of change over time, every moment is composed of different frequency components, so only in the time domain or frequency domain cannot be a comprehensive expression of the “real” on brain electrical signal, and the time-frequency analysis of signal in time and frequency range can be displayed at the same time, namely, the signal in time and frequency domain of the plane. It can be expressed as a function with time and frequency as independent variables to better show the change of signal frequency along the time axis. Moreover, the EEG signals of many lesions are presented in transient form, and time-frequency analysis can be used to discuss and study the signals more intuitively and accurately. In order to study the changes of EEG signal energy of negative images and positive images during Japanese teaching, event-related spectral perturbation was used to analyze EEG signals of related emotions. In this analysis method, the energy spectrum of experimental data is divided into multiple segments, then these segments are superimposed on an average basis, and the change value of the energy spectrum is calculated. If the energy spectrum changes, it indicates that there is a time-locked relationship here. Otherwise, there is no lock-time relationship. The calculation method is as follows:The cultivation and improvement of teachers' emotional management ability need a long time of accumulation and cultivation, which not only requires a solid emotional theory as the foundation but also requires repeated practice and revision in teaching. The cultivation of teachers' emotional management ability can be divided into preservice and postservice stages. Preservice training is the initial cultivation stage of teachers' emotional management ability, while postservice training is the development and improvement stage of teachers' emotional management ability. Different emphases make the training contents and teaching methods of each stage show different trends. Preservice training, as the cultivation and preliminary cultivation stage of teachers' emotional management ability, mainly focuses on theoretical learning. On the basis of mastering subject knowledge and professional knowledge, courses related to emotion and emotion are offered to enable preservice teachers to have certain emotional management knowledge, laying theoretical foundation for the cultivation of emotional management ability. In terms of teaching methods, the practice of education should be strengthened while teaching theoretical knowledge. Theoretical part of the teaching to strengthen the teaching model and introducing case teaching, make it to have a comprehensive understanding of theoretical knowledge, at the same time, in the practice through the education practice, a variety of forms such as simulation teaching, the teaching can not only increase contact with teachers and students, make it a better understanding of teachers' emotional impact on teaching and role, and enhance the consciousness of manage their emotions; moreover, it can feel the demonstration of mature teachers' classroom emotion and its regulation and understand the generation and development of teachers' emotion management ability. Postcareer training is the reconstruction of the teacher's emotion management ability and enhance stage, the teacher may go through self training, school-based training, teacher training, peer exchanges, and experts in various training modes to improve their mood and their ability to manage, in the mode of training, pay attention to the communication with teachers and discussed, such as through teaching requires teachers to review what happened in the discussion and evaluation, reflect on your emotions and think of strategies to adjust. Descriptive statistics and analysis are made on the questionnaire survey results of the current situation of teachers' emotion management, as shown in Look from the research data on average, Japanese teaching teachers' emotion management level as the growth of the age and teaching experience will be from high to low to high state of development, 20 to 30 years old of young teachers' emotional management level, the highest in this age group teachers usually is just the “novice” to be going to work, because it has the high work enthusiasm, emotion expression way is more exposed, enthusiasm, extroversion, and liveliness make them emotionally passionate, willing to show and hope for recognition, so that they have a good emotional management level. Key teachers aged 30 to 40 have the lowest emotional management level. With the increase of age and experience, Japanese teachers are under increasing pressure from all sides, and the factors affecting emotional management are increasing and strengthening. Middle-aged and elderly teachers aged 40-50 are more stable in their emotions, more reserved in their emotional expressions, and further reduce the frequency of interaction with students. Their emotional control methods and abilities are also more rich and mature. Teachers should pay attention to guide and organize classroom teaching activities that students participate in, correct mistakes in time, and give evaluation according to students' performance. Evaluation is the affirmation and encouragement of students' participation in classroom activities. The classroom teaching process is shown in The whole process of classroom teaching is guided by teachers, emphasizing the dominant position of students in learning and creating a Japanese learning environment through the assistance of network resources. The application of network resources in classroom teaching can successfully complete the teaching tasks, achieve the teaching objectives of this class, improve the quality of classroom teaching, and achieve teaching effects.T-test. T-test is a parameter test, which deduces the probability of the occurrence of difference according to the T-distribution theory, so as to compare whether the difference between two means is statistically significant. The P-P method draws a graph based on the relationship between the cumulative ratio of a variable and the cumulative ratio of a given distribution. The p-p diagram is used to verify that the data conforms to the specified distribution. Since normal distribution test is the premise and basis of T-test analysis, P-P method of normal probability graph is used to test the normality of the average power spectral density value obtained in SPSS19.0, and the results are shown in P < 0.05 indicates significant correlation, and P < 0.01 indicates extremely significant correlation. Figures t test at F3 poles. When a red dot appears in the results of statistical analysis, it represents a significant correlation.In order to make the experimental results more clear, ERSP  results were statistically analyzed. The statistical analysis method used in this experiment is P < 0.05), and there is highly statistical significance in AF3, F7, F3, FCS, T7, P7, and AF4 (mostly left brain) when viewing positive images (P < 0.01). However, the pictures of teachers' tendency to deal with emotional stress in the process of Japanese teaching with EEG analysis were particularly significant at F3, FCS, and F8. At the same time, it is found that there is almost no statistical significance in the Theta band during the event-related spectrum disturbance analysis.The subjects were divided into the experimental group and the normal group  and analyzed statistically. After statistical analysis, it can be seen  that theROC curves on the test set and all data sets are shown in This paper established the recognition model of teachers' emotional stress relief in the process of Japanese teaching under the analysis of EEG signals and proved its superiority. The established model is the random forest model for classification using 12 features  mentioned above.Both online and offline have their own characteristics, so they should be introduced into the evaluation method. However, if the two are separated, the overall teaching effect will be negatively affected. Promoting online and offline together in Japanese teaching evaluation system should be built in getting enough attention, the reason is that the online and offline two parts of teaching are not unrelated, but there is a connection relationship, such as EEG analysis under Japanese teaching process, the teacher mood is mainly convey knowledge and let students find difficult point, offline teaching is a difficult point for specific processing. If the teaching evaluation system with comprehensive guiding function cannot be constructed, the degree of connection between the two will be hindered. For example, in the evaluation of students' oral Japanese expression ability, teachers' emotions in the process of Japanese teaching based on EEG signal analysis can evaluate students' oral Japanese fluency. Offline teaching can allow students to have “real conversations” based on specific scenes, so as to evaluate students' coping ability. Teachers can combine the two evaluation results to find out the weaknesses of students and then make targeted responses. At present, deep learning and related computational memory, GPU and CPU are still in rapid development. We will continue to further optimize the deep learning model in this paper and further attempt to apply deep learning in EEG identification of teachers' emotions.


Therefore, to strengthen the adaptation responses in small-scale fisheries, fishers' perceptions should be considered.Small-scale fisheries are facing significant challenges from climate change. Fishers feel the impact of climate change, which forces them to adapt. We, therefore, analyzed local climatic changes, fishers' perceptions regarding climate change and its impacts, adaptation responses, and determinants. Three decades of meteorological data were analyzed (1985–2020). A total of 300 fishermen were selected using quota sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the descriptive and binary logit regression models to explain the determinants of adaptation responses. The findings indicate that fishers' perceptions of climatic changes align with historical climatic data. Typologies of adaptation responses used in the study showed that time fishing adjustment was the most widely used adaptation option by fishermen. For this reason, fishermen are very active in looking for information about climate change to help them find the right time to go to sea and reduce the risk of climate change. Analysis using the binary logit regression model showed that fishing income, boat power, and climate change perceptions were the significant ( Climate change has a serious impact on coastal areas. Coastal areas are the areas which are most vulnerable to the adverse effects of global warming due to the accumulation of land and ocean influences. In recent years, fishers have felt a change in seasonal patterns in line with climate change due to global warming. There are two types of impacts caused by climate change. The two impacts are ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Ecological changes that occur are changes in fishing seasons, changes in fishing areas and seasons, increased risk of going to sea due to extreme waves and strong winds, and hindering fisherman's access to fishing due to the shallowing of the estuary and large waves. Changes in fish seasons are caused by an increase in ocean temperature and sea salinity, which results in the movement of fish .Meanwhile, the uncertainty of fishermen's income is a socioeconomic impact of climate change. Fishermen are very dependent on natural conditions in the sea, which will determine what they catch. The presence of climate change, such as rainfall and high waves accompanied by strong winds, makes fishing less time-consuming and less profitable. According to , 3, anotThe coastal area of Bengkulu is a unique ocean because of its geographical location, which is located between the continents of Asia and Australia and is directly adjacent to the high seas, namely the Indian Ocean; this boundary directly forms the characteristics of the oceanographic parameters that occur on the west coast of Sumatra. The coastal area of Bengkulu is more subject to abrasion and has the characteristics of deeper waters because it borders the Indonesian Ocean, which has larger currents and waves. This condition causes the Bengkulu Coastal Area to be very vulnerable to climate change. The height of the waves and the location directly facing the ocean have the potential for high shoreline changes. In addition, the potential for a tsunami due to its proximity to the meeting zone of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates causes the Bengkulu Coastal Area to need attention, especially for coastal research related to climate change.The adaptation highlights the importance of human beings (fishers) in executing rational, effective, and cost-efficient strategies to respond to uncertain climatic conditions. The microlevel adaptation process implies agents' interdependence through their relationships with each other, with the institutions in which they live, and with the resource base on which they depend . DetermiThe definition of small-scale fisher itself is stated in several laws, including Law 45/2009 on fisheries, which states that small-scale fishers are people whose livelihoods are fishing to meet the needs of daily life using fishing vessels with a maximum size of five gross tons (GT). Law 23/2014 concerning regional government defines small-scale fishers, namely traditional fishers who use traditional fishing materials and tools, as not subject to business licenses, free from taxes, and free to catch fish in all fisheries management within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Even the most recent rule, Law No. 7/2016 concerning the protection and empowerment of fishermen, fish cultivators, and salt farmers defines small-scale fisheries as fishers who carry out fishing activities to meet their daily needs, both those who do not use fishing vessels and those who use fishing vessels with a maximum size of ten gross tons (GT).Climate change is perceived by fishermen as a result of the following: (1) changes in temperature and rainfall –14; (2) 2) and extends from the border of West Sumatra Province to the border of Lampung Province, the distance is approximately 567 km.This research was conducted in Bengkulu Province's coastline area, which includes Bengkulu City, North Bengkulu Regency, Mukomuko Regency, South Bengkulu Regency, and Kaur Regency . BengkulBengkulu Province is located between 2°16′ and 3°31′ south latitude and between 101°01′ and 103°41′ east longitude. Bengkulu Province has a coastline of approximately 525 km that is directly adjacent to the Indonesian Ocean (Indian Ocean). The eastern part is hilly with fertile highlands, while the western part is a relatively narrow lowland, extending from north to south and interspersed with undulating areas. Bengkulu Province is considered to be the center of the world's climate, where the waters in Bengkulu Province become a meeting place for four ocean currents, eventually becoming an area where the process of evaporation of rain cloud formation occurs, resulting in the rainy or dry season and affecting the world's climate .In this study, respondents were chosen from the study area using a multistage sampling technique. Bengkulu Province is one of Sumatra Island's western coastal areas that was purposely chosen as the research area due to its high vulnerability to climate change. In the second stage, one municipality and four districts were purposefully selected from the district's total. In the third stage, quota sampling for each research location is required since the number of small coastal fisher households in each research location is not known with certainty .Data for this study were collected through a questionnaire survey of small-scale fishery households in the coastal Bengkulu Province. The purposive sampling method was employed to determine the respondents. Small-scale fisheries in this study are artisanal or traditional fisheries that involve fishing households, use relatively small fishing vessels ≤10 GT), short fishing trips (one-day fishing), and use relatively small capital and manpower. Before conducting the survey, it is necessary to assess the validity and reliability of the research instrument to ensure the validity and consistency of the question items in the questionnaire, particularly addressing the qualitative variables of fishers' perceptions of climate change. This study's validity and reliability tests were carried out for climate change perceptions, and climate change impact perceptions  and contingency coefficient (CC) to check the multicollinearity effect or any associations between continuous explanatory variables . AccordiThe socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and the household including age, education, fishing experience, household size, fishing income, and a side job .Attributes characterizing the study participants, including boat power, fishing days, fishing time, fishing distance, catch capacity, group membership, access to climate information, and access to credit, were collected using multiple-choice responses and are presented in The coastal area of Bengkulu has very variable rainfall , dependiClimate change, such as changes in wind conditions, erratic rains, and the difficulty of determining the location of fish catches due to changes in currents, causes fish to be unable to stay in one place for a long time. For fishers in the western coastal area of Bengkulu, directly facing the Indonesian Ocean, this changing season pattern is accompanied by high waves and strong winds that can sink fishing boats. Many fishermen miscalculate the pattern of the season when leaving for the sea. The impact can endanger the safety and catches of fishermen. Based on Overall, the humidity in the Bengkulu Coastal Area decreased  along wiFishermen also have local knowledge that can be used to deal with conditions at sea. However, some of the local knowledge that fishers currently have is not always appropriate in uncertain conditions. So, local knowledge needs to be balanced with global knowledge, namely, knowledge about climate change , 62. In The west coast of Bengkulu is more subject to abrasion. It has the characteristics of deeper waters because it borders the Indonesian Ocean, which has larger currents and waves, so that fishers can understand various changes in climate indicators. Extreme events such as high waves, storms, and big waves are more common on the Bengkulu Coast, so fishers understand this indicator well .Fishermen, for example, are familiar with sea currents, which, according to some sources, typically occur between the 15th and 21st of every month. Outside of these dates, the ocean currents are usually calm. If there is a sudden change, fishermen can feel it through the rising waves. Fishermen on the coast of Bengkulu can also know that the wind that resembles a cloud that is seen hanging above the sea surface is a sign of strong winds. The fishermen finally did not dare go to sea in such conditions.The occurrence of weather anomalies causes fishers to have difficulty predicting the start of the west season (wave season) and east season (shady season), whereas certainty is very important because fishermen use small boats, they are very sensitive to changes in weather. Not infrequently, due to sudden weather changes, they are forced to return to land because they see a cloud hanging in the middle of the sea, which is considered a sign of strong winds. The west monsoon has also become longer than usual as a result of climate change. Climate change not only makes the lives of fishermen more uncertain, but it also makes their lives harder.Several responses are used for adaptation to climate change in small-scale fisheries, e.g., diversification of fishing gears, timing fishing adjustments, utilization of social networks, and changes in the fishing grounds. The adverse effects of climate change, such as sea-level rise, coastal erosion, extreme waves, and tidal flooding, have significantly reduced fishing productivity. According to , 64, theOur interviews revealed that fishers with experience of climatic stresses were more likely to implement adaptation strategies, upholding the theory that risk experience influences response behavior , 66. FisFor example, climate change that causes extreme waves and strong winds often occur in the east monsoon season and during peak fishing activities. This is certainly very detrimental, where boats and fishing facilities on the coast of Bengkulu are still traditional and not yet equipped to face storms or big waves. So fishers need to adjust their fishing and fishing activities to reduce the risk of climate change.The majority of fishers in Bengkulu also choose to look for complete information about weather and climate change, with the use of social networks as the most widely used adaptation option to reduce the impact of climate change . FishermPoverty in fishing communities causes fishers to have limited resources, especially economic resources. Another adaptation option that is mostly used by fishermen is the diversification of fishing gear. Most fishers use fishing nets as their main fishing gear because they are easy to use and safe for coastal ecosystems. Fishers use fishing rods or strings as additional fishing gear in addition to nets because they are inexpensive and simple to use. So that when fishers spread their nets and wait for the nets to be pulled, they can catch more fish.Binary logistic regression has been used to identify factors determining fishers' responses to climate change effects. The response of fishers is a discrete value . One (1) denotes fishers who implement more than 50% of the adaptation strategies in this study to climate change, while zero (0) denotes fishers who adapt to climate change with less than 50% of the adaptation strategies in this study (the data for binary logistic regression can be seen in the supplementary file).p < 0.01) and perceived climate changes  both had a positive relationship with the adaptation response , built 994 government-assisted fishing vessels in 2017. Of these, 449 units of ships will be built under 5 GT, 384 units of 5 GT ships, 134 units of 10 GT ships, 15 units of 20 GT ships, 6 units of 30 GT ships, and 3 units of 120 GT ships. In addition, 3 transport ships with a freezer capacity of 100 GT will also be built. This fishing vessel assistance is intended for local fishermen so that they can optimally and sustainably take advantage of the increasingly abundant fish resource stock. In addition, it is important to increase the added value and competitiveness of fishery products because it can increase the income and welfare of fishermen.Fishermen in Bengkulu have a low understanding of climate change. Fishers only understand the changes in the west monsoon and east monsoon winds, which are the references for the fisher to go to sea and catch fish. The study  also revThe author in  states t2, p < 0.01) had significant effects on the adaptation response to climate change with a determinant coefficient of 45.7%  analyzed in this study. For example, fishers realize that there has been an increase in temperature in the Bengkulu Coastal Area. This finding is in line with data on temperature changes, which also show a significant increase. This also applies to data on changes in other climate indicators that align with how fishermen feel about climate change and its impacts. Another finding in this study is that fishermen with more experience prefer to adapt. Climate change is expected to have a tremendous impact on fishermen's livelihoods. Fishermen must adapt to their fishing and fishing activities to reduce the risks from climate change. From our analysis using the binary logit regression model, surprisingly, the coefficient of fishing income was negative and significantly affected the adaptation response, but the fishers' perception of climate change significantly determined the adaptation responses. Therefore, to strengthen the adaptation responses in small-scale fisheries, fishers' perceptions should be considered.Climate change adaptation activities in Indonesia must be carried out in an integrated manner with development programs, particularly in the fisheries sector. Programs and adaptation actions that are developed and implemented in Indonesia must involve fishers with regard to the risks and threats that are being felt by fishers now and in the future. Immediate adaptation programs and actions are directed at coastal areas that do have a high level of climate risk and are expected to remain high or tend to increase in the future.


Airborne port noise has historically suffered from a lack of regulatory assessment compared to other transport infrastructures. This has led to several complaints from citizens living in the urban areas surrounding ports, which is a very common situation, especially in countries facing the Mediterranean sea. Only in relatively recent years has an effort been made to improve this situation, which has resulted in a call for and financing of numerous international cooperation research projects, within the framework of programs such as EU FP7, H2020, ENPI-CBC MED, LIFE, and INTERREG. These projects dealt with issues and aspects of port noise, which is an intrinsically tangled problem, since several authorities and companies operate within the borders of ports, and several different noise sources are present at the same time. In addition, ship classification societies have recently recognized the problem and nowadays are developing procedures and voluntary notations to assess the airborne noise emission from marine vessels. The present work summarizes the recent results of research regarding port noise sources in order to provide a comprehensive database of sources that can be easily used, for example, as an input to the noise mapping phase, and can subsequently prevent citizens’ exposure to noise. Nowadays, the world economy is globally interconnected, which means that every year, larger amounts of goods need to be transported between countries and continents in a safe, efficient and competitive way. Since the second half of the twentieth century, when intermodal container shipping was invented in the U.S., this method of freight transportation has gained more and more importance, leading to the creation of large ports all over the world, with Asia leading the chart with the largest container ports. Over 80% by volume of the international goods traded are carried by sea, and the percentage is even higher for most developing countries. The COVID-19 pandemic affected maritime transport but the effects were lower than expected .In addition to the maritime traffic generated by container shipping, passenger ships, and especially the leisure cruise industry, have experienced an annual passenger growth rate of 6.6% from 1990 to 2019. In this case, the effect of the pandemic was definitely greater, with almost one year of a complete stop on passenger cruises. On the other hand, the pandemic also accelerated the retirement of many ships leading to more modern and environmentally friendly fleets .In light of the above, ports are crucial elements for the global market, but they may generate severe negative impacts, mostly related to the environment, land use and traffic congestion. The main negative environmental impacts are due to the emission of noise, odors and volatile organic substances, and to the pollution of water and soil by oil chemicals, hull paint and other hazardous materials . FurtherFrom the noise point of view, ports are complex infrastructures if compared to other transport infrastructures  and logistic nodes. The possible sources of noise that can be found in a port range from ships in transit to stationary ships, generators, maneuvering equipment, cranes, machinery and ventilation systems, but also moving vehicles and trains. Fredianelli et al.  made a cThe great number of different sources of noise are dynamically distributed in space and time in a relatively large area, which is usually characterized by unsteady behavior or tonal components. The result is a sound environment with an extraordinarily variable temporal and spectral structure, where single sound sources are difficult to isolate. Furthermore, many of them are characterized by prominent low frequency components, between 20 Hz and 200 Hz, which can travel long distances with limited attenuation and are hardly insulated from building walls .For all of the above-mentioned reasons, ports are complex environments for professionals to deal with, also because specific noise-related rules and regulations for ports are often missing, both at the international and national level. For instance, the European Directive 2002/49/EC on the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (END) is focused on two main categories of noise sources: transport infrastructures and industrial sites. Even if the END specifies that industrial (port) areas near large agglomerations must be included in noise maps, it gives no specific indications on how to draw their noise maps. As a consequence, noise nuisance in port areas is usually addressed by considering the ports as a single noise source, similar to an industrial area, with evident underestimation of the issues. With the absence of a uniform approach or guidelines, when problems arise regarding citizens affected by port noise )An approximate and quick assessment of the noise emission of container ships was carried out by Witte : the relThe container ship is modelled through a single point noise source. This approach may lead to relevant errors in the assessment of noise impacts, in particular for receivers located close to the docks;The author does not provide detailed information about how the noise measurements were carried out and processed.The equation was obtained by noise measurements on 65 ships. The use of this data to characterize the noise emission of a container ship has some drawbacks:An accurate characterization of a container ship has been performed in , consideThe report of the Interreg-funded project Green Cruise Port  providesw,A is of 102 dB(A) for AIDAsol, 100 dB(A) for AIDAprima and 98 dB(A) for Mein Schiff 3. Noise measurements for the characterization of exhaust gas outlets were carried out in compliance with DIN 45635-47.Concerning the exhaust gas outlet group, the three vessels have similar noise emission spectra for frequencies higher than 200 Hz. Under this threshold, the noise emission of the AIDAsol  is more relevant than for the other two ships. The equivalent sound pressure level LConcerning ventilation openings, noise measurements carried out on the three vessels evidenced that they may have a tonal (peak at 100 Hz) or a broadband character. The elaboration of the noise measurements performed in the Green Cruise Port project evidenced that the noise emission from the two side of the same cruise ship can be substantially different . Noise mIn 2009, Witte carried out a noise measurement campaign to define a relationship between the loading capacity and noise emission of Ro-Ro ships, such as the one defined for container ships. However, in this case, the author did not find any relationship between the two parameters, as reported in .A 2013 paper by Di Bella and Remigi reports the one-third sound power spectra of several typologies of cruise ships; they were evaluated as single-point noise sources and their sound power level was estimated from the elaboration of in-field measurements performed in compliance with several ISO standards. The spectra of these sources are reported in A recent report on the noise emission of moored ships was issued by Tecnalia in 2018 . The repFunnels and other exhaust stacks;Ventilation air intakes and exhaust;External fans;Hull radiated noise (if relevant);Cranes, pumps and any other equipment in operation.Even if it does not contain sound power data, it is worth considering the operational indications provided by the 2019 report of the Lloyd’s Register on moored ship noise modelling . The docThey suggest considering the noise sources as single-point emitters, with the exception of large ventilation openings, which should be considered as surface noise source. The noise emission directivities of the noise sources have to be considered.It may be of interest to mention the different approach used by Moro ; the noiFinally, it is worth nothing that the FP7 SILENV project  defined The noise caused by the passage of vehicles on the Ro-Ro and Ro-Pax ramps can be relevant in a noise mapping project. Unfortunately, few works have been dedicated to its noise assessment. The EFFORTS project ,18) allo allo18])The spectra of sound power levels from The Green Cruise Port project  providedIn the harbor context, ships can represent an important source of noise both when berthed and when under navigation or during maneuvers. Navigation in the harbor is always at a very low speed; nevertheless, all the noise sources present during navigation are active such as air inlets and outlets, machinery noise, funnel noise, cargo treatment, etc. For now, measurement standards are available for vessels in inland waterways  and for No spectra were reported in the original work for a single ship, but a spectrogram of a single ship passage highlights the presence of string noise components at lower frequencies.In , severalFredianelli, et al.  performeResults consistently show the typical presence of strong noise components at lower frequencies for each ship type.Port areas can also be occupied by more common noise sources such as roads, rail, industries, power plants, waste treatment plants, etc. The assessment of the noise emission of these activities can be carried using the available CNOSSOS models . Noise eA comprehensive database of typical sound power levels and spectra of the various noise sources acting in ports was developed in the present paper. The sound power levels and spectra reported and summarized in the present work come from the research on both the scientific and technical literature, as well as from the deliverables and results of several European projects. These projects were developed on the framework of different programs . Among them, the most important projects to be mentioned for having produced the higher amount of data are ANCHOR, REPORT and SILENV. As some of the authors participated in more than one of these projects, albeit with different aims of the funding programs and of the projects themselves, working in a sort of cluster of projects dealing with the same topic led to the development of knowledge on the topic that allowed the understanding of several different issues about port noise and the finding of solutions that are able to tackle them. One of the key issues was, in fact, the difficulty of developing environmental noise simulations of port noise leading to accurate and repeatable strategic noise maps and the subsequent noise action plans, as requested by the Environmental Noise Directive of the European community. In general, a scarcity of data was found for all sources considered. This may be due to a certain lack of standards and normative frameworks specific to these kinds of problems. In particular, the largest sources (such as transtainers and container ships) are those for which the lower amount of data is present. Moreover, it has to be underlined that sometimes the data sources avoid specifying whether the characterization measurements were made in compliance with a standard; this leads to a non-uniformity that makes difficult to compare results and to assess the reliability of the data presented. New guidelines aimed at tackling these issues were developed within the framework of the already cited REPORT project, recently ended, and it is foreseeable that these guidelines will be enacted in the future in order to have reliable, comparable and consistent measurements regarding port noise sources.Such an organized dataset would be important for the present state of the scientific and technical literature as the complexity of noise produced by port infrastructure is high, with many different sources acting simultaneously. In recent years, port noise has been the object of some studies, but mostly those investigating only a singular type of noise source. Thus, a database comprising all of the spectral data retrievable was missing in the literature to the best of the authors’ knowledge and it would be beneficial for technicians who produce noise maps or for other scientists willing to further improve a topic that still deserves lot of attention.The development of such a database will act as a base for developing reliable numerical simulations in order to comply with the evermore restrictive standards and normatives regarding environmental pollution and the sustainability of transportation infrastructure.


Generational theory assumes that generational cohorts develop similar attitudes and beliefs. The Generation Y/Millennials group is currently one of the most important generations in the market as they have a presence in the labour market with a high income of their own, which creates higher demand for products, especially in the food market which is very sensitive to consumer decisions. The aim of this study was to show the consumer behaviour of Generation Y in the market for innovative food products and to propose marketing models created on the basis of research on a Polish sample of Millennials. The research was conducted in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic on a group of 544 selected respondents. Descriptive statistics of the SPSS program were used to process the results obtained. Among the most important of the results was identifying the decision-makers who are purchasing innovative products and the influence of third parties on their decision. In the first instance, consumers look for innovative food products in large retail chains (hypermarkets and supermarkets), however, they pay attention to both the quality of the products on offer and the price. Values such as freshness and taste also play a role in their purchasing decisions. Sources of information about innovative products in the Polish food market include culinary blogs recommending innovative products, and the opinions of dieticians and nutritionists. Innovations are an important part of the further advancement of societies in general as well as companies in particular. Individuals can benefit from the advantages of innovations, while companies can maintain or increase their market share and profitability. Especially in the food sector, scientific or technological innovation is often an important element that can determine a company’s entry to another level .The importance of Generation Y for the food products market in Poland is determined by the fact that this cohort accounts for around a quarter of the country’s population, thus forming a market segment of great importance for the food products market. The size and specificity of the behaviour of Generation Y has, and will have in the future, a very large impact on the functioning of the key supply entities of this market—food production enterprises, farmers  and other economic entities present along the supply chain. This provides the rationale for undertaking research not only to identify the behaviour of Generation Y consumers in the food market, but also the actions taken by economic operators to shape an offer that meets the expectations of this generation. The evolution of consumer attitudes and behaviours, both in the market and other areas of social life, is significantly influenced by the economic and social development of economies and structural and technological changes that constantly occur in the environment. Consumers’ needs and ways of satisfying them change, as does how decisions are made, which is the result of progressive globalisation and convergence processes on the one hand, and disintegration and divergent processes on the other. In this process, the development of new technologies and ways of communicating also play an important role.Generational marketing is the practice of referring to the unique needs and behaviours of an individual belonging to a particular generation group. The generation considered in the article is Generation Y, or Millennials, whose members were born in the last two decades of the twentieth century. The behaviour of this purchasing group has been influenced by a long period of economic prosperity, political changes, rapid advancement of modern technology, and the globalisation process . The speThe aim of this article is to present possible marketing activities considering the characteristics and targeting of Millennials in the food products market. A literature review was conducted as part of the research proceedings. In addition, selected findings were presented from a survey carried out on a sample of 544 millennial consumers, developed using exploratory factor analysis, among other tools, in the pre-pandemic period.The research results presented not only contribute to understanding the behaviour of millennial consumers, but also have practical potential for application to the food market, especially for companies operating in border markets or planning to enter them. The acquired knowledge could be used by food entities to develop effective marketing strategies in target markets and, therefore, to grow their business. Differences in consumer behaviour in the surveyed markets could provide inspiration for the food sector to increase innovations in the market. Government and non-governmental institutions, whose aim is to instil specific attitudes and behaviours in consumers and strengthen the food sector’s innovativeness in general, also need this information.The research led to the conclusion that the marketing of food products to Millennial consumers should build on the achievements of various marketing concepts in line with the philosophy of holistic marketing. This approach is determined primarily by the fact that the market it concerns is heterogeneous, where consumers express different expectations of the values associated with the consumption of food products.A generation is defined as a group of people born and living in the same period . AccordiAspiration to a healthy lifestyle and better products;Desire for control and personalisation;Multi-tasking (engaging in multiple activities at once often involving mobile);Value authentic;On-the-go and connected everywhere at all times;Opening to sharing their experiences online are open to sharing their experiences online;Seeking added benefits and perks;Like convenience and ease-of-use .The millennial generation  considered in this study grew up in different economic and technological conditions from their predecessors, and these conditions have moulded their relationship to their surroundings. They were born into a technological, electronic, and wireless society with global boundaries becoming more transparent. Efficient multi-tasking helps them be successful. Howe and Strauss describe Generation Y as optimistic, cooperative team players and rule followers. They present rational minds, a positive attitude, and selfless team virtue . This isIn the process of building relationships with consumers of a given generation, marketing experts should account for their specific characteristics and behavioural determinants. Generational marketing is the practice of referring to the unique needs and behaviours of an individual belonging to a particular generation group. The aim of this article is to present possible marketing activities, which consider the characteristics and targeting of Millennials in the food products market. Secondary and primary sources of information were used in the research procedure, with a literature review and a survey of 544 residents.Maintaining a sustainable competitive advantage in the food market is becoming increasingly difficult and market orientation could provide a solution for both producers (manufacturers) and distributors of food products. Market orientation entails the pursuit of profit by maximising consumer satisfaction. In the food market, an important element of ensuring this satisfaction is the product, but more importantly, the values arising from its acquisition and consumption. According to D.R. Lehmann and R.S. Winnie, a product is the set of features, attributes, and benefits offered in order to satisfy needs and desires in the process of bringing about an exchange . For theThe target market of the food sector is a wide range of recipients with diverse requirements and preferences, the definition and unification of which is the basis for product design. It should be remembered that consumers, when making buying decisions, are guided primarily by their own subjective assessment of product features, plus the meaning that they themselves ascribe to them now and the meaning these products will have for them in the future . ConsumeWith this in mind, a proposition could be put forward to consider the marketing of food products as a total of all the decisions made by producers and distributors of food products resulting from specific external and internal circumstances . The resFood marketing should therefore constitute a system of integrated activities aimed at creating and exchanging values in order to forge relationships between producers on one end and distributors, consumers, and other stakeholders on the other. These relationships should be analysed in the context of nutrition and health, symbols, economics, marketing, and social aspects .The millennial generation  is a term referring to people born in the last two decades of the twentieth century. As such, they are a very large and rapidly growing market segment. In Poland, every fifth resident is a Millennial. Millennial consumers have a high purchasing power and therefore constitute the key segment for marketers. Generation Y is also called the digital generation; these “digital natives” appreciate all the technological faculties that facilitate the purchase of a product , and the ability to share opinions online on social media. Millennial consumer behaviours approach to purchasing or shopping goods differs to that compared with what was encountered by earlier generations. The millennial generation uses social media as a platform to communicate and shop. Millennials are more confident compared to earlier generations, more willing to be experimented on and to experiment themselves, and are conscious of trends . They prA typical feature of Millennials concerns their high expectations towards the satisfaction of their needs . They arWilliams and Page identified eight key values for Millennials: choice, personalisation, analysis, integrity, collaboration, speed, entertainment, and innovation . The mosThe aim of the research was to identify the values expected in an innovative food product by Generation Y consumers. The research results obtained provide the premise for the presentation of possible marketing activities which consider the specific characteristics and requirements of Generation Y and address these in the food product market.-Cognitive—analysing and critically interpreting the domestic and foreign acquis related to consumer behaviour;-Empirical—conducting research aimed at identifying the attitudes and behaviour of Generation Y consumers.The solution to any problem requires the establishment of a proper research procedure, which consists of a set of actions to be taken and performed in the right order to achieve the desired objective. The research was carried out in several stages, and the realisation of the main objectives of the research required action at two levels:Survey was chosen as the research method. The main research was preceded by exploratory research in order to create a standardised measurement tool. The survey questionnaire included questions of a closed alternative and multi-alternative nature. The scales used were mainly nominal and ordinal . A pilot study also preceded the verification of the measurement tool. To assess the reliability of the measurement scales, Cronbach’s alpha test was used, which took the value from 0.748 to 0.888 as representing the correct reliability of the scales . An expl-Shopping decisions are made individually (56.8%) and, when involving third parties, these are life partners (27.9%) or parents (12.5%);-Preferred shopping places are hypermarkets and supermarkets (49.3% indicated these places as frequent shopping destinations) and discount stores (23.7%), while the prevailing criteria for their selection are the quality of inventory (weighted average of 3.73 out of 4), price level (3.60), product range (3.49), store location (3.40), and trust in the seller (3.31);-The main criteria for selecting a food product are freshness (3.91), quality (3.75), taste values (3.73), and price (3.66);-Nearly every third respondent determined his or her knowledge about innovations in the food market as either very good or good;-Preferred informal sources of information about food products are own experiences and family or expert opinion, including nutritionists and specialist food blogs, whereas marketing sources include convenient locations and product-tasting stands.The research indicates the following characteristics of Millennials’ buying behaviour in the food market: A routine approach to shopping for food was predominant (65.2% of respondents):Having reviewed the obtained data using exploratory factor analysis, the four main values expected of an innovative food product were distinguished. The main factors were initially unknown and extracted through analysis: the data were grouped into sets of variables most strongly correlated with each other without initial assumptions. The factor became a new variable that was not directly observable but determined from the primary variables. The number of factors and factor loadings were determined during the analysis. The resulting structure was interpreted only after the common factors were extracted  Figure .The review of the results began with an assessment of eigenvalues. For the four variables, the cumulative percentage of explained variance of the analysed variables was 83%, and no further variable explained more than 5% of the variance. A quartimax orthogonal rotation was used as the rotation method, which allowed the factor loadings for each variable to be determined and the loadings to be cleaned. Each factor was subject to interpretation due to primary variables which had high factor loadings. Primary variables without high loadings were removed from the analysis. The research procedure established a correlation of scores with factors .Based on the calculations performed in R, it can be seen that the first main factor (PA2), exhausting 46.4% of the total variability stock, is identified by variables related to the hedonic and cognitive values brought by the consumption of innovative foods. This factor relates to aspects of innovative foods, such as new sensations and experiences. The second main factor (PA1), describing 17.6% of the total variability stock, is primarily related to innovation as an opportunity to expose one’s views. The third factor (PA3) exhausts 11.5% of the stock of total variation and is identified by variables related to functional aspects of the food. It relates to aspects of the new food, such as health benefits or keeping fit and beautiful. The fourth factor (PA4) explains 7.5% of the total variability stock and is related to values such as the convenience of use and food product preparation .A food product is the source of additional sensations and experiences that may result from its new taste and visual qualities and the high quality achieved by adding previously unused ingredients. Positive sensory impressions are essential attributes of food products, and this process must be accompanied by appropriate marketing information. Millennial consumers appreciate food products that positively impact the body . For example, the current fitness trend is an important driver for the food market, both in modifying existing recipes and developing entirely new ones. Many now desire easy-to-use products that will help them save time or be convenient to take. In addition, Generation Y consumers also appreciate the values arising from the social attributes of food products that allow them to express their views.The marketing of food products to millennial consumers should build on the achievements of various marketing concepts in line with the philosophy of holistic marketing. This approach is determined primarily by the fact that the market it concerns is heterogeneous. According to the research, different expectations can be distinguished regarding the value of consumption of a food product, which requires the readjustment of an appropriate marketing policy . Food prFood marketing which targets Gen Y consumers should comprise a set of integrated activities aimed at creating and implementing the exchange of values in order to create relationships between producers and distributors on one end and consumers and other stakeholders on the other . This apAcross all sectors, it is essential for future-oriented companies to successfully develop and introduce new products to the market . In ordeWhat most strongly defines Generation Y is the emergence of modern technology and the digital revolution . It is tIn Jaciow’s  study, fReferring to the research conducted by Barska and Wojciechowska-Solis ,56 on thVariables such as the low price of products, their availability on shop shelves, and good quality and taste are undoubtedly assets of innovative foods in the market. Similar results were obtained by Mefleh et al. , studyinCharis et al.  as well The Polish Generation Y consumer takes into account the opinions of experts such as scientists, nutritionists, and nutritionists who blog. Experts are usually more open to innovative food technologies, as they appreciate the many benefits of using the innovation, such as improved food quality or simplified food production processes, more than the small uncertainties related to the potentially detrimental effects of the technology . AccordiWorldwide institutions have carried out important actions for bridging education and capacity building towards innovation . OrganisProgress in scientific and technological knowledge in different domains is enabling innovations for healthier and individualised food. Scientific advances in sciences allow for the definition of specific needs to provide products that attend to each consumer or group with common nutrition and functional requirements.A food company wishing to operate and be successful in the market must skilfully evaluate its products, by considering its buyers’ prospects. Consideration of consumer behaviour in the generational approach is mainly due to the fact that the studied Generation Y was raised in different economic and technological conditions that have influenced their relationship with their surroundings. Millennials grew up in a different education model and under different authorities, which significantly impacted their expectations and behaviour, including consumption. Generation Y members are young, talented, and confident people raised in a world of new technologies. They cannot imagine living without computers, smartphones, and the Internet. Neither do they frequent traditional libraries, read newspapers in print, nor enjoy taking handwritten notes. These differences must not be ignored when planning marketing activities; the reason why the marketing of food products to millennial consumers should build on the achievements of holistic marketing by combining different concepts is to create the synergy effect. Attributes of the food product should be based on both tangible and intangible values since consumers also expect to be able to express their social preferences through their purchases. The broadly understood quality of food products is crucial for the consumer because it affects their health and is decisive when it comes to taste qualities. In marketing communication, not only digital media and community media should be used, but also expert channels and informal sources, as this will help reach millennial consumers more effectively.The food sector could benefit from the insights provided by the results of this study to communicate and market their products accordingly to reduce mistrust and increase acceptance on the consumer side of food innovations.Consumer-driven technology prioritises consumers’ demands, including sensory desires; therefore, their involvement is a key factor in the success of any innovation.Due to the specific characteristics of innovative products, the sample presented does not reflect the country’s population. The main limitation of the study was that not all factors were considered. All variables included in this study were self-reported rather than observed. Due to the potential attitude–behaviour gap that is common in consumer research, the results should be treated with caution.When conducting future research, all aspects (determinants) of consuming innovative products should be considered and particular attention paid to the importance of labels informing the consumer about the origins of the food, which, in this study, were treated marginally.This study could serve as a starting (comparison) point for further research in the market for innovative food products. Additionally, the researchers intend to expand the research sample to include Z and alpha generations in the future.An important limitation also stems from the sampling technique of the research sample, which was non-representative. This procedure was primarily determined by financial and organisational possibilities. Therefore, the results refer to the surveyed population and it cannot be assumed that they represent the opinions of the entire Generation Y population. In the future, increasing the territorial scope of the research and using random sampling would be valuable. In the course of the research, additional questions emerged that would require further exploration, especially given the permanent evolution of behaviour in times of civilisational change.