M = 59.88; SD = 8.81) with breast cancer who completed their treatments and participated in a cancer rehabilitation program. In the study, we used the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ), the Satisfaction Life Scale (SWLS), and the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAC). The mean of declared level of mentalization was 45.54 (SD = 11.65). The significant correlation between mentalization  and satisfaction with life/mental adjustment to cancer was observed. The strongest positive correlations were noted between refusing self-reflection, helplessness–hopelessness, and anxious preoccupation and the negative correlation between mentalization and satisfaction with life. Mentalization was a predictor of satisfaction with life and mental adjustment to illness. Mentalization was related with life satisfaction and adjustment to cancer in patients with breast cancer, which is in line with previous studies suggesting the crucial role of subjective psychological factors in maintaining mental health.This study’s aim was assessing of the relationship between mentalization and life satisfaction and the level of adaptation to oncological disease in patients with breast cancer. The study involved 41 women ( Despite significant development and progress in medical sciences related to cancer, the illness continues to provoke powerful reactions—primarily negative ones. A cancer diagnosis may trigger a crisis in a patient, particularly if it is sudden and unexpected. Over the past forty years, the number of new cancer diagnoses and related deaths has risen very sharply. In 2019, approximately 171,200 new cases of cancer and around 100,300 related deaths were recorded in Poland. Malignant tumors are the second major cause of death in Poland, leading to 25.7% of all deaths among men and 23.2% among women [Cancers are classified as diseases that constitute an immediate risk to life, additionally leading to adverse changes in many areas, such as biological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral ,4. They Tackling a cancer diagnosis requires the engagement of psychological resources. Mental functioning with a cancer diagnosis mainly depends on one’s ability to comprehend, analyze, perceive, and process the situation . One cruThis may reduce one’s ability to cope, resulting in a significant increase in the level of mental function and impacting numerous processes of analyzing the environment and internal emotional states experienced by patients. To deal with their situation, patients employ various coping mechanisms  ,11.As a result of their attempts to cope with the situation and intrusive ruminations, patients experience numerous negative emotional states. Usage of such mechanisms often leads to effects contrary to their intended ones. Patients may start to experience their situation anew . This isMentalization has rarely been a subject of research in Polish and foreign literature—particularly in clinical groups. The issue is worth examining as, in the case of cancer, how patients think about their illness and their attitude towards treatment impact the result of treatment .Life satisfaction, based on the state of one’s health, is strongly linked to one’s quality of life . It consAdaptation to the situation related to the illness and the treatment process will depend on objective factors as well as subjective mental factors, where the assessment of the situation is dependent on circumstances such as individual experiences from the past, personality traits, or ability to deal with stress, which are of key importance ,18.Due to the above, reactions to information concerning the illness are very diverse and may change during the treatment . AdaptatBased on the above, the following purpose of the study was formulated: Is mentalization related to life satisfaction and the adaptation to cancer in female patients diagnosed with cancer?The study was based on the cross-sectional design. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Institute of Psychology at University of Gdańsk (No.: 11/2017). Participation in the study was voluntary, and every person had the right to refuse at any point. All participants provided informed consent and privacy policies were followed.The study involved women diagnosed with breast cancer who completed their treatment and participated in a cancer rehabilitation program at the Oncological Centre in Gdansk (Poland). Inclusion criteria were as follows: female, native Polish speaker, diagnosis of breast cancer according to ICD-10 criteria (code C50), and being qualified as a participant in a cancer rehabilitation program. Exclusion criteria included: very poor state of health and women younger than 18 years old.Participant recruitment and data collection were performed simultaneously. Data were collected in person (by self-administration) between March 2018 and September 2018. Three questionnaires were used in the study.The instrument includes five items . The resAnxious preoccupation ;Fighting spirit ;Helplessness–hopelessness (feeling of being lost and powerless);Positive redefinition .The Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale—Mini-Mac includes 29 statements and assesses four coping responses:The instrument is used primarily to measure strategies for coping with cancer, defined as the ability to adapt to cancer . It may The Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ) by Hausberg et al.  is an inData analysis was performed with usage of the SPSS program, version 27 . The first step in the analysis of the descriptive results of the study was to calculate the average values and standard deviations of the examined variables and determine the normal distribution of examined data. Pearson correlation coefficients between the values were then calculated, and a linear regression analysis was carried out.M = 59.88; SD = 8.81). Most participants were undergoing radical treatment (92.7%) and married (65.8%), while 46.3% declared secondary education level and 41.5% tertiary education. More social and demographic details are included in The study was performed among 41 women over 18 years old  see .The next stage of the analysis involved plotting correlations between mentalization, life satisfaction, and mental adjustment to the illness. The calculated correlation coefficients are shown in The calculated values of the Pearson correlation coefficient indicate the presence of a correlation between mentalization  and satisfaction with life/mental adjustment to cancer. The general value of mentalization positively although with moderate intensity correlates with anxious preoccupation, and helplessness–hopelessness although negatively and with moderate intensity correlates with satisfaction with life measured using the SWLS questionnaire.Analyses indicate the presence of significant correlations between individual mentalization factors and the analyzed dimensions of mental adjustment to illness and satisfaction with life. The strongest positive correlations were observed between refusing self-reflection and helplessness–hopelessness and anxious preoccupation. Moderate positive correlations were observed between emotional awareness and anxious preoccupation and helplessness–hopelessness. Moderate positive correlations were observed between psychic equivalence, regulation of affect, and anxious preoccupation. Moderate negative correlations were observed between refusing self-reflection and satisfaction with life and positive redefinition, whereas the weakest negative correlation was observed between regulation of affect and fighting spirit.To finalize the statistical analyses, an attempt was made to answer whether the general score for mentalization and its dimensions help predict the level of satisfaction with life and mental adjustment to the illness. To this end, a linear regression analysis was performed using the entry method. We first looked for predictors of satisfaction with life and then for coping strategies. The results of the analysis are shown in Mentalization was a predictor of satisfaction with life. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the higher the score of mentalization , the lower the level of satisfaction with life.One of the dimensions of mentalization—refusing self-reflection—turned out to be a predictor of satisfaction with life. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the higher the intensity of refusing self-reflection , the lower the level of satisfaction with life in respondents.Mentalization proved to be a predictor of anxious preoccupation. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the higher the intensity of mentalization , the higher the level of anxious preoccupation.Refusing self-reflection, regulation of affect, and psychic equivalence proved to be a predictor of anxious preoccupation. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the higher the intensity of the three above dimensions of mentalization , the higher the level of anxious preoccupation.The general mentalization score proved not to be a predictor of the fighting spirit strategy.Regulation of affect proved to be a predictor of fighting spirit. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the lower the intensity of regulation of affect (higher ability to regulate affect), the higher the intensity of the fighting spirit strategy.Mentalization of affect proved to be a predictor of helplessness–hopelessness. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the higher the intensity of mentalization , the higher the level of helplessness–hopelessness.Individual dimensions of mentalization proved not to be a predictor of the helplessness–hopelessness strategy.The general mentalization score proved not to be a predictor of positive redefinition.Refusing self-reflection and psychic equivalence proved to be predictors of positive redefinition. Based on the value of coefficient B, we can conclude that the higher the intensity of refusing self-reflection  and the lower the psychic equivalence (greater psychic stability), the lower the level of positive redefinition.To the authors’ knowledge, no prior research on mentalization in patients with cancer has been carried out. The hypothesis that mentalization among female patients dealing with breast cancer is related to satisfaction with life and mental adjustment to the illness has been confirmed.The women in the study group, who were breast cancer patients treated at a hospital oncological rehabilitation ward, declared an average level of mentalization. The evaluation of life satisfaction among the women in the study group is also around the average level, which means that the study did not demonstrate a reduced life satisfaction among the respondents. Prior research conducted by Kozaka and Kobus  indicateA cancer diagnosis may lead to positive changes related to the so-called “benefit finding” . This prThis theory is also confirmed by other results of our study in terms of positive redefinition and fighting spirit. Results of the study indicate a moderate correlation between mentalization and satisfaction with life and mental adjustment to the illness among the respondents. Furthermore, the general mentalization score and one of its dimensions (refusing self-reflection) proved to be a predictor of satisfaction with life. That means those who accept their emotional states, reflect on them, deliberate on what they feel, and try to understand the situation that they are in without rejecting it may feel much more satisfied with their life. Among the strategies of coping with and adapting to cancer, there were significant positive correlations between mentalization with increased use of anxious preoccupation and helplessness–hopelessness strategies. The lower the level of mentalization, the more frequent the use of destructive coping strategies. Those characterized by non-transparent emotional states do not make an effort to understand their emotional states and intentions and more frequently engage in destructive coping mechanisms. Such patients experience greater anxiety related to their illness. They begin to feel helpless and perceive their illness as a threat rather than a challenge, which in turn may lead to increased stress and reduced motivation to battle the illness.The general mentalization score and its three dimensions  proved to be predictors of anxious preoccupation. The tendency to use the anxious preoccupation strategy increases with the reduction of declared intensity in the three above dimensions. Such people experience increased anxiety and concern and feel like they are no longer in control of their own lives. Previous studies show that mentalization improves mental health condition and reduces maladaptive defense mechanisms, which may explain the relationship between better-developed mentalization ability and also stress reduction in chronically ill patients .Certain dimensions of mentalization proved to be predictors of the use of constructive strategies for adjusting to the illness; refusing self-reflection was a predictor of using the fighting spirit strategy, whereas psychic equivalence was a predictor of the positive redefinition strategy. The results gained in all predictions indicated an upward correlation. The higher the respondent’s ability to regulate their affect and reflect on their internal emotions by relating them to their illness and current situation, the more frequent their use of constructive adjustment strategies.The results of the study may be valuable for scientists and clinical psychologists working directly with cancer patients. Encouraging patients to mentalize  and to use constructive adjustment strategies appear to be valid for their mental health. That would enable cancer patients to achieve a higher level of satisfaction with life, which might lead to greater involvement in the treatment process and ultimately improve their prognoses.The purpose of the proposed study was to explore psychological predictors linked to higher satisfaction with life in cancer patients. The study proved that the ability to mentalize, which had previously not been verified as a potential protective factor in cancer patients, is an important mental resource related to satisfaction with life. That is an important theoretical guideline for practicing counsellors who are tasked with improving the mental health of cancer patients.The results of the study should be treated with a degree of caution. The study is exploratory; therefore, it would be advisable to continue research on the above-described issue, in particular among cancer patients. The ability to generalize the results of the study is limited due to the low sample size and the fact that the study was performed on patients suffering from a single type of cancer. This is a cross-sectional study, which does not allow to make causal inferences. Furthermore, more factors than those included in this study should be considered (including the complexity and stage of cancer and the medication taken by patients).In the next step, it would be valuable to assess coping strategies and their relationship to disease severity and mentalization. Furthermore, the other types of cancer should be considered in further studies. Moreover, it is interesting to examine the effect of potential programs supporting mentalization in patients diagnosed with oncological disease on their ability to cope.Mentalization was related to life satisfaction and adjustment to cancer in patients with breast cancer, which is in line with previous studies suggesting the crucial role of subjective psychological factors in maintaining mental health.


The loss of dentures was found in one case from a special elderly nursing home and in one case from a group home. The loss rate for denture wearers was 1.01% in total, with 0.61% for special elderly nursing homes and 3.03% for group homes, with no significant differences between the two types of facilities. Conclusion: In geriatric facilities in Japan, the current 1-year denture loss rate for denture wearers was 1.01%. This seems to represent a considerable decrease when compared with the previous report. Further, proper denture management and staff efforts appear to have contributed to a reduction in denture loss against a background of promoting oral healthcare.Purpose: Denture loss is still being reported as a problem in geriatric facilities, although losses seem less frequent than in the last decade. However, there have been no reports that have examined recent losses of dentures in detail. The aim of this study was to clarify the actual situation of recent denture loss, together with the denture loss rate in Japan. Materials and methods: This retrospective study investigated the number of cases of denture loss, the denture loss rate for denture wearers, and the details of losses in geriatric facilities during the 1-year period from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021. Results: Eleven special elderly nursing homes and four group homes participated in this research. The number of residents from each was 315 and 40 and the number of denture wearers was 165 and 33, respectively ( Along with an increase in the elderly population, the number of individuals with missing teeth is increasing, and many older adults also use prosthetics. Mastication, pronunciation, and facial aesthetics can be restored by the prosthetic treatment of missing teeth. Among the prosthetic procedures available, removable dentures are in wide use as they can properly, simply, and reliably recover deficits in the dentition at low cost. As the elderly population increases, so too does the number of residents in care facilities, and a relatively higher proportion of denture wearers are, unsurprisingly, residents of care facilities and geriatric wards .One of the troublesome problems with denture handling in care facilities and wards are the loss of dentures . This reJapan, along with the rest of the world, is facing an increasingly aging population, and the number of users in facilities for the elderly has, likewise, been increasing . We are This study was designed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and also the Good Clinical Practice guidelines; further, it was approved by the Ethics Committee of Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University (2021-184). To address the research purpose outlined above, the investigators designed and implemented this retrospective study.The 1-year denture loss situation from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021 was retrospectively investigated for older adults (≥65 years old) in geriatric facilities . Special elderly nursing homes are facilities providing end-of-life care to the elderly , while gThe searched items were the number of lost dentures and the denture loss rate. When calculating the denture loss rate, the population was restricted to denture wearers. A denture wearer was defined as a resident who owned and actually used the dentures. Those who did not own dentures or those who owned dentures but did not use them were excluded as per the exclusion criteria. Although the number of residents changes continually, the next resident in each facility would arrive within a few days, as such the occupancy rate of each facility was considered to be 100% throughout the year. The number of denture wearers would likewise change, but for the sake of convenience, the number of denture wearers as of 31 March 2021 was used in this search. In cases of lost dentures, the details were also investigated.http://www.kisnet.or.jp/nappa/software/star/index.htm; accessed on 26 April 2022). Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the rate of denture wearers and the denture loss rate for denture wearers between the two types of facilities. The level of significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05).All statistical analyses were performed using js-STAR version 9 software  were denture wearers, with a significantly higher rate of denture wearers in group homes. This was most like due to the fact that many residents in special nursing homes need more advanced nursing care, and many residents thus could not wear dentures for physical or mental reasons.Loss of dentures has always been a problem and is not new; additionally, some facilities have reported the number of lost dentures in their facilities. However, there are no reported loss rates. The loss of two dentures in one year, one from a special elderly nursing home and one from a group home, yielded loss rates of 0.61% for special elderly nursing homes and 3.03% for group homes—therefore, showing no significant difference. The overall denture loss rate for denture wearers in all 15 facilities, including 11 special elderly nursing homes and 4 group homes, participating in the present study was 1.01%. In this report, no more than one denture was lost within the same facility, and the loss of dentures within a facility was considered to be a rare incident. While the result obviously cannot reflect the current situation in other countries, the current situation of denture loss in general facilities in Japan may have been indicated in this result as the facilities participating in this research were standard facilities.Mann and Doshi listed the five most common reasons for denture loss and proposed four methods in order to reduce losses ,11. ThesThe four methods to reduce denture loss proposed by Mann and Doshi were as follows: (1) staff training; (2) dentures pots; (3) denture labelling; and 4) raising awareness among patients and their families . Regardi raising With regard to the second point, Mann and Doshi advocated placing dentures that were not in use into designated pots . DecidinThe reason for the very low rate of denture loss in this study was attributed to the appropriate measures, as suggested by Mann and Doshi , that arTwo cases of denture loss were found in this study. Both the residents involved had dementia and were able to remove their dentures independently. The cause of each loss was most likely that the resident removed the dentures themselves, then misplaced or forgot about the dentures. The progression of dementia seems likely to have a significant impact on denture management .If dentures are known to have been lost in a facility, some issues must be considered. First, is the denture really missing from the vicinity of the resident? A careful search needs to be conducted, as dentures may often be hidden among the patient’s clothing, and the irregular shape of the dentures may then actually injure the patient in some cases. In rare cases, an emergency situation arises where a resident swallows the dentures, creating a potentially life-threatening situation. Aspirated dentures are often caught in the oesophagus and require urgent endoscopic or surgical removal under hospital admission . AccidenLoss of dentures places a heavy burden on both residents and patients. Some time is needed to create a new set of dentures, and aesthetics and oral functions such as pronunciation and mastication will be impaired during that time. Dentures that have been used by an individual for a long time are familiar, and Michaeli et al. reported the difficulty of replacing dentures that had been used for years with new dentures . Mann anWhen a denture is lost to a resident or inpatient, a key problem is where the responsibility for the loss lies; that is, who shoulders the cost burden of remanufacturing. Financial complications of denture loss can be significant as the number of denture losses increases . Of courSome facilities do not allow dentures to be worn except when eating, for fear of loss. This idea certainly has some merit, but dentures contribute to the activation of synaptic/neuronal dysfunction in the brain . In addiThis study showed some limitations. First, the sample sizes were small because the study was conducted at geriatric facilities related to a single institute. The larger the sample size, the more accurate the results are likely to be. However, we believe that this study successfully demonstrated the fact that denture loss is not as frequent as was thought before. Second, this study did not take into account the degree of care and the cognitive function of the subjects. The question of how the care level and cognitive function of residents are related to denture loss is an issue for future study. Third, this study surveyed a period of one year. Looking back, the link between the promotion of oral healthcare and the transition of denture loss could possibly be better shown in a longer study period.What we are conveying in this study is only the current status of denture loss in Japan. It is true that there are countries in the world with various socioeconomic conditions. However, dentures are often the simplest and most effective prosthesis to improve oral function in any socioeconomic environment. We hope this study will be of some help in preventing denture loss.In conclusion, the 1-year denture loss rate for denture wearers in geriatric facilities in current situation of Japan was 1.01%. This value seems to have decreased considerably compared with the previous report, and proper denture management and staff efforts appear to contribute to marked reductions in denture loss against the background of promoting oral healthcare.


In addition, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of entrepreneurial failure attribution and entrepreneurial failure mode are both greater than 0.7, which indicates that the scale of entrepreneurial failure attribution has good validity and can be used for factor analysis. However, the KMO values of entrepreneurial failure attribution and entrepreneurial failure learning model are both greater than 0.7, and the significance of Bartlett sphericity test is 0.00, which indicates that the survey has good validity. The research has practical application and reference value for the cultivation of college students’ innovative and entrepreneurial ability.With the rapid development of information technology, the society’s demand for innovative talents has become increasingly prominent. The purpose of this study is to optimize the teaching strategies of entrepreneurship education for college students, further cultivate college students’ entrepreneurial ideas, and promote the formation of entrepreneurial values. The problems existing in entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities are studied based on entrepreneurial psychology and attribution theory. A questionnaire survey is conducted on the problems with a high probability of entrepreneurial failure of college students. The heads of new ventures in Xi’an are selected. Then, 300 questionnaires are distributed, and 209 are returned. The survey results are analyzed using failure attribution and failure learning. Suggestions are provided for management strategies of new ventures. The results show that the Corrected Item-Total Correlation (CITC) value of R With the development of a new technological revolution, innovation has become an important indicator of international competition . As an iWith the rapid development of technology, the source of knowledge is no longer limited to teachers or books. On the contrary, students can acquire different knowledge through the Internet . Market This paper uses the methods of literature research and questionnaire survey to study the effective entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities and the management strategies of new ventures. The main variables are changes in entrepreneurial psychology and attribution of entrepreneurial failure. A major gap in current research is the lack of a necessary link between changes in entrepreneurial psychology and the attribution of entrepreneurial failure. Failure attribution is applied to the study of the failure of new ventures through the study of entrepreneurial psychology and attribution theory. In addition, a series of data analyses is carried out. This paper can provide a reference for the improvement of the entrepreneurship education model in colleges and universities and the management of new ventures in the future.Regarding the causal attribution theory, many scholars have conducted related research. In addition, regarding the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education level, Entrepreneurial psychology studies the psychological influence factors of entrepreneurs. Research on entrepreneurial psychology helps entrepreneurs adjust their management methods and business models promptly . As an iFrom From In the process of implementing entrepreneurship education, colleges need to continue to refine and classify the implementation of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship education is a way of thinking and behavior that needs to permeate students’ daily education . This “eAccording to signaling theory, entrepreneurial failure can signal entrepreneurs to reflect on their attitudes and behaviors. Entrepreneurs reflect on the entrepreneurial process in the order of releasing signals, transmitting signals, and receiving signals. In the signal release stage, there are also subjective reflections of entrepreneurs in addition to the objective losses of entrepreneurs. In the signaling phase, the founders of the new ventures make attributions for the failure of the new startup. The signal receiving stage is the follow-up behavior of entrepreneurial failure, such as secondary entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial ability is a test standard for measuring the quality of the signal received by re-entrepreneurship. The attribution of entrepreneurial failure is analyzed based on causal attribution and failure learning theory. Then, the entrepreneurial ability of college students is affected by failure. The frame structure of the theoretical model is shown in There is generally more than one reason for entrepreneurial failure. Failure attribution is a tool for entrepreneurs to characterize the failure of this venture. Entrepreneurs’ attribution explanation will be significant to developing subsequent entrepreneurial activities. Efficient entrepreneurs use positive attribution to deal with failure and accumulate experience after failure. Therefore, hypothesis H1 is proposed.H1: Attribution of entrepreneurial failure positively impacts entrepreneurial ability.The attribution of entrepreneurial failure can be divided into internal and external causes from the dimension of causal origin. More emphasis is placed on subjective internal causes in attributing entrepreneurial failure. More focus is placed on self-reflection in the learning process. More emphasis is placed on external environmental factors in attributing entrepreneurial failure. More focus will be placed on adjusting the state and starting a new business in the learning process. From the stability dimension, the attribution of entrepreneurial failure is divided into stable and unstable factors. If it is attributed to unstable factors, entrepreneurs believe such factors will not appear next time. Then, there will be no positive impact on personal ability.For failure learning, entrepreneurs’ attribution of entrepreneurial failure to their factors is conducive to entrepreneurial learning after failure. However, if entrepreneurs choose external attribution, they tend to ignore their problems and cannot actively obtain industry experience. Therefore, hypothesis H2 is proposed.H2: Entrepreneurial failure attribution positively affects failure learning.Entrepreneurial failure is an opportunity for entrepreneurs to discover the internal problems of the enterprise and the potential problems of comprehensive personal quality. In failure learning, entrepreneurs not only enrich the knowledge reserve of failure scenarios but also improve their cognitive level by analyzing the reasons for failure. Besides, the entrepreneur’s learning from the failed entrepreneurial experience in the past can enhance the entrepreneur’s opportunity identification ability. Therefore, hypothesis H3 is proposed.H3: Learning from failure positively affects entrepreneurial ability.If entrepreneurs want to improve their entrepreneurial ability, they not only need to identify internal and external resources that can be used but also learn from key events, such as previous entrepreneurial failure experiences. Entrepreneurs can obtain relevant knowledge and information, thereby enhancing their entrepreneurial ability by mining the value of failure experience. Therefore, the following hypotheses are proposed.H4: The failure learning model mediates the effect of entrepreneurial failure attribution on entrepreneurial ability.H5: The failure learning model mediates the effect of entrepreneurial failure attribution on the content of failure learning.H6: Failure learning content mediates the effect of entrepreneurial failure attribution on entrepreneurial ability.Given the above hypotheses, this paper selects the university student entrepreneurs in the start-up stage of new ventures in Xi’an from 2019 to 2021 as the research object. There are two conditions. The company has been established for less than 3 years and has obvious entrepreneurial failure experience. The sample data is collected using a questionnaire survey. Questionnaires are distributed in two ways: the website of Questionnaire Star and the on-site distribution and recycling of entrepreneurial bases. Seven sub-questions are designed for the two dimensions of causal origin and attribution stability. The content design of the failure learning model scale is shown in Before the formal questionnaire, a small sample questionnaire test is conducted to eliminate invalid items. The content of the small sample questionnaire is shown in −2 and F-3 are eliminated, leaving 13 questions for the formal questionnaire survey. Like the small sample test, new ventures are selected in Xi’an. The online questionnaire will share links to entrepreneurship-related communities for collection. Entrepreneurship base inspections are conducted in colleges and universities. Also, 300 questionnaires are distributed, and 209 valid questionnaires are recovered. Then, descriptive statistics and reliability and validity analysis are performed. Sample data are analyzed and processed with SPSS 21.0 software. Two factors are extracted from the independent variable attribution of entrepreneurial failure, and exploratory factor analysis is performed by principal component analysis  value and reliability test results of the small sample scale are as follows.The CITC value and reliability test of entrepreneurial failure attribution are shown in The results of the validity analysis are shown in The descriptive statistical results of the survey of the basic information of the respondents are revealed in According to the enterprise life cycle theory, entrepreneurial failure occurs more frequently than entrepreneurial success. The basic data results of the survey generally meet the enterprise life development curve from the perspective of entrepreneurial failure.SPSS21.0 software is used to analyze the reliability and validity of the entrepreneurial failure attribution scale and the entrepreneurial failure learning model scale. The loading matrix of principal component analysis is shown in The values of the factor loading coefficients of the above two scales are shown in The survey results show that the above hypothesis is verified. The entrepreneurial ability of college students is positively affected by the failure attribution of new ventures and learning from failure. Causal attribution affects the content of failure learning through failure learning models. In addition, causal attribution also directly affects the content of failure learning. Stability affects the content of failure learning entirely through the failure learning model. The failure learning mode affects the entrepreneurial ability of college students through the content of failure learning. Then, the failure learning model loses the mediating effect of entrepreneurial failure attribution on entrepreneurial ability. It is concluded that the effects of failure learning mode and content on failure learning are mutual. The attribution of entrepreneurial failure will be mediated by learning from failure in the process of affecting the entrepreneurial ability of college students. The results of this paper are compared with those of previous literature. Numerous new ventures have risen rapidly and continued to grow, and they are gradually occupying an important position in China’s economic development. However, new ventures often have many management problems, and the failure rate of entrepreneurship is high, so it is necessary to adjust the management strategy of the enterprise in time. For individual business managers, starting a business is not an easy task. New ventures are small companies when they are first established. Both products and teams are immature, and people need to adapt. Therefore, a new venture needs a system that suits it. The establishment of an efficient team is not created by a perfect system. In the early stage of the business, the boss should communicate directly with all partners in the team to reduce bureaucracy and the cost of communication. What a company needs in its early days is flexibility, creativity, and creativity. Everyone adapts to diverse roles, and everyone clearly understands that they are the owners and “leaders” of the company to achieve common goals.An excellent enterprise culture will involve four aspects: entrepreneurial spirit, transcendence spirit, youthful vitality, and a sense of achievement regardless of the specific spiritual characteristics and cultural inclinations of a corporate soul. These four aspects are concentrated in a person, which are manifested as non-conformity, innovation, self-transcendence, inexhaustible vitality, non-stop curiosity, and a sense of achievement to bring spiritual inspiration. The most fundamental is continuous innovation. Only by sticking to this can one bring transcendence, vitality, and a sense of achievement. If these four spirits can be formed and maintained, enterprises can dominate themselves without the interference of the environment. They are far ahead when they are prosperous, and they also shine through difficulties and move forward bravely when they are in a recession. Similarly, the foundation of these four spirits of an enterprise is continuous innovation. However, an enterprise is made up of employees. Enterprises need to focus on the similarities between enterprises and people, form a community between enterprises and people, and cultivate and manage innovation to maintain the driving force of continuous innovation.Innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities aims to cultivate talents with basic entrepreneurial qualities and innovative personalities. It cultivates college students’ entrepreneurial awareness and innovative spirit. The cultivation of innovative thinking and the formation of entrepreneurial skills are carried out in stages and at different levels. Real entrepreneurship education is teachers guide innovation and teach students to master creative thinking. If the innovative thinking of students can be cultivated, the quality of Chinese youth will be improved. In addition, the success rate of college students’ entrepreneurship will also increase. This paper applies entrepreneurial psychology and attribution theory to the improvement of innovative models of entrepreneurial education. For the high failure rate of college students’ entrepreneurial enterprises, the questionnaire is investigated and analyzed using failure attribution. It is necessary to consider the management strategies of new ventures based on the study’s results. In short, college students’ innovation and entrepreneurial ability can be greatly improved by learning the lessons of entrepreneurial failure. The purpose of university entrepreneurship education is to propose new things based on original ideas, theories, and systems to achieve positive social benefits. However, there are some limitations, such as the small scale of the questionnaire and the large randomness of the sample, which may lead to errors in the survey results. Therefore, the research scope should be expanded in future research. The current situation of college students’ entrepreneurship education should be studied in depth to optimize the enterprise risk management strategy and promote the improvement of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship levels.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Ethics Committee. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Simultaneous bilateral hip fractures without major trauma in the elderly are rare and usually symmetrical. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases of bilateral simultaneous asymmetric hip fracture in the elderly without major trauma have been reported.We present the case of a 90-year-old Japanese man with simultaneous bilateral asymmetric hip fractures with trochanteric fracture on the right side and greater trochanteric fracture on the left side. He complained of dyspnea at midnight and was referred to our emergency department. He was admitted to the internal medicine department for bacterial pneumonia treatment. On the 8th day of hospitalization, he was referred to our orthopedic surgery department for hip pain and was found to have fractures of both hips. Computed tomography findings showed that the left femoral neck fracture was an old fracture, while the left greater trochanteric fracture and the right trochanteric fracture were fresh fractures. He was surgically treated through open reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary nail on the right and hemiarthroplasty on the left in supine position, performed during the same surgical sessions on the 12th day of hospitalization.We report a new form of simultaneous bilateral asymmetric hip fracture in the elderly. The fracture types of the case were femoral trochanteric fracture and greater trochanteric fracture of the femur, which were different from the fracture types in the previously reported two cases. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of simultaneous bilateral hip fractures, especially in the elderly. Simultaneous bilateral hip fractures are usually associated with high-energy trauma , seizureTo the best of our knowledge, only two cases of bilateral simultaneous asymmetric hip fracture in the elderly without major trauma have been reported , 8. We pWe present the case of a 90-year-old Japanese man with simultaneous bilateral asymmetric hip fracture. As per his medical history, the patient had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and was hospitalized in the internal medicine department, had dementia and was admitted to the psychiatric department, and had cerebral contusion and symptomatic epilepsy and was hospitalized for neurosurgery. Before admission, he was able to walk with a walker. He complained of dyspnea at midnight and, therefore, visited a nearby doctor. Acute exacerbation of COPD was suspected, and he was referred to the emergency department of our institution. After admission, he was unable to walk. On the eighth day of hospitalization, he was referred to our orthopedic surgery department for hip pain and was found to have fractures of both hips. X-ray findings showed left femoral neck fracture, left greater trochanteric fracture, and right femoral trochanteric fracture Fig. .Fig. 1RaComputed tomography (CT) results showed bone osteosclerosis at the margin of the femoral head indicating that the left femoral neck fracture was an old fracture, while the left greater trochanteric and right trochanteric fractures were fresh fractures Fig. .Fig. 2CoHe was surgically treated through open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with an intramedullary nail on the right and hemiarthroplasty on the left performed during the same surgical sessions on the 12th day of hospitalization. First, ORIF of the right femur with an intramedullary nail on a traction table was performed. The first surgical operation time was 44 min. Then, the patient was moved from the traction bed to a regular surgical bed, and left hemiarthroplasty was performed for the left femoral neck fracture in supine position. A cementless hemiarthroplasty was carried out through the direct anterior approach Fig. . IntraopHip fractures result in a critical public health burden due to their high incidence, morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost. In a large epidemiological study, the incidence of intracapsular and extracapsular fractures were similar . Hip fraOn the contrary, bilateral simultaneous hip fractures are rare and often occur in young patients due to high-energy trauma , seizureBilateral simultaneous hip fractures are even less common in elderly patients without serious comorbidity when caused by minor trauma, and few cases have been reported in literature –16. AlmoIn our case, CT results showed bone osteosclerosis at the margin of the femoral head, indicating that the left femoral neck fracture was an old fracture, while the left greater trochanteric and right trochanteric fractures were fresh fractures. Intraoperative findings showed the absence of hematoma in the left hip joint, suggesting an old femoral neck fracture. Before admission, the patient was able to walk with a walker and was determined to have had a left femoral neck fracture without displacement. After admission, he was unable to walk. A possible cause of injury is that the left femoral neck fracture was displaced after minimal trauma, resulting in simultaneous damage to the right and left trochanter. It was determined that the detection of bilateral proximal femoral fractures as a cause of difficulty in walking was delayed due to bacterial pneumonia and dementia. The injury mechanism of the greater trochanteric fracture of the left femur was diagnosed as the fact that the left lower limb was forced to adduct after minimal trauma, increasing the tension of the gluteus medius tendon.In the first and second cases, surgery was performed in lateral decubitus position for femoral neck fracture, and changing the patient’s position during surgery was necessary , 8. In oFirst, we decided to treat the trochanteric fracture, which was performed on a traction table and stabilized with an intramedullary nail after reduction. Then, the patient was moved from the traction bed to the regular surgical bed. Left hemiarthroplasty was performed on the contralateral side in supine position. We opted for this sequence for two reasons: first, to easily switch the patient from the traction table to the regular surgical bed and vice versa, and second, to avoid the risk of dislocating the prosthesis when moving the patient to the traction table.To the best of our knowledge, bilateral simultaneous asymmetric hip fractures with femoral trochanteric fractures and greater trochanteric fractures has not been previously reported in literature. The fracture types in this case were femoral trochanteric fracture and greater trochanteric fracture of the femur. This is a new form of simultaneous bilateral asymmetric hip fractures. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of simultaneous bilateral hip fractures, especially in the elderly.We report a new form of simultaneous bilateral asymmetric hip fractures in the elderly. The fracture types reported were femoral trochanteric fracture and greater trochanteric fracture of the femur, which were different from the fracture types of the previous two cases. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of simultaneous bilateral hip fractures, especially in the elderly.


With the global concern for carbon dioxide, the carbon emission trading market is becoming more and more important. An accurate forecast of carbon price plays a significant role in understanding the dynamics of the carbon trading market and achieving national emission reduction targets. Carbon prices are influenced by many factors, which makes carbon price forecasting a complicated problem. In recent years, deep learning models are widely used in price forecasting, because they have high forecasting accuracy when dealing with nonlinear time series data. In this paper, Multivariate Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in deep learning is used to forecast carbon prices in China, which takes into account the factors affecting the carbon price. The historical time series data of carbon prices in Hubei (HBEA) and Guangdong (GDEA) and three traditional energy prices affecting carbon prices from 5 May 2014 to 22 July 2021 are collected to form two data sets. To prove the forecast effect of our model, this paper not only uses Multivariate LSTM, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to forecast the same data, but also compares the forecast results of Multivariate LSTM with the existing research on HBEA and GDEA forecast based on deep learning recently. The results show that the MAE, MSE, and RMSE obtained by the Multivariate LSTM are all smaller than other prediction models, which proves that the model is more suitable for carbon price forecast and offers a new approach to carbon prices forecast. This research conclusion also provides some policy implications. With the rapid economic growth of all countries, the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide produced by human beings in the process of production and living have increased dramatically, resulting in sustained global warming. Global warming has affected all aspects of human activities to varying degrees. In order to cope with global warming effectively, the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 regards the carbon emission trading market as a new pathway to control greenhouse gas emissions. As the largest developing country in the world, China’s rapid economic growth is accompanied by huge energy consumption, resulting in China’s greenhouse gas emissions accounting for a large proportion of the global total. Therefore, China has great potential for carbon emission reduction, and it is extremely urgent to establish a carbon emission trading market. Since 2013, China has carried out seven carbon emission trading pilots in two provinces and five cities, namely Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, and Chongqing, which kicked off China’s carbon emissions trading market from scratch. With the acceleration of carbon emission reduction, China’s carbon trading market is becoming more and more mature. The national unified carbon emission trading market was formally opened on 16 July 2021, which marked that China’s carbon trading market moved from a decentralized pilot to national unification. As a result, the relevant research on the domestic carbon emission trading market is of great practical significance. It is not only conducive to the in-depth development of China’s low-carbon economy but also provides reference suggestions for the construction and improvement of carbon trading markets around the world.With the continuous in-depth growth of the carbon trading market, the financial trend of the market is becoming increasingly significant. The carbon market not only has the general attributes of other financial markets but also has certain particularities and externalities. In the carbon trading market, carbon prices are the most concerned core element, because the level and fluctuation of carbon prices can directly reflect the market performance. Accurate forecasting of carbon prices is not only beneficial to the comprehensive, sustainable and healthy development of the carbon market but also conducive to better planning and decision-making by the government and market participants . AlthougIn the existing literature, most carbon price prediction is mainly based on the time series data of carbon price itself. However, a large number of studies have proved that carbon price is influenced by many factors, such as policy factors , weatherCompared with the existing research, the main innovations and contributions of this study are as follows: Firstly, previous studies are based on historical time-series data of carbon price itself to forecast carbon prices, while ignoring the importance of influencing factors in carbon price prediction. The carbon emissions trading market in China is relatively complex, and the fluctuation of carbon prices is affected by various factors, so the historical time series data of carbon price itself cannot summarize all the information. Therefore, considering that carbon price is influenced by many factors, this paper takes energy price as the most important influencing factor and carbon price as input variables at the same time, thereby improving the authenticity and accuracy of the forecast . SecondlThe rest of this paper is structured as follows: In the existing literature, researchers have made a lot of predictions in different fields, including finance , tourismEarly scholars mainly adopted autoregressive (AR), generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH), etc. Early scholars mainly used the econometric models such as Autoregressive (AR), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH), and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) to make predictions. Byun and Cho  used GARFor overcoming this problem, scholars have introduced machine learning technology. There is plenty of literature to prove that machine learning models are more suitable for dealing with non-stationary and nonlinear carbon price sequences than traditional econometric models. Huo et al.  used a sIn recent years, deep learning models have become the most popular research method because of their better prediction accuracy and reliability, and to a certain extent, it solves the limitations of conventional machine learning. Wang et al.  used traRNN is a mainstream deep learning algorithm, which was proposed by Rumelhart et al. as early as 1986 . CompareAmong them, LSTM was proposed by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber in 1997  and imprThe LSTM operation process needs the following four steps:Step 1: To decide which information in the previous cell state Step 2: To decide which information in the present cell state Step 3: To convert the previous cell state Step 4: To decide the output values through the output gate. The sigmoid layer determines which information of In these equations, In order to assess the forecast accuracy of the model, according to the actual prices and the predicted prices of the carbon emission trading market, this paper selects Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) as the evaluation indexes of the model. MAE refers to the average value of absolute deviations among predicted and actual values, which can well reflect the real error of the predicted value. MSE refers to the average value of square deviation between the predicted values and the actual values, which can be used to evaluate the change of the function. RMSE refers to the square root of MSE, which is used to calculate the deviation between the predicted value and the actual value. The computation equations are as follows:In these equations, The carbon price is impacted by many factors, which makes carbon price forecasting a very complicated problem. The main source of carbon emissions is still the combustion of fossil energy, so this paper considers the energy price that affects the carbon price. Meanwhile, the time-series data of carbon prices have autocorrelation, when forecasting the carbon price, we can predict its future price according to the historical time series data of carbon price itself. As a result, this paper takes carbon price and energy price as input features to predict future carbon prices.Carbon emission trading pilots in China started late, and there are some differences among these carbon trading pilots. To sum up, this paper takes the Hubei carbon market (abbreviation: HBEA) and the Guangdong carbon market (abbreviation: GDEA) as research objects. The daily closing prices of HBEA and GDEA are selected as experimental data, the period of which is from 5 May 2014 to 22 July 2021, excluding the daily data with the trading volume of 0. All data used are gathered from the Wind database.Fossil energy prices mainly affect carbon prices through two paths. One path is that the energy prices directly affect the carbon prices by affecting the energy consumption. As the energy consumption depends on the energy prices to a great extent, when the energy prices decrease, the emission control enterprises will be more inclined to use fossil energy, which will lead to an increase in carbon emissions and eventually changes in carbon prices. Conversely, when the energy price rises, enterprises will choose other energy sources and reduce the use of fossil energy which will affect their carbon emissions. Another path is that the energy prices have an indirect impact on the carbon price by influencing the energy utilization rate. That is, when energy prices rise, in order to control the cost, enterprises will develop new technologies to improve the utilization rate of energy, which will affect the carbon emissions and ultimately the carbon price. Therefore, changes in crude oil, natural gas, and coal prices will cause carbon price changes.Firstly, the crude oil price is an important factor affecting the global macro-economy , and ChiIn this paper, three energy prices and carbon prices are taken as explanatory variables at the same time. Therefore, we need to sort the obtained original data and fill the missing values with the previous day’s prices, to obtain two complete time-series data sets. Since each time series data does not belong to the normal distribution, so it is impossible to fill the missing value with the average value. In this equation, The correlations between the four variables of the two data sets are shown in the Pearson Heat Map in Accurately predicting the carbon price is of great significance for countries to achieve carbon emission reduction targets. The purpose of this experiment is to forecast Hubei carbon emission trading price (HBEA) and Guangdong carbon emission trading price (GDEA) by using Multivariate LSTM. The Multivariate LSTM model is trained with 300 epochs, the batch size is 32. The time window length is 10, that is, the data of the first 10 days are used to calculate the carbon price of the 11th day. This paper uses Multivariate LSTM, SVR, MLP, and RNN to forecast the same data, and the results are compared and analyzed to prove the prediction effect of our model.The four models use HBEA and three energy prices  to predict HBEA values from 5 May 2014 to 22 July 2021. There are 1704 observations in the data set, of which the previous 80% are used as the training set, and the remaining 20% are used as the test set to evaluate the prediction performance of the model. In conclusion, through the comparison of the actual values and the predicted values of SVR, MLP, RNN, and Multivariate LSTM, it can be seen that the predicted prices obtained by Multivariate LSTM are more consistent with the actual prices of HBEA. Especially in the places where HBEA fluctuates drastically, the prediction effect of Multivariate LSTM is better than other prediction models.To further prove the prediction effect of Multivariate LSTM, the evaluation indexes of each prediction model are calculated, and the results of the four models are shown in The four models use the time series data of GDEA, crude oil, natural gas, and coal from 5 May 2014 to 22 July 2021 to predict the GDEA values. The data set with 1520 observations are processed in the same way as HBEA. Recently, some scholars have introduced machine learning and deep learning technology into carbon price forecasting. In the existing research, this paper selects four models as the benchmark models. The comparison between our model and these models based on RMSE values is shown in However, all the above studies have a common feature which is that the data they used in the modeling process is only the time series of the carbon price itself, without considering the related variables that affect the carbon price. It is the biggest difference from them that when we select the modeling input features, we not only consider the historical time series data of carbon prices but also the data of crude oil, natural gas, and coal prices. By comparing the RSME of our model with the above models, it can be concluded that the accuracy of the multivariate LSTM model considering the influencing factors in this paper is better than the selected mixed models.Carbon trading is considered to be an important method for reducing carbon emissions, and setting reasonable carbon prices is beneficial to the development of the carbon trading market. Accurate forecasting of the domestic carbon price is of great significance for enhancing China’s position in the global carbon emission trading market and promoting China’s carbon emission reduction targets. However, the carbon price is non-stationary and non-linearity and is affected by many factors, which make carbon price forecasting a challenging task. In recent years, deep learning models have been successfully applied to many complicated nonlinear sequence predictions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to forecast the carbon price in China’s carbon market based on using the Multivariate LSTM in deep learning.Firstly, according to the active degree of carbon trading, we choose the carbon price of Hubei (HBEA) and Guangdong (GDEA) as the research objects. Considering that carbon price is affected by energy price, crude oil price, natural gas price, and coal price are identified as three important variables affecting carbon price. Five variable data from 5 May 2014 to 22 July 2021 are collected from the Wind database and processed into two complete data sets. There are 1704 observations in the Hubei data set and 1520 observations in the Guangdong data set.Secondly, the carbon prices in Hubei and Guangdong were predicted by using the Multivariate LSTM. For comparison, this paper not only uses SVR, MLP, and RNN to forecast the same data but also compares the forecasting results of Multivariate LSTM with the existing research. When forecasting HBEA values, the Multivariate LSTM prediction results indicate that MAE is 0.617, MSE is 0.957, and RMSE is 0.978. Additionally, in the forecast of GDEA values, the prediction results of Multivariate LSTM show that MAE is 0.407, MSE is 0.293 and RMSE is 0.541. Compared with other models, the prediction accuracy of Multivariate LSTM is still better. In general, the Multivariate LSTM model is more suitable for carbon price prediction, which provides a new method for carbon price prediction.Finally, based on the research results, the policy implications are put forward as follows: (1) Regulators of the carbon market should pay attention to the energy price closely related to the carbon price. In the development of the carbon trading market in China, regulators can use changes in energy prices to predict carbon price changes, assess the risks brought by carbon price fluctuations in advance, and put forward corresponding preventive measures. In this way, adopting appropriate risk control measures to avoid risks can improve the stability of the carbon trading market. (2) Enterprises should take full advantage of the relevant information of the energy market and control the carbon emission cost of enterprises by adjusting the energy consumption structure or improving the energy utilization rate. When the energy price changes, enterprises can predict the carbon price. If the carbon price is on the rise, enterprises should choose more clean energy or develop new technologies to improve the energy utilization rate, thus reducing the demand for carbon emissions and reducing the carbon emission cost of enterprises. (3) The government should ensure the stability of energy prices. Our research results show that the energy price can predict the carbon price well, so the stability of the energy price helps the government to set the carbon price reasonably. Specifically, the government should pay attention to improving the technical level of energy exploration and exploitation in China, increasing the domestic energy supply, and forming a more independent energy market. This can better control the source of carbon price fluctuations and fundamentally guarantee the stable and healthy development of the carbon trading market.


Migrants workers are important participants in and contributors to economic and social construction, but they still face the reality of being marginalized. Based on data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2018, this paper systematically investigated the impact of public health services on the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. The research found that, first, the current mean of the multidimensional poverty deprivation value of migrant workers is 0.1806, which is one dimension of poverty that exists on average. In addition, migrant workers do not have high access to public health services. The proportions of migrant workers who have not established residents’ health files and who have not received public health education are 74.22% and 29.92%, respectively. Second, public health services can significantly alleviate the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. After mitigating the potential endogeneity problem by the IV-2SLS method and conducting robustness tests by the PSM method, the conclusion is still robust. Further research found that the impact of public health services on the multidimensional poverty alleviation of migrant workers is heterogeneous. The improvement of public health services has the greatest effect on the multidimensional poverty alleviation of the new generation of migrant female workers in the western region. The research in this paper helps to examine and clarify the policy significance of public health services for the multidimensional poverty alleviation of migrant workers and provides empirical evidence for the use of public health services to tackle the poverty problem. Since the reform and opening-up, hundreds of millions of farmers have moved from rural areas to cities, becoming the backbone of the labor market in urban areas and making great contributions to sustained economic growth. The migrant worker monitoring survey report released by the National Bureau of Statistics shows that the total number of migrant workers nationwide in 2020 reached 285.6 million, of which 169.59 million migrant workers left their local area, accounting for more than 59%  data organized by the National Health Commission, this paper systematically evaluates the impact of public health services on migrant workers from the two aspects of public health education and health file registration. The impact of multidimensional poverty and the heterogeneity of this impact are analyzed. The innovation of this paper is to focus on the relationship between service accessibility and poverty among migrant worker groups from the perspective of public health services. It provides new ideas to improve migrants’ sense of well-being and promote integration into the city. It also provides some references for other countries in the world to explore the reform of poverty alleviation mechanisms and policy innovations to improve the efficiency of public health services. To achieve this vision, the message needs to be communicated not only to migrant workers, but also to the broader policy community. We must take action to improve the health and poverty of migrant workers. Therefore, we call for improved public health policies to adapt to the global and national health challenges of this new era.We organize the rest of the paper as follows: Public service is the basic function of modern government. Compared with the state’s high attention to the top-level design of public services and the rapid advancement in practice, standardized and in-depth academic research in the field of public health services is slightly lagging. For a long time, the “siphon effect” in the allocation of health resources in China has caused the efficiency of health resources to be in a state of continuous overflow or diminishing returns from governance . WhetherHealth is the human capital for individuals to obtain social resources and achieve self-development and is an important guarantee for the healthy operation of the family and the entire society. The health-improving effect of public health services can be mainly launched from the following three aspects. One is to protect health opportunities. Inequality in the allocation of health resources directly restricts the development of residents’ health capabilities. Public health services can improve the efficiency of medical resource allocation by improving the accessibility of medical services, thereby becoming an important opportunity and condition for migrant workers to reduce their health and poverty . Second,Regarding basic public health service items, the existing literature has mostly carried out research on some regions or populations, and its positive health improvement effect has reached a consensus in the academic community . On thisThe classic theory of sociology reminds us that in the process of urban migration, migrant workers will not only encounter the problem of adapting to urban life but also encounter the problem of exclusion from urban public services . Wages, The data used in this paper is the “2018 China Floating Population Dynamics Monitoring Survey Data” (CMDS2018). There are three main reasons for choosing this set of data. First, there is the combination of authority and reliability. The CMDS2018 data are organized and developed by the National Health Commission and implemented by the China Population and Development Research Center and the China Health Education Center. The sample covers 31 provincial-level administrative units and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and strictly implements a stratified, multistage, and scale-proportional PPS sampling method. The primary sampling unit is the township . The scope of the survey covers 7600 sample points. There are nearly 170,000 annual samples. Second, there is the combination of professionalism and applicability. The object of the CMDS2018 data survey is the inflow population who has lived in the inflow area for one month or more and is not registered in the district, aged 15 and above. The content covers the income and expenditure of the migrant population, employment, mobility and willingness to stay, health, social integration, and other aspects. , a sub-sampling frame is prepared). Third, there is the high time-sensitivity of the data. The CMDS2018 data are the latest survey data released by the National Health Commission. This source has strong timeliness and completeness and can better meet the data requirements of this article. Based on the sample research needs of this paper and the consensus of experts, this paper only considers the sample of the migrant population with agricultural household registration who migrated to work or do business and were employed in CMDS2018. After processing the missing values and outliers of each variable, a benchmark sample containing 53,857 observations was obtained.Poverty deprivation levels. The formation mechanisms and manifestations of poverty are diverse, connected, and heterogeneous. Any attempt to define and operationalize poverty has certain limitations . AlthougPublic health service. The Pilot Program for Equalization of Basic Public Services for Health and Family Planning for the Floating Population, issued by the National Health Commission in 2013, provides more than 12 public health services. Carrying out public health education and implementing health file registration for the floating population are the key tasks in the content of public health services, and they serve the largest number of groups. Therefore, this article takes “public health education” and “health file registration” as the core explanatory variables. Among these, “public health education” asks about the number of migrant workers who have received nine aspects of health education in the past year, namely, occupational disease prevention and control, STD/AIDS prevention and control, reproductive health and contraception, tuberculosis prevention and control, smoking control, mental health, chronic disease prevention and treatment, maternal and child health care/prenatal and postnatal care, and self-help in public emergencies. “Health file registration” asks migrant workers whether they have an established resident health file in their current residence.Control variables. To improve the effectiveness of the estimation and to try to avoid the estimation error caused by the omitted variables, combined with the existing research and related theoretical basis, this paper mainly determines the three types of control variables from the characteristics of human capital, family characteristics, and regional characteristics. At the same time, the article controls the industry fixed effects  and the fixed effects of outflow areas .The main relationship we want to explore in this study is whether the equalization of public health services would alleviate the poverty of migrant workers. To this end, we estimate Equation (1):On the right-hand side of Equation (1), One may be concerned that this paper uses non-experimental data. Considering whether migrant workers enjoy urban public health services  may not satisfy random sampling, and direct regression may lead to a sample self-selection problem. Therefore, this paper will use the propensity score matching method (PSM) to construct a counterfactual framework to alleviate the sample self-selection problem. The basic idea of the PSM method lies in dividing the whole sample into treatment groups and reference groups based on whether they have access to urban public health services, predicting the probability of migrant workers enjoying public health services based on observable variables, and using methods such as nuclear matching to identify control group variables. This forms a matching sample to achieve results similar to the effect of random trials to solve the possible impact of the above problems .Using a logit model to estimate the probability of migrant workers accessing public health services  based on existing literature and theory, we can obtain the propensity value:The dual dummy variable The prerequisite for the effectiveness of the PSM model is to satisfy the assumption of negligibility; that is, all individual characteristics or related variables used for matching are included in the regression equation, and there are no missing variables related to explanatory variables . However, this is a strong assumption. Although this article has controlled as many covariates as possible, there may still be endogeneity problems caused by missing variable deviations or measurement errors. At this time, the potential results  will not be independent. Whether migrants have access to public health services is likely to bias the estimation results. To this end, this article uses the IV-2SLS method to further verify the robustness of the results.The IV-2SLS method requires two stages of regression; that is, before estimating Formula (1), the first stage is needed to find the exogenous part of the endogenous variable. Specifically, in this article, the first-stage regression equation is as follows:Among these, This article chooses two instrumental variables. First, from the perspective of the regional policy environment, according to the two questions in the questionnaire, “the number of health/fertility/health education bulletin boards in the village where the migrants are located/the center is fixed” and the “number of bulletin board updates in the past year”, we take the logarithm of the product of the two to construct a new variable “community public health attention” as an instrumental variable for whether migrant workers receive public health services. On the one hand, “community public health attention” reflects to a certain extent the publicity level and service intensity of public health services for migrant workers in the community and can directly affect the choice of migrant workers to receive public health services. On the other hand, “community public health attention” will not have a direct impact on the multidimensional poverty level of migrant workers.Second, from the perspective of migrant workers’ policy cognition, the questionnaire question “Have you heard of public health service items?” was selected as an instrumental variable. The “policy cognition” of migrant workers on public health services will affect whether they accept public health services, but this level of cognition does not have a direct impact on their own multidimensional poverty levels. Logically speaking, the “community public health attention” and “policy cognition” of migrant workers meet the conditions of relevance and exogeneity and are effective instrumental variables.p values of the overidentification test are all greater than 0.1, indicating that we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the instrumental variables meet the exogenous condition. It can be seen that the instrumental variables in this article also meet the exogenous conditions.Specifically, in this paper, to test the validity of the IV-2SLS estimation results, we carried out under-recognition tests, weak recognition tests, and overidentification tests on the instrumental variables. This article refers to the research of Staiger and Stock (1997). The F value of the first stage of the IV-2SLS model is above 10, indicating that there is a strong correlation between instrumental variables and endogenous variables . RegardiThe level of public health service for migrant workers: Overall, only 25.78% of migrant workers established residents’ health files in their current residences, and 29.92% of migrant workers did not receive any kind of public health education. Specifically, among the nine public health education items involved in the CMDS questionnaire, the highest proportion of migrant workers received health education on smoking control, accounting for approximately 49.96%. Second, they received health education on reproductive health and contraception and maternal and child health/prenatal and postnatal care, accounting for 46.17% and 45.67%, respectively. A total of 42.01% of migrant workers received health education on self-help in public emergencies. In contrast, there are five types of public health education that received less than 40%. The proportion of migrant workers who received health education on tuberculosis prevention and treatment is the lowest, only 30.85%. The proportion of migrant workers who received mental health education is 33.52%. The proportions of health education in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and occupational diseases are 34.07% and 34.15%, respectively. In addition, the proportion of people who received health education on STD/AIDS prevention is not high, accounting for only 37.18%.First, this paper uses OLS regression to estimate the poverty reduction effect of public health services on migrant workers. The results in p-value of the overidentification test are 0.5901 and 0.7667, respectively, and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, indicating that the instrumental variables meet the exogenous condition. According to the results of the IV-2SLS estimation in Columns (2) and (4), under the control of all control variables, fixed industry effects and fixed effects of outflow areas, public health services still have a significant negative impact on the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. Moreover, the estimated value of the coefficient is larger than the estimated value of the OLS regression coefficient, indicating that the previous benchmark regression underestimated the poverty reduction effect of public health services on migrant workers.First, the propensity score of migrant workers to obtain public health services is calculated. Then, it is counterfactual to look for the work of farmers who do not have public health services who have the closest score to the migrant workers who have access to public health services. Finally, we compare the differences in the probability of falling into multidimensional poverty between the two groups and take the average of the calculated differences to obtain the average effect of public health services on the poverty reduction of migrant workers. However, the PSM method is usually suitable for cases in which the core explanatory variable is a binary variable. Although the variable of health file registration meets the requirements, the variable of public health education still needs to be dealt with. In view of this, this article attempts to adopt two methods to adjust the public health education variable into a binary variable.First, in terms of quantity, if migrant workers have received at least one category of public health education, the value of public health education is 1, and if they have not received any public health education, the value is 0. On the other hand, considering that there are nine categories of public health education dimensions, this paper takes the median. If migrant workers have received five or more categories of public health education, the value is 1; otherwise, the value is 0. Second, CMDS2018 involves a total of nine public health education programs in terms of the classification of public health education, but there are significant differences in the importance of different education programs for migrant workers. Considering that the working environment of migrant workers is often closely related to “noise”, “dust”, and “high temperature”, there are often occupational diseases  suffered by migrant workers . TherefoWhen setting the variable of multidimensional poverty in the paper, more consideration is given to the deprivation value, so multidimensional poverty is a continuous variable. Further, we use the binary variables “poverty status” and “difficult status” as explanatory variables for robustness tests in this section. For the poverty status, we set the multidimensional poverty dimension threshold to 2. A migrant worker is in poverty if he exists as deprived in more than two dimensions. For the difficult status, we refer to the problem “Is your family in the local area currently in difficulty?” in the questionnaire. If the migrant worker is experiencing hardship, he is in a difficult status. The regression results using the instrumental variable method are shown in As mentioned earlier, the abovementioned studies confirmed that access to urban public health services can significantly reduce the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. However, the above results are only average effects. Affected by various factors, such as regional policies, economic development level, and individual characteristics of migrant workers, the impact of public health services on the poverty of migrant workers may have regional differences and intragroup differences. Therefore, it is necessary to start from gender heterogeneity, intergenerational heterogeneity, and regional heterogeneity to explore the possible heterogeneous impact of urban public health services on the poverty alleviation of migrant workers with different characteristics.Gender Heterogeneity. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201405/t20140512_551585.html, accessed on 1 August 2020), migrant workers born in 1980 and later are classified as the new generation, whereas those born before 1980 are categorized as the old generation [Intergenerational Heterogeneity. There may also be differences in the impact of public health services on migrant workers across generations. Referring to the 2013 National Migrant Workers Monitoring Survey Report by the National Bureau of Statistics  The regression results of the subsamples are shown in In summary, the impact of public health services on the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers is heterogeneous, and the improvement of public health services has the greatest effect on the multidimensional poverty alleviation of the western region, the new generation, and female migrant workers. Regarding the transmission mechanism of this poverty reduction effect, the hypothesis proposed in this paper based on the previous theoretical analysis is as follows: public health services can reduce the multidimensional poverty level of migrant workers by improving their health, reducing medical expenditures, increasing labor income, and enhancing their identity. Some evidence could provide support for these conjectures. Spadaro et al. (2013) found that Spanish public health services can influence the distribution of income and alleviate poverty . Arthur Nevertheless, we have some other findings. Focusing on other control variables , we findBased on CMDS data, this paper systematically investigated the role of public health services as the basic content of basic public services in alleviating the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. Our analysis, in general, found that the current average value of the multidimensional poverty deprivation value of migrant workers is 0.1806. In addition, the public health service gaps remain relatively large. The proportions of migrant workers who have not established residents’ health files and who have not received public health education are 74.22% and 29.92%, respectively. Second, public health services can significantly alleviate the multidimensional poverty of migrant workers. After the IV-2SLS method is used to alleviate the potential endogeneity problems and the PSM method and other robustness tests, the conclusion is still valid. Third, the multidimensional poverty reduction of migrant workers by public health services is heterogeneous. In contrast, the improvement of public health services has the greatest effect on the multidimensional poverty alleviation of the western region, the new generation, and female migrant workers.Overall, the research conclusions have certain policy implications. Migrant workers are a marginal group in the urban public services. When dealing with the multidimensional poverty problem of migrant workers in cities, we can think about promoting public health education for migrant workers and promoting health file registration, continuing to improve the construction of the public service system, and creating a favorable policy environment for the protection of migrant workers’ health and other interests. Specifically, first, it is necessary to promote the development of the equalization of public health services in stages and types according to the individual, time, and local conditions . We need