To culturally adapt and examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese (Cantonese) version of the Upper Extremity Functional Index (C-UEFI) in people with chronic stroke.Cross-sectional study.University-affiliated neurorehabilitation research laboratory.N = 151) were people with chronic stroke (N = 101) and healthy controls (n = 50).The participants , Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), Activity-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale, Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and Community Integration Measure (CIM) as outcome measures.3, 1 = 0.872) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.922). People with chronic stroke had poorer C-UEFI scores than the healthy controls. The overall C-UEFI mean score of 101 people with stroke was significantly correlated with the mean scores of the FMA-UE, WMFT, MAL, ABC scale, IADL scale, SAFFE, SIS and CIM and the distance covered in the 6MWT. The C-UEFI cut-off score to distinguish between people with chronic stroke and healthy older adults according to upper extremity function was 57.5 out of 59 . The C-UEFI had good content validity, with an acceptable fit to the two-factor structure model.The C-UEFI items demonstrated good test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]The C-UEFI is reliable and valid for assessing functional recovery of upper extremity activity in Chinese people with chronic stroke. Stroke is a common disability in adults, with an estimated 9.6 million ischaemic strokes and 4.1 million haemorrhagic strokes occurring globally each year . ApproxiCompared with observational and objective outcome measures, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) provide additional value and unique insights into motor recovery after stroke . PROMs hThere are several existing PROMs commonly used to assess the upper limb function of people with stroke, e.g., the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire , the Str2, 1 = 0.95, ICC = 0.94) and excellent internal consistency (person separation index = 0.94) in people with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders  is a 20-item, region-specific PROM initially designed to assess upper extremity function in people with musculoskeletal disorders , 18. A 1isorders , 19.The UEFI could serve as a region-specific PROM to assess upper extremity function in people with stroke. The UEFI has been translated into several languages for different patient populations. For example, the English , 20, AraThis study was conducted from January to June 2021 in accordance with the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies  and the The permission to translate the original English UEFI into Chinese was obtained from the authors of the UEFI. Forward and backward translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the UEFI were performed in accordance with the international guidelines proposed by Beaton et al. , which cThe pilot C-UEFI was then produced and tested on 10 people with chronic stroke and five healthy controls. All 15 pilot trial participants agreed that the pilot version was fluent, clear, and comprehensible. After the pilot study, no further revision was needed, and the final C-UEFI was established. Finally, we tested the psychometric properties of the C-UEFI.via poster advertisements. People with stroke were included in the study if they: (1) were 50–80 years old; (2) suffered a single stroke that was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography at least 1 year before the start of the study; (3) scored 7 or higher in the Chinese version of the Abbreviated Mental Test  from a local self-help group tal Test ; (4) couWe recruited 50 healthy older adults  aged 50–80 years with stable health as the control group. People with any comorbid neurological, cardiovascular, or musculoskeletal disease that might affect the assessment were excluded.2, 1 = 0.95) in people with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders  were collected, and the group completed the C-UEFI. The participants also completed the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), MAL, Activity-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, IADL scale, Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE), SIS and Community Integration Measure (CIM) in a randomized order. At least 5 min of rest was allowed between each assessment. After a 7-day interval (day 2), 50 people with chronic stroke were randomly selected from the 101 participants who completed the day 1 assessment, to complete the C-UEFI again to assess test–retest reliability by the same rater who conducted the assessment in day 1.On day 1, the demographic data of the chronic stroke group  and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.92) in people with stroke  in people with stroke  and QOM (r = 0.61–0.71) in people with stroke (The MAL is used to assess the amount of use (AOU) and quality of movement (QOM) of the paretic arm and hand during ADLs in patients with chronic stroke . For each stroke .The ABC scale, a 16-item questionnaire, is used to assess subjective balance confidence in daily activities . The ite2, 1 = 0.99) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.9) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.86) in older adults . The level of confidence for significance was set as α = 0.05. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess data normality. Independent 3, 1. The model was based on the two-way mixed effects model and the single-rater type  .r denotes the test–retest reliability coefficient. Standardized response mean (SRM) was calculated as the ratio of change from pretest to posttest divided by the standard deviation of the change scores. SRM > 0.8, 0.5–0.8, or 0.2– <0.5 indicate large, moderate, and low responsiveness, respectively  was calculated as SD × 1.96 × 2 (1-r)  at a 95%ectively .r > 0.75), moderate to good (r = 0.50–0.75), fair (r = 0.25–0.49) and little to no correlation (r < 0.25)  . In orde2/df < 3.0)  were used to identify the components of the C-UEFI. Principal component analysis and a scree plot were used to determine the optimal number for factor extraction, and promax rotation was used to enhance the interpretability of the factors. In the EFA, the items with factor loadings >0.3 were considered meaningful , and thef < 3.0) .A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the areas under the curve (AUCs) were used to determine the optimal cut-off of C-UEFI and the accuracy of ability of C-UEFI to classify the upper extremity activity limitations in people with stroke. The true positive rate and false positive rate were plotted to generate the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve to evaluate the performance of C-UEFI as a classifier to distinguish the upper limb functions between the people with stroke with upper extremity activities limitations and healthy subjects. After number of possible cut-off values obtained, the Youden index analysis was performed to identify the optimal cut-off point of the C-UEFI in distinguishing the level of upper extremity activity limitations in people with stroke and their healthy counterparts . Area un“There were only minor linguistic discrepancies between the translators during the forward-backward translation process and resolved through consensus. Our expert panel confirmed the cultural relevancy and linguistic equivalence of the pilot version of Chinese (Cantonese) version of UEFI. The pilot results demonstrated that the fluency, clarity, and comprehensibility of pilot version was good.”A total of 151 participants  were recruited for this study. Their mean ages were 63.82 (SD 6.4) and 61.58 (7.56) years, respectively .3, 1 value is shown in 3, 1 for the C-UEFI total score was 0.872 . The test–retest ICC3, 1 for the C-UEFI items ranged from 0.22  to 0.771 . The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of the C-UEFI was 0.922  and with the distance covered in the 6MWT . Their overall C-UEFI mean score also showed a significant negative moderate correlation with the SAFFE mean score   .2/df of 2.27 (P < 0.001), a robust comparative fit index of 0.872, a robust Tucker–Lewis index of 0.849 and a robust root mean square error approximation of 0.113. The inter-factor correlation between the two subscales was significant (r = 0.78). The Cronbach's α values for the two subscales  and the total score (α = 0.921) were acceptable.The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure was 0.886, which indicated sufficient C-UEFI items for the factor analysis. Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant, showing that the factor analysis was satisfactory. The EFA suggested a two-factor model, which explained 58.434% of the total variance . The CFAA C-UEFI cut-off score of 57.5 was identified. The receiver operating characteristic curve yielded an AUC of 0.921, with a sensitivity of 89.1% and a specificity of 84% of 1.721 of Youden's index, respectively, and with positive predictive value of 91.8% and negative predictive value of 79.2%, separately .This is the first study to extend the use of the UEFI to assess the region-specific PROM of the level of upper extremity function in community-dwelling people with stroke. In summary, the C-UEFI demonstrated good test–retest reliability and excellent internal consistency in people with chronic stroke. People with stroke scored lower than healthy controls on all items of the C-UEFI. The C-UEFI score was significantly correlated with the scores of FMA-UE, WMFT, ABC scale, MAL, Lawton IADL scale, SAFFE, SIS, and CIM and with the distance covered in the 6MWT. Our study also demonstrated that 57.5 was the optimal cut-off UEFI score to differentiate between people with stroke and healthy older adults according to upper extremity function. A two-factor structure comprising “Basic Daily Activity” and “Advanced Functional Activity” was confirmed by factor analysis.In our study, the PROM of upper extremity function of people with stroke was significantly lower than that of healthy controls on all items of the C-UEFI. Stroke-specific impairments of upper and lower extremities include muscle weakness, spasticity, and impaired motor control , which a3, 1 = 0.872) indicates that the C-UEFI is a reliable outcome measure for clinical use in Chinese people with chronic stroke. This finding is consistent with previous studies showing excellent test–retest reliability of the English version in people with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders  (This was the first study to investigate the reliability of the C-UEFI for assessing people with chronic stroke. The good test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.94) , 19. ThrThe Cronbach's α coefficients were excellent for the individual items (Cronbach's α = 0.912–0.923) and total scores (Cronbach's α = 0.922) of the C-UEFI, indicating good correlations between each item. This finding is consistent with previous studies that reported excellent internal consistency in people with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (Cronbach's α = 0.94) . The higThe measurement error of the C-UEFI in people with chronic stroke was quantified in this study using SEM and MDC. The SEM (3.6) represents 6.1% of the C-UEFI score range, indicating that the measurement error of the C-UEFI represents only a small portion of the total scale range. The MDC (9.98) represents 16.9% of the total score range, which is similar to the MDC (8.1) previously reported in people with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders . The MDCA significant fair correlation was detected between C-UEFI and FMA-UE scores. FMA-UE scores reflect neural motor control, including upper extremity muscle performance and gross gripping function, which are essential components of the level of upper extremity functional activity . Hence, Expectedly, the C-UEFI score showed significant correlations with WMFT and MAL scores. The WMFT is a quantitative outcome measure of upper extremity motor ability in people with stroke, mainly rating upper extremity strength and dexterity , similarThe C-UEFI score showed significant correlations with the distance covered in the 6MWT and the ABC scale scores. The 6MWT assesses the distance walked in 6 min as a sub-maximal test of aerobic capacity or exercise endurance . The ABCOur study demonstrated that the C-UEFI score showed a significant positive good to excellent correlation with the Lawton IADL scale score. The Lawton IADL scale evaluates the ability to perform complex ADLs necessary for independent living in the community , and theThe C-UEFI score was significantly correlated with the SIS score, except for the memory evaluation. The SIS is used to evaluate the health-related quality of life in the upper extremity activity domain . Higher Our study used factor analysis to explore the components of the C-UEFI. A two-factor structure was identified according to the EFA, namely, “Basic Daily Activity” and “Advanced Functional Activity,” which was confirmed by the CFA. The “Basic Daily Activity” dimension  mainly evaluates basic ADLs, which require basic movements. The “Advanced Functional Activity” dimension  mainly evaluates instrumental ADLs, which require more complex skills and coordination. The factor analysis revealed the option to split the C-UEFI questionnaire into two parts: basic ADLs and instrumental ADLs. Future studies are needed to provide further evidence on the psychometric properties of the newly derived subscales. Moreover, some items  in the “Basic Daily Activity” dimension also involve the application of instruments. Future studies using Rasch analysis are needed to provide a more robust conclusion regarding this two-factor structure model.Our results showed that a UEFI score of 57.5 was sufficiently sensitive for discriminating between people with chronic stroke and healthy older adults . The high AUC indicates excellent accuracy of the C-UEFI in discriminating between those two groups. Thus, the C-UEFI is a sensitive and specific test for identifying people with stroke who have upper extremity functional activity limitations.Several limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, our participants were recruited from a local self-help group for people with stroke, and those who attend such groups may have a relatively high level of functional mobility. Future studies should include participants with lower levels of functional mobility to increase the generalisability of our results to the stroke population. Second, stroke incidence is associated with age, doubling with each decade after 55 years , only peThe results of this study demonstrate that the C-UEFI is a reliable, valid, sensitive, and specific clinical test for evaluating functional recovery of upper extremity activity in people with chronic stroke.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Departmental Research Committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.HP and SN contributed to the conception and design of the study. HP, TL, JT, and TW collected the data and organized the database and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. HP, SN, and TL performed the statistical analysis. All the authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.


The aim of this research is to assess depression, anxiety, work, and social status in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.on January 7the research was designed to be a cross-sectional face-to-face survey. The study included 111 healthcare employees and 222 non-healthcare workers between the ages of 18 and 65 who applied to the hospital. For some reason, no one was excluded from the research. Socio-demographic and lifestyle-related questions, depression, anxiety, work-social adjustment scores, and pandemic-social status-operation connections were all assessed using a self-report questionnaire containing psychometric measures.the mean age of the participants in the study was 33.67±10.01 and 59% of the participants were female. PHQ9: 11.67±6.41, GAD7: 9.06±5.81, and W&SAS: 17.55±10.98 were the scores of the healthcare professional groups. PHQ9: 10.25±6.21, GAD7: 7.59±5.65, and W&SAS: 14.75±10.27 were the non-healthcare professional groups' results. When the PHQ9, GAD7, and W&SAS scores of both groups were compared, there was no statistically significant difference in the PHQ9 depression score between the two groups (p=0.107), the GAD7 (p<0.05) and W&SAS (p<0.05) scores of the healthcare professionals were statistically significantly higher.in comparison to the non-healthcare worker group, healthcare professionals had the same level of depression, greater levels of moderate and high anxiety, and higher levels of work-social adjustment disorder. Unlike the literature, we found that the degree of depression fell to the same level as the non-health professional group in our study, but it was still disadvantaged in terms of anxiety and work-social adjustment. It has been shown that healthcare workers account for 11-19% of COVID-19 cases [The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention discovered SARS-CoV-2 in a patient with atypical pneumonia in Wuhan, China, on January 7eal swab . The Wor[th 2020 . Because[th 2020 . Between19 cases .The sudden start of a life-threatening pandemic may put an enormous amount of strain on healthcare professionals, as we have seen in studies of SARS or Ebola epidemics . IncreasDuring the pandemic, depression levels have been found to rise in both healthcare and non-healthcare workers . There aTo obtain herd immunity after implementing an efficient vaccination program, the vaccination rate should be as high as possible , 10. OneStudy design and setting: the research was designed to be a cross-sectional face-to-face survey. The study began after Erzincan Binali Yildirim University - Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved it  and the patients gave their written consent. The study population was determined to be Erzincan Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital.Study population: the research comprised 111 healthcare professionals aged 18-65 who were currently working at the hospital and 222 non-health employees aged 18-65 who applied to the hospital. Power analysis was not possible since the study was conducted in a confined universe. The study had to include twice as many non-health professionals in order to be statistically significant. For some reason, no one was excluded from the study.Data collection: data were collected using a self-report questionnaire that included signed informed consent, socio-demographic and lifestyle questions, depression (PHQ9), anxiety (GAD7), work-social adjustment measures (W&SAS), and psychometric scales to examine pandemic-social status-surgery connections.Socio-demographic data: age, gender, monthly income (under 5000 TL/5000-10000 TL/over 10000 TL), education status (none/primary education/ high school/university/higher education), marital status (married/single), people living together , friendship relations (good/average/bad), number of children at home, number of children attending school, spouse's employment status (yes/no), presence of caregiver (yes/no), individuals over 65 at home (yes/no), presence of chronic disease (yes/no), presence of individuals with chronic diseases at home (yes/no) were asked to the participants in both groups.Patient health questionnaire - PHQ-9: the individuals in both groups were assessed using a 9-item PHQ9 scale to assess their depression symptoms. This measure has nine items on a four-point scale  ranging from 0 (“Never”) to 3 (“Almost every day”). The severity of depression was divided into five categories: 0-4 (minimum), 5-9 (mild), 10-14 (moderate), 15-19 (moderately severe), and 20-27 (severe).Generalized anxiety disorder - GAD-7: the individuals in both groups were assessed using a 7-item GAD7 scale to assess their anxiety symptoms. This measure is made up of seven items on a four-point scale  ranging from 0 (“Never”) to 3 (“Almost every day”). Anxiety levels were divided into four categories: 0-4 , 5-9 (mild), 10-14 (moderate), and 15-21 (severe).Work and social adjustment scale - W&SAS: the participants in both groups were given the W&SAS 5-question scale. This measure consists of five items on an eight-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (“Never”) to 8 (“Always”). A W&SAS score of 20 or more indicated moderately severe or worse psychopathology, a score of 10 to 20 indicated significant functional impairment but less severe clinical symptomatology, and a score of less than 10 indicated a subclinical population.Pandemic - social status - surgery relations: would you like to have surgery with your doctor's recommendation during the pandemic, except for emergencies? (Yes/No), If you decide to have an operation, would you like to have an operation in the pandemic hospital? (Yes/No); have you had a complaint that you hesitated to apply to the hospital for fear of an operation decision during the pandemic process? (Yes/No); do you think the virus that causes COVID-19 infection is a virus that emerged naturally without human intervention? (Yes/No); have you been vaccinated against COVID-19? (Yes/No), COVID - 19 (SARS-COV-2) Have you had an infection? (Yes/No); did you have the infection before you got the COVID-19 Vaccine? (Yes/No); did you complete your inpatient treatment? (Yes/No), If you have not been vaccinated against COVID-19, what is the reason? (6 independent yes/no choices) questions were asked to the participants in both groups.Statistical analysis: the data of 111 hospital employees who took part in the survey, as well as 222 non-hospital employees, were statistically analysed. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and numbers for categorical variables. Because the universe under study was the only one, no sample size power analysis was done. IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0  and Microsoft Office - Excel 2016 programs were used for statistical analysis and calculations.Ethical considerations: before the questionnaire was administered, all patients were told about the study protocol and procedures to be followed, and their signed consent was acquired. Erzincan Binali Yildirim University - Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study  and the patients gave their written consent.General characteristics of the study population: our study comprised a total of 333 individuals, including 111 health care employees and 222 non-health workers. The mean age of the participants in the study was 33.67±10.01 and 59% of the participants were female. For whatever reason, no one was eliminated from the research. The socio-demographic features of the population under investigation are summarized in When all the individuals were looked at, it was discovered that while gender had no influence on GAD7 or W&SAS scores, female gender had a statistically significant higher PHQ9 depression score (p<0.05). While education has no influence on GAD7 or W&SAS scores, the PHQ9 depression score increases statistically significant (p<0.05) as education level increases. The PHQ9, GAD7, and W&SAS scores of those who said they had good friendships were statistically significantly lower than those who said they had moderate or bad connections (p<0.05). While there was no statistically significant rise in PHQ9 and GAD7 scores as the number of children rose, there was a statistically significant increase in W&SAS scores (p<0.05). The GAD7 score had no significant influence as the number of children attending school rose, while the PHQ9 and W&SAS scores increased statistically (p<0.05). The presence of a career raised the PHQ9, GAD7, and W&SAS scores substantially (p<0.05). While having a chronic disease had no effect on the PHQ9 or GAD7 scores, the W&SAS score was statistically significantly higher (p<0.05). The W&SAS score did not change substantially when someone with a chronic disease lived with them, although the PHQ9 and GAD7 levels did (p<0.05). Monthly income, marital status, individuals living together, spouse working status, and an individual over 65 years old living at home had no significant influence on PHQ9, GAD7, and W&SAS scores. The statistical findings of the PHQ9 depression, GAD7 anxiety, and W&SAS work and social adjustment measures in the groups with and without health workers are presented in PHQ9 score evaluation: when the PHQ9 score is evaluated, it was 11.67 ± 6.41 in healthcare workers, 10.25 ± 6.21 in the non-healthcare worker group. It is observed that both the healthcare professional group (54.9%) and the non-healthcare professional group (52.3%) had very high levels of moderate and higher depression. Between the groups with and without healthcare professionals, there was no statistically significant difference in the PHQ9 depression score (p=0.107). Minimal and moderate depression were reported to be higher in the non-healthcare worker group, whereas mild, moderate-severe, and severe depression were found to be more frequent in the healthcare worker group (p<0.05) ((p<0.05) .GAD7 score evaluation: when examining at the GAD7 score, it was 9.06 ± 5.81 in healthcare workers, 7.59 ± 5.65 in the non-healthcare worker group. It's apparent that, while healthcare workers have a greater proportion of moderate and higher anxiety (45%), it is indeed at a very high level in both the healthcare worker group and the non-healthcare worker group (35.6%). While the non-healthcare worker group had more minimum and mild anxiety, the healthcare worker group had more moderate and severe anxiety, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.258) (p=0.258) . The GADW&SAS score evaluation: when looking at the W&SAS score, it was 17.55 ± 10.98 in healthcare workers, 14.75 ± 10.27 in the non-healthcare worker group. It is clear that both the healthcare worker group (72%) and the non-healthcare group have a very high degree of moderate and higher level impairment, which produces functional impairment (66.6%). While the non-healthcare worker group had a statistically significant higher prevalence of subclinical maladjustment and functional impairment with a less severe clinical course, the healthcare worker group had a statistically significant higher risk of severe or worse psychopathology (p<0.05) ((p<0.05) . When thOne year following the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic in our nation, we assessed the depression, anxiety, and work-social adjustment of health-care and non-health-care workers in our research. The individuals' depression and anxiety levels were found to be rather high, and their work and social adjustment scores were quite challenging. There was no statistically significant difference between health professionals and non-health care employees when it came to depression. Healthcare employees' anxiety levels were shown to be higher than those of non-healthcare workers (particularly moderate and advanced anxiety). When compared to non-health care professionals, health workers' work and social adjustment were shown to be much worse.The public's mental health has suffered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. When looking through the literature, research suggests that depression and anxiety levels in those impacted by the pandemic might reach 70% . The panAnxiety prevalence in the non-healthcare workers during the pandemic period was reported to range from 6.33 percent to 50.9 percent in a review that included some research . AnotherWhen the W&SAS score was evaluated in a study conducted in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, a substantial decrease in global functionality was shown . HoweverFemale gender was typically regarded as a risk factor connected with depression and anxiety in studies related to the influence of COVID-19 . While tThe PHQ9 and GAD7 scores of those who said they had good friendship relationships were statistically significantly lower than those who said they had moderate or bad friendship relationships (p<0.05). Solid social support is a result of good relationships. Social support is also linked to lower levels of anxiety and depression . It has There is a link between caregiver strain and anxiety and depression, according to studies . The preAlthough it has been demonstrated that having a high monthly income and being single are among the characteristics that exacerbate the negative psychological effects of the pandemic , our resIt was discovered that the overall population's depression and anxiety levels were fairly high, and that work and social adjustment were quite challenging. In terms of depression, it was shown that there was no statistically significant difference between health professionals and the non-healthcare workers. Anxiety levels among healthcare professionals were shown to be greater than in the non-healthcare workers (particularly moderate and advanced anxiety). Work and social adjustment were shown to be significantly decreased among health workers when compared to the non-healthcare workers.In both society and healthcare professionals, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a surge in psychological disorders like as depression and anxiety;The pandemic's deleterious impacts have had a detrimental impact on work and social situations.After a year with the pandemic, it was discovered that the degree of depression had fallen to the same level as the non-healthcare workers, but remained high;The degree of anxiety among healthcare professionals was found to be greater than that of the non-healthcare workers;According to the W&SAS score, healthcare workers had more severe or worse psychopathology in our study.


People with dementia (PwD) often present with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). NPS are of substantial burden to the patients, and current treatment options are unsatisfactory. Investigators searching for novel medications need animal models that present disease-relevant phenotypes and can be used for drug screening. The Senescence Accelerated Mouse-Prone 8 (SAMP8) strain shows an accelerated aging phenotype associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Its behavioural phenotype in relation to NPS has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Physical and verbal aggression in reaction to the external environment  is one of the most prevalent and debilitating NPS occurring in PwD. Reactive aggression can be studied in male mice using the Resident-Intruder (R-I) test. SAMP8 mice are known to be more aggressive than the Senescence Accelerated Mouse-Resistant 1 (SAMR1) control strain at specific ages, but the development of the aggressive phenotype over time, is still unknown.In our study, we performed a longitudinal, within-subject, assessment of aggressive behaviour of male SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice at 4, 5, 6 and 7 months of age. Aggressive behaviour from video recordings of the R-I sessions was analysed using an in-house developed behaviour recognition software.SAMP8 mice were more aggressive relative to SAMR1 mice starting at 5 months of age, and the phenotype was still present at 7 months of age. Treatment with risperidone  reduced aggression in both strains. In a three-chamber social interaction test, SAMP8 mice also interacted more fervently with male mice than SAMR1, possibly because of their aggression-seeking phenotype. They did not show any social withdrawal.Our data support the notion that SAMP8 mice might be a useful preclinical tool to identify novel treatment options for CNS disorders associated with raised levels of reactive aggression such as dementia. People with dementia (PwD) feature a progressive decline in cognition, which co-occurs with several neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). NPS pose a major burden for the caregivers and are associated with a worse course of the disease . One of Most rodent models for dementia were constructed by the over-expression of transgenes that express certain mutated proteins. For example, mouse models for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) over-express specific mutations  that are known to induce early-onset familial cases of AD . AlthougThe SAMP8 model is a non-transgenic mouse line with spontaneously occurring gene mutations that displays a phenotype of accelerated aging. In the early 1970’s, researchers at Kyoto University became aware that some of the progeny of the inbred AKR/J colony exhibited a moderate-to-severe degree of accelerated aging  . These mad libitum) under an inverted 12 h light–dark cycle (lights off 08:00 A.M. to 08:00 P.M.) to be able to perform the behavioral assessments under red-light conditions during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle when nocturnal animals are naturally active. Throughout the study, all mice were provided with enriching material in the home-cage: red, transparent, plastic houses , nesting material, and wood sticks; enriching material was only briefly removed during the R-I test so as not to interfere with the video recording of aggressive behavior and to remove possibilities for the intruder mouse to hide from the aggressor. SAMP8 mice were single-housed upon arrival at Idorsia at 7–8 weeks of age to avoid bite wounds between cage mates due to the increased aggressiveness of this strain. SAMR1 mice were treated the same way not to introduce bias in the controls due to different environmental conditions. C57BL/6J mice were group-housed (up to 4 per cage). Mice were kept in individually ventilated cages (IVCs) .Senescence Accelerated Mouse-Prone 8/TaHsd (SAMP8) male mice and the corresponding control SAMR1/TaHsd (SAMR1) male mice were purchased from Envigo (The Netherlands). Young, adult male C57BL/6J mice, purchased from Janvier , were used as intruders in the R-I test and as social stimuli in the three-chamber test. All mice were maintained at the animal facility of Idorsia under standard lab conditions . Treatments were administered 1h before R-I testing using a Latin-square cross-over design: all mice received both treatments in a counterbalanced manner (with 3–4 days between sessions).Risperidone  was administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/5 ml/kg The TCT was performed using a sociability cage  made of a square plastic arena (40.5 × 60 × 22 cm) divided in three compartments connected by removable doors. Transparent wired cylinders  were placed in each of the two lateral compartments and were either empty or contained a social or non-social stimulus; the cylinders allowed the test mouse to explore a stimulus mouse without any physical contact while allowing visual, auditory, and olfactory interactions. The sociability cage was placed in a sound-attenuating cabinet, and an IP camera (Axis ML1135L) was used for video recording the tests (from the top view).The TCT test comprised 4 phases:- Habituation: test mice (SAMP8 and SAMR1) were placed into the center compartment with both doors open and one empty cylinder being placed in each of the two lateral compartments. Mice could explore the apparatus for 5 min.- Sociability (Test 1): test mice (SAMP8 and SAMR1) were placed into the center compartment with both doors open. A cylinder containing a male mouse  was placed in one lateral compartment, a cylinder containing an inanimate object  in the other one. Mice could explore the apparatus for 10 min.- Short-term memory (Test 2): 15 min after the end of Test 1 during which time the test mice (SAMP8 and SAMR1) had been placed back in their home cages, they were again positioned in the center compartment with both doors open and allowed to explore the apparatus for 10 min. A cylinder containing the familiar male mouse  was placed in one lateral compartment, a cylinder containing an unfamiliar C57BL/6J male mouse (Stimulus#2) in the other.- Long-term memory (Test 3): 5 h after the end of Test 1 during which time the test mice (SAMP8 and SAMR1) had been placed back in their home cages, they were again positioned in the center compartment with both doors open and allowed to explore the apparatus for 10 min. A cylinder containing the familiar male mouse  was placed in one lateral compartment, a different, unfamiliar male C57BL/6J mouse (Stimulus#3) was placed in the other one.The allocation of the two cylinders containing stimulus mice or the object was counter-balanced across subjects. Ethovision software  was used to track the position of three body points of the test mice . Time spent in proximity  of the cylinders (using the nose point as a reference) in each of the three test phases was measured.An in-house developed computer vision/machine learning (CV/ML)-based software was used to quantify aggressive behavior in the R-I test. Several ML models have been developed in recent years to automate the quantification of aggressive behaviors in rodents . Some ofIn our pose-free ML software, video frames from R-I test videos were pre-processed first by grayscale conversion, followed by rebuilding of the channels not as red, green, and blue color channels (RGB) but as the difference between the current frame and previous frames in the video.The ML model was implemented as a binary classifier attached via a dense layer to a small convolutional neural network input component. For training, we used a series of R-I test video captures that had previously been identified as containing events of aggression . The model was trained repeatedly on 16 R-I test videos (each 10 min-long) with a single video held out in each run, approximating a Leave One Out cross validation strategy.The model was built and trained using Keras + Tensorflow (Version 2.2). Following inference by the ML model, a moving average and threshold-based peak detection method was used to bound detected aggressive events as closely as possible to the human analysis. Model performances were measured at a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) value of 0.94 on our validation data.T-tests, and data for the test at 7 months of age using two-way repeated measure ANOVA (2-way RM ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s HSD (honestly significant difference) post-hoc test. Before analysis, data for 5, 6, and 7 months of age were log transformed, to meet the normality assumption; in case of data points equaling to 0, data were log transformed and a constant was added . For the TCT, locomotion was analyzed using unpaired t-tests, while the time spent in proximity with the object- or stimulus-containing cylinders was analyzed using 2-way RM ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison post-hoc test. The threshold for statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8 software  or R (v 4.2.1).Data were presented individually and/or as mean and standard deviation (SD). Data for the R-I test  at 4, 5, and 6 months of age were analyzed using Welch Two Sample t(29.3) = −1.04, p = 0.31] (t(33.6) = 2.1, p = 0.045]  = 6.0, p = 0.017] (t(33.9) = 1.19, p = 0.24]  = 39.5, p < 0.0001] in both SAMR1  and SAMP8 (p = 0.002)  .F = 56.79, p < 0.0001; p = 0.0003, post-hoc test following ANOVA) while both strains did not differ in the amount of time spent exploring the object (p = 0.51). Locomotion did also not differ between the two strains .During the short-term memory phase of the TST, interaction with the unfamiliar mouse (Stimulus#2) was preferred by both SAMP8 and SAMR1, relative to the familiar (Stimulus#1) one , while locomotion was not different . This time, SAMP8 moved slightly less during the test than SAMR1 , short-Overall, our study supports the notion that the SAMP8 mouse strain represents an interesting preclinical model for age-related reactive aggression, which is a specific type of NPS occurring in PwD. SAMP8 mice can, thus, be used to assist the development of new symptomatic drug treatments for aggression in neuropsychiatric disorders.The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.Experimental procedures were approved by the Basel-Landschaft Veterinary Office and adhered to Swiss federal regulations on animal experimentation.GB, AH, and MS: conceptualization. GB and AH: writing – original draft preparation. GB, HM, SD, AH, GP, and MS: writing – review and editing. GB, HM, SD, AH, and GP: investigation and formal analysis. AH: software. MS: supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Background: Since late February 2022, a wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant rapidly appeared in Shanghai, China. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment is recommended for pediatric patients; however, the safety and efficacy remain to be confirmed. We conducted a single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herb compound, Huashi Baidu granule (HSBDG) in pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19.Methods: 108 recruited children (aged 3–18 years) with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19 were randomly allocated 2:1 to receive oral HSBDG for five consecutive days (intervention group) and to receive compound pholcodine oral solution for five consecutive days (control group). The negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and symptom scores were recorded.Results: The median negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was significantly shorter in the intervention group than in the control group (median days [interquartile range (IQR)]: 3 [3–5] vs. 5 [3–6]; p = 0.047). The median total symptom score on day 3 was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group . There was no significant differences in the frequency of antibiotic use and side effects between the two groups.Conclusion: HSBDG is a safe, effective oral Chinese herbal compound granule, which shows a good performance within the Omicron wave among pediatric patients. Since late February 2022, a wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) BA.2.2 sublineage of the Omicron variant rapidly appeared in Shanghai, China . OmicronAccording to the latest version of the Chinese diagnosis and treatment protocol for COVID-19 , PF-07321332/Paxlovid and BRII-196/BRII-198 are recommended for adults and adolescents of mild or moderate COVID-19 who have high-risk factors for progressing to severe COVID-19 . These tHuashi Baidu granule (HSBDG) which is a compound granule composed of 14 Chinese herbs has been developed for clinical application in the treatment of COVID-19  and is rClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05501288. We reported the results of our trial following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines.This was a single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled clinical trial, with an allocation ratio of 2:1. Written consent was obtained from the parents of all participants. The study was conducted per the Declaration of Helsinki and Tokyo for humans and the current Good Clinical Practice. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center (SCMCIRB-K2022046-1) and was registered on The Chinese Medicine composition HSBDG  was produced and provided by Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Each bag is composed of Houpu , Cangzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma), Caoguo (TsaokoFructus), Mahuang (Herba Ephedrae), Kuxingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Huoxiang (PogostemonisHerba), Fabanxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum), Fuling (Poria), Shengdahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Shenghuangqi , Tinglizi (Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen), and Chishao (Paeoniae Radix Rubra) . The druChildren who attended the COVID-19 Fangcang Shelter Hospitals in Shanghai, China, with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19 were screened for eligibility. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) compliance with the diagnostic criteria for mild COVID-19 ; 2) age t-test. The aim was to recruit 108 participants to allow for a 12% attrition rate.Two-sample T-tests allowing unequal variance were used for sample size calculation by Power Analysis and Sample Size Software 2021 . Group sample sizes of 64 and 32 achieve 85.0% power to reject the null hypothesis of equal means when the population mean difference is μ1 - μ2 = 10–11 = -1 with standard deviations of 1.42 for the intervention group and 1.56 for the control group , and witPatients were randomly assigned 2:1 to the intervention group or the control group by a researcher who was not otherwise involved in the study using random sequences generated by SPSS software 25.0 . Three researchers applied for randomization number by smartphone and assigned participants to interventions. This was an open-label trial. Patients, investigators, and statisticians were not masked to the group assignment.In the intervention group, patients were given HSBDG the day after randomization, with a dose of 2.5 g for age 3–6 years, 5 g for age 7–12 years, and 10 g for age 13–18 years, twice daily for five consecutive days. In the control group, patients were given compound pholcodine oral solution the day after randomization, with a dose of 5 ml for age 3–6 years and 10 ml for age 7–18 years, three times daily for five consecutive days. The day of randomization was set as day 0. With free Instant messaging software  available on smartphones, parents received questionnaires  and secondary symptoms  . Based oU test. p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SPSS software 25.0 .Data were presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and as medians and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test. Continuous variable comparisons were performed by the Mann-Whitney From 1 May 2022, to 30 June 2022, 179 patients with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19 aged 3–18 years were assessed for eligibility. After exclusions, 108 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned (72 to the intervention group and 36 to the control group) . Baselinp = 0.047; Compared with the control group, the median negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was significantly shorter in the intervention group . The median total symptom score on day 5 was similar between the two groups . There was no significant difference in the frequency of antibiotic use  and side effects  between the two groups. The side effects were nausea (n = 1), vomiting (n = 1), and poor appetite (n = 1).The median total symptom score on day 3 was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (median total symptom score [IQR]: 1 [0–2] vs. 2 [0–3]; We conducted a single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of HSBDG in pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19. Good outcomes were achieved in this trial.HSBDG has good efficacy for different types of COVID-19, although there are differences in virus clearance. In a retrospective case series of 55 severe COVID-19 adult patients, HSBDG combined with TCM injections was observed to have good effects on SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance, lung lesion improvement, and inflammation reduction . In the via molecular docking and network pharmacology analysis (in vivo and in vitro are needed.The pharmacological effects of HSBDG may mainly involve anti-inflammation and immune regulation . Most ofanalysis . HSBDF canalysis . Networkanalysis . Anotheranalysis . To furtConsistent with previous studies, the safety of HSBDG was good and no serious adverse events were reported in our study . The maiLimitations existed in our study. First, due to ethical issues, we set up the compound pholcodine oral solution as a control instead of a placebo. However, no evidence shows that compound pholcodine oral solution which is used to relieve respiratory symptoms such as cough, runny nose, and sore throat has antiviral effects. Second, due to the lack of severe cases and location constraints, the efficacy and safety of HSBDG in pediatric COVID-19 patients with severe or common types were not assessed. Third, the open-label rather than double-blind design may lead to biased assessments. Fourth, as the COVID-19 Fangcang Shelter Hospitals were for medical isolation, we did not test serum cytokines for the host immune response evaluation.HSBDG is capable of improving symptoms in pediatric patients with mild COVID-19. The shorter median negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in the intervention group suggests that HSBDG may inhibit the virus replication. The exact mechanism needs further studies.


Correction: BMC Biol 20, 52 2022https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01248-9The original article  containeAdditional file 2: Figure S1. Response to selection throughout the selection experiment. Data points indicate the trait-value at each generation for the trait-selected lines and their controls. The first measure taken after relocation to a new mouse house is indicated by a red diamond shape surrounding the data point. Trend lines and confidence intervals are based on local regression . For the case of the protein-mass line DU6P, measurements were not collected after relocation. Though FZTDU can be considered the control line, as it has been evolving neutrally over the span of the breeding experiment, other lines have been used as controls in the past and are indicated in the figure as “Duks” (specific control line for the body (DU6) and protein (DU6P) mass lines) and “DUKB” (specific control line for the treadmill performance line DUhLB). None of these line-specific control lines exist anymore and for the case of “Duks”, data is incomplete. Figure S2. Proportion of litters supplying parents for the next generation. Proportions varied according to the selection intensities required by the breeding program over the last ~50 years. Indicated by a diamond shape are the data points corresponding to the first generation after relocation to a new mouse house. For the case of the protein-mass line DU6P, there was no data after relocation. Figure S3. Distribution of INDEL lengths. (A) INDEL length distribution comprising ~90% of INDELs. (B) Total number of insertions and mutations . Only INDELs outside microsatellites were considered. Figure S4. Classification of INDELs by type, fixation and presence in control line. INDEL sites were classified as fixed or not-fixed if their allele frequencies were 1 or <1, respectively. At each line, the fraction of INDELs shared  and not shared  with FZTDU is also shown. INDELs overlapping microsatellite regions were removed from the analysis. Figure S5. SNP allele frequency state classification. Sites in which SNPs were observed across the whole set of samples are classified for each mouse line as fixed-alternative , fixed-reference  and polymorphic (not fixed). Figure S6. Alternative allele frequency distribution. Counts of SNPs along the allele frequency spectrum for each mouse line. Figure S7. Nucleotide diversity (π) distribution in the Dummerstorf mouse lines. Nucleotide diversity (π) was calculated in sliding window mode . Scores were transformed to z-scores in order to represent the data in terms of standard deviations from the genomic mean. The distributions illustrate the low levels of genetic diversity within lines, with the most scores accumulate at the lower end of the distribution (left), thus highly diverse regions are rare events. Figure S8. Example of one chromosome representative of the level of genetic diversity observed in the Dummerstorf mouse lines. The stretches of low diversity are longer and more abundant than in FZTDU. Regions of extreme genetic diversity are shown in blue (top 5% most diverse windows) and red (top 1% most diverse windows). Figure S9. Allele frequency heatmap of non-synonymous mutations in RDD genes. Allele frequencies of non-synonymous SNPs in genes overlapping regions of distinct genetic differentiation for DUK (A), DUC (B) and the joint fertility population FERT (C). The gradient scale represents the allele frequency from low (blue) to high (red). Figure S10. Allele frequency heatmap of non-synonymous mutations in RDD genes. Allele frequencies of non-synonymous SNPs in genes overlapping regions of distinct genetic differentiation for DU6 (A), DU6P (B) and DUhLB (C). The gradient scale represents the allele frequency from low (blue) to high (red). Figure S11. Shared and line-specific structural variants. SVs detected in union of high and low coverage sample sets for each mice line. Figure S12. Example of a polymorphic deletion. SV is shown in 5 out of 10 samples of the high coverage set, indicating the genomic location (x-axis), the insert size  and coverage (y-axis-right). Figure S13. Example of a fixed deletion. SV is shown in 5 out of 10 samples of the high coverage set, indicating the genomic location (x-axis), the insert size  and coverage (y-axis-right). Figure S14. Example of a fixed duplication. SV is shown in 5 out of 10 samples of the high coverage set, indicating the genomic location (x-axis), the insert size  and coverage (y-axis-right). Figure S15. Example of a fixed inversion. SV is shown in 5 out of 10 samples of the high coverage set, indicating the genomic location (x-axis), the insert size  and coverage (y-axis-right).


In this study, researchers looked at the presence and degree of SARS-CoV-2 genome in stool and plasma samples from 191 Iranian COVID-19 patients, and looked for a link between these results and the severity of their disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in feces and plasma of COVID-19 patients was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Medical data were collected and evaluated, including Clinical features, demographics, radiological, and laboratory findings of the patients. Plasma samples from 117 confirmed laboratory patients were evaluated and 24 out of 117 patients (20.51%) tested positive for SARS-COV-2 RNA. Besides, 20 out of 74 patients (27.03%) tested positive for SARS-COV-2 RNA in stool samples. There seems to be no relationship between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome in fecal and plasma samples of Covid-19 patients and the severity of illness. We provide evidence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome presence in stool and plasma samples of Iranian COVID-19 patients.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), was first discovered in China in late 2019 and quickly spread worldwide. Although nasopharyngeal swab sampling is still the most popular approach identify SARS-CoV-2 carriers, other body samples may reveal the virus genome, indicating the potential for virus transmission  In late December 2019, a series of strange pneumonia cases were reported in China, with symptoms that were strikingly similar to viral pneumonia, and soon spread to other parts of the globe . The ChiOn the other hand, in the current pandemic, efficient diagnostic methods are especially needed and help control the prevalence of the virus. Covid-19 patients are currently diagnosed using molecular and serological methods. Unlike molecular methods, serological methods have low accuracy in the early detection of patients with Covid-19 . RT-qPCRMoreover, this research aimed to investigate the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in the stool and plasma of Iranian patients with Covid-19, and its correlation to clinical symptoms.The enrolled patients were admitted to Taleghani Educational Hospital and Imam Hossein Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences from April 6th to 15 November 2020. The study protocols were approved by the ethics committee of the Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease , and informed consent was collected from all participants.All patients in this study were confirmed to have Covid-19 due to a positive nasopharyngeal RT-qPCR test and symptoms of pneumonia on a chest Computed tomography (CT) scan. Patients who did not have Covid-19 laboratory confirmed were not included in the study. It is noteworthy that the RT-PCR cycling threshold (Ct) for determining whether people are positive or negative for Covid-19 is a CT ≤ 40. Therefore, individuals with a CT > 40 were excluded from the study.All patients were admitted to the hospital on average 8–10 days from onset of symptoms. Fecal samples were collected from 74 registered COVID-19 patients at the beginning of admission and on the second and fourth days of the clinical course up to 3 times serially. Plasma samples were also collected from 117 other registered COVID-19 patients with the same conditions. Then all samples were stored in a special container in the freezer at −20°C. The volume of samples collected in each turn for fecal samples is between 10 and 20 ml and for plasma samples is between 5 and 10 ml.191 patients demographic information, clinical characteristics , and epidemiological, laboratory results of all patients were collected from Taleghani Educational Hospital and Imam Hossein Educational Hospital, SBMU using medical information registration system and evaluated individually.Plasma and feces samples were obtained and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-qPCR during the hospitalization period. Laboratory confirmation of SARS‐CoV‐2 was performed by Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Taleghani Hospital. The nucleic acid extraction from the stool and plasma samples was performed using QIAamp Viral RNA Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions . Extracted nucleic acid specimens were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 with RT-qPCR using a SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab/N Gene Nucleic acid detection kit  and the Rotor-Gene Q real-time PCR system  under manufacturer’s instructions; 4 μl 2019-nCoV-PCR-Enzyme Mix were added into 26 μl of the 2019-nCoV-PCR Mix. Then add 30 µl PCR-Master mix into PCR reaction tube with 20 µl processed sample. Reactions were incubated at 50°C for 30 min and 95°C for 1 min followed by 45 cycles at 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for the 30 s.The severity of COVID-19 was assessed by WHO interim recommendations .p < 0.05), underlying that the presumption of the normality or homogeneity was met for given specimens. Therefore, student’s t-test and χ2 analysis were used to test for statistical differences among patients with negative and positive RT-qPCR tests, with a two-sided p-value of 0.05 or lower signifying significance.GraphPad Prism v.8.4.1  was used for all statistical analyses. The data distribution was statistically normal, according to Shapiro-Wilks test. As well as, homogeneity of variance was significant  age was 58.13 ± 17.84 (18–90) years, and 40 (34.18%) of these were women. 67 (52.26%) patients had underlying diseases, including diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer. The most common clinical symptoms among patients were shortness of breath , dry cough , fever , Myalgia (23.19.65%), and nausea . Less common symptoms were headache (8.6.83%), Diarrhea (9.7.69%), Chest pain (11.9.40%). Remarkably, 12 (50.00%) patients with fever and dyspnea and 16 (66.66%) patients with underlying disease tested positive for plasma RT-PCR. Also, 20 (83.33%) patients who tested positive for plasma RT-qPCR were men.Stool samples from 74 individuals were collected and examined for the presence of SARS-COV-2 genomic RNA. Eighteen patients tested positive on the first day of admission, two patients tested positive on the third day of admission, and one patient tested positive on the fourth day of hospitalization (day 5 of admission). 44 (59.45%) of these patients were male, 30 (40.54%) were female and the mean age of these was 55.12 ± 15.94 (24–86) years. 42 (56.75%) patients had an underlying disease, including diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer.p value = 0.308).Less common symptoms were headache (4.5.40%), chest pain, and diarrhea (6.8.1%). The most common clinical symptoms among patients were fever (6.42.85%), anorexia (9.12.16%), nausea (15.20.27%). Stool samples were collected to detect COVID-19 RNA several times during the hospitalization stage. As shown in p value = 0.333) and d-dimer  in the blood of people whose plasma SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA RT-qPCR test results are positive are higher, and this difference is not significant.The laboratory and vital data of all patients whose plasma samples were evaluated for the presence of SARS COV-2 RNA are recorded in Besides, laboratory findings and vital data of patients whose stools sample were evaluated for the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA by RT-qPCR test, are shown in p < 0.05) in plasma samples compared to stool samples. Plasma samples showed higher viral load than stool samples (In general, 28.37% of fecal samples and 20.51% of plasma samples were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and their viral load was evaluated. Viral load was significantly different ( samples . Viral l samples .The lungs are primary SARS-CoV-2’s target organ. The respiratory system is also recognized to be the virus’s most prevalent route of transmission. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates target cells by attaching to the ACE-2 receptor, and since this receptor is found on the surface of other organ cells as well as lung cells, there’s a chance it might infect cells other than lung cells. Therefore, transmission routes other than the respiratory route should also be considered . HoweverThe presence of pathogens in various samples of other viruses was considered. For example, Hepatitis C virus RNA, has been found in the saliva, bile, and feces of chronic hepatitis C patients. Patients with a higher serum HCV viral load had more positive saliva samples. HCV RNA was reported to be higher in the feces of patients with low platelets, in addition to the presence of the virus genome in the feces of men more than women. . FurtherThe presence of the viral genome in different clinical samples is highly important and its relationship with the severity of clinical symptoms, this study was designated to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome in stool and plasma samples of patients with Covid-19 and to study their association with clinical signs of individuals. Thus, our result showed stool samples from 74 patients and plasma samples from 117 patients with Covid-19 were evaluated. 27.03% of stool samples and 20.51% of plasma specimens were positive for the SARS-CoV-2 genome.via non-respiratory routes, also due to the high viral load in these samples, studying different samples for viral genome to reduce virus prevalence is significant.Many diagnostic procedures have been explored to detect infected patients since the commencement of the Covid-19 outbreak. Molecular assays for the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 genome or serological testing for the presence of antibodies to the virus are used to identify Covid-19 patients . MethodsConsidering the importance of the issues raised, in research on samples from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, Chen et al. found that 88.2 percent of pharyngeal specimens, 11.5% of plasma specimens, and 21.2% of fecal specimens were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA . In anotvia blood products (Chou et al. stated in a research on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via blood products that the likelihood of transmission through this route should be examined . Meanwhiproducts . As a reAlthough it is critical to assess non-respiratory samples such as stools and blood to prevent the virus from spreading in pandemics and to ensure the safety of healthcare personnel, it is critical to examine the relationship among clinical signs or laboratory data and the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in various samples.For example, Chen et al. Found that The severity of COVID-19 pneumonia was positively correlated with plasma CRP levels that a non-specific reactive protein that increased in infection and inflammation. High levels of this protein have been observed in the plasma of Covid-19 patients, which can be used for diagnosis and prognosis . In our As well, because fever in patients is a sign of active immunity , and accThere is debate as to whether SARS-CoV-2 shedding in stool and plasma samples is associated with the severity of the disease. Some studies found no link, which is consistent with the findings of our research . Other rNo association was found between disease severity and gastrointestinal symptoms with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the possible presence of the virus in the fecal and plasma samples of Covid-19 patients. This difference among studies may be in terms of environmental and genetic differences affecting clinical signs in the course of the disease, and differences in terms of SARS-CoV-2 strains.Our study was performed on limited patients. more specimens better define viral shedding in plasma and feces and their association with clinical symptoms, and the usefulness of recommending routine testing of non-respiratory specimens.The deterministic correlation between plasma and fecal viral shedding and the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms has not yet been determined, but it appears that SARS-CoV-2 may be present in the gut without affecting the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms.Although SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the feces of Covid-19 patients, further studies are needed to prove or disprove its infectious potential.


A receptor.The number of benzodiazepines appearing as new psychoactive substances (NPS) is continually increasing. Information about the pharmacological parameters of these compounds is required to fully understand their potential effects and harms. One parameter that has yet to be described is the blood-to-plasma ratio. Knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of designer benzodiazepines is also important, and the use of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modelling provides a fast and inexpensive method of predicting binding affinity to the GABAIn this work, the blood-to-plasma ratios for six designer benzodiazepines  were determined. A previously developed QSAR model was used to predict the binding affinity of nine designer benzodiazepines that have recently appeared.A receptor that were greater than previously predicted binding affinities for other designer benzodiazepines.Blood-to-plasma values ranged from 0.57 for phenazepam to 1.18 to pyrazolam. Four designer benzodiazepines appearing since 2017  had predicted binding affinities to the GABAThis work highlights the diverse nature of the designer benzodiazepines and adds to our understanding of their pharmacology. The greater predicted binding affinities are a potential indication of the increasing potency of designer benzodiazepines appearing on the illicit drugs market.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11419-022-00616-y. A) receptors -diazepam from rat cerebral cortex synaptosomal preparations [A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model has previously been used to predict the binding affinities to GABAazepines . This QSarations . In thisarations . Brieflyarations . These warations . Benzodiarations .The literature blood-to-plasma ratios for the test compounds, and the experimental blood-to-plasma ratios for the test compounds are displayed in Table The experimental blood-to-plasma ratios for designer benzodiazepines are displayed in Table A receptors for the designer benzodiazepines, expressed as log 1/c, are displayed in Table A receptor of the 1,4-benzodiazepines in this study of 9.16.The predicted binding affinities to GABAThe two triazolobenzodiazepines clobromazolam and flualprazolam had predicted binding affinities of 10.14 and 10.13, respectively. The thienotriazolodiazepine fluclotizolam had a predicted binding affinity of 8.91. The thienodiazepine bentazepam had a predicted binding affinity of 6.88. The 2,3-benzodiazpine tofisopam had a predicted binding affinity of 5.03.The four test compounds were chosen, because they spanned a range of blood-to-plasma ratios, from 0.51 to 0.59 for diazepam to 1.46–2.00 for quinine –29. Thern = 3), which is similar to the experimental value calculated in this work. Calculations from the same source report a blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.51 ± 0.10 for diazepam which is also similar to the value derived in this work. Chlorpromazine had an experimental blood-to-plasma ratio of 1.43 ± 0.32 in this work compared to a literature range of 1.17–1.56 [The blood-to-plasma ratio of diazepam is commonly reported as 0.51–0.59 –27. The .17–1.56 , 28, 29..17–1.56 , 23.The coefficients of determination for the GC–MS were lower than expected for some compounds (Table S2). However, all four test compounds had calculated blood-to-plasma ratios that were within the literature ranges. This allowed for determination of the blood-to-plasma ratios for the designer benzodiazepines in this work.The measured blood-to-plasma ratios for the six NPS-benzodiazepines ranged from 0.57 for phenazepam to 1.18 for pyrazolam.The blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.57 ± 0.13 for phenazepam indicates extensive partitioning into the plasma and a low association with red blood cells. Phenazepam has a plasma protein binding of 98.3% which limits the amount that can bind to red blood cells –27.Deschloroetizolam and etizolam had similar blood-to-plasma ratios of 0.68 ± 0.06 and 0.70 ± 0.03, respectively. A low blood-to-plasma ratio could be expected because of the relatively high plasma protein binding of these compounds (87.2% for Deschloroetizolam and 92.8% for etizolam) .3 position. Clonazepam is reported to have a lower blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.65 [Meclonazepam had a blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.83 ± 0.08. Meclonazepam is structurally similar to clonazepam, differing only with the addition of a methyl group on the R of 0.65 .Diclazepam had a blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.82 ± 0.05. Diclazepam is structurally similar to diazepam, differing only with the addition of a chlorine atom at the 2’ position. Diclazepam has a reduced plasma protein binding (93.8%) compared to diazepam (99.0%) . TherefoPyrazolam had a blood-to-plasma ratio of 1.18 ± 0.03. This value indicates a greater association with red blood cells than the other benzodiazepines. This is not surprising as pyrazolam has been reported to have a plasma protein-binding value of 78.7% which is low amongst the benzodiazepines .The lowest blood-to-plasma ratio that could be found in the literature for a benzodiazepine was 0.49 for temazepam  . A bloodThe data presented here highlight the wide variation in blood-to-plasma ratios for designer benzodiazepines, from 0.57 for phenazepam to 1.18 for pyrazolam. As a result of the differences in blood-to-plasma ratio, relying on the assumption that the value is often equal to 1.0 may be an unsuitable approach for designer benzodiazepines. The determination of blood-to-plasma ratios for designer benzodiazepines will assist in interpreting blood concentrations of designer benzodiazepines . Althoug9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), phencyclidine (PCP), zopiclone, and opiates such as morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl [Blood-to-plasma ratios for a range of illicitly used compounds have been published, including for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Δfentanyl –44. The A receptor for a range of designer benzodiazepines has previously been reported [The predicted binding affinity to the GABAreported . This woreported .A receptor than flunitrazolam. They were fluclotizolam (8.91), difludiazepam (9.16), flualprazolam (10.13), and clobromazolam (10.14).A large range of predicted binding affinities was observed in this work, from 5.03 for tofisopam to 10.14 for clobromazolam. In previous work, the highest predicted log 1/c value had been 8.88 for flunitrazolam . In thisA receptor [Previously, the greatest binding affinities had been reported for triazolobenzodiazepines. It is of no surprise that three of the designer benzodiazepines in this work with the greatest predicted binding affinities  were also triazolobenzodiazepines. The exception was difludiazepam which had a predicted binding affinity of 9.16, but is a 1,4-benzodiazepine. The presence of halogenated groups at the ortho position of the phenyl ring, as with difludiazepam, is also thought to lead to enhanced activity at the GABAreceptor .Very little is known about these designer benzodiazepines. Some pharmacokinetic parameters have been reported for clobromazolam after a self-ingestion study . An analA receptor [Tofisopam had the lowest predicted binding affinity of 5.03. Although classed a benzodiazepine, tofisopam is structurally different, because it is a 2,3-benzodazepine. Tofisopam is not thought to bind to the benzodiazepine site of the GABAreceptor . It is rreceptor .A receptor, expressed as log 1/c, were calculated from a QSAR model for various designer benzodiazepines. Most notably, four designer benzodiazepines that have appeared since 2017  had predicted binding affinities to the GABAA receptor that were greater than those previously reported [Knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of designer benzodiazepines is also important to understand their potential effect and harms, and the use of QSAR provides an easy and inexpensive method of doing so. In this work, the binding affinities for the GABAreported . Whether30 designer benzodiazepines are currently monitored by the EMCDDA, with this number increasing every year. Knowledge of the blood-to-plasma ratios are required to fully interpret concentrations of benzodiazepines appearing as new psychoactive substances. QSAR modelling allows for a quick investigation of the pharmacology of designer benzodiazepines before biological data are likely to be available. Both the blood-to-plasma ratios and binding affinities exhibited a wide range of values highlighting the importance and necessity of accurate data to understand these new psychoactive substances.Supplementary file1 (DOCX 75 KB)Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.


However, their thermal degradation is a significant problem. In this work, the effects of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) modification on the photoluminescence (PL) and thermal resistance of CsPb3 QDs were evaluated. The PL intensity of oleic-acid-modified quantum dots (OA-QDs) in toluene decreased drastically upon heating at 100°C. The PL quantum yield of the QDs increased from 69.6% to 77.4% upon modification with PFDA. Furthermore, the PL intensity of the QDs modified with PFDA (PFDA-QDs) increased to 140.6% upon heating, because of the reduction of surface defects upon adsorption of PFDA and its optimized adsorption state. A solid-film PFDA-QDs sample heated at 80°C for 4 h showed temporary PL enhancements for the OA-QDs and PFDA-QDs films to 445% and 557% of their initial values, respectively, upon heating for 0.25 h. This was attributed to the optimized adsorption states of the surface ligands. PFDA-QDs film maintained 354% after 4 h of heating, whereas that of OA-QDs film was 104%. Thus, PFDA modification enhances PL intensity and suppresses PL degradation under heating, which is important for wavelength converters for optoelectronic device applications.CsPb Thus, the development of strategies for improving their resistance to degradation by heat, excitation light, ambient air and/or moisture are required. Accordingly, numerous reports on improving the stability of CsPbX3 QDs by various techniques [3 perovskites) [CsPbX (PLQYs) ,2. Accor in LEDs , wide-ga in LEDs –14, lase in LEDs –17, scin in LEDs  and phot in LEDs –24. Howechniques , includivskites) ,27, surfvskites) ,29, the vskites)  and matrvskites) , have be3 QDs. However, its desorption from the QDs causes significant degradation of their PL properties [Ka) of an alkylcarboxylic acid indicates its frequency of deprotonation and thus its adsorptivity as a surface ligand, because carboxylic acids coordinate to crystal surfaces in the deprotonated state. Fluorocarboxylic acids, which have electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms, exhibit lower pKa values than OA [Ka values of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and OA are 2.58 and 6.2, respectively [The current authors have focused on the effects of surface ligands on fluorescent QDs. Surface ligands protect QDs from surrounding molecules, passivate surface defects that cause non-radiative relaxation and provide dispersibility in solvents. Therefore, the state of adsorbed surface ligands is an important factor for the quality of fluorescent QDs. Oleic acid (OA) is generally used as a surface ligand in the traditional preparation of CsPbXoperties ,33. The  than OA . The pKaectively ,36. Thus3 QDs are not suitable for certain optoelectronic device applications. Instead, desired PL properties are realized by precisely tuning the composition of mixed-halide QDs. I-doped CsPbBr3 QDs 3 QDs) realize green emission, the colour of which is very close to the vertex of chromaticity coordinate in the Rec.2020 standard for wide-colour-gamut displays [Monohalide CsPbXdisplays ,37. Howe3 QDs was performed to investigate its effect on thermal resistance. Toluene dispersions of the as-prepared QDs and PFDA-modified QDs were heated at 100°C. Decanoic acid (DA) modification was also performed as a control procedure. Furthermore, solid films of the QDs obtained by vacuum drying were also evaluated.In this work, PFDA modification of OA-adsorbed CsPb. 2. 2.12CO3 (99.99%) was purchased from Mitsuwa Pure Chemical. PbO (99.9%), toluene (>99.5%), acetone (>99.5%) and methyl acetate (>99.5%) were purchased from Kanto Chemical. OA (>85.0%), tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (>98.0%), tetra-n-octylammonium iodide (>98.0%) and DA (>98.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. PFDA (98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene, acetone and OA were dehydrated over molecular sieves  prior to use.Cs. 2.23 QDs by the ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP) method expanded upon those detailed previously [2CO3 (163 mg), PbO (223 mg) and 5 ml of OA were mixed and heated at 160°C to obtain a clear solution, which was then dehydrated for 30 min at 120°C. After cooling and adding 5 ml of toluene, 1 ml of this solution was added to a glass vessel containing 15 ml of toluene under vigorous stirring at room temperature. A clear halide solution was prepared by heating a mixture of tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (38 mg), tetra-n-octylammonium iodide (18 mg), 5 ml of OA and 2 ml of toluene at approximately 50°C. Here, the nominal ratio of Br : I was 70 : 30. The halide solution was swiftly added to the glass vessel at room temperature to synthesize CsPb3 QDs. After 10 s, the QDs were precipitated by adding 50 ml of acetone and then collected by centrifugation at approximately 19 000×g (13 000 r.p.m. using a rotor of 10 cm in radius) for 5 min. The collected QDs were redispersed in toluene under ultrasonication and stirring to prepare an OA-QDs dispersion. The concentration was adjusted with reference to absorbance as described in a later section.The synthesis of CsPbeviously . Cs2CO3 −1. The prepared QD dispersions were sealed and stored under ambient conditions in the dark. To evaluate their thermal stabilities, the QD dispersions were heated at 100°C for 4 h in an incubator  with shaking at 60 r.p.m., and then cooled to room temperature before analysis.DA-QDs and PFDA-QDs dispersions were prepared by adding DA and PFDA, respectively, to the OA-QDs dispersion to achieve a concentration of 0.06 mmol l. 2.33 QDs. After 10 s, 200 µl of a toluene solution of PFDA at 10.8 mg l−1 was added to the obtained QD dispersion and aged for 1 min. PFDA-modified QDs were precipitated by adding 50 ml of methyl acetate and collected by centrifugation at approximately 19 000×g (13 000 r.p.m. using a rotor of 10 cm in radius) for 5 min. The precipitation was dried under vacuum for 12 h to obtain a paste-like solid sample of the PFDA-QDs. Paste-like OA-QDs were also prepared in the same way without adding PFDA. QD-film samples were prepared from the paste-like materials using glass substrates and silicone spacers, as shown in Film samples were prepared to evaluate the properties of solid QDs. 15 ml of toluene was mixed with 1 ml of metal-ion solution and halide solution to nucleate CsPb. 2.4α radiation. Elemental compositions were determined using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyser . Herein, wavelength dispersive mode was chosen to obtain reliable elemental compositions. For the XRD and wavelength dispersive XRF measurements, the centrifuged QDs were vacuum dried overnight. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectra of QDs in pressed KBr discs were measured using a spectrometer . The particle images were captured with a field-emission transmission electron microscope . Samples for TEM were prepared by drying a drop of the QD dispersion on a carbon-reinforced collodion-coated copper grid  overnight. Energy dispersive XRF analysis attached to the TEM was performed. Particle size distributions were determined by measuring 100 particles in TEM images at random. Evaluation of optical properties of the heated samples was performed after cooling to room temperature. Thermal analysis of the film samples was performed on a thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) instrument  in an Ar flow of 500 ml min−1 at a heating rate of 10°C min−1. The UV–visible absorption spectra of the dispersions were measured using a UV/visible absorption spectrometer . To ensure analysis at the same concentration, the net absorbance of the dispersion before heating was adjusted to 0.35 at 400 nm. The shown absorbance data are the net values calculated by subtracting the blank data for the pure solvent from the sample data. Tauc plots were prepared to determine the Eg values of the QDs according to equation (2.1) [α is the absorbance, h is the Planck constant, ν is the frequency and A is a constant. The value of n was 0.5 because cubic CsPbX3 are direct-transition-type semiconductors [−1) and a standard light source  were used for calibration of each spectral response. Absolute PLQY values were determined using a quantum efficiency measurement system .X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles were measured on an X-ray diffractometer  using monochromatic CuKon (2.1) :2.1(αhν)nductors . The PL . 3. 3.13 QDs have a cubic crystal structure. The peaks in the XRD profile are between those corresponding to cubic CsPbBr3 and cubic CsPbI3. The Br : I ratio from wavelength dispersive XRF is 32.2 : 68.8, which is close to the nominal ratio of 30 : 70. Judging from the FT-IR spectra for the solid-film samples, PFDA-QDs contain PFDA with remaining OA .Judging from the XRD profile , the as-prepared CsPb3 QDs.After heating at 100°C for 4 h, a yellow precipitation of aggregated QDs is observed under white light for the OA-QDs and DA-QDs, while the PFDA-QDs show no change visible to the naked eye. Furthermore, extinction of the green emission under UV light occurs for the OA-QDs and DA-QDs, while the PFDA-QDs maintain their strong luminescence, even upon heating. These results indicate that surface modification with PFDA stabilizes the dispersibility and PL of the QDs.a–c shows time-evolution UV–visible absorption spectra upon heating. The change in the spectra for the PFDA-QDs dispersions is smaller than those for the OA-QDs and DA-QDs dispersions. Heating the OA-QDs and DA-QDs dispersions for 4 h causes a slight redshift of the absorption edge and an increase in the baseline absorbance in the 500–800 nm range. This may be explained by increased light scattering due to the growth and aggregation of QDs and corresponds to the appearance of yellow aggregates in the OA-QDs and DA-QDs dispersions under white light.Figure 4Eg values were determined from Tauc plots of the UV–visible absorption data . Figure 4d shows the changes in the estimated Eg values. OA-QDs and DA-QDs dispersions show decreases in Eg upon heating. This is due to the quantum size effect that accompanies QD growth. By contrast, the PFDA-QDs dispersion shows an increase in Eg upon heating. This cannot be explained by the quantum size effect because no change in crystal size is observed in the TEM images. The Eg value of CsPb3 QDs also varies with halide composition. The increase in Eg may result from the decrease in I/Br ratio, which occurs because of the preferential dissolution of iodine ions. Regrettably, precise elemental analysis by wavelength dispersive XRF was impossible because the PFDA-QDs could not be collected from the dispersion even after heating. Moreover, a reliable elemental composition was not determined by the energy dispersive XRF analysis attached to the TEM because of peak overlaps .Eg.. 3.2TEM images of the film samples are shown in 3 is converted to monoclinic or orthorhombic phases. Regrettably, the monoclinic and orthorhombic phases could not be accurately distinguished because their patterns are very similar. However, they are emissive and non-emissive phases, respectively. The decrease in PL intensity may be caused by a partial phase transition to the non-emissive phase. The final PL intensities of the OA-QDs and PFDA-QDs films at 4 h are 104% and 354%. Therefore, PFDA modification improves the durability of the QDs.Eg values for the cubic and monoclinic phases are similar [The PL peak position of the OA-QDs film is shifted from 514.5 to 519.2 nm, similar to the PL redshift of the OA-QDs dispersion. However, the peak position of the PFDA-QDs film shows a redshift from 512.1 to 522.2 nm, while that of its dispersion shows a blueshift. The absence of solvent prevents the preferential dissolution of iodine ions, which results in no change in the Br/I ratio of the QDs in the film. Therefore, the PL redshift is probably observed because of quantum size effects associated with the crystal growth, as observed in the TEM analysis. It should be noted that the influence of the phase transition on the PL peak shift should be negligible because the  similar .. 43 QDs prepared by the LARP method was investigated. Significant aggregation and quenching of green emission under UV light were observed for toluene dispersions of OA-QDs and DA-QDs upon heating at 100°C for 4 h, while the PFDA-QDs dispersion maintained its strong luminescence without precipitation, revealing that PFDA stabilizes the dispersibility and PL of these QDs through surface modification. The rigid adsorption of PFDA also contributed to the suppression of crystal growth, as observed by TEM analysis. Heat treatment was observed to decrease the Eg of OA-QDs and DA-QDs in toluene because of crystal growth upon dissolution and reprecipitation. Conversely, Eg for the PFDA-QDs increased during heating, indicating a decrease of I/Br ratio in the QDs by the preferential dissolution of iodine ions. Improved thermal resistance upon PFDA modification was also observed for the dried QD film. Furthermore, the final PL intensity of the PFDA-QDs film after heating at 80°C for 4 h was 354% of the initial value. These improvements to PL and thermal resistance by PFDA modification have great significance in terms of the practical application of CsPb3 perovskite QDs to optoelectronic devices that heat up during use, such as LEDs and wide-gamut displays.In this work, the influence of PFDA modification on CsPb