This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing weld line strength in advanced polymer injection molding through applying gas-assisted mold temperature control, significantly increasing mold temperature beyond typical values observed in conventional processes. We investigate the effects of various heating times and frequencies on the fatigue strength of Polypropylene (PP) samples and the tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composite samples at different Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) percentages and heating times. Using gas-assisted mold heating, mold temperatures exceeding 210 °C are achieved, which represents a significant advancement compared to the standard mold temperatures of less than 100 °C. As a result, the fatigue strength of the PP sample with mold heating at 15 s shows a remarkable increase of up to 5.4 times at 5 Hz compared to the sample without mold temperature control. Moreover, ABS/TPU blends with 15 wt.% TPU exhibit the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value of 36.8 MPa, while blends with 30 wt.% TPU have the lowest UTS value of 21.3 MPa. This advancement demonstrates the potential for improved welding line bonding and fatigue strength in manufacturing. Our findings reveal that increasing the mold temperature before injection results in higher fatigue strength in the weld line, with the TPU percentage having a more significant influence on the mechanical properties of ABS/TPU blends than heating time. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of advanced polymer injection molding and offer valuable insights for process optimization. Injection molding is a prominent process in the plastics industry ,2,3. The−1 can raise the mold temperature to 229 °C. Giang et al. [−1 could be achieved using high-frequency-induced heating in conjunction with a water cooling system [To reduce the cooling rate of the hot melt plastic, mold temperature must be controlled via a heat-assisted system, such as gas-assisted mold temperature control, high-frequency-induced heating, and steam heating. Mold temperature can be controlled through heating either the inside or outside of the mold ,9,10. Mag et al.  applied g system .−1. According to Roth et al. [Interestingly, Jeng et al.  used steh et al. , the plah et al. ,19,20,21h et al.  examinedh et al.  pointed h et al.  designedInjection molding could be applied with many polymer materials, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ,27,28,29On the other hand, controlling mold temperature could lower the rate of frozen parts during injection molding. The weld line tensile strength of PP is investigated by Wu et al. , and theTPU has a high adhesive capacity; thus, PP and ABS can be combined to strengthen the bonding of the blends, especially where the weld line is concerned. The PP/TPU blend characteristics are examined by Lou et al. , Nguyen This report uses gas-assisted mold temperature control to support the injection process of PP and ABS/TPU samples. The fatigue strength of polypropylene (PP) samples is investigated with regard to various heating times and frequencies. Moreover, different TPU percentages and heating times are used to evaluate the tensile strength of ABS/TPU samples. This study seeks to identify ways to optimize the injection molding process and extend the lifespan of plastic goods. The findings of this research may be valuable in various industries, ranging from automotive production to consumer goods, where injection molding is a standard manufacturing process.® TU90AE) was manufactured by Dongguan Rayan Polymer, Dongguan, China, with a MFR/MVR of 79 g/10 min and a Vicat softening point of 85.5 °C. The PP polymer (Advanced-PP 1100 N) was manufactured by Advanced Petrochemical Company, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia, with the MFR/MVR and the Vicat softening point being 12 g/10 min and 154 °C, respectively. Five heating time levels were used to explore the effects of heating time on PP samples: 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 s. Moreover, to investigate the impact of TPU percentage and heating time on the characteristics of ABS/TPU composite, TPU percentages were set at five levels: 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%. At the same time, the heating time was set at five levels: 0 s, 3 s, 6 s, 9 s, and 12 s. The injected sample shape follows the ASTM D638 standards, as shown in In this study, the ABS 750 SW polymer was manufactured by Kumho Petrochemical, Seoul, Korea, with a MFR/MVR of 38 g/10 min and a Vicat softening point of 95 °C. The TPU polymer  was also necessary to identify the fractured state ,44. The The fatigue diagrams and average fatigue cycle of samples at 1 Hz and various heating times are shown in The Taguchi method is used to analyze the results. The Taguchi method is a mathematical and statistical strategy that combines control parameters and their relevant responses to improve the optimization process. The Taguchi method can be used to optimize the manufacturing process. It is also employed in experiment design, mainly when multiple factors are considered. The Taguchi method is commonly used in injection molding to investigate mechanical qualities with specified parameters ,48,49. MThis equation presents the positive effect of the heating time and the negative effect of the frequency factor and TPU on the fatigue cycle values of the PP sample.3 particles on the sample surface, which are additives mixed with pure PP to enhance the mechanical properties. The sample is examined after testing on the weld line position, where the fatigue test has the most significant impact. The surface of the weld line is much rougher than the other areas, indicating weak bonding in this area. The surface becomes rougher, with microcracks pointing out the degradation of the plastics during the fatigue test, as presented in The SEM microstructure of PP samples before and after the fatigue test is shown in This section examines the effects of TPU percentage and heating time. TPU percentages range at five levels, i.e., 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%, while the heating time is selected at five levels, i.e., 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 s. Each case has five samples for testing, and the average results are presented with standard deviations.The Taguchi analysis is built based on TPU percentage and heating time, with five levels resulting in the L25 table. Despite using only two factors, Taguchi’s analysis helps visualize the meaning of the average table in This equation also points out the positive coefficient of heating time; therefore, improving the heating time leads to a higher UTS value.This equation pinpoints the positive coefficient of heating time; therefore, improving the heating time leads to a higher UTS value.This equation pinpoints the positive coefficient of heating time; therefore, improving the heating time leads to a higher UTS value.Two groups with 10 and 30 wt.% TPU are selected to observe the fracture surface’s microstructure. —After heating, the mold temperature values are 138.5, 160, 189.5, 201.3, and 219.1 °C corresponding to 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15s. The fatigue strength of the sample increases upon increasing the heating time. Compared to the sample without mold temperature control, the sample with mold heating at 15 s has higher fatigue strength of 1.6, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, and 5.4 times corresponding to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Hz. Therefore, increasing the mold temperature before injection leads to a rise in the fatigue strength of the weld line. As the molten plastic has a higher temperature during the filling stage, the weld line bonding becomes stronger—the fatigue performance declines when improving the frequency due to the improvement in the cycle times. According to Taguchi’s analysis, factor frequency has a more significant influence on the fatigue strength of the PP sample than the heating time factor. The SEM results reveal that the surface of the weld line is much rougher than the other areas, indicating weak bonding in this area. The surface becomes rougher, with microcracks pointing out the degradation of the plastics during the fatigue test.—The UTS values of the ABS/TPU blends range from 21.3 to 36.8 MPa. Adding 15 wt.% TPU results in the highest UTS value, while with 30 wt.% TPU, the blends reach the lowest UTS value. The elastic modulus values range from 4.3 GPa to 8.4 GPa. Taguchi’s analysis points out the positive coefficient of heating time; therefore, improving the heating time leads to higher UTS, elongation, and elastic modulus values. Moreover, the TPU percentage has a higher impact rank than the heating time on the mechanical properties of the ABS/TPU blends. The SEM results of the PP/TPU blends indicate that because ABS and TPU are different phases, the boundary between them is clear. The TPU area has a dimple shape on the fracture surface due to its high ductility. Moreover, the sample surface becomes rougher when increasing the TPU ratio.—This study demonstrated the beneficial effect of gas-assisted mold temperature on the injection technique’s fatigue and tensile strength. The outcomes of this study could be applicable in various industries, ranging from automotive to consumer goods. In future work, the effects of vibration amplitude on the fatigue strength of the PP sample should be investigated. The effects of additives and samples without weld lines also need further consideration.This study examines the weld line strength of PP and ABS/TPU with the assistance of gas-assisted mold temperature control. The report surveys the effects of different heating times and frequencies on the fatigue strength of PP samples. In addition, the tensile strength of ABS/TPU samples at different TPU percentages and heating times are also examined. Some significant results that could be named are as follows:


In addition, 59% of those with severe nomophobia had very frequent phone checking (p < 0.001) while 45.8% with any level of nomophobia reported a negative influence on their academic performance. Attention should be paid to early prevention through the development of integrated health promotion programs.Nomophobia is characterized as apprehension of being apart from smartphone, which causes the user to seek proximity with the device. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and factors associated to nomophobia among young adults in Athens, the capital city of Greece. A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 1408 young adults aged 18–25 years. The questionnaire was anonymous, including the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, the smartphone uses, and the nomophobia questions. Statistical analyses were done by simple univariable techniques or modeling the data through generalized linear models. Almost all participants (99.9%) exhibited any level of nomophobia, with the moderate level prevailing (57.0%). Women and non-working participants were more likely to exhibit severe nomophobia (adj PR = 1.57) and any level of nomophobia was 30% higher among the participants whose father had no academic degree ( Mobile phones were introduced widely in the 1990s and since then they have been an integral element in daily living. From a luxury item, nowadays, they have been turned into an indispensable one. Smartphones, as part of the technological evolution, have opened a new era of research interest with respect to their impact on socio-emotional well-being [In the early 21st century, a new term, nomophobia (NO Mobile PHOne phoBIA), was first introduced, as a finding of United Kingdom Post Office research, to describe the psychological effects of smartphone use . This siIn the era of social media, individuals who have a fear of missing out on updates, social activities, and immediate rewards may display anxiety or problematic smartphone usage, known as nomophobia. It was found that college students primarily use social media apps on their smartphones . High leCommon characteristics observed among nomophobic individuals include smartphone overuse, avoidance of restricted smartphone use areas, always carrying chargers, owning a second smartphone, keeping phones nearby while sleeping, late-night smartphone use, and checking them immediately upon waking . Those affected by nomophobia experience a fear of missing out on messages, events, and social media posts . They feIn the last decade, the interest in exploring the new phenomenon of nomophobia has significantly increased. The researchers examined the prevalence and severity of nomophobia in association with several sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, duration and frequency of smartphone usage, academic performance, housing type, internet access, app usage, and parents’ education level ,12,13. IVarious studies indicated that females are more likely to exhibit nomophobia than males ,18. WhilIn addition, individuals who spent many hours on their smartphones and owned them for several years showed elevated levels of nomophobia ,22. The Regarding parents’ education level, a study claimed that the mean nomophobia score decreased according to the father’s higher educational level . FurtherIn Europe, there is a scarcity of findings on the prevalence and the effects of nomophobia ,28,29. TTherefore, the current study aimed to explore the prevalence and factors associated to nomophobia among young adults in Athens, the capital city of Greece.The participants were selected according to the inclusion requirements for the specific cross-sectional study, such as: (a) individuals’ smartphone ownership, (b) being aged 18–25 years, and (c) completion of the informed consent form. Due to restricted access during COVID-19, the study sample was retrieved from 6 faculties of the University of West Attica and Post-Secondary Vocational Training schools located in Athens, the capital city of Greece.For the analysis purposes, the participants were split into two age groups  so as to have a clear view of the differences between younger and older ages. Moreover, those aged up to 20 years are still in the phase of late adolescence; therefore, a difference exists as regards maturity and involvement with social media and smartphones. The two age groups were equally represented , which maximized the statistical power. The study included 1408 male and female young adults aged 18 to 25 years, with a mean age of 20.7 years (SD = 2.0 years). The majority of the participants were women (71.7%) and university students (75.3%), while 31.5% were working. The questionnaire was anonymous and voluntary and was distributed during the lectures in the 2020–2021 academic year. Due to the pandemic restrictions, the study researcher supplied all necessary information and was accessible online throughout the questionnaire’s completion via the Microsoft Teams platform; data were obtained electronically. The study was approved by the University of West Attica’s research committee (14/21 September 2020) and was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1989). Students were informed of the study’s purpose and methods, and their consent was acquired.The questionnaire consisted of three parts, including the: (a) socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, and parents’ educational background; (b) smartphone use such as hours, calls, messages, and e-mails per day; and (c) nomophobia questionnaire.The 20-item Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) has a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 representing “strongly disagree” and 7 representing “strongly agree”. By summing the NMP-Q results, a numerical value between 20 and 140 was determined, with the highest score (NMP-Q = 140) indicating the most severe form of nomophobia. A score of 20 indicates nomophobia absence; a score of 21–59, mild nomophobia; scores of 60–99, moderate nomophobia; and scores of 100–140, severe nomophobia. In addition, the NMP-Q consists of four dimensions: (a) Not being able to communicate, (b) Losing connectedness, (c) Not being able to access information, and (d) Giving up convenience. The original NMP-Questionnaire was developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015)  and vali2 for a linear trend. Continuous variables were given by their mean and median values, while comparisons between them, due to the skewed distributions and lack of equal variances assumption, were evaluated through a Kruskal–Wallis test.Statistical analyses were done by simple univariable techniques or modeling of the data through generalized linear models. Ordinal and nominal variables were presented as absolute and relative (%) frequencies. Association between nomophobia levels and sociodemographic characteristics of participants were evaluated through χTwo generalized linear models were developed, having as response variables the total nomophobia scale in three and two categories. The first one was an ordinal logistic model with the total nomophobia score classified in three escalating categories . The second model was a modified Poisson regression with, as a dependent binary variable, the mild/moderate nomophobia versus severe. A modified Poisson model was preferred instead of logistic regression to avoid inflated estimates of the prevalence ratios ,32. The Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and prevalence ratios (PR) along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). In a first run, odds and prevalence ratios were estimated as unadjusted by univariable models and then adjusted for participants’ sociodemographic characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v.28 statistical software .The prevalence of a mild level of nomophobia was 24.1% (339 pers), that of a moderate level was 57.0% (803 pers), and that of a severe level was 18.9% (266 pers). Only 2 participants out of 1408 showed low nomophobia. These individuals, in the analyses, were integrated into the mild category. Women and non-working participants were more likely to exhibit severe nomophobia  compared to mild/moderate levels of nomophobia. An inverse association between age of participants, father’s educational level, and severe nomophobia was observed. However, these two characteristics did not seem to be significant preconditions for severe nomophobia .p values < 0.002 and 0.024 respectively). Even though the risk of exhibiting any level of nomophobia was 30% higher among the participants whose father had no academic degree (p = 0.029), the risk of exhibiting severe vs. mild/moderate nomophobia was not significant (p = 0.262)  to exhibit severe nomophobia compared to mild/moderate levels of nomophobia (= 0.262) .p < 0.001). Of those with severe nomophobia, 59% had very frequent phone checking (up to 10 min) (p < 0.001), while 45.8% of those with any level of nomophobia reported a negative impact on their academic performance. Participants with severe nomophobia had more expensive smartphones compared to those with mild and moderate cases (p < 0.001). The main reasons reported for using smartphone were communication with family/friends (96.8%), news/information (90.8%), lessons (84.4%) and social media (81.3%). It should be noted that all the above percentages (with the exception of communication with family/friends) differed according to the level of nomophobia, i.e., there was a linear increase from mild to severe levels of nomophobia. Almost all participants (about 93%) who exhibited any level of nomophobia had a web connection in their smartphone . Quite interesting was that the highest presentence of the participants who used a smartphone while driving were those who demonstrated severe nomophobia (6%)  .p values < 0.012), while, on the contrary, they spent less hours/week on the computer   .Smartphones, as multifunctional devices, enable users to have access to a large number of applications. While it appears that the availability of smartphones benefits them, uncontrolled and excessive use may lead to negative outcomes .In the present study, 1408 students participated. The majority were university students (75.3%), followed by post-secondary students (24.7%). It was found that almost all individuals demonstrated nomophobia, but the highest percentage was held by those who had a moderate level. Similarly, in a recent review study, nomophobia prevailed among young adults  and a nuRegarding gender, it was revealed that women had a higher level of nomophobia compared to men and greater odds to develop severe nomophobia. In terms of the scientific evidence, the results are controversial. Some studies are consistent with the findings of the present study ,38,39, wThe present study demonstrated an inverse relationship between age, father’s education and levels of nomophobia; nevertheless, these two characteristics were not significant preconditions for severe nomophobia. In this line, it is also reported that individuals aged under 20 and 24 years had higher nomophobia levels compared to older ages ,46,47. OAlmost all participants had a program for internet access via their smartphone (92.9%), and all of them exhibited some level of nomophobia (from mild to severe). Regarding the frequency with which the participants were checking their phone, 36.1% were checking up to every 10 min and 18.8% every 20 min. This conclusion corresponds to preceding research findings showing that university students check their smartphone more frequently ,22,41,43The main reasons for using smartphones were communication with family/friends (96.8%), news/information (90.8%), lessons (84.4%), and social media (81.3%). Results from relevant studies demonstrated that the majority of the participants (92%) used their smartphones for social media, information (91.5%), calling, and sending SMS messages (87.6%) . It is dFinally, the highest level of nomophobia was observed among participants with frequent smartphone use during their daily activities, which is also reported in a cross-sectional study which tried to explore the association between daily smartphone use and level of dependence . An impoSmartphones are highly popular and represent a dominant piece of equipment among young adults. As a result, these devices heavily influence the way young people communicate. This phenomenon has significantly impacted the lives of many young adults, resulting in negative health outcomes and detrimental psychological effects . Considering the increasing prevalence of information and communication technologies, further studies are needed to explore the phenomenon of nomophobia, particularly among younger generations, since limited research has been conducted in this area up to date. Health education and health promotion programs should be designed and implemented from early stages of life focused on the secure use of smartphones. It is also important that parents should participate in these programs so as to be informed about these issues. Young people should also take advantage of their free time by participating in sport activities or face-to-face interactions with their friends rather than using smartphones.It is rather difficult to generalize the results since the study was conducted among students from one university and Post-Secondary Vocational Training schools from Attica prefecture. However, the certain university is the third largest in Greece in terms of students’ number and faculty. Another limitation is the unequal ratio of male and female respondents, which could greatly affect the results of the research, leading to gender bias. However, the results give an insight into the particular issue.According to the study findings, almost all participants experienced some level of nomophobia. Nomophobia appears to be more prevalent in young adults, which lately is characterized as a “pandemic” problem among this age group. Individuals who are engaged in smartphone overuse are at a significant risk of developing nomophobic behaviours. Therefore, attention should be paid to early prevention through the development of integrated health promotion programs, even in primary school settings.


Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) of the breast and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare benign (primarily) tumors observed in the breast and gastrointestinal tract, respectively. The coexistence of both of these rare tumors is extremely rare; therefore, the author describes the clinical presentation and pathophysiological findings of such a unique case in this study. A 56-year-old female patient with no medical history presented with a substantial right breast lump, severe nausea, and vomiting, and suffered from iron deficiency anemia. Radiological observation and a right breast excisional biopsy diagnosed the patient with AME associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Endoscopy and a CT scan of the stomach revealed the existence of GIST. This is the first reported case of concurrence of a huge mass of AME and GIST in a patient. Histological and immunohistochemistry tests using p63, SMA, calponin, and Ki67 markers for the breast tumor and DOG-1, CD34, and CD117 markers for the gastric tumor revealed the non-invasive benign state. The patient had a right breast mastectomy with a negative resection margin. AME of the breast and GIST pose diagnostic challenges due to their erratic morphological characteristics and can cause misinterpretation drawn solely from radiological tests. Effective and accurate diagnostics require assessing the histological and immunohistochemistry findings of the tumor to identify the invasiveness of the neoplasm and the associated risk levels. This report, thus, creates awareness among clinicians and pathologists for the consideration of such possibilities and, therefore, conducts the necessary diagnostics and prophylactic treatments. Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) is a rare, uncommon benign tumor of the breast and was first characterized by Hamperl in 1970. In 2019, the World Health Organization defined AME as a biphasic neoplasm with a characteristic enlarged and detectable proliferation of luminal and myoepithelial cells . AME is Even though gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have a <1% prevalence rate, they are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm in the gastrointestinal tract originating from Cajal cells of the myenteric plexus . GIST isHere, we report a unique case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with a concurrent large mass in the right breast diagnosed with AME post-mastectomy and a posterior gastric tumor mass of spindle cell-type GIST.A 56-year-old multiparous Saudi female, having no family or personal history of breast cancer, was diagnosed with a huge, non-tender, painless mass covering the entire right breast. The mass was observed 15 years ago, but the patient did not consult a doctor for treatment. Later on, the patient also suffered from profound iron deficiency anemia. She also had a large posterior gastric wall mass identified four years ago in abdominal-computed tomography (CT) but refused endoscopy. Recently, the patient reportedly suffered from severe nausea and vomiting. The CT of the abdomen displayed a large gastric mass of 17 cm. An upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) endoscopy, and a cold forceps biopsy, were advised to evaluate the severity and status of the detected mass E. The enA chest CT was performed as the breast tumor mass was huge, and to rule out any chest wall involvement, since the initial clinical impression was of cytosarcoma or phyllodes tumor A, and raTissue samples extracted from resected breast tumors and GIST mass were processed for histological examination. A number of 4 μm thick paraffin sections were dissected from these tissue samples, later fixed in formalin, and washed. These paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin solution and analyzed under a digital light microscope . Histological sections from the right breast mass showed a large cystic wall lined by a benign biphasic proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells with focally lining and containing lobulated, polypoidal, well-circumscribed neoplastic growth. Scattered foci of atypical epithelial cell proliferation were identified with no infiltrative or destructive growth. The immunohistochemistry of these formalin-fixed paraffin tissue sections from the breast tumor and GIST mass was performed in Ventana Benchmark XT  using the avidin–biotin complex method. The formalin-fixed paraffin tissue samples showed positive p63 and actin (SMA) markers highlighting the proliferating myoepithelial cells, and were negative in the proliferating atypical epithelial cells. Calponin-positive staining highlighted the myoepithelial cells. HER2-stained cells showed incomplete weak membranous staining in 60% of tumor cells and complete, weak membranous staining in 10% of tumor cells. DCIS was found in 9 out of 23 blocks examined (~5%) as scattered foci sparing two areas (0.3 cm and 2.8 cm) with low volume in a contiguous pattern. However, the predominant patterns were solid and cribriform. DCIS and benign breast tissue also displayed epithelial ductal hyperplasia and microcalcifications. Lobular involvement, necrosis, inflammatory lymph nodes, and fibrocystic changes were not observed. Nipples, skin, skeletal muscles, and lymph nodes were all negative for malignancy. DCIS was positive for estrogen receptors with strong nuclear positivity in 90% of tumor cells. On the other hand, it was negative for both progesterone receptor and HER2, and Ki67 was ~1%. The histological and biomarker pattern observed in the breast mass indicated non-invasive benign cystic adenomyoepithelioma involving scattered small foci of DCIS, nuclear grade 2 within the epithelial component. Further, DCIS was not observed in the surrounding breast tissue. Radiological measurements of the 16 cm gastric tumor identified the risk levels to be moderate to high. The histological section of the tumor displayed no mitotic figures. The immunohistochemistry analysis of the gastric mass was positive for DOG-1, CD34, and CD117 markers and Desmin-negative cells. Germline genetic testing of the GIST samples for mutation identification was not performed. Overall, the pathological results supported the presence of a benign gastrointestinal stromal tumor with a spindle cell-type morphology.The patient’s condition was stable after mastectomy and had a smooth post-operative course with no complications. Still, our patient needs management for her gastric and thyroid masses, and she is on follow-up in our surgical clinic. The patient is recommended for a post-operative follow-up of one month, followed by a quarterly visit in the first year, half-yearly in the second year, and then annually later. The patient’s status will be monitored through breast imaging.AME is an uncommon neoplasm of the breast and is primarily benign; however, several cases have also reported malignancies. It poses clinical and diagnostic challenges due to the morphological heterogeneity in clinical presentation observed in the imaging techniques and, thus, cannot be solely used for accurate interpretations. AME occurrence shows female predominance, with most patients being elderly or middle-aged (mean age 59 years). However, diversity in the age spectrum of patients has been reported, with the youngest being an adolescent girl of 14 years and as elderly as 82 years ,19. VariThe present study reports a case of benign AME in a Saudi female aged 56 years, demonstrating a 16 × 11 cm well-circumscribed large painless, tender mass extending over the entire right breast with calcification at multiple areas. The AME tumor in this study measured a dimension of 13 cm × 19 cm × 10 cm, which was significantly higher compared to the two earlier reports from China and India, where the measurements of the tumor were 3.5 cm × 3 cm × 2.2 cm, and 2.5 cm × 2.4 cm × 2.3 cm, respectively ,22. Anot2 surface area for counting mitosis. Further, upon radiological assessment, the gastric tumor mass measured 16 cm in size, allowing us to interpret the prognosis as moderate to high risk. In comparison, a study from the UK reported a solid and peripherally enhancing mass of 5 cm × 4 cm in size in the CT scan and a mitotic index of less than 1/50 HPF. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry pattern demonstrated positivity for CK7, AE1/AE3, CK903, MNF116, CK14, CK5/6, CD117, EMA, SMA, S100 protein, CD10, CD34 and calponin biomarkers, but negative for desmin, CK20 and H-caldesmon [GIST is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the GIT, with the size varying from as small as 1 cm and extending up to 40 cm. Due to its low prevalence (<1%), its etiology and the associated risk factor have not been explored in detail ,14. The Due to the rare occurrence of AME, the treatment protocol is not well established. Adjuvant chemotherapy remains ineffective in the majority of cases. However, cyclophosphamide and eribulin have beneficial roles in malignant AME ,27. ThusThis study reports the rarest concurrence of AME of the breast with DCIS and GIST in a patient. This is the second report about the occurrence of such a unique condition. Reporting such cases generates awareness among clinicians and pathologists to assess and devise effective treatment strategies. The invasiveness and risk levels of the tumor are challenging and cannot be interpreted solely the radiological studies. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a biopsy and histopathological tests to accurately assess the prognostic stage of the infection and implement essential treatment strategies. Surgical excision is the best available treatment option to avoid the transformation to malignancies. However, evaluating the surgical margins is the most important to prevent the chances of any residual lesions post-resection.


Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, have been widely studied due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and solution processability. The architecture of PSCs determines that high PCE and stability are highly dependent on each layer and the related interface, where nonradiative recombination occurs. Conventional synthetic chemical materials as modifiers have disadvantages of being toxic and costly. Natural molecules with advantages of low cost, biocompatibility, and being eco-friendly, and have improved PCE and stability by modifying both functional layers and interface. In this review, we discuss the roles of natural molecules on PSCs devices in terms of the perovskite active layer, interface, carrier transport layers (CTLs), and substrate. Finally, the summary and outlook for the future development of natural molecule-modified PSCs are also addressed. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are generating enormous attention in the fields of renewable energy due to their brilliant optoelectronic properties, including high light absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, and small exciton binding energy ,4,5,6,7.PSCs originated from dye-sensitized solar cells. Therefore, the architecture is similar to a sandwich, comprising the perovskite layer, charge transport layer and electrode. When the light through the transparent electrode enters the perovskite layer, the electron–hole pairs are generated then separated into free electrons and holes, i.e., photogenerated carriers. The photogenerated carriers will spontaneously diffuse to the corresponding charge transport layer under the concentration gradient, be extracted at the interface between the carrier transport layers (CTLs) and perovskite layer, and finally be collected by the electrode. This process has not been smooth sailing, because there are numerous defects at grain boundaries and the surface in the perovskite film owing to its ionic nature and the rapid crystal growth process. These defects will hinder carrier transport and cause nonradiative recombination. Furthermore, these defects are sensitive to environmental factors, such as moisture, oxygen, temperature, etc., affecting the optoelectronic properties of the perovskite, even leading to degradation. To solve these problems, many scientists have explored various strategies, such as additive engineering, ,10 interRecently, many reviews of PSCs have been published and have provided more in-depth insights for researchers ,16,17,18Perovskite crystals have a soft lattice character and low formation energy; thus, either at grain boundaries or the surface, numerous defects could be formed during the crystallization process ,20. Furt2+. As a result, the increased growth activation energy of the perovskite retarded the perovskite crystal growth and induced a preferred orientation. As a result, a champion PCE of 20.25% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.143 V, a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 22.97 mA cm−2 and a fill factor of 77.13% has been realized  film is too smooth, which is not beneficial for achieving high-quality perovskite films. Liu and co-authors introduced choline chloride  into PbI2 and constructed a novel heterogeneous PbI2 (HLI) structure to change this situation [2 crystal arrangement, leading to the rough and porous surface of PbI2 films that cause the organic precursor to diffuse into films, resulting in better morphology and large grains of the perovskite films. In addition, the negative charge cation vacancy defects of the perovskite films can be effectively passivated by the quaternary ammonium in VB4. With these synergistic effects of VB4, the champion PCE of PSCs is achieved at 22.13% with remarkably elevated Voc 1.17 V. They further fabricated PSCs using double-sided modification, and the PCE is up to 24.27% with enhanced Voc 1.21 V , the strongest antioxidant, can eliminate both hydrogen peroxide radicals and singlet molecular oxygen produced during photooxidation . Zhuang 2+ and Pb-I antisite defects, and I#x2212; sites can interact with the amino group. Moreover, a hydrogen bond formed between the Indigo and the perovskite surface, which could restrain ion migration. After the treatment of Indigo, the champion PCE of the PSC improved to 23.22%, with a Voc of 1.16 V, a Jsc of 25.02 mA cm−2, and an FF of 80%. Furthermore, the Indigo-treated large-area device exhibited a champion PCE of 20.95% with a Jsc of 24.50 mA cm−2, a Voc of 1.14 V and an FF of 75%. Moreover, the moisture and thermal stability were enhanced by rich hydrogen bonds and the carbonyl group of Indigo, and 75% of the original PCE of Indigo-treated unencapsulated PSC was maintained after 60 °C aging for 1500 h, and only 15% of the PCE dropped in storage at the ambient environment after the 1500 h aging.Various defects are generated during the crystallization process. among them, intrinsic site defects and surface defects significantly deteriorate the performance of the PSCs . Guo andEF) and the valance band maximum (VBM) increased by 0.48 eV, keeping a constant ionization potential. This means the surface energetics completely transformed from p-type to n-type. Furthermore, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) showed that a p–n homojunction with 100 nm thickness formed from the perovskite film surface. Therefore, a favorable interface with the electron transport layer (ETL) formed, improving charge transport. Moreover, the capsaicin-containing carbonyl group could effectively interact with the uncoordinated Pb2+, leading to both the interface nonradiative recombination and defect-assisted recombination being significantly suppressed. As a result, their p–i–n PSCs achieved a record efficiency of 21.88% with a Voc of 1.13 V, a Jsc of 23.10 mA cm−2 and an FF of 83.81%. The capsaicin also improved stability through enhanced hydrophobicity, and the unencapsulated device maintained 90% of initial PCE after storage for 800 h in the ambient environment.A suitable electronic structure is necessary for perovskite to form a favorable energy match with the adjacent layer ,31. FurtEVAC) increased, while the EF and VBM shifted from 1.09 to 0.51 eV, which indicated that the surface energetics transformed from n-type to p-type. KPFM exhibited that the thickness of the n–p homojunction formed accounts for about 80 nm. Based on the n–p homojunction, the interface barrier between the perovskite and the hole transport layer was minimized  was introduced into the SnO2 ETL, and oxygen defects on the SnO2 film surface were reduced, enhancing electron mobility and reducing the interface energy-level offset; thus, the interfacial charge transfer was improved. As a result, this achieved a champion PCE of 24.20% and an FF of 81.01% due to the synergistic effect, and the hysteresis is negligible. Furthermore, 93.04% of the initial PCE of unencapsulated devices was retained after aging 5000 h at room temperature.Liu and co-authors introduced vitamin D2 (VD2) into the perovskite bulk , and 530inimized g, enhancThe above studies using natural molecules through additive engineering represent important breakthroughs either in crystallization or defect passivation and energetic modification of PSCs, promoting the development of PSCs even in the field of green energy. However, there are still some issues that should be addressed. For example, the PCE still lags behind synthetic chemical additives. In addition, the mechanism between natural molecules and perovskite is explored, while the distribution of natural molecules in perovskite and the interaction with the adjacent layer also should be considered systematically.The interface is where the carrier extraction, transport and collection occurs, as well as photon transmission. Thus, the properties of the interface are significant for the performance of the PSC, even the stability of the PSC. A promising interface should have these properties, including no energy loss when carriers pass, strong enough to prevent the permeation of oxygen and humidity, as well as ion migration. With this requirement, scientists have put extensive effort into improving the properties of interfaces, including interface contact, interface energetics, and interface trap-states. In this section, some representative studies that have used natural molecules to modify the interface in terms of ETL and HTL are described.2) is a commonly used ETL in PSCs, due to its advantages of high stability and excellent optoelectronic properties [2 surface can cause degradation of the perovskite. In addition, the energy level of TiO2 and perovskite are not well matched. All the above leads to poor performance of PSCs. To ameliorate the situation, You and co-authors used the biopolymer heparin sodium (HS) with multiple functional groups as the interlayer anchoring the TiO2 and perovskite [−, SO3− anionic in HS with uncoordinated Pb2+ in perovskite and Ti4+ in TiO2 occurred, with the Na+ cationic group prone to filling the vacancies of MA+ and interacting with the uncoordinated I−. All led to ameliorated morphology of the TiO2 surface with better hydrophilicity and no pinhole, and provided a homogeneous surface for the growth of perovskite, resulting in the perovskite film with fewer surface defects and better crystallinity. Furthermore, the strong anchoring effect of HS effectively hinders ion migration and suppresses hysteresis. As a result, this realized a champion PCE of 20.1% and improved long-term stability of 90% and 85% original PCE, which was maintained after 70 d storage at nitrogen and air, respectively.Titanium dioxide  to passivate the TiOnar PSCs . As is s2 has the advantages of low-temperature manufacturing and good energy-level alignment. However, the inevitable surface defects and pinholes of the film significantly deteriorate the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. To overcome these shortages, Geng and co-authors employed L-aspartic acid (LAA) as the interlayer between ETL and perovskite [4+ and neutralizes the alkalinity of the hydroxyl group in SnO2, leading to a denser and smoother ETL layer with reduced defects, and negligible transmittance loss, and enhanced conductivity. Moreover, hydrogen bonds could be formed between the amino group of LAA and halogen ions of the perovskite, resulting in improved crystallization and inhibited ion migration. Thus, the ETL layer and the perovskite layer are connected chemically via LAA. In addition, the conduction band (ECB) of LAA-modified SnO2 decreased from −4.17 eV to −3.96 eV, which is more aligned with the perovskite layer, facilitating the charge transfer. As a result, a champion PCE of 22.63% with a Voc of 1.16 V, Jsc of 24.75 mA cm−2 and an FF of 79.32% was achieved, and the PCE only declined by 12.8% after aging 2184 h at 60 °C and 9.1% declined after aging 1680 h at a relative humidity of 40%.As for alternative ETL materials, SnOrovskite . As show2 ETL and perovskite [2 decreased from 3.6 eV to 3.32 eV, and the conductivity increased by 0.44 × 10−3 mS cm−1. Furthermore, superfluous amines and ammonium ions can interact with halides and uncoordinated Pb2+ in the perovskite through electrostatic interaction, which facilitates charge transfer and prevents back-recombination. Furthermore, with the interlayer of creatine, the Urbach energy of the perovskite layer is slightly decreased, implying that a low level of energetic disorder resulted in a low defect density, and creatine passivates the defect states, improving the quality of the perovskite layer. As a result, a champion PCE of 20.8% with a Voc of 1.19 V, Jsc of 23.4 mA cm−2 and an FF of 75.9% was realized. The device with creatine exhibited better stability than the control, with over 90% of the original PCE of unencapsulated devices retained after storage for 50 days under ambient conditions.The phenomenon of charge transport imbalance and charge accumulation at the interface result from the discrepant extraction rates, which is a bottleneck phenomenon of the PSC, and influences device performance . To overrovskite . Creatin2 ETL without any modification always exhibited poor electron extraction due to the appeared trap-states. To cover this shortage, 3-amino-4-pyrazolecarboxylic acid (APA) was employed by Chen and co-authors as the interlayer between the ETL and perovskite for ameliorating the optoelectronic properties of the buried perovskite film interface and ETL [2+, leading to trap-states being reduced from 8.28 × 1016 cm−3 to 6.73 × 1016 cm−3, and electron mobility and conductivity are also improved. In addition, the difference between EF and VBM decreased by 0.12 eV, which means the APA-treated SnO2 is more n-type, facilitating charge transfer and collection. Moreover, carboxyl and pyrazole N are electron-rich units that could interact with uncoordinated Pb2+ through coordination and hydrogen bonding, which improves crystallization and regulates crystal growth. Therefore, APA works as a multifunctional bridge, chemically linked to the SnO2 and the buried perovskite interface, leading to an impressive champion PCE of 24.71% with a Voc of 1.159 V, Jsc of 25.51 mA cm−2 and an FF of 83.56%. In addition, over 83% of the original PCE was retained after aging in nitrogen for 2400 h at room temperature in the dark for the unencapsulated devices, and over 80% of the initial PCE was retained under 1 sun illumination of continuous maximum output power point (MPP) tracking after 500 h.PSCs with solely SnO and ETL . With thX) is a promised HTL material due to the superiorities of high hole transport ability and excellent stability. However, imperfect film coverage and pinholes commonly arise during the solution fabrication process [X film is mismatched with the perovskite, leading to a decrease in carrier transport ability. To overcome these disadvantages, Xie and co-authors used adenine as the interlayer between NiOX and perovskite to regulate the energy level in PSCs [Voc. Furthermore, the Ni3+/Ni2+ ratio increased from 2.96 to 3.45, resulting in better hole conductivity. Moreover, the three main peaks of perovskite deposited on the NiOX/adenine were enhanced, indicating improved crystallization. Thus, the adenine worker as the surface modifier ameliorates the energy-level mismatch, improves the crystallization of perovskite, and enhances charge transport and extraction. As a result, a champion PCE of 18.96% with a Voc of 1.06, V, Jsc of 22.94 mA cm−2, and an FF of 77.76% was realized, and 90% of the initial PCE of the adenine-modified devices without encapsulation maintained after 600 h storage at room temperature under ambient conditions (50–60% relative humidity).In inverted-structure (p–i–n) PSCs, nickel oxide  and HTL  are suffering from their own disadvantages. To overcome these shortages, scientists have made efforts to improve the properties of the CTL, including dopants and substitutes  group in HAP can interact with Pb2+, benefiting charge extraction and transport. As a result, this achieved a champion PCE of 20.98% with a Voc of 1.076 V, Jsc of 24.73 mA cm−2 and an FF of 78.85%, and similar stability of 0% to 70% HAP with over 85% of their initial PCEs maintained after storage under ambient conditions without encapsulation. Moreover, HAP exhibited excellent Pb2+ absorption capacity with 1350 mg g−1; the one-point broken devices with 70% HAP scaffold and 20 or 40 μm HAP encapsulation layer released Pb concentration in water are 0.75 and 0.55 ppm, respectively, lower than the 0% and HAP-free devices of 7.0 ppm  . With th 7.0 ppm B. Thus, 2 ETL, SnO2 as ETL has advantages of simple processing, suitable energy-level alignment, and high carrier mobility [2 ETL suffers from lattice mismatch with perovskite, which leads to interfacial stress and defects. In addition, oxygen vacancies are also generated during the low-temperature manufacturing process, which induces nonradiative recombination [2 with tyrosine (Tyr) to improve the properties of SnO2 film, including passivating the interface defects and tuning the energy level [2 film was doped with Tyr, the oxygen vacancies were filled by Tyr through the interaction between the carboxyl group and Sn4+. Furthermore, the conduction band minimum (CBM) of Tyr-modified SnO2 increased from the pristine −4.34 eV to −4.15 eV, which diminishes the energy loss and promotes electron extraction. Moreover, the amino group in Tyr on the surface of the SnO2 film could interact with the I ion, and work as the bridge between perovskite and ETL, which not only eliminates the gap between the two layers facilitating charge transfer at the interface, but also improves the crystallization to render less grain boundary and preferable crystal orientation. As a result, the Tyr-modified device achieved a champion PCE of 22.17% with a Voc of 1.11 V, Jsc of 24.95 mA cm−2 and an FF of 80.05%, and 87% of the original PCE of the unencapsulated device was maintained after aging 864 h in ambient air .Compared to TiOmobility ,60. Howebination . To solvgy level . After t2 colloid solution was widely used for ETL preparation, the soft agglomerate phenomenon of the SnO2 colloid solution often appeared when under long-term storage due to van der Waals attraction, leading to incompletely covered film [2 exhibited its main peak at 9 nm, while the agglomerated SnO2 nanoparticle corresponded to 100 nm. In contrast, there is only a single peak at 10 nm after the addition of CLY or CA, which indicates that amino acids could effectively prevent soft agglomeration. When the ATF was added to the SnO2 colloid solution, the average size increased to 1.4 μm due to the fluoride ion decreasing the Zeta potential. After 30 d aging, the control and GLY SnO2 colloid solution observed two peaks. When the CA SnO2 colloid solution retained a single peak, this indicated that it was more stable for long-term storage. Furthermore, the carboxyl group interacted with the hydroxyl group on the surface of SnO2, and the carbonyl group passivated the oxygen vacancies via coordination with Sn4+, leading to an ameliorated morphology of SnO2 film. Meanwhile, the negatively charged defects of perovskite are effectively passivated by the amino group in GLY and CA, resulting in an improvement in crystallization. As a result, the PSC modified by GLY exhibited a champion PCE of 19.71%, with a Voc of 1.18 V, a Jsc of 22.83 mA cm−2 and an FF of 73%, and the encapsulated device maintained 83.58% of the original PCE after exposure to an 85% relative humidity environment for 360 h.Although commercial SnOred film ,64. To ored film . As show2+ on the buried surface of the perovskite can be passivated by the amino and hydroxyl groups  as the HTL in inverted PSCs . Figure CTLs are an important part of PSCs, and these works represent great progress in the use of natural molecule-modified CTLs in PSCs. However, most are concentrated on one question of CTLs, and cannot use a natural molecule to achieve defect passivation, energetics modification, and suppression migration simultaneously. Thus, there is still a long way to go for promising CTLs.Flexible PSCs are commonly coated on plastic substrates including polyimide (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) due to their advantages of excellent mechanical and chemical stability ,72,73. H−1 and a smoother surface, but also showed an aligned energy level with perovskite (−1 after 3000 bending tests at a 4 nm curvature radius, while the PEN/IZO electrode increased after 2400 bending tests (VOC of 0.935 V, JSC of 16.92 mA cm−2 and an FF of 73.86%, and retained 70% of initial PCE after bending 1000 times at a 4 mm curvature radius.In 2018, Gao and co-authors first employed biocompatible cellulose paper with low cost as the substrate of flexible PSCs . The subrovskite a. As a rrovskite b. Later,rovskite c. In addng tests d. As a rThese studies represent great progress in flexible substrates, which means that environmentally unfriendly plastic substrates could be substituted by the biocompatible flexible substrate, and provide a new direction for flexible PSCs. However, there are still some problems to be solved. For example, although a biodegradable flexible substrate shows good flexibility and light transmittance, its device performance still needs to be greatly improved. In addition, the environmental stability of this type of substrate also should be addressed.This review concentrated on the recent progress of PSCs modified by natural molecules with high performance and stability. Compared to synthetic chemical molecules, Natural molecules are biocompatible and eco-friendly. More important, natural molecules play an important role either in perovskite or interface and CTL. Based on additive engineering, the introduced natural molecules improve the crystallization process and passivate the defects as well as the energetics modification. Through interface engineering, the employed natural molecules ameliorate interface contact and energy-level alignment, promoting charge transfer. Moreover, CTL doped by natural molecules improved the surface and chemical properties that benefit the overlying layer deposition, and enhanced charge separation and transportation. For the device substrate, natural molecule-based substrates exhibited brilliant flexible ability, excellent transmittance, and biocompatibility. In summary, natural molecules exhibited valuable functions in PSCs, and have a broader application potential. However, there are still some issues that should be considered.First, the PCE of natural molecule-modified PSCs lags behind the PSCs modified by synthetic chemical materials. Thus, it is necessary to develop some natural molecules that can effectively promote the PCE of PSCs.Second, when perovskite is modified with additive engineering, the distribution of natural molecules in it and the interaction with adjacent layers also need to be noted. The mechanism of natural molecules with perovskite and adjacent layers also should be investigated systematically.Third, inspired by the natural molecule-based substrate, the CTL could also be substituted for natural molecules.


The samples were then subjected to fracture forces. The moment of fracture of the crown was recorded and compared with those of the other samples. Specimens immersed in distilled water (control group) had the highest fracture resistance (mean [M] = 1331.00 ± 296.74 N), while those immersed in tea had the lowest mean resistance to fracture (mean [M] = 967.00 ± 281.86 N). Nutritional deficiency and inappropriate eating habits influence the fracture strength of temporary crowns, thereby rendering them more elastic or less resistant to fractures. Implant-supported provisional restorations are critical for improving the esthetics and shaping of the peri-implant tissue. The mechanical properties of these provisional materials can be influenced by saliva, food, beverages, and interactions between these materials in the oral environment. Therefore, the integrity of provisional restorations should be preserved throughout the treatment period. This study aimed to evaluate the fracture strength of implant-supported polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) provisional restorations made of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing when immersed in different solutions at a controlled temperature of 37 °C for 7 days. Each analog-pillar-crown set was submerged in different liquids: 10 pieces were placed in distilled water then in tea, coffee, red wine, and Coca Cola Provisional implant-supported restorations are critical for improving esthetics, contouring, and shaping of the peri-implant tissue architecture. Dokania, R. et al. suggested the term “guided tissue healing” to describe the use of a provisional restoration for guiding soft-tissue architecture. This is a state-of-the-art approach in implantology ,2, whichThe fracture resistance of temporary materials is generally low compared to permanent restorative material, such as ceramics; parafunctional habits, diet, and time are important factors that influence the fracture resistance. Strength should also be considered when selecting a temporary material for clinical use ,5,6. Strength tests are conducted to predict the fracture toughness of dental materials . Since tFixed provisional restorations are fabricated using various resin-based materials . CurrentComputer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology for the fabrication of temporary crowns allows for the shaping of materials with high precision, which cannot be easily achieved using a traditional method . This prSome solvents, particularly those with acidic components, can penetrate the PMMA organic polymer network, thereby causing bulking and separation of the matrix filler phases, which is followed by softening of the polymers and chemical dissolution. In addition, the erosive effects of weak intra-oral acids (citric and lactic acids) on inorganic fillers can contribute to decreasing the hardness of materials such as Protemp or Luxatemp, which are composite materials containing Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and glass- or silica-based fillers. Therefore, the chemical environment of the oral cavity may critically influence the degradation of the restorations ,7.The fracture resistance being generally low is a common cause for the failure of temporary restorations when compared to permanently supplemented materials; although they should be designed to avoid failure, they may still occur and cause discomfort to the patient. Thus, the mechanical strength of provisional crowns is important and should be considered to ensure clinical success while maintaining occlusal balance, preferably without the use of pontics ,14.This study aimed to evaluate the fracture strength of implant-supported PMMA provisional restorations made of CAD–CAM when immersed in different solutions (popular beverages) at a controlled temperature of 37 °C for 7 days. The specific objectives of this study were to evaluate the fracture resistance of temporary cemented crowns on implants to determine the influence of different solutions on the fracture resistance of temporary crowns, determine the solution that affects the fracture resistance of temporary crowns the most, and compare the qualitative results obtained in other studies. The null hypothesis was that the type of beverage does not influence the fracture resistance of the PMMA provisional implant-supported crowns, and that oral temperature does not influence the fracture of crowns immersed in different substances.®, Gais, South Tyrol, Italy) 10 implant titanium abutments  and 10 implant analogs , Multilink automix system , and 5 aqueous solutions such as distilled water, green tea, coffee, red wine, and Coca Cola® .All the materials used in this study were selected based on their importance and utility in dentistry, as well as their stability under normal use and storage conditions, which have been rated by clinical experience and longevity. The materials used to complete this study were the following: 60 identical PMMA crowns milled with a CAD–CAM 5-TECsystem  15850:2014  and empl®, Gais, South Tyrol, Italy) were used in this study. They were designed by Zikonzahn software, cut with CAD/CAM Milling Bur PMMA Premium (6 mm), polished by diamond rubber wheels and pumice, and the high gloss was achieved with goat-hair brush and composite polishing paste. The tooth used for testing was 1.6. These provisional crowns . All titanium abutments were screwed to an internal hexagon analog with a 4.1 platform . The analogs were adapted to a previously prepared titanium base . The following aqueous solutions were used: distilled water, green tea, coffee, red wine, and Coca Cola®. The green tea, coffee, and red wine used were products from Portugal. The tea was prepared with 200 mL of hot water and 1 bag of green tea, the coffee was prepared with 200 mL of hot water and 3 spoons of instant coffee, and the amount of red wine was a glass.Sixty identical PMMA crowns milled with a CAD–CAM 5-TEC system color A2–B2 ) based on a minimum effect size of 0.50, α = 0.05, and 1-β = 0.80, screwed on the replicas, were submerged in the different aqueous solutions separately. Each group was exposed separately for 7 days in a thermostatic oven at 37 °C. Subsequently, all the crowns were subjected to force application at a constant rate until the occurrence of fracture. The five groups were separately subjected to artificial aging and immersed in different solutions for 7 days in a thermostatic oven at 37 °C, which is similar to the environment of the oral cavity. A temperature-controlled Memmert-Peltier-cooled incubator  was used for artificial aging. Approximately 100 mL of different liquids were used on each sample  to ensurThe fracture strength of temporary materials is subject to the geometry of the restoration and the aging processes that occur in clinical applications. Although the laboratory values of flexural strength under static load may not reflect intra0oral behavior, these values are useful for comparing materials under controlled situations and can be a useful predictor of clinical performance ,4.The Instron Electropuls E10000 LT  EUA a is a dyThe test structures  were screwed onto the titanium base using a torque wrench in the Instron universal testing machine  with a load cell having a capacity of 10,000 N. A traditional static load test per occlusal area of the crowns was applied in the central groove, which was progressively increased by 1 mm/min toward the structure until the occurrence of fracture b. ® version 2.0 Dynamic Test software . This software allows users to define and run tests, as well as acquire data for a wide variety of dynamic and quasi-static applications. Thereafter, all the values and data were transferred to Microsoft Office Excel®, version 16.0 , where statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed. The test results were transferred to WaveMatrixData were analyzed using a statistical computing program from Vienna, Austria  . Descrip®, and red wine, at a controlled oral temperature of 37 °C for 7 days were tested. p = 0.128), η2 = 0.14]. Moreover, the time-to-fracture was significantly associated with the substance analyzed  with a high effect size. Tukey’s multiple comparison tests (p < 0.001), the distilled water and red wine (p < 0.001), the Coca Cola and coffee (p < 0.001), the red wine and coffee (p < 0.001), the Coca Cola and tea (p < 0.001), and the red wine and tea (p < 0.001). The distilled water, coffee, and tea showed higher mean time until fracture compared with that of the Coca Cola and red wine. In this study, the fracture strength of the PMMA provisional crowns submerged in five substances, namely, distilled water, coffee, tea, Coca Colaon tests  revealedp = 0.0636), η2p = 0.20], with a high effect size. Observation of the heatmap  = 2.43  at a temperature of 37 °C for 7 days, with the aim of evaluating the fracture resistance of the crowns. According to Yanikoğlu et al., provisional restorations soften upon exposure to organic acids and various liquid food constituents. Furthermore, when provisional restorations are soaked in saliva, disintegration occurs at the interface; therefore, the chemical environment in the oral cavity can critically influence the in vivo degradation of restorations. The authors also reported that the specimens were stored for 14 days in different solutions  and distilled water (control group) to partially simulate the oral environment . In our ®  brand showed a higher fracture resistance than the Protemp™ 4  brand. The saliva pH did not affect the fracture strength of the LuxaCrown® provisional crowns, but it did affect the fracture strength of the Protemp™ 4 provisional crowns. The LuxaCrown® provisional crowns, when exposed to artificial saliva with pH values of 4 and 7, exhibited a higher fracture strength than the Protemp™ 4 provisional crowns [The normal pH of the oral cavity is mainly neutral (pH = 7). Any food or drink that can reduce the pH in the mouth from 5.2 to 5.5 can cause penetration and softening of any type of restoration or prosthesis ,22 For eThe surface hardness of a material is a complex mechanical property that is affected by several properties, including strength, proportional limit, ductility, malleability, and abrasion resistance. Diaz-Arnol et al.  demonstrAlthough laboratory values of flexural strength under static load may not reflect intra-oral behavior, these values are useful for comparing materials under controlled situations and can be useful predictors of clinical performance ,29. Yanikoğlu, N.D. et al. evaluated test specimens that were conditioned in food-simulating liquids for 1 week prior to testing. This period could be considered a long duration, because temporary restorations come into contact with food and drinks only during eating and drinking until the teeth are cleaned . HoweverLang et al.  investigBecause temporary materials degrade under the influence of the environment in the oral cavity, it is important that patients be aware about the possible effects of alcohol and other substances on provisional restorations, especially if they need to be retained in the oral cavity for a long period ,12,19.Laboratory fatigue tests have been performed by subjecting a specimen to the application of alternating stresses below the yield point until fracture occurs. Despite their importance, they contain limitations that do not allow us to make a direct analogy with what happens in the oral cavity. In general, material loss is lower under clinical conditions than in laboratory studies. In addition, there has been a high variability of results, regardless of the type of study.Trying to reproduce oral conditions in terms of temperature, humidity, occlusal loads, and microbial flora is still the biggest challenge for every researcher.The PMMA crowns immersed in different liquids exhibited mechanical properties that were capable of withstanding masticatory forces after aging. However, the laboratory values of the fracture strength under a static load may not reflect the intra-oral behavior, and it also must be considered that, in the oral cavity, the crowns are not immersed in 24 h solutions. The liquids used directly influence the fracture strength of temporary crowns.The pH, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol consumption are parameters that affect the structure, strength, and dissolution of temporary crowns, thereby making them less resistant to fracture and more elastic in the case of caffeine.® and coffee showed higher mean times-to-fracture of the provisional crowns.Crowns submerged in distilled water (control group) had the highest mean fracture strength, and those in tea had the lowest mean strength-to-fracture, thereby making provisional crowns more elastic. Similarly, the tests with Coca Cola® (caffeine), which does not corroborate with the results of previous studies.In our study, we achieved statistically significant results on the strength and time-to-fracture of the provisional crowns, where they became soft and elastic with exposure to tea, coffee, and Coca ColaBased on the results obtained and the methodology described in this study, we formulated the following conclusions:


Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LBS) is a well-documented probiotic strain in oncology and has a pivotal role in clinical applications. Here, we have investigated the protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on intestinal mucositis induced by cisplatin (CP) and explored the underlying mechanisms targeting inflammatory proteins, as well as the histological changes in the intestinal tissue of mice, in addition, the bacterial strains that may be related to the health-enhancing properties. BALB/c mice were pre-treated with or without LBS via oral gavage, followed by mucositis induction with cisplatin. Our results revealed that the LBS-treated groups significantly attenuated proinflammatory cytokine levels  compared to the CP group. Furthermore, LBS mitigated the damaged tight junction integrity caused by CP via up-regulating the levels of claudin, occludin, ZO-1, and mucin-2 protein (MUC-2). Finally, the 16S rRNA fecal microbiome genomic analysis showed that LBS administration enhanced the growth of beneficial bacteria, i.e., Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae, while the relative abundance of the opportunistic bacteria Bacteroides and Proteobacteria decreased. Collectively, LBS was found to beneficially modulate microbial composition structure and functions and enrich the ecological diversity in the gut. The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining the host’s health, potentially through regulating immune stability and protecting against gastrointestinal diseases ,2. A heaDisturbed gut flora has been linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) , depressPrevious studies have shown that the biodiversity and richness of the gut microbiome can be changed significantly with chemotherapeutic drugs ,10. The Intestinal mucositis represents one of the most frequent side effects in oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. It is defined as the inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the digestive tract, resulting in structural, functional, and immunological abnormalities, also characterized by increased intestinal permeability, a reduction in mucin levels, and oxidative damage . CisplatResearch regarding cisplatin-induced alterations to the gut microbiome is yet to be conducted minutely. Furthermore, the restoration of the intestinal flora through probiotics has been a clinically promising therapeutic option for gut-associated disorders . IntestiLactobacillus rhamnosus (LBS) is a member of the lactic acid bacteria group (LAB), which is one of the most studied probiotic strains in oncology [oncology , as it eoncology ,23. In concology ,25,26,27oncology ,29. Prevoncology  and mainoncology .Lactobacillus rhamnosus on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms targeting inflammatory proteins, as well as the histological changes in the intestinal tissue of BALB/c mice. In addition, we studied the bacterial strains that may be related to the health-enhancing properties via 16S rRNA sequencing.Here, we aim to investigate the protective effects and safety of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LBS) strain was obtained from BeNa Culture Collection . The LBS were cultured in anaerobic conditions at 37 °C in De Mann Rogosa Sharpe solid medium (MRS) for 24 h. After that, a single colony was inoculated into MRS liquid medium and cultured overnight. Before administration to the mice, the LBS cultures were centrifuged at 6000× g at 4 °C for 10 min, then washed twice with physiological saline, and suspended to obtain the final concentration of 1 × 109 CFU/mL.The Approval for animal ethics and experimental design was obtained from Dalian Medical University . Forty-eight male BALB/c mice  were obtained from the Specific-Pathogen-Free Animal House Facility (SPF) of Dalian Medical University, and the committee guidelines from the National Institutes of Health for the care and handling of animals were followed. The mice were kept in sterilized cages at room temperature (22 ± 2 °C), with a humidity of 65% ± 5%, 12 h cycle of light and darkness, with free access to food and distilled water. n = 12): normal control group (control), control + LBS, model group (CP), and model + probiotic group (CP.LBS). Saline  was given to the control and LBS groups once daily via oral gavage. The mice in the CP and CP.LBS groups received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin at a dose of 6 mg/kg/d once daily for 3 days to cause intestinal mucositis (IM), while the mice in the LBS and CP.LBS groups received LBS orally from day 1 to day 7, in addition to LBS pre-treatment 1 week prior to IM induction. Also, from day 1 to day 3, saline was intraperitoneally administered to the mice in the control and LBS groups. The body weight and food and water consumption were documented every day until one day before the sacrifice of the animals by cervical dislocation, according to the Animal Care and Use Committee at Dalian Medical University.After one week of acclimation, the mice were randomly assigned to the following four groups  = weight of spleen or thymus (mg)/weight of mouse (g).After the induction of intestinal mucositis, stool samples of all of the mice were checked daily and the severity of diarrhea was assessed by using Bowen’s score system  to classg for 10 min, then stored at −20 °C until further assessment. The cytokine concentrations  were measured using a mouse ELISA kit , according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.The whole blood was drawn through the eye orbit, and serum was obtained in a 1.5 mL tube and centrifuged at 2000× ® Reagent Kit . NanoDrop 2000  was used to check the quantity of cDNA, and, using a commercial kit HiScript II Q RT SuperMix , 2 μg of RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA. A ChamQ SYBR qPCR MasterMix kit was used to measure the gene expression utilizing Bioer light gene 9600 analyzers (Hitech (Binjiang) District, Hangzhou, 310053, China). The following procedures were used for PCR cycling: 50 °C for 2 min, 95 °C for 10 min, and 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min. The 2−ΔΔCt equation was used to measure the relative gene expression level of the target genes using the instrument software gene 9660, as outlined by Livak et al. [Total RNA was extracted from colonic tissues with a TRIzolk et al. . The kitk et al. .The colon and ileum tissues were excised and washed with cold PBS. About 5 µm of embedded tissue was sectioned using a microtome, and the tissue slices were fixed in 4% formalin for 24 h. The tissue was then deparaffinized in xylene twice for 10 min before being rehydrated using various ethanol gradients. Following that, the tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The microscopic examination for histological alteration was carried out with a light microscope .2O2 for 10 min. For antigen retrieval, the tissue slide was warmed in antigen retrieval buffer , then incubated overnight with primary antibodies, followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h. The slides were stained with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) as a substrate, and hematoxylin was used as a counterstain, according to the protocol of the immunohistochemical staining kits SP-KIT9720 . Afterward, the slides were fixed and visualized under a light microscope at 10× and 20× magnification, 100 µm scalebar.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the expression of mucin-2 (MUC-2) in the colon and ileum tissues. A 5-µm section of colon and ileum tissue was carefully cut, deparaffinized with xylene, and rehydrated in ethanol at various gradients, followed by incubation with 3% HThe levels of expression of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 were assessed using immunofluorescent staining. A total of 5 µm of paraffin-embedded colonic and ileum tissue, which had been sliced and put onto a slide with a positive charge, was deparaffinized in xylene and then rehydrated in a succession of ethanol gradients. Citrate buffer was used to treat the tissue slices for antigen retrieval for 30 min at 100 watts in a microwave, followed by 1 h of cooling. The tissue slides were then included in blocking for 1 h with a 3% BSA solution and incubated at 4 °C overnight. DAPI was used to stain the nucleus and fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated secondary antibodies for 60 min. Images were taken using a confocal scanning microscope.Total genomic DNA samples were extracted from fresh fecal samples using a Power Max (stool/soil) DNA isolation kit  following the manufacturer’s instructions, then stored at −80 °C pending further analysis. The obtained genomic DNA was measured using a NanoDrop  to verify the DNA’s quantity and purity. Also, agarose gel electrophoresis was used to evaluate the DNA’s quality. The forward primer 515F (5′GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′) and reverse primer 806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)  were useThe mouse gut microbiome is closely similar to its human homolog, with almost 95.2% of its KEGG orthologous groups shared, as reported by Xiao et al. . KEGG Pap-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. The LEfSe was studied using Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. The OUT and phenotype were statistically analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test.The statistical data were examined using the software GraphPad Prism (7.00) . One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were utilized to ascertain differences, and p < 0.0001), as shown in (p < 0.0001). While co-administration of LBS with cisplatin ameliorates the mice’s appetite by 40%, (food intake: 2.52 ± 0.48 g and liquid intake: 5.98 ± 0.55 mL), it reduced significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.001) (Body weight loss and anorexia (loss of appetite) are common symptoms that often occur during cisplatin treatment, and they are also basic signs of cisplatin toxicity. Before the induction of intestinal barrier damage, body weight, food, and water intake did not differ among the four groups. As expected, and observed in our experiments, the cisplatin-treated mice and cisplatin-combined-with-LBS-treated mice showed reductions of 31% ± 3.9 and 20% ± 2.5 approximately in body weight, respectively, compared with the control group (< 0.001) C–F. No sMoreover, the general health state of the mice was monitored daily, and our observation indicates that the animals in the cisplatin group showed a severe reduction in activity, and the fur started to fall out after the cisplatin injections compared with the control group. In contrast, the mice in the CP.LBS group were more active, and their fur was in good condition compared to the model group.Accordingly, the immunological organs’ (the thymus and the spleen) indices were reduced in the model group compared with the control group, while they improved significantly with the LBS treatment in the CP.LBS group compared to the model group, as shown in p < 0.01), according to Bowen’s score system [p < 0.05) . On the contrary, in the cisplatin-treated mice, diarrhea started on day 5 after the cisplatin injections and developed into moderate diarrhea on day 6, 7 (e system . However < 0.05) C.p < 0.0001), as shown in p < 0.01)  ( < 0.01) D,E.The mice in the CP group had significantly elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine compared with those in the control group; however, the levels decreased significantly in the CP.LBS group compared with the model group, as shown in Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and alcian blue staining (AB) were examined in order to observe the histopathological changes, mucin expression, and goblet-cell production in the colon and ileum of the treated mice. The colon histology of the mice in the control group seemed to be normal and healthy, and the epithelium and goblet cells were both intact and uniformly arranged A,B. On tFurthermore, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to assess the mucin-2 expression and the goblet-cell production in the colon and ileum tissues. Mucin-2 is considered to be the primary component of the intestinal mucosa released by the goblet cells . In our Immunofluorescent staining was performed in order to explore the expression of ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin in the colon and ileum tissues. The results demonstrated lower expressions of ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin compared to those of the normal mice, while showing an enhancement in the relative expression levels of those tight junction proteins in the CP.LBS-treated mice compared to the model group . A similCisplatin caused instability in the gut microbiome, which could be modulated by LBS administration in the cisplatin-treated mice. In the pyrosequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA, there was a 97 percent similarity level between the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within the range of 600–1000. According to the Venn diagram, 802 OTUs were shared between the control and the experimental groups. In addition, we observed the following differences among the groups: the control group, LBS group, and CP.LBS group noted a significant elevation in OTUs, while decreased OTUs were found in the CP-treated group A.The BugBase microbial phenotypes results indicate elevated facultative anaerobic relative abundance and Gram-negative bacteria in the CP group, while Gram-positive bacteria relative abundance increased in the probiotic-supplementation group. Notably, LBS reduced the potential pathogens’ relative abundance and the stress-tolerant microbes that increased in the CP group, as shown in Also, a higher index level of alpha diversity has indicated a more diverse bacterial community. We found that CP decreased the α-diversity of the intestinal bacteria, which was demonstrated by the decline in the Chao-1, Simpson, and Shannon indices C. HoweveMoreover, in order to demonstrate the gut microbial structures and to reveal the similarity or dissimilarity of the samples in the species compositions, the beta diversity pattern was analyzed by using principal component analysis PCoA  D and nonBacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. In the cisplatin-treated mice, the relative abundances at the phylum level of the three dominant bacteria, respectively, was Bacteroidetes > Firmicutes > Proteobacteria. In the model group, the relative abundances of Firmicutes significantly decreased, while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increased, compared with the other three groups  was identified for the intestinal flora in order to study the specific changes caused by CP and LBS in all of the treatment groups. In our results, the bacterial composition showed variation at all levels in the CP group, as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the dominant three bacterial phyla in the mouse gut composition are e groups A. HoweveBacteroides and Gammaproteobacteria, but a lower relative abundance of Clostridia and Bacilli compared to the other three groups. At the family level  and KEGG pathways showed differences between the CP-treated group and the control group. Interestingly, the most enriched metabolic pathways among these were as follows: sulfate and nitrogen respiration, amino acid biosynthesis, metabolism, starch degradation, creatinine degradation, L-rhamnose degradation, glycolysis, citrate cycle (TCA), energy production, photorespiration, biotin biosynthesis, sucrose biosynthesis, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine biosynthesis, and pyridoxal 5-phosphate biosynthesis. Together, the KEGG pathways were altered in the different groups, proving that the LBS treatment can boost immunity by modulating the gut microbiota’s metabolism A,B.In the current study, we used a BALB/c mouse model to investigate the protective effect of commensal probiotic LBS on gut microbiota dysfunction in cisplatin-induced intestinal mucositis. Cachexia (involuntary loss of weight > 5%), a typical side effect of chemotherapy that decreases survival in oncology patients, is a significant health issue that affects cancer patients. Weight loss in cancer patients also causes the detrimental effect of malnutrition as a result of anorexia, which can result in infection and life-threatening conditions. Our study is in accordance with that of Alhadeff et al., who reported that cisplatin caused dramatic weight loss and severe anorexia . AdditioLactobacillus has been reported previously to have an impact on activating nonspecific immunity [lactobacilli significantly enhanced the immune organ index [Moreover, the thymus and the spleen are the main components of the immune system in the body and play a vital role in nonspecific immunity; in addition, they are considered the site of the proliferation of immunological cells . Consequimmunity ,51. Mengan index ,53, and Given that, the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an essential role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and are considered part of the immune system, as they take part in the transmission of the signal to the intestine through the secretion of cytokines and oxidative stress mediators . CytokinAlso, tight junction proteins (TJs) offer a physical barrier to the intestine that contributes to maintaining intestinal barrier function, enhancing GI permeability, and maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier . TJs areMoreover, decreases in the TJ levels always revealed an elevated permeability of the intestinal epithelial cell barrier ,63,64. LIn the CP model group, the staining results have indicated intestinal and mucosal barrier alteration and a reduction in the tight junction proteins. This led to epithelial cell damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and a decrease in the availability of goblet cells. The LBS restores the damaged TJs’ integrity caused by CP by restoring the goblet cells and improving the tight junction stability. In keeping with these observations, an up-regulated level of occludin has a role in further improving the TJ integrity and preventing disorders of the TJs .This leads us to explore further whether there is a difference in the gut microbiome structure or composition involved in the development of mucositis. The protective effect of LBS and the restoration of microbiota was examined using microbiota 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. The intestine plays a significant role in homeostasis. The microbiota mainly interacts to enhance the barrier integrity. However, diseases associated with metabolic disorders and immune suppression can lead to an imbalance in the microbial ecology and reduce the diversity and richness of the gut microbiome .Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes typically are the most common and have the highest relative abundance in the gut, whereas the phyla of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia are found less frequently [Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria (mucosa-associated inflammation-promoting bacteria) at the phylum level and a decrease in beneficial bacteria Firmicutes, when compared with the other three groups; moreover, the LBS-treated groups showed a reversed alteration induced by the cisplatin.About 5 to 7 of the 52 identified bacterial phyla on earth are known to live in the mammalian gut. equently . MoreoveProteobacteria, and the increased appearance of these bacteria in the gut refers to an imbalanced microbial community (dysbiosis) and has been reported to be elevated in chemotherapy-induced mucositis [However, in a healthy intestine, the gut flora normally has a minor abundance of phylum ucositis ,72,73.Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while the CP.LBS group showed less abundance of those bacteria and was more similar to the control group.Obligate anaerobic bacteria are responsible for converting many fermentation products into short-chain fatty acids ,75. The Proteobacteria is considered a Gram-negative bacterium, and their cell wall is mainly composed of lipopolysaccharide. The risk of disease is associated with the secretion of LPS, which is positively correlated and triggers inflammation [Given that a leaky gut is demonstrated by a rise in Gram-negative bacteria, ammation . TherefoLachnospiraceae, Lactobacillus, Alistipes, and Roseburia, were observed in the LBS groups and decreased dramatically in the cisplatin group. Those bacteria play a key role in the metabolism of undigested carbohydrates [Lachnospiraceae is vital in attenuating intestinal inflammation and repairing intestinal mucosal damage, serving as protective intestinal commensal bacteria [Lactobacillus species upregulate the mucin content that is inhibited by cisplatin chemotherapy. It is suggested that the dysfunction of the mucus barrier may contribute to cisplatin-induced mucositis [Undoubtedly, at the genus level, the beneficial bacteria, including hydrates  and prodhydrates ,79,80. Fbacteria . Moreoveucositis .We have further studied the metabolome functions from 16S rRNA data by using bioinformatics tools. Dysbiosis has side effects on the metabolic and functional pathways and has an impact on the physiological processes of the organism, including the host immune system and nutrient biosynthesis, as studied in the KEGG orthologous analysis. Ultimately, in our study, a 16S rRNA sequencing analysis and a STAMP analysis were used to investigate the metabolome of the mouse gut microbiome. We observed that LBS may improve the method of utilizing energy, carbohydrate metabolism, and nutrient absorption, implying that LBS may act as an immunoprotective agent. We hope that our findings will lead to the development of novel, probiotic-based therapies for intestinal mucositis associated with antineoplastic therapy. Thus, further experiments should be explored on humans.Lactobacillus rhamnosus in modulating the intestinal inflammation in CP-induced mucosal barrier damage in mice. LBS demonstrates its beneficial effects by improving several factors, including body weight loss, food and water consumption, stool production, diarrhea severity, colon length shortening, goblet cell regaining, and increasing mucin production. As a result, the pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced, and the tight junction proteins were up-regulated. In addition, LBS enhances the microbiome diversity positively and increases the bacteria Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus. In turn, this regulates the gut microbiota imbalances caused by cisplatin and provides great potential in mitigating intestinal mucositis as a dietary agent.In summary, our study unveils the therapeutic potential of