Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) is a diverse group of wasps, many of which are capable of inducing plants to make galls, novel structures that protect and nourish the wasps' larvae. Other cynipids, especially those species in Ceroptresini and Synergini, are understood to be usurpers of galls made by other cynipids. The North American cynipid fauna has not been fully catalogued since 1979, but there is renewed interest in revising the taxonomy and in doing research that sheds light on the mechanisms of gall induction, the evolution of this life history, and their ecological interactions more broadly. Significant taxonomic changes have impacted the group since 1979, thereby warranting a new catalogue.Aulacideini, Ceroptresini, Diastrophini, Diplolepidini, Phanacidini and Synergini in the United States, Canada, and Mexico is summarised in catalogue format. We report 323 names, including 170 valid species of rose gall wasps, herb gall wasps, and inquiline gall wasps, classified in 12 genera, from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Current taxonomic status, distribution, host associations, and vernacular names are listed for each species. The catalogue also includes the original description of galls for many species of gall-inducer, as well as atomised characterisations of different gall traits as key-value pairs. For most galling species without existing vernacular names, new vernacular names are proposed.The current state of knowledge of species classified in  Cynipidae constitutes a diverse assemblage of gall-forming and inquilinous wasps, which occur worldwide. While the galls induced by these insects are often conspicuous and charismatic , rose gallers (Diplolepidini), and inquilines (Ceroptresini and Synergini) comprise a significant portion of the family's diversity and, therefore, are worthy of their own treatment.The present work catalogues the species of tribes Hymenoptera Online database by Johan Liljeblad . We also used occurrence data from iNaturalist, when we could confidently verify the species' identity, to further establish or even expand the distributions for many species. Botanical taxonomic names were matched to names in the Taxonomic Name Resolution Service.Initial data were drawn from the C9E23CEA-1FD2-50C2-8FA9-BB8C14AF514EE838A317-9E8F-5254-9680-5D5E3D9A5450Walsh, 1869549B226B-14FF-5C97-A4F2-0F82059845CDGillette, 18913CC98A0A-2E09-5414-BF11-D2808804EBE4Silphiumintegrifolium Michx., but claim is unsubstantiatedMay induce galls on United States: Illinois83DE067C-5FF6-521F-AD32-FEEA3EF400E3Aulaxchrysothamni Beutenmüller, 1908Chrysothamnus Nutt.Induces galls on United States: ArizonaTooker & Hanks, 2004CA8554B7-3ED5-505C-86A2-D504C1391D15Silphiumperfoliatum L.Induces galls on United States: IllinoisGillette, 1891975091D4-2C70-5FE1-A7F8-8D6C9EA96AA8Silphiumlaciniatum L.Induces galls on United States: Illinois, Kansas, Texas, WisconsinWalsh, 18696A58B073-A013-581C-8A37-FB63159A2E55AntistrophuspisumAscepiadiphilastephanotidis Ashmead, 1897 Ashmead, 1885 | Lygodesmiajuncea D. Don ex HookInduces galls on United States: Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas; Canada: Alberta, SaskatchewanTooker & Hanks, 2004DAEE0DAA-09CA-54F4-ACDA-7B2E57489387Silphiumterebinthinaceum Jacq.Induces galls on United States: IllinoisC53547A9-43C4-5485-B1CB-75B2B2742478Aylaxmicroseris McCracken & Egbert, 1922Microseris D. DonInduces galls on United States: CaliforniaGillette, 189141688252-03C3-5567-B0A0-A273AD17DA43Aulax Kieffer, 1902Silphiumlaciniatum L. and possibly other SilphiumInduces galls on United States: IllinoisGillette, 18918C7634D3-1487-5C2D-8428-94C71ECA9F4ASilphiumlaciniatum L.Induces galls on United States: Illinois, KansasGillette, 1891BFDB85D3-AC55-56B0-9C04-681B17FD70BDAntistrophusleavenworthi Bassett, 1900Silphiumintegrifolium Michx. and S.perfoliatum L.Induces galls on United States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Virginia, WisconsinAshmead, 18979C12FA9B-1048-5647-B4C0-AFBCFD6B4679Kinsey, 1920815B184A-18F8-53B3-8016-8B74D5754E9CLactucacanadensis L. and possibly additional Lactuca L. speciesInduces galls on Canada: QuébecTyurebaev, 19723CF43C1D-0C84-55D5-A82D-84F88BC59FD2Acroptilonrepens (L.) DC.Induces galls on United States: Colorado, Montana, Wyoming936A5A46-5733-5FA7-BA40-E9F79F6C35F1Aulaxambrosiaecola Ashmead, 1896Ambrosia L. sp., but claim is unverifiedMay induce galls on United States: MissouriKinsey, 1920123E873C-0775-5ECE-AF7B-68F026738C76Lactuca L. sp. or possibly PrenanthesInduces galls on United States: Massachusetts, NebraskaA137D651-08C4-5FD0-AC53-BD6F21F3B53FAulaxharringtoniAulaxbicolor Gillette, 1891 | Aulaxmulgediicola Ashmead, 1896 | Aulaxcavicola Ashmead, 1896 Ashmead, 1887 | Lactucafloridana L.Induces galls on United States: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma; Canada: Ontario79CC50ED-00FF-5DA0-B2D8-7EACB3912CDFAulaxnabali Brodie, 1892Nabalusaltissimus (L.) HookInduces galls on United States: Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York; Canada: OntarioE8A225A7-9DFD-57BC-B8FE-365174B5B995AulaxbeijerinckiiAulaxpilosellae Kieffer, 1901 Kieffer, 1899 | Pilosella Hill spp.Induces galls on United States (Possibly introduced)DC384C6F-37A9-58B7-9993-121571B1E926Aulaxpodagrae Bassett, 1890Lactucacanadensis L.Induces galls on United States: District of Columbia, Illinois, Kansas, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, VirginiaNiblett, 19460952212D-9DB9-5B7B-B667-55AA45701DD8Hieracium L. spp.Induces galls on United States (Possibly introduced); Canada: British Columbia (Introduced)2BF6844F-A8B4-59BF-A21A-728CDA042FB6AulaxtumidusAulaxsonchicola Ashmead, 1896 | Aulacideasolidaginis Girault, 1903 Bassett, 1890 | Lactucacanadensis L.Induces galls on United States: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, VirginiaFörster, 186969297998-B43F-5B0A-A4D6-513A48B7538DD7BABC3C-4B74-5F20-9102-936B059D8DF3CynipsDiastrophussimilis Bassett, 1881 | Aulax Latreillei Kieffer, 1898 Linnaeus, 1758 | Glechomahederacea L.Induces galls on United States: Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, VermontF6177428-2A02-5654-99BA-D162D623C5FDLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 20198224F093-FB3A-5D53-A853-9C341E94BAB5269CA989-78E5-5926-B363-0C28CB438087Ceroptrespolitus Ashmead, 1896Host unknown but presumed to be inquilinousUnited States: VirginiaHartig, 184073439C7C-793D-5AAD-863F-38463F8B1D90Ashmead, 1885E5F637CD-9FB0-5D07-9037-6A16CB84F0CECallirhytisquercuscatesbaei Ashmead, 1881 on Quercuslaevis WalterInquiline of: galls of United States: Florida0B7356DB-0CA3-5653-8B1F-33C1C8D8BAF3Periclistusconfertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922Andricusconfertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 on Quercuslobata NéeInquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaMelika & Buss, 200268DADFAA-E49E-5229-BEDF-43CDA7DFB8BBCallirhytisquercuscornigera (Osten Sacken 1865) on Quercuspalustris Münchh.Inquiline of: galls of United States: KentuckyEFF06F76-BD1E-55E8-A5AC-0D7046BA16C6Amblynotusensiger Walsh, 1864Andricusquercuspetiolicola  on Quercusbicolor Willd.Inquiline of: galls of United States: IllinoisAshmead, 1896DD1530AA-2F28-5E80-A03C-26970BC42666Andricusquercusfrondosus  [as Cynips?quercusfrondosa] on Quercusprinoides Willd.Inquiline of United States: MissouriLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 201934739E6F-7422-5A72-977F-9360E16B2CFDDrosperlentum Kinsey, 1937 on Quercusobtusata Humb. and Bonpl. and Quercuslaeta Liebm.; galls of Andricussphaericus Pujade-Villar, 2016 on Quercusrugosa Née and Quercuslaeta Liebm.; galls of Andricusgeorgei Pujade-Villar, 2011 on Quercuscandicans Née; galls of Neuroteruseugeros Pujade-Villar, 2018 on Quercuslaeta Liebm.; galls of Atruscapictor  on Quercus sp.; galls of Atrusca sp. on Quercusobtusata Humb. and Bonpl.; unknown galls on Quercusacutifolia Née; unknown galls on Quercuslaeta Liebm.; galls of Melikaiellaamphibolensis Pujade-Villar, 2014 on Quercuscastanea Née; unknown leaf galls of Neuroterus on Quercuslaeta Liebm.Inquiline of: galls of Mexico: Ciudad de México, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, PueblaAshmead, 1885084D7283-9F17-5FCD-A921-D149F578024EAndricusquercuslanigera  on Quercusminima (Sarg.) Small, Quercusoleoides Schltdl. & Cham., and Quercusvirginiana Mill. Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 20195B0CBA21-69FB-5155-BE54-A5146FE40735Quercuslaeta Liebm.Inquiline of: unknown galls on Mexico: Ciudad de MéxicoLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 201908C7A3C4-69D0-552A-BEF1-FEF42EB77710Quercus sp.Inquiline of: unknown spherical leaf galls on Mexico: MéxicoAshmead, 188561A47EBB-195C-5225-B67B-6D3DC531AB4ENeuroterusquercusminutissimus  on Quercusvirginiana Mill.; undetermined, non-deciduous galls on leaves of Quercusrugosa NéeInquiline of: galls of United States: Florida; Mexico: Ciudad de MéxicoWeld, 195746755285-1D45-52D8-A8CF-AE68B60FDA3DAndricusreniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922 on Quercusvaccinifolia Kell.; galls of Disholcaspistruckeensis  on Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.Inquiline of: galls of United States: California, OregonLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2019BFEE20F8-69F8-50F1-AECA-D1F554F86CABQuercusacutifolia Née; undetermined twig galls on Quercus sp.Inquiline of: undetermined galls on Mexico: México, Michoacán de Ocampo4A2E7CFF-02E1-526A-A766-03B79405AD79Amblynotus?petiolicola Osten Sacken, 1861Andricusquercuspetiolicola  on Quercusmichauxii Nuttall  Chapman 1860); galls of Neuroterusquercusbatatus  [unverified]Inquiline of: galls of United States: District of Columbia; Canada: QuébecBE03673F-2E35-5E0B-94E8-F17D76E2BC6ASarothrus?pisum Osten Sacken, 1861Acraspispezomachoides  on Quercusalba L. [unverified]Inquiline of: galls of United States: District of ColumbiaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2019ED19BC4F-8651-5C58-870E-8EF496207477Atrusca sp. on Quercusmicrophylla Née; galls of Sphaeroterasnr.pulchripennis on Quercusmicrophylla NéeInquiline of: galls of Mexico: Aguascalientes8F31A8D6-A067-5616-94B5-7A1A8BBF59D8Diplolepisq.obtusilobaeCynipsobtusilobae  | Neuroterusquercusobtusilobae  | Ceroptresobtusilobensis  Karsch, 1880 | Quercusstellata Wengenh. (= Q.obtusiloba Michx.)Inquiline of: undetermined woody, tuberous galls on United States: TexasAshmead, 1896D378947A-D671-54DF-8B79-42F5A3B950E2Amphibolipsquercusostensackenii  on Quercuscoccinea Müenchh. and Quercuspalustris Müenchh.Inquiline of: galls of United States: MissouriLyon, 19963D7D9563-DD5B-5F85-85B7-C3C2CE90F4A5Ceropteressnellingi Lyon, 1996 [sic] Andricusflocculentus Lyon, 1996 on Quercuspungens Liebm.; galls of Andricussphaericus Pujade-Villar, 2016 on Quercusmexicana Bonpl.; galls of Andricussphaericus Pujade-Villar, 2016 on Quercusrugosa Née; galls of Andricus sp. on leaves of Quercuscfchihuahuensis Trel.; galls of Andricus sp. on leaves of Quercuscfeduardi Trel.; undetermined leaf petiole galls on Q.potosina Trel.; galls of Andricus sp. (georgei group) on Quercus sp.Inquiline of: galls of United States: Texas; Mexico: Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, México, Nuevo León, Zacatecas09FA6A09-4321-546D-9B4E-AB209BDBFF0BHartig, 1840D1314A1B-4BDA-53F7-99C4-C4D436D8FFC2Kinsey, 19229ECD1868-4EB9-5CF3-9F60-A32E4961B895Diastrophuskincaidiivar.austrior Kinsey, 1922Rubusparviflorus Nutt. and R.nutkanus Moc. ex Ser.Induces galls on United States: CaliforniaBeutenmüller, 18929D592593-819A-5140-A041-D4461363EAD9Rubusprocumbens Muhl. and R.hispidus L.Induces galls on United States: Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Rhode IslandOsten Sacken, 18634994CBFB-3355-5BBB-896A-DD30A0688FFERubus L. spp.Induces galls on United States: Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont; Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador, OntarioBeutenmüller, 19152642D025-2851-5CF7-8CBA-E8B640FFFFC6Fragariavirginiana Duch.Induces galls on United States: Michigan, Minnesota; Canada: OntarioAshmead, 1890D29E704F-3060-57E7-BB24-19A76E9C3E9DPotentilla L. sp.Induces galls on United States: Colorado, WashingtonGillette, 189346C6D395-9504-5F48-80E3-949F4AAADC43Diastrophusminimus Bassett, 1900Rubusnutkanus Moc. ex Ser. and R.parviflorus Nutt.Induces galls on United States: California, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin; Canada: British Columbia, Ontario897B39C5-E276-5E15-A157-348160A122D6Cynips (Diastrophus?) nebulosus Osten Sacken, 1861Rubuscorchorifolius L. f. (=villosus)Induces galls on United States: Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia; Canada: OntarioBassett, 19003130653A-F6C1-54E7-8DFD-54C08D38517BPotentillacanadensis L.Induces galls on United States: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Rhode IslandProvancher, 1886C7F825A9-55A3-59E5-B99C-E95F4AED6537Gall unknownCanada: OntarioBassett, 1864CCA85FB4-E004-538E-BC09-B6273C5D7544Gonaspispotentillae Potentillacanadensis L. and P.simplex Michx.Induces galls on United States: Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio; Canada: New Brunswick, Nova ScotiaBassett, 1870A4D0054E-FE4A-547B-8ABA-69D8289B5045Rubuscorchorifolius L. f. (= villosus) and R.occidentalis L.Induces galls on United States: Colorado, Michigan, North CarolinaAshmead, 1896F1A1DC6B-52F5-502F-9283-66F8B53C455DSmilaxrotundifolia L. and S.herbacea L., but this claim has been refuted  Greene (=Potentillamonspeliensisvar.norvegica)Induces galls on Canada: Ontario, QuébecBassett, 187063B39EC1-C452-5F4C-8CF4-B8C7B1D4164FDiastrophusturdigus [sic] Bassett, 1870Rubusstrigosus Michx.Induces galls on Canada: Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Québec; United States: Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, VermontFörster, 186984E1BC3E-04FD-598C-A1C9-A2565DE7F2BBMcCracken & Egbert, 1922BC0151EC-E347-53EE-953B-563A8B6CBD63Diplolepisarefacta  on RosacalifornicaInquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaAshmead, 18968EE72E7E-FC2B-5705-A2D9-B31663DD81F6Diplolepispolita Inquiline of: galls of United States: California, Colorado, WyomingProvancher, 18880F5452DA-073D-5FCD-909F-83F11C8A2E83Host unknown but presumed to be inquilinousUnited States: CaliforniaFullaway, 19111CD8FB37-F8F9-57C8-9E44-7D96F5A68323Diplolepispolita  on RosacalifornicaInquiline of: galls of United States: California; Canada: Alberta, OntarioFEA9087C-8BA6-595A-80D0-CB141D79DADAAulaxpirataRhoditesglobulus Beutenmüller, 1892 Osten Sacken, 1863 | Diplolepisignota Inquiline of: galls of United States: District of Columbia; Canada: Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan43C06708-5A9B-5CC3-8F99-762D348D4054Cynipssemipiceus Harris, 1841Rosa sp.Inquiline of: undetermined subspherical galls on roots of United States: MassachusettsAshmead, 189624730EDD-A238-5CA5-8685-2632AFF373D7Diastrophussmilacis Ashmead, 1896 [unverified]Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaAshmead, 1903A2B35999-0824-550A-A052-DC7E6C7ECEE5Ritchie & Shorthouse, 1987E09640CC-69AC-5265-A3AC-F14F8CF38913Host unknown but presumed to be inquilinousMexico: PueblaWeld, 19521D2BB20E-AB7A-5A50-A79E-140D72903EF1Diastrophuscuscutaeformis Osten Sacken, 1863 on Rubus spp.Inquiline of: galls of United States: Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, Rhode Island; Canada: Ontario27A8F6BC-F2AB-5D62-8685-C2EF702B4D09Synophrussylvestris Osten Sacken, 1861Diastrophusnebulosus ; galls of Diastrophusturgidus Bassett, 1870; galls of Diastrophusbassettii Beutenmüller, 1892 on Rubus spp.Inquiline of: galls of United States: Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia, West VirginiaWeld, 1952D2DC8ECC-A765-54F1-A7C3-D36E3B208A38Diastrophusbassettii Beutenmüller, 1892; galls of Diastrophuscuscutaeformis Osten Sacken, 1863; galls of Diastrophusradicum Bassett, 1870 on Rubus spp.Inquiline of: galls of United States: Alabama, Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia0B6CF8AA-30F5-50E6-9647-7AC0F40BFAF6Geoffroy, 17621509E157-CC25-58D8-9629-3FFA41B35CFFBEB59E19-C7BE-5CDB-940B-DB45158247ABRhoditesarefactus Gillette, 1894Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: Colorado, UtahD413FC25-851C-5F5B-A268-2B8E46A1F835Rhoditesashmeadi Beutenmüller, 1918Rosanutkana C. PreslInduces galls on United States: Oregon039BF13C-D8EF-5024-8798-AD0F1AD99323Rhoditesbassetti Beutenmüller, 1918Rosanutkana C. Presl and R.woodsii Lindl.Induces galls on United States: Oregon; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, SaskatchewanKinsey, 192215278AAE-6FC6-5224-B446-46CBD25F1560Diplolepisbassettivar.lucida Kinsey, 1922Rosanutkana C. PreslInduces galls on United States: Idaho, Oregon52BD0394-A25B-59C0-8C3C-AA8B2720D9CDCynipsbicolor Harris, 1841Rosawoodsii Lindl. and R.arkansana PorterInduces galls on United States: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Washington, Wisconsin; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scota, Ontario, Québec, SaskatchewanB7F78F6C-72EB-540D-82A6-DDA6086F1482Rhoditescalifornicus Beutenmüller, 1914Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: California, IdahoF4665822-C060-55C1-A268-4A5EF7E9C3FFCynipsdichlocera Harris, 1841Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: Massachusetts; Canada: Ontario429F31D8-C402-53D0-94E5-BF758634E95BRhoditesfulgens Gillette, 1894Rosarugosa Thunb.Induces galls on United States: Illinois, New York, South Dakota3D783558-D47B-507E-8FE3-DA2B6C4C5AC8Rhoditesfusiformans Ashmead, 1890Rosaarkansana Porter, R.woodsii Lindl., and R.blanda AitonInduces galls on United States: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, OntarioKinsey, 192200C37F3F-3AF1-5289-BA5F-82F9161D5BFDDiplolepisfusiformansvar.mendocinensis Kinsey, 1922Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: CaliforniaKinsey, 192206D7ED59-2313-505D-AC41-62D3567C9ABCDiplolepisfusiformansvar.minuta Kinsey, 1922Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: California53CABA93-598E-5516-939E-08B2587A29EBRhoditesgraxilis Ashmead, 1897Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: Minnesota, Wisconsin; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan71C93824-F4EA-5B48-B058-6A7C7F850DD6RhoditesignotaRhoditescarolina Ashmead, 1887 Osten Sacken, 1863 | Rosaarkansana Porter, R.blanda Aiton, R.carolina L., R.nitida Willd., and R.virginiana Mill.Induces galls on United States: Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Montana, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington; Canada: Manitoba, SaskatchewanDailey & Campbell, 1973C33D529F-41E8-5BE5-BEDC-881D6ED67C37Rosacalifornica Cham. and Schltdl.Induces galls on United States: CaliforniaWeld, 1952AD9DA108-52AF-5E7E-85B4-9FE0BD712CCBRosanutkana C. PreslInduces galls on United States: California, Oregon, WashingtonFC548EC7-A329-5740-83F7-2D1A8EDA2827Rhoditesmayri Schlechtendal, 1877Rosarubiginosa L.Induces galls on United States: New JerseyE0A744AB-8C02-59C0-9AAD-3E19C42E58BARhoditesnebulosa Bassett, 1890Rosablanda Aiton, R.carolina L., R.rubiginosa L., and R.woodsii Lindl.Induces galls on United States: Connecticut, New York; Canada: Alberta, Ontario9086F863-9539-5161-A63F-1FC48A084602Rhoditesneglecta Gillette, 1894Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: Colorado4FEC4B9C-596F-5E61-8DF9-2360738D15C0DiplolepiscentifoliaeRhoditescentifoliae Hartig, 1840 | Rhoditesandrei Kieffer, 1904 | Rhoditesdispar Niblett, 1943 | Rhoditeskiefferi Loiselle, 1912 | Diplolepisrosarum  | Rhoditesrosarum Giraud, 1859 | Cynipsnervosa Curtis, 1838 |  | Rosacanina L. and R.rubiginosa L.Induces galls on United States: Oregon; Canada: Ontario, QuébecEB9DD194-383A-5322-B9EE-6F8D95B4F74ARhoditesnodulosus Beutenmüller, 1918Rosawoodsii Lindl., Rosavirginiana Mill., and R.blanda Aiton; possibly induces galls onRosacarolinavar.lucida (Ehrh.) Farw. [unsubstantiated]Induces galls on United States: Illinois, Massachusetts; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan25D0813E-DC76-5B63-B05D-6AEC276E3567Rhoditesoregonensis Beutenmüller, 1918Rosanutkana C. PreslInduces galls on United States: Idaho, Oregon, Washington; Canada: Saskatchewan1482054B-ED1A-5B4C-A9CB-186335291A87Rhoditesostensackeni Beutenmüller, 1918Rosanutkana C. PreslInduces galls on United States: OregonCC2EF917-439A-55FC-BB66-555CCEB63D13RhoditespolitaRhoditesoccidentalis Beutenmüller, 1922 Ashmead, 1890 | Rosacalifornica Cham. & Schltdl., R.woodsii Lindl., R.acicularis Lindl., and R.arkansana PorterInduces galls on United States: Alaska, California, Colorado; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon234F952F-46D7-5B93-8A44-6A2EB7184DC4Rhoditespustulatoides Beutenmüller, 1914Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: IndianaD8396AD6-A863-58BF-B8C8-427CE0A292BBRhoditesradicumTribaliabatatorum Walsh, 1864 | Rhoditesatahensis Bassett, 1890 | Diplolepisradicumvar.johnsoni Kinsey, 1922 | Diplolepisradicumvar.plana Kinsey, 1922 | Diplolepisradicumvar.divergens Kinsey, 1922 | Diplolepisradicumvar.angustior Hunter, 1923 Osten Sacken, 1863 | Rosacarolina L., R.nutkana C. Presl, and R.woodsii Lindl.Produces galls on United States: Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington; Canada: British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario22EB17CE-6F45-5466-8BDB-449DEB99FB91Cynipsrosae Linnaeus, 1758Rosarugosa Thunb., R.cinnamoea L., R.rubiginosa L., and R.blanda AitonInduces galls on United States: California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Montana, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec6D6E9B48-D25F-5F78-A084-294071807CEBRhoditesrosaefoliiRhoditeslenticularis Bassett, Cockerell, 1889 | Rosaacicularis Lindl., R.woodsii Lindl., and R.arkansana PorterInduces galls on United States: California, Colorado, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Washington; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan, YukonBAE12AAA-1448-5592-A968-788EAA299EC7Rhoditessimilis Ashmead, 1897Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: WyomingF1E70807-DF28-5599-A4C8-485924EFA8FERhoditesspinosaRhoditesspinosissima Gillette, 1889 | Rhoditesmultispinosa Gillette, 1890 Ashmead, 1887 | Rosarubiginosa L., R.woodsii Lindl., and R.blanda AitonInduces galls on United States: California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Minnesota, Washington; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, SaskatchewanWeld, 19523ECE4BEC-32BB-5716-9E10-1E2EB524B0ACRosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: CaliforniaShorthouse & Ritchie, 19846233ED3E-1DC4-520A-9EE1-FF8F530646A2Rosaacicularis Lindl. and R.woodsii Lindl.Induces galls on United States: Minnesota; Canada: Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, SaskatchewanDF5CAF41-2099-5204-9CD4-1EAA4F5B3266DiplolepistuberculatrixRhoditestuberculator Cockerell, 1888 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.coloradensisformcoloradensis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.coloradensisformsubcoloradensis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.wasatchensis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.versicolor Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.melanderi Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.rubriderma Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.sierranensis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 | Diplolepistuberculatrixvar.descansonis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922  | Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: California, Colorado, North Dakota, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington717B9C2F-45F3-5C2F-9DC8-62EE4460C6BCCynips (Rhodites?) tuberculosa Osten Sacken, 1861Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United StatesAF93C998-465D-5713-AA9D-D70387A71921RhoditestumidusDiplolepistuberculatrixvar.tumidaformxerophila Kinsey and Ayres, 1922 Bassett, 1890 | Rosa L. sp.Produces galls on United States: Utah8C002A32-DA40-5EDE-AD10-5E68FD2477F2RhoditesvariabilisRhoditesglobuloides Beutenmüller, 1907 Bassett, 1890 | Rosawoodsii Lindl.Induces galls on United States: Colorado, Itado, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming; Canada: British Columbia73EEC23D-093B-514A-8AB8-99A48C4A1F3DRhoditesverna Osten Sacken, 1863Rosablanda AitonInduces galls on United States: District of Columbia, New York1B3554DB-203B-54C7-BFE9-FAC521F01E9ERhoditesweldi Beutenmüller, 1913Rosa L. sp.Induces galls on United States: CaliforniaB528C46E-A0F4-5772-A058-E1354129B0FEFörster, 1860477FC6F2-9889-5176-85B4-C3758B53E2CBA5B7D1F6-DF35-5EDB-AF12-ECEE96C90790Aulaxhypochaeridis Kieffer, 1887Hypochaerisradicata L.Induces galls on United States: California, Oregon; Canada: British Columbia4B67B9EB-3E06-553E-9182-BDBD27926D33Gilletteataraxaci Ashmead, 1897Taraxacumofficinale F. H. Wigg.Induces galls on United States: Minnesota, PennsylvaniaA60DA05C-81C8-5EA2-BF7D-AFE155A7D723Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910F924F48B-D261-51DE-AFDC-B7E15DFD9DCAWeld, 1944DEB82DC5-C059-5458-964D-1E7F7C109148United States: District of Columbia, Missouri15554AB1-8B73-50FE-9D4B-638EE69552A5United States: FloridaHartig, 1840EACD37F8-0892-5C1D-9062-2D2703B39827Ashmead, 18968EBF588B-BB68-5D27-8AC9-628423F2253DSynergusmaculatusSynergusobscurus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 Fullaway, 1911 | Neuroterussaltatorius ; undetermined round, brown galls, 2.0 mm in diameter located on adaxial leaf surface on Quercusagrifolia  Inquiline of: galls of United States: Colorado, MichiganAshmead, 18964D08CD13-722B-59E4-9CDD-F289244E11DDDisholcaspisspongiosa  Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaGillette, 1896696E30E4-C313-5F8F-82E1-A7334A6D728CAtruscabrevipennata  Inquiline of: galls of United States: ColoradoAshmead, 1885FF0A40DB-9088-5E6E-BEEF-DFA04B16AC05Callirhytisquercusbatoides  Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaMcCracken & Egbert, 19224E1C2A11-F37B-5FB3-9F1F-34B26DA5AF89Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.Inquiline of: undetermined galls on United States: CaliforniaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2021D9734D66-951D-5254-AC75-6C53E1E950E1Andricus sp. Q.potosinaInquiline of: galls of Mexico: AguascalientesAshmead, 189627EE075D-3813-5722-8816-0155B5FA18B4Saphonecrusbrevicornis Andricus sp. on Quercuswislizeni A. DC.Inquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaAshmead, 1885145F452C-ABDD-5417-A5D4-F62E5AA8EA55Andricusquercusfoliatus Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaOsten Sacken, 186527286621-38F3-5397-AFC3-ECCAB920007CAndricusdimorphus ; galls of Acraspiserinacei ; galls of Acraspispezomachoides ; galls of Disholcaspisquercusglobulus ; galls of Disholcaspisquercusmamma ; galls of Trigonaspis?quercusforticorne Inquiline of: galls of United States: District of Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Wisconsin9FBE5B43-97BF-536F-AFF6-D5EDCA212A0BPericlistuscastanopsidis Dryocosmuscastanopsidis  Inquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaPujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2017D2C35873-BE59-5AAE-9ACB-00626E6B05BEDisholcaspis, on twigs of undetermined species of Quercus; undetermined spherical galls on abaxial leaf surface on Quercusglabrescens AE9272BC-5B5D-504C-BBE1-B1FD383087EACeroptrescitriformisSynergusniger Fullaway, 1911 | Synerguselegans Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011 Ashmead, 1885 | Amphibolipscitriformis Ashmead" Inquiline of: galls of United States: Florida, Iowa, MissouriMcCracken & Egbert, 1922EFDD1074-DBF8-5F20-AF2D-D279BB130298Quercusagrifolia NéeInquiline of: undetermined twig galls on United States: CaliforniaOsten Sacken, 1865D426DE5C-D906-5AE6-821B-C74AAC647D59Besbicusconspicuus  on Quercuslobata Inquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 20211A1109BB-1320-5D85-98B1-A00A8938E014Melikaiellabicolor Pujade-Villar, 2014; galls of Sphaeroteras sp. on the leaves of Quercusobtusata; galls of Neuroterus sp. on the leaves of Quercuspeduncularis; undetermined round galls on the twigs of QuercusacutifoliaInquiline of: galls of Mexico: Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, Puebla71FF879C-2BE8-510F-B082-639B7201716FSynergussplendidusSynergusdubiosus Fullaway, 1911 | Ceroptresdorsalis Provancher, 1888 Fullaway, 1911 | Quercuslobata; galls of Amphibolipsquercuspomiformis (Bassett 1881) on Quercusagrifolia; Synergusdubiosus was reared from galls of A.quercuspomiformis on Q.agrifolia; undetermined galls on Quercuswislizeni. See Inquiline of: undetermined galls on United States: CaliforniaGillette, 1896EB061D7E-7793-5860-BA92-50B533CD9F60Disholcaspisquercusmamma Inquiline of: galls of United States: Delaware, MinnesotaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2021430FE4F8-2944-5FBE-92CD-FB36DA299EF0Femurosrepandae Kinsey, 1937; undetermined galls of Neuroterus on the leaves of Quercusobtusata; undetermined galls of Andricus on the twigs of QuercusobtusataInquiline of: galls of Mexico: Ciudad de México, México, Veracruz de Ignacio de la LlavePujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2016FCF0B99E-6219-54E1-B32F-7ACB6C6E6427QuercusrugosaInquiline of: undetermined concealed galls in the acorns of Mexico: MorelosGillette, 18969717D9FD-38C4-568F-BD1F-5F796A68D6CAAcraspiserinacei ; galls of Acraspismacrocarpae Bassett, 1890; galls of Acraspispezomachoides Osten Sacken, 1862Inquiline of: galls of United States: Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, New York; Canada: OntarioPujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila, 2016C049B6A0-F4DB-5256-AB7F-09A80B655743Andricus spp. ; woolly galls of Andricusmexicanus Kinsey ; woolly galls of Andricuscrystallinus; woolly galls of Andricusgeorgei; woolly galls of Andricusmaesi; woolly galls of Cynips spp. (Antron group); woolly galls of Andricusnievesaldreyi; woolly galls of Andricusquercuslanigera (Ashmead) (= A.linaria (Kinsey)); non-woolly galls of Andricusrochai Pujade-Villar, 2018; non-woolly galls of Atrusca spp.; non-woolly galls of Disholcaspisnr.insulana; non-woolly galls of Disholcaspisnr.mexicana; non-woolly galls of Kokkocynipsnr.doctorrosae; non-woolly galls of Loxaulus; undetermined galls on Quercussect.Quercus. According to Synergusfilicornis was described from specimens "obtained from woolly leaf galls of ‘Andricusguatemalensis ’", a name they consider incertae sedis.Inquiline of: woolly galls of Mexico: Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro, ZacatecasMcCracken & Egbert, 1922554448EA-1BE1-5EA2-A45A-37668AE151A4Synergusvariegatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922Heteroecusflavens ; galls of Heteroecuspacificus ; galls of Trichoterascoquilletti Ashmead, 1897Inquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2020FF846158-1C0B-5489-97AB-CF2E5B4FA6DAAndricus sp(p).; woolly galls of Striatoandricus sp(p).; non-woolly galls of Andricus spp.; non-woolly galls of Atrusca spp.; non-woolly galls of Amphibolips spp.; non-woolly galls of Cynips spp. mainly on Quercussect.Quercus Inquiline of: galls of United States: Colorado, New Mexico68CD31AD-70FB-55F6-8AA2-63E09BAE7083Amphibolipscookii Gillette, 1888; galls of Amphibolipsconfluenta ; galls of Amphibolipsquercusinanis Osten Sacken, 1862; galls of Amphibolipsquercusjuglans ; galls of Amphibolipsquercusostensackenii ; galls of Amphibolipsquercusspongifica ; galls of Andricuspisiformis Beutenmüller, 1911; galls of Andricusquercusfrondosus ; galls of Atruscaquercuscentricola ; galls of Disholcaspisquercusglobulus ; galls of Disholcaspisrubens ; undetermined gall on Quercusfalcata Michx.; undetermined bud gall on undetermined Quercussect.LobataeInquiline of: galls of United States: Colorado, District of Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, PennsylvaniaB826BAF5-DA46-51B4-AA2C-D882FC54D6F5CynipsSynerges [sic]) lignicola Osten Sacken, 1862 | Synergusdavisi  | Andricusdavisi Beutenmüller, 1907 | Synerges [sic] rhoditiformis Walsh, 1864 ; galls of Callirhytisquercusgemmaria ; galls of Callirhytisquercuspunctata ; undetermined galls on Quercusincana and other Quercussect.Lobatae spp.Inquiline of: galls of United States: District of Columbia, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, VirginiaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2021B7B6A4F5-DF55-55F8-BBE4-2289D4938D3BDisholcaspis sp. on twigs of Quercus sp.; small, striped, round, undetermined galls on twigs of Quercus sp.  on Quercusincana Bartram (= Q.cinerea Raf.), Q.marilandica (L.) Münchn. and Q.myrtifolia Willd.Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaWalsh, 1864E3C8F2DE-8AC9-5439-9C08-ED3566C5801CSynergesmendax Walsh, 1864 [sic] Callirhytisquercuspunctata Inquiline of: galls of United States: IllinoisGillette, 1896C6CC0D16-88CE-58FA-9D35-91D057B04153SynophrusmexicanusSynergusmexicana Gillette, 1896 | Synergusdugesi Ashmead, 1899 | Synergusmultiplicatus Fullaway, 1911 | Saphonerusbrevis Weld, 1926 | Synergusbrevis   | Quercus and Lobatae sections"  ) on Quercusdouglasii Hook. and Arn. (Quercus section)  see .United States: Arizona, California, New Mexico; Mexico: Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, ZacatecasMcCracken & Egbert, 1922EFCAD951-8619-51B0-B27D-49DDEE094F8FHeteroecuspacificus Inquiline of: galls of United States: CaliforniaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 20214558856C-6E8D-5A4C-B873-C72B9950F43BAndricus or Loxaulus, on twigs of Quercusobtusata AE96A876-1598-5F79-82EC-2C026FEFC161Ceroptresobtusilobae Ashmead, 1885Quercusstellata; undetermined gall on Quercusalba L.  (= Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctatavar.conspicua) on Quercuslobata; galls of Amphibolipsquercuspomiformis ; galls of Disholcaspiseldoradensis ; galls of Disholcaspis sp. on Quercusoblongifolia; undetermined galls on Quercuslobata and Q.dumosa D3603921-3755-5B07-9D7D-2F4EF28F84BECynipsoneratusSynergusgarryanus Gillette, 1893 | Synergusoneratuscoloradensis  | Synergusoneratusvar.coloradensis Gillette, 1896 Harris, 1841 | Andricus (=Adleria) quercusstrobilana ; galls of Atruscabrevipennata ; galls of Disholcaspisquercusglobulus ; galls of Disholcaspisrubens ; galls similar to those of Disholcaspisperniciosa   on Quercusgarryana; galls of Disholcaspiseldoradensis on Quercuslobata and Q.dumosa; galls of Disholcaspisperniciosa on Quercusgambelii; galls of Disholcaspisrubens on Quercusxundulata; galls of Acraspiserinacei ; galls of Acraspispezomachoides Osten Sacken, 1862; galls of Philonixnigra Gillette, 1889; galls of Atruscaquercuscentricola ; galls of Andricusrobustus Weld, 1926; galls of Andricusbiconicus Weld, 1926; galls of Disholcaspisquercusmamma   (= Andricuspacificus) on Quercuschrysolepis; galls of Disholcaspiscanescens  on Quercusdouglasii   on Quercuswislizeni A. DC. and Q.agrifolia (Lobatae section); Amphibolips sp. on Quercusagrifolia  on Quercusaffinis and Quercuslaurina; galls of Andricusquercuslaurinus ; other tuberous galls initiated by Andricus spp.; woolly galls induced by Andricus spp. and Striatoandricus spp.; non-woolly galls induced by Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Dros, Neuroterus on Quercus spp. (sections Quercus and Lobatae)  Mexico: Ciudad de México, Hidalgo, México, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la LlaveGillette, 1896E5B42ECB-F50A-5078-A2D1-F3F4770CD9E0Synerguspunctata Gillette, 1896Disholcaspisrubens  and Disholcaspiseldoradensis  and Biorhizaeburnea   on Quercusarizonica Sarg., Q.dumosa Nutt. (= Q.durata), Q.gambelii Nutt., Q.garryana Dougl. ex Hook., Q.lobata Née, Q.oblongifolia Torr., Q.rugosa, Q.toumeyi Sarg., Q.turbinella Greene and Q.undulata Torr.; galls of Andricusnigricens ; galls of Philonixnigra ; galls of Acraspiserinacei ; galls of Acraspismacrocarpae Bassett, 1890; galls of Andricusrobustus Weld, 1926 4B1A65BB-9314-558C-83EE-EDEB47118087Cynipsquercus-lanaAndricuslana Ashmead, 1885 | Synerguslana Cresson, 1887 Fitch, 1859 | Andricusquercusflocci Inquiline of United States: Iowa, New YorkMcCracken & Egbert, 1922B4EFBBF6-7AFC-5C5D-9EF4-A5DFC79DF0D6Synergusmagnificus Weld, 1957Disholcaspis?reniformis  on Quercusvaccinifolia; galls of Andricus?truckeensis  on Quercuschrysolepis; unknown galls on Quercuschrysolepis and Quercusvaccinifolia  on Quercuseduardi and Q.crassipes; galls of Amphibolipszacatequensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011 on Quercuseduardi and Q.crassipes; galls of Amphibolipscibriani Pujade-Villar, 2018  on Quercuscrassipes E2DB0B5E-5F07-5B52-8E9C-6409BC07FD70Ceroptressuccinipedis Ashmead, 1885Disholcaspisquercusvirens Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 20192E89A9BB-D6CC-5C0C-AD33-689D5A8459E5Andricus sp. on Quercusmexicana Bonpl. (Lobatae Section) and Q.rugosa (Quercus section)Inquiline of: woody tuberous twig galls of Mexico: Guerrero, MéxicoGillette, 1891E027D244-F0EC-5A88-A883-3AA7BD14B72BAcraspisvillosa Gillette, 1888, Callirhytislanata , and Dryocosmusimbricariae Inquiline of: galls of United States: Illinois, IowaE7A7CFC1-064D-5579-810E-8E86B2A96B2CCeroptresvirentis Ashmead, 1885Disholcaspisquercusvirens Inquiline of: galls of United States: FloridaGillette, 18964C070962-811E-5100-8ABF-BA45484F4DF0SynophrusalbipesSynergusalbipes  Walsh, 1864 | Andricusignotus , Andricuspattoni , Andricusquercusflocci , Phylloterasvolutellae Ashmead, 1897, and Phylloteraspoculum Inquiline of: galls of United States: Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, MissouriLobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2021E967F161-2B81-5650-BBFB-33212FBE0FF4Andricus sp. on twigs of Quercusmexicana  of North America, including information about the taxon name history, vernacular names, biotic associations, and geographic regions in which these species occur. The checklist was created using Darwin Core data standard, including Darwin Core Extensions for Taxon Description, Literature References, Vernacular Names, and Species Distribution. A glossary of gall morphology is also included. The data are compressed into a Darwin Core Archive.A catalogue of the File: oo_564492.ziphttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/564492Nastasi, L. F. and Deans, A. R.


Such structures, presenting up to five diversity centers, have allowed the synthesis of a wide range of differently substituted compounds; however, the diversity at the C4 position has mostly been limited to a few substituents. In this paper, a general synthetic methodology for the synthesis of 4-substituted-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-ones is described. By using cross-coupling reactions, such as Ullmann, Buchwald–Hartwig, Suzuki–Miyaura, or Sonogashira reactions, catalyzed by Cu or Pd, we were able to describe new potential biologically active compounds. The resulting pyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-ones include N-alkyl, N-aryl, O-aryl, S-aryl, aryl, and arylethynyl substituents at C4, which have never been explored in connection with the biological activity of such heterocycles as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in particular as ZAP-70 inhibitors.Pyrido[2,3- Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Syk family mainly expressed in T lymphocytes and NK cells. After the activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) by an antigen, ZAP-70 is recruited by the ITAM motifs of CD3Z chains of the TCR complex and activated. Upon phosphorylation, ZAP-70 phosphorylates LAT and SLP-76, which are responsible for the proliferation and survival of T lymphocytes ,2. Givend]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones 1 are ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycles consisting of pyridone and pyrimidine rings. This kind of structure presents up to five diversity centers  and two possible degrees of unsaturation between C5 and C6 (d]pyrimidines 2 are considered privileged heterocyclic scaffolds for drug discovery due to their well-known activity as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) pyrimidin-7(8H)-one 1: starting from an adequately substituted 4-amino-5-bromopyrimidine 3 or starting from an N-substituted pyrimidine-4-amine 4, which contains a carbon functional group G  at position C5 of the pyrimidine ring. This latter compound is usually obtained from the corresponding 4-chloro-substituted pyrimidine 5 -one 1 either because they could be involved in a possible secondary reaction during the formation of the pyridone ring or because they can even preclude the construction of such a ring due to the steric hindrance that such a substituent could produce. These difficulties have reduced the chemical diversity of substituents present at C4 of the resulting pyridopyrimidine to hydrogen, amino, or short alkyl groups. Only the introduction of a chlorine atom at the starting pyrimidine 4 allows the construction of the corresponding 4-chloro-substituted pyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one 1 that could allow the further introduction of diversity at such a position pyrimidin-7-(8H)-ones (10) by cyclization of guanidine systems like 9 with 2-methoxy-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitriles (8), which in turn are obtained by means of a Michael-type reaction between malononitrile (7) and an α,β-unsaturated ester of general structure 6 in NaOMe/MeOH media (d]pyrimidin-7-(8H)-ones via the corresponding Michael adduct between an α,β-unsaturated ester 6 and methyl cyanoacetate pyrimidin-7-(8H)-ones using the preceding synthetic approaches is certainly limited as we showed in a recent review pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones with a wide range of substituents at the C4 position, starting from a common structure. To do so, we synthesized 4-amino-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (13) in a one-pot microwave-assisted reaction between methyl acrylate (11), malononitrile (7), and phenyl guanidine (12)  , with yi13 was performed, followed by trapping with water, to lead the 2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidine-4,7-dione (14) in almost a quantitative yield  to afford 4-((1H-benzo[d][d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (15) or a triflate group (OTf), affording 7-oxo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyridopyrimidin-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (16), with both reactions having yields above 90% (d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17) can be obtained in a 95% yield. On the basis of these structures, holding diverse leaving groups, we were able to synthesize, describe, characterize, and test the biological activity of several new compounds.Once -benzo[d],3triazolbove 90% . FinallyN-alkyl and N-aryl substituents -ones (19) synthesized by direct palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl triflates and anilines is included in Regarding the synthesis of compounds with O-Aryl and S-aryl substituents using the same cross-coupling conditions described in the right of N-aryl substituents, we observed the recovery of the starting material 16.Unfortunately, when we explored 17, could have a beneficial effect on the reactivity of the pyridopyrimidine and it might help us to achieve the O-arylated or S-arylated products by means of catalytic Ullmann-type reactions. Besides, the presence of the iodine group can also open the door to explore other cross-couplings like Suzuki–Miyaura or Sonogashira reactions at the very same position -5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-ones (22) included the use of Cs2CO3 as a base, Pd(PPh3)4 as the catalyst, and a deoxygenated mixture of 1,4-dioxane/water (10:1) as a solvent. The resulting structures are shown in The best conditions found for the Suzuki arylation of compound 24. In turn, this approach would allow the generation of a wider variety of structures just by carrying out a second Sonogashira coupling with 24 and different aryl iodides, which are generally more accessible and cheaper than ethynylaryl compounds. On this basis, we synthesized the 2-(phenylamino)-4-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (23b) and proceeded to the efficient deprotection of the trimethylsilyl group using a 1 M TBAF/THF solution [d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (24) was obtained, a second Sonogashira reaction was accomplished, but this time using the pyridopyrimidine as a limiting reagent and the aryl iodides as an excess reagent -ones, which have never been synthesized before. Our group tested the biological activity of several pyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-ones with substituents at C2, C5, and/or C6 with an amino or carbonyl group at the C4 position as TKI. In our experience, most of these compounds show high biological activity against tyrosine kinases involved in solid tumors, by targeting overexpressed proteins in lung pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones 1 described previously in the literature bearing a hydrogen atom or alkyl groups at position C4. A search carried out in SciFinder pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones presenting amino or carbonyl groups at C4 showed no significant activity against this biological target.Convergently, when, as a part of our project on ZAP-70 inhibitors, we sent to Reaction Biology (d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones to hitherto unexplored regions. Thus, two successive iterations modifying the chemical diversity at the C4 position allowed us to obtain compounds with high biological activity against ZAP-70 and SYK, key tyrosine kinases involved in lymphoma. In particular, some of the compounds synthesized exhibited inhibitory activities higher than 90% for ZAP-70 -ones can fit the ATP-binding site of the tyrosine kinase domain of ZAP-70 and the C4 substituent would help to reach the pocket defined by Lys369  and Asp479, which belongs to the DFG motif, abutting the activation loop . Chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (δ) and are referenced to the residual signal of the solvent DMSO-6d 2.50 ppm or tetramethylsilane (TMS) 0 ppm in 1H NMR spectra and to the residual signal of the solvent DMSO-6d 39.5 ppm in 13C NMR. Coupling constants are reported in Hertz (Hz). Standard and peak multiplicities are designed as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet; dd, doublet of doublets; t, triplet; q, quartet; p, quintet; br, broad signal. “*” means interchangeable assignment. IR spectra were recorded in a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS10 FTIR spectrophotometer with Smart iTr. Wavenumbers (ν) are reported in cm−1. MS data (m/z (%), EI, 70 eV) were obtained by using an Agilent Technologies 5975. HRMS data were obtained by using a X500B (SCIEX) QTOF high-resolution mass spectrometer (ESI mode). Elemental microanalyses were obtained on a EuroVector Instruments Euro EA 3000 elemental analyzer. All microwave irradiation experiments were carried out in a dedicated Biotage-Initiator microwave apparatus, operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz with continuous irradiation power from 0 to 400 W with the utilization of the standard absorbance level of 400 W maximum power. Reactions were carried out in glass tubes, sealed with aluminum/Teflon crimp tops, which can be exposed up to 250 °C and 20 bar internal pressure. Temperature was measured with an IR sensor on the outer surface of the process vial. After the irradiation period, the reaction vessel was cooled rapidly (60–120 s) to ambient temperature by air-jet cooling. Synthesis and spectroscopic data for all compounds are described in the All solvents and chemicals were reagent grade. Unless otherwise mentioned, all solvents and chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers  and used without further purification. H-benzo[d][1-3]triazol-1-yl)oxy)-2-(phenylamino)-4,5,6,8-tetrahydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (15)  was suspended in ACN (20 mL), 3 equivalents of the corresponding amine (0.803 mmol) were added to the suspension, and the mixture was heated at 140 °C under microwave irradiation for 6 h. Then, water was added to the residue and the solid was collected by filtration and washed with water, ethanol, and diethyl ether in order to afford the corresponding spectroscopically pure product.The intermediate 4-((1d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (18a)4-((3-Morpholinopropyl)amino)-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyrido[1-3]triazol-1-yl)oxy)-2-(phenylamino)-4,5,6,8-tetrahydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (15)  and N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine . The mixture was heated at 140 °C for 6h under microwave irradiation. In total, 54.1 mg  of spectroscopically pure 4-((3-morpholinopropyl)amino)-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (18a) were obtained as an orangish solid. mp: >250 °C. 1H-NMR  δ (ppm): 9.96 , 8.73 , 7.85–7.79 , 7.22–7.16 , 6.88–6.81 , 6.67 , 3.56 , 3.41 , 2.60–2.51 , 2.40–2.29 , 1.74 . 13C-NMR  δ (ppm): 171.1 (C7), 160.1 (C4), 157.9 (C2), 155.5 (C8a), 141.5 (C10), 128.2 (C12), 120.1 (C13), 118.2 (C11), 85.9 (C4a), 66.2 (C20), 56.4 (C17), 53.4 (C19), 39.1 (C15), 30.3 (C6), 26.0 (C16), 17.1 (C5). IR (KBr) ν (cm−1): 3429, 3287, 3204, 2917, 2861, 1635, 1601, 1579, 1548, 1444, 1375, 1245, 1119, 752. OEA calculated for C20H26N6O2: C: 62.81%, H: 6.85%, N: 21.97%; found: C: 62.46%, H: 6.67%, N: 21.57%. HRMS (APCI-FIA-TOF) (m/z) calculated for C20H26N6O2: 382.2117, [M]+, found: 383.2187, [M+H]+.As above but carried out by using 4-((1d]pyrimidin-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (16) (1 eq), cesium carbonate (1.2 eq), palladium(II)acetate (0.1 eq), XPhos (0.15 eq), and the corresponding aniline (1.1 eq) were introduced under argon atmosphere into a Schlenk tube. After that, anhydrous toluene (1 mL) was added and the mixture was heated overnight at 100 °C. Then, water (30 mL) was added to the residue and the solid was collected by filtration and washed with water, ethanol, and cyclohexane in order to afford the spectroscopically pure product.Intermediate 7-oxo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (19a)2-(Phenylamino)-4-amino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (16)  and 3,4,5-trimethoxyaniline . In total, 79.2 mg  of spectroscopically pure 2-(phenylamino)-4-amino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (19a) were obtained as a pale brown solid. mp: >250 °C. 1H-NMR  δ (ppm): 10.17 , 8.87 , 8.29 , 7.75–7.72 , 7.13–7.09 , 6.90 , 6.86–6.82 , 3.69 , 3.65 , 2.77 , 2.56 . 13C-NMR  δ (ppm): 171.2 (C7), 158.1 (C4), 157.5 (C2), 157.0 (C8a), 152.4 (C17), 141.0 (C10), 135.9 (C15), 133.1 (C18), 128.1 (C12), 120.5 (C13), 118.6 (C11), 100.2 (C16), 87.9 (C4a), 60.1 (C20), 55.6 (C19), 30.3 (C6), 17.3 (C5). IR (KBr) ν (cm−1): 3350, 3288, 3206, 3138, 2959, 2927, 2851, 1677, 1601, 1580, 1503, 1443, 1239, 1221, 1129, 996, 745. HRMS (APCI-FIA-TOF) (m/z) calculated for C22H23N5O4: 421.1750, [M]+, found: 422.1820, [M+H]+.As above but carried out by using 7-oxo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17) (1 eq), tripotassium phosphate (2 eq), copper(I) iodide (0.05 eq), 2-picolinic acid (0.1 eq), and the corresponding phenol or thiophenol (1.2 eq) were introduced under argon atmosphere into a Schlenk tube. After that, anhydrous DMSO (1.4 mL) was added and the mixture was heated overnight at 80 °C. Then, water (30 mL) was added to the residue and the solid was collected by filtration and washed with more water, ethanol, and diethyl ether to afford the spectroscopically pure product.Intermediate 4-iodo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (20a)4-Phenoxy-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17)  and phenol . The mixture reaction was heated at 80 °C for 48h. In total, 41.7 mg  of spectroscopically pure 4-phenoxy-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (20a) were obtained as a greyish solid. mp: >250 °C. 1H-NMR  δ (ppm): 10.60 , 9.20 , 7.53–7.41 , 7.33–7.24 , 7.26–7.17 , 7.06–6.98 , 6.85–6.76 , 2.85 , 2.61 . 13C-NMR  δ (ppm): 171.5 (C7), 165.9 (C4*), 159.6 (C8a*), 157.4 (C2), 153.0 (C15), 140.4 (C10), 129.5 (C17), 128.0 (C12), 125.0 (C18), 121.9 (C16), 120.8 (C13), 118.2 (C11), 89.9 (C4a), 30.2 (C6), 16.4 (C5). IR (ATR) ν (cm−1): 3284, 3203, 3138, 2968, 1683, 1618, 1577, 1549, 1441, 1401, 1349, 1236, 1199, 750, 688. HRMS (APCI-FIA-TOF) (m/z) calculated for C19H16N4O2: 332.1273, [M]+, found: 333.1345, [M+H]+.As above but carried out by using 4-iodo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17) (1 eq), cesium carbonate (2.5 eq), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (2% molar), and the corresponding boronic acid (1.4 eq) were introduced under argon atmosphere into a Schlenk tube. After that, a deoxygenated mixture of 1,4-dioxane/water (10:1) (1.5 mL) was added and the resultant reaction mixture was heated overnight at 90 °C. Then, water was added (20 mL) to the residue and the solid appeared was collected by filtration and washed with more water, ethanol, and diethyl ether to afford the spectroscopically pure product.Intermediate 4-iodo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (22a)4-Phenyl-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17)  and phenylboronic acid . 37.4 mg  of spectroscopically pure 4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (22a) were obtained as a dark grey solid. mp: >250 °C. 1H-NMR  δ (ppm): 10.72 , 9.41 , 7.90–7.81 , 7.65–7.59 , 7.54–7.46 , 7.26–7.20 , 6.93–6.87 , 2.85 , 2.53–2.50 . 13C-NMR  δ (ppm): 171.6 (C7), 163.2 (C4), 158.9 (C8a), 158.1 (C2), 140.9 (C10), 137.7 (C14), 129.0 (C17), 128.6 (C15), 128.3 (C12), 128.1 (C16), 120.8 (C13), 118.5 (C11), 103.4 (C4a), 30.7 (C6), 20.5 (C5). IR (ATR) ν (cm−1): 3281, 3198, 3141, 3047, 2904, 1686, 1592, 1544, 1435, 1343, 1303, 1217, 815, 749, 689. HRMS (APCI-FIA-TOF) (m/z) calculated for C19H16N4O: 316.1324, [M]+, found: 317.1392, [M+H]+.As above but carried out by using 4-iodo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17) (1 eq), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride (1.5% molar), copper(I) iodide (3% molar), and the corresponding alkyne (1.5 eq) were introduced under argon atmosphere into a Schlenk tube. Then, triethylamine (1.5 mL) was added and the Schlenk tube was sealed. The resulting reaction mixture was heated at 65 °C overnight under vigorous stirring. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the resulting mixture was suspended in water (50 mL) and the spectroscopically pure product was collected by filtration after being washed with more water, ethanol, and diethyl ether.Intermediate 4-iodo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (23b)2-(Phenylamino)-4-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (17)  and ethynyltrimethylsilane . In total, 218.3 mg  of spectroscopically pure 2-(phenylamino)-4-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-5,6-dihydropyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one (23b) were obtained as a pale green solid. mp: >250 °C. 1H-NMR  δ (ppm): 10.80 , 9.51 , 7.83–7.71 , 7.34–7.16 , 7.01–6.87 , 2.86 , 2.59 , 0.26 . 13C-NMR  δ (ppm): 171.4 (C7), 158.5 (C8a), 158.2 (C2), 146.3 (C4), 140.5 (C10), 128.4 (C12), 121.1 (C13), 118.5 (C11), 107.9 (C4a), 100.7 (C15), 100.5 (C14), 30.1 (C6), 19.9 (C5), -0.5 (C17). IR (ATR) ν (cm−1): 3283, 3144, 2957, 1685, 1592, 1567, 1547, 1500, 1437, 1335, 1210, 1063, 1020, 839, 744. HRMS (APCI-FIA-TOF) (m/z) calculated for C18H20N4OSi: 336.1406, [M]+, found: 337.1475, [M+H]+.As above but carried out by using 4-iodo-2-(phenylamino)-5,6-dihydropyrido-ATP mixture; 5 μL of test sample in 10% DMSO; and 10 μL of enzyme/substrate mixture. The assay for all protein kinases contained 70 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.5, 3 mM MgCl2, 3 mM MnCl2, 3 μM Na-orthovanadate, 1.2 mM DTT, ATP , [γ-33P]-ATP (approximately 8 × 105 cpm per well), protein kinase (variable amounts), and substrate (variable amounts). The protein kinase reaction cocktails were incubated at 30 °C for 60 min. The reaction was stopped with 50 μL of 2 % (v/v) H3PO4, plates were aspirated, and washed two times with 200 μL of 0.9 % (w/v) NaCl. All assays were performed with a BeckmanCoulter Biomek 2000/SL robotic system. Incorporation of 33Pi (counting of “cpm”) was determined with a microplate scintillation counter . All protein kinase assays were performed with a BeckmanCoulter Core robotic system.A radiometric protein kinase assay (n = 6). This value reflects unspecific binding of radioactivity to the plate in the absence of a protein kinase but in the presence of the substrate. Additionally, for each kinase, the median value of the cpm of six wells of column 2 of each assay plate was taken as the “high control”, i.e., full activity in the absence of any inhibitor (n = 6). The difference between the high and low control of each enzyme was taken as 100% activity. As part of the data evaluation the low control of each kinase was subtracted from the high control value as well as from their corresponding “compound values”. The residual activity (in %) for each compound well was calculated by using the following formula:For each kinase, the median value of the cpm of six wells of column 1 of each assay plate was defined as the “low control” (30 for the low and high controls of each assay plate (n = 8) was used. Reaction Biology´s criterion for repetition of an assay plate is a Z´-factor below 0.4.31 Z´-factors did not drop below 0.51, indicating an excellent assay quality.As a parameter for assay quality, the Z´-factord]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one skeleton. As far as biological activity is concerned, we demonstrate that an adequate 4-substituted pyridopyrimidin-7(8H)-one can drastically increase the biological activity of such a scaffold against some tyrosine kinases that could not be targeted before, including ZAP-70.This study nicely illustrates the impact that transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactivity has in the chemical diversification at the C4 position of the 4-substituted pyrido[2,3-


The Murcia Region (osouth-eastern Iberian Peninsula) has a great diversity of Lepidopteran fauna, as a zoogeographical crossroads and biodiversity hotspot with more than 850 butterflies and moth species recorded.Crambidae moths  is synthesised. In total, 8 subfamilies, 50 genera and 106 species have been recorded and these are listed along with their collection, literature references and biological data including chorotype, voltinism and the flight period in the study area. The subfamilies are as follows: Acentropinae, Crambinae, Glaphyriinae, Lathrotelinae, Odontiinae, Pyraustinae, Scopariinae and Spilomelinae. Forty nine species are here newly recorded for the Murcia Region.In the present paper, based on an examination of museum specimens, published records and new samples, a comprehensive and critical species list of  Crambidae, belonging to the superfamily Pyraloidea, are mainly nocturnal micromoths (Microlepidoptera) with an estimated 10,100 named species worldwide, of which the European fauna is represented by ca. 490 species . Euchromiusramburiellus (Duponchel) and Ancylolomiadisparalis (Hübner) and Udeainstitalis (Hübner), U.bipunctalis (Herrich-Schäffer), Mecynatrinalis (Denis & Schiffermüller), Metasiahymenalis Guenée, M.cuencalis Ragonot, Chrysoteuchiaculmella (Linnaeus), Loxostegecomptalis (Freyer), L.clathralis (Hübner) and Ephelispudicalis (Duponchel). Subsequently, Pediasiaribbeellus (Caradja) and Evergestisdesertalis (Hübner). Mesocrambuspallidellus (Duponchel) and then Agriphilatrabeatellus (Herrich-Schäffer).Historically, the first crambid moth recorded and described from Murcia Region was Udeaferrugalis (Hübner), Dolicharthriabruguieralis (Duponchel), Ecpyrrhorrhoediffusalis (Guenée), Pyraustasanguinalis (Linnaeus), Ostrinianubilalis (Hübner), Titaniotarraconensis Leraut & Luquet ), Aporodesfloralis (Hübner), Hyperlaislutosalis (Mann) and Loxostegesticticalis (Linnaeus), while Ancylolomiatentaculella (Hübner) and Pseudoctenellainornata Staudinger and Pyraustapurpuralis (Linnaeus).Later, Subsequent contributions are those of 2 extending along the eastern end of the Betic Cordilleras, with ca. 27% of its surface corresponding to mountainous reliefs , 38% interior depressions and valleys and the remaining 35% plateaus and coastal plains. This variety of landscapes contributes to a great diversity of Lepidopteran fauna. The Region comprises areas of xeric-mediterranean and desertic climate, with high temperatures and low rainfall, making this territory one of the warmest and driest in Europe.The Region of Murcia has a great diversity of Lepidopteran fauna, as a zoogeographical crossroads and biodiversity hotspot, with more than 850 butterfly and moth species  and rainfall (ombrotypes), four different bioclimatic areas can be recognised according to Crambidae family from the Murcia Region (south-eastern Iberian Peninsula) for taxonomists providing data about distribution, chorology, phenology and voltinism.This present checklist is intended to update the recorded species and to facilitate access to the most recent data on the Crambidae collected by the authors until the end of 2020, along with the material deposited in the private collections of J.A. de la Calle, F. Lencina, F. Albert and F. Arcas. It also includes all of those records previously referenced in the bibliography.The list contains all species of Black and actinic (6 and 15 W) Heath traps, 125 W Robinson traps, 125 W mercury vapour traps and 4 W LED light traps were used for nocturnal sampling. Catches taken during daytime and in the urban environment (street lighting) are also included. All these sampling points are located within the study area and, especially, in the natural protected areas like the mountainous Parks of Sierra Espuña, Sierra de la Pila, El Valle and Carrascoy, etc. and the coastal Parks of Calblanque, Monte de las Cenizas and Peña del Águila, Salinas and Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar, etc.Crambidae by https://doi.org/10.15470/kffxc0The subfamilies are systematically ordered and identified, based on the most recent classification of BF352E75-7113-547A-A0DD-AE2883DC2C6CEC65CB17-DD7D-5BCF-8DAA-8CC903DB7CF1D629F7D8-050A-538E-873E-969C5A093C28EurasiaticReferences: 31367547-7C41-59EC-AD35-5EFBFF53EF9AE3122648-2902-5603-8D87-57017C86FAD8EurasiaticReferences: 9305ADBA-2551-5191-89D8-E80CDF712F0AEurasiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: V-VIII. First record in Murcia Region.58F8E2FC-9A88-5222-8B1F-B94FAB792669Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: VI. First record in Murcia Region.5A1231EF-EB89-5B40-8E83-109252F06901CosmopolitanReferences: Amsel, 19496EE6E8CD-6DF7-5E9F-91B1-E5227AFD9C7DMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: Bleszynski, 1961D5130CCD-8443-5558-A0BE-6264B050D341Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IV-VI, VIII-IX. First record in Murcia Region.465F40C2-5F0F-5979-8759-41948D5C9B47Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: C31EB8ED-E6E7-5082-9F20-120AC9D4BBB5EurasiaticReferences: 9E9A552C-105A-5E2C-BB93-C52DEA9D9410Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 0111C0FB-AD2E-5989-8785-9E1C77AEE977PalaearcticReferences: 9A003E89-7A3B-55A0-A7E8-1E90AF2F5B94Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: V. First record in Murcia Region.8956F9E6-BAEE-5F03-AA80-CBE8C8F8DE89EurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IX. First record in Murcia Region.28272801-C21D-560E-9754-B8DFE6958529EurasiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VIII. First record in Murcia Region.27554D61-65F6-58FB-AEA4-4EE2714C3B88Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 7318109B-870E-5C5C-A30D-F09995004337Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VIII-X. First record in Murcia Region.052BE30E-5A59-5402-83F2-7430932C7355EurasiaticReferences: 8142B5E6-73A6-5B2E-BED4-74BF6C080BAFEurasiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VIII-IX. First record in Murcia Region.E0013111-43AD-57E9-946E-E9A5367D1AD1EurasiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: IX. First record in Murcia Region.B6653DBE-29F2-50CF-BA13-285A71D8FEDAAtlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: IX. First record in Murcia Region.54725F46-7D06-52A3-B35D-0C84481D7B9CAtlanto-MediterraneanReferences: BB53B2EF-F5AA-5D33-A097-BB4C5209FF57Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VI. First record in Murcia Region.80C2368A-89A3-5A26-9186-529E7DB234D4Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VI-IX. First record in Murcia Region.4797CE31-3699-545E-81E9-330583128EC1Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VI. First record in Murcia Region.F0B37680-A5F2-5BDB-B73C-0CA2D6BE6B6EAtlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VI. First record in Murcia Region.8DA89A93-17E1-5187-9147-94C9E9BB442DEurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: V-VII. First record in Murcia Region.22BC28D0-14BD-5CA2-A43A-85BAFECC7FD6EndemicReferences: 612478C8-4F32-59B4-A62E-12BA87088512Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: X. First record in Murcia Region.FDECBF45-10EB-5659-90F0-EC98CE6D9544Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.CA2D4285-2FCB-56E2-87D1-D081152D120CMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: F0CA65C4-EC19-5915-BD4A-D0F136F33576Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: Rebel, 19095DAB1EC4-3084-5BCB-A8D3-E9E6BEC6E2F0Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.Staudinger, 1870624C3D3A-F6D4-5A63-8EA4-50A59EF3FFECMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 85F0479D-5440-5CFC-8037-C3B227BC3F8523635E25-A208-5EE9-91F4-19FC327C3E56CosmopolitanBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: I-XII. First record in Murcia Region.885E4C29-B31C-526D-A6E8-D66813E2EF64EurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: III-VIII. First record in Murcia Region.2CBD0E2E-7C0D-52F1-91B2-4608F0A9BEF7Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: Agenjo, 1955D36F7B6C-3EE6-5517-A703-2333CA924093Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: X-V. First record in Murcia Region.132145BC-24D6-51BC-A74E-B88D53D10E88EurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: X. First record in Murcia Region.Leraut, 2003A5A51C0B-DF73-52F8-8285-5AFA0F1F291DAtlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: II, V, IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.3B3B6F30-6B6A-517F-9A8A-FEB4B9687047EurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.Leraut, 20037A74391A-7B96-5564-BC0E-FCBC32B83393Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VII-XI. First record in Murcia Region.F3520B78-03F3-542C-8FAA-0F8D8AAF92B8Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: VIII. First record in Murcia Region.391D2777-F209-53DD-95D4-C7C85858A097Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 27F29059-EA1B-598D-8F92-6B42CFEDA985Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: CDD9A53E-0918-5F30-AFEA-596743058EEC5964DF54-C8B3-5640-B377-58AD1D36F0D1TropicalBiological data: Polyvoltine. Flight period: X. First record in Murcia Region.EF109992-94C7-5FB9-B362-7D11570DE56C4CCBC27F-0591-5B3E-A2E6-9ED18B5678EEAtlanto-MediterraneanReferences: Leraut & Luquet, 198313C9EA29-EEB2-577D-9512-20965D9AEF80Atlanto-MediterraneanReferences: D2893E41-C14B-5178-B8A5-4EE171DC93E0EurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: VI. First record in Murcia Region.FC45F0E4-7EBC-531E-A65E-FDC3B5B99547Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: VII. First record in Murcia Region.4D55C0A6-618E-5B42-B434-6D67AC4CBFD7Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 04FF62B6-F013-5614-8490-460938290E83Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 2CE7AFBF-2B5C-5097-886E-EE2BB3C83B5010549CBB-E5E6-506D-BCBA-0EC80AB1ED9DAtlanto-MediterraneanReferences: 1E581297-055A-51BB-84DC-65B358210103Atlanto-MediterraneanReferences: C2012B1A-8BE0-5355-9110-E5B49F3A6964Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 3ED900BF-0DB2-5FCD-BEEF-08FB0DB2EDA5HolarcticReferences: A4423DC6-40DD-593F-A2FC-C678AA1DC230TropicalReferences: 5B21D864-E6DD-5988-8D31-808BE2335B31Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 5126C1C6-2457-546A-854A-6D02A6096483HolarcticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: V-VI, IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.47F6B811-B9CC-5820-89E0-9330B8B36199TropicalReferences: A340C378-C581-5912-8227-EA059AAD1575Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: V-VII. First record in Murcia Region.91A2AF7C-E5B4-53F4-BAAD-155D78D126D9EurasiaticReferences: 5F826419-0778-5997-A914-C6A8D8B7290AHolarcticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: V-X. First record in Murcia Region.5942D919-4191-5744-9F61-63AE6EB86A40Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: III-IV. First record in Murcia Region.F1CD8C78-5EB3-5094-8C63-6829B3EA2E25PalaearcticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: VII-VIII, X. First record in Murcia Region.E26D1F25-90FB-5D2D-8A78-C0F2A0DEE64EEurasiaticReferences: DE54E143-C8A0-5506-A3C0-2FC1BDE016BEEurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IV. First record in Murcia Region.D30AA2F5-4C8A-5474-9EEB-472D58767937Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 4562B51C-6631-55AA-B4BB-60A3DD5788A9CosmopolitanReferences: B47F69D4-681D-5F1A-9E0E-C8DBC68BE315HolarcticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: II-IV, VI. First record in Murcia Region.Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, 1973EFE53C4D-9364-5ACC-8E42-B5A3BC408BF3TropicalReferences: 13B052F2-B0AB-5395-AC54-A8C733F3E474HolarcticReferences: 370EA742-C787-529F-B880-00DCD7827D2AEurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IX. First record in Murcia Region.38F10BEB-56CC-59A7-8250-D08449C39B8EAtlanto-MediterraneanReferences: 716FF492-053A-54E1-852C-622360C10773Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 05CFD085-5F13-57B4-B786-C14FA7D0AECC07746DD2-01CB-5C3D-93D8-F30A011CB586EurasiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VII. First record in Murcia Region.023BAE81-1571-54D6-939B-930977F86606Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: IV-VI. First record in Murcia Region.Peyerimhoff, 187343867B7B-932D-5833-8FDE-636C97C70B4FMediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VII. First record in Murcia Region.7D337BD1-0514-56EE-8B8F-E9654E1E89A1EurasiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: VII-VIII. First record in Murcia Region.D58527B9-6AC8-5FF1-83DA-04F2A8FABBF2Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: X-IV. First record in Murcia Region.7F44F3D5-B68F-50B0-A4D5-0B6C62376DE7Atlanto-MediterraneanBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: II-V, VIII, X, XII. First record in Murcia Region.431B5E6B-51C5-514E-A50A-9B3D76A4FD34A7F889A6-2046-55ED-B18B-B82649D39052CosmopolitanReferences: 6727F9E0-9F51-557B-B809-7AD171C23B7EMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 7F39CECD-D2B7-535C-BFB0-EB52D504133DMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 1867F86D-A0FC-57B7-A2BF-29A5F155D1FFMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: D52568E5-978E-5682-BB8D-0133F0E02A85Atlanto-MediterraneanReferences: 44C4C148-C75C-512C-8722-C102D99F4304Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: V-VII. First record in Murcia Region.1A0E5A0F-43DE-5526-8A32-1328327D033CMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: BD5605C9-269E-5410-B8D8-51F985F78226Atlanto-MediterraneanReferences: 071F34FD-0440-5717-BA20-879840034D35Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: I-IV, VIII, X, XII. First record in Murcia Region.3F957A59-8047-570A-BAB5-97758B733CC0TropicalReferences: Zeller, 1847EB9195E6-5477-55B1-ADB5-10DD233E6601CosmopolitanReferences: F91275B5-C15A-59B8-8397-CC57AA62BAFBEurasiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IV-VII, IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.1F5493C6-48E2-5F34-B007-8B1100B6AF9DTropicalReferences: 40C181C8-AE05-5467-821B-9E56666572F6TropicalReferences: 8B59E662-E1B9-5567-98CD-9E12DC3D2790CosmopolitanReferences: 4C5E1872-9324-58BB-A026-4AA61A29945ETropicalReferences: F12B2150-0180-5831-9B7D-9653B46420B5CosmopolitanReferences: 41AD8E45-B814-53B8-AE56-22E4B65F80E5CosmopolitanBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IV-XI. First record in Murcia Region.Guenée, 1849D29A1B2B-3BB7-5A6A-A280-1790B02E59B6Mediterranean-AsiaticBiological data: Bivoltine. Flight period: IV- VI, IX-X. First record in Murcia Region.4E265F36-EF58-5BA2-B037-C83334538D0BMediterranean-AsiaticReferences: Guenée, 18549EEF8CE7-AF90-5032-A361-F4A72ADA428DAtlanto-MediterraneanReferences: DAE28722-3F4B-5696-8E8E-F97AF3F96227Mediterranean-AsiaticReferences: 56186551-21E0-5C99-824A-016A70FB1090Atlanto-MediterraneanReferences: Ragonot, 189458E239DB-2C3D-5910-B181-9D82B5D9D770Atlanto-MediterraneanReferences: 8F3EC106-BF6A-52F5-81EC-4861DFE148DECosmopolitanReferences: 7A3E1944-BC6B-5FC1-B628-45F387851D58TropicalBiological data: Univoltine. Flight period: X. First record in Murcia Region.Acentropinae (one species), Crambinae (32 species), Glaphyriinae (11 species), Lathrotelinae (one species), Odontiinae (six species), Pyraustinae (23 species), Scopariinae (six species) and Spilomelinae (26 species). Forty nine new records from the Murcia Region are added to its Lepidopteran fauna.The list includes 106 species in 50 genera and 8 subfamilies: Crambinae comprises 26% of all genera and 30.2% of all species, while Spilomelinae comprise 30% and 25.5%, followed by Pyraustinae (22% and 21.7%) and Glaphyriinae (2% and 10.3%), respectively , Pyrausta , Euchromius , Metasia, Udea and Agriphila  and Ancylolomia, Mecyna and Loxostege . The majority of genera (10) are species-poor (2-3 species) or known in the Murcia Region from a single species (31 genera).The most species-rich Crambidae fauna with 69 species recorded, followed by the Mesomediterranean area with 59 species, while the Supra- and Oromediteranean areas appear to be less diverse with 29 species , is the most abundant with 56.6% of the total, which is consistent with the geographical position of the study area. Amongst these, the Asiatic-Mediterranean elements (34.9%) are more frequent than the Atlanto-Mediterranean elements (21.7%). On the other hand, the elements of wide distribution, such as the Eurasiatic, Holarctic and Palaearctic (26.4%), are the most common in the mountainous biotopes of the centre and north of the study area, while the tropical and cosmopolitan species (17.0%) have their origin mainly in Africa. The presence of opportunistic species is due to the agricultural crop fields that dominate a part of the Murcian territory.Chorological analysis for the family Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Amaranthaceae families, amongst others, although the species of the Crambinae subfamily feed on grasses (Poaceae). The most particular cases are those related to the genus Eudonia which feed on lichens and the species Euchromiusocellea, E.cambridgei and Dolicharthriabruguieralis which feed on plant detritus. Some species, such as Palpitavitrealis, Ostrinianubilalis and Nomophilanoctuella, must be controlled since they are agricultural crop pests. Finally, the host plants of 34.0% of species are unknown, so it will be necessary to carry out complementary studies to further biological understanding.Regarding the biology of the species, the environmental conditions of the study area, which affect the availability of trophic resources for reproduction, suggest that most of the species are bivoltins (47.2%) and univoltins (47.2%), while the rest are polyvoltins (5.7%). Most of the recorded species feed on plant species belonging to the Crambidae moth species in the Murcia Region was 56. Our study increases this number to a total of 106, based on an examination of museum specimens, published records and sampled individuals, 41.41% of all of the Iberian species known. This study presents an updated checklist of current Crambidae moth species with their distribution and biological information for the Murcia Region in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula.Prior to our investigation, the number of known Crambidae taxa and localities where conservation is an important priority for policy-makers, conservation planners and for the management of insect diversity in Spain.This study serves as both a guide for collection in the poorly sampled south-western European continent and a comprehensive reference list with the We encourage lepidopterists holding additional data on systematically collected crambids to produce an updated dataset. Additionally, new intensive surveys in adjacent regions are being conducted, as well as unknown specimens being continuously identified to species level.


Incorrect sequences: miR-126, F 5ʹ-TGTGGCTGTTAGGCATGG-3ʹ and R 5ʹ-AAGACTCAGGCCCAGGC-3ʹCorrected sequences: miR-126, F 5ʹ-CGCGTCGTACCGTGAGTAAT-3ʹ and R 5ʹ-AGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATT-3ʹFollowing the publication of the original article , the autThe original article has been corrected.


E. densa possesses obvious effects against the insects that threaten stored-products. In this work, we investigated the chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted from Elsholtzia densa, and their insecticidal (contact and fumigant) toxicity against Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne. A total of 45 compounds were identified by GC-MS, accounting for 98.74% of the total EO. Meanwhile, 11 compounds were isolated from the EO, including limonene, β-caryophyllene, ρ-cymene, trans-phytol, α-terpineol, linalool, acetophenone, 1,8-cineole, ρ-cymen-7-ol, 1-O-cerotoylgly-cerol, and palmitic acid. Furthermore, acetophenone, ρ-cymen-7-ol, and 1-O-cerotoylgly-cerol were isolated for the first time from Elsholtzia spp. The results of the bioassays indicated that the EO had the property of insecticidal toxicity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne. All of the compounds showed different levels of insecticidal toxicity against the two species of insects. Among them, 2-ethyl-1H-imidazole had no insecticidal toxicity against T. castaneum, but possessed fumigant and obvious contact toxicity against L. serricorne. ρ-Cymen-7-ol had beneficial insecticidal toxicity against the two species of insects, and fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne. ρ-Cymen-7-ol (LD50 = 13.30 μg/adult), 1-octen-3-ol (LD50 = 13.52 μg/adult), and 3-octanol (LD50 = 17.45 μg/adult) showed significant contact toxicity against T. castaneum. Acetophenone (LD50 = 7.07 μg/adult) and ρ-cymen-7-ol (LD50 = 8.42 μg/adult) showed strong contact toxicity against L. serricorne. ρ-Cymene (LC50 = 10.91 mg/L air) and ρ-cymen-7-ol (LC50 = 10.47 mg/L air) showed powerful fumigant toxicity to T. castaneum. Limonene (LC50 = 5.56 mg/L air), acetophenone (LC50 = 5.47 mg/L air), and 3-octanol (LC50 = 5.05 mg/L air) showed obvious fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne. In addition, the EO and its chemical compounds possessed different levels of repellent activity. This work provides some evidence of the value of exploring these materials for insecticidal activity, for human health purposes. We suggest that the EO extracted from E. densa may have the potential to be developed as an insecticidal agent against stored product insect pests.Storage pests pose a great threat to global food security. Here, we found that the essential oil (EO) extracted from  As the world’s population continues to grow, the demand for food crops is increasing every year. However, a major difficulty in the production and storage of cereal products, grains, and Chinese herbs is insect infestation . Pests aT. castaneum and L. serricorne). EOs and polyacetylene extracted from Artemisia ordosica possess significant fumigant toxicity and repellent activity against T. castaneum, and five polyacetylenes were isolated from Artemisia ordosica cyc-lopropabenzene (11.17%), and ρ-cymen-7-ol (7.50%) were the major components. A total of 26 compounds were identified in the EO of E. densa by Liu et al. [α-bisabolol (14.97%), elemene (9.04%), β-selinene (8.97%), (+)-γ-curjunene (6.37%), 3-methylenecyclopentanol (6.03%), α-guaiene (5.92%), and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-tenebrand hydrocarbon (5.92%). The main components were different from those found in the present study. The reason for the differences maybe that the aerial parts of E. densa were used in our study, and other studies collected samples from different places (the differences may be related to the sampling environment and location) ρ-Cymen-7-ol.The chemical composition of the EO is listed in u et al. , among wE. densa, 11 compounds (1–11) were isolated and identified. Among them, three compounds  were isolated from the EO of E. densa at first. Terpenoids were isolated as the main components of the EO of E. densa. Terpenoids are generally used as flavors in the food industry, and as fragrances in the cosmetics industry.From the EO of the aerial part of 1H and 13C NMR data) in the literature, and their structures are listed in Eleven compounds were matched with the corresponding data  δH (ppm): 1.97 , 1.61 , 1.44 , 1.18 , 1.00 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 150.28 (C-8), 133.79 (C-1), 120.82 (C-6), 108.48 (C-9), 41.14 (C-4), 30.97 (C-2), 30.75 (C-5), 28.07 (C-3), 23.57 (C-7), 20.91 (C-10). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [Limonene (1): colorless oil, Cβ-Caryophyllene (2): colorless oil, C15H24. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 5.33 , 4.96 , 4.86 , 2.34 , 2.27–2.17 , 2.10 , 2.01 , 1.93 , 1.76–1.40 , 1.00 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 16.27 (C-15), 22.63 (C-14), 28.35 (C-13), 29.36 (C-2), 30.06 (C-13), 32.97 (C-11), 34.79 (C-7), 39.96 (C-3), 40.36 (C-10), 48.47 (C-9), 53.58 (C-1), 111.64 (C-12), 124.31 (C-5), 135.40 (C-4), 154.61 (C-8). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [ρ-Cymene (3): colorless oil, C10H14. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 7.11 , 2.91 , 2.36 , 1.29 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 20.87 (C-7), 24.12 , 33.54 (C-8), 126.2 , 128.93 , 135.04 (C-1), 145.79 (C-4). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [trans-Phytol (4): yellowish oil, C20H40O. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 5.39 , 4.13 , 1.98 , 1.51 , 1.46–0.96 , 0.95–0.74 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 140.19 (C-3), 123.31 (C-2), 59.45 (C-1), 40.00 (C-4), 39.50 (C-14), 37.56 (C-10), 37.49 (C-8), 37.42 (C-12), 36.80 (C-6), 32.91 (C-7), 32.82 (C-11), 28.09 (C-15), 25.27 (C-5), 24.92 (C-13), 24.60 (C-9), 22.83 (C-17), 22.74 (C-16), 19.87 (C-19), 19.83 (C-18), 16.27 (C-20). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [ted data .α-Terpineol (5): colorless oil, C10H18O. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 5.34 , 2.10–1.91 , 1.91–1.79 , 1.60 , 1.29–1.18 , 1.13 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 133.96 (C-1), 120.65 (C-6), 72.72 (C-7), 44.91 (C-4), 30.93 (C-2), 27.44 (C-8), 27.05 (C-3), 26.26 (C-9), 24.02 (C-5), 23.4 (C-10). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [ted data .10H18O. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 5.85 , 5.17 , 5.13 , 5.06 , 5.00 , 2.07–1.88 , 1.66–1.59 , 1.54 , 1.22 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 144.84 (C-2), 131.65 (C-7), 124.64 (C-6), 111.63 (C-1), 73.37 (C-3), 42.13 (C-5), 28.26 (C-8), 25.65 (C-9), 22.67 (3-CH3), 17.62 (C-4). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [Linalool (6): colorless oil, Cted data ,37.8H8O. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 7.91–7.80 , 7.51–7.39 , 7.40–7.24 , 2.46 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 197.69 (C-7), 136.88 (C-2), 132.83 (C-3), 128.58 (C-5), 127.74 (C-6), 26.27 (C-8). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [Acetophenone (7): yellowish oil, Cted data .10H18O. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 2.00–1.90 , 1.63–1.54 , 1.43 , 1.17 , 0.98 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 73.52 (C-8), 69.70 (C-1), 32.86 (C-4), 31.39 , 28.85 , 27.47 (C-7), 22.75 . The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [1, 8-Cineole (8): colorless oil, Cρ-Cymen-7-ol (9): colorless oil, C10H14O. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 4.60 , 2.99 , 1.46–1.20 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 148.08 (C-1), 138.38 (C-4), 127.05 , 126.31 , 64.47 (C-7), 33.66 (C-8), 24.00 . The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [R CDCl3, 0 MHz δH O-cerotoylgly-cerol (10): white powder, C29H58O4. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 4.28 , 4.14 , 2.30 , 1.60 , 1.55 , 1.25 , 0.87 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 69.13 (C-2), 65.28 (C-1), 62.26 (C-3), 34.22 (C-2′), 32.08 (C-24′), 29.86, 29.43, 29.28, 29.24 (C-4′~23′), 25.02 (C-3′), 22.85 (C-25′), 14.27 (C-26′). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [1-ted data .16H32O2. 1H NMR  δH (ppm): 2.31 , 1.61 , 1.25 , 0.88 ; 13C NMR  δC (ppm): 14.09(-CH3), 173.91(-COOH), 62.08, 34.21, 34.04, 31.90, 29.68, 29.64, 29.61, 29.34, 29.25, 29.10, 29.06, 24.85, 22.67(-CH2). The 1H and 13C NMR data were in agreement with the reported data [Palmitic acid (11): white powder, Cted data .E. densa against T. castaneum and L. serricorne is listed in E. densa showed obvious contact activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne, with LD50 values of 29.20 and 24.29 μg/adult, respectively. When compared with positive control pyrethrins, the EO demonstrated weak contact activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne. However, compared with other EOs described in the literature, with which similar bioassays were used, the EO of E. densa possessed stronger contact activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne. This included in comparison to the EOs of Ajania fruticulosa, Evodia lepta and Citrus wilsonii, which exhibited contact activity against T.castaneum at LD50 values of 105.67, 166.94 and 48.49 μg/adult, respectively [Zingiber zerumbet showed contact activity against L. serricorne, with an LD50 value of 48.3 μg/adult [The contact activities of ectively ,44,45. Mμg/adult .T. castaneum, only 2-ethylimidazole possessed no contact activity (LD50 > 300 μg/adult), even at the highest testing concentration , while the other 16 compounds showed different levels of contact activity. Among them, ρ-cymen-7-ol, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol showed significant contact activity against T. castaneum, with LD50 values of 13.30, 13.52 and 17.45 μg/adult, respectively. Phytol, disobutyl phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate exhibited weak contact activity, with LD50 values of more than 100 μg/adult. For L. serricorne, 17 testing compounds exhibited strong contact activity at all the assayed concentrations. Most notably, ρ-cymen-7-ol, acetophenone, geraniol, 1-octen-3-ol, and 3-octanol showed very significant contact activities against L. serricorne, with LD50 values of 8.42, 7.07, 3.14, 3.39 and 7.75 μg/adult, respectively.For T. castaneum and L. serricorne, suggesting that complex mixtures of active ingredients might also be beneficial in terms of pest resistance and behavioral desensitization. The different compounds showed different levels of contact activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne, which may be due to the different sensitivity of different insects to the substances. As the temperature rises [Based on the above experimental results, we found that the contact activity of the EO was significantly weaker than that of the some compounds against re rises , the conE. densa EO and its components against T. castaneum and L. serricorne is described in E. densa showed significant fumigant activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne, with LC50 values of 18.45 and 14.49 mg/L air, respectively. The results showed that T. castaneum was more tolerant than L. serricorne. When compared with the famous botanical insecticide, MeBr and Phosphine, the EO demonstrated weak fumigant activity against T. castaneum and L. serriocorne. However, compared with other EOs tested using a similar bioassay in the literature, the EO of E. densa in the present study exhibited stronger fumigant activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne, e.g., EOs of Amomum maximum and Litsea cubeba exhibited fumigant activity against T. castaneum at LC50 values of 23.09 and 22.97 mg/L air, respectively [Alpinia kwangsiensis and Amomum tsaoko showed fumigant activity against L. serricorne at LC50 values of 9.91 and 8.70 mg/L air, respectively [T. castaneum is more tolerant than L. serricorne.The fumigant activity of ectively ,49. The ectively . The resT. castaneum, nine compounds  did not show fumigant activity against T. castaneum at the highest tested concentration. Among the 17 compounds tested, all the tested compounds exhibited obvious activity against T. astaneun, except for nine compounds, including β-caryophyllene, which did not exhibit fumigant activity against T. castaneum at the highest tested concentration (50%). ρ-cymene (LC50 = 10.91 mg/L air) and ρ-cymen-7-ol (LC50 = 10.47 mg/L air) exhibited stronger and closer fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. In addition, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol also exhibited relatively similar fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum, with LC50 values of 19.17 and 19.85 mg/L air, respectively.In the fumigant activity testing against L. serricorne, five compounds  did not lead to death of the tested L. serricorne at the highest tested concentration (50%); they did not exhibit fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne. Other compounds exhibited obvious fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne. Among them, limonene (LC50 = 5.86 mg/L air), acetophenone (LC50 = 5.47 mg/L air), and 3-octanol (LC50 = 5.05 mg/L air) showed stronger fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne, with LC50 values of less than 6.00 mg/L air. In general, the fumigant activity of ρ-cymen-7-ol and α-terpineol exhibited significant fumigant activity against L. serricorne, but no fumigant activity against L. serricorne at the highest tested concentration (50%) was found with ρ-cymen-7-ol. Only limonene, ρ-cymene, linalool, acetophenone, furfural, 1-octen-3-ol, and 3-octanol showed more stable fumigant activity against both target insects. In contrast, phytol, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, and geraniol did not show fumigant toxicity to both target insects. As previously found, temperature can significantly affect the efficiency of EOs. In the fumigant activity test experiment, as the temperature rises, the results may be better.In the fumigant activity test experiment against T. castaneum and L. serricorne are shown in T. castaneum and L. serricorne. Total repellent activity against T. castaneum was greater than that for L. serricorne. Acetophenone, ρ-cymen-7-ol, α-terpineol, and the EO showed strong repellent activities against T. castaneum at all testing concentrations, according to most data distributions in T. castaneum, while the EO and seven compounds showed significant repellent activity at 78.63 and 15.73 nL/cm2 at 2 h after exposure, and had PR values of almost 100%. At the testing concentration range of 3.15–0.13 nL/cm2, EO, limonene, α-terpineol, acetophenone, and ρ-cymen-7-ol possessed significant repellency against T. castaneum, with PR values of 80–90% at 2 h post-exposure. β-Caryophyllene, ρ-cymene, phytol, and linalool exhibited mild repellent activity with the testing concentration range of 3.15–0.13 nL/cm2 at 2 h after exposure. 1,8-Cineole displayed significant repellent activity at all testing concentrations, with PR values of 100, 94, 74, 64 and 48%, respectively, at 2 h after exposure, and the activity increased with the concentration of exposure. Although seven compounds showed repellent activity against T. castaneum that was greater than that of EO, phytol, and linalool at the highest testing concentration at 4 h after exposure, these substances had PR values of 98, 88 and 86%. The PR values of β-caryophyllene, acetophenone, and ρ-cymen-7-ol showed significant repellent activity of almost 100% at a testing concentration of 15.73 nL/cm2 against T. castaneum at 4 h after exposure, while the PR values of β-caryophyllene, acetophenone, and ρ-cymen-7-ol were the same as the positive control DEET at 15.73 nL/cm2 against T. castaneum at 4 h after exposure. The results indicated the EO and compounds possessed approximately equal repellent activity with DEET against T. castaneum at the testing concentrations of 78.63 and 15.73 nL/cm2 at 2 and 4 h post-exposure. Unfortunately, ρ-cymene showed weak repellent activity against T. castaneum with the testing concentration range of 3.15–0.13 nL/cm2 at 4 h after exposure, while other compounds exhibited strong repellent activity; it had PR values of 40–80%.The results of repellency assays for the EO and individual compounds selected against L. serricorne, β-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole and ρ-cymene exhibited significant repellent activity when applied at all testing concentrations, and had PR values ranging from 50–100%, at the same level as DEET. The EO, acetophenone and ρ-cymen-7-ol showed obvious repellency only at the testing concentrations of 78.63 and 15.73 nL/cm2. At 4 h after exposure, β-caryophyllene, ρ-cymene, and ρ-cymen-7-ol were better than the EO and other compounds at 78.63 and 15.73 nL/cm2, according to PR values. α-Terpineol and phytol exhibited moderate repellency against L. serricorne at 4 h after exposure. Limonene and linalool exhibited weak repellent activity against L. serricorne at all testing concentrations at 4 h after exposure. Most notably, at the lowest testing concentration, ρ-cymen exhibited strong repellent activity  against L. serricorne at 4 h after exposure. In general, the variety of the repellent activity was easily affected by the sensitivity of the insects, the testing concentration, and the exposure duration. The repellent effect is complicated to interpret, and thus further work is needed to clarify it.For T. castaneum at the highest testing concentration when exposed for 2 h. The PR values of the EO, limonene, β-caryophyllene, ρ-cymen, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, acetophenone, and ρ-cymen-7-ol were all almost 100%, and no statistically significant differences occurred between them. Although limonene accounted for 22% of the total EO, it exhibited weaker repellent activity than the EO against T. castaneum at all testing concentrations, while the EO was still highly repellent against T. castaneum. In this situation, the repellent activity of the EO did not seem to be greatly affected by limonene, and it is speculated that secondary components of the EOs may play an important role in the repellent activity, and have a synergistic effect that enhances the active effect. Another speculation is that some relatively inactive compounds play an important role in the multicomponent mixture. Some compounds are not significantly active on their own, but can enhance the active effects of other compounds. The repellent activity of the main components in EOs does not completely determine the overall effect of EOs, but synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the various components may have an important effect on the overall activity. Trongtokit et al. [The results of the repellent assays showed that the EO and nine individual compounds exhibited different levels of repellent activity against t et al.  reportedE. densa and its chemical compounds exhibited effective insecticidal toxicity and repellency against T. castaneum and L. serricorne. Compared with synthetic chemical insecticides, plant-derived materials have many advantages in pest management. They are scalable, safe for human health, and environmentally friendly. E. densa is used in traditional Chinese medicine, and has a long history. The characteristics highlighted above increase the feasibility of developing spice plants from the Elsholtzia family into eco-friendly pesticides, and suggest that the EO of Elsholtzia may have promise as a bioinsecticide or green repellent for pest management in warehouses and grain stores. However, further work should be devoted to investigating the mutual interactions among individual compounds, including their mechanism of action and possible relationships between toxicity and repellency. Meanwhile, further work should also be devoted to the effect of temperature on insecticidal and repellant activity. Whether the EO is actually safe for humans and the environment in the long term requires further experiments to verify. In addition, the target of action against insects should be confirmed.In this work, the EO extracted from