As a “rare bird on the plateau”, the Tibetan chicken is rich in nutrition and has high medicinal value. In order to quickly and effectively identify the source of food safety problems and to label fraud regarding this animal, it is necessary to identify the geographical traceability of the Tibetan chicken. In this study, Tibetan chicken samples from four different cities in Tibet, China were analyzed. The amino acid profiles of Tibetan chicken samples were characterized and further subjected to chemometric analyses, including orthogonal least squares discriminant analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and linear discriminant analysis. The original discrimination rate was 94.4%, and the cross-validation rate was 93.3%. Moreover, the correlation between amino acid concentrations and altitudes in Tibetan chicken was studied. With the increase in altitude, all amino acid contents showed a normal distribution. For the first time, amino acid profiling has been comprehensively applied to trace the origin of plateau animal food with satisfactory accuracy. The “roof of the world”, the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is located in southwest China. The plateau has a high altitude , low temperature , hypobaric pressure (average pressure: 500–600 mbar), long sunshine duration , low rainfall , and a complicated and changeable climate . The traThe methods of food traceability include indicators directly related to geographies, such as stable isotopes  and minePreviously, we used stable isotope and chemometric methods to discriminate between Tibetan chickens and chickens from four other provinces in the plain region, with a cross-validation rate of 97.6% . HoweverIn this study, Tibetan chicken samples from four regions of Tibet—Lhasa, Shannan, Linzhi, and Xigaze—were distinguished by 17 amino acids: phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met), lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), valine , aspartic acid (Asp), serine (Ser), glutamic acid (Glu), proline (Pro), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), histidine (His), arginine (Arg), cysteine (Cys) and tyrosine (Tyr). The correlation between amino acid composition and the altitudes in Tibetan chicken samples from these regions was investigated. The amino acid composition was found to vary in the different altitudes. In addition, the chemometric methods of the ANOVA test, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), when applied to the amino acid data. were established in order to distinguish Tibetan chickens in the four regions of Tibet. In brief, an amino acid profile combined with chemometrics was established to identify the geographical traceability of the Tibetan chicken.All Tibetan chicken samples were collected from four different cities  in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Chicken samples were taken directly from local abattoirs within a period of month. The geographic location map of all the samples is shown in Na+ = 0.2 mol/L, pH 2.2). After mixing, the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm nylon membrane syringe filter , and transferred to a 2 mL glass vial for further analysis.The pretreatment of amino acid analysis was based on GB 5009.124-2016 “Determination of Amino Acids in Food”. In brief, a 40.0 mg minced chicken breast sample was placed in a hydrolysate tube. A 15 mL 6 mol/L guarantee reagent HCl  solution and 4 drops of chromatographic purity phenol  were added to the tube. The tube was vacuum sealed and hydrolyzed in an oven at 110 °C for 22 h. It was allowed to cool, then the hydrolysate was filtered, and the volume was fixed to 50 mL with ultrapure water . Then, a 1.0 mL filtrate was taken for the purposes of drying under nitrogen at 50 °C. The dried residue was dissolved in 1 mL of water, dried under nitrogen, and finally evaporated to the point of dryness. Then, the residue was redissolved in a 1.0 mL guarantee reagent sodium citrate  buffer solution  was used for the statistical analysis. Duncan’s multiple comparisons were performed to determine the significant differences between individual regions, which were found to be significant as per ANOVA. Linear discriminant analysis was used to determine the discriminant accuracy of the chicken samples from different regions. To visually show the difference between Tibetan chicken samples in the four different cities, the OPLS-DA model and the HCA model were generated using the SIMCA 14.1 software . Correlation analysis  was used to explore the relationship between amino acid concentrations and altitudes in the Tibetan chicken samples. The data employed for the multivariate analysis are shown in The components of seventeen amino acids  in the Tibetan chicken from different cities are shown in The mean content of the FAA in the Tibetan chicken samples was 11.43 g/100 g. There are three types of FAA in Tibetan chicken, namely umami amino acids , sweet amino acids , and aromatic amino acids (Phe and Tyr). Among them, the average content range of umami amino acids Glu (3.45 g/100 g) and Asp (2.19 g/100 g) are the highest. The content of FAA determines the flavor of the chicken; the higher the content of FAA, the more intense the flavor of chicken . In thisAs for the nutritional indicators of Tibetan chicken, the Tibetan chicken sample contains 7 kinds of human essential amino acids . The mean concentration was 8.94 g/100 g, thus accounting for 40.31–40.83% of the TAA , which ip < 0.05), according to the post-hoc Duncan’s multiple comparisons of ANOVA testing. The EAA and FAA percentages in the Tibetan chicken were in the order of Lhase > Linzhi > Xigaze > Shannan, and the contents of the EAA in the Tibetan chicken samples were in the order of Linzhi > Lhase > Xigaze > Shannan. The contents of Phe, Lys, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Pro, Arg, and Tyr in the Tibetan chicken samples in the Linzhi area are higher than those in the other three cities. In addition, the contents of Met, Thr, Asp, Ser, Gly, Ala, and His in the Tibetan chicken in Lhasa are the highest among the four areas. Conversely, the percentage composition of Phe, Lys, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Asp, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, His, Arg, and Tyr of the Tibetan chicken samples in Shannan was the lowest among the four regions. What deserves special attention, however, is Cys, which is different from other amino acids and has the lowest content (0.22 g/100 g) in the Lhasa Tibetan chickens and the highest content (0.25 g/100 g) in the Xigaze Tibetan chickens. In summary, except for the Cys of the non-essential amino acids, all of the amino acid concentrations in the Tibetan chicken samples from Lhasa and Linzhi were significantly higher than those from Shannan and Xigaze.As shown in The increase in altitude leads to changes in the various environmental parameters of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, such as the decrease in oxygen content, temperature, and rainfall . ChangesTo make a preliminary assessment, based on amino acids, of the reliability of a multivariate separation for classifying the four regions where Tibetan chicken in Tibet are present, discriminant analyses were performed. All of the seventeen amino acids in the Tibetan chicken samples were analyzed by OPLS-DA a. The OPNext, the LDA model, construed via a by “leave-one-out” cross-validation discriminant analysis, was used to determine whether the Tibetan chicken samples from various sources could be classified by all amino acids. As shown in The relationship between the amino acid contents  of the Tibetan chicken, with the different altitudes of the four cities  in Tibet are shown in The reasons for the above phenomenon are mainly explainable in two aspects. On one hand, the Tibetan chicken grows well at high altitude areas because it has strong physiological adaptability to both the cold and low oxygen plateau environments . In the 4+ and NO3−), but also organic nitrogen  [On the other hand, it was found that a low-protein diet resulted in low protein in Tibetan chicken. This is because the less protein chickens take in, the less energy is decomposed and recombined protein consumed, and the more fat is deposited in the form of fat. In addition, when the content of some amino acids in the diet is low, chickens need to increase their feed intake to meet their requirements for restricted amino acids, which will lead to excessive energy intake, thereby resulting in an increase in body fat content and a corresponding decrease in protein content ,39. The a, etc.) . When ora, etc.) . The spea, etc.) . Therefoa, etc.) , at the In this paper, amino acid profiling  was used to identify the Tibetan chicken samples from four cities in Tibet. The results showed that all of the amino acid concentrations of Tibetan chicken in the four regions were significantly different. Furthermore, the cross-discrimination rate was 94.4%, and the original discrimination rate was 93.3%. Moreover, we found that the amino acid concentrations of Tibetan chicken are closely related to altitudes. Except for Cys, all amino acids in Tibetan chickens showed a normal distribution trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in altitude. There were four variables  with a VIP of >1 that were considered significant in distinguishing Tibetan chicken from the four areas. In summary, this study first applied amino acid profiling combined with chemometrics to the traceability of Tibetan chicken, which will provide a new idea for the traceability of plateau animal foods.


P < 0.001) and males . According to the restricted cubic splines (RCS), the protective effect on diabetes was significant in the total population with dairy consumption ranging from 25 to 65 g/day . In the stratified analysis, consuming 30–80 g/day was associated with reduced diabetes risk among the ≤ 2,000 kcal/day energy intake group . In conclusion, dairy consumption was inversely associated with a reduced diabetes risk in Chinese population. Further studies are required to examine the optimal level of dairy consumption for preventing diabetes in the Chinese population.Diet is closely related to the risk of diabetes; yet the relationship between dairy consumption and the risk of diabetes is unclear with conflicting evidence from previous studies. This study used data from the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey to investigate the association between dairy consumption and diabetes. A total of 15,512 adults were included; dairy consumption at each survey was assessed by the 3-day 24-h recall and weighed food record methods, and diabetes occurrence was derived from self-reported information. The association between dairy consumption and diabetes was explored using Cox regression and further stratified with BMI and energy intake. Results indicated that 12,368 (79.7%) participants had no dairy consumption, while 2,179 (14.0%) and 947 (6.1%) consumed dairy at 0.1–100 and >100 g/day, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, dairy consumption of 0.1–100 g/day was associated with lower risk of diabetes in all participants (HR 0.53, 95% CI:0.38 −0.74;  Diabetes affected the health of approximately 425 million people worldwide in 2015, and it is estimated that this number will increase to 629 million by 2040 , 4. GrowDairy is a source of human nutrition and plays an important role in a balanced diet , 8. SeveDifferent from western countries, dairy products are rarely included in traditional Chinese diets. With the rapid advancement of urbanization, the consumption of dairy products by Chinese residents has been increasing. We hypothesized there is a benefit of dairy consumption on diabetes prevention in the Chinese population. To test this hypothesis, data from a nationwide, prospective cohort study with long-term follow-up was used to explore the associations between dairy consumption and diabetes in the Chinese population. In addition, whether BMI and energy intake affect the relationship between dairy consumption and diabetes or not was further examined.http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china. All participants signed informed consent before enrolling in the study. This study was approved by the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (China) and the institutional review committees of the University of North Carolina (USA).This study was a secondary analysis of data collected from an ongoing prospective cohort study named China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) , which cn = 7,165), participants with missing complete dietary data (n = 33), participants who had a total energy intake <500 or >4,500 kcal/day (n = 30), participants with a body mass index (BMI) > 40kg/m2 (n = 459), and participants with fewer than two visits in this study . Finally, we included 15,512 adults in our study from 1997 to 2015 . Physical activity included occupational physical activity, transportation physical activity, leisure time physical activity, and housework physical activity  24-h recall was used to collect dietary data at the individual level. Participants were required to recall food intake except for oil, salt, and condiments within 24 h before the survey. The consumption of oil, salt, and condiments were investigated at the household level by weighing accounting method and further divided into individuals according to the person to family energy consumption ratio . The ChiP-value < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. The median and 25th and 75th quartiles were used to describe the non-normally distributed numerical variables, and frequency and percentage were used to describe the categorical variables. Chi-squares (χ2) tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare baseline characteristics of the total study population according to the dairy consumption level. The association between dairy consumption and diabetes was explored using Cox proportion hazard regression and further stratified by gender. The Cox proportion hazard regression included three models: Model 1 didn't adjust for any confounder; Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, education level, living area, income, smoking status, BMI, disease history, and physical activity; Model 3 further adjusted for intake of vegetables, fruit, meat, alcohol, carbohydrate, and energy based on Model 2. The non-linear association between dairy consumption and diabetes was also evaluated using Cox models with restricted cubic splines (RCS). We further examined the stratified analysis to identify the potential effects among participants with different BMI and energy intake levels. To verify the robustness of our research data, we did a sensitivity analysis to exclude participants who died within 2 years of the baseline survey.Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.1.1, a two side P < 0.001); a similar relationship was observed in Model 3  in which food and nutrient consumption was further adjusted. However, among those who consumed >100 g/day of dairy, dairy consumption was not associated with the risk of diabetes.P = 0.004), and the similar relationship was observed in Model 3 .In the gender stratified analysis, there were no associations between dairy consumption and diabetes in females. However, after multivariable adjustment (Model 2), consuming 0.1–100 g/day of dairy was related to a lower risk of diabetes in comparison to no dairy consumption in males , then the risk of diabetes increased with increasing consumption. In the subgroup analysis, there was no association between dairy consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes at different BMI levels. Among those with an energy intake of ≤ 2,000 kcal/day, dairy consumption of about 30–80 g/day was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes , but no association was observed in the higher energy intake groups.The non-linear relationships between dairy consumption and diabetes among the overall population and certain populations are shown in P = 0.013) in Model 2.In the sensitivity analysis , we exclIn the current study, we investigated the association between dairy consumption and diabetes among Chinese adults. We found that, in 15,512 individuals, there was a non-linear association between dairy consumption and diabetes. Those who consumed 0.1–100 g/day of dairy were positively associated with diabetes compared to the no dairy consumption group. The protective effect on diabetes was most significant in the population with dairy consumption ranging from 25 to 65 g/day.Our finding on the positive association between dairy consumption and risk of diabetes was supported by previous studies in Western populations, such as European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and Mediterranean populations –26. HoweThe protective mechanism of dairy consumption on diabetes can be explained from the following aspects  30–42).–42.30–42A dose-response meta-analysis suggested a linear inverse association between low-fat dairy and diabetes . HoweverIt should be noted that the recommended amounts for dairy consumption in the dietary guidelines of the US and Australia are 710 ml and 500 g, respectively . AccordiIn the stratified analyses, we found that the association between dairy consumption and diabetes also differed by gender. Among males, those who consumed 0.1–100 g/day of dairy had a significantly lower risk of diabetes in adjusted Models, which was similar results to the Health Examinees (HEXA) study among Korean adults . However2), which could necessitate further investigation to verify.Obesity is closely related to chronic non-communicable diseases, including diabetes , 59. SevTo our knowledge, this is the first report that there is a non-linear association between dairy consumption and diabetes in the Chinese population. However, several limitations of the current study should be noted. First, the determination of the outcome variable was based on self-reported diabetes rather than biochemical indicators. In CHNS, the blood samples of the participants were only collected in 2009 and limited biomarkers were measured, which does not allow us to diagnose diabetes, hence the incidence of diabetes among the overall population may be underestimated. Moreover, we did not distinguish between types of diabetes, and the incidence of specific types of diabetes and its association with dairy consumption could not be observed. Second, due to the low consumption of dairy in the Chinese population, we did not distinguish between dairy types when analyzing the relationship between dairy consumption and diabetes, which may lead to inconsistencies between our findings and those of previous studies. Previous research pointed out that the relationship between dairy and diabetes appears to be related to dairy type . BesidesIn conclusion, we found that moderate consumption of dairy can help reduce the risk of diabetes in the Chinese population. As the effects of dairy consumption on the health of different populations are not uniform, our study provides new insights that require careful consideration of the optimal consumption amount of dairy for diabetes prevention.In view of the findings of this current study and the dietary habits of the Chinese population, we suggest that moderate consumption of dairy in daily life in the Chinese population may be an effective lifestyle intervention for the prevention of diabetes. In addition, the energy from dairy should be taken into consideration, and balanced energy in the daily diet should be achieved.The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (China) and the institutional review committees of the University of North Carolina (USA). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.YY: conceived the idea. YY and XN: performed the statistical analyses and designed the study. YY, ZL, and AZ: wrote the manuscript. YX, MX, and HY: participated in the discussion and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The CHNS project was funded by many organizations. Major funding for the survey and data dissemination from 1991 to 2004 came from the (NIH) (P01-HD28076 and HD30880). Additional funding was from the NIH (HD39183), the Carolina Population Center, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation (INT-9215399), the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, the current study was supported by the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM202111001).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Utrecht Homesickness Scale (UHS) allows distinguishing between certain aspects of homesickness, namely genuine separation distress like missing family and friends or yearning for home on the one side and problems regarding adjustment to the new situation on the other; so far, the instrument was applied mainly in samples of university students, and never in refugees.While homesickness in refugees is a recurring theme in clinical practice, respective research in this population is scarce. The We aimed to explore homesickness in a refugee population and its association with mental health symptoms and migration-related factors. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the UHS’s factor structure in a sample other than students.N = 99) seeking asylum in Germany were assessed for homesickness, migration-related variables , and mental health symptoms . After exploratory factor analysis, standardized mean factors scores were fed into subsequent correlational and regression analyses to identify the most prominent predictors of homesickness scores.Individuals from different countries  adjustment difficulties and loneliness, (2) ruminations about home, and (3) missing family and/or friends. The total homesickness score was associated with mental health but regression analyses with the three mean factor scores showed differential associations with mental health and migration-related variables. While adjustment difficulties and loneliness were—besides time since arrival in Germany—associated with mental health problems (depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms), ruminating about home was predicted by migration-related variables (number of losses and asylum status). For the factor scores regarding missing family and/or friends, the regression model was not significant.The assessment of homesickness in refugee populations is feasible and of clinical importance, especially when distinguishing between separation distress and difficulties with adjusting to the new situation. Among all migrant groups, refugees probably encounter the most difficult circumstances [see ], their per se is best conceptualized as a grief reaction as it occurs in consequence of separation from loved ones , and as feelings of yearning and longing predominate. In both types of separation , there is a need for adapting to the new situation, but adjustment-related phenomena—or as Stroebe et al.  flight to Germany, (b) age 18 years or older, and (c) having given written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were suicidality, acute psychosis, or cognitive deficits. No participant had to be excluded for any of these reasons, but five participants were excluded due to missing data, resulting in a total of N = 99 .Assessment took place from December 2017 to July 2018. Three master level psychology students conducted questionnaire-based semi-structured clinical interviews, with the support of altogether five interpreters  who were trained in translating in the refugee mental health context. The interviewers were supervised on a regular basis. On average, the interviews lasted 1 h. Participants received a voucher worth €10 as financial compensation. Participants who expressed high levels of distress during the interview were informed about counseling and treatment options. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt .Sociodemographic and migration-related information was obtained during the interview, as well as information regarding asylum proceedings and successful integration, for example, work status and proficiency in German.Utrecht Homesickness Scale (UHS) . The 20-item UHS comprises five dimensions , each assessed with four items. The reported Cronbach’s alphas for the five subscales were high, ranging from 0.80 to 0.90, as was the alpha for the total UHS score, 0.94 (The le (UHS)  was usedre, 0.94 . The resre, 0.94 . Howeverre, 0.94  suggestePatient Health Questionnaire . Insteale [DIS; , we comple [DIS; , 42. To per se and in combination with adjustment problems and acculturative and other post-migration stressors for the course of mental health symptoms. In the context of forced migration, treatment research in particular might gain from taking homesickness into account.Our study not only shows that it is feasible to assess homesickness in a refugee population with the UHS, but also suggests that it might be clinically worthwhile: Homesickness as measured with the UHS total was associated with more depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Differentiating between an adjustment-related “new place factor” and the “home factor” that addresses the aspects and consequences of separation from home and loved ones  seems ushannah.comtesse@ku.de, without undue reservation.The data that support the findings of this study will be made available by the last author, HC, The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.RR and HC designed the study. HC obtained the funding. RR and MH wrote the first draft. HC computed the analyses. LB and HC edited and commented on subsequent manuscript versions. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.


Nosema ceranae. Thus, researchers are looking for options for Nosema treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a natural essential-oil ingredient (thymol) derived from Thymus vulgaris on honey bees infected with N. ceranae. Thymol exerted certain positive effects , as well as positively affecting the spore loads in Nosema-infected bees. However, when applied to Nosema-free bees, thymol caused certain health disorders; therefore, beekeepers should be careful with its use.In the European Union, there is no registered product for the control of the honey bee endoparasite Nosema ceranae is the most widespread microsporidian species which infects the honey bees of Apis mellifera by causing the weakening of their colonies and a decline in their productive and reproductive capacities. The only registered product for its control is the antibiotic fumagillin; however, in the European Union, there is no formulation registered for use in beekeeping. Thymol (3-hydroxy-p-cymene) is a natural essential-oil ingredient derived from Thymus vulgaris, which has been used in Varroa control for decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thymol supplementation on the expression of immune-related genes and the parameters of oxidative stress and bee survival, as well as spore loads in bees infected with the microsporidian parasite N. ceranae. The results reveal mostly positive effects of thymol on health  when applied to Nosema-infected bees. Moreover, supplementation with thymol did not induce negative effects in Nosema-infected bees. However, our results indicate that in Nosema-free bees, thymol itself could cause certain disorders , showing that one should be careful with preventive, uncontrolled, and excessive use of thymol. Thus, further research is needed to reveal the effect of this phytogenic supplement on the immunity of uninfected bees. Nosema (N. apis and N. ceranae). It is the most widespread microsporidian infection of adult Apis mellifera individuals that leads to chronic infection, the weakening of honey bee colonies [Nosemosis is a honey bee disease caused by microsporidia from the genus colonies , and thecolonies ,3,4.This endoparasite survives in the infected colony throughout the year and reaches its maximum number before the end of winter and in early spring ,6. DiseaVarroa ectoparasite control [Nosema treatment [Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae, and many other plant species. The inhibitory effect of thymol on the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, and Cryptococcus neoformans, has been known for many years [Varroa destructor [Nosema infection in the hive were performed at the beginning of the 21st century [Nosema potential and effect of thymol on Nosema have not been fully elucidated. It was assumed that the mechanism of thymol action is based on penetration into the Nosema spore, interfering with the plasma membrane and preventing spore germination [Similar to  control ,24, orgareatment ,26,27. Tny years ,29. In bstructor ,31 with structor . The fir century ,34, but mination ,33. Thymmination ,36, and mination . Howevermination  and beesmination ,39.N. ceranae infection through the reduced expression of the Dscam and Basket genes, which are significant cellular and humoral immune factors, respectively, in defending bees from parasites [V. destructor in conventional and organic beekeeping [Thymol is thought to interfere with the GABA signaling pathway in the central nervous system of insects , and thearasites ,45. In sarasites ,46,47, aarasites , as wellarasites  for the ekeeping ,37.N. ceranae induces oxidative stress in bees and compromises their immunity [Nosema-infected bees. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thymol supplementation on bees’ spore loads, their expression of immune-related genes, and the parameters of oxidative stress, as well as the survival of bees infected with microsporidia N. ceranae.An infection with immunity ,14,15,16immunity ,51. ThusApis mellifera bees used as a bee brood source were located at the apiary of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade. In accordance with good beekeeping practice, all colonies were without clinical symptoms of either adult bee diseases or brood diseases. The Varroa infestation was maintained at a minimum level, following the recommendations of the COLOSS BEEBOOK [Nosema spores, while the remaining 20 bees were used for survival monitoring). According to the experimental design (N. ceranae (infected control—I), bees treated with thymol (treatment control—T), and three treatment groups—all infected with Nosema and treated with thymol from the first, third, and sixth day . The whole experiment was repeated, and the results were merged into a single dataset. Colonies of  BEEBOOK . A seale BEEBOOK . Each cal design , the cagw/v) sucrose solution. The tested substance was thymol . The feeding solution was prepared in a concentration of 0.1 mg/g (0.1 g/kg) of syrup, according to Costa et al. [The bees were fed ad libitum with 50%  and the treatment groups  were infected according to the experimental design , with inCR tests . The foo2O and homogenate in TissueLyser II  for 1 min at 25 Hz. The suspension was observed using a hemocytometer according to the OIE guidelines [The number of spores per bee was estimated according to the methodology adopted by Glavinic et al. . Brieflyidelines .RNA was extracted from five bees from each cage, using a Quick-RNA MiniPrep Kit  according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For cDNA synthesis, 1000 ng of RNA per sample were reverse-transcribed using the RevertAid™ First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit .-ddCt method was used, while β-actin was an internal control gene [The expression levels of abaecin, hymenoptaecin, defensin, apidaecin, and vitellogenin (immune-related genes) were determined by the methodology described in our previous studies ,16. The rol gene . The medThe spectrophotometric analyses described in our previous study  were useThe Kaplan–Meier survival function was used for the survival dynamic presentation. To compare the difference in survival between two or more independent groups, a log-rank test was used. To ensure heterogeneity of the data for gene expression levels and spore loads, we used the Mann–Whitney U test in order to determine the significance of the difference between medians of two samples. We used ANOVA to maintain homogeneity of the oxidative stress data when determining the significance in the differences between three or more means. Moreover, the Tukey’s test was used to test the difference between the means of sample pairs.p, with standard levels of significance, 0.05 and 0.01.All conclusions were made by comparing the level of significance of the realized value of the sample test statistics, The statistical analyses of the results were done with Statistica Software .Nosema ceranae infection induced significant bee mortality (p = 0.008) in the infected control (I) group compared with the non-infected control (NI) group, confirming a negative impact of Nosema infection on bees’ lifespan [2 = 5.173; p = 0.270). Furthermore, the log-rank test for the two groups revealed the absence of statistically significant differences in the number of dead bees between control group I and each group treated with thymol (p ≥ 0.126)  observed in the survival dynamic of the control group NI and groups treated with thymol. The number of dead bees between the control group NI and each group treated with thymol was not statistically significantly different (p ≥ 0.095). This result is in accordance with those of Ebert et al. [Varroa control in organic beekeeping. Keeping in mind that the presence of V. destructor reduces the potential of bees to combat N. ceranae [lifespan ,14,15,16≥ 0.126) . The samo et al. . Bee moro et al. . On the t et al. , Costa et et al. , and Bert et al. , who fout et al. , thymol  ceranae , a greatp > 0.05) between the control group I and groups infected and treated with thymol  were noticed in the number of Nosema spores in bees collected on day 9 , and the numbers varied between the experimental groups from 0.2 to 2 × 106/bee  Nosema spore load was detected in the infected control group compared with bees collected on day 15 from the I-T1, I-T3, and I-T6 groups. This difference could be due to thymol’s inhibitory effect on Nosema development, which resulted in lower Nosema spore loads in the latter stages of the experiment. Maistrello et al. [Nosema effect is based on its interaction with the Nosema spore by interfering with the plasma membrane and preventing spore germination [Nosema spore loads in bees supplemented with thymol, while Van den Heever et al. [Nosema control, we further investigated its impact on immune-related genes and the oxidative stress in bees infected with Nosema.According to the Mann–Whitney U test, no significant differences  compared with all groups treated with thymol  through the production of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) and by activating antioxidant (protective) mechanisms in order to prevent tissue damage caused by the ROS [The expression levels of the abaecin gene on day 9 were significantly higher in the infected (I) group  in the infected (I) group compared with the majority of the other groups (p < 0.05). The reason for these findings could be the balance in the redox potential of thymol-fed bees and in the bees’ success in controlling the antioxidative response. In the infected control (I) group (which did not receive thymol), N. ceranae successfully induced oxidative stress, which was detected by increased levels of SOD, CAT, GST, and MDA at the end of the experiment (N. ceranae [At the end of the experiment on day 15), the thymol consumed through the sucrose syrup exerted the best anti-r groups . The lowperiment . Oxidati, the thy ceranae  and envi ceranae ,62, was p ≤ 0.021) in all thymol-treated groups compared with the infected control (I) group. Apidaecin-gene expression levels were lower (p ≤ 0.036) in the T group (thymol-treated and Nosema-free) compared with the infected and thymol-treated bees, while for hymenoptaecin expression levels, no difference was defected (p > 0.05). Bees from the T group had lower values for abaecin and defensin gene expression compared with groups infected and treated with thymol . The defensin levels in group T were lower (p ≤ 0.022) even when compared with the infected control group I  indicates the potential immunosuppressive effect of thymol when given preventively to uninfected bees. The negative impact of thymol on some other insect species has been known; thus, thymol was used for the suppression of the development and survival of adult mosquitoes [Nosema and treated with thymol . These findings could be explained by the anti-Nosema activity of thymol [Nosema.The number of periment  indicaten of MDA . The supsquitoes ,64 and csquitoes . Gene exf thymol ,47, whicp > 0.05). This indicates that the level of vitellogenin was similar in the group that received thymol and in the groups that did not. Therefore, N. ceranae inhibited the expression of the vitellogenin gene equally to thymol. In addition, no synergistic effect (Nosema or thymol) on the vitellogenin gene expression was noted, keeping in mind that the same level of vitellogenin gene expression was obtained in the groups treated with thymol and infected with Nosema . Thymol used in Varroa treatment in the study of Boncristiani et al. [Amoa1 [The vitellogenin levels in bees collected on day 15  were thei et al.  led to ti et al. . It is a. [Amoa1 .Varroa mites [Initial studies of the effect of thymol on bees infected with oa mites ,46,68 dioa mites ,69,70,71Nosema-infected bees without producing negative effects. The proven anti-Nosema effect of thymol and subsequent prevention of Nosema’s negative effects could be beneficial on bees’ health. Moreover, our results indicate that in Nosema-free bees, thymol itself could cause certain disorders . Keeping in mind the obtained results, one should be careful with the preventive, uncontrolled, and excessive use of thymol. Further research should be conducted in order to determine the possible mechanisms of thymol activity when applied to infected and uninfected bees.Our study revealed the positive effects of thymol on the health of


Background. Comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH) represent a major clinical challenge today, and metabolic syndrome (MTBS) is one of the most important. Objective. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of MTBS and the role of both clinical/socio-behavioral risk factors for MTBS in a cohort of PLWH. Methods. All PLWH, over 18 years of age, attending all Infectious Disease Units in Calabria Region  for their routine checks from October 2019–January 2020 were enrolled. MTBS was defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors significantly associated with the main outcome (MTBS). Results. We enrolled 356 PLWH, mostly males (68.5%), with a mean age of 49 years (standard deviation: 12), including 98 subjects with and 258 without MTBS. At logistic regression analysis, a statistically significant association was found between MTBS and alcohol use, osteoporosis, polypharmacy, and a history of AIDS. Conclusions. Identifying and addressing risk factors, including those that are socio-behavioral or lifestyle-related, is crucial to prevent and treat MTBS. Our results suggest the importance of implementing educational/multidimensional interventions to prevent MTBS in PLWH, especially for those with particular risk factors . Moreover, alcohol consumption or abuse should be routinely investigated in clinical practice. Due to increased life expectancy and efficacy of newer antiretrovirals, the burden of non-infectious comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH) is increasing ,2. IndeeData about prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in people with HIV are not definitive. Indeed, some data reported the prevalence of MTBS to be about 30%, comparable with the prevalence of MTBS in the general population, while other studies reported that prevalence was slightly higher in PLWH than in the general population ,12. BeyoIn this study, we aimed at assessing prevalence of MTBS in PLWH in southern Italy and both clinical and social determinants associated with its presence.Mater Domini” teaching hospital in Catanzaro  and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles of Good Clinical Practice [This observational study was coordinated by the Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit of “Practice . The locPractice .Data regarding demographics , clinical history, HIV-related characteristics  and all comorbidities, co-medications, risk factors and lifestyle-related characteristics , and blood test results were collected. Data on the level of education were collected, setting up a highest level of education up to 16 years . Data on comorbidities were retrieved by clinical health records. Hypertension was defined by its presence in the medical history or by anti-hypertensive agents among comedication. Physical activity was assessed by using WHO definitions according to age . Chronict-test for normally distributed variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were evaluated using the χ2 or two-tailed Fisher’s exact test. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of any association that emerged. Values are expressed as mean (± standard deviation) (continuous variables) or as percentages of the group from which they were derived . Two-tailed tests were used to determine statistical significance; a p-value of <0.05 was significant. Multivariate analysis was used to explore any possible correlation with the main outcome (MTBS). For this analysis, we used logistic regression and incorporated variables found to be significant in univariate testing. All statistical analyses were performed using the Intercooled Stata program, version 11, for Windows .Continuous variables were compared by Student’s Over the study period, we enrolled 356 PLWH, namely 98 (27.5%) subjects with MTBS, and 258 (72.5%) without MTBS, mainly of male gender  and with a mean age of 49 years . Demographics, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics of the study population are depicted in p < 0.001), male gender , excessive alcohol intake , chronic pulmonary disease , neurological diseases , osteoporosis , polypharmacy , and AIDS events in the past medical history . At the multivariable model, (p < 0.01), osteoporosis , polypharmacy , and history of AIDS events .At the univariate analysis , factorse model, , signifiWe found that approximately one-third (27.5%) of PLWH in our cohort from southern Italy had MTBS. This result in the middle of the range of prevalence of MTBS in the general population, which is from 15% to 29% in Italy ,23,24. ADue to the residency of our patients in the Mediterranean area, we would have expected a far lower prevalence of MTBS, similar to that found in other Mediterranean cohorts (15–21%) ,23. A plThis risk factors are represented also in PLWH ,29 and cAnother crucial tool to prevent MTBS is performing regular exercise, which also prevents other comorbidities such as bone disorders, specifically osteoporosis, and could contribute to keeping ageing people fit.Polypharmacy was significantly associated with MTBS in our cohort, and this could be easily explained by the fact that polypharmacy is a proxy of comorbidities. Moreover, the use of specific medications  may increase the risk of the development of the metabolic syndrome by either promoting weight gain or altering lipid or glucose metabolism ,34. Healp = 0.05). A low CD4/CD8 ratio has been linked to ageing and acts both as a predictor of mortality in the general population and a biomarker of inflammation in PLWH [Our data showed a significant association between MTBS and previous AIDS events. Furthermore, in our analysis, a trend to significance was found for CD4/CD8 ratio: PLWH with a low CD4/CD8 ratio (<1) were more likely to have MTBS  the most educated people tend to have half the risk of developing MTBS. A possible explanation is that highly educated people take much more care regarding quality of food and lifestyles; by contrast, people with lower levels of education may eat larger amounts of unhealthy, calorically dense food than those with a higher education level . This reThis study is somewhat limited by its cross-sectional nature, by the lack of a control group, by the low number of participants, and by the possible bias connected with a retrospective collection of data from clinical health records . Furthermore, categorizations of some variables in a dichotomous way could have had an impact on our results . MoreoveOur study suggests that prevalence of MTBS in our cohort is high (27.5%); therefore, it is important to both identify risk factors and implement educational/multidimensional interventions to prevent MTBS in PLWH, especially for those with particular risk factors (previous AIDS events or polypharmacy). Moreover, some behaviors, such as alcohol consumption, should be routinely investigated in clinical practice, and campaigns should be implemented to promote a change in the lifestyle of patients by promoting healthy diets, weight loss, and physical activity. Lastly, since available data are still debated, more recent and updated data are necessary to establish the actual prevalence of MTBS in PWLH.


The activation of water by non-thermal plasma creates a liquid with active constituents referred to as plasma-activated water (PAW). Due to its active constituents, PAW may play an important role in different fields, such as agriculture, the food industry and healthcare. Plasma liquid technology has received attention in recent years due to its versatility and good potential, mainly focused on different health care purposes. This interest has extended to dentistry, since the use of a plasma–liquid technology could bring clinical advantages, compared to direct application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NTAPPs). The aim of this paper is to discuss the applicability of PAW in different areas of dentistry, according to the published literature about NTAPPs and plasma–liquid technology. The direct and indirect application of NTAPPs are presented in the introduction. Posteriorly, the main reactors for generating PAW and its active constituents with a role in biomedical applications are specified, followed by a section that discusses, in detail, the use of PAW as a tool for different oral diseases. Plasma medicine is a multidisciplinary research field that investigates the uses of plasma in the healthcare field. Currently, non-thermal plasma technology is mainly focused on applications at atmospheric pressure, which is commonly referred to as non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NTAPPs). Direct applications of NTAPP have been used for decontamination of food ,2 and foNTAPPs can also be applied indirectly through the activation of water or liquids and through the treatment of contaminated or polluted water ,14. TheiIt is important to emphasize the differences between both modalities of treatment: direct and indirect. The first implies that plasma is applied directly on a given substrate, such as wounds, skin, food etc., ,24. Conv−), delta oxygen singlet (1O2) and superoxide anion (O2−) are examples of short-lived species, which last from a few seconds to minutes [2O2), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3−), nitrous acid (HNO2) and ozone (O3) belong to the groups of long-lived species [To understand the mechanisms of action related to NTAPPs, it is essential to know that the plasma is a partially ionized gas consisting of particles as electrons, ions, metastable species, radiation as ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), the electromagnetic field and reactive species. It is worth highlighting that the term reactive species is commonly used for free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It is highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired valence electrons or non-static bonds on its structure. Despite the various components produced in plasma, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play a fundamental role in plasma medicine ,33. RONS minutes . In cont species ,36. When species . Therefo species .Due to the growing interest of the scientific community in plasma technology applied to dentistry, a review article is presented here to serve as a quick guide for dentists, physicians, physicists, engineers and health professionals in general. This review aims to discuss the applicability of PAW in dentistry, which, as can be seen in Therefore, this review is divided as follows; In the literature, the terms treatment and activation are often misused. To avoid doubt, treatment is defined as a practical means or refinements used to combat/mitigate a problem. In the specific case of water treated by plasma, the term treated refers to the process of elimination or complete mineralization in wastewater of synthetic dyes, pharmaceuticals products and pathogenic bacteria, among other pollutants. Therefore, plasma water treatment is commonly used to purify or decontaminate small or large amounts of water. In contrast, activation is understood as increased activity, becoming active, boosting, accelerating, or intensifying some specific property. In this case, the non-pollutant water exposed to the plasma becomes activated, i.e., it obtains new properties. Unlike treatment, activation is carried out in small amounts of water (between 1 mL to 1000 mL) ,53,66, bTwo main types of plasma reactors are used in PAW generation: dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) and plasma jets (PJs). Both are non-thermal plasmas, i.e., they are NTAPP and have a wide range of types ,67. DBDs2), nitrogen (N2), air or a mixture of these gases. Working gases are used with flow rates ranging from 1 to 30 L/min [It is important to note that NTAPPs operate at a high voltage. As reported in the literature, these voltages range from 1 to 50 kV, with operating frequencies that can start in the tens to thousands of Hz (kHz) and powers that generally do not exceed values greater than 10 W. Commonly used working gases are helium (He), argon (Ar), oxygen  the composition of the solution, (ii) the distance between the plasma and the liquid surface, (iii) the types of power supply used in the plasma generation, (iv) electrode configuration, (v) applied voltage, (vi) voltage polarity, (vii) water volume, (viii) gas type and flow, among other parameters ,76,77,78With the significant increase in PAW applications, it is necessary to understand which RONS can be formed and how they are formed, in addition to the quantification of their concentrations. In The surfaces of medical and dental devices are constantly exposed to different microorganisms during procedures, working as a reservoir of pathogens and a potential source of contamination for the patients . To avoiThe direct application of NTAPPs for the disinfection of heat-sensitive materials has been explored in the literature ,87. The S. aureus was observed after 20 min of treatment with PAW stored at −80 °C. However, this potential decreased significantly when plasma-activated distilled water was stored at −20 °C for 1, 7, 15 and 30 days [S. aureus and E. coli, even after six months of storage. On the other hand, temperatures equal to or higher than −16 °C showed reduced antimicrobial properties in short or long periods of storage [As an alternative method, solutions activated with plasma, such as PAW, have also been evaluated for disinfection . In fact 30 days . Similar storage . In addiEnterococcus faecalis biofilms formed in DUWLs for 5 days after PAW treatment was detected. For this, distilled water was activated for 3 min by a continuous plasma jet of compressed air gas. A significant reduction in viable cells was observed after 1–3 min of treatment. Treatment for up to 5 min led to a 100% reduction. Moreover, 3 min of contact showed similar effects to 1% H2O2 and 10 mg/L NaOCl; antimicrobial agents that are routinely used. The low pH (2.21) and the presence of NO, OH, NO3 and H+ species probably contributed together to the bactericidal effect [The decontamination of dental unit waterline system tubes (DUWLs) is a challenge for dentistry due to the risk of cross-contamination  and alsol effect . FurtherThe disinfection of stainless steel and polyethylene substrates by PAW has also been explored . It is iEscherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii after 20 min of exposure, without any damage to the surface and composition of the equipment. The decontamination effect was also observed for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 30 min of PAW exposure [Resin based materials have an important applicability in dentistry . Steriliexposure .Taken together, the studies with PAW have shown good decontamination properties of materials that are widely used in dentistry, such as stainless steel, polyethylene and polymer resin. These results bring insights for a new sterilization method in the dental field. Despite that, new studies with other materials and mostly with polymicrobial biofilms, which are closer to the clinical environment , would bThe use of PAW in the treatment of oral infectious diseases is a promising field of investigation. Several groups of microorganisms are involved in the etiopathogenesis and progression of the main infectious diseases that affect the oral cavity, such as caries, periodontitis and candidiasis. Considering the antimicrobial properties of NTAPPs, the control of these microorganisms by PAW or other plasma-activated solutions has also been investigated as an alternative treatment to traditional therapies that have their limitations.Biological, behavioral, psychosocial and environmental factors are related to the development of caries . The imbStreptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. are considered the main cariogenic bacteria responsible for producing acid and, consequently, the demineralization of the tooth structure [2) for 5 min are able to reduce the number of S. mutans viable cells. This reduction was verified in both planktonic and biofilm forms of S. mutans after 1 h of treatment. The authors further reported that the activated liquids were not cytotoxic to fibroblasts [tructure ,110. Inttructure ,111. A pS. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. are considered the most important microogasnisms related to dental caries, previous findings demonstrated that Actinomyces spp. may be associated with the disease progression in root caries [v/v, respectively) for 20 min, in the reduction in S. mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinomyces viscosus. The treatment that was performed from 0 to 120 s reduced the viability of all microbial species. A significant reduction in A. viscosus was observed within 40 s while S. mutans achieved a similar reduction after 60 s of treatment [Modifications in the composition of the oral biofilm may be observed due to dietary habits, type of dentition (primary or secondary) and even with the disease progression. Although t caries . A previreatment .Candida albicans is another microorganism that may be found in the carious dentin of active root carious lesions and some authors have suggested that this fungus might play a role in the progression of the disease [C. albicans is the main species related to oral candidiasis, the most common oral fungal disease. Local and systemic factors such as impaired salivary gland function, inhaled steroids, dentures, oral cancer/leukoplakia, broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs and conditions, nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, smoking and Cushing’s syndrome may contribute to oral candidiasis [C. albicans [C. albicans have also been conducted with different methodologies and findings. A reduction in C. albicans viability after 5 min of treatment with distilled water, activated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with atmospheric air, for 5 and 10 min, was reported. The authors attributed the antimicrobial action to the higher concentration of NO−3 and lower concentrations of NO−2 and H2O2 in PAW [C. albicans was also reported in hydrogels constituted by plasma-activated deionized water, after 24, 48 and 72 h of contact time. An increase in the inhibition zones of the microorganism was observed in longer exposure times, with the best result after 30 min. Hydroxyl radical and NO−3 were suggested to be the main components with antifungal activity [C. albicans planktonic cells. The water was activated with an atmospheric air plasma, generated by a forward vortex flow reactor (FVFR), for 30 min [ disease . This sp disease  and it w disease . In addididiasis . Previoualbicans ,117, bot2 in PAW . Antimicactivity . On the r 30 min .In the context of cariology, it is also important to emphasize the positive property of NTAPPs in adhesive restorations. Plasma exposure generates the deposition of free radicals and ions on the tooth substrate, changing the surface proteins of dentin, which has led to an increased bond strength in adhesive restorations. The enhance in bone bond strength avoids microleakage and consequently prevents secondary caries . It is nEnterococcus faecalis is commonly found in primary and secondary endodontic infections [E. faecalis [E. faecalis viable cells in 5-day DUWLs biofilms was observed after 1–3 min of treatment with previously activated water. The treatment of the E. faecalis suspensions, in deionized water, was also performed with satisfactory results. The bacterial suspension was exposed to microjet plasma formed by atmospheric air for 10 to 90 s. The antimicrobial effect occurred progressively after 45, 60 and 90 min of treatment, while inhibitory effects on the biofilm formation was detected even in shorter exposure times  [Escherichia coli [E. coli colonies after 10 min of exposure [Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria commonly found in chronic osteomyelitis of the jaw, in association with anaerobic pathogens [In the evolution of the carious process, traumatic injuries and cracks allow that pathogens and their products to pass through the dentin and reach the pulp. The pulpal infection frequently progresses to necrosis of the tissue and the infection may spread to the apex of the tooth, promoting periapical disease . Enterocfections ,121,122.fections ,123. Somfaecalis ,124, whihia coli . It was exposure . In thisathogens .Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans have been considered important periodontopathogens [P. gingivalis in planktonic and biofilm forms was previously observed after 1, 3, 5 or 7 min of NTAPP exposure. Moreover, improved periodontal tissue recovery was obtained after 5 min of exposure, proportionally to the number of applications [P. gingivalis. A reduction of 5-log in planktonic bacteria was observed after 20 s of exposure [The development and progression of periodontal disease is related to specific groups of Gram-negative bacteria, the so-called periodontopathogens. The transition from healthy periodontium to periodontitis is related to three important factors: the polymicrobial synergy, the dysbiotic microbiota and a susceptible host . The mulathogens . A progrications . Interesexposure . ConsideThe mechanisms of action suggested in all of these studies, evaluating the antimicrobial properties of PAW, mainly involved the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) produced in the solutions by plasma activation. Different biological effects could be observed in each study, which is probably related to differences in methodology and groups of microorganisms. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations are needed to standardize the best parameters for each solution and microorganism. Considering the potential antimicrobial effects observed in these studies, they could probably contribute to the treatment of oral infectious diseases.An important feature of non-thermal plasma is the possibility of tissue antisepsis without causing damage, which makes NTAPPs a good alternative treatment for infectious diseases. This selectivity probably occurs due to biochemical, metabolic and cell cycle differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes and also the surface/volume ratio of mammalian cells, that is higher compared to bacterial and fungal ones . It was Studies on skin inflammatory diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis have shown anti-inflammatory effects of non-thermal plasma ,135,136.The behavior mast cells and keratinocyte cell line (HaCat) after the contact with non-thermal plasma-activated medium has been analyzed. Interestingly, the plasma-activated liquid prevented an enhancement of the pro-inflammatory genes and cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 in activated mast cells, by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. The activation of NF-κB by TNF-α/IFN-γ was also inhibited in HaCat cells suggesting that this treatment could be effective against, not only acute, but also chronic inflammation . SimilarThe possibility of treating autoimmune skin diseases by direct application of plasma or plasma-activated liquids may also be interesting for dentists, who also have to deal with some autoimmune conditions, such as oral lichen planus , pemphigThe exposure of diabetic animals to NTAPPs has also shown anti-inflammatory properties ,145 and The anti-inflammatory and microbicide functions of NTAPPs have been demonstrated to favor tissue repair . ClinicaNTAPPs were previously suggested as a good possibility for oral surgery because NTAPP was tested with osteoblast-like cells (MG-63), leading to cell proliferation and in vitro wound closure . Oral imSensitivity of cancer cells to NTAPPs has been demonstrated in many studies. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may penetrate cancer cells more easily, compared to healthy ones, make them more vulnerable to their harmful effects. This fact may be explained by the higher amount of water channels (aquaporins) in cancer cells, that facilitates the transport of reactive species into cytosol. Additionally, the lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals generates pores in the membrane, which also allow the entry of reactive species into the cell. This process is attenuated by the condensation of membrane lipids in normal cells that are rich in cholesterol. However, cancer cells usually present fewer amount of lipids, which impairs this defense mechanism. The large influx of reactive species into cancer cells triggers signaling cascade pathways that may culminate in different types of cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis or senescence, depending on the dose of exposure. Another important anti-cancer molecular mechanism of NTAPPs is their capacity to reduce the expression of some integrins. These molecules are essential for the adhesion, migration and invasion of cancer, which indicates that NTAPPs can be useful against metastases .Besides the direct action of NTAPPs in cancer cells, they may be useful in this approach by their interaction with the tumor microenvironment. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are able to damage important extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. The induction of an antitumor immunity has also been proposed as an action mechanism . Anti-caThe possibility of using this technology of plasma-activated liquid is promising considering that PAL/PAW may be injected into large or deep tumors, facilitating the action in the entire lesion. Moreover, this kind of treatment would probably be faster and easier for the clinician compared to NTAPPs and more comfortable for the patient who is usually weakened by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Treatment using liquids activated directly on the substrate or indirectly (activated first and then in contact with the substrate later) has been performed satisfactorily in many types of cancer cells with the use of different liquids, such as deionized water, cell culture media, Ringer’s solution and saline ,170,171.A previous study evaluating the effect of PAL on an oral squamous cell line (SCC15), observed an anti-cancer capacity of the plasma-activated medium. A reduction in cell viability was observed with an increasing incubation time. Moreover, they have demonstrated that many signaling pathways, such as p-53 pathway, could play a critical role in this process . The effSome studies showed that NTAPPs may be efficient for tooth bleaching, with a synergistic effect with other whitening agents ,176. In 2O2 and •OH were generated in the saline solution, probably being a key factor for the observed effectiveness. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated smoother surfaces in the group treated with NTAPP + saline, which was probably less harmful to the enamel [The role of NTAPPs applied to liquids for tooth bleaching has already been analyzed with interesting results. A helium-based NTAPP applied to the tooth surface with saline was evaluated. According to the authors, the wettability would enable the reactivity of ROS in the solution, attenuating the tooth dye, and it also would reduce the amounts of toxic gas produced using the air plasma method. The bleaching efficacy after 20 min of treatment was improved. It was 2.4 times higher than the effect produced by the whitening agent (35% of HP). The authors observed that He enamel .2O2 and •OH. Further studies are still required to investigate the effectiveness and to rule out possible toxicity effects of the reactive species to vital teeth. Moreover, studies evaluating the tooth bleaching potential of prior activated water (indirect method) or other plasma-activated liquids are also needed, since its application would be easier and possibly performed at home.Satisfactory results of NTAPPs for tooth bleaching have also been observed in the presence of water. A previous study demonstrated that deionized water activated by NTAPP for 5 or 10 min, on the surface of the teeth, showed similar whitening presented by HP, with similar color stability . Another2O2 and •OH generated in plasma-activated liquids on the tooth surface may favor tooth bleaching. The findings related to plasma-activated water and liquids indicate that they could play an important role in the adjuvant treatment of some cancers by their antitumor response. Studies of PAW involving oral cancer would be interesting to investigate its application in oral neoplasms and the exact mechanisms of action inherent to this effect.Plasma-activated water demonstrates antimicrobial activity, with promising applicability in both the decontamination of dental devices and the treatment of oral infectious diseases. The anti-inflammatory properties and wound healing benefits of PAW suggest that, in addition to its antimicrobial effect, PAW could favor the repair of previously infected lesions. In vivo studies are still needed to prove this effectiveness in oral diseases and rule out damage to the host. While RONS generated in PAW seems to present a fundamental role in decontamination and wound healing, the specific constituents H


Emotion recognition is one of the most important issues in human–computer interaction (HCI), neuroscience, and psychology fields. It is generally accepted that emotion recognition with neural data such as electroencephalography (EEG) signals, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is better than other emotion detection methods such as speech, mimics, body language, facial expressions, etc., in terms of reliability and accuracy. In particular, EEG signals are bioelectrical signals that are frequently used because of the many advantages they offer in the field of emotion recognition. This study proposes an improved approach for EEG-based emotion recognition on a publicly available newly published dataset, VREED. Differential entropy (DE) features were extracted from four wavebands  to classify two emotional states (positive/negative). Five classifiers, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Naïve Bayesian (NB), Decision Tree (DT), and Logistic Regression (LR) were employed with DE features for the automated classification of two emotional states. In this work, we obtained the best average accuracy of 76.22% ± 2.06 with the SVM classifier in the classification of two states. Moreover, we observed from the results that the highest average accuracy score was produced with the gamma band, as previously reported in studies in EEG-based emotion recognition. Two kinds of phenomena, namely thought/cognition and emotion, comprise our inner spiritual life. These two concepts are interrelated and are personal experiences that cannot be directly observed by others , and theTwo emotion models are widely used in emotion recognition . These aHuman emotions can be detected using speech signals , facial To date, many researchers have performed emotion recognition on various EEG datasets ,14,15,16a et al.  used Tuna et al.  proposeda et al.  used an a et al.  classifia et al.  proposeda et al.  used an Few researchers have recently constructed new datasets with high-tech 3D virtual reality images. For example, Morales et al.  implemenLinear interpolation and spline interpolation were used for feature extraction, and the SVM classifier was used for classification. Experimental works produced an 85.01% accuracy score for the classification of the four emotions. The Differential Entropy (DE) method is frequently preferred in EEG emotion recognition ,34,35,36This paper proposes an EEG-based emotion classification approach for a 3D VR-based dataset . In the To the best of our knowledge, we obtained the highest classification accuracy using the VREED dataset;This is the first-time Differential Entropy has been used for the VREED dataset.Experiments were carried out with the properties obtained from these bands. The Differential Entropy (DE) features are extracted from all 59 channels of each rhythm. SVM, kNN, NB, DT, and LR classifiers are used in the classification stage of the proposed scheme. The VREED dataset, which contains 19 subjects, is considered in the experimental works, and various evaluation metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Hold-out validation method, 70% of each subject is used for training, and the other 30% of each subject is used for testing purposes. We obtained the maximum average accuracy of 76.22% ± 2.06 with the SVM classifier. The original contributions of this work are as follows:The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In The methodology of the proposed scheme is illustrated in Hence, the DE of the alpha, beta, gamma, and theta bands of the EEG signal are used to classify the negative and positive emotions. Each rhythm contains 59 channels, so the DE feature set is a 59-dimensional feature vector. The SVM, kNN, NB, DT, and LR classifiers are used in the classification stage of the proposed scheme. The classification accuracy is used as the performance evaluation metric.WT) [ψ. The WT is invertible, much as Fourier analysis; hence the original signal can be fully retrieved from its WT form. The continuous WT (CWT) is defined as:a and b are the scale and translation parameters, respectively. ψ and f(t) are the wavelet function and given signal, respectively. The discrete WT (DWT) is defined as:m and n are the scaling and translation constants, respectively. In this work, we used DWT for our analysis.A signal is decomposed into a series of mutually orthogonal wavelet basis functions using the wavelet transform (WT) . These fThe concept of DE is the equivalent of the concept of entropy for continuous distributions in Shannon’s original paper . The DE X and X, the DE of X is calculated as follows:S = {Consider continuous time random variable set of X . As the e is Euler’s constant, and σ is the standard deviation of x. Then the DE can be calculated as:The dataset used in the study was created by watching 4 s long 60 VR videos of three types recorded in 3D by the Shanghai Film Academy with the help of VR glasses. These video types are positive, negative, and neutral. The dataset was initially created with a group of 15 men and 10 women with a mean age of 22.92 and a standard deviation of 1.38 for these ages. The following steps were applied in the emotion elicitation protocol stage:As provided in These recordings were recorded with a 64-channel wireless EEG recorder with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz, with the impedance of the probes below 5 kΩ. A total of 59 of these 64 channels, corresponding to five different regions of the brain: occipital, parietal, frontal, right temporal, and left temporal, were placed according to the expanded international 10-20 system (10-10 systems)  as seen After all the recording processes were completed, these data were preprocessed with the help of the EEGLAB Toolbox . Low-quaThe experiments were conducted on MATLAB. Initially, EEGLAB was used to extract the epochs for each subject. Then, each EEG signal was used to discriminate two-class emotion recognition. Finally, hold-out cross-validation was utilized by dividing the samples of each participant into a 70% training set and a 30% test set while maintaining a roughly constant percentage of each class in each set compared with the original data. The classification process was performed ten times, and the average classification accuracy was computed to lessen the unpredictability introduced by the random partition of the dataset. As mentioned earlier, various machine learning architectures were used in the classification stage of the proposed method. The parameters of these classifiers were tuned by using a hyperparameter optimization algorithm.Similarly, the kNN classifier produced the best average accuracy score of 72.9261% with the gamma rhythm. Classification accuracy of 72.6460% was obtained for all rhythms. The classifiers NB, DT, and LR, obtained average accuracy scores of 59.7951%, 61.5310%, and 64.0111%, respectively. It can be noted from the obtained results that the gamma band produced the best average accuracy scores with all classifiers.In Similarly, Moreover, the false classifications for positive and negative classes were 39.6% and 40.8%, respectively. In This paper proposed an improved approach for 3D-VR-EEG-based emotion recognition. In the proposed method, the input EEG signals undergo a preprocessing stage for noise removal and baseline adjustment. Then, the DWT approach decomposes preprocessed EEG signals into sub-bands (rhythms). Each sub-band extracts the DE features from all channels considered and fed to SVM, kNN, NB, DT, and LR classifiers to find the optimum performing classifier. In this work, we used the VREED dataset obtained by 3D VR videos with positive and negative emotions. We obtained a high average accuracy of 76.22%. To maintain a relatively consistent percentage in each class and each set compared with the original data, hold-out cross-validation was used by splitting each participant’s samples into a training set and a test set. We compared our proposed method’s accuracy with the work by Yu et al. . They pr(1-)The DE feature extraction is a simple method with low computational complexity;(2-)The DE features are nonlinear in nature, hence able to extract hidden complexities in the EEG signals effectively;(3-)The RP and PLV methods used in  try to cThe advantages of the proposed work are provided below:(4-)As mentioned in , DE featThe disadvantages of the proposed study are:This paper studied EEG-based emotion recognition on a virtual reality-based EEG dataset. First, we preprocessed the EEG signals to apply the proposed classification methods. Then, decomposed the preprocessed EEG signals of all channels into four sub-bands and extracted DE features. In the classification step, we used five classifiers, namely SVM, kNN, NB, DT, and LR, to classify into positive or negative valence.Our results show that the gamma rhythm produced efficient features that yielded high average classification accuracies with most of the classifiers. The DE is a nonlinear feature that is able to extract the hidden irregularity present within the EEG signals which has yielded high classification performance (76.22% ± 2.06).The test results prove that DE can be used as a suitable measure for evaluating chaotic situations, such as inconsistencies, complexities, and unpredictability, using EEG signals.The literature ,49,50,51In future works, we will investigate the achievement of the deep learning methods on the dataset. Moreover, various feature extraction and selection algorithms can be incorporated to improve the classification accuracy score .


Salmonella in environmental water sources suggests that it is beyond incidental findings originated from sparse fecal contamination events. However, there is no consensus on the occurrence of Salmonella as its relative serovar representation across non-recycled water sources. We conducted a meta-analysis of proportions by fitting a random-effects model using the restricted maximum-likelihood estimator to obtain the weighted average proportion and between-study variance associated with the occurrence of Salmonella in water sources. Moreover, meta-regression and non-parametric supervised machine learning method were performed to predict the effect of moderators on the frequency of Salmonella in non-recycled water sources. Three sequential steps  were performed to obtain a preliminary selection from identified abstracts and article titles. Questions related to the frequency of Salmonella in aquatic environments, as well as putative differences in the relative frequencies of the reported Salmonella serovars and the role of potential variable moderators  were formulated according to the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome method (PICO). The results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyzes statement (PRISMA). A total of 26 eligible papers reporting 148 different Salmonella serovars were retrieved. According to our model, the Salmonella frequency in non-recycled water sources was 0.19 . The source of water was identified as the most import variable affecting the frequency of Salmonella, estimated as 0.31 and 0.17% for surface and groundwater, respectively. There was a higher frequency of Salmonella in countries with lower human development index (HDI). Small volume samples of surface water resulted in lower detectable Salmonella frequencies both in high and low HDI regions. Relative frequencies of the 148 serovars were significantly affected only by HDI and volume. Considering that serovars representation can also be affected by water sample volume, efforts toward the standardization of water samplings for monitoring purposes should be considered. Further approaches such as metagenomics could provide more comprehensive insights about the microbial ecology of fresh water and its importance for the quality and safety of agricultural products.The increasing number of studies reporting the presence of  Salmonella enterica, a major pathogen causing human foodborne illness worldwide  and temperature (7–48°C) under controlled laboratory conditions , nutrient availability, interaction with other microorganisms, and exposure to UV radiation  . The folA literature search was performed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. The search components are described below. The initial screening process was performed from April to November 2020. Further directed searches were carried out by checking the reference lists of relevant articles.Search component 1 (SC1)—population: Water OR groundwater OR lake OR pond OR river.Salmonella spp. OR Salmonella enterica OR Salmonella*.Search component 2 (SC2)—intervention: After retrieving the search components results, the Boolean operator “AND” was used to combine SC1 and SC2.The research considered only papers in English published between 2015 and 2020 and duplicate articles were excluded. Editorials, letters, and Ph.D. thesis were also excluded. Based on the title and abstract contents, only articles presenting proper identification of the serovars isolated from surface or groundwater sources were selected.Salmonella detection was justified by two key reasons. Firstly, publication reporting serovar identification provides more information for biological interpretation and therefore fit better the purpose of our study, as these publications can be used to respond all the focus questions. For instance, the assessment of the frequencies of Salmonella serovars could be biased by the inclusion of articles using primers targeting a small group of serovars. Secondly, although some rapid tests could provide higher sensitivity values for Salmonella detection compared to conventional microbiological culture  were also included. The exclusion of publications using rapid methods of  culture , the com culture , there i culture .Possible sources of bias included study inclusion/exclusion criteria and the impact of missing data, missing primary results, the chosen database, date, language, number of articles, and article type selected for this study.Salmonella serovars, sample source , and water sample volume were obtained and kept in excel spreadsheets. Frequencies of Salmonella serovars were calculated by dividing the number of positive samples of each serovar by the total number of collected samples. Spreadsheets containing the data used in this meta-analysis are available as 2) was calculated and tested for significance according to Q-test at 95% probability. Heterogeneity was also quantified by I2 statistics as proposed by Information regarding the identification of manuscripts , total number of collected samples, number of positive samples, number of Salmonella sorovars was verified with canonical correspondence analysis, using the vegan package in R  index using the clValid package in R . Heatmapn = 101) were excluded for not informing the proper identification of serovars.A total of 1,723 articles were identified at PubMed, 1,277 at Web of Science, and 2,194 at Embase, totaling 5,194 papers. Of these, 1,972 duplicates or triplicates were detected and excluded. A total of 3,222 remaining publications were obtained after the exclusion of redundant papers. Most articles , followed by Canada (3), and Taiwan (2). The remaining articles originated from Burkina Faso, China, Croatia, Ghana, Mexico, Spain, Sri Lanka, and Uganda.The United States was identified as the country with the highest number of papers reporting the identification of Salmonella serovars observed in non-recycled surface water and groundwater. Only serovars that were reported in at least five different studies were included in this table. Salmonella enterica serovars in the 26 publications.Salmonella enterica in water samples varied from 1.14 (n = 247) was associated with surface water samples  was reported by Salmonella Enteritidis in a single sample (100%), the highest frequency of Salmonella and the greatest diversity of serovars were observed in a study conducted in Sri Lanka  and high heterogeneity  was observed, only source was identified as a significant mediator (P < 0.10) in the meta regression analysis. The descriptive average frequencies were 31.97 and 20.85% in surface water and groundwater samples, respectively, as shown in The Forest plot showing the summary effect size of the Salmonella frequency in water but source was identified as the most relevant one. Estimate frequencies of 0.31 and 0.17% for surface and groundwater were obtained, respectively. Considering surface water only, samples from countries with lower HDI resulted in a higher Salmonella frequency (0.42) compared to developed regions (0.26). Sampling of small water volumes resulted in lower detectable Salmonella frequencies in both high and low HDI regions. The water sampling technique reported by the majority of the studies consisted of transporting determined volume of water to the laboratory for filtering. The use of less than 1 L water samples was reported by seventeen studies (65.38%), while other six studies (23.08%) described the use of 1–4 L water samples. Only two publications (7.69%) reported the use of in situ water filtration (10 L) by means of the modified Moore swab technique (MMS) (in situ ultrafiltration (728 L) with commercial dialyzers (The decision tree  obtainedue (MMS)  and onlyialyzers . Detaileuency 0.4 comparedP < 0.0001) affected the relative frequencies of the 148 Salmonella serovars across the studies. The hierarchical clustering of the 26 publications considering the relative frequencies of the 148 Salmonella serovars is shown in According to the canonical correspondence analysis, both HDI and sample volume significantly  and columns (x) is shown in x) included the 135 less representative serovars, while cluster 5 (x) was comprised the most frequent serovars: S. Newport and S. Typhimurium, which were identified in 19 and 16 studies, respectively. Other frequent serovars were grouped in Clusters 2 , 3  and 4 . Considering that the relative frequencies of the Salmonella serovars across studies are affected by HDI and volume, individualized heatmaps according to these moderators are shown in S. Rubislaw, S. Muenchen, S. Give, S. Hartford, S. Rissen, S. Saintpaul, and S. Thompson across studies from high HDI countries is shown in S. Newport, S. Typhimurium, S. Mbandaka, S. Braenderup, and S. Kentucky. On the other hand, S. Agona, S. Derby, and S. Virchow were more frequently observed in some studies using small volume water samples  than in studies using greater water volume samples.The heatmap representing the relative frequencies of P > 0.05) in the diversity of Salmonella serovars across water sources, HDI and volume as measured by Shannon and Pielou indexes for richness and evenness, respectively.There were no differences , suggesting the existence of mechanisms to overcome stressors in aquatic and terrestrial microcosms. Long-term persistence of S. enterica in irrigation ponds has been previously reported ,  investigated in the present meta-analysis that could act as sources of heterogeneity, as reflected by the lack of important information across all studies in the meta-analysis, for instance, the proximity of the sampled water of potential contamination sources , psychochemical properties of water that might play an important role in the survival of Salmonella and competing organisms, the presence of other contaminants, characterization of wildlife in the proximity of the water bodies, among others.The amount of true heterogeneity observed in our study, represented by the between-study variance and expressed by the parameter (τ2),  was largSalmonella frequency according to the meta regression analysis and was also identified as the most relevant moderator in the regression tree corroborates the hypothesis that viable Salmonella is more frequently recovered from surface water sources than groundwater. This finding was expected, considering the greater exposure of surface water sources to contaminants in general. Indeed, surface water is more easily exposed to discharge of sewage, inadequate agricultural, livestock and industrial run-offs, climatic events and visit of wild animals  observed in our study corroborates previous findings  compared with groundwater (n = 6). Possibly, the greater interest in assessing surface water is related to its relevance and economic importance for both rural and urban settings worldwide. In fact, the majority of reports in the present study originated from regions where surface water sources have been commonly used for irrigation purposes in agri-food production systems.Importantly, there was a considerably higher number of studies on the occurrence of Salmonella in groundwater should not be neglected. Further studies addressing Salmonella contamination in groundwater are warranted as they could be particularly important in regions where irrigation practices depend on this type of water, such as semiarid settings.In summary, the occurrence of S. Newport was the most frequent serovar identified in both surface  and groundwater . Furthermore, S. Newport as the most isolated serovar throughout the year. S. Newport infection rates have been stable over the decades, with approximately 750 confirmed cases per year in Europe  and groundwater (0.63%). This serovar has been one of the two leading serovars associated with human salmonellosis since 1990 . This finding could be explained by contamination events that are probably more frequent in developing regions as a result of improper sewage treatment and disposal. However, the opposite was observed for groundwater samples and frequency estimates were 0.069 and 0.26 for low and high HDI, respectively.According to our findings, there are indications that the origin of samples, as determined by the HDI index related to the country of origin, might contribute to both overall isolation frequency and relative distribution of ion tree , the freS. Muenchen, S. Give, S. Hartford, S. Rissen, S. Saintpaul, S. Rubislaw, and S. Thompson were highly frequent across studies from high HDI countries while others  were more frequently observed in studies from low HDI countries. It is plausible to admit that the relative serovar frequencies across the regions depend on natural, social and economical drivers impacting the epidemiological and evolutionary aspects of Salmonella enterica, and therefore very difficult to be predicted.Further investigations should be conducted to address the differences in the relative frequencies of serovars between high and low HDI countries. Some serovars such as Salmonella Agona as a frequent serovar present in water samples from the low HDI countries included in our study, it is among the ten leading serovars associated with human salmonellosis in European countries, with 378–582 cases per year  from both high and low HDI countries. In high HDI countries, the frequencies were 0.31 vs. 0.14, while in low HDI countries, a greater difference was observed (0.34 vs. 0.6). Although water sample volume has been referred as critical factor for the recovery of Salmonella enterica from water, there are no previous reports directly assessing the role of water sample volume on Salmonella isolation frequency. This meta-analysis study suggests that water volume might play an important role on the recovery of viable Salmonella serovars in environmental water. Moreover, the relative frequency distribution findings reported in our study and visualized as a heatmap , such as S. Typhimuiurm, S. Newport, and S. Enteritidis.Interestingly, water sample volume was shown to significantly affect the relative frequency of ion tree , higher  heatmap  indicateS. enterica in natural water sources is underestimated. Firstly, a considerable number of the studies in our investigation (27.58%) reported using small-volume samples (<1 L), which may compromise the microbiological recovery. Although there is a consensus toward the use of larger water samples to detect microorganisms present in low densities , i.e., organisms presenting a very low metabolic rate or state of dormancy   stands out as a high efficient and low operating cost method alternative for or more) .S. enterica frequency and season or climatic condition. Seventeen of the twenty-six articles reported isolation of S. enterica from all or most of the samples collected during the entire experimental period. There is no substantial variation regarding the frequency of serovars throughout the different seasons of the year , availability of water , type of source and location of the source (level of preservation or urbanization of the surroundings) seem to have a strong influence on water contamination levels throughout the year.Two studies carried out in Colorado and Georgia (United States) showed higher isolation rates in different seasons, spring and autumn, respectively . One stuTo better assess these relationships, it is necessary to include further studies on the effects of climatic factors over long periods of time.Salmonella recovery from water samples. There is a higher recovery rate from surface water compared with ground water. The serovar representation across those samples can be affected by the investigated region and collected water sample volume, mainly for those serovars that are relevant in public health. Further conclusions about other putative important moderators were not possible because of the lack of information in the accessed studies. In this sense, we encourage longitudinal study designs and thorough serotyping that enable conclusions on seasonal variations or the effects of factors such as physicochemical parameters of water and special-temporal information. Furthermore, high throughput approaches such as metagenomics could provide invaluable information about complex relationships between Salmonella and other biotic factors. Given the importance of water quality for agri-food systems and the public health importance of Salmonella, it is extremely important to better understand this dynamics, so that more effective strategies to control and mitigate salmonellosis can be envisioned and designed.In summary, this meta-analysis investigation established the expected frequency of The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.AR: literature search, data analysis, and manuscript writing. RF: conceptualization, literature search, data analysis, and manuscript writing. WP: data analysis and manuscript revision. LL: data analysis and manuscript writing. PG, AM-S, MT, and ES: manuscript writing and revision. JM: conceptualization and manuscript revision. CO: conceptualization, manuscript writing, and manuscript revision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.