ABCD, contains all four alternative exons and is specifically expressed in the brain. Here, we studied the function of Drp1ABCD in mouse neurons in both culture and animal systems using isoform-specific knockdown by shRNA and isoform-specific knockout by CRISPR/Cas9. We found that the expression of Drp1ABCD is induced during postnatal brain development. Drp1ABCD is enriched in dendritic spines and regulates postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis by positioning the endocytic zone at the postsynaptic density, independently of mitochondrial division. Drp1ABCD loss promotes the formation of ectopic dendrites in neurons and enhanced sensorimotor gating behavior in mice. These data reveal that Drp1ABCD controls postsynaptic endocytosis, neuronal morphology and brain function.Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) divides mitochondria as a mechano-chemical GTPase. However, the function of Drp1 beyond mitochondrial division is largely unknown. Multiple Drp1 isoforms are produced through mRNA splicing. One such isoform, Drp1 Dnm1l gene, is to control mitochondrial division as a mechano-chemical GTPase  mice for Drp1 have been characterized. The loss of Drp1 results in mitochondrial elongation and enlargement due to unopposed mitochondrial fusion in the absence of mitochondrial division in many cells . CompletD and Drp1BD are associated with and regulate the dynamics of microtubules (ABCD) that is exclusively expressed in the brain   . These aotubules . We recehe brain . Drp1ABCs (MEFs) . Analysihe brain .ABCD suggests that this brain-specific isoform may play a role in membrane trafficking in neurons; however, its function remains to be determined because of the lack of tools to specifically assess its function without affecting other isoforms. In this study, we have developed isoform-specific knockdown by shRNA and knockout by CRISPR/Cas9. Using these new approaches, we found that Drp1ABCD controls postsynaptic endocytosis and dendrite growth in neurons independently of mitochondrial division.The unique localization of Drp1ABCD is the only isoform that contains both the alternative exons A and B , which is a synaptic protein required for glutamate receptor organization , compared to HA-Drp1BCD  since Drp1ABCD is the only isoform that contains this exon   , we founDrp1BCD) . Drp1exond brain . H and E-KO mice . DAPI st-KO mice . These dexonA-KO neurons, we observed matured synaptic contacts  for a short period of time (3 min) and analyzed the number of CCPs at the postsypatic terminal. When we stimulated neurons in the presence of dynasore, the number of postsynaptic clathrin-coated pits increased in control neurons. This is due to stimulation of endocytosis by NMDA and inhibition of its completion by dynasore. In contrast, the number of CCPs remained unchanged in Drp1exonA-KO neurons  and Psd-95-Fibronectin intrabodies   . These dexonA-KO synapses is similar to that reported for the disruption of Homer, an adaptor protein that connects the postsynaptic density and endocytic zone , compared to control neurons  as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-MAP2 antibodies, which label dendrites but not axons  were cloned into the BbsI site of pX330-T7 and amplified from pX330-T7 with a leading T7 promoter by PCR  (Envigo). Sixteen pups were obtained and their genotypes were analyzed by PCR using the following primers: 5’-AGACCTCTCATTCTGCAGCT-3’ and 5’-GTGGATGGTCGCTGAGTTTG-3’. We identified one founder mouse that truncated 96 bp to remove the A exon, resulting in A knock out. The A exon (KFQSWN) was replaced with 20 amino acids (KWEIIAIAKSEIFRIGINI) and a stop codon. By breeding with the Thy1-GFP-M transgenic mouse line , we generated Thy1-GFP/homozygous Drp1exonA-KO mice and Thy1-GFP/wild-type mice.All animal work was conducted according to the guidelines established by the Johns Hopkins University Committee on Animal Care and Use. To engineer the mouse Dnm1l gene that encodes Drp1, sgRNA-encoding sequences 5 linker sequence and full-length Drp1ABCD were cloned into the BglII/EcoRI sites and the XhoI/SmaI sites of pEGFP-C1 (Clontech), respectively. Drp1ABCD was replaced with Drp1ACD and Drp1BCD to create the GFP-Drp1ACD and GFP-Drp1BCD plasmids. To generate the shRNA plasmids, the following target sequences were cloned into pSUPER  or pSUPER-GFP  that contained cOmplete Mini Protease Inhibitor . Lysates were centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C and the supernatants were collected. Proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE and transferred onto Immobilon-FL membranes (Millipore). The antibodies used were exon AB , pan-DrpHippocampal neurons were isolated and cultured in vitro as previously described . In brieFractionation of post-synaptic density was performed as described previously . In brie2, and 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, for 1 hr. After washes, samples were post-fixed in 2.7% OsO4 and 167 mM cacodylate, pH 7.4, for 1 hr on ice  in Base buffer  for 4 min. As a control, Base buffer containing 2 mM of MgCl2, 2 mM of CaCl2 and 1 µM of TTX was used. To induce chemical LTD in the presence of dynasore, neurons were first incubated for 1 min with 80 µM of dynasore in the culture medium and followed by a 3 min chemical LTD treatment in the presence of dynasore (80 µM). Neurons were then fixed and processed as described above.For dynasore treatment, cells were incubated with 80 µM of dynasore  in culture medium for different times, then fixed and further processed for electron microscopy as described above. To stimulate endocytosis through chemical long-term depression , neurons were incubated with 20 µM of NMDA , 10 µM of glycine , 0.3 mM of MgClHippocampal neurons (DIV22) were transfected with 1 µg of Psd-95.FingR-GFP plasmids  and 250 ng of mCherry-clathrin light chain plasmids  per coverslip in 12-well plates. Two days after transfection, neurons were treated with chemical LTD stimulation, fixed in PBS containing 4% formaldehyde and 4% sucrose for 20 min, washed with PBS and mounted. Neurons were selected based on GFP fluorescence, and mCherry/GFP images were taken. Images were acquired with LSM800 GaAsP laser scanning confocal microscopes and analyzed using ImageJ.2 and 2 mM CaCl2 at room temperature; they were then washed twice with an ice-cold version of the same buffer. Cell-surface proteins were biotinylated with 1 mg/mL sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin  in the same buffer for 20 min on ice. The remaining biotin was quenched by washing the cells two times for 5 min each with ice-cold PBS containing 20 mM glycine, 2 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2. Immediately after quenching, the neurons were washed twice with PBS containing 2 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2 and then lysed with RIPA buffer that contained cOmplete Mini Protease Inhibitor. The biotinylated cell surface proteins were precipitated using NeutrAvidin agarose . The precipitated proteins and total cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted with antibodies to GluR1, GluR2, GluR3 and GAPDH.Cultured neurons were washed once with Base buffer containing 2 mM MgClCultured neurons were transfected with 1 µg of Psd-95-mCherry plasmids  and 1 µgMEFs were incubated with 5 µg/ml of Alexa-Fluor-647-transferrin  in the culture medium for 30 min at 4°C or 37°C. Cells were washed twice with cold PBS, fixed using PBS containing 4% paraformaldehyde, washed in PBS and visualized by confocal microscopy. Mean fluorescent signals in each cell were measured using Image J. Cultured neurons were incubated with 50 µg/ml of FITC-transferrin  in the culture medium for 15 min at 4°C or 37°C. Cells were washed twice with cold PBS, fixed using PBS containing 4% paraformaldehyde and 4% sucrose, washed in PBS and then visualized by confocal microscopy. Mean fluorescent intensity was measured along dendrites (100 µm in length) using Image J.ABCD knockdown plasmid, pSUPER-AB (1 µg/µl), was injected (1–2 µl) into the lateral ventricles with a glass micropipette made from a microcapillary tube . Using a ø3mm electrode (Nepagene #CUY650P3), the plasmids were delivered into the dorsal hippocampus by electric pulses , which were charged four times at intervals of 950 ms with an electroporator (Nepagene #CUY21EDIT). After electroporation, the uterine horn was replaced in the abdominal cavity to allow the embryos to continue to develop.In utero electroporation that targeted the dorsal hippocampus region was performed according to our published protocol with some modifications . PregnanAll of the behavior tests were performed in mice of 2–5 months of age at the Behavior Core of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. For open field tests, mice were placed in a Photo-beam Activity System Open Field  and their movement was recorded for 30 min . The opeFor PPI tests, mice were put in a clear Plexiglas cylinder (3.8 cm in diameter) within a startle chamber (San Diego Instruments) and tested for their sensorimotor gating function using SR-LAB software   at 120-degree angles from each other. After introduction to the center of the maze, mice are allowed to freely explore the three arms and are video-recorded for 10 min. The number of arm entries and the time spent in each arm were scored in order to calculate the percentage of alternation.For rotarod tests, mice were placed on the rod spindle assembly (3.0 cm in diameter) of the Rotamex-5 system   and the mouse's behaviors were video-recorded for 5 min. We scored the numbers of entries into the closed and open arms and the time spent in the closed and open arms.Drp1-KO MEFs were cultured in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum as described previously . Genotyp In the interests of transparency, eLife includes the editorial decision letter and accompanying author responses. A lightly edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the most substantive concerns; minor comments are not usually included.eLife. Your article has been reviewed by three peer reviewers, and the evaluation has been overseen by a Reviewing Editor and a Senior Editor. The following individuals involved in review of your submission have agreed to reveal their identity: David Perrais (Reviewer #1); Mary Kay Lobo (Reviewer #3).Thank you for submitting your work entitled "Brain-specific Drp1 regulates postsynaptic endocytosis and dendrite formation independently of mitochondrial division" for consideration by eLife.Our decision has been reached after consultation between the reviewers. Based on these discussions and the individual reviews below, we regret to inform you that your work will not be considered further for publication in eLife's policy to reject papers where additional work is required to validate major conclusions, when that work would take more than two months. The reviewers have suggestions for further experiments, which we hope you will find useful, but they acknowledged that these experiments would take longer than two months.We should stress that all of the reviewers found your study very interesting. However, they also all agreed that it was still unclear whether or not brain-specific Drp1 is directly involved in postsynaptic endocytosis. As you know, it is Reviewer #1:ABCD, with all four additional inserts, is specific for the brain and is present not only at mitochondria scission sites but also at late endosomes and lysosomes, and the plasma membrane. In the present study, they examine the effect of deleting specifically Drp1ABCD  with a Drp1exonA KO mouse and shRNA targeting specifically Drp1 mRNAs containing A and B exons. They found, using cultured hippocampal neurons, that Drp1ABCD is present in dendritic spines and that its absence increases the number of CCPs near post-synaptic sites, suggesting that Drp1ABCS affects clathrin mediated endocytosis. Surprisingly, spine density was not affected but the number of primary dendrites was increased in cultured neurons and in pyramidal neurons in cortex and hippocampus in vivo. Finally, KO mice have a deficit in two behavioral tests involving sensory gating, but not in classical tests of locomotor activity, anxiety, working memory.The manuscript by Itoh et al. describe the consequences of the deletion of a brain specific splice variant of Drp1 termed Drp1AB. Drp1 is a well characterized GTPase which belongs to the dynamin-like protein family. It has been involved mainly in the fission reaction of mitochondria. In addition, the groups of Miho Iijima and Hiromi Sesaki, corresponding authors of the present manuscript, have very recently found  that the splice variant Drp1AB deletion on post-synaptic CCPs, primary dendrites and the modulation of the startle response. In particular, before further consideration for publication, it is important to determine if and how post-synaptic endocytosis is affected and if there is a direct connection with the number of primary dendrites.The experiments are in general well performed and the results are clearly and concisely presented. The results are interesting but it is hard to see clear connections between the three main effects of Drp1Therefore I propose to:1) Test directly the possibility that postsynaptic endocytosis is affected. First, the number of CCPs near PSDs can be quantified . Second, test the distribution and internalization of post-synaptic cargoes .2) Reevaluate the effect of dynasore. It is described as affecting dynamin at a late stage of endocytosis. However, dynasore also affects Drp1, at least in vitro  so a different dynamin (or clathrin) blocker such as mitmab or pitstop2 should be used to test if the effects goes through dynamin or Drp1 inhibition.exonA-KO. Do the authors mean that they delete the exonA containing Drp1 mRNA in target neurons, and not in the other cells types (e.g. astrocytes)?3) Explain further in what sense the approach with shRNA is more specific than the Drp1AB loss only seen after this time in culture? The authors should document at least in Drp1exonA KO neurons if the number of primary dendrites is affected at early stages of neuronal development. Is there any other example where the number of primary dendrites can be affected late in neuronal development?4) Explain why the neurons in culture were transfected at an age that seems quite old (22-24 DIV). At this age, cell survival and transfections are notoriously poor. The authors should indicate if and how often medium was replaced in culture. Why did the authors choose such an old age? Is the effect of Drp1AB, is very low at P8 (unlike PSD95 as written in the text). This could be in line with my previous point, if the effects of Drp1AB deletion are only visible at late stages. Could the authors comment this further?5) Figure 1C: the post-natal expression of Drp1Reviewer #2:This is an interesting study that describes the involvement of one particular splice variant (isoform) of Drp1 in postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which ultimately affects neuronal morphology and animal behavior. While the experiments are well-executed and the results mostly convincing, the study primarily addresses "phenomena" from 36K feet up without attempting to delve into the exact role of this Drp1 variant here, or its mechanism. Therefore, this reviewer finds the study to be largely descriptive and observational, without being able to infer roles or mechanisms. Several important questions therefore need to be addressed.Specifically, what is Drp1 doing here while in the presence of dynamin (which mediates fission one would think), and associated BAR domain-containing proteins, which presumably function to create the membrane invaginations in the first place? How does this Drp1 variant contribute to membrane remodeling specifically in the context of postsynaptic CME, or does it? Do other modes or locations of endocytosis rely on this variant? Is this Drp1 variant recruited to the postsynaptic endocytic pit, or to the PM in general, in the absence of dynamin? Is there a role for Mff in the selective PM recruitment of this variant as alluded by Li et al., 2013? It is not clear what allows the selective recruitment of this Drp1 splice variant to the PM.The recruitment and role of this variant should therefore be further investigated in the context of isoform-specific and pan-dynamin knockdown, which should provide insight into Drp1's role and mechanism, specifically in postsynaptic CME. What is the morphology of these endocytic pits in the absence (or presence) of dynamin 1/2/3? Can Drp1 substitute for dynamin in postsynaptic CME? Further, are there specific binding partners at the PM for this variant versus other Drp1 isoforms? In other words, what is the basis of the selective recruitment of this Drp1 splice variant over others?In a nutshell, the following sentence from this manuscript requires additional clarification: "The accumulation of shallow and U-shaped CCPs, but not omega-shapedABCD may function at an early step upstream of the constriction and severing of the neck of coated pits that is mediated by dynamin ."ones, suggest that Drp1What is the role and mechanism of Drp1 here? This should be established to complete this manuscript, which will provide critical insights into the largely unstudied role of Drp1, outside of the context of mitochondria.Reviewer #3:ABCD isoform, which contains all four alternative exons and is specific to the brain. The authors use both shRNA knockdown and CRISPR isoform specific knockouts. They show that Drp1-ABCD is expressed during postnatal development, is enriched in dendritic spines, and regulates postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Drp1-ABCD KO or KD induces primary neuron dendrites in culture and in utero KD in hippocampus increases primary neurites. Finally, Drp1-ABCD KO mice display enhanced sensorimotor gating behavior in mice. This is a clear and well written study that provides novel information into Drp1-ABCD function. However, additional studies would further support the findings and rule out a role for Drp1-ABCD in mitochondria function.The study by Itoh et al. investigates the function of the Drp1-ABCD in Figure 1G.1) Please include representative images used to quantify Spine/Dendrite expression of HA-Drp1 -BCD  similar to those shown of HA-Drp1-ABCD-KO and KD. The authors should provide quantification of mitochondria morphology, which may require genetic labeling of mitochondria. Additionally, Drp1 can alter mitochondria across dendritic regions. From the images it seems that only proximal dendrites are examined. It will be important to analyze the mitochondria across the dendritic field.2) The mitochondria analysis in Figure 3 and S2 is preliminary. Since the main role of Drp1 is to mediate mitochondrial fission it will be important to determine if mitochondria are unaltered with Drp1-ABCD controls morphology and function through surface trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors at postsynapses. Inclusion of more details throughout the manuscript that relate the endocytosis findings to receptor trafficking would help support this conclusion and make it understandable to readers unfamiliar with the neurotransmitter receptor trafficking field.3) In the last sentence of the Abstract the authors state that their results suggest that DRP1-[Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration.]eLife. Your letter of appeal has been considered by a Senior Editor and a Reviewing editor, and we are prepared to consider a revised submission.Thank you for choosing to send your work entitled "Brain-specific Drp1 regulates postsynaptic endocytosis and dendrite formation independently of mitochondrial division" for consideration at ABCD might function in postsynaptic endocytosis.We were helped in making our decision by the original reviewers, who read your revised manuscript. They all agreed that your changes had strengthened the story, and thought it would be helpful to include an illustration or model demonstrating how Drp1 ABCD regulates cargo recycling and suggested that you investigate the localisation of AMPA receptors in your KO cells.The reviewers also suggested a couple of additional experiments. First, there seems to be a discrepancy between the EM data in Figure 2Q, showing more CCPs at the postsynaptic terminal under basal conditions in the KO cells, and the light microscopy data in Figure 3 A-B, which appears to show less clathrin at the postsynaptic terminal terminal. The reviewer who pointed this out felt that you needed more direct evidence for your hypothesis that Drp1The other suggested experiment was to carry out a similar study to the one in supplementary Figure 6, showing a lack of effect of dynasore on mitochondrial morphology in MEFs, but this time using neurons as in Figure 3D. Because the labelled mitochondria often overlap, it will be important to show how you measure your mitochondrial length. Both of these experiments appear to be straightforward enough to complete within two months.eLife. Your revised article has been favorably evaluated by Didier Stainier (Senior Editor), a Reviewing Editor, and three reviewers.Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Brain-specific Drp1 regulates postsynaptic endocytosis and dendrite formation independently of mitochondrial division" for further consideration at The manuscript has been improved but there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed before acceptance.ABCD deletion on post-synaptic endocytosis and the formation of ectopic dendrites. However, they do not show that ectopic dendrite formation occurs because postsynaptic endocytosis is affected. Therefore, the last sentence of the Abstract and the last paragraph of the Discussion must be changed.Specifically, there is still the issue of the connection between the phenotypes, which has not been solved. The authors have convincing data regarding the effect of Drp1 We should stress that all of the reviewers found your study very interesting. However, they also all agreed that it was still unclear whether or not brain-specific Drp1 is directly involved in postsynaptic endocytosis. As you know, it is eLife's policy to reject papers where additional work is required to validate major conclusions, when that work would take more than two months. The reviewers have suggestions for further experiments, which we hope you will find useful, but they acknowledged that these experiments would take longer than two months.Reviewer #1:ABCD, with all four additional inserts, is specific for the brain and is present not only at mitochondria scission sites but also at late endosomes and lysosomes, and the plasma membrane. In the present study, they examine the effect of deleting specifically Drp1ABCD  with a Drp1exonA KO mouse and shRNA targeting specifically Drp1 mRNAs containing A and B exons. They found, using cultured hippocampal neurons, that Drp1ABCD is present in dendritic spines and that its absence increases the number of CCPs near post-synaptic sites, suggesting that Drp1ABCS affects clathrin mediated endocytosis. Surprisingly, spine density was not affected but the number of primary dendrites was increased in cultured neurons and in pyramidal neurons in cortex and hippocampus in vivo. Finally, KO mice have a deficit in two behavioral tests involving sensory gating, but not in classical tests of locomotor activity, anxiety, working memory.The manuscript by Itoh et al. describe the consequences of the deletion of a brain specific splice variant of Drp1 termed Drp1AB. Drp1 is a well characterized GTPase which belongs to the dynamin-like protein family. It has been involved mainly in the fission reaction of mitochondria. In addition, the groups of Miho Iijima and Hiromi Sesaki, corresponding authors of the present manuscript, have very recently found  that the splice variant Drp1AB deletion on post-synaptic CCPs, primary dendrites and the modulation of the startle response. In particular, before further consideration for publication, it is important to determine if and how post-synaptic endocytosis is affected and if there is a direct connection with the number of primary dendrites.The experiments are in general well performed and the results are clearly and concisely presented. The results are interesting but it is hard to see clear connections between the three main effects of Drp1ABCD-KO neurons due to mislocalization of the endocytic zone from the postsynaptic density.We thank this reviewer for the supportive and encouraging comments regarding our manuscript. As described below, we have addressed all of the concerns raised by the reviewer. In particular, we have more clearly shown that postsynaptic endocytosis is decreased in the Drp1Therefore I propose to:1) Test directly the possibility that postsynaptic endocytosis is affected. First, the number of CCPs near PSDs can be quantified . Second, test the distribution and internalization of post-synaptic cargoes .ABCD in endocytosis. As recommended, during the revision process, we tested the postsynaptic positioning of the endocytic zone using mCherry-clathrin light chain and Psd-95- Fibronectin intrabodies in WT and Drp1exonA-KO hippocampal neurons. As previously reported , the majority of mCherry-clathrin signals are localized next to Psd-95 signals in WT neurons . In contrast, in the KO neurons, mCherry-clathrin signals were significantly dissociated from Psd-95 signals . Therefore, Drp1ABCD is important for localizing endocytic zones to the postsynaptic density. Decreased clathrin amounts near the postsynaptic density may contribute to a decrease in endocytosis in KO neurons .We are grateful to this reviewer for the constructive suggestions on experiments to further examine the function of Drp1ABCD in endocytosis, we extended our electron microscopic analysis of CCPs in the revised manuscript. In the original manuscript, we showed that the number of CCPs is increased in KO neurons and treatments with a dynamin inhibitor  did not increase the number of CCPs . Conversely, the number of CCPs was lower in WT neurons compared with KO neurons and was increased when treated with dynasore since endocytosis was blocked at the membrane scission step by dynamin inhibition .To further test the role of Drp1Note: As suggested by this reviewer, we reevaluated the effect of dynasore in cells and ruled out that dynasore blocks Drp1 in both neurons and fibroblasts . Please see our responses specific to this point below (Comment 3).ABCD-KO neurons even when stimulated by NMDA.In new experiments, we stimulated WT and KO neurons with NMDA. When we stimulated neurons in the presence of dynasore, WT neurons increased the number of postsynaptic CCPs . This is likely due to stimulation of endocytosis by NMDA and inhibition of its completion by dynasore. In contrast, KO neurons did not increase the number of CCPs . These data suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is still slow in Drp1ABCD facilitates the kinetics of endocytosis in early steps, likely through connecting the endocytic zone to the postsynaptic density . Drp1ABCD does not likely act at the last step of endocytosis such as the scission of the neck of CCPs. This model is also consistent with the accumulation of shallow CCPs, but not omega-shaped CCPs, in the KO neurons . Finally, Drp1ABCD loss only affected the postsynaptic region and not the presynaptic region, suggesting that Drp1ABCD mainly functions in postsynaptic endocytosis .Furthermore, when stimulated by NMDA in the absence of dynasore, the number of CCPs was decreased in KO neurons . It appears that NMDA induces internalization of some endocytic vesicles in KO neurons. We suggest that KO neurons have slow kinetics of endocytosis but do not completely block it . From these data, we speculate that Drp1As suggested, we also examined endocytosis of FITC-transferrin and found similar uptakes in WT and KO neurons . This is consistent with the previous study  showing that the dissociation of clathrin and Psd-95 signals does not affect endocytosis of transferrin. We also tried to examine endocytosis of AMPARs using surface biotinylation; however, this was technically very difficult, and we could not detect internalization of GluR1, GluR2 and GluR3 even in WT neurons in response to NMDA stimulation. We will continue to improve our techniques and address this aspect in our future work.2) Reevaluate the effect of dynasore. It is described as affecting dynamin at a late stage of endocytosis. However, dynasore also affects Drp1, at least in vitro  so a different dynamin (or clathrin) blocker such as mitmab or pitstop2 should be used to test if the effects goes through dynamin or Drp1 inhibition.We agree with this reviewer that it is important to test a potential effect of dynasore on Drp1 in cells. In the revised manuscript, we treated cultured embryonic fibroblasts and hippocampal neurons with dynasore and analyzed mitochondria. We found that dynasore does not change mitochondrial morphology in both cell types . As a control for the loss of Drp1 function, Drp1-KO fibroblasts  showed highly elongated mitochondria due to defects in mitochondrial division . Therefore, dynasore does not block Drp1 in cells.exonA-KO. Do the authors mean that they delete the exonA containing Drp1 mRNA in target neurons, and not in the other cells types (e.g. astrocytes)?3) Explain further in what sense the approach with shRNA is more specific than the Drp1ABCD loss is cell autonomous in neurons. This is only achieved by the knockdown in a small population of neurons. In addition, the knockdown approach showed that ectopic dendrites can extend 1) for a short period of time (3 days) after knockdown and 2) in matured neurons (3 weeks DIV) with developed dendrites. We added these discussions to the revised manuscript.Thank you for mentioning this important point. The reasons we used knockdown in addition to knockout is because, as you described, we wanted to test whether the effect of Drp1exonA KO neurons if the number of primary dendrites is affected at early stages of neuronal development. Is there any other example where the number of primary dendrites can be affected late in neuronal development?4) Explain why the neurons in culture were transfected at an age that seems quite old (22-24 DIV). At this age, cell survival and transfections are notoriously poor. The authors should indicate if and how often medium was replaced in culture. Why did the authors choose such an old age? Is the effect of Drp1AB loss only seen after this time in culture? The authors should document at least in Drp1ABCD increases during the first 0-2 weeks and reaches a plateau at 3-4 weeks . Based on this expression pattern, we tested the impact of the knockdown and knockout of Drp1ABCD in cultured neurons at 3 weeks.Consistent with in vivodata, Western blotting of cultured neurons showed that the expression level of Drp1With regard to our neuron culture condition, we consistently observe similar viability and plasmid transfection efficiency in neurons at 2 and 3 weeks in my laboratory. We can culture neurons with unaffected viability and transfection rate for at least 4 weeks. As requested by this reviewer, we have added more detailed information about our culture conditions to the revised manuscript.ABCD in early culture, we knocked down Drp1ABCD at 2 weeks . Similar to the 3-week culture, Drp1ABCD knockdown significantly increased the number of primary dendrites in the 2-week culture. These data show that the knockdown effect is reproducible in young neurons at 2 weeks. Interestingly, in this experiment, we found that fewer dendrites were found at 2 weeks compared to 3 weeks—for example, approximately 8 dendrites at 2 weeks and approximately 10 dendrites at 3 weeks in WT neurons . Therefore, neurons likely continue to extend primary dendrites even at 2 weeks in culture. Drp1ABCD may control the continuous morphogenesis of dendrites.To examine the role of Drp15) Figure 1C: the post-natal expression of Drp1AB, is very low at P8 (unlike PSD95 as written in the text). This could be in line with my previous point, if the effects of Drp1AB deletion are only visible at late stages. Could the authors comment this further?ABCD is induced later compared with that of Psd-95 in vivo and in vitro. As described above (Comment 4), new experiments showed that Drp1ABCD depletion induced ectopic extension of dendrites in cultured neurons at 2 weeks . Therefore, Drp1ABCD could also function at early stages of neuronalAs this reviewer correctly pointed out, the expression of Drp1development.Reviewer #2:This is an interesting study that describes the involvement of one particular splice variant (isoform) of Drp1 in postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which ultimately affects neuronal morphology and animal behavior. While the experiments are well-executed and the results mostly convincing, the study primarily addresses "phenomena" from 36K feet up without attempting to delve into the exact role of this Drp1 variant here, or its mechanism. Therefore, this reviewer finds the study to be largely descriptive and observational, without being able to infer roles or mechanisms. Several important questions therefore need to be addressed.We thank this reviewer for the supportive comments that our study is interesting, the experiments are well-executed, and the data are convincing. We have addressed all of the concerns raised by the reviewer as described below.Specifically, what is Drp1 doing here while in the presence of dynamin (which mediates fission one would think), and associated BAR domain-containing proteins, which presumably function to create the membrane invaginations in the first place? How does this Drp1 variant contribute to membrane remodeling specifically in the context of postsynaptic CME, or does it? Do other modes or locations of endocytosis rely on this variant?ABCD. To further probe the mechanism by which Drp1ABCD controls endocytosis, we examined the localization of the endocytic zone at the postsynaptic region using mCherry-clathrin light chain and Psd-95-Fibronectin intrabodies. We found that the loss of Drp1ABCD dissociates mCherry-clathrin signals from Psd-95 signals in Drp1ABCD-KO neurons . The new data suggest that Drp1ABCD is not involved in creating the membrane curvature; rather, Drp1ABCD helps to localize the endocytic zone next to the postsynaptic density . Please see our related responses to reviewer 1 (Comment 1). In addition, we showed that the number of clathrin coated pits (CCPs) is increased in postsynaptic regions using electron microscopy . Taken together, these data suggest that clathrin may be partially depleted in the vicinity of the postsynaptic density, and therefore endocytosis is slowed in KO neurons . Furthermore, electron microscopy showed that changes in the number of CCPs are only seen in postsynaptic regions but not presynaptic regions , suggesting that Drp1ABCD is mainly involved in postsynaptic endocytosis.We agree with this reviewer that it is important to more deeply understand the function of Drp1Is this Drp1 variant recruited to the postsynaptic endocytic pit, or to the PM in general, in the absence of dynamin? Is there a role for Mff in the selective PM recruitment of this variant as alluded by Li et al., 2013? It is not clear what allows the selective recruitment of this Drp1 splice variant to the PM.ABCD is associated with the plasma membrane as well as late endosomes and lysosomes when expressed in Drp1-KO fibroblasts  . During the revision process, to test whether the localization of Drp1ABCD at the plasma membrane requires dynamin, we expressed Drp1ABCD in Drp1-KO cells in the absence or presence of a dynamin inhibitor, dynasore. We found that the localization of Drp1ABCD at the plasma membrane is similar in the presence or absence of dynasore . Therefore, plasma membrane localization of Drp1ABCD is likely independent of dynamin function. This is consistent with the notion that Drp1ABCD controls the position of the endocytic zone likely upstream of dynamin function.In our previous study, we showed that Drp1ABCD requires Mff using Mff-KO fibroblasts. New results show that Drp1ABCD is associated with the plasma membrane in Mff-KO cells similar to WT cells . Li et al., 2013, showed that Drp1 is associated with Mff on synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic terminus. In the present study, we show that Drp1ABCD functions at the postsynaptic terminus. Therefore, there may be multiple mechanisms that anchor different Drp1 isoforms to the membranes at different subcellular locations.We also asked whether the plasma membrane localization of Drp1The recruitment and role of this variant should therefore be further investigated in the context of isoform-specific and pan-dynamin knockdown, which should provide insight into Drp1's role and mechanism, specifically in postsynaptic CME. What is the morphology of these endocytic pits in the absence (or presence) of dynamin 1/2/3? Can Drp1 substitute for dynamin in postsynaptic CME? Further, are there specific binding partners at the PM for this variant versus other Drp1 isoforms? In other words, what is the basis of the selective recruitment of this Drp1 splice variant over others?ABCD is different from that of dynamin. Therefore, Drp1ABCD would not replace dynamin in membrane constriction. We agree with this reviewer that molecules that recruit Drp1ABCD to the plasma membrane are of great interest. We have ruled out the possibilities that Drp1ABCD is recruited to the plasma membrane through dynamin or Mff (Comment 2). We plan to search for a plasma membrane receptor for Drp1ABCD in our future studies and feel that the actual identification of such molecules will take a large body of new work and is beyond the scope of the present study. Along this line, we would prefer not to include the data about the role of dynamin and Mff in the plasma membrane localization of Drp1ABCD in the current manuscript. Instead, we would like to present the data in our future study in which this mechanism is more specifically addressed with additional experiments. If this reviewer and editor feel that the data need to be included in the current study, we would be happy to do so. Please let us know.As discussed above (Comment 1), our data suggest that the role of Drp1ABCD may function at an early step upstream of the constriction and severing of the neck of coated pits that is mediated by dynamin ."In a nutshell, the following sentence from this manuscript requires additional clarification: "The accumulation of shallow and U-shaped CCPs, but not omega-shaped ones, suggest that Drp1What is the role and mechanism of Drp1 here? This should be established to complete this manuscript, which will provide critical insights into the largely unstudied role of Drp1, outside of the context of mitochondria.ABCD loss affects early steps during endocytosis .As discussed with reviewer 1 (Comment 1), we further analyzed CCPs using electron microscopy during the revision process. In the original manuscript, we showed that the number of CCPs is higher in KO neurons and that dynasore treatments did not increase their number . Conversely, in WT neurons, the number of CCPs was increased when treated with dynasore because endocytosis was blocked at the last step by dynamin inhibition . Therefore, it appears that Drp1ABCD-KO neurons.In the revised manuscript, we examined CCPs after NMDA stimulation. In the presence of dynasore, WT neurons increased the number of postsynaptic CCPs after NMDA stimulation, indicating that NMDA-promoted endocytosis was blocked at the step of membrane scission by dynamin . In contrast, KO neurons still did not increase the number of CCPs . These data further support the notion that NMDA-stimulated endocytosis is slower in Drp1Interestingly, when KO neurons were treated with NMDA in the absence of dynasore, the number of CCPs was decreased . In contrast, in WT neurons, the number of CCPs was slightly increased presumably as a result of a combination of increased initiation endocytosis and internalization of endocytic vesicles. These data suggest that, in KO neurons, NMDA still induces internalization of some endocytic vesicles, but early steps of endocytosis such as its initiation and progression remain slow. We think that KO neurons have decreased kinetics of endocytosis but do not completely block endocytosis . This model is consistent with both the accumulation of shallow CCPs in KO neurons . Decreased levels of clathrin in postsynaptic regions, as seen by clathrin and Psd-95 imaging , may contribute to the slow kinetics. We have added this discussion to the revised manuscript.Reviewer #3:ABCD isoform, which contains all four alternative exons and is specific to the brain. The authors use both shRNA knockdown and CRISPR isoform specific knockouts. They show that Drp1-ABCD is expressed during postnatal development, is enriched in dendritic spines, and regulates postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Drp1-ABCD KO or KD induces primary neuron dendrites in culture and in utero KD in hippocampus increases primary neurites. Finally, Drp1-ABCD KO mice display enhanced sensorimotor gating behavior in mice. This is a clear and well written study that provides novel information into Drp1-ABCD function. However, additional studies would further support the findings and rule out a role for Drp1-ABCD in mitochondria function.The study by Itoh et al. investigates the function of the Drp1-ABCD function. We also appreciate the constructive suggestions and concerns. During the revision process, we have addressed all of them as described below.We are grateful to this reviewer for the encouraging comments that our study provides novel information regarding Drp1BCD  similar to those shown of HA-Drp1-ABCD in Figure 1G.1) Please include representative images used to quantify Spine/Dendrite expression of HA-Drp1-BCD in revised Figure 1H.As recommended, we have included images for HA-Drp1ABCD-KO and KD. The authors should provide quantification of mitochondria morphology, which may require genetic labeling of mitochondria. Additionally, Drp1 can alter mitochondria across dendritic regions. From the images it seems that only proximal dendrites are examined. It will be important to analyze the mitochondria across the dendritic field.2) The mitochondria analysis in Figure 3 and S2 is preliminary. Since the main role of Drp1 is to mediate mitochondrial fission it will be important to determine if mitochondria are unaltered with Drp1-ABCD does not affect mitochondrial morphology.We agree with this reviewer that it is crucial to quantify mitochondrial morphology. In the revised manuscript, we included quantification of mitochondrial size in both proximal and distal regions along dendrites . In addition, we measured mitochondrial size in the postsynaptic region using electron microscopy . The new results from both immunofluorescence and electron microscopy show that the loss of Drp1ABCD controls morphology and function through surface trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors at postsynapses. Inclusion of more details throughout the manuscript that relate the endocytosis findings to receptor trafficking would help support this conclusion and make it understandable to readers unfamiliar with the neurotransmitter receptor trafficking field.3) In the last sentence of the Abstract the authors state that their results suggest that DRP1-ABCD regulate postsynaptic endocytosis. However, we do not know what critical endocytic cargos are for dendritic morphogenesis at this moment. Therefore, we toned down the statements about the involvement of Drp1ABCD in neurotransmitter receptor trafficking in the revised manuscript.Thank you for this important suggestion. As described in our responses to reviewer 1 (Comment 1) and reviewer 2 (Comment 1 and 4), we performed new experiments and substantiated our conclusion that Drp1[Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration.]ABCD might function in postsynaptic endocytosis.We were helped in making our decision by the original reviewers, who read your revised manuscript. They all agreed that your changes had strengthened the story, and thought it would be helpful to include an illustration or model demonstrating how Drp1 ABCD in the revised version of Figure 3G.We are grateful to the reviewers for their supportive comments regarding our manuscript. As recommended, we have expanded a model for the function of Drp1ABCD regulates cargo recycling and suggested that you investigate the localisation of AMPA receptors in your KO cells.The reviewers also suggested a couple of additional experiments. First, there seems to be a discrepancy between the EM data in Figure 2Q, showing more CCPs at the postsynaptic terminal under basal conditions in the KO cells, and the light microscopy data in Figure 3 A-B, which appears to show less clathrin at the postsynaptic terminal terminal. The reviewer who pointed this out felt that you needed more direct evidence for your hypothesis that Drp1ABCD-KO neurons (30-35%) compared with WT neurons (15-20%). These numbers are similar to those reported for disrupted Homer, an adaptor protein that connect the postsynaptic density and endocytic zone . Our data suggest that Drp1ABCD is important for the connection between postsynaptic density and the endocytic zone. However, the loss of Drp1ABCD does not dissociate all of the endocytic zone from the postsynaptic density. Drp1ABCD likely regulates the connection of postsynaptic density with a clathrin pool in a fraction of synapses .We agree that this is an important point. Figures 3A and 3B show that a larger population of PSD95-marked synapses lack an endocytic zone in Drp1ABCD-KO neurons would slow the progression of endocytosis. In these synapses, clathrin-coated pits initiate formation, but the maturation of clathrin-coated pits is likely decreased due to limited availability of clathrin molecules. As a result, coated pits are accumulated at relatively early stages of endocytosis  . This model could explain why the number of coated pits is increased while the levels of clathrin are decreased.We speculate that decreased levels of clathrin in the synapses in Drp1ABCD-KO neurons and found that the surface levels of these receptors are similar in WT and KO neurons . Second, we examined the internalization of GluR1 in response to chemical LTP using GluR1-GFP. We found that GluR1 was similarly internalized after chemical LTP in WT and KO neurons . These data suggest that GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3 are not cargos for the endocytic pathway regulated by Drp1ABCD. We plan to identify cargos in the Drp1ABCD pathway in our future study. We believe that the identification of such cargos is beyond the scope of the current study.The suggested experiment to examine the localization of the AMPA receptor further helped us develop our model. In the revised manuscript, we analyzed the surface localization of GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3 using two different approaches. First, we labeled surface proteins using biotin in WT and Drp1The other suggested experiment was to carry out a similar study to the one in supplementary Figure 6, showing a lack of effect of dynasore on mitochondrial morphology in MEFs, but this time using neurons as in Figure 3D. Because the labelled mitochondria often overlap, it will be important to show how you measure your mitochondrial length. Both of these experiments appear to be straightforward enough to complete within two months.Thank you for suggesting another critical experiment. As suggested, we have analyzed mitochondrial morphology in hippocampal neurons after dynasore treatments. New data show that, consistent with the MEFs data, dynasore did not affect mitochondrial morphology in these neurons . To minimize the effects of overlaps of mitochondria observed in 2D images, we used serial Z-sections to identify individual mitochondria in this analysis. We have added this description to the revised Materials and methods.The manuscript has been improved but there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed before acceptance.ABCD deletion on post-synaptic endocytosis and the formation of ectopic dendrites. However, they do not show that ectopic dendrite formation occurs because postsynaptic endocytosis is affected. Therefore, the last sentence of the Abstract and the last paragraph of the Discussion must be changed.Specifically, there is still the issue of the connection between the phenotypes, which has not been solved. The authors have convincing data regarding the effect of Drp1As suggested, we have modified the last sentence of the Abstract and the last paragraph of the Discussion in the revised manuscript.