Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia. fetida on soil nutrients and the consequent improvement of biomass productivity and yield of Capsicum chinense Jacq and Zea mays L. The experiment was conducted in 5 L and 15 L capacity plastic pots for C. chinense and Z. mays with 150 g and 300 g of half-decomposed cow dung, respectively. It was observed that the weekly harvest rate of ripened chili was 17.59 g, 13.91 g, and 9.24 g in P. excavatus, control, and E. fetida pot showing 26.49% higher in P. excavatus. Also, the total kernel count per corn was significantly different  = 37.78, p < 0.05), with the highest kernel present in P. excavatus(333.5 ± 13.5), followed by E. fetida(261.5 ± 16.5) and control (235 ± 22). The impact of P. excavatus was more perceptible in C. chinense, indicated by higher leaf biomass (69.16%), root length (30.14%), and fruit harvest (71.03%). However, the effect of E. fetida was noticed more in Z. mays . Enhanced plant productivity was also supported by an increasing soil nutrient turnover in organic carbon (OC) (25.76% and 23.4%), Phosphorus (P) (31.03% and 25.67%), and Potassium (K) (41.67% and 12.26) in P. excavatus and E. fetida worked soil respectively. The findings indicate that earthworms have a notable impact on plant biomass productivity by promoting the mineralization of soil nutrients and imply on possibility of organic cultivation of seasonal vegetables without using synthetic fertilizers.With the increasing demand for organic food production, the earthworm is used as a soil nutrient facilitator. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of epigeic earthworms  Therefore, it is vital to emphasize on cost-effective and eco-friendly methods of agriculture for a healthier future.The rapid increase in the world's population and unprecedented human consumption necessitates increased food production. This leads to the intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural practices. These unsustainable practices to maximize productivity result in land degradation, cause human health hazards, interrupt ecological nutrient cycling, and destroy healthy biotic communities4. Burrowing activities of earthworms aid aerations and improve biochemical properties providing stability and resilience to the soil ecosystem6. Earthworms can process up to 250 tons per hectare of soil yearly7 and provide optimum soil conditions for plant growth. Earthworms also increase soil organic carbon by incorporating organic materials into the soil8 and generate macropores that increase the water flow, which protects the soil surface against erosion9. With proliferative reproduction, the earthworm is an economically affordable, environmentally sustainable, and socially acceptable potential candidate for improving soil properties for better plant productivity10.In soil, large-bodied macroinvertebrates such as earthworms play a crucial role in plant productivity. Through ingestion and microbial priming activities, solubilization of an inaccessible form of soil nutrients, making it available for plants, is anchored by earthworms12. The benefits of earthworms are highlighted through increased levels of microbial activity, nutrient availability, and rhizosphere processes14. With the introduction of earthworms in soil with sandy textures, poor in organic matter, and with a moderately acidic pH, shoot and grain biomass increases to 56.3% and 35.8%, respectively15.It is well understood that in the natural environment, different ecological categories of earthworms  and their interactions with other soil biota improve the soil's physicochemical properties. Earthworms initiate numerous mechanisms for plant growth stimulation ranging from large-scale effects on soil physical properties to the microsite level. The potential effects of earthworms on ecosystem modification, plant community composition, and productivity are well demonstrated when earthworms are introduced to areas that were previously earthworm-free17, quantitative studies on the role of earthworms in augmenting plant biomass productivity have not been satisfactorily established. In a tropical country like India, earthworm species such as Pontoscolex corethrurus and Drawida willsi with biomass of around 30 g m-2 or more, are considered promising in plant growth and shown to increase the grain yield (> 40%) of agriculturally important plants16. While single species of earthworms under laboratory conditions resulted in more significant improvements in soil physico-hydraulic properties. However, such studies on the most important horticultural plants such as Capsicum chinense (King chili) and Zea mays are lacking.Studying earthworms’ influence on soil properties is essential to develop management strategies for improving soil fertility and plant growth in different subsystems of tropical areas. Although positive effects of earthworms on plant growth have been described in agroecosystemsC. chinense (King chili), one of the hottest chili in the world, is commonly grown in Indian states of Assam, Manipur, and Nagaland; and besides being appreciated for its taste and pungency, it is also rich in vitamins, minerals, and nutrients18. King chili is one of the key ingredients in Naga cuisine and plays a vital role in the region's culinary traditions and cultural identity. The state has favorable climatic conditions for growing this chili variety, and the demand for it has also increased in recent years. Therefore employing efficient means of farming could provide windows of opportunities for entrepreneurs to gain significant economic importance. Z. mays  is a vital staple food crop in Nagaland and Northeast India. It plays a crucial role in the region's food security and sustains a large population. Corn-based dishes are integral to traditional cuisine, and their cultivation and consumption have deep cultural and social significance. Corn adds dietary diversity and nutritional value to the local diet with a rich amount of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins (such as thiamine and niacin), and minerals (such as phosphorus and magnesium). Also, corn cultivation is a vital livelihood source for many farmers in Nagaland. It provides employment opportunities, especially for small-scale farmers, and contributes significantly to the rural economy. The sale of corn and its by-products, such as corn flour, corn flakes, and corn oil, generates income for farmers and local entrepreneurs.Thus it is necessary to identify the design of agricultural strategies that facilitate an increase in the growth and yield of these economically potential plants while conserving the concept of organic farming and sustainability.P. excavatus and E. fetida are the most promising earthworm species used for vermitechnology. Being epigeic, these macroinvertebrates dwell in the organic carbon-rich soil and play a vital role in nutrient turnover, heavy metal detoxification, waste biomass degradation and recycling of coal ash21. Also, apart from a few studies supporting the usage of P. excavatus and E. fetida in vermicomposting23, information on plant growth, productivity, and soil macronutrient enhancement is lacking. Therefore to abide by the initiatives to implement the practice of organic farming and sustainability, exploitation of these potential macroinvertebrates (E. fetida and P. excavatus) is vital.P. excavatus and E. fetida is considered sustainable, especially for C. chinense (Naga king chili) and Z. mays, popularly used by local inhabitants for consumption as well as vending in the local market. Therefore, the present study focuses on improving the biomass and yield of C. chinense and Z. mays by inoculating P. excavatus and E. fetida in the soil. We hypothesize that earthworms act as soil nutrient facilitators by acting as critical agents in nutrient turnover and enhancing the plants' growth and productivity.Nagaland (Northeast India) is a hilly state where indigenous people depend on agricultural practices for their sustenance. There is a need to further encourage organic farming practices without subsiding the quality and quantity of productivity for viable and healthier living. In this context, the application of epigeic earthworm species like P. excavatus inoculated soil, the average growth rate (mm/day) was maximum (8.3 ± 2), followed by the control and E. fetida inoculated soil showing 7.5 ± 3.5 and 5.7 ± 1.4 respectively , and control (46.5 ± 19.94)  = 8.9, p < 0.05) was recorded. A high percentage in the number of leaves was recorded in both P. excavatus, and E. fetida inoculated soils . Mean leaf biomass (g) also varies significantly  = 7.89, p < 0.05) depending on the treatment, and maximum biomass resulted from P. excavatus (69.16 ± 20.73) > E. fetida (39.46 ± 6.7) > control (35.85 ± 6.77). With 92% and 10.06% increase over control, biomass increase in P. excavatus was significantly (p < 0.05) higher. The average stem length (mm) at the time of harvest was higher in P. excavatus (410 ± 49.7) than in control (398.7 ± 70.2) and E. fetida (368.7 ± 36.6)  over the control (63.00 ± 26.78), while in E. fetida (46.42 ± 21.27), it was decreased by 16.43% , E. fetida (251.2 ± 20.1), and control (300.0 ± 80.4) differ significantly  = 8.12, p < 0.05). Due to fungal infection, the root length from E. fetida inoculated soil was decreased by 2.42%, while in P. excavatus, the root length was 30.14% higher. Also, root biomass (g) was recorded to be maximum in P. excavatus (41.8 ± 12.75) with a 58.04% increase over control, while in E. fetida (31.39 ± 12.7), it was increased by 20.22%  = 5.24, p < 0.05) in total fruit yield (g) per plant were also recorded. Total harvest was observed to be maximum in P. excavatus (573.27 g), followed by control (266.8 g) and E. fetida (112.99 g). In P. excavatus inoculated soil, ripened chili was harvested at 17.59 g per week with an average of 108.13 ± 37.93 g per plant. In control and E. fetida, ripened chili was harvested at 13.91 g and 9.24 g per week. While the quantity of harvest per week does not differ significantly  = 1.21, p > 0.05) among the treatments, it was 26.49% higher (P. excavatus) and 33.53% lesser (E. fetida) over the control.Root length (mm) in E. fetida soil (13.6 ± 8.5), followed by P. excavatus (13.0 ± 5.3) and control (12.7 ± 2.5) indicating the positive effect of earthworms  and P. excavatus (13.5 ± 0.95), showing the increasing percentage of 9.93% and 6.92% in E. fetida and P. excavatus over control. Contrary to its number, the maximum leaf biomass (g) was recorded in P. excavatus (82.6 ± 3.5) followed by control (76.32 ± 4.45) and E. fetida soil (63.25 ± 4.07) , followed by P. excavatus (222 ± 12.28) and control (206 ± 13.22), exhibiting an increasing trend of 19.24% and 7.82%, respectively, over the control. Maximum stem biomass was recorded in E. fetida(592.16 ± 7.06), followed by P. excavatus (517.24 ± 15.44) and control (517.71 ± 7.12) showing significant differences  = 79.78, p < 0.05). Multiple comparisons test shows that the mean stem biomass from E. fetida was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than from P. excavatus and control pot. Depending on the treatment, root length also differs significantly  = 21.41, p < 0.05), where the maximum was observed in P. excavatus(87.9 ± 5.43), followed by E. fetida (69.45 ± 4.1) and control (68.15 ± 1.95)  was recorded in da soil 1.6 ± 8.5,control 1.7 ± 2.5  76.32 ± .45 and EF = 30.11, p < 0.05) was also recorded with a maximum in E. fetida treated soil (126.49 ± 5.69) followed by P. excavatus (107.55 ± 4.84) and control (104.59 ± 4.81), having shown the increasing trend of 20.93% and 2.82% respectively over control. Post hoc test shows root biomass from earthworm-treated soil was significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to control, however, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the two earthworm species. Among the treatments, the total kernel count per corn was significantly different  = 37.78, p < 0.05). The highest number of kernels was present in P. excavatus (333.5 ± 13.5), followed by E. fetida (261.5 ± 16.5) and control (235 ± 22), showing 41.91% and 11.27% increase over control. Similarly, there was also a significant difference  = 7.92, p < 0.05) on average kernel weight with maximum production from P. excavatus (104.6 ± 14.9) followed by E. fetida (66.68 ± 6.78) worked soil and control (56.32 ± 10.38) exhibiting 95.05% and 24.34% increase over control.A significant variation of root biomass  = 0.03, p > 0.05) among different treatments.Changes observed in various physicochemical parameters such as pH, OC, TN, P, and K reflect the effects of earthworms on soil nutrient mineralization. Initially, soil pH was slightly acidic 5.6 ± 0.04), but at the end of the experiment, it increased marginally in both ol Table . In C. c ± 0.04, C. chinense grown soil, the maximum amount of OC was present in the presence of E. fetida (3.29 ± 0.32), followed by P. excavatus (3.24 ± 0.24) and control (3.04 ± 0.06) with 25.76%, 23.47%, and 16.24% increase over the initial concentration , P. excavatus (3.34 ± 0.22), and control (3.1 ± 0.2) with 30.48% 27.36% and 18.4% increase  = 9.9, p < 0.05) different. Multiple comparisons test showed TN in P. excavatus and E. fetida were insignificant (p > 0.05), but the control was significantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to E. fetida. Depending on the presence and absence of earthworms, the increased percentage of TN over the initial value were significantly  = 25.61, p = 0.001) different with the highest being observed in control (41.86%), P. excavatus (20.81%), and E. fetida (8.19%)  higher compared to P. excavatus and E. fetida. While in Z. mays-grown soil, TN decreased , followed by P. excavatus (23.42%), and E. fetida (19.48%) . However, in Z. mays grown-soil, C:N ratio was 10.35 ± 0.34, 10.21 ± 0.21, and 9.94 ± 0.41 in control, P. excavatus, and E. fetida, respectively exhibiting a maximum increase of C:N ratio in control (68.68%), followed by P. excavatus (66.58%), and E. fetida (63.46%). Analysis of variance study shows that in Z. mays grown soil, the increased percentage of C:N varies significantly  = 47.17, p < 0.05) among treatments.C:N ratio is another essential parameter to indicate the nutrient stability of the soil. C:N ratio 15–20 is considered an acceptable range for agronomy . In the present study, substantial variations of C:N were observed depending on the treatment but well within the suggested required range. Having the initial ratio of 6.17 ± 0.62 in the C. chinense-grown soil, although no significant  = 2.33, p > 0.05) differences were observed among the treatment, P was increased to 41.96 ± 3.84, 41.03 ± 1.00, and 37.93 ± 1.15 in the presence of P. excavatus, E. fetida, and control, respectively. The increased percentage of P in P. excavatus, E. fetida, and control were 31.03%, 28.67%, and 21.59%  = 26.86, p < 0.05) among the treatment. The highest concentration was present in P. excavatus (263.16 ± 15.39), E. fetida (208.53 ± 9.75), and control (202.88 ± 12.76), with increasing trend of 41.67%, 12.26%, and 9.22%, respectively over the initial value. Increased percentage of K in treatment also shows significant differences  = 15.23, p < 0.05). The post hoc test shows an K increased in P. excavatus inoculated soil was significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to E. fetida and control. In Z. mays-grown soil also, although the final amount of K varies insignificantly among the treatment  = 2.78, p > 0.05), substantially higher amount of K concentration was recorded in the presence of earthworms P. excavatus (218.63 ± 7.34), E. fetida (215.68 ± 4.53), and control- 206.46 ± 9.95). In P. excavatus inoculated soil, K was increased by 18.44% over the initial value, while in E. fetida and control, 14.28%, and 7.75% increase over the initial concentration was observed.The initial amount of K was 33.15 ± 2.31  resulted in better morphological characteristics such as shoot biomass, stem length, number of leaves, coloration, biomass, and fruit yield.In P. excavatus treated soil, C. chinense growth rate was 11.43% higher. However, in E. fetidainoculated soil, C. chinenseresulted in a lower growth rate (-9.65%), stem length (-2.77%), stem biomass (-16.43%) and root length (-2.42%). The average growth rate of Z. mays was higher in E. fetida (13.6 ± 8.5 mm/day), and P. excavatus (13.0 ± 5.3 mm/day) than in control (12.7 ± 2.5 mm/day).Sustainable agriculture encompasses food production from plants or animals using different techniques without adverse impacts on humans, the environment, and animals. Extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides boosts food production but also deteriorates the biodiversity (above and below the ground) associated with cropland. As an essential component of the soil, earthworms maintain soil fertility and play a key role in sustainability. The presence of earthworms enhanced the soil nutrient, plant biomass , and fruit yield , which was consistent with the notion that earthworms increased plant growthE. fetida inoculated soil , tomato (Solanumlycopersicum), and potato (S. tuberosum)25. Also,Aktaş et al. (2006)26and Niu and Cabrera (2010)27considered chili plants to be very susceptible to this abiotic factor.It was observed that during the initial 30–35 days, plants grew successfully in the earthworm treated soil and control. However, due to fungal infection, 50% of the plant roots in oil Fig. A–F did noil Fig. F. In P. . 2018)28 also reported that the presence of earthworms increased plant growth by 20% and further emphasized that earthworms' effect on plant growth is more effective when mixed earthworm species are inoculated at the same time. In the present study, distinct differences in leaf coloration were also observed, with leaves acquiring dark green color in earthworm-worked soil, which could be due to more chlorophyll and carotenoid content29. Brown et al. (2004)15suggested that there are five possible ways through which earthworms positively affect plant productivity. (i) Biocontrol of pests and diseases; (ii) stimulation of plant microbial associations (iii) production of plant growth regulating substances (iv) changes in soil physicochemical structures, (v) and enhanced nutrient availability for absorption through roots. In C. chinense, the effects of P. excavatus were higher, as evident from the increasing number of leaves (250.4%), leaf biomass (92%), stem length (11.6%), stem biomass (41.77%), root length (35%) and root biomass (43.15%) over the control.Van Groenigen et al. (2014)30 reported that the presence of earthworms increased the aboveground plant biomass productivity by 23% and suggested that earthworms enhanced plants' growth mainly through their ability to release nitrogen trapped in organic matter. Similarly, Trap et al. (2021)31 also reported that the presence of endogeic earthworms significantly increased the shoot biomass (26%) of rice (Oryza sativa). Increased plant biomass in the presence of earthworms is attributed to releasing inaccessible forms of nutrients in the soil, making it available for plant absorption. Along with the other plants' morphological characteristics, the present study has shown the positive effect of earthworm (P. excavatus), recording 71.3% higher chili fruit production per plant. Gong and Gao (2019)32 opined that shoot biomass is less sensitive to changes in soil fertility.Van Groenigen (2013)33reported that once earthworms processed soils, their effects on plant growth get reduced. Similarly, earthworms' role in plant growth enhancement is more impactful in developing soil than in developed soil and further emphasized that during early to a late succession of plants community, earthworm activities play a significant role12. Barrion and Litsinger (1997)34 reported that at very high density  Dichogaster curgensis Michaelsen becomes a pest in the irrigated rice field, causing leaks in rice levees, injured roots, uneven growth, and seedling death. However, in the present study, P. excavatus and E. fetida, surface dweller were used for the experiment, and naturally, these species has not been recorded at such high density. Further, due to low density of earthworm the species did not revealed any negative effects on plant growth.Researcher in the past  and root length (28.9%). At the same time, E. fetida effects were more in morphological characters, such as the number of leaves (9.93%), stem length (24.63%), stem biomass (14.39%), and root biomass (20.93%). The effect on kernel count and weight was more with P. excavatus (41.91% and 95.07%) than E. fetida (11.27% and 24.35%). The bacteria such as Bacillus safeness, Bacillus flexus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticusassociated with earthworm gut show plant growth-promoting potentials with the production of indole acidic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), ammonia, aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, and phosphate solubilizing activities35. The higher percentage of plant growth characteristics in the presence of earthworms could be attributed to associated bacteria that release the insoluble form of soil nutrients into a soluble form, making it available for plants to absorb37. Irrespective of species, the presence of earthworm increases the microbiota that improved soil nutrient content  available for plant absorption. Plant growth hormones such IAA secreted by earthworm associated bacteria stimulates the plant cell elongation or divisions, especially in roots, thereby providing greater surface area for soil nutrient absorption and enhancing root growth and length. However, the mechanism connecting earthworms-soil promoting plants' growth response is more complex due to the involvement of multiple factors interaction38.In the present study, both the earthworm species have a fair share of effects on P. excavatus) and 24.11% (E. fetida), while in Z. mays-grown soil, 31.03% (P. excavatus) and 28.67% (E. fetida) increase were observed. In C. chinense-grown soil, K was observed to increase by 42.39% (P. excavatus) and 12.70% (E. fetida). While in Z. mays-grown soil, an 18.38% and 14.27% increase was observed. The increased concentration of phosphorus in the earthworm-worked soil may be attributed to earthworm activity conducive to phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the soil39. The activity of earthworm gut enzymes, phosphatase, formation of organic acids, and discharge of total phosphorus from a complex form of humic acid mediated by microbial activity might contribute to the increased concentration of P in the soil41. Many earthworm gut-associated bacteria are reported to have phosphate and potassium-solubilizing bacteria. Yakkou et al. (2022)42 observed that out of 16 bacteria isolated from earthworm gut, six bacteria, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea vagans, Buttiauxella gaviniae, Raoultella planticola, Aeromonas sp. Aeromonas drosophila has the potential to solubilize insoluble forms of Potassium. Therefore, apart from the other biochemical process, an increased P and K could be attributed to earthworm-associated bacteria that solubilize the bound form of macronutrients43.P in the soil was increased by 27.12% 44 reported an 11% increase in nitrogen in the presence of earthworms. Enhanced plant productivity increases the organic matter input to the soil, increasing the earthworm's food supply.Earthworms’ effects on the soil and plants are influenced by various factors, including their feeding preferences, soil types, and plant species-specific traits. Variations in plant root systems also impact earthworm presence, seeking areas with suitable structures. Moreover, earthworms' interactions with soil microorganisms, influenced by different plant species, also impact their behavior and health of the above-ground productivity.Irrespective of earthworm species, the increased amount of macronutrients in the soil is more distinct, indicating its role in nutrient turnover, making it more readily available for plant absorption. An increase in organic carbon and inconsistent changes in total nitrogen Table  might beZ. mays stems length and its biomass from earthworm-treated soil and control were observed  P. excavatus, was sampled during an earthworm resource exploration study in Minkong forest (26°21′43.34"N and 94°33′23.42"E) under Mokokchung district, Nagaland. Both the earthworm species were mass cultured separately in the vermicomposting chamber in the Zoology Department, Nagaland University, for adaptation to the local environment and multiplication of their population. Moisture in the vermiculture setup was maintained at 60%-70% by sprinkling water regularly, and temperature ranged between 28 °C to 34.6 °C. Earthworms were fed with a mixture of urine-free pre-decomposed cow dung collected from a local farm and domestic organic waste collected from the household.Two different earthworm species were used for the experiment. (a) i.e. C. chinense, locally referred to as Naga king chili, and Z. mays, (Maize). The plant growth experiment used loose topsoil, collected from the University campus within a depth of 0–10 cm. Prior to commencing the experiment, the seeds of C. chinense and Z. mays were sprouted by soaking them in water for 36 h.Two commonly available and preferred plant species were chosen for this study C. chinense, the experiment was conducted in triplicates using nine plastic pots with a capacity of 5 L due to the smaller size of the plants. Each pot had dimensions of 250 mm in length and 200 mm in diameter. The pots were filled with 2 mm sieved soil and water was sprinkled to maintain moisture. Subsequently, 150 g of urine-free, partially decomposed (15 days) cow dung was added to each pot as a food source for earthworms. The same amount of cow dung was applied to the control pots to ensure a uniform amount of nutrients. Since the earthworm species used were surface dwellers (epigeic), the cow dung was applied to the top layer (0–10 cm) and mixed with the soil. In the first three pots, ten healthy, clitellate individuals of P. excavatus, with an average weight of 350.34 ± 7.4 mg, were introduced. Similarly, ten healthy E. fetida individuals, with an average weight of 410.12 ± 8.5 mg, were introduced in the following three pots. Due to the smaller plant and pot size, only ten earthworm individuals were added to the pots where C. chinense was grown. The third set of three pots served as the control group and did not have any earthworms.For Z. mays, nine plastic pots (in triplicate for each group) with a capacity of 15 L were used due to the larger size of the plants. These pots had dimensions of 390 mm in length and 320 mm in diameter. The pots were filled with 2 mm sieved soil and were regularly sprinkled to maintain optimal moisture levels. In each pot, including the control, 300 g of urine-free, partially decomposed cow dung was added as food for earthworms. Because of the larger plant and pot size, 20 healthy clitellated earthworms, P. excavatus (average weight 350.34 ± 7.4), and E. fetida (average weight 410.12 ± 8.5), were inoculated into the first and second set of pots, respectively. The remaining three pots were used as control with no earthworm.For C. chinense and Z. mays seeds were planted in their respective pots. The moisture level in all the experimental pots was maintained at 40–50% by regular water sprinkling. Since the experiment took place in a greenhouse, no pest attack was observed. The temperature ranged between 28 and 34.6 °C, and humidity fluctuated between 40–70%, depending on the weather conditions. Plant growth was monitored at regular intervals of 7 days (weekly) from day one until the plants complete fruiting and reached maturity. This involved measuring stem length and counting the number of leaves and fruits. In the case of C. chinense, once the plants began to bear fruits and mature, harvesting was conducted weekly, and the fruits were weighed to record the weekly fruit yield per plant. While for Z. mays kernel count and weight were done at the final harvest of the plant. The biomass of both the plants were weighted using a portable digital weighing machine (Oblivion-OBSF400A).In all the pots, the earthworms were allowed to settle and were observed for three days to ensure their normal survival and growth. Once the earthworms had settled and burrowed into the soil, a pair of sprouted . Organic carbon was analyzed by a modified form of the wet oxidation initially described by Walkley and Black (1934)45. Total nitrogen (TN) was determined by Kel plus instrument (Pelican equipment- Classic- DX VAT-E). Phosphorus (P) was determined spectrophotometrically (Systronic spectrophotometer-166) using a modified form of Bray and Kurtz (1945)46. The amount of available phosphorus was determined by the intensity of blue color development when treated with a molybdate-ascorbic acid reagent. Potassium (K) was determined by flame photometer following a modified form of the ammonium acetate method described by Hanway and Heidel (1952)47.Soil samples were analyzed at two intervals, i.e., before the inoculation earthworms to the pot and at the end of the pot experiment. Before analysis, mixture of soil and cow dung were collected from the pot, air-dried, sieved through a 1 mm mesh size, and kept in an airtight plastic bag. pH was measured using a digital pH meter (Lab junction-111) at a 1:20 soil–water ratiop < 0.05). Each analysis was followed up with multiple comparison tests (Tukey test) to find the mean differences between treatments. The statistical analysis was computed using SPSS (Version 22).The significant differences in the number and biomass of leaves, stem, root biomass; and growth rate and total fruit harvest of both plants among the treatments were analysed using one-way ANOVA at a 95% confidence level (Capsicum chinensis and Zea mays) utilized in this study are not listed under any categories of the IUCN Red List. Further, after the experiment, plant specimens were deposited in the University Herbarium with brochure numbers NU_LJ-570 and NU_LJ-571.The authors affirm that no ethical violations occurred during the collection of plants. The collection of plants was conducted in compliance with the Constitution of India (Article 371 (A)), which grants the tribal communities of Northeast India, specifically Nagaland, rightful authority to collect and utilize natural resources from non-protected regions of the state. Moreover, it is important to note that the plant species (Capsicum chinensis (King chili) and Zea mays (Makai) from Zaphumi village were collected for experimental purposes in the Department of Zoology at Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto. Furthermore, it is confirmed that no objections have been raised by any individual or community regarding their consent for this collection.It is hereby declared that seeds of Experimental research and field studies on plants (either cultivated or wild), including the collection of plant material, comply with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.


PDF) and the knee muscle’s isokinetic torque and power on the CMJ in adolescent female volleyball players. The θPDF at a knee extension angle of 140 degrees were measured for 37 female post-pubertal volleyball players. Then, the players were assigned to either the flexible (n = 10) or inflexible (n = 14) groups according to earlier recommended criteria. Testing included the CMJ with and without an arm swing, and maximal knee extensions and flexions in 3 angular velocities on an isokinetic dynamometer. CMJ height performed with or without an arm swing ((22)r = 0.563, p = 0.040 and (22)r = 0.518, p = 0.009, respectively) and relative power ((22)r = 0.517, p = 0.010 and (22)r = 0.446, p = 0.030, respectively) were positively correlated with the extensors’ torque at 180°/s and were negatively correlated with the flexibility level of the dominant side ankle ((22)r = −0.529, p = 0.008 and (22)r = −0.576, p = 0.030, respectively). A moderate positive correlation was also revealed between the CMJ height with and without an arm swing and the power of the non-dominant knee extensors ((22)r = 0.458, p = 0.024 and (22)r = 0.402, p = 0.049, respectively) and flexors ((22)r = 0.484, p = 0.016 and (22)r = 0.477, p = 0.018, respectively). Results of the 2 × 2 repeated ANOVA measurements revealed that flexible players jumped significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the CMJs, whilst there was a group effect only on the isokinetic knee extensor muscles’ torque. In conclusion, a more flexible ankle joint and a higher isokinetic knee extensor’s torque generating capacity resulted in higher CMJ performance. Therefore, ankle flexibility should be emphasized in training and is suggested to be included in preseason screening tests of youth female volleyball players.Ankle flexibility and isokinetic knee torque/power generating capacity were previously suggested to contribute or to be correlated to the vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the passive ankle joint dorsi flexion (θ Volleyball is a team sport, characterized by intermittent periods of high-intensity activities, interspersed by recovery periods of low intensity activities . An incrA volleyball player’s jumping performance is the most assessed through squat jump (SJ), countermovement (CMJ), or/and drop jump (DJ) ,5. The SDue to the specificity of the volleyball game demands, it is imperative for players to possess not only coordination but also appropriate levels of strength and power . A previPerforming a vertical jump requires mechanical energy generated by the proximal muscles to be transferred to a distal joint during the impulse. This energy transfer is facilitated by the bi-articular lower extremity muscles’ function  and flowReduced ankle mobility previously resulted in an impaired jumping performance in SJ in female adolescent volleyball players , suggestTaking into consideration that vertical jumping  and isokTo fulfill the purpose of the study, after the assessment of the flexibility of the ankle joint, measures of the knee extensors and flexors isokinetic torque, and the examination of the biomechanical parameters of the CMJ with and without an arm swing were performed in random order.n = 37) female pubescent volleyball players , selected to join the youth national teams, participated in this study. All participants were pubescent according to the Tanner [Thirty-seven . A wall-mounted stadiometer  was used to assess the barefoot standing height to the nearest 0.1 cm. The dominant side was defined based on the preferred striking arm during the volleyball spike .PDF) [PDF scores assessed at a 140° knee angle were further used, as this angle is suggested to consist of the representative lower limb configuration that is similar to the knee angle for vertical jumping execution in the majority of sports [Before the warm-up, the ankle joint flexibility test was conducted in a random order concerning the ipsilateral (DM) and contralateral (NDM) ankle joint of the dominant side. The passive non-weightbearing ankle joint dorsi flexion (θPDF) , when thf sports , and in f sports .PDF was measured using a video analysis method [Following this recommendation, θs method . A Panass method , and thePDF, force was applied from an experienced examiner on the plantar surface of the foot to dorsi-flex the ankle joint until a feeling of discomfort was stated by the participants [PDF with a 2D-DLT analysis method provided by the ANGLES 2004 software .For the measurement of θicipants . AfterwaPDF measurement led to the formation of 2 experimental groups: the FLX , and the NFG  group. The cut-off thresholds for FLX and NFG were θPDF < 61° and θPDF > 69°, respectively. These cut-offs are suggested [n > 400). Inclusion in either group was considered only if the inter-limb difference for θPDF was less than 10°.The outcome of the θuggested  to classPDF. The players cycled for 8 min on an 817E Monark Exercise Cycle . Then, they executed dynamic stretches with a progressively increasing range of motion. Finally, six CMJ, both without (CMJA) and with (CMJF) an arm swing and with increasing intensity from sub-maximum to maximum, were allowed for familiarization with the testing procedure.A warm-up session followed the measurement of θBoth CMJA and CMJF were performed on an AMTI OR6-5-1 force-plate . All participants performed, in a random order, three CMJAs with arms kept akimbo and three CMJFs. The command was to “jump as fast and as high as possible”. No specific instruction was provided concerning the knee flexion during the countermovement. The intra-jump interval was 60 s, and the inter-test rest was 3 min.CMJ) was calculated from the COM vertical take-off velocity (V0) that was calculated as the first-time integral of the net vGRF using the trapezoid rule. The spatio-temporal  and the kinetic  parameters of the CMJ tests were extracted based on the vGRF-time series, the participants’ mass, and classical equations of motion, as described in detail elsewhere [CMJ in CMJF compared to CMJA. The reactive strength index (RSI) was calculated as HCMJ/tC [CMJ, was selected.Force-plate data acquisition and analysis was conducted using the routines of the K-Dynami 2018  software. The recorded vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) data was smoothed with a 2nd-order digital low pass Butterworth recursive filter. The cut-off frequency was set using the sum of residuals method  to 20 Hz HCMJ/tC , which i HCMJ/tC . For furParticipants performed concentric contractions of knee extensors and flexors seated (hip angle: 115°) on an isokinetic dynamometer . The trunk, waist, and upper thigh were stabilized on the chair using velcro straps to avoid any movement that could impact the measurement quality. Each participant raised the leg in parallel to the ground, correction of gravity was applied, full knee joint extension was checked, and the most prominent point of the medial femoral epicondyle was aligned with the axis of rotation of the dynamometer. Prior to the isokinetic test, participants performed 5 submaximal concentric knee flexions and extensions as familiarization. The isokinetic evaluation included 3 maximal knee extension and flexion trials at the concentric angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s performed in a randomized order. Knee range of motion was limited for all subjects from 0° to 90° of their knee flexion. The participants watched their torque scores on the screen of the dynamometer in order to outperform each previous trial  and were encouraged to perform their best in both movement directions. Inter-set rest was 3 min to avoid any fatigue effects. The highest peak torque and power values assessed at each angular velocity for both knee extensors and flexors were used for further analysis.a = 0.05. The sample size was calculated based on the results of Panoutsakopoulos et al. [According to the calculations using the G*power software , the final sample size of 24 athletes used was the sample required for the present experimental design and it corresponded to 0.7 power for a 0.22 effect size at s et al. .p > 0.05) and the Levene test (p > 0.05) were used to check the normality of distribution and the equality of variance, respectively. A 2  × 2  repeated-measures ANOVA with the Bonferroni adjustment was carried out to compare the main effects of flexibility and arm swing, and the interaction effect between flexibility and arm swing on the kinetic and temporal parameters of the CMJ. A 2  × 2  repeated-measures ANOVA with the Bonferroni adjustment was carried out to compare the main effect of the angular velocity and group and the interaction effect between angular velocity × group on the torque and power of knee extensors and flexors and the conventional ratio of DM and NDM limbs. An Independent Samples t-test was run to check possible group differences in the CMJ gain due to the arm swing. Hedges’ g was used to interpret the effect size of the comparison. A Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was computed to assess the linear relationship between the HCMJ in CMJA and CMJF and the knee flexors’ and extensors’ torque and power.All examined parameters were presented as mean ± standard deviation. The Shapiro–Wilk test . The level of significance was set at PDF F = 38.89, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.64), a significant group effect F = 57.01, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.72), and an interaction of laterality × group F = 34.49, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.61) was found. The FLX players presented no significant inter-limb difference (p > 0.05), whilst the NFG had a lower θPDF in the DM leg (p < 0.001).The results of the flexibility measurements are depicted in CMJ was found F = 187.52, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.90). A significant difference between groups in HCMJ in both conditions (no arm swing and arm swing) was detected, with FLX players presenting higher scores F = 17.23, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.44). No significant (p > 0.05) interaction of the arm swing × group was found t = 0.20, p = 0.843, g = 0.09). It was 17.7 ± 5.0% for the FLX and 18.3 ± 8.2% for the NFG.No significant difference was observed for the gain in CMJ due to the arm swing (p > 0.05) but a significant group effect was detected F = 7.73, p < 0.01, p2η = 0.26), since FLX presented higher values than NFG F = 88.70, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.80) and RSI F = 6.74, p = 0.017, ηp2= 0.23) was found.No significant effect of arm swing on the CMJ peak net vGRF relative to body mass was found F = 19.62, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.47) and RSI F = 19.03, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.46) values. Concerning the maximum RFD, as well as SD, SU, tC, and tPROP, no significant effect of the arm swing (p > 0.05) and no significant group effect (p > 0.05) was found. Finally, no significant interaction of the arm swing × group was found for all of the above-mentioned parameters (p > 0.05).A significance between the groups’ difference in CMJ relative power and RSI in both conditions (no arm swing and swing) was detected, with the more flexible athletes presenting higher power F = 184.64, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.89) and NDM F = 306.24, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.93) lower limbs (p > 0.05).An angular velocity effect was found for the knee flexors’ torque of the DM F = 443.69, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.95) and NDM F = 244.25, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.92) leg was found. A significant between the groups’ difference in the knee extensors’ torque of both lower limbs was found F = 5.394, p < 0.030, p2η = 0.20 and F = 7.413, p < 0.012, p2η = 0.25 for DM and NDM, respectively), with FLX presenting a higher knee extensors’ torque. No significant interaction of the angular velocity × group was found (p > 0.05).An angular velocity effect on the knee extensors’ torque of the DM (p > 0.05).No effect of the muscle group on inter-limb deficit was found, no difference between the groups was detected, and no interaction between the muscle groups × group difference was found F = 16.85, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.43 and F = 16.85, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.43 for DM and NDM, respectively). No difference between the groups and no interaction of the angular velocity × group was found (p > 0.05).An angular velocity effect on the conventional ratio of the DM and NDM leg was found, with the ratio being higher at 60°/s F = 63.28, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.74) and NDM F = 65.52, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.75) leg was found F = 194.37, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.90) and the NDM F = 305.48, p < 0.001, p2η = 0.93) leg was observed, with the knee extensors’ power presenting higher values at 180°/s compared to 60°/s. Neither a significance between the groups’ difference in DM and NDM knee flexors’ power, nor a significance between the groups’ difference in DM and NDM knee extensors’ power was found (p > 0.05). Finally, no interaction of the angular velocity × group on isokinetic power was revealed (p > 0.05).An angular velocity effect on the knee flexors’ power of the DM r = 0.563, p = 0.040 and (22)r = 0.518, p = 0.009, respectively). There was also a significant positive moderate correlation between the CMJA and CMJF HCMJ and the NDM leg extensors’ torque at 180°/s ((22)r = 0.514, p = 0.010 and (22)r = 0.456, p = 0.025, respectively).There was a significant positive moderate correlation between the CMJA and CMJF H(22)r = 0.484, p = 0.016 and (22)r = 0.477, p = 0.018, respectively). In addition, a significant positive moderate correlation between the CMJA and CMJF and the NDM extensors’ power at 180°/s was revealed ((22)r = 0.458, p = 0.024 and (22)r = 0.402, p = 0.049, respectively).A significant positive moderate correlation between the CMJA and CMJF and the flexors’ power of the NDM leg at 180°/s was observed ((22)r = 0.517, p = 0.010 and (22)r = 0.446, p = 0.030, respectively). This was also observed for the NDM leg, since a significant moderate correlation between the NDM leg extensors’ torque at 180°/s and the CMJA and CMJF relative power was detected ((22)r = 0.461, p = 0.020 and (22r) = 0.414, p = 0.040, respectively).A significant moderate correlation between the DM leg extensors’ torque at 180°/s and the CMJA and CMJF relative power was detected (PDF of the DM leg was detected ((22)r = −0.529, p = 0.008 and (22)r = −0.576, p = 0.030, respectively). Similarly, a significant negative correlation between the CMJA and CMJF PMAX and the θPDF of the DM leg was found ((22)r = −0.535, p = 0.007 and (22)r = −0.586, p = 0.003, respectively).A significant negative moderate correlation between the CMJA and CMJF and the θNo other significant correlations were revealed.The current study examined the hypothesis that the countermovement jump performance with and without arm swing in female pubescent volleyball players could be affected by (a) ankle flexibility, (b) by asymmetries in ankle flexibility between ipsilateral and contralateral to spike arm leg, and/or by (c) knee flexors’ and extensors’ torque. The hypothesis was confirmed as the FLX players, who presented no inter-limb difference in the passive ankle joint dorsi flexion, jumped higher than the less flexible, who presented a relatively restricted passive ankle joint dorsi flexion at the ipsilateral to spike arm leg. Regarding isokinetic knee torque, the NFG produced lower knee extensors’ torque than FLX in both 60°/s and 180°/s. Furthermore, the CMJ height and power output in the trials performed with or without an arm swing were positively correlated with the extensors’ torque at 180°/s and were negatively correlated with the flexibility level of DM ankle, suggesting that both parameters are significant mediators of CMJ performance.The FLX jumped higher in the CMJ than NFG, corroborating previous results in SJ, where ankle flexibility affected the SJ performance in female volleyball players . This coRSI comprises of a temporal normalization of jump height, categorizing jumping activities in slow or fast. FLX presented higher RSI scores than NFG, proving not only their ability to jump higher than NFG, but also the ability to jump faster, which is considered the desirable way to perform jumps in athletic activities. Therefore, we may also assume that the FLX athletes probably store and release more energy, demonstrating superior and more effective utilization of the SSC  during CAs mentioned above, the parameters interpreting explosiveness in vertical jumps, such as power and reactive strength, were augmented with the arm swing and a flexible ankle joint. The examined groups were different in the force output in the no-arm swing CMJ, but not in the CMJ with an arm swing. The arm swing generates mechanical work that is transferred and imposes a greater load to the lower limb muscles, thus leading to a higher capacity to produce energy for the jump ,53. ThusInterestingly, there was a significant interaction of laterality and flexibility with only the NFG presenting significant differences in flexibility between the dominant and non-dominant leg. Laterality differences in the flexibility may be attributed to the different sport-specific demands of jumps for the joint kinematics of each leg in volleyball ,37. VollWarm-up before any athletic action is considered essential to optimize performance . In detaWe are aware that our research may have limitations. The isokinetic evaluation was conducted only in the knee joint as this assessment of the knee extensor and flexor muscles is a common practice in preseason athletes’ screening . An addiVertical jump performance is crucial for high level performance in volleyball. According to the findings of this study, female adolescent volleyball players who present a high ankle joint flexibility and can exert high isokinetic knee extensors’ torque outperform their less flexible and weaker counterparts in the vertical jump performance. Therefore, to improve the vertical jumping ability of female adolescent volleyball athletes throughout their long-term training, coaches are encouraged not only to check their athletes for knee muscles’ torque deficits, but also for any possible ankle flexibility deficits or asymmetries through different training seasons, and to train them accordingly in order to augment performance and concurrently limit injury occurrence possibility. As adolescence is an important time for laying the foundations for long-term athletic development, an individual approach, in both flexibility and strength development, is suggested for maximizing training effects whilst supporting sound physical development.


This work aimed to investigate the storability potential of Orange Red and Orange Rubis apricots harvested at commercial maturity stage during cold storage (CS) at 1 or 5 °C for up to 28 days, followed by shelf life (SL) at 20 °C for 2 days. The variables evaluated included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH only at harvest, weight loss (WL), ethylene production rates, peel color, firmness, chilling injury incidence (CI), concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity, b-carotene, b-cryptoxantine, and lutein. The main results showed that storage at 5 °C resulted in higher WL and CI symptoms than at 1 °C during both CS and SL, increased ethylene production during CS, whereas there was limited or no effect of CS temperatures on changes in firmness, color, and all antioxidants during CS. Firmness decreased abruptly soon after harvest in Orange Rubis, but progressively in the remaining samples of both cultivars during CS and SL. SL advanced fruit deterioration according to WL, CI, and softening. During SL, ethylene production increased in all samples. Orange Red exhibited higher ethylene rates during SL and antioxidant concentrations throughout CS and SL, by comparison. Conclusively, storage temperature at 1 °C retained WL, CI, and ethylene production, and both cultivars were marketable up to 21 days CS without SL or up to 14 days CS followed by SL, although Orange Rubis exhibited CI after 14 days, while Orange Red exhibited CI after 21 days of CS. Prunus armeniaca L.) are summer fruits that are highly appreciated by consumers due to their unique flavor and aroma combined with their high nutritional value. Apricot cultivation is mainly focused on fresh consumption that produces high income for the growers. However, a considerable part of the produce is consumed as an ingredient in processed products, such as cans, jams, and juice [Apricots , ethylene production rates, peel color, firmness, CI incidence, total antioxidants, namely phenolics (TP), flavonoids (TF), carotenoids (TC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as individual carotenes were evaluated at harvest and during refrigerated storage at 1 and 5 °C, at 7-day intervals, for up to four weeks. Also, the changes of the above-mentioned variables were determined in stored fruits after exposure to 20 °C for 48 h. The above storage regimes were chosen as the common industrial storage temperature (1 °C), common domestic storage temperature (5 °C), and shelf-life temperature (20 °C), as well.w/w), and the pH was 4.10 ± 0.15 and 4.29 ± 0.04 for Orange Red and Orange Rubis apricots, respectively  values were 11.6 ± 0.95 and 14 ± 0.53 °Brix, the titratable acidity (TA) values were 0.56 ± 0.10 and 0.52 ± 0.04% malic acid  averaged 2.31% on day 7 in all fruit and increased progressively up to day 28. As expected, higher WL values were recorded on apricots stored at 5 °C than on those stored at 1 °C from day 14 to the end of CS a. In det2H4 production rates were 3.7 and 1.5 μL Kg−1 h−1 in Orange Red and Orange Rubis fruit, respectively  [TSS and TA are considered key quality indices due to their direct effect on the fruit’s overall taste. Here, Orange Rubis fruit exhibit higher TSS and pH, and lower TA values compared to those mentioned in the literature for apricots of the same cultivar ,18,19, iw/w) ,21. In ow/w)  and Ruizw/w)  observedThe weight of the apricot fruit is one of the critical quality traits that directly influences farmers’ income. At harvest, the weight of fruit averaged 60 g and 78 g for Orange Red and Orange Rubis, respectively, indicating apricots of large weight and size. The present results are in line with other studies on ‘Orange Red’  and ‘OraL* and C* values compared to Orange Rubis fruit, while h° values were measured at similar levels in fruit of both cultivars. According to Ruiz et al. [At harvest, Orange Red apricots had considerably higher z et al.  the abovz et al.  and Oranz et al. .Fruit firmness is also considered as an important quality attribute of the apricot fruit and it highly related to their potential of long-term storage, distribution to far markets and shelf life at ambient temperatures. Fruit firmness, along with peel color and TSS are key quality indices that affect consumers’ acceptance  and deteAt harvest, apricots of both cultivars exhibited rather low and similar rates of ethylene, indicating that fruit were harvested at or close to the beginning of the climacteric stage. During CS at 1 °C, ethylene production was evaluated at rather stable levels; however, increases in ethylene rates were observed in apricots stored at 5 °C on day 14 and afterwards. Several studies have reported relatively low and stable ethylene rates in apricots stored at 1 and 2 °C, indicating that low storage temperatures are good means of delaying the ripening processes stimulated by ethylene ,30. NeveIt is well established that stone fruit, including apricots, may exhibit chilling injuries and internal breakdown when stored at a temperature range of 0–10 °C, which limits their postharvest life to a few weeks. On the contrary, the use of higher temperatures between 15 and 27 °C allow for fruit ripening . Chillin−1 FW in the edible portion of 37 apricot cultivars [Total antioxidants concentration along with total antioxidant capacity assessment are key factors that relate the consumption of apricots to health-promoting benefits. The present results at harvest comply well with other studies on ‘Orange Rubis’  and are ultivars . In the ultivars ,27,39.In the present study, it is of interest that similar patterns of changes were observed in TP, TF, and TAC during CS and SL. In detail, no significant differences were evaluated in the values of TP and TAC in each cultivar during CS, and any fluctuations occurred were limited. Likewise with this work, Cambell et al. , Kafkale−1 FW and observed a significant relationship between flesh color and TC concentration in 37 apricot cultivars, proposing that the use of color parameter values, particularly h°, can lead to the prediction of TC content of apricot cultivars.At harvest, Orange Red apricots exhibited higher values of TC than Orange Rubis ones, and this difference was maintained during CS and SL. Moreover, an increase in TC levels was measured in Orange Red fruit during SL, this increase can be attributed, to some extent, to WL. In another study in Bergarouge apricots, TC concentration increased during CS at 1 °C for 14 days and then decreased at day 21, while when fruit were subjected to SL, TC values remained at constant levels until day 4 and then decreased on day 8 . Also, MThe chromatographic analysis of carotenes revealed that b-carotene was the dominant carotenoid compound, comprising 98% of the compounds quantified, followed by b-cryptoxanthine and lutein that both evaluated at similarly low levels. It is well established that b-carotene is the major carotenoid compound in apricots, and the present results are in line with other studies ,26,40,43Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit of two cultivars ‘Orange Red’ and ‘Orange Rubis®’ were hand-picked from trees cultivated in a commercial orchard located in Argolida, Greece. Apricots, at an advanced commercial stage of maturity matching consumers’ preference and according to the recommendations and practices of local orchards, were harvested during early morning on 11 June 2019 and transported to the laboratory within 3 h. Once in the laboratory, fruit free from visual defects and uniform in peel color and shape were placed in commercial vented clamshells (18 cm × 14 cm × 6 cm). Each clamshell contained 6 and 5 apricots from ‘Orange Red’ and ‘Orange Rubis’, respectively, and served as a replicate. Half of the clamshells were stored in a cold chamber at 1 °C and 90% RH, while the other half stored at 5 °C and 90% RH. Quality and biochemical traits were determined before storage at day 0, and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of cold storage (CS) either at 1 or 5 °C, as well as after the stored fruits were exposed to 20 °C for two days (shelf life). Determinations were carried out on 3 replicates per cultivar and storage temperature on each sampling date. Apricots from the last sampling date (28 d) were not subjected to shelf life. All evaluations after CS were performed after fruit temperature equilibration at 20 °C for 15 h, apart from weight loss, which was measured immediately after apricots were removed from storage in the clamshell. At each sampling date, soon after the quality index measurements, slices of all apricots of each replicate were dipped in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −20 °C until the extraction of phytochemicals within one month.The apricot  using temperature compensation mode and expressed as °Brix. TA was measured by titration with 0.1 N NaOH to pH 8.2 and expressed as malic acid equivalents (%) w/w. All assays were performed twice per replicate.TSS, TA, and pH were evaluated in the fruit’s juice. In detail, 2 slices per apricot were homogenized in a food processor and centrifuged at 4000× w/w) at each temperature and shelf life.Fruit WL was monitored during storage. Fruit weight was recorded on each sampling date, and the percentage of changes was calculated in respect to values of day 0 .Firmness was evaluated using an HD-Plus texture analyzer  and Texture Expert Exceed Software for the data analysis . The evaL*, ranging from 0 = black to 100 = white), hue angle (h°), and chroma (C*).Peel color was recorded by using a Minolta chroma meter  on two opposite points on the equatorial zone of each apricot per replicate. Results are expressed as lightness  in a laboratory blender. The homogenate was incubated in a supersonic bath at 4 °C for 15 min under darkness, then centrifuged at 4000× g for 5 min. This process was repeated thrice. The recovered supernatants were used for TP, TF, and TAC assays. TP were determined via Folin–Ciocalteu method using a spectrophotometer  to record the absorbance at 750 nm versus a blank. TF values were assessed using the colorimetric method proposed by Gunes et al. [Antioxidants extractions and measurements were carried out according to Kafkaletou et al. . Brieflys et al. , and TACs et al. . For allv/v) (6 mL g−1 tissue) using an Ultra-Turrax T25  at 9500 rpm for 1 min. The homogenate was placed in an orbital shaker set at 450 rpm for 30 min under darkness, then centrifuged at 4000× g for 5 min. The procedure was repeated four times. The absorbance of the combined supernatants was read at 453, 505, 663, and 645 nm, and the results were expressed as b-carotene equivalents on a fresh weight basis [TC were extracted and measured following the procedure proposed by Kafkaletou et al. . Specifiht basis .v/v) (2 mL g−1 tissue) and homogenized in ice using an Ultra-Turrax at 9500 rpm for 2 min and then centrifuged at 4000× g at 4 °C for 5 min to recover supernatant. The above-mentioned process was repeated three more times using 5 mL of hexane instead of the methanol/hexane solution. Carotenoids were extracted three times from the combined supernatants using an equal volume of ethyl acetate; the organic solvent was evaporated under N2 flow at 37 °C; and the residue was dissolved in 1 mL acetone (HPLC grade), passed through a nylon syringe filter (0.2 μm pore size), and analyzed using an HPLC system within 12 h. The HPLC system consisted of a pump Nexera X2 (LC-30 AD), an autosampler (SIL-30 AC), and a diode-array detector (SPD-M20A) . The separation was performed by a Pursuit XRs RP-18 analytical column  under 1.5 mL min−1 flow rate at 37 °C, and the injection volume was 20 μL. The elution solvents were acetone (A) and water (B), and the gradient program started with 85% A, then 100% A at 15 min, 85% A at 16 min, and remained at 85% A for 7 min. The carotenoid compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and UV–Vis spectra of samples with those of authentic standards  , quantification was achieved by constructing a multi-point calibration curve for the corresponding standard, and the results are expressed as μg 100 g−1 on a fresh weight basis. The data analyses were performed using LabSolutions LC/GC 5.82 software .Individual carotenoid compounds were extracted and determined using the method of Ruiz et al.  with somThe results were analyzed during storage and separately during shelf life by three-way ANOVA, with the three factors being the cultivar, storage days, and storage temperature. When denoted, two-way ANOVA analyses were also carried out between 0 and 0 + 2 SL of the two cultivars. Mean  comparisons were performed using the Tuckey-HSD test (α = 0.05). Standard deviation values were calculated from the residual variances. All statistical analyses were conducted using JMP 7.0.1 software .The results here show that at harvest Orange Red exhibited higher values of all three color parameters, TF, and TC, while Orange Rubis had higher TSS and firmness values, by comparison. Moreover, apricots of both cultivars stored at 1 °C showed lower WL and CI symptoms than at 5 °C during both CS and SL, and stable and low ethylene production rates during CS, whereas storage temperature did not influence the changes in firmness, color, and any antioxidants during CS. A sharp decrease in firmness was observed soon after harvest in Orange Rubis, but in the remaining samples of both cultivars gradual decreases were measured during CS and SL. The fruit deterioration according to WL, CI and softening was promoted by SL. Also, ethylene production rates increased in all samples during SL, and Orange Red had higher ethylene rates during SL and antioxidants concentrations throughout CS and SL by comparison. In conclusion, fruit of both cultivars stored at 1 °C were evaluated with lower values of WL, CI, and ethylene production rates compared with those stored at 5 °C. Apricots of both cultivars were marketable up to 21 days CS without SL or up to 14 days CS followed by SL, although Orange Rubis showed CI after 14 days, while Orange Red showed CI after 21 days of CS. Also, it is of great importance that there was no reduction in TC either at 1 °C or at 5 °C, as carotenoid compounds are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Finally, it seems likely that genotype greatly influences morphological and organoleptic characteristics of apricot cultivars rather than storage regimes.


Citrus × paradisi L.) fruits, such as albedo and segmental membranes. In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts produced conventionally and with -cyclodextrin was examined and compared. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured using the radical scavenging activity assay (ABTS), radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The yield of naringin increased from 10.53 ± 0.52 mg/g to 45.56 ± 5.06 mg/g to 51.11 ± 7.63 mg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins  were used; naringenin increased from 65.85 ± 10.96 μg/g to 91.19 ± 15.19 μg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins  were used. Furthermore, the results showed that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction had a significant impact in significantly increasing the yield of flavanones from grapefruit. In addition, the process was more efficient and less expensive, resulting in higher yields of flavanones with a lower concentration of ethanol and effort. This shows that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction is an excellent method for extracting valuable compounds from grapefruit.Citrus fruits have been the subject of extensive research over the years due to their impressive antioxidant properties, the health benefits of flavanones, and their potential use in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Grapefruit have been shown in studies to improve overall health, with numerous potential benefits, including improved heart health, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved digestive health, and improved immune system function. The development of cyclodextrin complexes is an exciting approach to increasing the content of flavanones such as naringin and naringenin in the extraction medium while improving the profile of beneficial phenolic compounds and the antioxidant profile. This research aims to optimize the extraction conditions of the flavanones naringin and naringenin with additional compounds to increase their yield from different parts of grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi L. are rich in physiologically active components such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, carotenoid pigments, and fiber [Citrus × paradisi L.) is one of the world’s most popular fruits. In Eastern medicine, it is used as an appetite stimulant, antidiarrheal, emetic, and expectorant to treat flatulence, scurvy, acne, and eczema [Natural bioactive compounds are in demand as humans become more health conscious, especially regarding a balanced diet. Epidemiological studies have shown that consumers of polyphenolic compounds are less susceptible to chronic diseases ,2. From nd fiber . Grapefrd eczema . In addid eczema ,6,7,8,9.Two of the most important flavanones in grapefruit fruits are naringin and narirutin . NaringeThe anticancer, antiproliferative, and antitumor effects of naringenin are based on its DNA repair ability ,14. It hNaringenin reduces leukocyte accumulation by inhibiting macrophages’ chemotaxis molecules, which draw leukocytes to inflammation ,16. In aAntidiabetic activity: Studies conducted in vitro and in vivo show that naringenin is essential in preventing and treating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes . This biNaringenin reduces inflammation caused by phenyl-β-benzoquinone, acetic acid, formalin, capsaicin, carrageenan, and superoxide anions . This biAcinetobacter Baumann, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and beta-lactam-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia result from overuse. Naringenin kills Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus and MRSA [Antibiotic resistance is a global problem. Bacteria are resistant to all groups of antibiotics . The useand MRSA ,24. Howeand MRSA .Flavanones are also liver protective. Naringenin reduces hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and gluconeogenesis , reducesAntioxidant activity in the traditional sense is identified by the hydroxy substituents (OH) on their molecules showing a high reactivity towards reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) ,22,28. BUV spectrophotometry is the most common method for measuring phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids . They me3) is used to test the total amount of flavonoids. These forms chelate complexes of aluminum and flavonoids [Next, the method with aluminum chloride  to react in the dark at room temperature for 12–16 h to generate the ABTS radical cation. Next, this ion reacts with phenolic chemicals to change the blue color to greenish or colorless. Data are Trolox equivalents [ABTS uses ABTS•+, a stable blue-green radical with a maximum absorbance of 734 nm. Before use, allow the ABTS solution and potassium persulfate  in an acidic solution is the focus of this approach .Pharmacologically active chemicals usually contain excipients. Excipients help in the formulation of drugs, and they increase drug stability, dosage uniformity, and bioavailability . CyclodeAnother property of cyclodextrins is their ability to form complexes with other molecules. This property makes them useful for food processing applications, as they can be used to bind to food additives and other compounds to improve their stability and shelf life. Additionally, cyclodextrins can be used to bind to flavors and aromas, which can be used to enhance the flavor and aroma of food products.Cyclodextrins (CDs) form inclusion complexes in aqueous solutions, making them suitable for assisted extraction. Lipophilic guest molecules or fragments reside within these inclusion complexes , so compThe exterior of these molecules is hydrophilic, which helps CDs interact favorably with water. Furthermore, the hydrophobic cavity of these molecules can accommodate a variety of guest molecules, including polar compounds  and nonpolar compounds  ,41. FiguRecently, CDs have been used to separate polyphenols, including phenolic acid and flavonoids, from various natural sources. For example, Li Cui et al. (2012) found that β-CD inclusion complexation increased the solubility of naringin in water, which accelerated enzyme hydrolysis to form naringenin ,43. In aBased on these assessments, it becomes clear why there is so much interest in conducting additional in-depth studies on treated grapefruit peel as a natural, economical, and accessible antioxidant source.The purpose of this research is twofold: (I) to describe and optimize the extraction conditions of the flavanones naringin and naringenin with additional compounds to increase their yield from different parts of the grapefruit fruit, such as albedo and segmental membranes; and (II) to describe and quantify the flavonoid profiles and antioxidant activity of processed grapefruit peel and juice. Both objectives are addressed in this study.Citrus × paradisi L., variety Star Ruby, Italy, unknown place). After being diced up in a food processor, these components were frozen at −18 ± 0.9 °C until extraction. The grapefruit’s segmental membranes and skins were gathered for secondary raw materials when the juice was extracted from grapefruit  was obtained from Vilniaus Degtine in Vilniaus, LT. GFL2004 was used to manufacture filtered water . The following reagents were also utilized: aluminum chloride, hexamethylenetetramine, acetic acid, 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), potassium persulfate, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, saline phosphate buffer, and hydrogen peroxide from Sigma Aldrich ; disodium hydrogen phosphate obtained from Merck ; 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH).v/v). The extraction process used in this study is shown in Control sample: a control batch was performed based on previous studies using a combined extraction method with 50 and 70% ethanol (v/v) was employed as the solvent (10 mL), and the additional substances  were added with plant material (1 ± 0.05 g). After centrifuging the materials for 10 min at 1789× g, the supernatant was discarded by decantation. The extracts were then filtered using PVDF syringe filters with a pore size of 0.22 m, and an HPLC analysis was used to determine the total quantity of flavanones. A list of samples prepared in the UAE with thermal hydrolysis and excipients is given in Test sample: The extracts were made under the same conditions. The 50% or 70% ethanol . We used an ACE C18 chromatography column (250 mm × 4.6 mm) with a sorbent particle size of 5 μm to separate physiologically active substances. The process details of the HPLC method were as follows. Gradient elution was used to separate the tested substances. Each extract was injected in a volume of 10 L and measured at 280 nm. Eluent A: acetonitrile at a rate of 1 mL/min; Eluent B: water. 0.0 min, 10% A; 5 min, 20% A; 25 min, 40% A; 30 min, 100% A; 35 min, 100% A; 36 min, 10% A. The temperature of the column was set at 25 °C. Peaks were found by comparing the UV-Vis spectra of each peak to valid reference standards and measuring their retention times. The samples were subjected to two different analyses. The chromatograms of the standards for naringenin, naringin, and narirutin are shown in R2 > 0.999, confirming the linearity of the concentration ranges.The Methodological Review of Natural Products by Wolfender (2009) ,46 was uThe sensitivity of the approach was determined by determining the limit of detection (LOD) and the quantification (LOQ). The concentrations that produced a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and 10, respectively, were used to determine LOD and LOQ.R2 of the calibration curve  and the peak areas were used for quantification. The linearity range of naringin was 1.166 to 33.34 μg/mL, 0.472 to 15.12 μg/mL for naringenin, and 1.2757 to 80.5 μg/mL for narirutin. The concentrations of naringenin, naringin, and narirutin were expressed as µg/g, mg/g, and mg/g dry weight (DW), respectively  is used to describe the results. The retention times and spectra of standards  were compared to those prepared in extracts in this work. Linearity was determined by calculating the correlation coefficient ectively .p < 0.05).SSPS version 20.0  was used to analyze the data. Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). All quantitative data were performed in triplicate. The Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to make the comparisons that should be made between the three different metrics. In addition, Spearman’s test was used to determine correlation and regression coefficients. At the end, a comparison was made between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results were considered statistically significant (v/v) and treated with an ultrasonic bath at 50 ± 5 °C for 30 min. The tested sample was produced under the same conditions but with additional excipients (0.1 g ± 0.01 g β-CDs)  was used to prepare the extraction from grapefruit waste product and fresh juice. Control sample: the total content of phenols, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP was determined using the flavedo, albedo, segmental membrane. A total of 10 g of plant material was poured with a solvent (50% ethanol g β-CDs) . A freshCitrus × paradisi L. The extract was mixed with the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 2 mL of 7% sodium carbonate (Na2CO₃) was added, and the mixture was kept in a dark place for 60 min. A gallic acid calibration curve y = 12.069x; R2 = 0.9978 was used to create the calibration curve. The data were given in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg GAE/g DW) [A spectrophotometric analysis method determined the total amount of phenolic compounds in AE/g DW) .v/v) ethanol, 0.1 mL of 30% acetic acid, 0.3 mL of 10% aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), and 0.4 mL of 5% hexamethylenetetramine solutions. After 30 min of incubation, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 475 nm using a spectrophotometer . Then, the total flavonoid content was determined using a calibration curve . The result was computed using the following procedure and expressed as mg of rutin equivalent per gram of dry weight (RE/g DW):TFC–total flavonoid content; mg RE/g DW;C–concentration of standards used mg/L;Ve–the volume of solvent used;F–dilution coefficient of the sample; m–a mass of the sample, g.The colorimetric aluminum chloride technique was modified to determine the total flavonoid concentration of the extracts . First, R2 = 0.9832). Results were reported regarding the Trolox equivalent per gram of dry weight (TE per g DW) [ABTS  was oxidized using potassium persulfate to generate the ABTS•⁺ radical. It showed absorption maxima at wavelengths 645, 734, and 815 nm. A 7 mM (ABTS) aqueous solution was created and stored in the dark for 12 to 16 h to generate a dark solution containing the radical cation. Before usage, the ABTS radical cation was diluted with water, and its initial absorbance at 734 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer to be about 0.70 ± 0.01. To assess radical scavenging activity, 2.0 mL of the ABTS working standard was combined with 200 µL in a test cuvette. Using Trolox, the calibration curve was created  .R2 = 0.9923). The results were expressed as Trolox equivalent per gram dry weight (TE/g DW) [The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was carried out with slight modifications. For the first step, 10 μL of each ethanolic solution was mixed with 3 mL of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. Then, the reaction mixture was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 1 h, and the absorbance at 517 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer . The calibration curve was obtained with Trolox  .R2 = 0.9915 [The FRAP test was performed by combining 0.3 M of acetate buffer with a pH of 3.6, 10 mM of a solution containing 2,4,6-tripiridil-s-triazino, 40 mM of hydrochloric acid, and 20 mM of a solution containing ferric (III) chloride (10:1:1). After that, 10 µL of the sample was combined with 3 mL of the FRAP reagent, and the resulting mixture was well combined. After 30 min incubation, using a spectrophotometer, the level of absorption was determined to be 593 nm . Ferrous sulfate was used to obtain the calibration curve, which had the following equation: y = 0.00010x + 0.0646; = 0.9915 .The flavanones most prevalent in grapefruit fruit are glycosides, specifically naringin and narirutin. On the other hand, naringenin (in the form of aglycone) is not very soluble in water; as a result, the majority of the extracts that were tested either had very low amounts of aglycone or only traces of it . ConsequFirst, the control extraction with the α, β, and γ-CDs was performed using the conjugated extraction method described in The structure of cyclodextrins (CD) can explain the increased yield of flavanones in the extracts from plant material. Additionally, the CD encapsulation can change the physicochemical features, such as water solubility and the substance’s stability .CDs can protect chemically unstable drug molecules from environmental factors, reducing or preventing drug hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic degradation. One common application is reducing bitterness in citrus fruit juice by forming a naringin-β-CD complex . The resBased on previous studies, we picked the albedo and segmental membrane parts for our investigation. The most significant quantities of naringenin were detected using combination extraction methods .Due to its polarity for flavonoids, research shows that methanol, among other organic solvents, is exceptionally capable of extraction. Because of this, efforts are being undertaken to find non-toxic and entirely biodegradable alternatives, such as ethanol, that can produce the same or similar outcomes without harming the environment ,53.The primary goal was to improve the flavanone yield in the extract; an organic solvent was chosen as a co-solvent with CDs because aglycones are more hydrophobic than hydrophilic chemicals and have limited solubility in water. As a result, once the combination with CD degrades, flavanone deposits might develop in water. This procedure may be avoided by using an organic solvent.v/v) 43.44 ± 2.17 µg/g compared to AT1 (23.58 ± 1.17 µg/g), AB1 (16.21 ± 0.81 µg/g), AG1 (0.84 ± 0.042 µg/g), and SA1 (91.19 ± 4.55 µg/g) compared to ST1 (65.84 ± 3.29 µg/g) and SB1 (0.45 ± 0.02 µg/g).In control, the maximum level of naringenin was detected in the part of the segmental membrane using 70% ethanol (67.59 ± 3.37 µg/g). By using cyclodextrins, this amount could be increased by more than 34%. Comparing α, β, and γ-cyclodextrins, a statistically significant increase was observed in the AA1 sample .The results of our samples concluded that the combination of naringenin and α-CD with the smallest cavity size provided a higher yield of the aglycone compared to other cyclodextrins. Statistical analysis indicated that this significant increase was remarkable (v/v) ethanol using α-CD: (AA1) 43.44 ± 2.17 µg/g–(AA2) 28.77 ± 1.44 µg/g from albedo, and (SA1) 91.19 ± 4.55 µg/g–(SA2) 86.69 ± 4.33 µg/g from segmental membrane parts, . In addition, control samples AT1, AT2, and ST1 and ST2 were compared to test samples using α, β, and γ-CDs yielding statistically significant findings for naringenin using α-CD. The quantitative yield of naringenin using excipients (1%) is shown in According to the results of our research, 50% ethanol generated a higher concentration of naringenin than 70% (p < 0.05). The results of flavanones showed in Both naringin and narirutin are examples of hydrophobic polyphenols with a low water solubility of 38 and 500 µg/mL, respectively, at room temperature . In addiv/v. The extraction with water did not show any meaningful results, even after adding additional substances. Meanwhile, using 50% ethanol and α-CD significantly increased the amount of aglycones from the albedo and segmental membrane parts by an average of 1.6 and 1.05. Naringin from the albedo part  and narirutin in the sample from the albedo part 3.33 ± 0.16 mg/g–2.25 ± 0.11 mg/g, 50–70%, respectively.Based on the literature and previous research, our study chose 50 or 70% ethanol The results of this study demonstrate that the quantity of flavanone in the extracts examined was significantly elevated when α and β cyclodextrins were used as compared to extracts used as controls. This study also showed that CDs increased flavanone yield while requiring a lower solvent concentration. v/v (SB2) 58.08 ± 2.90 mg/g versus SB1 (50% ethanol v/v) 51.11 ± 2.55 mg/g.The amount of naringin increased statistically significantly in the test sample with β-CDs, AA1, SA1, SA2, and SB2 compared to the control group AT1, ST1 AT2, and ST2. In addition, when comparing the test samples, higher amounts of naringin were found in the segmental membrane with β-CD using solvent 70% ethanol v/v.The amount of narirutin was increased by α-CD in the albedo part, compared to the control sample (3.33 ± 0.16 mg/g vs. 2.24 ± 0.12 mg/g) and slightly increased by γ-CD in the segmental membrane 2.15 ± 0.11 mg/g). For naringin, the best results were obtained with β-CD from segmental membrane, using solvent 70% ethanol It was evaluated how many total phenolic and flavonoids were determined using the ultrasound assistant extraction method (control sample) versus conjunction with 1% β-cyclodextrins (CDs) (tested sample), as described in Citrus × paradisi L. fruits. According to the findings of the tests, the total phenolic content varied from 2.48 ± 0.124 mg GAE/g DW (flavedo), 3.58 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g DW , 2.56 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g DW , and 2.89 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW (juice). Most samples prepared with excipients contained more total phenolic compounds than control samples (p < 0.05).Many medicinal plant species exhibit interspecific chemical diversity, which is important to study and evaluate. Chemical diversity studies provide information on the active ingredient’s composition across species, varieties, and plant parts. Because of this, using UV–visible light spectrophotometry, pilot tests were carried out to measure the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids from various parts of p ≤ 0.05 reinforces their credibility. Using β-CDs, the highest amount was found in the albedo part and increased from 3.58 ± 0.17 to 18.42 ± 0.92 mg GAE/g DW; the segmental membrane increased from 2.56 ± 0.128 to 17.8 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g DW. The total phenolic TPC content in grapefruit ethanol extract is shown in This finding is significant because it shows that excipients can enhance the number of phenolic compounds found in a sample and shows promise for future pharmacology developments. Furthermore, the fact that these results have been statistically significant at According to Gorinsten et al., total phenolic content (TPC) content was significantly higher in fresh grapefruit peel (155 ± 10.3 mg/100 g) than in peeled grapefruits (135 ± 10.1 mg/100 g) . The difThe concentration of flavonoids varies depending on the plant’s development stage since they are the most abundant group of chemicals found in plants and substantially influence the plant when growing. The majority of flavonoids, also known as flavanone glycosides, are only found in citrus trees. Other types of plants have very few of these compounds. Grapefruit contains several flavonoid glycosides, the most important of which are naringin, hesperidin, and narirutin ,52.Flavonoids are abundant in various parts of the fruit, resulting in significant differences between fruit types. Another study found that fruit parts and cultures had different total flavonoid levels. For example, the peel has values between 5.12 mg and 8.30 mg per gram fresh weight; the pulp can range from 3.86 to 5.38 mg/g, from 0.26 to 0.44 mg/g in juice, from 3.16 to 9.27 mg/g in whole fruits and from 18, 61 to 25.33 mg/g in seeds. As a result, seeds contained more flavonoids than juices (5496 times as much as the juice) .Nurcholis et al. investigated the effects of extraction procedures and durations on total flavonoid and phenolic contents (TFCs and TPCs) in a solvent such as methanol. According to the researchers, different extraction procedures and durations significantly influenced the TFCs, TPCs, and antioxidant activities of Java cardamom fruit methanol extracts .v/v) as a solvent. When comparing grapefruit extracts made under the same conditions but with an additional excipient, the total flavonoid content increases by 2.516 ± 0.1278 mg RE/g DW to 4.66 ± 1.26 mg RE/g DW in the flavedo parts. Meanwhile, using AlCl3 to determine the total flavonoids reduces the number of flavonoids from 4.91 ± 0.24 mg RE/g DW to 1.887 ± 0.094 mg RE/g DW in fresh juice.Using the aluminum chloride technique, the flavonoid content of grapefruit fruit was analyzed, and the findings are presented in Citrus × paradisi L., the next step is to investigate and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the various parts of the fruit. The findings will be useful in evaluating and standardizing the quality of raw materials and their products. Furthermore, they will make it possible to anticipate the antioxidant activity of grapefruit extracts derived from various parts of the fruit when tested in vivo [After researching the total phenolic and flavonoid content of  in vivo . The ant in vivo . Consequ in vivo .Cyclodextrins, for example, can assist overcome the disadvantages of antioxidants in functional foods. In addition, cyclodextrins are also used as anti-browning agents to prevent the enzymatic browning of food. Finally, research shows that cyclodextrins act as secondary antioxidants and help typical antioxidants resist enzymatic browning.Based on the literature review, the antioxidant capacity in the flavedo, albedo, segmental membrane, and fresh juice was determined. Extracts were extracted using ultrasound . β-CD was only slightly increased by DPPH radical inhibition in flavedo extracts from 517.14 ± 25.86 μmol TE/g DW to 630.76 ± 31.54 μmol TE/g DW. However, the CDs reduced the antioxidant activity in segmental membranes and juice.The ABTS radical cation decolorization test is a method used to measure the antioxidant activity level of a substance. A solution of ABTS ) and potassium persulfate is used. When these two compounds are mixed, they form a stable radical cation that can be used to measure the antioxidant activity of a substance. The radical cation ABTS is blue and can be decolorized by antioxidants. The extent of discoloration is proportional to the antioxidant activity of the substance to be tested .Citrus × paradisi L. extract varied considerably: from 4.36 ± 0.218 µg TE/g to 18.61 ± 0.93 µg TE/g. The highest ABTS radical-cation binding activity was observed in fresh grapefruit juice at 18.61 ± 0.93 µg TE/g.The free radical scavenging activity of In this study, all test samples developed using CDs had significantly increased antioxidant activity than the control samples. In the sample with flavedo (from 8.97 ± 0.448 µg TE/g to 18.61 ± 0.93 µg TE/g) and fresh juice (from 18.61 ± 0.93 µg TE/g to 20.56 ± 1.028 µg TE/g), the highest binding of the ABTS radical showed . ConversA compound’s ability to reduce other substances might be a valuable signal of its prospective antioxidant action. Combinations with reducing power imply that they are electron donors and can decrease the oxidized intermediates produced during the process of lipid peroxidation, functioning as both primary and secondary antioxidants .It was discovered by Gupta et al., who investigated two distinct harvests of pomelo fruit, that the flavedo of the fruit had the highest antioxidant capacity and FRAP activity. On the other hand, the albedo of the fruit was found to have the highest accumulation of naringin. These findings were based on the findings that the flavedo of the fruit had the highest antioxidant capacity and FRAP activity. On the other hand, pomelo juice showed the most increased DPPH free-radical scavenging activity and the highest tannin concentration .3⁺) to iron ions (Fe2⁺) was significantly more impressive. Applying β-CD resulted in a one- to two-fold increase in the ethanol samples’ reduction power. In this investigation, the outcomes of the test samples (which had β-CDs) were noticeably superior to those of the control samples (devoid of β-CD).The results of a FRAP experiment that was conducted on various grapefruit components may be found in The spectrophotometric FRAP method determined that fresh grapefruit juice and extracts from the flavedo showed the highest reducing activity among the tested extracts, and the lowest reducing activity was found in the segmental membrane. The use of β-cyclodextrins showed statistically significant results in all tested extracts. In some samples, the reductive activity doubled; for example, the sample from flavedo parts increased reduction from 10.44 ± 0.522 µg TE/g to 20.44 ± 1.02 µg TE/g. According to the findings of our research, the segmental membrane extract was the sample that possessed the least amount of antioxidant potential, as indicated by its TE values of 500.27 ± 25.89 μmol/g, 4359.57 ± 24.89 μmol/g, and 7136.00 ± 304.87 μmol/g for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively. These numbers are expressed as standard errors. On the other hand, the fresh juice exhibited the highest level of antioxidant activity; the results for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP were as follows: 1429.25 ± 90.86 μmol/g, 18152.01 ± 698.72 μmol/g, and 12336 ± 616.8 μmol/g, respectively. In addition, the extract from the flavedo part of the grapefruit showed significant results for both DPPH and ABTS , and the extracts from the albedo part showed strong FRAP reducing activity (TE 10169.33 ± 508.46 μmol/g).In summary, waste derived from grapefruit can be recycled in the manufacture of future pharmaceutical and medical consumables. Therefore, the extraction of natural products and the research of natural goods and their possible uses are attracting increasing attention. However, to achieve the main goal, such as achieving higher yields of bioactive chemicals from natural sources in less time, new and safe, economically feasible, environmentally friendly extraction processes must first be created.Cyclodextrins are a type of carbohydrate molecule that exhibit various unique properties that make them useful for various applications. These properties include their ability to form complexes with other molecules, their high solubility in water, and their ability to bind to drugs and other compounds. As a result, cyclodextrins have a variety of uses in the medical, food processing, and water purification industries and are essential tools in improving the safety and effectiveness of these industries.v/v, and for naringin 58.68 ± 2.93 mg/g, prepared with β-CD and 70% ethanol v/v. The highest narirutin amount was observed in AA1 3.33 ± 0.166 mg/g using α-CD in 50% ethanol v/v. In contrast, γ-CD did not provide a statistically significant outcome in this investigation. In the culinary, nutraceutical, and medicinal industries, increasing the naturally occurring flavanone aglycones in fruit materials may generate new potential for utilizing these beneficial chemicals in various applications.The results of this study demonstrate that the quantity of flavanone in the extracts examined was significantly elevated when α and β cyclodextrins were used as compared to extracts used as controls. This study also showed that CDs increased flavanone yield while requiring a lower solvent concentration. The highest yield of naringenin was found in SA1, 91.19 ± 2.93 µg/g, prepared with α-CD and 50% ethanol Citrus × paradisi L.) extracts from the fresh juice and flavedo parts have greater levels of antiradical activity. These findings will be beneficial for processing grapefruit and creating products because there is a lack of literature on the phytochemical and taste qualities. According to the findings of this study, discarded fruit parts possess varied qualities and can also be employed to produce high-quality nutritional supplements and medicines.Grapefruit contains many nutrients and biologically active compounds. The results show that grapefruit’s albedo parts and segmental membranes have the highest total content of phenols, naringin, and naringenin. Grapefruit (