Both point estimates and 95% upper confidence bound met the BE criteria. For amlodipine, the ABE method was performed, and the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios (GMR) for Cmax and AUC0–72 h were all within 80%–125%, with the BE criteria being met. Therefore, the two formulations are bioequivalent and have similar safety profiles in healthy Chinese subjects.Valsartan/amlodipine (I) is a single-pill combination (SPC) of an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and a calcium channel blocker (CCB) for treating hypertension. A clinical trial was performed to demonstrate that the test and reference valsartan/amlodipine formulations were bioequivalent under fasting and postprandial conditions. Participants were randomly divided into three sequences at a ratio of 1:1:1 for three-cycle, reference formulation replicated, crossover administration. The average bioequivalence (ABE) and reference-scaled average bioequivalence (RSABE) methods were used to evaluate BE using the main pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Overall, 45 eligible participants were enrolled in the postprandial trial, which was consistent with the fasting trial. For valsartan, the RSABE method was used to evaluate the BE of CClinical trial registration: [http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html], identifier [CTR20210214]. Hypertension is a common and growing public health issue, with a worldwide prevalence of 40.8% and a control rate of 32.3% . WithoutThe International Society of Hypertension’s Global Practice Guidelines for Hypertension (2020) recommend combination therapy for all patients with hypertension, except for those with low-risk grade 1 hypertension or frailty. Combination therapy, particularly SPC, is the first-line anti-hypertensive treatment option . CurrentThere are various combinations for SPC include the following: ARB + CCB, ARB + thiazide diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) + CCB, ACE-I + thiazide diuretic, CCB + thiazide diuretic and CCB + beta-blocker . ARB commax and area under the curve for valsartan was reportedly significant (WR) of the R formulation was calculated before the bioequivalence assessment, and the standard ABE was applied if SWR <0.294 for any primary PK parameter . The RSABE method was applied to the BE evaluation if SWR ≥0.294 (CVWR% ≥30%) for any primary PK parameter, according to the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Guidelines for Human Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Pharmaceuticals  for patients with hypertension have been well established through clinical trials . Howeverin vivo characteristics, and to provide evidence for the test (T) formulation to be marketed in China.Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the PK properties and BE of two formulations of valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) (80/5 mg) in healthy participants under fasting and postprandial conditions to gain a better understanding of their ® and produced by Novartis Pharma Schweiz, were used as the T and R formulations, respectively, for the assessment of PK and BE studies.Valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) , which was produced and provided by Shijiazhuang No.4 Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, and valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) , which is marketed under the brand name EXFORGEThe study was conducted at the Phase I Clinical Research Center of Hebei General Hospital between March and June 2021 and registered at the Drug Clinical Trial Registration and Information Disclosure Platform (Registration No. CTR20210214). The study was performed in accordance with the Good Clinical Practice requirements of the NMPA, Declaration of Helsinki, and International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. The protocol and amendments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Hebei General Hospital .2  were eligible for the study. They underwent a comprehensive medical examination, including routine physical examination, measurement of vital signs, medical history, laboratory tests, 12-lead electrocardiography, and chest radiography to assess their health status and reveal clinically relevant diseases. All examination items mentioned above should have no clinically significant abnormalities. Patients with the following conditions were not eligible for participation in this study: acute or chronic disease not applicable to this study, alcohol or smoking abuse, drug abuse in the past year, allergy-prone constitution, and allergy to any ingredient in the valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I). Participants who had taken any medication within 28 days prior to the first dose, participated in any clinical trial within the past 3 months, suffered blood loss, or donated blood of ≥200 mL were excluded. Participants who were pregnant, breastfeeding, or were likely to become pregnant were also excluded. Additionally, considering the drug mechanism and safety, participants with postural hypotension were excluded.Healthy men and women aged ≥18 years with a body mass index between 19.0 and 26.0 kg/mWritten informed consent was obtained from each participant before the study was conducted and included information on the objectives, procedures, and risk-benefit analysis. A withdrawal option was available to participants at any time during the study period.This was a single-center, randomized, open-label, three-cycle, three-sequence, partially replicated crossover bioequivalence study, and each cycle was followed by a 14-day washout period. The study consisted of two independent trials: a fasting trial and a postprandial trial. SAS statistical software (v9.4) was used to generate a random number table that assigned participants of the fasting trial into sequences A (TRR), B (RTR), or C (RRT) in a 1:1:1 ratio. The participants in the postprandial trial were randomly assigned into sequences D (TRR), E (RTR), or F (RRT) in the same manner.Each participant was administered a single dose of the T or R formulation under light-proof conditions, and 240 mL of warm water was orally administered thereafter. In the fasting trial, participants fasted overnight for at least 10 h, while in the postprandial trial, they consumed a standard high-calorie and high-fat  breakfast 30 min before drug administration. Water intake was restricted to 1 h before and 2 h after drug administration. The upper body was kept upright for 4 h after drug administration. Throughout the study period, alcohol consumption, strenuous activities, and smoking were prohibited. A standardized meal was provided at 4 and 10 h after treatment.2-EDTA anticoagulation tubes pre-dose  and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-dose followed by centrifugation at 2,600 g at 4°C for 10 min within 1 h of collection. Plasma was collected and stored at −70°C ± 10°C within 2 h of collection until their use for analysis. All blood samples were light-proofed throughout collection, processing, and storage.Blood samples were collected into coded, pre-cooled KThe plasma concentrations of valsartan and amlodipine were determined by the Triple Quad 5500 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. Gradient elution and multiple reaction monitoring were used to quantify target compounds. The analytes were chromatographed using an ExionLC AD and an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column . The mobile phase consisted of mobile phases A (0.2% formic acid in water) and B (0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. An MS/MS Triple Quad 5500 was used to analyze the mass. Data acquisition and analysis were performed using Analyst 1.6.3.max) and the area under the curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC0–72 h). For valsartan, the peak concentration (Cmax), area under the curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC0–t) and AUC from time zero to observed infinity (AUC0–∞) were the primary PK endpoints. The terminal half-life of the analyte in plasma (t1/2), time of maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), and terminal rate constant (λz) were the secondary endpoints.The PK analysis set comprised all participants randomly assigned to any group who completed periods 1–3 without any major protocol deviations. The primary PK endpoints for amlodipine were the peak concentration (CWR) of the R formulation was calculated before the bioequivalence assessment, and the standard ABE was applied if SWR <0.294 for any primary PK parameter , which corresponds to a within-subject variability (CVWR%) of <30%. If the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the test/reference GMR of the above PK parameter was within 80.00%–125.00%, then BE was confirmed.Owing to the expected high intra-individual variation for valsartan, a partially replicated design was used in the current study based on the within-subject variability of the R formulation, and the RSABE method recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and NMPA was applied. The within-subject standard deviation (SWR ≥0.294 (CVWR% ≥30%) for any primary PK parameter. In this case, the 95% upper confidence bound for —θs2WR was calculated based on Howe’s Approximation I, where max mean values for the test and reference formulations, respectively. θ =2 represent the threshold of the corrected bioequivalence and — θs2WR is ≤ 0 and the test/reference GMR (point estimate) falls within 80.00%–125.00%.The RSABE method was applied to the BE evaluation if Sp > 0.05) and if the 90% CI for the GMR of Cmax and AUC0–72 h fell within 80%−125%, respectively. Furthermore, in accordance with the NMPA regulatory guidelines, logarithm-transformed PK parameters were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance to assess the effects of sequence, formulation, and period.The ABE criteria were used to evaluate the BE of amlodipine, which was determined if the differences between the compared parameters were insignificant  and vital signs were monitored, to assess the safety of both formulations. Vital signs, including axillary temperature, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and pulse rate, were recorded 1 h before administration and at 2, 5, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h post-dose at each treatment visit. Laboratory and physical examinations along with an electrocardiogram were performed at baseline and 72 h after the second administration. AEs were coded according to the preferred term and system organ class in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. The severity of adverse events was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE 5.0), version 5.0. In addition to medical observations, the participants spontaneously reported any adverse events that occurred during the study.max was performed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon two-sample test. Descriptive statistics were used for the PK parameters, and count or grade data were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software package SAS, V9.4. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Phoenix WinNonlin Software v8.0, was used to calculate the PK parameters using the non-compartmental method, and individual plasma concentration–time curves were constructed. The main PK parameters derived from the plasma concentration–time curve were subjected, after logarithmic transformation, to multivariate analysis of variance that included participants nested within the sequence as a random effect and sequence, formulation, and period as fixed effects. Two-sided t-tests were performed. Statistical analysis of the TDuring the trial screening for fasting and postprandial conditions, there were 132 and 140 participants, respectively. The fasting and postprandial trials each enrolled 45 participants . Two participants in the fasting group and five participants in the postprandial group withdrew from the trial. In the fasting group, participant K039 withdrew from the trial due to AEs  5.5 h after the first cycle and after 12 blood samples were collected. Participant K030 was withdrawn from the trial because the urine drug screening was positive for morphine before the second cycle of administration. Additionally, two participants were enrolled in the full analysis set (FAS), safety analysis set (SS), pharmacokinetic parameter analysis set (PKPS), and pharmacokinetic concentration analysis set (PKCS). Meanwhile, participant K039 was not included in the bioequivalence analysis set (because of an incomplete first cycle).In the postprandial group, 45 participants were assigned to the FAS, PKPS, PKCS, and SS sets. Participant C013 withdrew from the trial for personal reasons after blood collection within 24 h of the first cycle. Participants C020, C021, and C029 completed the first two cycles and decided to withdraw from the trial prior to the third cycle. Participant C045 only completed the first cycle and withdrew from the trial for personal reasons prior to the second cycle. No adverse events in the postprandial group led to withdrawal from the study.The baseline characteristics of each participant are presented in The mean ± standard deviation (SD) plasma drug concentration–time curves for amlodipine and valsartan under fasting and postprandial conditions after completing the three cycles are shown in max and AUC0–72 h values were 4.03 ± 1.02 ng/mL and 3.94 ± 0.92 ng/mL, and 121.48 ± 26.80 h*ng/mL and 120.44 ± 27.58 h*ng/mL, respectively. The main PK parameters for valsartan of the T and R formulations were as follows: The Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ values were 2818.82 ± 1419.96 ng/mL and 2799.64 ± 1385.07 ng/mL, 16035.91 ± 6912.77 h*ng/mL and 15873.30 ± 6751.62 h*ng/mL, and 16496.43 ± 6959.21 h*ng/mL and 16309.66 ± 6889.28 h*ng/mL, respectively.In the fasting group, the main PK parameters for amlodipine of the T and R formulations were as follows: The Cmax and AUC0–72 h values were 3.58 ± 0.80 ng/mL and 3.67 ± 0.86 ng/mL, and 117.42 ± 29.13 h*ng/mL and 119.65 ± 28.57 h*ng/mL, respectively. The main PK parameters for valsartan of the T and R formulations were as follows: The Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ values were 1376.98 ± 473.07 ng/mL and 1364.56 ± 534.53 ng/mL, 8409.56 ± 3315.33 h*ng/mL and 8329.16 ± 2911.29 h*ng/mL, and 8910.50 ± 3225.82 h*ng/mL and 8717.39 ± 3012.41 h*ng/mL, respectively. The detailed PK parameters are shown in In the postprandial group, the main PK parameters of amlodipine of the T and R formulations were as follows: The Cp > 0.05 both in the fasting and postprandial).The period, sequence, and formulation factors may be affect the equivalence of the test preparation and reference preparation in bioequivalence trials. To assess whether these external factors have an impact on the current study, we used a linear Mixed Model to perform a multivariate analysis of variance after log transformation of each main parameter in the fasting or postprandial state, respectively. The results demonstrated that the mixed effects model included period, sequence, and formulation factors that did not interfere with the conclusions of the study either in the fasting or postprandial state.   and the reference valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) under fasting and postprandial states was also evaluated to provide a reference for approval in China.Valsartan/amlodipine (I) is an SPC of ARB  and CCB (amlodipine 5 mg). Studies have shown that adherence and persistence are generally higher in patients initiating SPC anti-hypertensive medications than those taking anti-hypertensive therapy as multiple tablets in free-dose combinations . Additiomax is >30%  because only approximately 20% is recovered as a metabolite, and cytochrome P450 isozymes are known to contribute little to its metabolism . Moreove is >30% . To asse is >30% . Under t is >30% . Since i is >30% .WR for Cmax of valsartan was >30.00% (34.68%), and the SWR was 0.337 (≥0.294), while in a postprandial state, the CVWR% for Cmax of valsartan was >30.00% (30.36%), and the SWR was 0.297 (≥0.294). The CVWR% estimates in this study were similar to those reported in previous studies, particularly for the Cmax for valsartan . Thus, to achieve a compromise between an extended clinical phase and smaller sample size, Haidar’s method was adopted in our study . Moreovealsartan . The curalsartan . The mai0–72 h and Cmax values of amlodipine for either the T or R formulations. However, the main PK parameters  of valsartan in the postprandial condition were significantly decreased compared with that in the fasting condition. We speculate that due to the differences in the structure and solubility of amlodipine and valsartan, the pharmacokinetic parameters of valsartan, which is more lipid-soluble, are easily affected by high-fat diet, but not amlodipine. The chemical name of amlodipine is 2-[(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine. There is an amino side chain in the molecular structure with highly water solubility. Its pKa is 8.7, which dissociates into ion form under gastric conditions and is difficult absorbed in the stomach  is similar to the reference valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) in terms of PK parameters. Nevertheless, thorough studies are required to demonstrate the therapeutic BE between biosimilar and reference drugs. Another limitation was the sample size of the trial. To reduce the drug exposure of the subjects, we performed a three-period partially replicate crossover study with 45 participants. Due to the limitations of the sample size and single-dose administration, it was difficult to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the safety of the two drugs. Finally, data were collected from relatively young and healthy participants; as patients most likely to take the drug are elderly, the results should be interpreted cautiously.The T formulation of valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) was bioequivalent to the R formulation tablet under both fasting and postprandial conditions, fulfilling the requirement for BE. Food had a significant effect on the absorption of valsartan but not amlodipine. Both formulations were safe and well tolerated. This study provides a basis for a clinical trial of valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) in the following stage and promotes the clinical application of valsartan/amlodipine tablet (I) in China.


Williams syndrome is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder caused by a 1.5–1.8 Mb deletion on chromosome 7q11.23. It is characterized by facial deformations, cardiovascular abnormalities, developmental delays, gastrointestinal manifestations, and endocrine disorders.A 1‐year‐old child presenting with developmental delays, special facial features, gastrointestinal bleeding, renal calcium deposition, and hypotonia was admitted to the hospital for “hypercalcemia and gastrointestinal bleeding.” Genetic testing showed a deletion mutation in the 7q11.23 region. Currently, the child receiving treatment to promote calcium excretion and rehabilitation training, but hypercalcemia has recurred.The clinical phenotype of Williams syndrome is complex, and different severities, characterized by developmental delays, facial deformities, cardiovascular abnormalities, gastrointestinal symptoms and endocrine disorders, should be considered in children. The syndrome may require thorough genetic testing for diagnosis and early intervention treatment to improve patient quality of life. This is a case of Williams syndrome with gastrointestinal bleeding and literature review. Molecular cytogenetic analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multiple ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and other assays can be used to confirm the diagnosis of WS. WS is characterized by facial deformities, cardiovascular abnormalities, developmental delays, gastrointestinal manifestations, and endocrine disorders. Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and subclinical hypothyroidism, mainly occur in adults, while hypercalcemia, which occurs with varying frequency and severity, is more common in infants. Mild hypercalcemia occurs in approximately 15% of patients with WS .2.1The child was born at term by caesarean section, with a birth weight of 2460 g, grade III amniotic fluid contamination, and the umbilical cord wrapped around the neck for 1 week. Neonatal Apgar scores were recorded at 1, 7, 5, and 9 min. The child had developmental delays and raised his head at 5 months. At present, he cannot sit or climb alone, and he unconsciously pronounces “baba, mama” sounds. His parents are healthy and nonconsanguineous, deny a family history of hereditary disease, and have no family history of similar hypercalcemia; the child has a healthy 8‐year‐old sister. His parents’ blood calcium and phosphorus levels were normal.2.2The following data were recorded at admission: Body weight: 6.8 kg (less than the third percentile); body length: 70 cm (less than the third percentile); head circumference: 42 cm (less than the third percentile); poor spirits; and a special appearance, including a round forehead, short eye fissures, epicanthus, a full periorbital area, swollen double eyelids, a low and flat nose, full cheeks, thick lips, a medium face length, a large mouth, and small teeth with a sparse arrangement Figure . A grade2.3Auxiliary tests showed the following : a serum total calcium level of 3.98 mmol/L (2.1–2.8 mmol/L); a magnesium level of 0.94 mmol/L (0.75–1.02 mmol/L); a phosphorus level of 1.00 mmol/L (1.48–2.20 mmol/L); a sodium level of 136.4 mmol/L (134–143 mmol/L); a potassium level of 3.95 mmol/L (4.2–5.9 mmol/L); a parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of 0.39 pmol/L (1.6–6.9 pmol/L); a 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D level > 70 ng/mL (experts recommend a level of at least 30 ng/mL); a urinary calcium/creatinine ratio of 1.35 ; and a 24‐h urinary calcium level of 7.0 mg/kg . Color echocardiography showed patent foramen ovale (0.24 cm). Urinary color ultrasound showed renal calcium deposition and CT showed multiple patchy slight high‐density shadows in both kidneys. Routine blood examination, liver and kidney function tests, myocardial enzymes, peripheral blood smear, blood gas analysis, thyroid function, urine organic acid analysis, blood amino acid analysis, and carnitine analysis showed no abnormalities.After examining and the patient's family members by using Agilent SurePrintG3HumanGenomeCGHMicroarray (array CGH) 8 × 60 K chip , the instructions for comparative genomic hybridization were followed. Luciferin (Cy3/Cy5) was applied to label the DNA of the patient and reference samples, and then microarray hybridization and posthybridization washing were performed. Fluorescence images were obtained by an Agilent chip scanner, the data were read by Feature Extraction Technologies, and standardized processing was performed. Data analysis was performed using Genomic Workbench (Agilent Technologies), and regions of copy number change were found. The position in the genome was determined according to the Human Genome Reference Sequence (GRCH37/HG19), which became available in the UCSC database in February 2009. Gene‐related clinical information via online human Mendelian inheritance (OMIM: 194050) was used to analyze the data. The test results showed Figure  of WS, d2.4After admission, intravenous fluid replacement and fuemiliuresis were given to promote calcium excretion, temporary water fasting was performed for gastrointestinal bleeding, omeprazole was given for acid inhibition, and symptomatic treatment was given for hemostasis. The patient had a total calcium level of 2.73 mmol/L; a magnesium level of 0.93 mmol/L; a phosphorus level of 1.38 mmol/L; a sodium level of 137 mmol/L; and a potassium level of 5.18 mmol/L. Later, the patient was treated with oral furosemide and potassium citrate. During follow‐up after discharge, the child was treated with oral furosemide tablets (5 mg qd) and potassium citrate granules (0.5 g tid) and vitamin D and calcium intake is avoided. During follow‐up, the child had a recurrence of hypercalcemia, which was improved after receiving corresponding treatment again and has not recurred.3Most cases of WS are sporadic, with little family history. The incidence of WS is 1 in 20,000 live births, and the latest reports show that the incidence can be as high as 1 in 7500  with WS. WS can present with different degrees of multisystem clinical manifestations. This study describes one patient with WS with manifestations of “hypercalcemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, developmental delays, etc., ” which provides a reference for clinicians to identify this disease. When clinicians encounter children with hypercalcemia, special facial features, developmental delays, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation, and heart diseases, WS should be considered. Genetic testing techniques such as FISH and MLPA can be used to confirm the diagnosis, and early intervention and rehabilitation training can be provided to improve the quality of life of these patients.Hong Meng and Yue‐Xin Jia participated in the clinical practice, including diagnosis, treatment, and consultation. Hui‐Min Yang and Xin Gao contributed to the acquisition of the data. Cha‐Gan‐Hu Li and Guo‐Yan Xin contributed to the analysis of the data. Hong Meng, Yue‐Xin Jia, and Yu‐Min Wang wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.The authors declare no conflicts of interest.https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/brb3.3131.The peer review history for this article is available at


Electrospray (ESI) positive ion mode detection and multireaction monitoring (MRM) quantitative analysis were performed. A total of 36 rats were given tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I, respectively, orally (5 mg/kg) and intravenously (1 mg/kg), with 6 rats in each group, to evaluate the pharmacokinetic difference of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rats. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 5–2000 ng/mL, where r was greater than 0.99. The results of precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability met the requirements of biological sample detection methods. The established UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I, and the bioavailability was 22.9%, 89.8%, and 9.4%, respectively.An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma. The rat plasma was treated with liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The determination was performed on the UPLC HSS T3 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8  Marsdenia tenacissima, also known as glaucescent fissistigma root, Rosa banksiae f. lutea (Lindl.) Rehd, etc., is the dry stem and rattan of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb) Wight et Am., a plant belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae [Marsdenia tenacissima tastes bitter and slightly cold. It has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, relieving cough, and asthma, dispersing knots and relieving pain, and fighting cancer. The series of preparations made from its single medicinal material are widely used in clinics [iadaceae –3, whichiadaceae , 5. It i clinics –8.Marsdenia tenacissima can be used as medicine. Its effective components are steroidal glycosides, alkaloids, and polysaccharides [Marsdenia tenacissima polysaccharides and some fat-soluble components also have antitumor effects [Marsdenia tenacissima is C21 steroidal glycosides [vivo pharmacokinetics of tenacissoside H and tenacissoside I have been reported in literature [The roots, stems, and leaves of charides –11. Its  effects . At presycosides . Polysacycosides , 9, of wterature –16, but High-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology has the advantages of high sensitivity, low detection limit, and small sample consumption and is widely used in drug analysis of chemical composition, drug metabolism, and impurity identification , 18. UPLTherefore, this study was to establish an UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma and study the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to provide a scientific experimental basis for the basic research of clinical pharmacy.Tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, tenacissoside I, and astragaloside IV   and column temperature set at 40°C. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% formic acid) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and elution time of 6 min. 0–0.2 min, acetonitrile 10%; 0.2–2.4 min, acetonitrile 10%–75%; 2.4–5.0 min, acetonitrile 75%–90%; 5.0–5.1 min, acetonitrile 90%–10%; and 5.1–6.0 min, acetonitrile 10%.Chromatographic conditions were as follows: UPLC HSS T3 column , m/z 817.4 ⟶ 757.5 for tenacissoside H , m/z 837.4 ⟶ 777.5 for tenacissoside I , and m/z 785.4 ⟶ 143.0 for astragaloside IV .Mass spectrometry conditions: nitrogen as conical gas (50 L/h) and desolvated gas (900 L/h); capillary voltage set at 2.5 kV; ion source temperature at 150°C; and desolvent temperature at 450°C. ESI positive ion mode detection and MRM were used for quantitative analysis: μg/mL) were prepared with methanol, respectively. Tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I working solution was obtained by diluting the reserve solution with methanol. Both the reserve solution and working solution were stored at 4°C. Appropriate amount of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I working solution was added to the blank rat plasma, and then the tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 ng/mL. Three quality control (QC) samples with plasma concentrations  were prepared by the same method.Tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, tenacissoside I, and astragaloside IV reserve solution  and 1.0 mL ethyl acetate were added, vortex was mixed for 1.0 min, and it was centrifuged . The organic phase was transferred into another tube and evaporated to dryness at 40°C under a gentle stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 100 μL methanol and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was pipetted to an auto sampler vial, and 2 μL was injected into the UPLC-MS/MS for analysis.A plasma sample of 100 μL of the plasma was then transferred to a new 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and held at −80°C prior to analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were statistically calculated using the pharmacokinetic software (DAS 2.0 version).Tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I were given sublingual intravenous administration (iv) of 1 mg/kg and oral administration (po) 5 mg/kg, respectively, with 6 rats in each group, for a total of 36 rats. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (xmsq 2023-0689). The 0.4 mL blood was collected from the caudal vein at 0.083 3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h for tenacissoside G; 0.083 3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h for tenacissoside H; and 0.083 3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h for tenacissoside I, collected in heparinized test tubes and centrifuged at 13000 r/min for 10 min. 100 The retention times of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, tenacissoside I, and astragaloside IV were 3.32, 3.42, 3.41, and 2.63 min, as shown in r greater than 0.99. The typical regression equation of the tenacissoside G in rat plasma was as follows: y1 = 0.0045x1 + 0.0102 (r = 0.9976), x1 was the concentration of tenacissoside G in plasma, and y1 was the ratio of tenacissoside G peak area to the internal standard. The typical regression equation for tenacissoside H in rat plasma was y2 = 0.0046x2 + 0.0022 (r = 0.9986), where x2 was the concentration of tenacissoside H in plasma, and y2 was the ratio of the tenacissoside H peak area to the internal standard. The typical regression equation for tenacissoside I in rat plasma was y3 = 0.0020x3 + 0.0097 (r = 0.9977), x3 was the concentration of tenacissoside I in plasma, and y3 was the ratio of tenacissoside I peak area to internal standard. The lower limit of quantitation of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma was 5 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 1.5 ng/mL.The calibration curves of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma showed good linearity in the range of 5–2000 ng/mL, with The intraday and interday precision of tenacissoside G was within 10%, the accuracy was 90% to 111%, the recovery was over 92%, and the matrix effect was in the range of 94% to 109% .The intraday and interday precision of te nacissoside H was within 13%, the accuracy was 88% to 115%, the recovery was above 88%, and the matrix effect was in the range of 101% to 108% .The intraday and interday precision of tenacissoside I was within 15%, the accuracy was 88% to 110%, the recovery was above 80%, and the matrix effect range was 91% to 99% .The plasma samples of rats were stored in an automatic injector for 2 h, pretreated, and placed at room temperature for 24 h. The plasma samples underwent three freeze-thawing cycles, and the stability test was conducted at −20°C for 30 days. The accuracy of tenacissoside G was 88%–112%; RSD was within 13%. The accuracy of tenacissoside H was 88%–111%; RSD was within 15%. The accuracy of tenacissoside I was 88%–111%; RSD was within 15% . The resThe concentration-time curves of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma are shown in In order to obtain the best mass spectrum conditions, the positive and negative ion modes were used for monitoring. The responses of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I were higher in the positive ion mode than the negative ion modes. After optimizing various parameters, the mass spectrum parameters can meet the requirements of accurate quantification of effective substances in biological samples. Through the standard sample, the capillary voltage and the collision energy were optimized.The commonly used biological sample pretreatment methods were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) –24, soliDuring quantitative analysis, it is necessary to add an internal standard substance of known concentration as a quantitative reference for the compounds to be measured in the sample. The internal standard substance should have similar physical and chemical properties to the compound to be tested, and be stable in the sample, and be easy to detect and quantify. Commonly used internal standard substances include isotope-labeled compounds and structural analogues. Astragaloside IV has similar physical and chemical properties to tenacissoside, and it was selected as the internal standard.β-tenacigenin B, tenacigenine B, and tenacigenine A) and their corresponding glycosides (tenacissoside A and tenacissoside B) in rat plasma [Zhao et al. studied the plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic process of tenacissoside A in rats by the LC-MS/MS method . Medroxyt plasma . After dIn this study, the UPLC-MS/MS technique was established for the determination of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rat plasma in the range of 5–2000 ng/mL. The rat plasma was treated with liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, and astragaloside IV was used as internal standard. The selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability of this method have been verified, and it has been applied to the pharmacokinetic study of tenacissoside G, tenacissoside H, and tenacissoside I in rats, and the bioavailability was calculated to be 22.9%, 89.8%, and 9.4%, respectively.


Introduction: Whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve lean mass, strength, and power of the lower limbs in young and older people is still under discussion. This study aimed to determine the effect of HIIT on lean mass, maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), and muscle power of both lower limbs in healthy young and older adults. Secondarily, to compare the effects of HIIT between dominant vs. non-dominant lower limbs of each group.Materials and methods: Healthy older  and young  men underwent 12 weeks of HIIT (3x/week) on a stationary bicycle. The evaluations were made before and after the HIIT program by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), anthropometry, force transducer and, Sit-to-Stand test. The outcomes analyzed were limb lean mass, thigh circumference, maximal voluntary isometric strength, RFD , and muscle power in both lower limbs.Results: After 12 weeks of HIIT, non-dominant limb (NDL) showed increase in limb lean mass (p < 0.05) but without interaction (time*group). HIIT showed a gain in absolute maximal strength and also when adjusted for thigh circumference in the dominant lower limb (DL) in both groups. The RFD0–200 ms showed differences between groups but without interaction. The RFD0–50 ms of the NDL showed post-training improvements (p < 0.05) in both groups. Only the older group showed differences between DL vs. NDL in most of the RFD obtained post-intervention. In addition, post-HIIT muscle power gain was observed in both groups (p < 0.05), but mainly in older adults.Conclusion: HIIT promotes increases in lean mass, maximal strength, early RFD, and lower limb muscle power in healthy older and young individuals. The differences shown between the DL and the NDL must be analyzed in future studies. Aging is associated with a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, a process defined as Sarcopenia by the European Working Group in Older People (EWGSOP 2) . WorldwiMuscle power and rate of force development (RFD) are relevant neuromuscular parameters for physical performance in older people, and both are affected by the muscle remodeling process as a consequence of aging and sarcopenia . Muscle Physical training is an intervention strategy that protects older people’s muscle strength and physical performance . AlthougMuscular strength and power have shown a greater decline in knee extensor than in handgrip in older people . UsuallyHIIT has shown favorable effects on cardiorespiratory fitness in various health conditions and populations . Studiesn = 9; 66 ± 6 years; BMI 27.1 ± 3.1 kg m-2) and young  men were trained for 12 weeks with HIIT on a static bicycle. The present study is part of a larger project that determined the effects of HIIT on health parameters and quality of life among young vs. older people (n = 9) than the original project (n = 10), due to technical problems with the signals obtained from the force recording (criteria to determine RFD), so the participants with initial and final parameters complete data were included in the final statistical analysis.Healthy older , uncontrolled high blood pressure, use of nutritional supplements that can regulate skeletal muscle mass or cardiorespiratory fitness and smokers, were excluded. All the participants signed the informed consent after knowing the study’s aims, risks, and benefits. The study was approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Universidad de La Frontera  following the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.Men between 18–35 and 55–75 years old who were physically inactive  with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 30 kg m2max evaluation was performed (not considered in full for this report).One week before the baseline assessments, participants completed a general health questionnaire to determine their eligibility for the study. Subsequently, each participant underwent the evaluations 48 h before the first HIIT session (PRE) and 48 h after the last training session (POST) at the University of La Frontera, Chile. Specifically, the participants performed a familiarization for evaluating of one repetition maximum (1RM) after the screening session. On a separate day, the participants arrived to the laboratory in a fasting state to perform the DEXA scan. After a standardized breakfast, anthropometric and physical evaluations were performed. Then, 12 h after, the VOAnthropometric measurements were made to determine body composition , thigh circumference, whole-body lean mass, and limb lean mass), strength , and muscle power of lower limbs. In addition, the dominance of the lower limbs was determined through a question: “If you had to kick a ball, with which lower limb would you do it more safely?” . Additio® platform scale Madison, WI, United States) to measure body weight and height with 0.1 kg and 0.5 cm precisions, respectively. The BMI was determined with the weight (kg) and height squared (m2) ratio. The circumference of the thigh segment was determined with a SECA® retractable tape measure graduated in , with the participant in a standing position, with both heels positioned on a drawn horizontal line and with a separation between feet of 15 cm.Each participant was placed barefoot on a stadiometer scale  scan determined total and lower limb lean mass .Maximal voluntary isometric strength was measured in both lower limbs . Before the strength measurement, the participants warm-up on a stationary bike for 5 min with a load 50 W and at 60 RPM. Then, each participant was placed on a chair with the trunk fully supported, with the hip and knee at 90°. A force transducer  was used to measure knee extension’s maximal voluntary isometric strength. Before maximal strength recordings, participants performed four submaximal contractions at 50%, 70%, 80%, and 90% of their self-perceived maximum intensity for 3 s with 1 min of rest between each. The participants were instructed to perform a maximal isometric knee extension “as quickly as possible,” maintaining the requested movement for 3 s and repeating the test 3 times in both lower limbs. During the execution of each repetition, the participant was verbally motivated to achieve the best performance in the test. The maximum strength was obtained from the highest record of the three attempts.0-50), 50–100 ms (RFD50-100), 100–200 ms (RFD100-200) and 0–200 ms (RFD0-200) , each signal was offset-corrected and smoothed with a 20 Hz low-pass filter, and each record’s maximum force was determined from a plateau of 2 s. The maximal voluntary isometric strength value of each repetition was used to normalize the rate of force development (RFD), defined as the relation between Force and Time . The onsFD0-200) . The aveFD0-200) .Additionally, the maximal voluntary isometric strength obtained was adjusted concerning the lean mass (N/kg) and the thigh circumference (N/cm) in both lower limbs. Since the maximum knee extension strength is produced by mainly the quadriceps muscle, an gold standard measure (lower limb lean mass by DEXA scan) and a clinical measure (thigh circumference) that consider the amount of “quadriceps muscle mass” were considered to make strength adjustments.Five Times Sit to Stand test (STS) was conducted on an armless chair with a standardized height of 0.44 m from the floor to determine the muscle power of the lower limbs. The participant was seated with arms crossed at chest level. They were instructed to “stand up and sit down as fast as possible five times”. The participant was verbally encouraged during the timed test. Muscle power with STS was obtained through the equation proposed by 2), and the average velocity of the STS calculated as the vertical distance traveled by the center of mass (difference between the length of the legs (0.50 height) and the height of the chair) divided by the mean time taken to complete the STS test.STS mean muscle power (W) is the product of STS mean speed and force. The average force is represented by the body mass displaced during the test  multiplied by gravity  for both groups. The intervention was supervised by an experienced professional who continuously monitored each participant’s heart rate through a cardiac strap . To determine the intensity, the maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) was used as a reference with continuous monitoring of the heart rate through the modified Astrand test  on a stationary bike (Oxfordand test . Each set-test for independent samples. A two-way ANOVA was used with a between-subjects factor (older and young group) and a time factor (pre-HIIT and post-HIIT). If a main effect was found, a Bonferroni post hoc test was applied to determine the differences between pairs if necessary. Partial eta squared was used to estimate effect sizes and represented as η2. Values of η2 = 0.01 indicate a small effect, η2 = 0.06 indicates a medium effect and η2 = 0.14 indicates a large effect (t-test was applied. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS V26.0 software  and graphing were performed using GraphPad Prism V8.02 (GraphPad Software Inc. United States). The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.The normal distribution of all data was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The baseline characteristics of the participants, such as age, weight, height, and BMI, among others, were compared between both groups using a e effect . To detep < 0.01). Older participants show lower baseline values of maximal oxygen consumption and higher time on the STS test (p < 0.01) than younger participants. Variables such as weight, height, BMI, whole-body lean mass, heart rate, and diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not show baseline differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). Dietary records were subjectively evaluated by a nutritionist, finding no intra-subject differences. The average daily steps also did not show intra-subject differences (p > 0.05). All participants completed 36 HIIT sessions (3 days a week for 12 weeks).Baseline characteristics of the participants are shown in =0.98, p = 0.335) and non-dominant limb  = 1.17, p = 0.294) was observed. However, a significant main effect of time was revealed  = 7.61, η2 = 0.322; p = 0.014) in the NDL with a relative increase of 2.2% ± 5.3% and 0.6% ± 4.11% in young and older, respectively.The effects of 12 weeks of HIIT program on lower limb lean mass are presented in  = 2.32, p = 0.146; NDL: F = 1.05, p = 0.320,  = 5.63, η2 = 0.260, p = 0.03) and in the NDL  = 7.79, η2 = 0.328, p = 0.01), with a higher thigh circumference value in young participants but with a relative increase ∼1–2%.On the other hand, thigh circumference did not show a significant interaction between time and group =0.25, p = 0.619) and for NDL  = 1.07, p = 0.316). A significant group main effect was revealed for DL  = 6.71, η2 = 0.296, p = 0.02) and NDL  = 8.29, η2 = 0.341, p = 0.01), with higher strength values in the young group before and after training. In addition, a significant main effect of time  = 6.15, η2 = 0.278; p = 0.025) in DL, showing a relative increase in young participants of 10.4% ± 16.0% and in older adults of 3.7% ± 9.3%, as shown in After HIIT training, muscle strength analysis showed no significant interaction effect between time and group for DL  = 0.92, p = 0.350; F = 0.18, p = 0.675, respectively). A significant group main effect was observed on NDL  = 5.46, η2 = 0.254, p = 0.03), showing differences between groups.The muscle strength values adjusted for lean mass , also sh = 0.90, p = 0.356; F  = 1.72, p = 0.207, respectively). However, a significant group main effect was revealed on the DL  = 5.06, η2 = 0.240, p = 0.03) and on the NDL  = 5.71, η2 = 0.263, p = 0.02), showing a higher strength value in the young group before and after training. In addition, a significant main effect of time  = 6.48, η2 = 0.288; p = 0.022) in the DL that showed a relative increase of 11.7% ± 17.4% in the young group and 6.21% ± 15.1% in the older adult group.When adjusting the muscle strength to the thigh circumference , there w0–50 ms, RFD50–100 ms, RFD100–200 ms, RFD0–200 ms, all p > 0.05). A significant group main effect on DL was revealed at RFD0–50 ms interval  = 8.45, η2 = 0.346, p = 0.01) and RFD0–200 ms interval  = 6.46, η2 = 0.288, p = 0.02)  = 5.50, η2 = 0.256, p = 0.03) and RFD0–200 ms interval  = 11.43, η2 = 0.417, p = 0.004)  . Further= 0.004) .0–50 ms in the NDL  = 6.55, η2 = 0.291; p = 0.021), where a relative increase of 105% ± 225.3% was observed in the young group and 52.1% ± 61.0% in the group of older adults  = 13.13, η2 = 0.451; p = 0.002). A relative increase of 12.1% ± 16.8% was observed in the young group and 34.7% ± 39.0% in the older group. A significant main effect was obtained between the young and older groups  = 6.46, η2 = 0.288, p = 0.02), but with no time*group interaction effect  = 0.67, p = 0.425) (HIIT training produced higher increase on STS power in young participants (from 419.5 ± 82.7 to 473.4 ± 129.4 W) when compared to older people (from 294.8 ± 79.5 to 380.1 ± 99.0 W) (Time effect: F= 0.425) .p > 0.05, both). On the other hand, muscle strength showed higher records in DL over NDL, before and after the HIIT program (p < 0.05) in both groups. Likewise, the strength adjusted for both lean mass and thigh circumference showed the same differences as the absolute values of maximum strength (p < 0.05).When comparing dominant and non-dominant limbs , lean ma50–100 ms, RFD100–200 ms and RFD0–200 ms (p < 0.05) after the HIIT program.When comparing the RFD between dominant and non-dominant limbs, there are differences only in the older group in the intervals RFD0–50 ms) was only observed in the non-dominant lower limb in both groups but not in the other RFD intervals. When comparing the RFD between dominant and non-dominant members, there are differences only in the older age group after the HIIT program. Finally, the muscular power obtained with the STS test showed an increase in post-HIIT values in both groups, with a greater relative increase in the older group. However, the results showed no time*group interaction in response to HIIT training.This study aimed to determine the effect of HIIT on lean mass, maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), and lower limb muscle power in healthy young and older participants. The results show that HIIT increased lean mass and maximum strength in both groups but with differences between the dominant and non-dominant lower limbs. In the case of RFD, an increase in the early time interval of force . Few studies have looked at the effects of HIIT on muscle function such as muscle power in older people. Muscle power is a crucial factor in the functional capacity of older people, related to gait speed and risk of falls . As prevThe muscle qualities of both lower limbs after HIIT program have been rarely reported, particularly in older people . The difThis study has limitations. The small sample size may limit some scope of the results. However, the analysis of both dominant/non-dominant lower limbs can broaden the discussion possibilities. In this sense, the lack of randomization in the order of the strength tests did not allow us to analyze whether the strength gains could have been influenced by an order evaluation effect, which should be considered for future experiments, despite the fact that recent studies recommend performing a pre-assessment familiarization beginning with the dominant lower limb (as performed in this study) . Future In conclusion, HIIT promotes increases in lean mass, strength, early RFD, and lower limb muscle power in healthy old and young individuals. The differences shown between the DL and the NDL must be analyzed in future studies. The real scope of skeletal muscle adaptation in HIIT must be addressed in more complex studies of muscle function.


The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 4.0 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. The cCRP serum concentration was evaluated in 21 client-owned dogs and the results were compared to a previously validated ELISA. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the diagnostic test kit and ELISA was 0.942 , and the Bland–Altman plot indicated a bias of 26.82% [95% limits of agreement: −56.03 to 109.67], indicating a significant correlation and the agreement between the data from the cCRP diagnostic test and ELISA. In conclusion, the fluorescent immunoassay based diagnostic test is a suitable option for rapidly and precisely detecting cCRP in dogs, providing a convenient alternative to traditional methods for diagnosing acute inflammation.Canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is one of the major positive acute phase proteins in dogs and is commonly measured to detect and monitor systemic inflammation as well as the efficacy of treatment. Traditional methods for testing cCPR, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have some drawbacks, such as a long time for diagnosis and the requirement of well-equipped laboratories. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid and precise diagnostic test for cCRP at point-of-care. This study assessed the accuracy, precision, and validated clinical effectiveness of a diagnostic test based on fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay to detect cCRP. For the standard cCRP concentration ranging from 0 to 200 μg/mL, the cCRP diagnostic test showed strong linearity with R It plays a role in the acute phase reaction of the non-specific immune system in mammals ,2. NormaThere are various methods available for detecting cCRP concentration in veterinary medicine , includiThe aim of this study was to develop a rapid and precise diagnostic test for the detection of canine serum CRP concentration, using a fluorescence immunoassay (FIA). We validated our diagnostic assay by testing clinical samples and comparing the results with those of a reference ELISA. Consequently, our goal was to offer a reliable and effective alternative to existing CRP detection methods in veterinary medicine.2.2.1.2.1.1.N-hydroxysuccinimide under constant shaking (180 rpm) for 1 h at 25°C. After activation, the mixture was washed with MES buffer (pH 6.1) and centrifuged at 22,660 ×g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant was then aspirated, washed twice, and resuspended in MES buffer (pH 6.1) by sonication. Subsequently, 0.155 mg of specific anti-cCRP mAb was added, and the labelling reaction was performed for 2 h at 30°C with gentle, constant shaking at 100 rpm. After 2 h, the mixture was incubated with 20 μL of blocking buffer added and shaken at 30°C for 30 min. The uncoupled antibody was removed by centrifugation at 22,660 ×g for 15 min at 4°C. The washing process was repeated twice, and the conjugate was resuspended in 1 mL of storage buffer and stored at 4°C until use.The conjugates of europium nanoparticles and anti-cCRP mAb were prepared as previously described . Initial2.1.2.The mAb against cCRP was dispensed and immobilized at the appropriate positions (test line) on a nitrocellulose membrane (0.2–0.5 mg/mL). Goat anti-mouse IgG (1 mg/mL)  was dispensed and immobilized on the control line of the membrane.2.1.3.The conjugate solution was mixed with 8% (w/v) europium-conjugated anti-cCRP, 2% (w/v) europium-conjugated rabbit IgG, 0.5 M NaCl, 1% (w/v) BSA, 5% (w/v) sucrose, and 0.1% (w/v) Tween20 in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4. The resulting solution was then dispensed into a tube and vacuum-dried for 1 h.3.The Confiscope F20 reader is equipped with a 365 nm high-brightness Light Emitting Diode. A high-resolution camera is utilized to measure the generated fluorescent light. An optical filter, which can transmit only 615 nm of light, is also used. The reader consists of a power unit that supplies the required power, a control unit that calculates and quantifies fluorescence intensity, an input/output unit that displays results and receives operations, and an interface unit that can be connected to external devices such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB.4.All assays used a recombinant cCRP  as standard.4.1.To assess accuracy of FIA cCRP, the linearity study performed with dilution of a standard cCRP antigen to concentrations of 200, 50, 15, 5, and 0 μg/mL using 1 × PBS. The assay was repeated three times for each concentration, and a standard curve was created by plotting the concentration of standard cCRP on the Y axis against the measured cCRP concentration by FIA cCRP on the X axis.Precision was evaluated at three different levels of cCRP concentration: 5 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for the FIA cCRP were calculated using three batches from replicate measurements at each concentration. For the intra-assay CV, 10 replicate measurements were performed; for the inter-assay CV, we measured once a day for five days consecutively.4.2.We performed 20 measurements for each of the low concentration intervals  and calculated the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ).5.This study was performed with approval (NON2023–108) from the Animal Care Committee of Jeonbuk National University. All dog owners signed informed consent. The blood samples were not exclusively collected for this study, but rather for diagnostic or health assessment purposes.6.A total of 194 canine serum samples were collected in Gyeonggi-do province, Korea from 2021 to 2022. The obtained serum from whole clotted blood through centrifugation was stored at −20°C for up to a week to measure cCRP concentration using FIA cCRP or at −80°C for up to three months for further analysis.7.All serum samples were analysed for FIA cCRP using a Confiscope F20 reader . To perfTo validate the diagnostic test, the cCRP concentrations measured through FIA cCRP were compared to those obtained using a commercially available ELISA kit .8.Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 5. The concentrations of cCRP measured by FIA cCRP and ELISA were statistically analysed and expressed as a mean, standard deviation (SD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). To determine the correlation between the cCRP concentrations obtained by FIA cCRP and ELISA, linearity test and the Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson’s ρ) was used. A Bland-Altman analysis was conducted to assess the agreement of the cCRP concentrations obtained by FIA cCRP and ELISA. The difference between the two measurements was calculated and plotted against the mean value of those measurements. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered to be significant.9.9.1.We performed 20 measurements for each of the low concentration intervals  and calculated the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Our results showed that FIA cCRP had an LOD of 4.0 μg/mL and a LOQ of 5.0 μg/mL.9.2.2 value of 0.9977 (concentration range of 0–200 μg/mL). The precision study was carried out for standard cCRP concentrations ranging from 5 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL using three batches. The results obtained an intra-assay CV < 13% and an inter-assay ≤13.8%, respectively, from replicate CRP measurment , cCRP level 2 , and cCRP level 3 . To validate these results, we selected 21 samples out of the total 194 and performed ELISA. The ELISA results showed that cCRP values in serum ranged from 8.02 to 232.05 μg/mL (median 62.80 ± SD 77.59 μg/mL). In 18 out of 21 specimens, the FIA cCRP results matched the ELISA cCRP concentrations both above and below 20 μg/mL. However, in three samples where the FIA cCRP value was less than 20 μg/mL , the ELISA measured cCRP values were greater than 20 μg/mL .To assess the FIA cCRP, we analysed all 194 canine serum samples. The results showed that serum cCRP values ranged from 2.58 to 309.78 μg/mL (median 40.52 ± SD 73.66 μg/mL). 9.4.p < 0.001). In the Bland-Altman difference plot, bias was 26.8% ± 42.3%, and 95% limits of agreement was from −56.0% to 109.7%  between FIA cCRP and ELISA was 0.942 with a 95% CI of 0.859 to 0.976 for the 21 specimens . The calo 109.7% .Figure 10.Canine CRP is a useful marker for diagnosing and monitoring various diseases in veterinary medicine . While eThe FIA cCRP demonstrated excellent linearity, with an R-squared value of 0.9977 across a range of 0–200 μg/mL. These findings are consistent with a previous study that evaluated other quantitative diagnostic tests for cCRP ,34. In tIn general, a correlation coefficient of >0.9 is considered to indicate a very high positive correlation between two variables . In thisOne limitation of our study is that all samples were stored at −80°C for up to three months. However, a previous study has reported that cCRP remains stable at −10°C for at least four months , and anoIn conclusion, our findings indicate that the new FIA cCRP method is fast and reliable for measuring serum cCRP concentration in dogs. Therefore, we suggest that it could be suitable for clinical use, such as early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.


Byproducts of second-grade dates and sweet potato tubers of noncommercial standard are produced along with the main product and are just as important as the main product but cannot be sold in the open market, as they may not be considered acceptable by consumers. Such byproducts can be valorized through the manufacture of a wide range of functional food products with high market appeal, such as jams. The research approach of this study included measuring antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, polyphenols, physicochemical and color indices, pH, and total sugar, as well as conducting a sensory evaluation, of mixed jams composed of different ratios of date jam (DFJ) to sweet potato jam (SPJ), namely, DP1 (80:20), DP2 (70:30), DP3 (60:40), and DP4 (50:50). To date, no other studies have considered producing mixed jam from dates and sweet potato byproducts. The sensory evaluation results indicated that jam DP4 (consisting of 50% date and 50% sweet potato) had the maximum overall acceptability. This investigation reveals the potential of using mixed byproducts in jams as natural functional ingredients, suggesting the economic value of valorization byproducts as low-cost ingredients to expand the properties, nutritional value, antioxidant content, and overall acceptability of jams. The discovered optimal mixed fruit jam has significant potential for further development as a commercial product. The valorization of post-harvest and food manufacturing byproducts has captured the widespread attention of researchers, due to their potential to promote the sustainability of innovative and novel functional foods ,2,3,4,5.Phoenix dactylifera L.) as about 9.5 million tons every year [The Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  describeery year . Date frery year . The useery year . The valery year .Ipomoea batatas L.) are a source of phytochemicals, β carotenoids, vitamin A, and minerals which are considered significant due to their valuable effects when included in the diet [Sweet potato is one of the seven main essential crops globally and is presently cultivated in more than 100 countries. It plays a significant role in developing countries, due to its hardiness, low input necessities, and adaptability . Sweet pthe diet . One of the diet .The processing of fruits or byproducts into jam can greatly reduce post-harvest losses . Jams arPhoenix dactylifera L., cv. ‘Khalas’) were used at the full ripening stage (Tamar) at the end of the collection season and were obtained from the local date processing industry of Al-Ahasa Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Ripe sweet potato  nonstandard tubers with orange flesh were selected and harvested freshly from an organic farm at the Station of Research and Training, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.Second-grade date fruits (●), FeSO4, HCL, AlCl3, Folin–Ciocâlteu’s phenol reagent, NaNO2, NaOH, and β-carotene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. . Standard solution (1 g/L) , sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)) was purchased from Merck . Transparent glass cans with screw caps, with a capacity of 150 g of paste, were bought from local supplier markets, Al-Hasah, Eastern Province, K.S.A.The sugar  was obtained from local supplier markets, Al-Hasah, Eastern Province, K.S.A. Citric acid and pectin powder additives were obtained from iHerb for Electronic Trading and Supplies, headquarters: Morenovalle, CA, USA, which certified that the additives were made from natural, non-GMO, gluten-free food ingredients. Acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol (HPLC grade), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), naphthyl ethylene, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl .w/w. The mixture was gently blended until a softened texture was observed, and the total soluble solids  and cooking time were registered.Date fruits of the Khalas variety were washed under tap water to remove dirt and dust from the fruit’s skin and were then deseeded. Next, the flesh was chopped into 0.5–1.0 cm pieces using a shredder. To prepare the date paste by cooking at 60–65 °C, water was added to the flesh at a ratio of 1:1 w/w, as described previously [After cleaning and washing, the sweet potato tubers were peeled and weighed. To prepare the tuber flesh by cooking at 60–65 °C, water was added to the flesh at a ratio of 1:1 eviously . The mixTo study the effects of the sweet potato paste combined with date fruit paste on the physiochemical and sensory properties of the jam, various ratios of the two pastes were tested to determine the optimal combination. Date fruit paste was combined with sweet potato paste in different ratios . The combined pastes were blended well using an electric mixer, and we calculated the required amount of white sugar (sucrose) to be added to obtain a final jam product concentration up to 65% ± 2% in the combined ratio, as detailed in A pH meter  was used for pH analysis, in order to measure the pH values of fruits and of each prepared jam treatment after calibrating with a standard buffer solution of pH 7 or 4, at or below 25 °C. The readings were taken immediately after opening the can.The total soluble solids (TSSs) were calculated from the absorbance values measured using an Abbey device  according to the following equation: TSS = (absorbance at 540 nm–absorbance at 700 nm) × 0.5. This device is capable of measuring absorbance values in the range of 0.0001 to 5.0 AU, using a xenon lamp as a light source with a spectral range of 190–1100 nm, as described previously .2 + b2. The °h value indicates the hue. The CIE 1976 (Lab*) color system, an internationally accepted system of color measurement, was used as the basis for the color parameters [Observed color measurements were established using a Hunter lab colorimeter , where lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hue angle (°h), and chroma (C*) are the established color parameters using the D65 illuminant and the 10° standard observer. The lightness parameter varies from 0 (black) to 100 (white), while the redness and yellowness parameters vary from negative values  to positive values . The C* value indicates the chroma or saturation of the color, which is calculated as the square root of arameters .All tested samples were analyzed for moisture content in a moisture balance with a halogen lamp heating division , exposed to step heating up to 130 °C. Persistent weight was expanded at ±0.02% precision .Total sugars were determined according to the methods of the AOAC (2012) .Total protein was measured by following a previously described method , using a2O was added, and the bottle was returned to the muffle furnace for further incineration over 1 h. The total ash is stated as a percentage of dry weight [Ash contents were measured by carbon exclusion of 2 g of sample, which was burned and incinerated in a muffle furnace at 555 °C for 2 h. The bottle was then removed from the heat and left to cool down. Four milliliters of HTotal fat was estimated using a previously defined method , followi2O were added, and the mixture was kept at 100 °C for 10 min. Then, 80 mL of 99% ethanol was added; the mixture was agitated and left in ice water for 35 min. The mixture was centrifuged using a Universal 320 R  at 1500× g for 12 min at 4 °C; then, the filtrate was added to 100 mL of 85% ethanol, mixed, and centrifuged again. This step was repeated using 100 mL of 99% ethanol. Lastly, the filtrate was dehydrated at 80 °C for 24 h and assessed.The total fiber was estimated using an adapted version of a previously described method . BrieflyDate fruit, sweet potato, and jam samples were prepared for the determination of minerals, as defined previously . The min2. After complete drying, the residue was redissolved in 2 mL of the mobile phase containing acetonitrile, methanol, and ethyl acetate (730:200:70 mL) and filtered through a 0.45 µm syringe filter into vials, set for injection in a Waters ACQUITY UPLC with TUV. The injection volume was 10 µL, and separation was carried out in an ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide Column C18 , maintained at 30 °C with a run time of 10 min. The mobile phase was run at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. An ACQUITY UPLC PDA detector was used at 450 nm [Carotenoids in date, sweet potato, and jam samples (5 g) were liquified in a 45 mL hexane/acetone (60:40) solution. The mixture was homogenized with constant shaking for at least 15 min, with the addition of 5 mL of water. Then, a 750 W ultrasonic processor  was used for 17 min and at a temperature of 32 °C. The mixture was then filtered through a Whatman 150 mm, No. 42 filter paper, and the filtrate was composed and dried under Nt 450 nm .v/v) methanol/water solution. Lastly, all extracts were filtered using a 0.45 µm mesh and analyzed by HPLC.To extract phenolic compounds for HPLC analysis, accelerated solvent extraction  was utilized. Stainless-steel extraction cells (11 mL) and amber collection vials (40 mL) were employed, along with ASE Prep DE. The extraction was conducted at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 1500 psi, with a static time of 5 min, four static cycles, a flush of 75%, and a purge of 90 s, following the manufacturer’s instructions with some modifications. Acidified water (adjusted to pH 2 with HCl) was used for the extraction. The entire phenolic fraction was eluted with methanol (300 mL) and then reduced to dryness under reduced pressure (50 °C). The residue was resuspended in 5 mL of distilled water and extracted three times with 5 mL of diethyl ether. The ether extracts were combined, concentrated under nitrogen, and dissolved in 1 mL of a 50:50  was added, and the total volume was brought to 2.5 mL with H2O. The absorbance of the blank was measured at a wavelength of 510 nm. The results are stated in terms of mg of rutin equivalent (RE) per 100 g of sample.Total flavonoid content was assessed using a previously reported method . An aliq• free radical-scavenging assay was performed to determine the activity of the samples against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The percentage inhibition of these radical compounds was calculated using the following equation:A DPPHCA, USA) .• free radical-scavenging assay was conducted to evaluate the ability of the samples to scavenge ABTS• radicals. The results were compared with a previously reported method [The ABTSd method , and the3, and 0.3 M acetate buffer (pH 3.6) in a 1:1:10 (v/v/v) proportion. Next, 1 mL of the tested sample was mixed with 2 mL of freshly prepared FRAP reagent and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The absorbance was measured at 593 nm using a Varian CARY 50 Scan UV/Vis spectrophotometer with a Cary 50 Microplate Reader Accessory . A blank was prepared using deionized water, and FeSO4 was used to create the calibration curve. The FRAP values are reported in terms of µmol of Fe(II).The samples were subjected to the ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, following a previously reported method . The FRA2•−)-scavenging capacity was measured through the amount of purple-colored diformazan formed from the NBT reduction encouraged by a superoxide radical-scavenging capacity nonenzymatic NADH/PMS/O2 system, which was used to generate O2•− following a procedure reported previously [The superoxide radical , as well as the approval of trained sensory evaluators who participated in the study.Sensory analysis was conducted with panels consisting of a panel leader and 20 panel members who evaluated differently prepared jam samples from the Date Palm Research Center of Excellence and the Food and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural, and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, KSA. The sensory profile assessment of the jams was carried out by a semitrained panel utilizing a hedonic scale from 1 to 9, where appearance, color, odor, taste, and overall acceptability were evaluated as key characteristics, with 9 and 1 representing ‘like extremely’ and ‘dislike extremely’, respectively . In addiWater was used to wash the mouths of participants twice in between assessments. All sessions of the evaluation process were conducted in a climate-controlled sensory analysis booth  and under white, fluorescent lighting .n = 3). Statistical evaluations were carried out using SPSS for Windows . The variances in mean values across samples were determined (p < 0.05) using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Separation of means was also completed using Tukey’s multiple range tests. Values for the mean ± standard deviation were also obtained.All analyses were conducted in triplicate , DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide percentage inhibition, are detailed in Jams were made with different proportions of date fruit and sweet potato (DP1–DP4), as detailed in Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that mixing sweet potato with date fruit is a viable option for making jams.p ≤ 0.05) higher L* value of 53.84 ± 2.61. Among the jams made with different proportions of date fruit and sweet potato, DP2 had the lowest L* value at 10.85 ± 0.66, while DP1 had the highest L* value at 23.86 ± 4.60. The a* value of DFJ was 5.35 ± 0.40, while SPJ had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher a* value of 30.73 ± 1.48. Among the jams made with different proportions of date fruit and sweet potato, DP2 had the highest a* value at 16.07 ± 1.02, while DP1 had the lowest a* value at 6.89 ± 1.56. The b* value of DFJ was 6.12 ± 0.29, while SPJ had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher b* value of 65.52 ± 9.47. Among the jams made with different proportions of date fruit and sweet potato, DP3 had the highest b* value at 22.6 ± 1.70, while DP4 had the lowest b* value at 22.51 ± 1.76.Color is one of the most significant quality considerations that affects consumers in judging the acceptability and overall quality of jam. The color properties of the jams were analyzed, and the results are presented in Overall, the results showed that the sweet potato-based jam (SPJ) had significantly higher L*, a*, and b* values than the date fruit-based jam (DFJ) and jams made with different proportions of date fruit and sweet potato (DP1–DP4). The higher L* value of SPJ indicated a lighter color, while the lower L* values of DFJ and DP1–DP4 indicated darker colors. The higher a* value of SPJ indicated a more intense red color, while the lower a* values of DFJ and DP1–DP4 indicated a less intense red color. Lastly, the higher b* value of SPJ indicated a more intense yellow color, while the lower b* values of DFJ and DP1–DP4 indicated a less intense yellow color. The results also demonstrate that the samples vary in their lightness (L*) values, with some samples presenting darker  and others presenting lighter (DFJ and SPJ). Similarly, the chroma values also vary between samples, with some samples having higher chroma values (SPJ) and others having lower chroma values (DP1).The hue angle (°h) values specify the path of the color shift in each sample. Some samples demonstrate a shift near green (DP2) or yellow (DP4), while others demonstrate a shift in the direction of blue (SPJ). The hue angle values can help in defining the nature of the color difference between two samples.It is important to note that the color properties of jams can also be influenced by factors such as the ripeness of the fruit, pH, and processing methods such as nonenzymatic browning, mostly caused by the caramelization of sugar and Maillard reactions .Overall, the results highlight the differences in color properties between jams made with date fruit and sweet potato. These differences could influence consumer acceptance and preferences for these products. Further studies may explore the impact of color properties on consumer acceptance and preference for jams made with date fruit and sweet potato.p ≤ 0.05) in the date fruit and sweet potato formulations: 4.77 ± 0.10 to 7.68 ± 0.17, 321.74 ± 0.90 to 64.51 ± 0.17, 21.88 ± 0.13 to 67.25 ± 0.18, 14.05 ± 0.18 to 31.39 ± 0.32, and 0.12 ± 0.01 to 26.87 ± 0.14 mg/100 g jam, respectively, for the macrominerals in formulated jams, and 0.01 ± 0.00 to 0.67 ± 0.01 and 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.97 ± 0.03 mg/100 g jam, respectively, for the microminerals. The lowest values of minerals were presented in SPJ, while the highest values were in DFJ . Mineral contents were found to decrease slightly but significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in DP1–DP4 compared to DFJ and SPJ. Likewise, the results for jams comprising a mixture of date fruit and sweet potato demonstrate that they are good sources of minerals and are within the recommended values for healthy living [The mineral contents of the formulated jam samples are presented in p ≤ 0.05) lower than in DFJ, but increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) compared to SPJ. This indicates that the mixing of DFJ and SPJ significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) the nutritional value of DP1–DP4.Moreover, the phenolic profile of DFJ regarding gallic, syringic, coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acid, as well as catechin, epicatechin, and β-carotene, was 8.90 ± 0.16, 5.07 ± 0.13, 3.64 ± 0.12, 7.81 ± 0.18, 10.61 ± 0.37, 2.40 ± 0.39, 4.54 ± 0.21, and 0.17 ± 0.00 mg/100 g jam, respectively; in SPJ, the phenolic profile regarding gallic, coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acid, as well as epicatechin and β-carotene, was 1.15 ± 0.07, 0.90 ± 0.03, 0.83 ± 0.05, 15.33 ± 0.36, 0.18 ± 0.00, and 310.77 ± 1.68 mg/100 g jam, respectively. Syringic acid and catechin were not detected in SPJ, and the levels of phenolics in SPJ were lower than in DFJ except for ferulic acid and β-carotene. The phenolic profile in DP1–DP4 jams was significantly (p ≥ 0.05) lower than that in SPJ . The mixed jams DP1–DP4 presented significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) values, compared to DFJ and SPJ, but with insignificant (p ≥ 0.05) variation among them.The antioxidant activity of DFJ and SPJ, in terms of FRAP , DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide percentage inhibition is illustrated in Nevertheless, the percentage inhibition of DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide for DFJ was 3.19% ± 0.23%, 35.66% ± 0.40%, and 10.67% ± 0.40%, respectively, while that for SPJ was 51.58% ± 0.40%, 43.93% ± 0.46%, and 28.74 ± 0.31%, respectively. The higher percentage inhibition of SPJ was considered to be due to its higher content of β-carotene than DFJ, which has the ability to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide.p ≤ 0.05) values, compared to DFJ and SPJ, but they increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) on a gradual basis with an increase in the percentage mixing with SPJ, due to the increasing percentage of β-carotene.On the other hand, the mixed jams DP1–DP4 showed significantly reduced , gallic acid (r2 = 0.992), syringic acid (r2 = 0.982), coumaric acid (r2 = 0.941), caffeic acid (r2 = 0.991), catechin (r2 = 0.912), and epicatechin (r2 = 0.971). These results indicated that an increase in TP led to enhanced antioxidant responses, with the polyphenols from the jams as the main bioactive compounds contributing to the antioxidant activities of the functional jams. In contrast, strong negative correlations with ferulic acid (r2 = −0.973), β-carotene (r2 = −0.999), DPPH (r2 = −0.999), ABTS (r2 = −0.981), and superoxide (r2 = −0.997) were observed, while TP had a weak negative correlation with FRAP (r2 = −0.344). These results indicate that a higher scavenging activity against this reactive species was accomplished by TP, such as in functional jams. Furthermore, for TF, gallic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and epicatechin had the same strong positive and strong negative trends as TP. However, while ferulic acid had a strong negative correlation with TP, for TF, negative correlations were observed for gallic, syringic, coumaric, and caffeic acids, as well as catechin and epicatechin , while strong positive correlations with β-carotene, DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide  were observed. Furthermore, TP also had a weak positive correlation with FRAP (r2 = 0.324). Nevertheless, FRAP only showed weak positive correlations with ferulic acid (r2 = 0.324), β-carotene (r2 = 0.359), DPPH (r2 = 0.367), ABTS (r2 = 0.443), and superoxide (r2 = 0.379), but weak negative correlations with TP (r2 = −0.344), TF (r2 = −0.258), gallic acid (r2 = −0.348), syringic acid (r2 = −0.327), coumaric acid (r2 = −0.326), caffeic acid (r2 = −0.336), catechin (r2 = −0.322), and epicatechin (r2 = −0.356).As illustrated in Sensory challenges were conducted to evaluate the qualities of a food product with respect to the five senses , facilitating the consumer-oriented creation of new functional products. The nine-point hedonic scale is an operative and simple unconditional measurement tool that has been extensively used to discover sensory differences among foods and beverages; it is regularly used to predict the acceptance of novel functional food products by potential consumers.r = 0.676) and a very strong positive correlation between a* and b* values (r = 0.967 **). There was also a strong positive correlation between L* and b* values (r = 0.780). These results suggest that, as the L* value increased , the a* and b* values also tended to increase . Additionally, as the a* value increased , the b* value also tended to increase . These relationships are commonly observed in color science, and they are known as opponent process theory.The results in r = −0.781), indicating that, as the L* value increased , the sensory evaluation of color tended to decrease . There was also a moderate negative correlation between the a* value and sensory evaluation of color (r = −0.643), as well as a weak negative correlation between the b* value and sensory evaluation of color (r = −0.623), indicating that, as the a* and b* values increased , the sensory evaluation of color tended to decrease .The results also indicated a strong negative correlation between the L* value and the sensory evaluation of color (r = 0.652 **) and b* (r = 0.749 **), indicating that the lightness of a substance is related to its redness and yellowness. C* is also significantly correlated with a* (r = 0.975 **) and b* (r = 0.994 **), suggesting that the chroma of a substance is strongly related to its colorfulness. Furthermore, the DPPH is strongly correlated with ABTS (r = 0.893 **) and superoxide (r = 0.999 **), indicating that these assays are highly related and may be used interchangeably. However, it should be noted that ABTS is negatively correlated with superoxide (r = −0.502 *), suggesting that these assays may not always afford identical results. Remarkably, the hue angle of a substance is only weakly correlated with the other variables. Lastly, the FRAP is strongly correlated with L* (r = 0.811 **), a* (r = 0.414), b* (r = 0.462), and C* (r = 0.454). This suggests that color and antioxidant capacity may be related in complex ways and that different colorimetric variables may be more or less important depending on the specific test being used.In conclusion, the results of this study provide valuable information about the relationships between colorimetric variables and antioxidant capacity. While some variables are strongly correlated, others are only weakly related, suggesting that different aspects of color perception may be more or less important for determining antioxidant capacity depending on the specific assay being used. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and better understand the complex relationships between color and antioxidant capacity.The results confirmed the potential of using second-grade date fruit and nonstandard sweet potato tubers as raw materials for producing novel functional jams with high nutritional and antioxidant value. The optimal ratio of date fruit paste and sweet potato paste was found to be 50:50, which resulted in the highest overall acceptability among the sensory panelists. The mixed fruit jam also showed a high content of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and β-carotene, which have various health benefits. The results of this study suggest that valorizing the byproducts of date fruit and sweet potato can provide a sustainable and economical way of developing value-added products that can enhance food security and diversity in the region. Therefore, it is recommended that further research be conducted to optimize the processing conditions and shelf-life of the mixed fruit jam, as well as evaluate its impact on human health and consumer preference.