Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development, as well as their biocompatibility  assay).Injuries and diseases of the skin require accurate treatment using nontoxic and noninvasive biomaterials, which aim to mimic the natural structures of the body. There is a strong need to develop biodevices capable of accommodating nutrients and bioactive molecules and generating the process of vascularization. Electrospinning is a robust technique, as it can form fibrous structures for tissue engineering and wound dressings. The best way of forming such meshes for wound healing is to choose two polymers that complement each other regarding their properties. On the one hand, PVA is a water-soluble synthetic polymer widely used for the preparation of hydrogels in the field of biomedicine owing to its biocompatibility, water solubility, nontoxicity, and considerable mechanical properties. PVA is easy to subject to electrospinning and can offer strong mechanical stability of the mesh, but it is necessary to improve its biological properties. On the other hand, CS has good biological properties, including biodegradability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. Still, it is harder to electrospin and does not possess as good mechanical properties as PVA. As these structures also allow the incorporation of bioactive agents due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, the interesting point was to incorporate usnic acid into the structure as it is a natural and suitable alternative agent for burn wounds treatment which avoids an improper or overuse of antibiotics and other invasive biomolecules. Thus, we report the fabrication of an electrospun nanofibrous mesh based on PVA, chitosan, and usnic acid with applications in wound healing. The obtained nanofibers mesh was physicochemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro biological assays were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the samples using the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) assay and evaluating the influence of fabricated meshes on the  Over the past decades, nanotechnology has been providing novel technologies which enable the manufacturing of nanomaterials with unique properties for various applications ,2,3,4. OThe most important parameters that influence the fibers’ characteristics are (i) the processing parameters, such as solution feeding rate, needle diameter, rotating speed of the collector, and applied voltage; (ii) the solution properties, such as the polymer’s molecular weight, concentration , conductDue to their characteristics, polymers are great candidates that provide special features to the fabricated nanofibers or scaffolds. About 100 different polymers have already been used for electrospun nanofibers fabrication ,15,37,39Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) belongs to the category of water-soluble synthetic polymers, being a good candidate for the preparation of hydrogels ,41,42,43Chitosan (CS) presents impressive biological properties, including biodegradability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties, promoting pain relief and blood clotting , which mBacteroides ruminicola ssp. Brevis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus [Clostridium perfringens [Propionibacterium acnes [Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron [Enterococcus faecium [Enterococcus faecalis [Staphylococcus aureus [S. mutans [S. epidermidis [Streptococcus pyogenes [Streptococcus pneumoniae [Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacteria such as M. aurum, M. avium, M. smegmatis, M. tuberculosis var. bovis, M. tuberculosis var. homini [Usnic acid (UA) has been widely researched in the field of healthcare, being a useful agent in burns and wound therapies ,62. Studvulgatus ,64, Closfringens ,64,65, Pum acnes ,64,65, Baomicron ,64, Gram faecium ,64, Entefaecalis ,64,65, Ss aureus ,67, S. m. mutans ,69,70,71dermidis ,65,72, Spyogenes ,64,73,74. homini .The purpose of this study was to design and characterize an electrospun nanofibrous mesh based on polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and usnic acid with applications in wound healing. The obtained nanofibers are physicochemically characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro biological assays are performed in order to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the samples, as well as their biocompatibility using fluorescence microscopy, an XTT assay, and a glutathione (GSH) assay.In the past 20 years, electrospinning has grown significantly as a micro- and nanofiber processing method. It continues to represent the most effective method to produce them in a variety of designs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, providing modern and efficient solutions for current day-to-day challenges ,76,77,78−1 corresponds to the O-H stretching and the intramolecular hydrogen bonds of PVA [−1 and can be attributed to C-H symmetric and asymmetric stretch vibrations for both PVA and CS [−1 can be assigned to the C=O stretching of amide I, and the peak at 1325 cm−1 can be assigned to the C-N stretching of amide III, both characteristic of the residual N-acetyl groups from chitosan. Moreover, 1589 cm−1 corresponds to the N-H bending of the primary amine [−1 can be assigned to the CH3 symmetrical deformation vibration of PVA.To investigate the composition of the obtained electrospun materials (by identifying the characteristic absorption bands and the interactions between compounds), FT-IR spectra were recorded for the 5%PVA_2%CS and 5%PVA_2%CS_UA nanofibers. In s of PVA ,80,81. AA and CS ,81. The ry amine . The pea−1, which could also be assigned to the C-O stretching vibration of CS. Characteristic peaks at around 834.82 cm−1 are related to the saccharide structure of CS. In the band interval ranging from 515.97 cm−1 to 469.60 cm−1, the C-C skeleton vibration of PVA can be found [The presence of the H-C-O groups of PVA was confirmed by the bands at around 1073.01 cmbe found ,83,84,85SEM micrographs showed relevant information regarding the morphology and topography of both simple (5%PVA_2%CS_UA) and usnic acid-incorporated nanospun (5%PVA_2%CS_UA) microfiber meshes. To mimic the stability of the 5%PVA_2%CS and 5%PVA_2%CS_UA fibrous mats in physiological fluids, the samples were immersed in a simulated fluid of blood plasma obtained according to Kokubo’s method , termed The XTT test graph shown in Nevertheless, the PVA/CS mesh with usnic acid incorporated (5%PVA_2%CS_UA), showed extraordinary results after 48 h and 72 h, increasing the cell viability by almost 30% compared to that of the control. This fact confirmed the suitable biocompatibility of the electrospun mesh with usnic acid and made the material eligible as a proper biodevice that sustains the proliferation and growth of cells. Moreover, these findings support previous studies that indicated the protective role of usnic acid in endothelial cells by exhibiting analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory characteristics ,88.The oxidative stress of AFSC was evaluated by the amount of glutathione existing for the 5%PVA_2%CS and 5%PVA_2%CS_UA nanofiber meshes versus the control, as shown in AFSC cultivated in the presence of 5%PVA_2%CS and 5%PVA_2%CS_UA were observed by fluorescence microscopy, as shown in S. aureus. The growth curve graph shown in S. aureus treated with the 5%PVA_2%CS_AU mesh. Data represent the mean values of two determinations performed at each time point. It is visible that the 5%PVA_2%CS_AU mesh managed to have an improved anti-biofilm activity, showing lower rates of CFU/mL than the control. However, it is noticeable that in time, this activity decreases.Many serious and resistant infections in hospitalized patients are caused by the opportunistic pathogen S. aureus, cultured in standard conditions. The biofilm inhibition could be evaluated by the release of active UA contained in the prepared nanofiber meshes, a natural compound that has been previously reported to act as an antimicrobial agent against Gram-positive species such as S. aureus [E. faecalis [P. aeruginosa and E.coli [S. aureus constitutes an important aspect in developing alternative antistaphylococcal therapies containing natural compounds. Compared to conventional antibiotics, these medicines have the significant advantage of being less toxic and preventing the spread of bacteria that are resistant to treatment [However, as . aureus ,92,93,94reatment .Over the past decades, many developments have focused on fabricating ECM-like scaffolds made of nanofibers through electrospinning because of their unique morphology, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, and porosity ,96. ES-fGiven the very good reaction of PVA in contact with the biological environment and its ability to significantly absorb high quantities of water or biological fluids without dissolving, it means that the best solution is to blend PVA with other polymers to obtain a favorable wound dressing that highlights the advantages of both polymers . At the Herein, composite PVA/CS and PVA/CS/UA nanofibrous scaffolds were developed by electrospinning, and their antimicrobial properties, as well as their biocompatibility, were demonstrated using fluorescence microscopy, an XTT assay, and a glutathione (GSH) assay.On the one hand, the large surface area and pore volume ratio and uniform and well-structured porosity of the fiber mat allowed the wound exudates absorption while reducing the potential bacterial infection . As a geOn the other hand, given that cell viability was above 90% at each of the three measurement times, both samples exhibited good biocompatibility. There were no noticeable changes after the first 24 h, indicating that the two materials exhibited values that were comparable to those of the control. Furthermore, it was noticed that in contact with the AFSC, the fibrous materials did not promote the occurrence of oxidative stress. High levels of GSH are linked to cellular damage and are highly significant in order to evaluate the level of cellular stress that can potentially lead to apoptosis and cell death. Moreover, the high number of viable cells demonstrated the biocompatibility of the fabricated fibrous structures .S. Aureus [Last but not least, because an important part of serious and resistant infections in hospitalized patients is induced by the opportunistic pathogen . Aureus , the 5%PThus, the developed fibrous mats based on PVA/CS/UA hold great promise in wound-healing applications.2H4O)n, 99% hydrolyzed), chitosan , and usnic acid (98% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich . All the reagents were analytical grade and used without any further purification.Polyvinyl alcohol  in water was prepared. The solution was maintained at 80 °C under gentle stirring for 1 h, followed by ultrasonication. Then, a second 2%CS solution was made using aqueous acetic acid 1N at room temperature under gentle stirring for 1 h to form a homogeneous solution, which was subjected to ultrasonication as well.The electrospinning process  was carrThus, for the sample containing PVA and CS (named 5%PVA_2%CS), 5 mL of solution 1 (5%PVA) and 5 mL of solution 2 (2%CS) were mixed and loaded into a polypropylene syringe connected to an 18-gauge blunt-end needle and then mounted on a digital syringe pump. The electrospinning procedure was carried out using the specific operation parameters shown in In order to obtain a nanofiber mesh based on PVA, chitosan and usnic acid (named 5%PVA_2%CS_UA), solution 1 (5%PVA) and solution 2 (2%CS) were prepared through the same method as previously described. Additionally, a third solution of 1% usnic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was prepared. Further, 4.5 mL of solution 1 (5%PVA) together with 4.5 mL of solution 2 (2%CS) and 1 mL of solution 3 (1% usnic acid) were mixed and loaded into a polypropylene syringe connected to an 18-gauge blunt-end needle and then mounted on a digital syringe pump. The electrospinning deposition was carried out under the operating conditions described in −1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1 at room temperature. In order to be able to register the acquired information, the spectrometer was connected to a data acquisition and processing unit through the Omnic program (version 8.2 Thermo Nicolet).Infrared spectroscopy is a useful technique that can offer valuable information about interactions in polymer blends, confirming the integrity of functional groups characteristic of the synthesized materials. FT-IR spectra were recorded using the Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer, purchased from Thermo Nicolet . A small amount of particulate suspension was analyzed by a ZnSe crystal, and measurements were carried out through 32 sample scans between 4000 and 500 cmThe morphological analyses of the two materials were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. For this purpose, a scanning electron microscope purchased from the FEI Company  was used. The samples were shaped with a diamond disc and fixed on a sample support to be introduced into the analysis zone. The shape and size of the PVA/CS nanofibers of the mesh were determined through micrographs of the samples by direct measurements of the resulting secondary electron beam with a 30 keV energy at different points of the samples.In order to assess the interactions among the obtained fibrous mats (cut in a square shape of 1/1 cm), the samples were immersed in simulated blood fluid (SBF) obtained according to Kokubo’s method  and in pThe biocompatibility of the synthesized nanofibrous mesh samples was evaluated using an XTT reagent  -2H-Tetrazolium- 5-Carboxanilide) according with the manufacturer protocol . The assay kit included the XTT reagent and an electron-coupling reagent. The XTT reagent is a tetrazolium-based compound sensitive to cellular redox potential. Actively viable cells convert the water-soluble XTT compound to an orange-colored formazan product. The sensitivity and consistency of the assay are significantly increased when used with the electron-coupling reagent. The human mesenchymal amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) were grown in DMEM  supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) , changed twice a week. The AFSC were placed in 96-well plates, at a density of 3000 cells/well, in the presence of nanofibrous mesh for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The control samples were represented only by AFSC cultivated in the same condition but without the nanofibrous mesh. Subsequently, 70 µL of XTT solution was added to the cells, followed by incubation at 37 °C for 4 h. After a vigorous homogenization of the formazan crystals, the absorbance was read at 450 nm using a TECAN Infinite M200 spectrophotometer .The oxidative stress was assessed using the GSH-Glo glutathione assay kit . AFSC was seeded at a density of 3000 cells in 300 µL DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics  in 96-well plates. After 24 h of seeding, AFSC was put in contact with the nanofibrous mesh and then incubated for another 24 h. Furthermore, 100 µL of 1X GSH-Glo reagent was added, followed by an incubation at 37 °C for 30 min, followed by 100 µL of luciferin detection reagent and an incubation at 37 °C for an additional 15 min. The medium from the cell cultures was well homogenized, and then the plate was read on the luminometer .For the evaluation of cellular biocompatibility in terms of cellular shape, attachment to the substrate, the integrity of the cellular membrane, and the number of vacuoles, we used fluorescence microscopy and a red CMTPX fluorophore . The CMTPX is a cell tracker for the long-term tracing of living cells, which, when entered into the cells, start to emit fluorescence. The viability and morphology of the AFSC were evaluated after 5 days of cultivation of the AFSC in the presence of the nanofibrous mesh. The CMTPX fluorophore was added to the cell cultures at a concentration of 5 µM and incubated for 30 min. Finally, the AFSC cultures were washed with PBS and visualized by fluorescent microscopy using an Olympus CKX 41 digital camera driven by CellSense Entry software .To test the effect of the nanostructured meshes on the biofilm production, samples were sterilized by exposure to UV radiation for 20 min on each side. A 0.5 cm/0.5 cm sample of the material was individually deposited in a well of a 6-well sterile plate. Over the deposited materials, 2 mL of liquid medium was added to the wells, followed by 50 μL of 0.5 McFarland microbial suspension. The 6-well plates thus prepared were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, the materials were washed with PBS , and the medium was changed to allow biofilm development. Plates were incubated for different periods . Upon expiration of the incubation period, the sample on which the biofilm was developed was washed with PBS and placed in a sterile tube containing 1 mL of PBS. The tube was vortexed vigorously for 30 s to detach the cells from the developed biofilm. The obtained cell suspension was diluted, and various dilutions were seeded on solidified culture media plates to obtain and quantitate the number of colony-forming units per mL.S. aureus strain. In conclusion, all these results affirm that electrospun nanofibers mesh based on PVA, chitosan, and usnic acid could be a promising material for applications in wound healing.Electrospinning offers a robust and versatile technique to produce 2D and 3D nanofiber meshes with patterned and porous structures. Numerous opportunities in the field of biomedicine have opened up thanks to the biomimicry that these structures offer, including in scaffolds, drug delivery, cell behavior control, and regenerative medicine. Incorporating bioactive molecules into electrospun nanofiber meshes represents a beneficial development in wound healing because these hybrid structures positively affect wounds and can initiate and accelerate the healing process. This study presented the preparation and characterization of an electrospun nanofiber mesh based on polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and usnic acid with applications in wound healing. The physicochemical characterization revealed a fibrous structure with fiber dimensions ranging from 14.86 nm to 75.06 nm with predominant sizes between 30 and 40 nm. SEM images showed a nonwoven assembly having a linear shape with a random orientation. The images exposed fibers with ramifications that formed a highly porous structure suitable for their application in wound healing because it mimicked the natural ECM. The XTT assay showed extraordinary results after 48 h and 72 h for 5%PVA_2%CS_UA, increasing the cell viability by almost 30% compared to that of the control. This fact confirmed the suitable biocompatibility of the electrospun mesh with usnic acid and made the material eligible as a proper biodevice that sustains the proliferation and growth of cells. The cell viability revealed using fluorescent microscopy was comparable with that of the control, meaning that the nanofiber meshes did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect. From the point of view of biofilm development, the 5%PVA_2%CS_UA presented an improved anti-biofilm activity against the


FST > 0.33) confirmed the high genetic separation among them.Viral symptoms, such as yellowing, leaf deformation, mottling, vein clearing, and reduced yield, were observed in cucurbits in Iran. This study aimed to detect the main suspected causal agent, cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), in Iran and analyze the genetic diversity among isolates. Two hundred samples were collected from different growing areas between 2019 and 2022. PCR amplification was performed on the P3 and P4 genes. The sequences of 18 Iranian isolates were obtained and deposited in GenBank. Recombination, phylogenetic, and population genetics studies were then carried out for the complete genome and all ORFs sequences, together with other isolates in GenBank. The nucleotide identities of the overlapped ORF3/4 sequences of Iranian isolates were 94.8 to 99.5% among themselves, and with other tested isolates ranging from 94.3 to 99.3%. Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genome and the overlapped ORF3/4 showed two major clades, namely Asian and Mediterranean, and the new isolates from Iran were positioned in both clades. The obtained results also suggest that all the genes and two clades of CABYV populations were under negative selection pressure. Furthermore, rare gene flow between these two clades ( Citrullus lanatus), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo), and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). These cucurbit species are predominantly grown during summer season, particularly in the Mediterranean. Plant viruses pose a severe threat to the cucurbit crops, causing over US$ 30 billion worth of damage annually [Cucurbitaceae is a prominent family of vegetables that is extensively cultivated in specific regions worldwide. It comprises several economically significant species, including watermelon . ORFs P0 and P1 encode a suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and serine proteases with genome-linked viral proteins (VPgs), respectively, both of which are translated from the RNA genome. ORFs P1-P2 are produced by ribosomal frameshift, acting as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORFs 3, 4, and 5 are translated from sub-genomic RNAs, encoding P3, P4, and P3-P5 proteins, respectively. P3 is a coat protein (CP), P4 is a movement protein (MP), and P3-P5 is involved in transmission by aphids, acting as a readthrough protein .Cucumis [The analysis of the full-length genome sequences of 33 CABYV isolates showed that they formed several distinct phylogenetic groups, which were associated with different geographic regions and collection time periods . A studyCucumis . SubsequCucumis . The genCucumis . High-thCucumis . A recenCucumis . Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used for the first time to detect CABYV in melons showing yellow symptom in South Korea . CABYV hUnderstanding the genetic diversity and distribution of plant viruses is crucial for developing effective disease management strategies and ensuring global food security ,19. The A total of 200 samples were collected from most cucurbit growing areas in west and northwest of Iran, including Zanjan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Ardabil, North Azerbaijan, and West Azerbaijan provinces. These samples were collected during the growing season of 2019–2023 from cucurbit, cucumber, squash, and melon plants which showed leaf yellowing and thickening symptoms. Each sample was assigned a unique number based on the time and date of collection and immediately frozen at −80 °C for subsequent total RNA extraction.The suspected samples exhibiting viral symptoms were subjected to RNA extraction using a modification of the CTAB method as described before . The extp value threshold of 0.05, to scan for any phylogenetic anomalies in the alignments. Anomalies detected by fewer than five algorithms were disregarded. The parent and recombinant relationship of the two recombinant strain clusters were confirmed by separating the alignments into regions that did, or did not, contain the recombinant regions, and comparing trees generated from those part sequences.In May 2023, all 76 isolates with complete genome sequences available in the NCBI GenBank were retrieved and then aligned using the ClustalW algorithm in the MEGA X program. The 5′ and 3′-untranslated regions were removed to create the “complete genome” alignment, which had a length of approximately 5690 base pairs. The complete coat protein sequences of 76 GenBank isolates, as well as new isolates obtained in this study, were added to the ORF3/CP alignment . We usedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ (accessed on 11 May 2023)). Sequence alignment was performed with MEGA X v.10.2.4 software [The identity analysis of complete CABYV sequences in GenBank databases from around the world were conducted using NCBI-BLAST  method based on Tamura 3-parameter’s model  with gamHd), the number of polymorphic sites (S), the total number of mutations (η), the average number of nucleotide differences (k), average pairwise nucleotide diversity (π = Pi), and ω (dN/dS). The neutral selection hypothesis was also investigated using Tajima’s D [D* and F* [KS*, Z*, Snn, and FST (fixation index), were conducted to estimate inter-population diversity with 1000 replicates [FST value of higher than 0.33 suggests limited gene flow and further genetic isolation among tested populations [https://datamonkey.org (accessed on 19 June 2023)) to evaluate dS, dN, identifying codons, and clades under natural selection.This study utilized the DnaSP version 6.10.01 program  to examijima’s D  and Fu a* and F*  statisti* and F* . Additioplicates . The FSTulations . The frePolemovirus species, namley poinsettia latent virus (PnLV), which was used as an outgroup. The age of internal nodes was evaluated to estimate these divergence times, and the TimeTree was reconstructed using the fast-dating RelTime-ML computational method under the Tamura 3-parameter model [The study established the congruence between the lineages of Poleroviruses and their hosts. The divergence times of the CABYV population, along with eight other Poleroviruses, known to have a close genetic relationship, were determined. The six other Poleroviruses were chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (CpCSV), faba bean polerovirus 1 (FBPV-1), pepo aphid-borne yellows virus (PABYV), melon aphid-borne yellows virus (MABYV), Pumpkin polerovirus, suakwa aphid-borne yellows virus (SABYV), and a er model , which wer model . The defer model . A discrLuffa acutangula), interveinal yellowing was common, while bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) displayed yellowing with green vein-banding or yellow mosaic pattern, and watermelon mostly exhibited yellow mosaic pattern. Melons typically exhibited interveinal chlorosis or yellow mosaic pattern. These symptoms were often similar to nutrient deficiencies, and various factors such as environmental conditions, virus strain, and plant variety can also affect their expression. Some cucurbits infected by a virus may not display any symptoms at all.During the cucurbit-growing season in Iran, many regions in the west and northwest of Iran, including the Zanjan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Ardabil, North Azerbaijan, and West Azerbaijan provinces, were visited, and various symptoms consistent with those caused by CABYV infection were observed in the cultivated cucurbits, including yellowing, leaf deformation, mottling, vein clearing, and reduced yield. Melons in different regions showed stunting as well as the additional symptoms mentioned previously. On ridge gourd  were recombinants originating from single recombination events . Using tThe analysis of new Iranian sequences revealed that they belong to the complete ORF3 and partial ORF4 of CABYV genome, with an encoded length of approximately 199 amino acids and varying similarities. Upon aligning the nucleotide sequences, it was observed that the identities between the new Iranian isolates and other tested isolates ranged from 94.3% to 99.3%, with the most significant differences observed in isolates from Thailand , USA (MK055337), South Korea , Japan (GQ221224), and China (EU000535). The obtained sequences from CP genes in this study showed a high sequence identity (94.8% to 99.5%) among themselves.Additionally, the alignment of deduced amino acid sequences indicated that the identities between the Iranian isolates and other isolates ranged from 96.2% to 99.5%, with the most amino acid differences observed in isolates from Thailand and South Korea. The pairwise nucleotide sequence identity matrix is presented as a matrix. The sequencing analysis results revealed that fragments ORF3 and ORF4 accounted for approximately 21% of the complete genome of CABYV.Phylogenetic trees generated using different models in the NJ method displayed similar topologies, identifying two major clades based on the complete genome  and ORF3The genetic diversity of CABYV populations was examined using various parameters, including nucleotide diversity (π), haplotype diversity (Hd), segregating sites (S), and the average number of nucleotide differences per site (η) for different regions of the virus genome  and new isolates from Iran. The highest nucleotide diversity was observed in ORF0, ORF3 + 5, and the complete genome of CBYV, with π values of 0.06814, 0.06633, and 0.06459, respectively. The π values for Asian and Mediterranean groups based on the complete genome and ORF3  were <0.3, with the lowest values obtained from the ORF3  analysis (0.01115 and 0.01432). The results also indicated that ORF3  was the most conserved region, with the lowest Hd, S, η, and k values among all the ORFs analyzed. Moreover, the analysis of 44 and 50 isolates’ complete genome and ORF3  sequences revealed 43 and 26 distinct haplotypes, respectively, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in CBYV populations . These fp-value threshold of (p ≤ 0.1)  ratio was estimated to be less than 1. The ORF0 analysis revealed the highest ω value of 0.52, while the complete genome and ORF3  showed ω values of 0.4294 and 0.2855, respectively. The dN/dS (ω) values for Asian and Mediterranean groups based on ORF3  were 0.1733 and 0.4606, respectively . Overallp ≤ 0.1) . The popp ≤ 0.1) . These fp ≤ 0.1) .D and Fu and Li’s D* and F* statistical tests. The results of the molecular variation analysis suggest that non-significantly positive values were obtained for the complete genomes, ORFs, and phylogroups in all of the statistical tests. For the French population, significantly negative values were calculated for the MP gene in all three statistical tests and only for Tajima’s D test for the CP gene. Among all the analyses, non-significantly negative values were obtained for all complete genomes, ORFs, and phylogroups except for the Mediterranean population, which showed non-significantly positive values for the complete genome in all three statistical tests . The FST values between the two clades (Asian and Mediterranean) were estimated to be 0.758 and 0.718 (>0.33) based on the complete genome and ORF3 , respectively, indicating a high level of genetic differentiation between these two clades , were distinct from other populations around the world  with significant o clades . Furtherhe world .Polerovirus were grouped into two main clusters, with one cluster encompassing CABYV, MABYV, Pumpkin polerovirus, SABYV, and PABYV, and with CpCSV and FBPV-1 grouped in another cluster. As shown in Polemovirus genus was selected as an outgroup.Based on the obtained phylogenetic TimeTree, the species of Some viral symptoms, including vein clearing, yellowing, and mosaic pattern, were observed extensively in a wide range of plants in many different regions. Generally, the symptoms observed in pumpkin, zucchini, and melon were much more pronounced, severe, and clearer than in other hosts. However, mosaic symptoms with yellowing were observed to be less severe in pumpkin than in other cucurbits in the fields. Vein clearing, which often leads to leaf distortion, was observed more often in cucumber than in other hosts and was even absent in pumpkin and sweet pumpkin plants. Overall, the lowest and mildest severities were observed in cucumber plants, possibly indicating the sensitivity and resistance of plant cultivars or virus host restriction. This study presented a unique occurrence in which both Asian and Mediterranean strains of CABYV were found in a same country, and have a relatively similar incidence, as indicated in the phylogenetic trees of 16 selected Iranian isolates. Some regions had a higher prevalence of these symptoms, probably due to a particular variant of the virus dominating in that area. However, symptom expressions caused by both strains on cucurbits were observed to be similar and indistinguishable in Iranian fields. Likewise, the Asian isolates were reported to induce yellowing and mosaic symptoms in melon cultivated in South Korea  while thViral symptoms were variable in different growth stages, from early to mid-summer and from late summer to early fall. Viral symptoms were more frequently observed in late growth stages, which may be due to the higher likelihood of mixed infection and the presence of multiple viruses in samples collected at the end of the growth season. Vectors actively transmitting the virus in autumn, a season with a relatively low temperature, could be another reason for infection in the late growth season leading to the highest incidence. In the spring, viral symptoms were already noticeable in pumpkin farms. In the summer, the lowest and weakest symptoms begin to show, while in the autumn, viral symptoms were severe and had a high percentage of occurrence, indicating that viral symptoms were milder and even disappeared under high temperature conditions.In order to identify the occurrence of viral CABYV infection in cucurbit crops, population analysis based on coat protein can play a prominent role. Recombination and mutation can affect the evolution of plant virus populations, therefore identifying haplotypes and relationships between CABYV populations based on the CP can shed light on population evolution. The genetic diversity of CABYV populations may be influenced by specific hosts and/or geographic origin ,32. In tEcballium elaterium (a wild cucurbit) to be under positive selection but not in the melon population. Furthermore, the FST values among E. elaterium and melon subpopulations from different fields ranged from 0.35 to 0.61, suggesting that the genetic differentiation of the isolates could be attributed to host adaptation [An observation on CABYV isolates collected in Murcia and Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, identified three codons in the ORF2 of aptation . Our phyHd was 0.960–1.000, indicating high levels of haplotype diversity in this study. Overall, ω was estimated to be <1 for CABYV populations, which suggests that all genes and clades of CABYV populations are under negative selection  indicate genetic separation between the Asian and Mediterranean clades. The Snn value (1.000) further confirms that the two clades are distinct from other populations around the world (The CP gene (ORF3) showed lower genetic variation in all parameters, such as the number of mutations and π value. The CP region is known as the most conserved region among all ORFs, and therefore, this analysis demonstrated the capability of CP sequences to play a main role in resolving CABYV phylogeny . Althougelection . Howeverhe world . Using fIn conclusion, understanding the genetic diversity of viruses is crucial for developing strategies for virus control. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the CABYV population and genetic diversity. Our research aimed to reveal patterns of population genetic structure of CABYV in this region. Based on previous studies and our analysis, we confirmed the existence of Asian and Mediterranean clades in this region, and we identified three phylogroups based on the complete genome.


Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are essential for aerial reconnaissance and monitoring. One of the greatest challenges facing UAVs is vision-based multi-target tracking. Multi-target tracking algorithms that depend on visual data are utilized in a variety of fields. In this study, we present a comprehensive framework for real-time tracking of ground robots in forest and grassland environments. This framework utilizes the YOLOv5n detection algorithm and a multi-target tracking algorithm for monitoring ground robot activities in real-time video streams. We optimized both detection and re-identification networks to enhance real-time target detection. The StrongSORT tracking algorithm was selected carefully to alleviate the loss of tracked objects due to factors like camera jitter, intersecting and overlapping targets, and smaller target sizes. The YOLOv5n algorithm was used to train the dataset, and the StrongSORT tracking algorithm incorporated the best-trained model weights. The algorithm’s performance has greatly improved, as demonstrated by experimental results. The number of ID switches (IDSW) has decreased by sixfold, IDF1 has increased by 7.93%, and false positives (FP) have decreased by 30.28%. Additionally, the tracking speed has reached 38 frames per second. These findings validate our algorithm’s ability to fulfill real-time tracking requisites on UAV platforms, delivering dependable resolutions for dynamic multi-target tracking on land. With the continual advancements in autonomous intelligence, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have become integral to civil applications such as aerial photography and agricultural exploration, as well as military operations, including reconnaissance, monitoring, and pursuit of criminal activity. The development of dynamic multi-target tracking technology of UAVs represents a significant challenge that requires immediate attention within the UAV field. For the dynamic task of multi-target tracking, the varied motion patterns of the targets pose significant challenges to the UAV system. Vision-based multi-tracking technology, known for its real-time performance, adaptability, and flexibility, has emerged as a crucial instrument to overcome this difficulty.Dynamic multi-target recognition and tracking tasks have shown remarkable advancements in the areas of pedestrian detection , vehicleCompared to research in target recognition and other areas, the field of object tracking began relatively late. It can be generally classified into two types: multi-object tracking based on target features and multi-target tracking with trajectory prediction. Among them, multi-target tracking based on target features is to track the target by extracting features. Representative algorithms such as OSIM , MAC 1212, and P(1)To reduce the parametric number of the model and improve the detection speed of the model deployed in the devices, The LCNet was used as the backbone of YOLOv5n for extracting features, and the depthwise separable convolution was used to substitute the normal convolution in the neck and head parts. Additionally, the C3Ghost  module w(2)The Focal–EIOU loss  was adop(3)Our research focuses on tracking robots, specifically specialized robots, in forest and grassland environments. To evaluate the performance of our algorithm in these specific application areas, we created a specialized dataset that accurately represents the challenges and environments encountered in these situations.(4)To address the challenges of efficient multi-object tracking in diverse scenarios, we have adopted OSNet, a lightweight and efficient network architecture with superior object re-identification capabilities, which enables our system to perform robustly even in complex environments like forested areas.In the realm of real-time multi-object tracking using UAV, especially in intricate settings such as forests and grasslands, we suggest a method called YL-SS to tackle prevailing difficulties. An overview of the tracking process is shown in The following sections provide an organized presentation of the paper’s content. In the context of dynamic tasks involving detecting and tracking multiple targets with UAVs, the selection of an appropriate detector model is a crucial step. Training results of the detector model have a direct effect on the effectiveness of target trajectory tracking. Moreover, the detection speed and accuracy of the target detector are both strongly linked to real-time target tracking performance. The YOLOv5n model is the chosen detector model for this research. YOLOv5 offers several versions, one of which is YOLOv5n, which is highly regarded. The reason for selecting YOLOv5n is due to its smaller size, lower computational requirements, and faster detection speed. These features make it particularly well-suited to meet the demands of real-time target tracking.The architecture of the YOLOv5n network comprises four primary components: input, backbone, neck, and head. In the input section, the image size is adjusted to 640 × 640 × 3 and augmented with the Mosaic method to enhance the data. Then, the backbone is utilized to extract features from the processed images. After feature extraction, the neck module fuses and processes the features to create large, medium, and small features of different scales, which are then fed into the detection head for object detection. Our modifications mainly target the backbone, neck, and loss function components. LCNet utilizes DepthSepConv as the core module  and has The neck and head of YOLOv5n contain multiple 3 × 3 convolutional structures, which significantly increases the network parameters and computation, thereby impacting the detection speed. To mitigate the network’s complexity, this paper utilizes depthwise separable convolution  as a subWe also included the C3Ghost module , which iThe CIOU loss function  in YOLOvIn the context of predicting bounding box regression, training samples are essential for convergence. Therefore, the Focal–EIOU  loss is This method not only focuses on high-quality anchor boxes but also accurately measures the overlap, center points, and side lengths of bounding boxes. These enhancements facilitate swifter model convergence and more precise regression outcomes. Additionally, the approach tackles the challenge of bounding box disparity and demonstrates robustness, particularly in small dataset-oriented situations.The entire algorithm framework is illustrated in The traditional Kalman filter  uses a rp is the deformation parameter, and wi(p). To address the image alignment issue, an iterative algorithm, either forward additive or inverse compositional, is used to minimize ECCE (p). The ECC algorithm [In the following, ||·||denotes the Euclidean norm, lgorithm  is an efSubsequently, Du, Y proposed the NSA Kalman , which aResNet50 , as a veFurthermore, we adopted the feature storage and update strategy proposed in , which tWe created our own target detection and target tracking datasets. For the detection part, we collected data using two different UAVs, called the NEF dataset. We collected data in two different scenarios: an open grassy area without obstacles and a forested area with obstacles, such as trees. In addition, for the ground robots, we used different sizes of robots for different scales. We used a DJI PHANTOM 3 STANDARD at 5 m and 15 m, two different heights, to record situations such as overlapping in the motion of dynamic multi-targets on the ground in the stationary state of the UAV, as well as the shooting of dynamic multi-targets on the ground by the UAV at a constant speed of 2 m/s, and the occurrence of camera shake when the UAV suddenly stops, respectively. In total, four video clips were collected, from which 2390 frames were extracted. The image size is 1920 × 1280 pixels. The dataset is divided into training and validation sets in the ratio of 80:20, with the training set containing 1904 frames and the validation set containing 332 frames.In the target tracking section, we cropped the different targets in a single image and resized them to a uniform format of 128 × 64 pixels. Then, we organized them into their respective folders. Regarding the annotation of the metrics for evaluating the target tracking results, we annotated a total of 2012 images for evaluating the tracking results.In terms of detection, the evaluation metrics used in this experiment include accuracy (P), recall (R), F1 score (F1), mean average precision (mAP), frames per second (FPS), and model size. Accuracy refers to the correctness of predictions among all samples predicted as positive. Recall measures the correctness of predictions among all truly positive samples. The F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. Precision, recall, and F1 score can be calculated using the following formulas:In terms of tracking, the evaluation metrics mainly contain the following parameters: IDSw, MOTA, IDP, IDR, IDF1. The correlation formula isThe experimental setup included a Windows 11 operating system, an Intel Core i7-12700H CPU, an Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 graphics card, 16 GB of RAM, and software tools such as CUDA 11.1. The deep learning acceleration library cuDNN 8.8.0. PyTorch 1.9.0 was used as the framework, and training and validation of the target detection and tracking models were performed within the PyCharm integrated development environment (IDE).The study displays the visualization of YOLOv5n-LC training on the NEF dataset for 50 epochs in In order to maintain a fair comparison, all training parameters were kept constant except for the improvements made during the experimental process. The dataset used comprised images with a resolution of 640 × 640 as input. The training results are presented in 5, the computational complexity decreased by 2.2 GFLOPs, and the model volume decreased by 1.49 MB. Additionally, the Conv modules and C3 modules in the feature fusion section of YOLOv5n were completely replaced with depth-wise separable convolution modules and C3Ghost modules. The After replacing YOLOv5n’s feature extraction structure with LCNet structure, the model’s detection time, number of parameters, computational complexity, and model volume all decreased. Specifically, the detection time decreased by 0.4 ms, the number of parameters decreased by 7.74 × 105, a reduction in computational complexity by 0.8 GFLOPs, a reduction in the model volume by 0.86 MB, and a reduction in the detection time by 0.2 ms.The results show that the final improved YOLOv5n-LC improves various key metrics compared to the fusion of YOLOv5n and LCNet, including a reduction in the number of parameters by 4.61 × 10This improvement is primarily attributed to the integration of the Focal–EIOU loss function, which balances accuracy and convergence in object detection. The enhanced network leverages depth-wise separable convolution, SE attention mechanism modules, and C3Ghost modules, replacing complex convolution operations with straightforward linear operations. These changes do not compromise the mean average precision (mAP), and they significantly enhance the operational speed of the detection end.In summary, the modified YOLOv5n-LCNet structure optimally balances various performance metrics while maintaining the same high level of mAP in object detection.In real-time dynamic multi-target tracking based on TBD, the overall tracking rate is directly affected by the detection rate at the detection end. Five models are compared: YOLOv3-tiny , YOLOv5sIt can be seen that our improved YOLOv5n-LC reaches 3.6 ms, 1.1 GFLOPs, and 1.29 MB in terms of detection rate, computation, and model size on the validation dataset, followed by YOLOV5 as well as YOLOv3-tiny target detectors. The slowest detection rate is achieved by YOLOv7-tiny, with a detection rate of only 8.8 ms, compared to YOLOv7-tiny with the highest detection accuracy. Compared to YOLOv7-tiny, YOLOv5n-LC exhibits improvements in detection rate, FLOPs, and model size by 59.09%, 91.60%, and 79.19%, respectively.In the context of ground-based dynamic multi-object tracking, we compared DeepSORT, ByteTrack, StrongSORT, and the improved YL-SS algorithm. Each model was trained with pre-trained weights under the same conditions, using our custom NEF dataset for training. We evaluated the trackers based on IDF1, FP , IDSW (ID switches), and detection time, among other metrics. The experimental results are shown in The presented results in In conclusion, the YL-SS algorithm is well suited for the task at hand as it achieves an effective balance between real-time processing and robust performance compared to the Strong SORT algorithm with OSNet.In our real-time on-ground dynamic multi-object tracking system, we address challenges related to target detection, target re-identification, and Kalman filtering. Our focus is on achieving real-time performance and handling transient occlusions. In our experiments, the YL-SS algorithm employs a lightweight detector and a re-identification network specifically designed to address occlusion issues. This approach ensures real-time capability and demonstrates excellent performance in scenarios involving camera jitter, overlapping and intersecting targets, and small-sized objects, as shown in The experimental results validate the accuracy of the YL-SS algorithm. By replacing the backbone network with LCNet and modifying the neck network to utilize DSConv and C3Ghost instead of Conv and C3, the improved network exhibits significant enhancements in detection speed, computational complexity, and model size. The substantial improvement in detection speed during multi-object tracking confirms the effectiveness of the optimized detection component. Additionally, the adoption of OSNet, ECC camera motion compensation, and NSA Kalman demonstrates superior performance compared to other tracking algorithms. On the other hand, there are cases of target switches observed during prolonged occlusions. This may be attributed to potential sensor noise that can result in the inaccurate measurements of target positions or features.We present an enhanced multi-target tracking algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) designed to handle the challenges of real-time target detection with small sizes, varying scales, and background interference. To achieve improved detection performance, we optimized the feature extraction module using LCNet and depthwise separable convolution and employed C3Ghost to enhance detection quality. Additionally, we introduced the Focal–EIOU loss function to heighten target localization accuracy. For multi-target tracking, we use an all-scale network (OSNet) instead of ResNet to improve our ability to tackle the multi-target tracking task. Our experiments demonstrate that the YL-SS algorithm we implement has a faster processing speed and resolves situations where target ID loss or switching occurs due to long-term occlusion and significant changes in motion scales. Additionally, we have achieved good results in speed detection and tracking. Moving forward, we will examine how to apply this research to embedded terminal applications.


Low-dimensional nanomaterials are widely investigated in infrared photodetectors (PDs) due to their excellent optical and electrical properties. To further improve the PDs property like quantum efficiency, metallic microstructures are commonly used, which could squeeze light into sub-diffraction volumes for enhanced absorption through surface plasma exciton resonance effects. In recent years, plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs have shown excellent performance and attracted much research interest. In this paper, we summarize the progress in plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs based on different metallic structures. We also discuss challenges and prospects in this field. Photodetectors (PDs) could convert optical signals into electrical signals which can be easily measured. Therefore, infrared PDs are widely used in night vision imaging , disease2, etc.) ,6,7,8, o2, etc.) ,10,11,122, etc.) ,19,20,21Surface plasmon nanostructures have the feature of breaking the diffraction limit, which provides a new route for the study of high-performance PDs. In 1902, when Wood irradiated a metal grating with polarized light of continuous spectra, an anomalous diffraction phenomenon was observed on the reflection spectrum, namely “Wood Anomalies” . In 1941Plasmonic enhanced PDs can enhance the local electric field intensity, which is conducive to the effective separation of electrons and holes ,31. TherIn this article, we review the recent research on plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs. According to the difference between plasmon-enhanced structures, we divide the research into four categories: hole array structures, grating structures, nanoparticles and metal array structures. Depending on the dimension of nanomaterials used for detectors, the four kinds of infrared PDs are further discussed separately. The progress in plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs is summarized in For infrared PDs with the metal micro-nano structure, when the frequency of the incident infrared light matches the resonant frequency of the surface plasma excitons of the metal micro-nano structure, a large number of photons are absorbed, resulting in a surface plasma exciton resonance and the corresponding resonant absorption peak. By altering the parameters of the periodic metal micro-nano structures and the absorbing layer mediums, the magnitude, position and half-peak width of the resonance absorption peak can be changed.Therefore, the addition of plasmon-enhanced structures can effectively enhance the light absorption of semiconductor nanomaterials layers and improve the detection performance of infrared PDs. In recent decades, there have been many reports about plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs. In this review, we divide the type of infrared PDs based on the plasmon-enhanced structures and nanomaterials.In 1998, Ebbesen et al. first discovered that metal films with subwavelength hole arrays showed pretty unusual light transmission phenomena . Since t2D materials include graphene, black phosphorus (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), etc. Thanks to their advantages, such as high carrier mobility and room-temperature operation, 2D material PDs have become an important research direction in recent years . However10 Jones, respectively  hybridized heterostructures 2S/Al2O3 to reduce the nonradiative recombination on the InAsSb nanowire surface. Then, they developed a fabrication process based on dry etching to expose the top surface of nanowires whose sidewalls were completely covered by the Al2O3 shell. The top of the exposed nanowires functioned as a shadow mask that created uniform nanohole arrays on the top of the Au contact. These nanohole arrays excited surface plasmon modes, which strongly coupled the incident light to the top of the nanowires. However, the PD’s detectivity was low. To confirm the feasibility of high detectivity of PDs based on 1D materials, in 2019, Ren et al. [10 Jones was observed, and the plasmonic exciton peak D* could be tuned by simply varying the exposure height of the nanowires’ top section. This work demonstrated that nanowires-based PDs could perform better than their planar device counterparts in SWIR and MWIR photodetection regions under certain conditions.In the same year, Ren et al.  proposedn et al.  fabricatQuantum dots (QDs) are typical representatives of 0D materials. The quantum effect will become more obvious when reducing the nanoparticle sizes, where the nanoparticles would show unique optical and electrical properties. PDs based on QDs have great potential in the photoelectric detection field due to their low cost, adjustable spectral response range, excellent detection performance, etc., . With thIn 2010, Chang et al.  successf−1 and peak detectivity of 1.4 × 1011 cmHz1/2W−1 were determined at 4 μm wavelength. Through comparison and analysis, in 2018, Yakimov et al. [zE electric field component were the main influence factors of the surface plasmon wave electric field in the 2D metal disk arrays (2DDA) grating and the 2DHA plasma structure, respectively. At the same time, the z-polarized electromagnetic radiation contributed to a larger oscillator strength for the bound-to-continuum transitions of holes in Ge/Si QDs. Hence, the PD with 2DHA showed better performance. To improve the photoresponse of Ge/Si QDIP with limited absorption layer thickness, in 2020, Yakimov et al. [In addition to PDs based on the combination of InGaAs materials with 2D nanohole arrays, there are also many surface plasmon-enhanced detectors based on Si-based Ge materials. In 2017, Yakimov et al.  combinedv et al.  found thv et al.  introducApart from common 2D hole array structures, there are also 1D metal grating structures, including linear gratings and circular gratings . The intBased on the deep silver (Ag) grating, in 2014, Zhao et al.  proposed2 grating integrated graphene PD with an ultra-thin metal layer  are embedded in the light-absorbing material, the NPs coupled with the incident light to generate LSPR, then the light is trapped on the surface around the metal NPs ,62. Thus6. In the structure of this device, multilayer graphene was located on the top of the SiNWs array, while the plasmonic AuNPs were evenly distributed on the graphene layers  when placed in the vicinity of UCNPs. In the same year, Niu et al. [4:Yb, Tm@NaYF4 UCNPs nanocomposites they prepared. The AuNPs not only improved the absorption of graphene oxide layers but also increased the radiative emissivity of UCNPs and the absorption of Yb3+ ions. As a result, the photoresponsivity of the PD based on such materials to NIR light was greatly improved by about 10 times. The schematic illustration of this device is shown in 13 Jones in the wavelength range of 400–800 nm. In this device, the pentacene layer, deposited onto a graphene channel, functioned as a light-absorbing layer, while introduced AuNPs acted both as a charge-trapping layer and as a plasma light-scattering layer  with embedded Ag NPs. The highlight of this structure was that the Ag NPs did not directly contact the SnSe2 layer, so the crystallinity of SnSe2 was not affected. The presence of Ag NPs contributed to the separation of electrons and holes. As a result, the performance of the proposed device was significantly enhanced. For example, an 881-fold improvement of the photoresponsivity was realized. In the same year, Nakazawa et al. [2 PD whose plasmon peaks were in the NIR region. The Au nanorods were coated on 2D PtSe2 via the spin coating method. Besides, they also researched the effect of the nanorod solution’s concentration on the photoresponse of the proposed device. When the nanorod concentration was 5.0 nM, the photocurrent of the 2D PtSe2 /Au nanorod device was enhanced by five times that of the bare PtSe2 PD. A responsivity of 908 µW/A was observed at 0.5 V bias voltage.In 2021, Sun et al.  reporteda et al.  used Au 2 PD utilizing the Au-MoS2-Au sandwich structure in 2022. The 60 nm AuNPs were obtained by annealing the samples with Au films deposited on the substrate at 450 °C for 30 min. Next, multilayer n-type MoS2 flakes were placed on the deposited AuNPs, and to this point, an Au-MoS2 PD was constructed (2-Au PD was realized. It was found that the double-layer AuNPs had a stronger coupling effect than the single-layer Au NPs, which could contribute to a stronger surface electric field and higher light absorption, boosting the injection of more hot electrons into the conduction band of MoS2. Therefore, this PD had more excellent performance than the Au-MoS2 PD. For example, Rλ and D* of the Au-MoS2-Au PD were increased to 1757 A/W and 3.44 × 1010 Jones, respectively.Unlike others’ work, Li et al.  enhancedstructed h. The toIn 2013, Zhou et al.  demonstr−1 and a detectivity of 1.0 × 1012 cm Hz1/2W−1. In the same year, Zhu et al. [−1 and 5.6 × 1010 Jones, improved by 3.2 and 2.53 times, respectively.In 2022, Qi et al.  verifiedu et al.  placed cAlthough PbS QDs PDs can achieve broad-spectrum detection from UV to NIR, the response rate in the NIR band is relatively low. In 2012, Arquer et al.  demonstr−1, 1.22 × 1011 Jones and 2844%, respectively. In the next year, Zhao et al. [−1, detectivity of 6.3 × 1010 Jones and EQE of 1251% with the 808 nm laser illumination. The design of this structure provided a good scheme for enhancing the response of PbS QDs PDs in the NIR region.In 2014, Chen et al.  preparedo et al.  reportedIn metal array structures, near-field local effects of the plasmonic nanostructure increase the optical field density near the nanostructure on the one hand, and the coupling effect between the plasmonic metal nanomaterials increases the optical field density in the coupling region on the other hand. Based on this principle, plenty of infrared PDs with metal array structures have been fabricated in recent years.To intensify the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the graphene-based PDs, in June 2012, Fang et al.  designed2 and monolayer WSe2 in sequence on the top of the periodic Au nanorod arrays (As Fano resonance can enhance the absorption and promote the generation of the hot electron, it is suited to increase the photocurrent of plasmonic enhanced PDs. In February 2020, Zhang et al.  placed td arrays b. In thed arrays c. As a r−1.In 2020, Gu et al.  proposed2 NW array and 5 nm In NPs on the top of 70 nm TiO2 thin film, and at the top were Ag electrodes, all of which were performed on the p-type Si substrate. Their work proved that In NPs assumed significant jobs in the enhancement of the PDs’ photosensing despite a short decay time of 0.56 s. Compared with the reference device without In NPs, the designed device with In NPs exhibited maximum current conduction of 10.81 μA/cm2, increased by 1.3 times, which benefited from oxygen-related trap states at the edge of Ag Schottky contact. And it also could be observed that the photosensitivity was enhanced by an average of ~3.6 fold under the reverse bias.In 2014, Casadei et al.  demonstr−1, 92.3 mA W−1, 88.6 mA W−1 and 86 mA W−1. Likewise, in 2018, Tang et al. [10 Jones at 4 μm and 220 K.In 2016, Tang et al.  reportedYakimov et al.  demonstrIn conclusion, based on different plasma structures, such as hole arrays, gratings, nanoparticles and metal arrays, plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs have been studied extensively in the past several decades. Meanwhile, benefiting from the excellent characteristics of low-dimensional materials, infrared PDs exhibit better performance. In the future, improving the performance of PDs through the plasma exciton effect is an important way to the development of PDs. The performance of PDs in the references discussed above is given in The surface plasmon resonance effect could enhance the light absorption of materials. In this work, by summarizing the plasmonic enhanced nanocrystal infrared PDs, we show that the performance of PDs has been significantly improved due to the addition of plasmonic structures. For example, the responsivity and quantum efficiency of detectors can be effectively improved, and the footprint of the device can be reduced. Moreover, such PDs have effectively advanced the progress of PDs operating at high temperatures.With decades of development, plasma exciton technology has become more mature. However, traditional plasmon materials are generally precious metals, such as Au and Ag, which have certain defects. First of all, from the perspective of cost, precious metals are expensive and, thus, not suitable for the development of large-scale production devices. Next, precious metals have a low melting point, so nanostructures made of these metals are easily deformed at high temperatures. Hence, it is necessary to search for novel materials for plasmon applications. For example, Ge and Al are promising candidates. Moreover, micro-nano structures with different shapes and sizes have different effects on the excitation and application of plasmons on the device surface. With the continuous development of manufacturing technology, nanostructures with more complex 3D geometry can be realized. This will further increase the light limit in the absorber, broaden the response band and further improve the detection performance.


Background: Pompe disease is a lysosomal storage disease characterised by skeletal and respiratory muscle weakness. Since 2006, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with alglucosidase alfa has been available. ERT significantly improves the prognosis of patients with Pompe disease. The effect of high antibody titres on treatment response in adults with late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) remains unclear but may contribute to interpatient variation. We therefore conducted a systematic review on this subject. Methods: A systematic search was performed in Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Psych Info Ovid, Cochrane , and Google Scholar (random top-200). Articles were included if they involved adults with LOPD treated with alglucosidase alfa and mentioned anti-rhGAA antibodies or antibody titres. In addition, articles mentioning dosages different from the standard recommended dosage were included. Results: Our literature search retrieved 2562 publications, and 17 fulfilled our selection criteria, describing 443 cases. Seven publications reported on anti-rhGAA antibody titres on a group level, with the percentage of patients with a high titre as defined in the included articles ranging from 0–33%. Six publications reported on the effect of anti-rhGAA antibody titre on clinical course, and four found no correlation. Two studies reported a negative effect on treatment. The first study found a greater improvement in Medical Research Council (MRC) score in patients with no detectable antibody titre. In the second study, a patient discontinued ERT due to a declining neuromuscular state as a result of high anti-rhGAA antibody titres. Seven publications reported on 17 individual patients with a high antibody titre . In only two cases were high-sustained neutralising antibodies reported to interfere with treatment efficacy. Conclusions: No clear effect of anti-rhGAA IgG antibodies on treatment response could be established for the majority of LOPD patients with a high antibody titre. In a minority of patients, a clinical decline related to (possible) interference of anti-rhGAA antibodies was described. The disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid cosidase . The clicosidase . Patientcosidase . In thes2300, is cosidase . Since 2vailable . New ERTvailable ,6.In patients with LOPD, treatment with alglucosidase alfa is administered once every two weeks . ERT sigHere, we present a systematic review of the occurrence and effects of anti-rhGAA antibody titres on treatment efficacy , and their relationship with infusion-associated reactions (IARs) in adults with late-onset Pompe disease.A systematic search was performed in Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Psych Info Ovid, Cochrane , and Google Scholar (random top-200). The first search was performed on 12 March 2019, and an updated search was executed on 21 June 2022. Each search was conducted using a set list of vocabulary and keywords. There was no language limit. The search was limited to articles involving human subjects and articles published after 1999, when treatment with enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease was first administered in patients with Pompe disease on a trial basis. See Supplementary File S1 for specific search terms and search strategy.Articles were included based on the following predefined acceptance criteria: The publication should be addressing adults with LOPD, which was defined as patients with an age at symptom onset of 18 years or older. If the age at symptom onset was not available, the current patient age as described in the publication was used for in- or exclusion of the patient. The patients had to receive treatment with alglucosidase alfa. The title or abstract should mention antibodies or antibody titres. Articles were also included if they mentioned an ERT treatment dosage other than the standard recommended dosage of 20 mg/kg/every other week, as this may influence antibody formation. Randomised controlled trials, observational studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, and case series were considered eligible for inclusion. Reviews were excluded.Two reviewers (ID and HvK) performed title and abstract screening. Subsequently, articles were screened based on their full texts. Thereafter, discrepancies in the selection of publications between the two reviewers were discussed. The remaining uncertainties regarding inclusion were discussed with three other reviewers . Additional publications were identified by reviewing the references of selected articles as well as by assessing the full text of the included publications and selecting possibly relevant publications based on the paraphrased or quoted source text. After the completion of the manuscript, an updated literature search was performed on 21 June 2022. Three additional articles were found and were reviewed using the same selection strategy.GAA disease-causing variants and corresponding protein changes, age at onset, age at diagnosis, age at start of treatment, dosing, treatment duration, highest antibody titre and neutralising effect (the effect of antibodies on the uptake of rhGAA), the definition of high antibody titer and reported HSAT per study, IARs, and treatment response.Data was extracted from included publications using a data extraction table. General data on the study characteristics comprised author, year of publication, title, study design, sample size, and study outcomes. At a group level, the following data were collected: sex, age (mean/median), age at onset (mean/median), age at diagnosis (mean/median), treatment dosage, treatment duration, % of patients with a high antibody titre (as defined in the included articles), antibody titre range, neutralising effect of antibodies, definition of high sustained antibody titres (HSATs), % of patient IARs, and treatment response. On an individual patient level, the following data were collected: sex, age, Data extraction was performed by two reviewers (ID and HvK) and then compared to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the extracted information. Discrepancies and remaining uncertainties were discussed with three other reviewers .Our literature search retrieved 2562 publications in total: 1883 publications from the first search and 679 from the second search. For all conference and meeting abstracts—26 in total—the availability of the original publication was checked, and two additional full publications were found. For one of these publications, the abstract of the final publication did not mention either anti-rhGAA antibodies or dosing, whereas the conference abstract did. Another publication was published after the initial search, but prior to the updated search, and was included based on the conference abstract. In addition, we checked the reference lists of included publications and identified one additional publication that could be included. In the end, 17 publications fulfilled our selection criteria and were thus included in the review  3,5,7,2,43,44,45n = 17) are summarised in n = 2) [n = 5) [n = 10) [The characteristics of the included publications n = 1 are summn n = 2) , case re [n = 5) ,34,36,39[n = 10) ,43,44,45[n = 10) ,41. PleaSeveral publications reported on the main parameters of interest for this study, anti-rhGAA antibody titres, and/or dosing at a group level ,38,40,42The publications included in this review had different definitions of a high antibody titre and/or a HSAT; in addition, the time point(s) at which antibody titres were measured differed between studies. Of the 10 publications ,42,44,45n = 4 to n = 73). Absolute antibody titres in these patients were reported in seven publications with a population size ranging from n = 6 to n = 73 [n = 0/6) [n = 16/49) [p = 0.001) [Data from 10 publications ,42,44,45o n = 73 ,41,42,45o n = 73 ,41,44,45p = 0.039) clinical improvement  in MRC sum score than those with detectable antibodies . Of the patients with a positive titre, 31.2% had a low titre (<1:1250), 43.8% a medium titre , and 3.1% a high titre . In the second study, one patient was reported to have discontinued ERT due to a declining neuromuscular state because of high anti-rhGAA antibody titres  [Nine ,42,44,45Data from eleven publications ,43,44,45GAA disease-causing variants were provided for 9 of the 17 patients with high antibody titres, 8 of whom carried the most common c.-32-13T>G (IVS1) disease-causing variant. The second variant differed between these patients, but two siblings both had the c.2655_2656delCG variant [GAA variant and the development of high antibody titres could be established.Seven publications reported on 17 patients with a high antibody titre  29,34,3,43,44,45GAA disease-causing variants were known for all but two patients, but for five patients only the variant on one allele was reported. Forty-seven of the 56 patients (83.9%) had the c.-32-13T>G variant on one allele.In eight publications ,43,44,45Six publications reported on IARs in 28 patients on an individual patient level ,39,44,45Twenty-one of these 28 patients had a no-to-intermediate antibody titre and two out of these 21 patients experienced IARs ,39, one IgE antibody titres were measured in five publications ,38,39,40Only three publications reported on dosages other than the standard recommended dosage of 20 mg/kg/eow ,36,38. AThe reasons to prescribe a dosage lower than the standard recommended dosage were: to improve a patient’s quality of life  and for We conducted a systematic review of the effect of anti-rhGAA antibodies on treatment outcomes in adults with LOPD. In total, 17 publications were included, which described 443 cases. Overall, 23% of individually described patients developed a high titre. Based on our results, no clear effect of anti-rhGAA IgG antibodies on treatment response could be established for the majority of adult Pompe disease patients with a high antibody titre.On a group level, two studies ,40 foundIgG-mediated immune reactions seem to be the most prevalent immune response to ERT in LOPD, with the LOTS study reporting seroconversion in all patients in their cohort . HoweverIn 10 of the 17 patients with high titres, neutralising assays—analysing the neutralising effect of anti-rhGAA antibodies—were performed. In three patients, a temporary neutralising effect was found, while in four patients a strong neutralising effect was found, in vitro , with clThe difference between patients in the clinical effects of anti-rhGAA antibodies may be explained by the different IgG subclasses produced in response to ERT, with IgG4 having been reported in association with the inhibiting activity of ERT in haemophilia A . HoweverIn addition, IgG antibodies and antigens can form immune complexes, triggering infusion-associated reactions . OverallThe other type of immune reaction that has been reported in Pompe disease is IgE-mediated . SeveralGAA variant and the development of high antibody titres, which is in line with what was previously reported [Due to the small number of individual patients with high antibody titres, we could not determine if there is a correlation between the reported . Neverthreported . Howeverreported ,3,4. Thireported ,57. Nonereported ,41. It ireported ,58. One An ERT dosage higher than the standard recommended dose of 20 mg/kg/eow has been shown to improve survival in classic infantile Pompe disease patients , but canWe identified several limitations in our analysis of the data derived from the included articles: Firstly, different definitions of a high antibody titre as well as a high sustained antibody titre were given, making it difficult to compare study outcomes in this regard. The definition of a high antibody titre ranged from 1:12,800 to ≥1:51,200, which may be partially dependent on the titration steps used. Most papers did not specify what the source was for the reference values for (highly sustained) antibodies. It has been demonstrated in the serum of classic-infantile Pompe patients that there is probably no effect on enzyme activity or uptake of alglucosidase alfa with an antibody titre of ≤1:6250. Alglucosidase alfa activity in the medium was not inhibited until titres of 1:31,250 were reached , indicatSecondly, the level of evidence of the included publications was variable, with 5 out of 17 included papers being case reports, and the outcome of interest (antibody titre and ERT dosage) was often not the main outcome of the paper. As some patients were reported in multiple publications—we are aware of at least one patient for whom this was the case—the number of unique patients described in this review was lower than 443. Multiple publications included patients with different phenotypes which contributed to a larger clinical heterogeneity than intended for our study. Finally, due to the heterogeneity of clinical outcome parameters, the different definitions of high (sustained) antibody titres, different time points at which antibody titres were measured, as well as limited data about dosing, we could not analyse antibodies over time, nor could a meta-analysis be performed. We resolved this by using the definition of a high (sustained) titre as used in the original publication and by looking at the highest antibody titre reported per patient. In addition, it must be noted that there might be a selection bias in that patients with high antibody titres or IARs were more likely to be reported, and that follow-up was not always continuous over time and varied between studies. For future studies, we advise to (1) standardise the definition of a high antibody titre  and of a high sustained antibody titre (high antibody titre on two or more occasions at or beyond six months of ERT) to improve comparability, (2) perform regular, standardised follow-up of antibody titre (with collection of samples prior to ERT infusion), which will provide insight into the development and course of antibody titre over time and prevent sampling bias, as well as (3) carefully describe patient characteristics and standardize clinical follow-up to enable assessment of the effect of antibody formation on outcome of ERT in individual patients.In conclusion, it appears that anti-rhGAA IgG antibodies do not affect treatment outcomes in the majority of patients, but may have an effect on treatment outcomes in a small subset of adults with LOPD. Further prospective long-term research, aimed at assessing this relation, is required. We suggest that determining anti-rhGAA antibody titres should be part of the standard follow-up in patients with LOPD, especially in case of clinical deterioration or when accompanied by IARs.


According to the time–kill result, the composite irrigation solution exhibits excellent and rapid bactericidal effect against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus within 30 s of treatment while eliminating Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and the mixed microbes after 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, and 12 h of treatment, respectively. Significant bacterial count reduction of Staphylococcus aureus was observed after 5 h treatment. In addition to its skin non-irritating attribute, the in vivo wound healing results further demonstrated that the irrigation solution showed high repair efficiency in the skin defect model inoculated with the mixed microbes. The wound healing rate was significantly higher than that of the control and normal saline groups. It could also effectively reduce the number of viable bacteria on the wound surface. The histological staining indicated that the irrigation solution could reduce inflammatory cells and promote collagen fibers and angiogenesis, thereby promoting wound healing. We believed that the designed composite irrigation solution has great potential for application in the treatment of seawater immersion wounds.Seawater immersion wound is inevitably accompanied by bacterial infection. Effective irrigation is critical for bacterial infection prevention and wound healing. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of a designed composite irrigation solution against several dominant pathogens in seawater immersion wounds was evaluated, and   Many wos aureus , which win vitro  biofilms were used , two marine vibrios , and simulated marine mixed microbes, was conducted in vitro, and the in vivo wound healing assessment was evaluated using a rat wound infection model  was purchased from Guangdong Hengjian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Polyhexamethylene biguanide , sodium chloride (AR), soybean lecithin (BR), glacial acetic acid, paraffin, formaldehyde, xylene, absolute ethanol, and ammonia water were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Chitosan  was obtained from Shanghai Lanji Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, Tween 80, magnesium sulfate (AR), and bovine serum albumin (BR) were purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. . Tryptone physiological solution (TPS) (BR) was bought from Guangdong Huan Kai Microbial Technology Co., Ltd. Hematoxylin, eosin, BASO, and neutral resin were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. Masson trichromatic staining solution was bought from Beijing Huayueyang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Then, 3% sodium chloride alkaline peptone broth, 3% sodium chloride soybean–casein digest agar, thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar, nutrient broth, nutrient agar, Sabouraud dextrose broth, potato dextrose agar (PDA), cation-adjusted Mueller–Hinton broth (CAMHB), and Mueller–Hinton Agar were acquired from Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Levofloxacin  was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. . Peroxide  were used in animal experiments, including skin irritation and wound healing tests. All the rats were allowed to acclimate (at least 1 week) to the laboratory conditions before testing and all operations were performed under sterile conditions.In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines.The study and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidelines of Jiangsu University (UJS-IACUC-2021041601). All study methods were in accordance with China’s regulations on experimental animal usage, which were consistent with Animal Research: Reporting of 2.4.2.One complete skin irritation test was conducted with slight modifications in reference to the method of 2.4.3.8 CFU/mL mixed bacterial suspension.The skin defect model was used to simulate the clinical situation of soft-tissue wound. Male SD rats (approximately 250 g) were randomly divided into three groups, with three rats in each group. Before surgical procedures, the mice were gas-anesthetized, the area around the surgical field was shaved off and disinfected with ethanol, and a circular full-thickness wounds with a diameter of 10 mm were prepared on both sides of the back, respectively, in reference to the methods of After 24 h microbial attack on the wound, the following treatments were conducted by the same researcher (NSP): (I) the wound surface was directly covered with 3 M dressing. (II) The wound was rinsed with 60 mL of 0.9% normal saline by a syringe with maximal manual pressure and then covered with 3 M dressing . (III) T2.4.4.The wounds in the different groups were photographed at different time points  using the digital camera and measured by ImageJ v1.53e  software. The wound area was calculated from the photograph and the scale, and the healing rate was calculated according to the following equation:XS is the rat wound area on day X, and 0S was the original wound area on day 0, respectively.where 2.4.5.This experiment was evaluated with slight modifications based on the method of 2.4.6.Histological evaluation was conducted based on the method of 2.5.p-values of *(<0.05), **(<0.01), and ***(<0.001) were considered statistically significant. Origin 2018 software  was used for drawing graphics.The colony counts for the suspension quantitative sterilization test and the total number of microbes on the wound surface were set up in three parallel experiments. Excel 2016  was used for data processing; SPSS 18.0  was used for one-way ANOVA and identifying significant differences, and 3.3.1.V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, and no growth was observed after 30 s of exposure. While after 1 h and 2 h of treatment, it was also effective at eliminating C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, respectively. When the exposure time was prolonged to 6 h and 12 h, the growth of E. coli and the mixed microbes can be completely limited, and over 5 log10 reductions of these two strains occurred at 4 and 6 h, respectively, indicating significant microbial reduction effect. Only the S. aureus cannot be eradicated during the treatment, but a significant reduction of bacterial counts (>5 log10 reduction) was observed after 5 h treatment, showing acceptable antimicrobial effects (GB/T 38502-2020). This significant microbial reduction effect was related to the major bacteriostatic component in the irrigation solution, that is, the positively charged PHMB, which can interact with negatively charged phospholipid groups on the bacterial cell wall and destroy the cell membrane stability, eventually leading to microbial death  to evaluate the antibacterial effect of hydrogel on seawater-immersed wounds, a mixed microbial suspension was prepared to simulate the dominant pathogenic flora of seawater immersion wound in our study, therefore, ensuring that the irrigation solution was suitable for further practical application. On the other hand, although the phenomenon of colony number reduction and then growth often was observed in the time–killing test of P. aeruginosa when evaluating the antibacterial effect of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin , edema (swelling), itching, and discomfort . After ttrations . Mao et trations .3.3.rd day, the wound areas in the two irrigation treatments were obviously reduced, while the scab layer of the control group became thicker and brown, indicating higher inflammation and sluggish wound healing. After the 5th day, the effectiveness of the composite irrigation solution on wound healing was more visible, exhibiting obvious area contraction, followed by the normal saline group. After handling for 14 days, the composite irrigation solution treated wound was almost closed and more hair coverage could be observed, while the other two treatments showed slower wound healing effects.The process of wound healing is complex and involves hemostasis, inflammation, migration, proliferation, and tissue remodeling . The wouth day, and the wound healing rate of the composite irrigation solution group (50.56%) was much higher than that of the control group (39.97%) and the normal saline group (45.88%), respectively, indicating a faster wound healing effect. On the 7th day, the wound closure rates in the two irrigation groups were already over 60% and those in the composite irrigation solution group were still slightly higher than the normal saline group. On the 14th day, the wound closure rate in the composite irrigation solution group was 93.17% and significantly higher than the control and normal saline groups (p < 0.01). These results suggested that the composite irrigation solution has better wound healing performance during the early stage of wound healing.The wound closure rate was in accordance with the change of wound image. As shown in in vivo antimicrobial ability of the composite irrigation solution, residual bacteria from wound sites were collected and cultured, and the result is shown in 10CFU/mL of the normal saline and the composite irrigation solution groups was 6.09 and 6.06, respectively, just 1 day after treatment, while that of the control was much higher (6.33). With the prolongation of healing time, the number of viable microbes decreased significantly, and the composite irrigation solution was more effective in reducing the number of pathogens on the wound surface. On the 3rd day, the colony count of the control and normal saline group was 5.71 and 4.36 log10CFU/mL, respectively, while that of the composite irrigation solution group obviously decreased to 3.79 log10CFU/mL. Meanwhile, although normal saline can flush away the microbes on the wound surface, it was not as effective in the later stages of healing. Nine days later, the colony count of the normal saline group (2.97 log10CFU/mL) was similar to that of the control (3.04 log10CFU/mL) and was significantly higher than the composite irrigation solution group (2.18 log10CFU/mL). These results indicated that the composite irrigation solution had excellent antibacterial ability in vivo.In addition, it was suggested that debridement and irrigation treatment can reduce the positive rate of bacteria in contaminated open wound . Therefo2O2, and PHMB in it, which can synergistically inhibit the viable microbes in the contaminated wound, thereby promoting wound regeneration. In addition to its good antimicrobial property, chitosan was known as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic polymer and has been suggested to be used as an alternative solution to EDTA in final root canal irrigation , and this was similar to the results of The histological status of different treatment groups was further assessed using hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and Masson trichromatic staining on days 7 and 14. H&E staining can be used to evaluate the regeneration of tissue around the wound, such as inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblast migration . As showth day of wound healing, the inflammatory cells were significantly reduced, while the granulation tissue was significantly increased and new blood vessels (blue box) appeared in all treatment groups, indicating that the inflammation was alleviated and the wounds were healed well .XW: conceptualization, methodology, writing-reviewing, and editing. JT: writing-original draft preparation. SN: experiment and data processing. DZ: experiment and data processing. BL: funding acquisition and supervision. QF: analytical guidance. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This study was supported by the interdisciplinary medical and engineering research funding of the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.