Posterior transfacet approach has been proved to be a safe and effective access to treat thoracic disc herniation. However, the therapeutic effect and safety of modified transfacet approach for treating thoracic spinal tuberculosis (TST) has not been reported in the clinical literature. In this study, the clinical efficacy and safety of a single-stage posterior modified transfacet debridement, posterior instrumentation, and interbody fusion for treating TST were retrospectively evaluated.From 2009 to 2014, 37 patients with TST underwent a posterior modified transfacet debridement, interbody fusion following posterior instrumentation, under the cover of 18 months of antituberculosis chemotherapy. The patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively in terms of Frankel Grade, visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, kyphotic Cobb angle, and bony fusion.The follow-up time was 39.8 ± 5.1 months (29–50 months). No postoperative complication or recurrence of spinal tuberculosis was observed. Definitive bony fusion was achieved in all patients. At the final follow-up, 2 cases were rated as Frankel grade D, 35 as grade E. VAS was recovered from 8.4 ± 1.0 cm to 0.4 ± 0.8 cm. The kyphotic angles were corrected from 29.4 ± 10.9° to 17.6 ± 6.3°. Using the Kirkaldy-Willis criteria, functional outcome was excellent in 29 patients, good in 7, and fair in 1.Our preliminary results showed that single-stage posterior modified transfacet debridement, posterior instrumentation, and interbody fusion are effective and safe surgical options for treating TST. The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is rising. In China, spinal TB is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and remains a severe public health threat. According to the World Health Organization, 1.4 million new cases of TB occur annually in China, with spinal TB found in approximately 1% of all affected patients . AlthougThe posterior transfacet approach and its variations have been shown to be a safe and effective method for the treatment of thoracic disc herniation (TDH) with relatively low morbidity , 12. FurThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital. Between 2009 and 2014, the authors treated 37 consecutive patients with TST via a modified transfacet approach. All patients were treated by the same surgical team though the team treated other patients (non-participants) with other approaches during the study period. The cohort was comprised of 22 males and 15 females, with an average age of 43.1 ± 17.3 years. The diagnosis of TST was based on clinical presentation, plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematologic tests, and pathological examinations from CT-guided biopsy. Twenty-three were confirmed radiologically as multilevel TST. Of these, 5 were non-contiguous multifocal TST. Twenty-five were accompanied with paraspinal abscess. Eleven cases had bilateral paraspinal abscess and 4 had large abscess. One patient had abdominal draining sinuses before surgery. Twenty-six patients had a neurological deficit of grade B, C, or D according to the Frankel Grade, including motor weakness, sensory change, and radiating pain to the lower limbs. Eleven cases had combined pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients rated their pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS), from “no pain” (0 cm) to “maximal pain” (10 cm). The mean preoperative VAS score of the cohort was 8.4 ± 1.0 cm (range 5.4–9.8 cm).Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lesions and increases surgical safety [Patients were treated with the standard regimen of isoniazid (H), rifampin (R), ethambutol (E), and pyrazinamide (Z) (HREZ) chemotherapy regimen , consistl safety . PreoperThe modified transfacet approach was similar to that described by Bransford et al.  for apprt test pre- and post-operatively and final follow-up. Using R software , the P values of paired t test were adjusted for multiple comparison by BH  method [P < 0.05 was considered significant.The postural drain was usually removed when drainage volume is < 50 ml/24 h. For patients with large paraspinal abscess, percutaneous drainage was performed under sonographic or CT guidance . PatientP < 0.01). ESR returned to normal (13.2 ± 5.9 mm/h) within 3 months after surgery (P < 0.01). The mean kyphotic angle before and after surgery and at the final follow-up was 29.4 ± 10.9°, 16.4 ± 6.2°, and 17.6 ± 6.3°, respectively. The pre- and post-operative differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01), as were the post-operative and final (P < 0.01) Cobb angles. At the final follow-up visit, the neurologic status of 2 patients with preoperative neurologic deficit improved by three grades, 7 by two grades, and 16 by one grade . The mean operative time, blood loss, and duration of hospital stay were presented in Table TST accounts for the largest proportion 30.3–55.8%) of spinal tuberculosis cases . Anti-TB0.3–55.8%Mycobacterium tuberculosis is also prone to affect the anterior column including the intervertebral disc and its upper and lower adjoining vertebral bodies  [A simpler operation with fewer risks is desirable, especially for the high-risk patient. A posterior transfacet approach was described initially by Stillerman et al.  and modiidiscal) , 23. In idiscal) . In our Compared with conventional posterior approaches, our approach has a limited view. Clinically, our preliminary experience showed that the posterior modified transfacet approach provides an adequate exposure and acceptable access for effective focal debridement. The reasons may be attributed to the following. First, resection of one or both sides of thoracic facet joint and partial hemi-laminectomy offers an oblique visualization and posterolateral manipulations facilitate effective focal debridement in the affected intervertebral space and limit “around-the-corner” or blind-spot dissection . AdditioThe posterior approach has become popular, but potential operation-related complications and morbidity remain a serious concern. Luo et.al  describeThe following are the major advantages of this approach. First, posterolateral manipulation during focal debridement produces a “cavitation” of the intervertebral space to allow the granulation tissue be completely pushed without any retraction of the dura sac , which mThe main limitation to this study was the relatively small series of patients enrolled in a single institution. Nonetheless, patient data continues to be accumulated including clinical follow-up of patients. Additionally, no comparative treatment group was available to the transfacet approach such as anterior, posterior, or combined anterior and other posterior approaches. Finally, the transfacet approach has its potential limits which should be comprehensively discussed. All things considered, the author considers that the following indications are inappropriate for this approach: (1) lesions confined to the anterior vertebral column, (2) > 50% collapse of the vertebral body, and (3) severe segment kyphosis.Our experience suggests that posterior modified transfacet approach for the treatment of TST is safe and effective, providing adequate exposure for intervertebral focal debridement, posterior instrumentations, and interbody fusion. The results using this technique were excellent. The risk of operation-related complications was minimized, likely owing to the simple anatomy, minimal bone dissection, and tissue disruption of the technique. This approach may become the procedure of choice in the surgical management of all TST. Future studies should attempt to reproduce the results of this study with larger number of patients and longer follow-up times.


Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Y-MG1 for the production of microbial lipids as the potential raw material for biodiesel synthesis. On synthetic media and under nitrogen-limiting condition, the Y-MG1 strain produces 2.13 g/L of lipids corresponding to 32.7% of lipid content. This strain was able to assimilate a wide range of substrates, especially C5 and C6 sugars as well as glycerol and sucrose. Fatty acid composition shows a divergence depending on the nature of used carbon source with a predominance of oleic acid or linoleic acid. An effective hydrolysis process, based on diluted acid treatment, was established for providing the maximum of fermentable sugars from different characterized lignocellulosic wastes. The highest yield of reducing sugars (56.6 g/L) could be achieved when wheat bran was used as the raw material. Hydrolysate detoxification step was not required in this study since the Y-MG1 strain was shown to grow and produce lipids in the presence of inhibitors and without the addition of external elements. Operating by controlled fed-batch fermentation yielded a dry biomass and oil yield of up to 11 g/L and 38.7% (w/w), respectively. The relative fatty acid composition showed the presence of increased levels of monounsaturated (66.8%) and saturated (23.4%) fatty acids in lipids of Y-MG1 grown on wheat bran. The predictive determination of biodiesel properties suggests that this oil may effectively be used for biodiesel production.The lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the fermentation feedstock of  Candida, Cryptococcus, Lipomyces, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, and Yarrowia [Rhodotorula glutinis CGMCC 2.703 and R. glutinis CBS strains produce 5.5 g/L (36.4%) and 1.4 g/L (11.86%) when cultured on corncob hydrolysate and wheat straw hydrolysate [The search of new alternatives for fossil fuels has become necessary, especially after the worldwide energy crisis. Biodiesel, one of the promising forms of bioenergy, has attracted attention in recent years for its nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable, and ecologic properties . BiodiesYarrowia . HoweverYarrowia . The useYarrowia . ConsequYarrowia . LignoceYarrowia . LB is cYarrowia . Lignin Yarrowia , hydrothYarrowia , and ozoYarrowia ; and theYarrowia . Acid hyYarrowia . Among sYarrowia . VariousYarrowia . These tYarrowia . In ordeYarrowia . The oveYarrowia , 9. ThesYarrowia . On the Yarrowia . All of Yarrowia . SeveralYarrowia , 17–19. 4 g/L 11.6% when crolysate .Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Y-MG1, was evaluated for its potential to use lignocellulosic acid hydrolysate as a carbon source for microbial lipid production as potential raw material of biodiesel. Different lignocellulosic wastes were tested for fermentable sugars yields releasing after acid hydrolysis treatment. Without the need for detoxification, operating by controlled fed-batch fermentation of wheat bran hydrolysate allows increasing significantly the amount of microbial lipid produced. The current study provides an alternative way of bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes to produce renewable energetic molecules.In the present report, the newly isolated oleaginous yeast, Posidonia oceanica balls were collected locally. All lignocellulosic residues are conserved at 4°C until use.Glucose, xylose, arabinose, sucrose, lactose, and glycerol were supplied from Bio Basic Canada Inc. Furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), and 3,5-dinitrosalycilic acid were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. . Agroindustrial by-products (wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse) were kindly provided by a local food processing industry . Almond shell, date palm leaves, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and was submitted in the National Strains Collection of Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, CBS, Tunisia, under the accession number CTM-30138. The ITS sequence of Y-MG1 was also submitted to GenBank under the accession number ID: KX347596.1. This strain was stored at −80°C in sterilized glycerol-enriched solution containing 2% (w/v) glucose, 1% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) bacto-peptone, and 20% (w/w) glycerol.The new oleaginous yeast strain Y-MG1, isolated from rotten fruit, was identified in our previous work based on its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence . Y-MG1 sVarious lignocellulosic by-products were used as the raw material for fermentable sugars production. Wastes were firstly mechanically milled using electric chopper (rotary shear shredder) to obtain a particle size smaller than 2 mm and then washed with sodium hydroxide solution at low concentration (100 mM), followed by intensive washing with deionized water before drying for 48 h at 50°C . PrepareY-MG1 strain was grown in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of preculture medium with the following composition: glucose, 20 g/L; bacto-peptone, 10 g/L; and yeast extract, 10 g/L. The pH of the media was adjusted to 6.0, and prior to inoculation, the preculture broth was sterilized at 121°C for 20 min. The incubation of the preculture was conducted at 30°C and under 180 rpm of agitation for 18 h. Cultures for lipid production were inoculated with 5% (v/v) of the preculture media corresponding to 0.2 unit of OD at 600 nm.2HPO4 2.5, KH2PO4 7, (NH4)2SO4 0.5, yeast extract 0.5, MgSO4·7H2O 1.5, CaCl2·2H2O 0.2, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.01, MnSO4·H2O 0.07, FeSO4·7H2O 0.01, and CuSO4 0.0001. The initial pH of yeast cultures was adjusted to 6.0, and sugar concentration in all the experiments was set at 40 g/L providing a C/N ratio equal to 100. The carbon sources were commercial sugars such as glucose, xylose , arabinose, sucrose, lactose, and polyol (glycerol). Culture samples were withdrawn regularly, and at the end of fermentation, the yeast cells were centrifuged at 3000 ×g for 5 min and harvested for the biomass determination and lipid extraction. All experiments were done at least thrice to ensure reproducibility.Cultivation of the yeast using synthetic media for lipid production was in 0.5 L Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of culture. The synthetic medium composition was the same as described in our previous work  containi3PO4 (1 M). Agitation and aeration rates were maintained at 400 rpm and 1.5 vvm, respectively. Silicone (426 R) antifoam was added to control foam production. The fed-batch fermentation was conducted on wheat bran acid hydrolysate containing 60 g/L of reducing sugars and 2.4 g/L of nitrogen and supplemented with a mineral solution containing MgSO4·7H2O, 1.5 g/L; CaCl2·2H2O, 0.2 g/L; FeSO4·7H2O, 10 mg/L; MnSO4·H2O, 0.07 mg/L; ZnSO4·7H2O, 10 mg/L; and CuSO4, 0.1 mg/L. A volume of 160 mL of concentrated hydrolysate (using a rotary evaporator) with an initial reducing sugars concentration of 280 g/L was used to feed the culture when the residual sugars level in the medium became equal to or less than 10 g/L. During fermentation, samples were withdrawn regularly for biomass determination, sugars consumption, and lipid quantification.Microbial lipids were produced by the oleaginous yeast Y-MG1 using fed-batch fermentation in 7.0 L stirred tank bioreactor  with a 4.0 L of initial working volume. The bioreactor (dished bottom glass-jacketed reactor) was equipped with an instrument for measurement and/or control of agitation, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration. The cultivation temperature was fixed at 30°C and culture pH was kept constant at pH 6.0 by automatic addition of KOH (1 M) and HMicrobial lipids were extracted according to Dey and Maiti  with som2SO4 for 2 hours and then the acid solution was diluted to reach 3% of concentration. Subsequently, the solution was heated to boiling with refluxing for 4 h. Finally, the residue was filtered and washed with 500 ml of water and dried at 100°C, representing lignin fraction. Acid soluble lignin (%) was quantified from sulfuric acid hydrolysates by measuring the absorbance at 205 nm.The dry weight of lignocellulosic residues was determined by oven drying 1.0 g of each sample at 105°C until a constant weight. Mineral components were determined as ash after incineration of an aliquot of the material at 550°C according to the NREL protocol, LAP-001 . Acid-inThe cellulose content of various lignocellulosic residues was determined using a Fibertec machine . Briefly, 1.0 g of fiber was firstly treated with 100 mL of a boiling sulfuric acid (1.25%) for 30 min followed by 100 mL of a boiling sodium hydroxide (1.25%). After 30 min, the residue was filtered and washed 3 times with hot water before washing with acetone (for 2 min). In the end, the residue was dried at 105°C to a constant weight and then incinerated at 550°C for 2 hours. The cellulose fraction represents the difference of residue mass before and after incineration.2) at 75°C for 5 hours (adding the same mixture each hour). After cooling the mixture to 10°C, the residue was filtered and washed with 500 mL of water and then dried at 100°C. Hemicellulose content is the difference between holocellulose and cellulose.The holocellulose content was determined according to the standard of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 1104-56 (Reapproved 1978): 2 g of fibers was treated with 0.2 mL of glacial acetic acid and 1.0 g of sodium chlorite  method . NitrogeWheat bran hydrolysate composition including sugars (glucose and xylose) and inhibitors , furfural, and acetic acids) was determined using HPLC  equipped with a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column. Sulfuric acid at 5 mM was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, and at the column, temperature was at 65°C . All comμL of FAME aliquot was injected employing an HP-5MS Phenyl Methyl Siloxane capillary column . Helium was used as a carrier gas with a constant flow (1 mL/min). The temperatures of the injector and detector were 250 and 240°C, respectively. The temperature program is as follows: 120°C for 5 min, an increase of 3°C/min to 180°C, an increase of 10°C/min to 220°C, and 220°C for 31 min. Data were evaluated using the NIST Mass Spectral Search Program.Fatty acid composition of extracted microbial lipid was determined using GC/MS analysis. Firstly, the crude lipid was converted to fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) as follows: 100 mg of lipids was solubilized in 2 mL of hexane and supplemented with 0.2 mL of 2 M methanolic KOH solution. Subsequently, the mixture was incubated for 15 min at room temperature. Finally, the upper phase was recovered  and thenThe biodiesel is produced with a transesterification reaction where the TAGs are converted to fatty acid methyl esters with acidic or alkaline catalysts in the presence of alcohol and generating of glycerol as a by-product. The biodiesel characterization was conducted using the Biodiesel-Analyser software . This analytical software was designed to predict biodiesel fuel properties (bioprospecting of FAME profile) of any oil feedstock profile determined by gas-chromatography . The bioRhodotorula mucilaginosa [R. mucilaginosa was previously described for its ability to produce interesting metabolites such as microbial lipids, carotenoids, and enzymes [The main limitation of the marketing of microbial lipids is largely related to the high cost of raw materials converted to biodiesel. Lignocellulosic residues used as feedstock for lipids production can partially resolve this constraint. However, this type of bioconversion process requires more efficient microorganisms able to assimilate and convert efficiently the C6 and mainly C5 sugars into lipids . In our laginosa . The yea enzymes , 31.R. mucilaginosa, produced 30.4% of lipid content [R. mucilaginosa produced around 3.1 g/L after 72 h of culture [It is necessary to evaluate the capacity of lipids production by oleaginous yeast on synthetic media before using it for lignocellulosic hydrolysate as a substrate. To this end, batch culture in shake flasks was carried out on a nitrogen-limited medium with 40 g/L of glucose as a carbon source (C/N ratio about 100). The time courses of cell growth, lipid production, and sugar consumption are illustrated in  content . Likewis culture .R. mucilaginosa Y-MG1 was investigated and the results are shown in Besides glucose, other substances like disaccharides, polyols, and hydrophobic substrates could also serve as substrates for single cell oil production by oleaginous yeasts . In addi4)2SO4) to reach a C/N ratio of 100. This strain is able to use a large panel of substrates, especially, C6 and C5 sugars as well as glycerol and sucrose. However, lactose and arabinose are not suitable substrates for lipids accumulation; only 15.7 and 11.7% of lipid content were observed, respectively. The highest amount of lipid was detected when Y-MG1 was cultivated on glucose (1.84 g/L corresponding to 27.65% of lipid content) followed by sucrose and xylose . There is no significant improvement in lipid production when glucose and xylose were mixed. This result was similar to that obtained by Sha [L. lipofer, L. starkeyi, R. glutinis, and Y. lipolytica) [Trichosporon cutaneum AS 2.571 cultivation and lipids production. No enhancement in lipid rate was detected compared with cultivation on glucose. Lipid production was improved only in 3-liter bioreactor batch fermentation using glucose/xylose 2 : 1 combination [C. viswanathii Y-E4 and T. cutaneum CTM-30125  [Y. lipolytica is unable to grow on sucrose [S. cerevisiae invertase in this yeast made it possible to circumvent this difficulty [R. mucilaginosa Y-MG1 were transmethylated and analyzed by GC/MS  . Similarolytica) , they habination . On the ctively) , 23. Als sucrose . Howeverfficulty . At the by GC/MS . The fat C18 : 2 .Posidonia balls, and almond shell) as feedstock. Generally, lignocellulosic biomass is composed of three main elements: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The relative proportion of these components depends mainly on the origin of the material [Posidonia pellets are in agreement with those published in the literature [In order to produce microbial lipids via an efficient bioprocess, five types of lignocellulosic materials were used . This is due to its richness in hemicellulose which is mainly affected by acid treatment and also due to its low lignin content . Howeverectively , 49. Theectively . Based oectively . Worldwiectively .On the other hand, the acid concentration is also one of the important factors in the chemical hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic materials. For this purpose, different concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.5–3%) were applied for wheat bran hydrolysis using the best program (P2) . At 1% oR. mucilaginosa Y-MG1 was previously tested for its capacity of growing and producing lipid on acid-WBH without detoxification and in the presence of inhibitors [R. mucilaginosa Y-MG1 was cultivated on nondetoxified WBH  supplemented only by an elements solution  and at fixed pH 6.0. The evolution of biomass and lipid production, as well as the consumption of sugars and nitrogen, was determined every 24 hours (YL/S) has evolved from 0.03 g/g (during the first phase) to 0.12 g/g (after feeding phase). However, biomass productivity (YX/S) was clearly superior during the first phase (0.16 g/g). This is explained by the consumption of sugars in favor of cell growth in the first phase, whereas, in the second phase, a metabolized sugar was directed toward lipid synthesis. The same result was observed when the oleaginous yeast, Cryptococcus sp. SM5S05, was cultivated on corncob acid hydrolysate under fed-batch fermentation [Carbohydrate, nitrogen, and inhibitors composition of acid wheat bran hydrolysate was determined before using this raw material as a carbon source for microbial lipid production by Y-MG1 strain. The composition based on HPLC analysis was as follows: glucose 23.7 g/L, xylose 19.1 g/L, HMF 0.69 g/L, furfural 0.07 g/L, and acetic acid 0.73 g/L. Total reducing sugars and nitrogen were about 56 g/L and 2.4 g/L, respectively. During wheat bran hydrolysate fermentation, the addition of external nitrogen source was not necessary to avoid the decrease of the C/N ratio and its consequent negative effect on lipid synthesis. In addition, the presence of inhibitors such as acetic acid , furfural, and HMF  can limit microbial growth. Several studies operate through detoxification techniques to increase the efficiency of the bioconversion of carbohydrates . Our stuhibitors . Under bhibitors . Producthibitors . To this24 hours . We obseentation  giving aRhodotorula genus, the lipid content of Y-MG1 (38.79%) was higher than that of R. glutinis (25%) [R. glutinis CGMCC 2.703 (36.4%) and R. mucilaginosa (36.91%) when grown on nondetoxified acid corncobs and corn stalk hydrolysates [C. starkeyi on bagasse hydrolysate under different culture modes had resulted in lipid yields not exceeding 28% [C. tropicalis and T. cutaneum CX1 cultivated on palm empty fruit and corn stover hydrolysate, respectively, produce only 1.6 and 3.1 g/L of lipids using batch bioreactor culture [R. mucilaginosa (6.64 g/L) using the nondetoxified wheat straw hydrolysate [Exploiting new abundant LB and reducing the use of costly nutritional additives for microbial growth are a challenge to set up a cost-effective process for microbial lipid production. Different reports have exploited lignocellulosic material as raw material for the production of lipids by oleaginous yeasts . The prois (25%)  and almof Y-MG1 3.79% was olysates . Cultivading 28% . In addi culture , 54. Howrolysate . All of R. mucilaginosa Y-MG1 after growth on nondetoxified WBH was determined by GC-MS analysis. L. starkeyi and T. cutaneum when grown on a corncob and barley hulls acid hydrolysates, respectively [R. mucilaginosa biodiesel was performed using BiodieselAnalyser software [R. mucilaginosa shows a cetane number equal to 56.68, which conforms to the norm (≥47). The iodine value influences several important properties of biodiesel, such as the clogging point of the cold filter and the oxidation stability [R. mucilaginosa complies with an index of 57.9. The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel is also an important parameter because it indicates the ability of the fuel to form deposits in the engine [R. mucilaginosa has a kinematic viscosity of 1.39 (mm2/s) which is close to the lower limit 1.6 (mm2/s). The biodiesel density of R. mucilaginosa is slightly below the minimum limit. In the applied domain, this limitation can be circumvented by mixing the R. mucilaginosa biodiesel with other denser products. We conclude that the lipids extracted from the yeast R. mucilaginosa can be considered as very suitable for the production of biodiesel.Fatty acid (FA) profile of lipids extracted from ectively , 55. Thiectively . Indeed,ectively . Methyl ectively . The thesoftware . Some bisoftware . The biotability . The maxe engine . The bioR. mucilaginosa Y-MG1, was able to utilize acid wheat bran hydrolysate for oil production without prior detoxification. Moreover, the addition of an external nitrogen source was not needed during wheat bran hydrolysate conversion, which is beneficial for the economics process. Fed-batch fermentation allowed a significant increase in the amount of microbial lipids produced by Y-MG1 strain. The resulting Y-MG1 lipids were finally considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.In our current study, we have shown the feasibility of producing microbial oil from a renewable raw material as lignocellulosic wastes. The newly isolated oleaginous yeast,


The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the alloy consists of two phases, namely a face-centred cubic (FCC) phase and a body-centred cubic (BCC) phase. With increasing Ni content, the FCC phase content increased. Further research shows that the AC soft magnetic properties of these alloys are closely related to their phase constitution. Increasing the FCC phase content contributes to a decrease in the values of AC remanence (rAC B), AC coercivity (cAC H) and AC total loss (sP), while it is harmful to the AC maximum magnetic flux density (mAC B). sP can be divided into two parts: AC hysteresis loss (hP) and eddy current loss (eP). With increasing frequency f, the ratio of hP/sP decreases for all samples. When f ≤ 150 Hz, hP/sP > 70%, which means that hP mainly contributes to sP. When f ≥ 800 Hz, hP/sP < 40% (except for the x = 1.0 sample), which means that eP mainly contributes to sP. At the same frequency, the ratio of hP/sP decreases gradually with increasing FCC phase content. The values of eP and hP are mainly related to the electrical resistivity (ρ) and the cAC H, respectively. This provides a direction to reduce sP.High-entropy alloys (HEAs) with soft magnetic properties are one of the new candidate soft magnetic materials which are usually used under an alternating current (AC) magnetic field. In this work, the AC soft magnetic properties are investigated for FeCoNi Conventional alloys are usually based on a certain metallic element, adding a few other elements to improve the property or fine tune the performance according to different application requirements ,2. In 20sM) of about 115.92 emu/g, and a low coercivity (cH) of about 27.9 Oe. Liu et al. [1.5CuAl HEA not only had good mechanical properties (maximum compressive strength maxσ = 1725 MPa), but also good direct current (DC) soft magnetic properties . These studies were basically conducted under DC magnetic conditions.Some HEAs show soft magnetic properties due to their ferromagnetic elements such as Fe, Co and Ni ,23,24,25x HEAs and found that a suitable content of MnSi can improve the AC soft magnetic properties [Moreover, soft magnetic materials are commonly used in alternating current (AC) magnetic fields. However, limited information on AC magnetic performance is available in HEAs. Our previous work studied the AC soft magnetic properties of FeCoNi(MnSi)operties . Duan etoperties ,30 prepaoperties .eP, and AC hysteresis loss, hP) and phase composition is also studied in FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs. Furthermore, the influencing factors of eP and hP are discussed.In our work, we chose Fe-Co-Ni-Cu-Al HEAs to study their AC magnetic properties for two reasons. (1) Our previous work showed that FeCoNiCuAl HEA had a combination of good mechanical properties and DC magnetic properties . In partxCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs were made by arc melting of high purity metals (≥99.99 wt%) with a water-cooled copper crucible, re-melted four times, in a high purity argon atmosphere. The alloys were then sucked into a water-cooled copper mould with the dimensions of 100 × 10 × 2 mm3. The composition of samples was confirmed by Electron-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry .The alloy ingots of FeCoNi3. The electrical resistivity (ρ) was measured by an ST-2258C multifunction digital four-probe tester.The phases in the alloys were determined by X-ray diffraction  analysis with Cu Kα radiation using D/max-2500 V. The diffraction angles ranged from 20 to 100° and the radiation condition was 18 kW. The microstructure of the alloys was investigated by scanning electron microscope  and the chemical compositions of the alloys were measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The AC magnetic characteristic parameters were determined by an AC hysteresis curves test system  with the sample size of 50 × 9.5 × 1.8 mmxCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs are shown in I(111)F and I(110)B, respectively. I(111)F/I(110)B), which is employed to estimate the content of the FCC and BCC phases. It can be seen that the ratio increases with increasing Ni content. It indicates that increasing the Ni content tends to facilitate the formation of the FCC phase in these alloys. The lattice parameters of the FCC and BCC phases were calculated, and the values are also listed in The XRD patterns of the FeCoNiVEC), atomic size difference (ΔR), electronegativity differences (ΔX), mixing entropy (ΔS), mixed enthalpy (ΔH), and solid solution formation ability (Ω) were then calculated and are listed in R, ΔX, ΔS, ΔH and Ω all decrease while VEC increases. It is reported that the parameters including VEC, ΔR, ΔS and ΔH are key factors to determine the phase formation. In particular, ΔR has a critical role in lattice distortion [R suggests the decrease content of BCC phase [xCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs due to lattice distortion.The values of electron concentration (stortion . The decCC phase . Based oxCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs are shown in x = 1.0, the elemental mapping images  and the elemental mapping images of the FeCoNiages see b–f show ases see b–f. It ixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs (H = 10 kA/m and f = 50 Hz). With increasing Ni content, the magnetisation curve and the hysteresis loop change significantly. The parameters such as the AC maximum magnetic flux density (mB), AC remanence (rB), AC coercivity (cH) and the energy loss (sP) of the alloy can be obtained, and the detailed values are listed in mAC B, rAC B, cAC H and sP of the alloy as a function of Ni content. For comparison, the ratio of (I111)F/I(110)B as a function of Ni content is also listed in x increasing from 1.0 to 1.75, the values of mAC B, rAC B, cAC H and sP decrease from 608.3 mT to 410.6 mT, 320 mT to 98 mT, 1582 A/m to 306 A/m, and 19.79 W/kg to 1.89 W/kg, respectively. An interesting phenomenon is that the variations of mAC B, rAC B, cAC H and sP are opposite to that of I(111)F/I(110)B. This means that the AC soft magnetic properties of the alloy are closely related to the phase composition. The formation of the FCC phase would be conducive to a decrease in the values of rAC B, cAC H and sP, while it is harmful to mAC B. This provides a direction for improving AC magnetic properties in the future.mAC B to provide a certain force [rAC B, cAC H and sP as a function of f for the FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs measured at mAC B = 300 mT. It can be seen that rAC B, cAC H and sP increase gradually with increasing f, and decline with increasing Ni content. When f = 950 Hz, with x increasing from 1.0 to 1.75, rAC B, cAC H and sP reduce by 40%, 71% and 74%, respectively. The values of rAC B, cAC H and sP are listed in Soft magnetic materials are usually used at different frequencies, and they need to reach a fixed in force ,37. FigusP under a dynamic magnetic field is a very important parameter in evaluating the application of magnetic materials. In general, sP can be decomposed into the sum of three loss generations, hP, eP and residual loss (rP) [rP can be ignored due to the frequency being not very high [For practical applications of soft magnetic materials, oss (Pr) . Under oery high .sP can be expressed as Equation (1) [tion (1) :(1)Ps=PhhP can be expressed as Equation (2) [η is the material constant, mB is the maximum magnetic flux density, and n is the exponential constant.tion (2) :(2)Ph=ηBeP can be expressed as Equation (3) [d is the sample thickness, ρ is the resistivity, and β is the material shape parameter.tion (3) :(3)Pe=π2Combining Equations (1)–(3) to get Equation (4):Setting eP and hP can then be calculated from a and b, and the values are listed in Through Equation (5), the unary function of Equation (6) can be given by combination of Equations (2) and (5),hP/sP is inversely proportional to frequency. The ratio of hP/sP and values of ρ are also listed in It is seen that hP/sP and e/PsP (= 1−hP/sP) can be considered as the contribution of hP and eP to the total loss, sP, respectively. hP/sP as a function of f. With increasing f, the ratio of hP/sP decreases gradually. It can be seen that when f ≤ 150 Hz (left side of black dotted line), hP/sP is over 70% which means that hP mainly contributes to sP. When f ≥ 800 Hz (right side of green dotted line), hP/sP is less than 40% (except for the x = 1.0 sample) which means that eP mainly contributes to sP. Combined with XRD result, it is found that the hP/sP decreased with the frequency when Ni addition, x, is less than 1.5 due to an increase of FCC phase. When x = 1.5, the ratio of hP/sP is only 26.5% at f = 950 Hz. However, furthering increasing the fraction of FCC phase results in a minor improvement of hP/sP.The ratio of eP as a function of x for the FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs at 50 Hz and 950 Hz, respectively, and for comparison purposes, ρ as a function of x is shown in eP decrease linearly, and the downward trend is inversely proportional to the ρ, which corresponds to Equation (3). It suggests that eP can be reduced by increasing ρ for the FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs.hP as a function of x for the FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs at 50 Hz. When the Ni content increased from 1.0 to 1.75, hP was reduced by about 85%. In general, the value of hysteresis loss is related to the area of the hysteresis loop [rB and cH are important parameters that determine the area of the hysteresis loop. cAC H and rAC B as a function of x at 50 Hz, respectively. The scales of cAC H and rAC B are in proportion to that of hP. It can be seen that rAC B decreases slightly with increasing Ni content. It is worth noting that the downward trend of cAC H is basically consistent with the downward trend of hP. This means that the decrease of hP is closely related to cAC H. When f = 950 Hz, a similar change law can be observed (hP can be reduced by decreasing cAC H for the FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs.sis loop , and Br observed d–f. ThersM, and the coercivity, cH) to study the DC magnetic properties of AlCoCuFeNix . They found that high fraction of BCC phase led to high saturation magnetization [sM and cH, we used other important soft magnetic parameters including the initial permeability (μi), the maximum permeability (μmax), the remanence (rB), and the hysteresis loss (uP) to evaluate DC soft magnetic properties of FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs. It is shown in sM for x = 1.0 and x = 1.5 alloys due to the difference of preparation samples.Liu et al. used two magnetic parameters  resulting in a release of strain concentration.In our work, the fraction of FCC phase increases with increasing Ni addition. The result of AC magnetic property shows that the increase content of the FCC phase leads to a decrease of l alloys . The reaρ, is 54.7 μΩ·cm for × = 1.00 alloy that is larger than 15 μΩ·cm of mild steel. The values of ρ for × ≥ 1.25 alloy are in the range of 67.1−93.3 μΩ·cm, which is larger than 60 μΩ·cm of silicon steel and 50 μΩ·cm of grain-oriented Si steel [xCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs have potential applications in motors, generators and transformers due to relative low energy loss and high electrical resistivity.It is seen from Si steel . It indixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs. The main results are as follows:(1)The XRD and SEM results show that the alloys contain two phases, namely a BCC phase and an FCC phase. It is found that increasing the Ni content tends to facilitate the formation of the FCC phase in these alloys due to lattice distortion. When x ≤ 1.25, Cu is enriched in the FCC phase and it is depleted in the BCC phase. When x ≥ 1.5, Cu is depleted in the FCC phase and Al is enriched in the BCC phase. In addition, a Cu-rich phase boundary appears between the FCC and BCC phases.(2)rAC B, cAC H and sP, while it is harmful to mAC B. The decrease of rAC B, cAC H and sP with increasing Ni content might due to a decrease of low angle grain boundary (2–5°), resulting in a release of strain concentration. This provides a direction for improvement of the AC magnetic performance in the future.The formation of the FCC phase would be conducive to a decrease in the values of (3)f, the ratio of hP/sP decreases. When f ≤ 150 Hz, hP/sP is larger than 70%, which means that hP mainly contributes to sP. When f ≥ 800 Hz, hP/sP is less than 40% (except for the x = 1.0 sample), which means that eP mainly contributes to sP.With increasing (4)hP/sP decreases gradually with increasing FCC phase content. eP is inversely proportional to ρ, and hP is closely related to cAC H. This provides a direction to reduce sP.At the same frequency, the ratio of (5)ρ increases from 54.7 μΩ·cm to 93.3 μΩ·cm, which is larger than that of silicon steel. It indicates that the FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) HEAs have potential applications in motors, generators and transformers due to relative low energy loss and high electrical resistivity.With increasing Ni content, the value of In summary, we study the AC magnetic properties and microstructure of FeCoNi


The results show that both F/M molar ratio and pH influence the competitive formation of ether and methylene bridges. For the cases of F/M = 2.0, and 3.0, methylene bridge formation is minor in contrast to ether bridges either at pH = 9.3–9.8 or at 7.3–7.8. When the molar ratio was lowered to 1.0, methylene bridges became competitive with ether bridges at pH = 9.3–9.8, but the latter is still more favorable. When the lower molar ratio overlaps with the lower pH, significant changes were found. The content of methlylene bridges was over three times that of ether bridges with M/F = 1.0 and at pH = 7.3–7.8. The results in this study were compared with those previously obtained for base-catalyzed urea-formaldehyde reactions. It was found that molar ratio and pH influence the structures of the MF and UF polymers in similar ways. The different synthesis conditions of UF and MF resin were also addressed by comparing the structures of UF polymers with MF polymers.The base-catalyzed melamine-formaldehyde (MF) reactions were studied in both diluted and concentrated solutions. The influences of F/M molar ratio and pH on the polymer structures were investigated based on the quantitative  Reactions of melamine with formaldehyde under certain conditions  produce melamine-formaldehyde polymers, namely MF resins, which are widely used as molding compounds, surface coating materials, adhesives, etc. . This ar2–O–CH2–NR–). Condensations among the hydroxymethylureas that generate larger UF polymers with methylene bridges (–NR–CH2–NR–) require acidic conditions . Differently, MF resin used as wood adhesive is generally synthesized under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0–10.0). Does this mean that base-catalyzed MF reactions are faster than UF reactions and mainly produce methylene bridges? To balance the performances and cost, scientists have been trying to synthesize co-condensed melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF) during the past decades, especially some studies reported the synthesis of MUF resins under alkaline conditions [Regardless of the different performances of MF and UF, an interesting issue is their different synthesis conditions. Many studies have found that ,6,7,8,9,pH = 8.0–.0. Does nditions ,12,13. Hnditions .2 carbon atoms and p-π conjugation effects can be applied to both of them. They may have different reactivity, but the reaction types should be similar. How do we explain their different synthesis conditions? Our recent detailed study on alkaline UF reactions showed that 20–30% formaldehyde was converted to ether bridge and there was almost no methylene bridge formed under conditions of F/U = 2.0 and pH = 9.0 [Theoretically, urea and melamine are similar in chemical structure. Particularly, they have amino groups bonded to sppH = 9.0 . HoweverpH = 9.0 ,2. Speci13C-NMR analysis of the reaction products.MF polymer structures were investigated by in some earlier NMR studies ,17,18 anThe analytical reagent grade (AR) melamine, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and formaldehyde  containing about 7% methanol were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.In typical MF synthesis, the formaldehyde to melamine ratio (F/M) is generally around or above 2.0. Under this circumstance, melamine can dissolve in short time. However, in this work, the situation of F/M = 1.0 was considered and melamine cannot dissolve completely. Therefore, we firstly investigated the MF reaction in diluted solution and controlled the melamine concentration to be 1.0 mol/L. Two pH values, 9.3–9.8 and 7.3–7.8, were considered. For each pH, the F/M molar ratios of 3.0, 2.0, and 1.0 were investigated. To compare the reaction results in diluted solution with the results in concentrated solution, normal MF resins were also synthesized by directly mixing melamine with 37% (wt %) formalin solution. The specific procedures were described below:Group A samples: The formalin solution was charged into a stirred reactor, the pH was brought to 9.8 using 20% (wt %) NaOH solution. Then melamine and distilled water were added to the reactor to obtain the melamine concentration of 1.0 mol/L. The pH was readjusted to be 9.8 and the solution was heated to 70 °C. After the melamine was dissolved completely, the temperature was increased to 90 °C and maintained for 90 min. During the reaction time, the pH was checked every 5 min and maintained at 9.3–9.8. The samples taken for M/F = 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0 were marked as A1, A2, and A3, respectively. Using the similar procedure, 37% formalin and melamine were mixed directly without dilution to synthesize an MF resin. The F/M ratio was controlled to be 2.0. The reaction was terminated when the cloudy dispersion of liquid resin in cold water (cloud point) was observed. This sample was marked as A4.Group B samples: Using the above procedures, the MF reactions were investigated at pH = 7.3–7.8. The samples for MF reaction products in diluted solution were marked as B1, B2, and B3 for F/M = 3.0, 2.0, and 1.0, respectively. The sample for normal MF resin with F/M = 2.0 was denoted as B4.13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR) spectra were measured using a Bruker AVANCE 600 spectrometer .The d6) for 13C-NMR determination. The spectra were recorded with a pulse angle of 90° (12 μs). A 6 s relaxation delay was used to secure quantitative results of methylenic carbons, which had T1 values of 0.16 s or smaller, measured by the inversion recovery method [For each sample, a 400 μL liquid MF sample was directly mixed with 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide  at 56 ppm, the peaks that were smaller than 100 ppm from methylene carbons were integrated and summed. The relative contents (%) (or molar distribution) of all methylene carbons were calculated into percentages as the ratio of the integral value of each type of methylene carbon over the total value of all methylene carbons. The relative contents of melamine ring carbon atoms were not calculated due to the serious overlap.Except for the methanol peaks at 50 ppm and methoxyl ether  with F/M = 2.0 at pH = 9.3–9.8. The reaction was terminated when the cloud point was observed at about 65min. Interestingly, methylene bridge disappeared and ether bridge was exclusively formed. A2 and A4 were obtained with the same molar ratio and pH, but how do we understand the observation of the methylene bridges in A2? In our recent study , the UF Since the observed MF reactions results are basically similar to those we observed for UF reactions at alkaline pH , here we13C-NMR spectra for samples B1–B4 are shown in − and H+ ions in solution. As MF reactions can be catalyzed by both base and acid, the role of OH− and H+ at different pHs must be considered. When the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH−) remains at a relatively higher level (for example pH > 9.0), the reactions appeared to be base-catalyzed. Once the concentration of OH− became lower, the concentration of proton (H+) became higher although the pH was still slightly above 7.0, the reactions exhibited acid-catalyzed features. Fast formation of methylene bridges here is very similar to the case we recently observed for UF reactions with F/U = 1.0, even under very weak acidic conditions (pH = 6.0) [2) and hydroxymethyl groups is the fastest condensation reaction [− and H+. However, the fact that the methylene bridges were minor in samples B1 and B2 suggested that a higher F/M molar ratio still suppressed the formation of methylene bridges even at lower pH. As a result, fast formation of methylene bridges occurred only when the lower pH overlapped with the lower molar ratio.To investigate the MF reactions at lower pH, we carried out the reactions at pH = 7.3–7.8, also with F/M = 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0. The H = 6.0) . Theoretreaction . The facIn sample B4, which is a synthesized MF resin using 37% formaldehyde with F/M = 2.0, the M/E ratio is 0.22, which is close to that of B2 obtained in diluted solution. Based on the quantitative results of A4 and B4, it should be safe to conclude that MF polymers synthesized under conditions of F/M ≥ 2.0 and pH > 7.0 contains mainly ether bridges. The results of this study suggest that both molar ratio and pH should be claimed when the competitive formations of methylene and ether bridges are discussed.2–N(–CH2–)– and (–N(–CH2)–CH2–N(CH2–)). These structures undergo further condensations during the cure process and form a cross-linking network. However, as it is shown in meta- position in a triazine ring. Such a skeleton makes the polymers bear a branched structure even though the condensed ether bridges themselves are linear. It was expected that branched ether bridges (–NH–CH2–O–CH2–N(–CH2–) or (–NH(–CH2)–CH2–O–CH2–N(–CH2–) may be formed in UF reactions if higher F/U molar was provided, however, they were found to be very minor. Instead, intramolecular condensations of hydroxymethylureas occurred, leading to a cyclic ether structure, namely uron species with F/U ≥ 2.0 [By summarizing the above discussions, we can conclude that the MF and UF reactions under alkaline conditions are basically similar. However, how do we explain the fact that the MF resin can be synthesized under alkaline conditions but synthesis UF resin requires acidic conditions? Generally, an MF resin with normal bonding strength can be obtained within 1–2 h at pH ≈ 9.0. However, according to our experience, a usable UF resin cannot be obtained at pH ≈ 9.0 even when the reaction time is longer than 24 h. Are MF reactions much faster than UF reactions? By surveying the data in the literature, we found for UF reactions that about 20–30% formaldehyde can be converted to condensed methylene ether carbons under alkaline conditions within 1h. A similar situation was found for MF, as it can be seen in this work for samples A4 and B4. Therefore, MF reactions under alkaline conditions are not faster than UF reactions. As for the condensed structures of the polymers, we have seen that the melamine molecules are also mainly linked by ether bridges when F/M is above 2.0. By comparing the UF polymer structure obtained under alkaline condition with that obtained under acidic conditions, we found the branching degree of the polymers is the key difference. In UF resin polymers that were formed in acid-catalyzed reactions, about 15–30% (depending on F/U molar ratio) formaldehyde can be converted to branching methylene carbons in the structures of –NH–CH2 hybridized nitrogen atoms in the aromatic ring of the melamine molecule may be the main reason. These nitrogen atoms can act as a buffer that capture protons and slow down the drop of pH. In other words, these nitrogen atoms have stronger proton affinity than those nitrogen atoms in condensed bridges. As a result, the hydrolysis of the condensed structure can be largely avoided or delayed. It was widely accepted that the better water resistance of MF resin than UF resin can be attributed to the higher stability of methylene bridges in MF polymers toward hydrolytic attack. However, this theory should be reconsidered since MF polymers also mainly contain ether bridges. The alkalinity of the three sp13C-NMR quantitative characterizations of MF polymers that were synthesized under alkaline conditions indicated that both F/M molar ratio and pH influence the competitive formation of ether and methylene bridges. For the cases of F/M = 2.0, and 3.0, methylene bridge formation is minor in contrast to ether bridges either at pH = 9.3–9.8 or at 7.3–7.8. When the molar ratio was lowered to 1.0, methylene bridges became competitive with ether bridges at pH = 9.3–9.8 but the latter is still more favorable. When the lower molar ratio overlaps with the lower pH, significant changes were found. The content of methlylene bridges were over three times that of ether bridges with M/F = 1.0 and at pH = 7.3–7.8The MF reaction results of this study were compared with those observed previously for UF reactions under alkaline condition. It was found that the molar ratio and pH influences the two systems in similar way. But the difference in structure between melamine and urea makes different structures of MF and UF polymers, namely MF polymers have a branched structure that guarantees their curing behavior and bonding strength, whereas UF polymers containing mainly ether bridges are basically linear and cannot behave like an adhesive.


In this study, we investigated the magnetization of and magnetostriction on Nix2+MnGax1−  to check whether these relations held when the ratio of Ni to Ga and, the valence electron concentration per atom, e/a were varied. When the ratio of Ni to Ga was varied, e/a increased with increasing x. The magnetization results for x = 0.02 (e/a = 7.535) and 0.04 (e/a = 7.570) suggest that the critical index δ of H ∝ δM is around 5.0 at the Curie temperature TC, which is the critical temperature of the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition. This result confirms Takahashi’s spin fluctuation theory and the experimental results of Ni2MnGa. The spontaneous magnetization pS slightly decreased with increasing x. For x = 0.00, the spin fluctuation parameter in k-space  and that in energy space (T0) were obtained. The relationship between peff/pS and TC/T0 can also be explained by Takahashi’s theory, where peff indicates the effective magnetic moments. We created a generalized Rhodes-Wohlfarth plot of peff/pS versus TC/T0 for other ferromagnets. The plot indicates that the relationship between peff/pS and T0/TC follows Takahashi’s theory. We also measured the magnetostriction for Nix2+MnGax1− . As a result, at TC, the plot of the magnetostriction (ΔL/L) versus M4 shows proportionality and crosses the origin. These magnetization and magnetostriction results were analyzed in terms of Takahashi’s SCR spin fluctuation theory. We investigated the magnetostriction at the premartensite phase, which is the precursor state to the martensitic transition. In Ni2MnGa system alloys, the maximum value of magnetostriction is almost proportional to the e/a.Experimental investigations into the field dependence of magnetization and the relationship between magnetization and magnetostriction in Ni H is proportional to the third power of the magnetization M3 at the Curie temperature TC. This relation was derived by only considering the transverse modes of the thermal spin fluctuations with respect to the direction of the static and uniform magnetic moment [TC. This theory proposed by Takahashi indicates that H is proportional to M5 at TC.Spin fluctuation theories have advanced the attempts to elucidate the physical principles of the itinerant electron system ,2,3,4,5.c moment ,7. Takahc moment . An outsM and the external magnetic field H can be expressed by the equation: F indicates the spin fluctuation free energy. This appears as Equation (2.59) in Takahashi [The thermo-dynamical relationship between the magnetization akahashi .T→TC, the magnetic susceptibility As TC is a(TC) = 0.Then, the first expansion coefficient at b(T) in Equation (1) remains finite at T = TC. Therefore, the following formula is satisfied at TC:According to the Rhodes-Wohlfarth theory , the thib(T) vanishes at TC, as shown in Equation (3.51) in Takahashi [Under the Takahashi theory, akahashi .M dependence of the magnetic fields H can be explained by the equation:As a result, the H ∝ M5 relation was obtained.In Equation (4), higher terms are ignored because their magnitudes are smaller than that of the third term. In conclusion, an 2 [xCox1−Si [2MnGa also follows this relation in a cubic austenite phase [2MnGa, the critical index δ of H ∝ δM at TC is δ 4.70 ± 0.5 [MnSi , CoS2 [12 , FexCo1−xCo1−xSi , and Ni 70 ± 0.5 .TC [TC [tC is a relative Curie temperature; σ and σ0 are the magnetization in a magnetic field and the spontaneous magnetization, respectively; ω0 is the nonmagnetic volume contribution; wh is the relative magnetic volume-striction at TC; K has a constant value in an isothermal state; and A indicates the amplitude of the thermal spin fluctuations at TC. Equation (5) indicates that the magnetostriction is proportional to M4 at TC. Kittel mentioned that the volume strain ΔV/V is three times the value of ΔL/L [V/V) discussions were applied to the results of the magnetostriction ΔL/L in this experimental study. Takahashi proposed that magnetostriction can be observed due to the itinerant spin fluctuations around TC  because TC [TC  in Equat of ΔL/L . AccordiL/L versus the square of the magnetization M2 was analyzed. Around TC = 30 K, the plot strayed from linearity. Takahashi proposed that around TC, the magnetostriction is not proportional to the square of the magnetization. ΔL/L is proportional to M4 through the origin at T = 29 K around TC [2MnGa alloy using the self-consistent renormalization (SCR) theory of itinerant ferromagnets [x2+MnGax1−  alloys and studied the effect of varying alloy composition (ratio of Ni and Ga atoms) on magnetostriction. We found that the valence electron concentration per atom, i.e., the ratio e/a, increases with increasing x. The e/a values were 7.50, 7.535, and 7.570 for x = 0.00, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively. The spin fluctuation parameter in wave number space (momentum space) TA and that in energy space T0 were obtained from the results of the magnetization measurement. We discuss the relation between peff/pS and TC/T0 compared with that shown in other itinerant ferromagnets by means of a generalized Rhodes-Wohlfarth plot [e/a dependences of the maximum magnetostriction around the premartensitic–austenitic transition for Ni2MnGa-type alloys. Researchers have studied the correlation between magnetostriction and the valence electron concentration e/a, which is related to the energy of the electron system [2Mnx1−CrxGa [e/a was smaller than 7.50, which is the value for Ni2MnGa. In this study, we measured Nix2+MnGax1−  alloys for which the e/a is larger than 7.50 and investigated the e/a dependence of the maximum magnetostriction in the premartensite phase.For quondam research, an investigation into MnSi, which is famed for its weak itinerant magnetism, was completed . The maground TC . In a promagnets . The magrth plot . We alson system ,17,18. I1−xCrxGa . In thes2MnGa-type Heusler alloys, the correlations between e/a and the magnetization (magnetic moment) or magnetostriction have been the subject of several investigations undertaken by varying alloy composition. Accordingly, in this article, we focused on the e/a dependences of the magnetostrictions.Rizal et al. investigated the magnetic property of nanostructured Fe-Co alloys . At roomx2+MnGax1−  were prepared by arc melting the constituent elements—4N Ni, 3N Mn, and 6N Ga—several times in an Ar atmosphere. Each ingot was melted several times in order to ensure good homogeneity. The products from the arc melting process were sealed in an evacuated silica tube and solution heat-treatments were applied at 1123 K for three days. After these treatments, the sample was quenched in water. The measurement of permeability was performed in alternating current (AC) magnetic fields with a frequency of 73 Hz and a maximum field of ±10 Oe. The AC magnetic fields were measured using a gaussmeter 410 . The sample size chosen for the experimental investigations was 3.0 × 3.0 × 4.0 mm. The magnetostriction was measured by means of a strain gauge [L/L was measured parallel to the external magnetic field H—the same approach used in the experimental investigation of MnSi [The polycrystalline samples of Niin gauge . The mag of MnSi . A heliuThe magnetization measurements were performed using a solenoid-type pulsed-field magnet at Ryukoku University, Japan . The absWe also used a water-cooled magnet in a steady field up to 1.6 T, which was installed in Ryukoku University, and studied the magnetostriction in order to investigate the temperature dependence of the magnetostriction around the premartensite phase.2MnGa alloy, martensitic transitions occurred at the temperature TMS of 195 K [2MnGa also has a premartensite phase. This is a precursor (intermediate) state to the martensitic transition. In the premartensite phase, the alloy has a 3M modulated structure [TP of 260 K. Above TP, a cubic L21 type austenite phase is realized. The Curie temperature CT is 375 K, which is much higher than TMS and TP. The ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition at CT occurs in the cubic austenite phase, and the magnetic anisotropy constant K1 in the austenite phase is 1/10 smaller than that in the martensite phase. The K1 value at 150 K in the martensite phase was of the magnitude 4.0 × 106 erg/cm3, and K1 at 293 K in the austenite phase was 0.30 × 106 erg/cm3 [K1 of Ni2MnGa in the austenite phase is comparable to that of Fe. Therefore, Ni2MnGa was decided to be an isotropic ferromagnet in the austenite phase. The value of TM for Nix2+MnGa1x− increased with increasing Ni concentration x. The value of TP also increased with increasing x for x ≤ 0.04. Above TP = 265 K for x = 0.02 and 275 K for x = 0.04, a cubic L21 type austenite phase is realized. μ for x = 0.02  was not found. Therefore the TC was defined as a temperature where the absolute value of the gradient of the μ-T curve, dμ/dT is maximum. The Curie temperatures CT were found to be 372 K and 366 K for x = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively, as obtained from the peaks of dμ/dT in For the Niof 195 K . The alltructure . The aus erg/cm3 . The magx = 0.02 a and x =x = 0.04 b during x2+MnGax1− around CT for the purpose of ascertaining the critical index δ of δM−1 versus H/M. We plotted figures of δM−1 versus H/M for δ = 3.0, 4.7, and 5.0; these are shown in δ = 3 is comparable to Moriya’s theory [δ = 5 is comparable to Takahashi’s theory [δ = 4.7 is comparable to the former result [δM−1 versus H/M with δ = 4.7 in δ = 5.0 in TC, denoted by the filled circles. The results suggest that for x = 0.02 and 0.04, the critical index δ is 4.7–5.0, which conforms to Takahashi’s theory [2MnGa [e/a were varied. H ∝ M5 behavior was also observed for MnSi [2MnGa system alloys. We measured the magnetization of Nis theory , and thar result . Mδ−1 ves theory  and the y [2MnGa ,13. Thesfor MnSi  and Fe [for MnSi . Therefopeff/pS versus TC/T0.In this subsection, we obtain the basic and spin fluctuation parameters and discuss itinerant magnetism by means of a generalized Rhodes-Wohlfarth plot of M [MS = N0pSμB represents a spontaneous magnetization in a ground state; N0 is a molecular number; pS = gS, where g is the Landé’s g-factor and S is spin angular momentum; and TA is the spin fluctuation parameter in wave number space (momentum space). TA was obtained when experimental values were inserted into Equation (6), where the magnetic field H is in units of kOe and the magnetization M is in units of Am2/kg, which is equal to emu/g.The induced magnetization M  (EquatiopS (μB) is expressed as:T0 is the width of the spin fluctuation spectrum in the energy scale. This appears as Equation (3.61) in Takahashi [The spontaneous magnetic moment T0 can be obtained using the formula: From Equation (7), pS and the characteristic temperatures TC, calculated TA, and T0 for Nix2+MnGa1x−. As for Ni2MnGa, the measured pS of 3.93 μB is comparable to the theoretical band calculation result at the experimental lattice constant of the L21 cubic austenite phase, pS, at 3.94 μB [pS value decreased. This behavior appears for Nix2+Mn1x−Ga [xFe1x− Invar alloys [T0 increased with increasing x. This is presumably because, in Equation (8), the right side varies with the sixth power of pS, so T0 varies even when TA does not change.  3.94 μB . With inxMn1−xGa  and NixFr alloys . T0 incrpS, TC, T0, and the effective magnetic moment effp as follows:Takahashi also derived a formula , shown i2MnGa, effp is 4.75 [As for Ni is 4.75 ,26. Equakm is 1.4, Equation (10) is equal to Equation (9). For Ni2MnGa, a value of 1.61 for km was obtained by substituting pS, TC, and T0 from peff of 4.75 into Equation (10) [km for notable atoms, alloys, and compounds are Ni 1.41 [3Al 1.06 [0.85Al0.15)2 1.08 [2 0.74 [2 1.61 [f compound NpFe4P12 was also analyzed using the Takahashi theory and a km value of 1.44 was found [km values and the magnetic moments and characteristic temperatures relating to spin fluctuation. peff/pS) versus log(TC/T0) for Ni2MnGa, Ni, and notable alloys and compounds using the data in km is 1.4. peff/pS and To/TC can be explained by Equation (9). In Figure 3.3. in Takahashi [2 had the largest value of TC/T0. In 2MnGa, and NpFe4P12. The TC/T0 value of Ni2MnGa was almost the same as that of NpFe4P12. The magnetic alloys and compounds that were analyzed by means of Equation (9) under the Takahashi theory were magnets with TC values lower than room temperature. Notably, the ferromagnetic alloy Ni2MnGa, which has a TC higher than room temperature, can be explained by When ion (10) . The val Ni 1.41 , MnSi 1. Ni 1.41 , Ni3Al 13Al 1.06 , YCo0.85)2 1.08 , ZrZn2 0 [2 0.74 , UCoGe 152 1.08 ,as found . Table 2peff/pS value of Ni2MnGa is smaller than those of other alloys and compounds. The effective moment peff was calculated from the Curie constant, C = Nμeff2/3kB = Npeff2μB2/3kB = NμB2pC(pC + 2)/3kB. The term pC refers to the effective moment deduced from the Curie constant C. The spontaneous magnetic moment μ is pS (μB) at 0 K. The pc/pS was one for local moment ferromagnetism and was larger than one for itinerant ferromagnetism. For Ni2MnGa, peff was 4.75, as shown in pc value of 3.85 was obtained from the equation peff2 = pC(pC + 2). Then, the pC/pS value was 0.98. As a result, pC/pS was a little smaller than one. Webster et al. compared the magnetic moment obtained by saturation magnetization measurement, psat = 4.17 [psat/pS was 0.92. In this work, the magnetization of Ni2MnGa in the magnetic field of 5.0 T at 5 K was 4.10 μB/f.u. Therefore, psat/pS was 0.96. The Heusler compounds of CoMnSb and NiMnSb both possess the property of pC/pS < 1 [pC/pS < 1 [pc at high temperature in a paramagnetic phase is smaller than the spontaneous magnetization pS and the saturation moment psat at 5 K. The notable point from t = 4.17 . Then, pC/pS < 1 . Ott et C/pS < 1 . They inC/pS < 1 . It is s2MnGa was found to be proportional to the M4 of the magnetization and clearly passed through the origin at TC [x2+MnGax1−  to check whether these relations held when the ratio of Ni to Ga and e/a were varied. We plotted figures of magnetostriction ΔL/L versus δM for δ = 2.0 and 4.0. The result for δ = 2.0 indicates a relation under Moriya’s theory [δ = 4.0 indicates a relation under Takahashi’s theory [L/L versus M2 for x = 0.02 , y0, were greater than 50% and less than 1.2% for δ = 2 and 4, respectively. This analysis indicates that the magnetostriction can be represented by the equation ΔL/L = kM4 at TC, as presented in e/a were varied.We recorded magnetostriction measurements to conduct an investigation into the magnetization dependence of forced magnetostriction. In our earlier study, the magnetostriction of Niin at TC . In thiss theory , and thas theory . Figure x = 0.02 a and x =x = 0.04 b. The dofor MnSi  and our i [2MnGa . We also−6, 58 × 10−6, and 61 × 10−6 for x = 0.00, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively. With increasing x, the magnetostriction increased. In our former investigation of the magnetostriction of Ni2Mnx1−CrxGa (x ≤ 0.25), the magnitude of the magnetostriction increased when the premartensite transition temperature TP and TC were closer, as shown in Sakon et al. [x2+MnGax1−, the TP values were 258 K, 265 K, and 275 K for x = 0.00, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively. The TC values were 375 K, 372 K, and 366 K for x = 0.00, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively. With increasing x, the TP shifted to higher temperatures and the TC shifted to lower temperatures. We supposed that the magnetostriction of Nix2+MnGax1− has the same properties as that of Ni2Mnx1−CrxGa.The magnetostrictions at 5 T were 50 × 10n et al. . For Ni2e/a dependences of the maximum magnetostriction around the premartensitic–austenitic transition for Ni2MnGa-type alloys. Around the premartensitic transition temperature TP, large magnetostriction has been observed [2Mnx1−CrxGa  around TP and TM. With increasing x, TP and e/a decreased; accordingly, the maximum value of the magnetostriction decreased. We assumed that if e/a increases, TP and the magnetostriction increase. Matsui et al. experimentally investigated the Ni2MnGa-type alloys with e/a > 7.50 [51.7Mn24.3Ga24.0 with TP = 285 K and e/a = 7.59 showed large magnetostriction with strain 550 × 10−6 [e/a values of Ni and Ga are 10 and 3, respectively, in order to increase the e/a value of alloys to be above 7.50. Therefore, we prepared Nix2+MnGax1− alloys with x = 0.02, producing e/a = 7.535, and x = 0.04, producing e/a = 7.570. −6 and 380 × 10−6 for x = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively. e/a dependences of the maximum magnetostriction for Ni2MnGa-type alloys. The maximum value of magnetostriction was almost proportional to the valence electron concentration per atom, e/a, and we also clarified the correlation between the magnetostriction and the e/a.Finally, we discuss the observed ,17. Detaobserved ,17,18. Iobserved , we examTP was investigated using ultrasonic measurements [TP for a single crystal of Ni2MnGa [c44 and apparent c′ stiffening prior to the martensitic transformation and discussed the magneto-elastic coupling effect by means of these magnetostriction, and ultrasonic measurements results under magnetic fields. This consideration only involves the softening of the elastic constant. Our experimental results indicate that the e/a and the magnetostriction are correlated and investigation by means of the itinerant electron magnetism is needed to better understand the fundamental origin of the magnetostriction. Future experimental and fundamental theoretical studies are needed to investigate the magneto-elastic coupling effect precisely, for example, with spectroscopy measurements for investigations of electron band structure and with itinerant electron magnetism theories.The softening of the lattice around urements ,33. Seinx2+MnGax1−  alloy ferromagnets were performed in accordance with the self-consistent renormalization (SCR) spin fluctuation theory of itinerant ferromagnetism. In this study, we investigated the magnetization of and the magnetostriction on Nix2+MnGax1−  to check whether these relations held when the ratio of Ni to Ga and e/a were varied. When the ratio of Ni to Ga varied, the valence electron concentration per atom, e/a, increased with increasing x. The magnetization results for x = 0.02 (e/a = 7.535) and 0.04 (e/a = 7.570) suggest that the critical index δ of H ∝ Mδ is around 5.0 at the Curie temperature TC, which is the critical temperature of the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition. This result confirms Takahashi’s spin fluctuation theory and the experimental results obtained for Ni2MnGa. The spontaneous magnetization pS slightly decreased with increasing x. For x = 0.00, the obtained spin fluctuation parameter in k-space (momentum space) TA and that in energy space T0 were 563 K and 245 K, respectively. The relationship between peff/pS and TC/T0 can be explained by Takahashi’s theory, where peff indicates the effective magnetic moments. We produced a generalized Rhodes-Wohlfarth plot of peff/pS versus TC/T0 values including those of other ferromagnets. The plot indicates that the relation between peff/pS and T0/TC follows Takahashi’s theory. We also measured the magnetostriction for Nix2+MnGax1− . At TC, the plot of the magnetostriction ΔL/L versus M4 showed proportionality and crossed the origin. These magnetization and magnetostriction results were analyzed in the context of Takahashi’s SCR spin fluctuation theory. Further, we investigated the magnetostriction at the premartensite phase, which is the precursor state to the martensitic transition. In Ni2MnGa system alloys, the maximum value of magnetostriction is almost proportional to e/a.Experimental investigations of the field dependence of magnetization and the relationship between magnetization and magnetostriction for Ni


Arachis hypogaea roots are used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat different ailments, and the present study involves the exploration and comparison of phenolic profile and antioxidant activities (ABTS+ and DPPH assay) of A. hypogaea root extract in different solvents. 70% aqueous acetone and 70% aqueous ethanol were proved to be the best solvents to recover total phenolic compounds, with a yield of 42.59 ± 1.96 and 41.34 ± 0.92 mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively. ABTS+ radical scavenging activity was the highest in 70% aqueous ethanol, while the absolute methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (29.50 ± 2.19 μg/mL). Furthermore, phytochemical profiling of 70% acetone extract of A. hypogaea roots was performed by LC-ESI-TOF-MS analysis which in turn indicated the presence of diverse compounds in the A. hypogaea root extract, namely, quinones, stilbenoids, and flavones and flavonoid glucosides. Food from plants, especially of medicinal plant origin, provides numerous biologically and naturally active compounds which promote health due to the presence of antioxidants, antihypertensive, sedative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer agents, etc. . PhenoliThe ability to donate electron or hydrogen atoms or chelation of metal cations of any polyphenol represents its antioxidant capabilities . The solArachis hypogaea  belongs to the legume family. The plant is rich in fibrous matter, albumin, starch, oil, and ash: soda, lime, magnesia, silica, phosphoric acid, chlorine, and sulphuric acid [A. hypogaea including roots are being used to treat different ailments. i.e., prostate enlargement, inflammation, and insomnia [A. hypogaea were extracted with different solvents to explore in vitro phenolic profile and antioxidant potential. Furthermore, LC-QTOF-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of different compounds present in the extract.ric acid . In tradinsomnia . But it A. hypogaea roots were provided by the local farmer from Shandong Province, China, and identification was authenticated by Haifang Xiao from SDUT. The chemicals used were of analytical grade or higher. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, sodium carbonate (anhydrous), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) or ABTS, anhydrous aluminum chloride, sodium nitrite (NaNO2), calcium carbonate, copper (II), (+)-catechin, vanillin, ascorbic acid, HCl, NaOH, quercetin, trolox, DPPH , potassium persulphate, and potassium phosphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich . Formic acid was purchased from Merck , and HPLC-grade acetone, ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich .A. hypogaea root samples were sorted, washed, and shade-dried at room temperature for 12 days to remove the contaminants. The dried A. hypogaea roots were then grounded to obtain the crude powder. The crude powder was stored at −20°C until used further for extraction. 2 g freshly grounded samples was extracted with 20 ml of different solvent systems  in the extract were expressed in equivalence to gallic acid .Total phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method previously described by Singleton et al.  with min3 method reported by Quettier-Deleu et al. [3·6H2O (2% v/v) was mixed with 0.5 mL of each extract (10 mg/mL), and absorbance was taken at λ 430 nm, after 10 min of incubation at room temperature. Total flavonoids were calculated and expressed in quercetin equivalent, by comparing with the quercetin (10–50 μg/mL) standard curve.The AlClu et al.  was usedμL of each extract, followed by the mixing of concentrated HCl (0.75 mL). The previously described homogeneous mixture was incubated for 20 min in darkness, at room temperature. A standard curve was made with 50–500 μg/mL catechin, while a 4% (v/v) solution of concentrated HCl in ethyl alcohol was used as blank. The absorbance was taken at λ 500 nm against blank, and the total condensed tannins (TCT) were expressed in equivalence to catechin as mg/g dry weight of extracts [After dissolving each dried extract in its respective solvent, a 4% vanillin solution (1.5 mL) was mixed with 50 extracts .+ radical scavenging assay was performed according to our previous investigation [+  was prepared by dissolving ABTS in water. ABTS and 2.45 mM K2S2O8 in the ratio of 1 : 1 (v/v) were thoroughly mixed to produce ABTS+, 12–16 hours prior to performing the analysis. To reach the absorbance 0.7 ± 0.2 at λ 734 nm, dilution of previously made ABTS+ was done with 95% ethanol. A ratio of 9 : 1 ABTS+ reagent to extract was used to perform the analysis. And the results were expressed in μg/mL concentration of phenolic compounds which was effective to inhibit half (IC50) of ABTS+ radicals. The following equation was used to calculate ABTS+ radical scavenging activity:Ac = absorbance of trolox, A0 = absorbance of the negative control, and As = sample's absorbance.ABTStigation . A stockμg/mL) were mixed with 2.5 mL DPPH solution in a glass tube and incubated for 20 min in darkness prior to measuring absorbance. Absorbance was measured at λ 517 nm to calculate the decrease in absorbance after incubation. DPPH activity was expressed as μg/mL of phenolic compounds which effectively inhibit the 50% of free radicals. Percent inhibition was calculated as follows:AC = absorbance of DPPH solution and AS = absorbance of the sample with DPPH solution.For the estimation of DPPH antioxidant activity, Shimada et al.'s  method wμm, 2 × 100 mm) operated at 45°C with a gradient elution portfolio at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The mobile phases used were water and 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (B). A 10 μL sample volume injection was used, and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. Multistep gradient was applied in the following fashion: at time 0 min, 10% B; 5 min, 20% B; 10 min, 35% B; 21 min, 45% B; 24 min, 55% B; 28 min, 75% B; and 32 min, 90% B. The final condition was maintained for the next 8 minutes [For LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis, 70% aqueous acetone extract was used for the profiling of extract using an Agilent 1100 Liquid Chromatography system  furnished with a standard auto-sampler as described in our previous study  with som minutes .http://www.graphpad.com) was used for all the calculations. Significance was observed at p < 0.05.All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and one-way analysis of variance using Tukey's multiple comparison tests was performed. Results were presented as mean ± SD. GraphPad Prism 6  with the composition of solvents, and they were ranged from the lowest (25.46 ± 1.5) to highest (42.59 ± 1.96 mg/g) dry extract  different from the other solvent systems, while the lowest was found in water (1.70 ± 0.13 mg quercetin/g dry weight). These findings are supported by the previously reported investigations [The total flavonoid contents (TFC) from the igations . Except After lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, the most abundant component in biomass is tannin. And after lignin, they represent the second more extensive source of phenolic components . In the p < 0.05) from the other solvent systems, followed by the 70% aqueous ethanol (6.21 ± 0.21 mg/gDW), while the least condensed tannins were observed in absolute acetone extract, i.e., 3.97 ± 0.22 mg/gDW. The aforesaid trend was previously reported by de hyoyos-Martinez et al. [The condensed tannin contents (TCT) of the present study are presented in z et al. . The tan+ assay measures the relative ability of antioxidants to scavenge ABTS+ generated in the aqueous phase, as compared with a trolox  standard. The ABTS+ is generated by reacting with a strong oxidizing agent  with the ABTS salt [+) are expressed in 50. The best inhibitory effect was shown by the 70% aqueous ethanol extract in low concentration (4.08 ± 0.16 μg/mL) followed by the 70% aqueous methanol extract (4.66 ± 0.22 μg/mL). A significant difference in inhibitory concentrations was recorded (p < 0.05) among the different solvent extracts.The ABTSBTS salt . The conStable organic DPPH free radical absorbs light at 517 nm. Noticeable discoloration in the color (purple to yellow) of DPPH can be observed when it loses the electron and ultimately loses its absorption at 517 nm. To detect the ingredients at low concentration, it is sensitive enough to do so .50) is inversely proportional to the DPPH activity; the higher the concentration of the extract used, the lower the DPPH scavenging activity will be. In our study, the absolute methanol extract showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity in terms of effective dose (EC50) which inhibits 50% of the free radicals (IC50) with the minimum extract (29.50 ± 2.19 μg/mL); a significant difference was observed among the different solvent extracts at p < 0.05 while the lowest inhibition was shown by water extract and the same IC50 was recorded with much higher extract concentration, i.e., 116.21 ± 2.84 μg/mL. Alothman et al. [n et al.  and someA. hypogaea root is subjected to LC-QTOF-MS analysis. The chromatogram turned up by the LC-QTOF-MS analysis is shown in The 70% aqueous acetone extract of Peak 1  is a glucoside phenolic compound present in coffee, coffee products, and picea pungen's needles and was reported to improve the endothelial function in diabetes-induced rats . Peak 2 A. hypogaea. The extensive study showed their potential as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic (reduce the risk of prostate cancer) and anti-inflammatory, and anti-alzheimer and cardiovascular diseases [Peak numbers 3, 9, 12, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31 and 36 represent different flavonoids and their derivatives with numerous health beneficial properties including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties . Compoundiseases .A. hypogaea root extract; among them, some have health benefits including anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties [Peak numbers 22, 28, 40, 41, and 42 represented the presence of different fatty acids in the operties .A. hypogaea roots extract is the most probably due to fungal growth on the plant roots and ultimately incorporation of the aforesaid compound occurred in the extract [Cerevisterol  was originally described and isolated from fungus (Xylaria species) in the 1930s and considered as therapeutic agent against cancer and tumor, but the presence in the  extract . Due to A. hypogaea clearly indicates that A. hypogaea roots are a rich source of antioxidants. Almost all the extracts showed reasonably high TPC, TFC, TCT, ABTS, and DPPH activities. The highest yield and total phenolic contents were recorded in 70% aqueous acetone extract. Both solvents, the 70% aqueous acetone and 70% aqueous ethanol, were found to be good solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from A. hypogaea roots. From LC-QTOF-MS analysis, numerous compounds with great biological activities, i.e., anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, and sedative agents, were identified in the extract of A. hypogaea root extract. Use of A. hypogaea roots as traditional Chinese medicine for health benefits is justifiable and in the future, it can be used in the development of nutraceutical products after quantitative exploration of the compounds.Our study on the root extract of