Analysis of anthropometric and physiological characteristics in Hungarian rowers revealed that sexual dimorphism tended to increase with age, regardless of whether it was expressed in units of measurement, percentages, or dimorphism index values. The age-related increase in the sexual dimorphism of Hungarian rowers suggests that training methods should be carefully selected to accommodate the needs of various age and gender groups.The aim of this study was to determine sexual differentiation in the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of Hungarian rowers in different age categories. These characteristics were measured for 15–16-year-old juniors (55 men and 36 women), 17–18-year-old older juniors (52 men and 26 women), and 19–22-year-old seniors (23 men and 8 women). The degree of sexual dimorphism was expressed in units of measurement as percentages and the dimorphism index. In all age categories, females had significantly higher body fat indices. Body fat percentage was determined by electrical impedance and by the Pařízková formula, BMI, and skinfold thicknesses. Males had significantly higher body mass, body height, skeletal muscle mass, sitting height, arm span, lower limb length, and body surface area. Males also scored significantly higher values for the following physiological characteristics: peak power, relative peak power, ErVO Sex differences in motor performance have attracted considerable attention over the last 40 years. Sexual dimorphism can be generally defined as morphological and physiological differences between males and females of the same species, and this distinction can be based on differences in size, shape, stature, cranial and facial features, muscularity, strength, and speed . The maj2max), explains the faster performance of men in distance running events )The study was conducted in the Gyor rowing club, and the sample consisted of 130 male and 70 female rowers from the seven largest Hungarian rowing clubs. The targeted sampling method was used to select the participants. The following inclusion criteria were applied: rowers from all age groups held valid competition licenses and had participated in national and/or international events over a period of at least one year. In addition, all rowers were required to present a valid medical certificate, they had to train regularly, and their physical activity was not limited (for any reason) to the extent that it would substantially influence their motor fitness levels. All rowers in each club that met these criteria were included in the study.Each rower was assigned to one of the three age categories: juniors , older juniors , and seniors . The senior groups were relatively young, and the oldest senior rower was only 22. The rowers’ training programs were consistent with the guidelines of the Hungarian Rowing Federation Training Plan: 12–13 h/week for 15- to 16-year-olds, 14–15 h/week for 17- to 18-year-olds, and 16–17 h/week for 19- to 22-year-olds. The aerobic-to-anaerobic training ratio in the above groups was 80:20%, 75:25%, and 70:30%, respectively. The study took place over three consecutive days in the middle of the racing season (8 days after one rowing regatta and 7 days before the next rowing regatta).The study was consistent with the guidelines and recommendations of the Health Science Council, the Hungarian Scientific and Research Ethics Committee (IV/3067-3/2021/EKU), and the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants received comprehensive information about the research objective, the relevant risks, the applied methods of measurement, and the techniques that would be used in motor tests. These techniques could be practiced directly before the study. The rowers agreed to participate in the study on a volunteer basis by signing informed consent forms.Each rower was subjected to anthropometric and physiological tests in the middle of the 2020 racing season. On the first day, anthropometric features were measured; on the second, the athletes performed motor tests; and on the third, they covered a distance of 2000 m.2], the Weiner and Lourie methods ; BM => 61.3 kg; 14.6 − (1.5 × time)]; for men it is ErVO2 = (Y × 1000)/BM, where BM is body mass, and Y = ; BM => 75 kg; 15.7 − (1.5 × time)]. The power produced over 2000 m was divided by body weight to obtain the relative performance (rW 2k).The power output in watts (W) was measured over 2000 m. The calculation of watts was performed as follows: First, the distance was defined: distance = (time/number of strokes) × 500. In the next step, the concept of a “split” was clarified: split = 500 × (time/distance). The watts were calculated as 2.8/(split/500). There were slight differences in intensity due to individual changes in stroke value and the ability to keep the 500 m split time constant. Before the tests, the participants warmed up for 6 min over a 500 m distance, then rested for 6 min, during which time they performed stretching exercises. The estimated relative aerobic capacity  and indicators of acid-base balance, such as the lactic acid concentration in the blood, alkaline deficiency or excess, blood pH, and current molecular pressure of COt-test was used to assess differences between the men and women. The results were regarded as statistically significant at p < 0.05. Additionally, the value of the Szopa dimorphism index was calculated, as given in Podstawski et al. [mx—arithmetic mean of male students in a given age group,fx—arithmetic mean of female students in a given age group,mS—standard deviation of male students in a given age group,fS—standard deviation of female students in a given age group,For all studied male and female characteristics, basic statistical measures  were calculated and the normality of the distributions was assessed. Since the distributions did not differ significantly from normality (Shapiro–Wilk test), the Student’s i et al. :ID=2 between the sexes are presented as male value minus female value, whereas percent differences between the sexes were calculated assuming that the mean value for the male trait was the baseline of 100%.The results were presented in tabular form, separately for each age group: 15–16-year-olds , 17–18-y2, −5.4%). In terms of physiological characteristics in all motor tests, the 15–16-year-old female rowers achieved significantly slower or lower performances than their male peers: peak power , RPP , time 2000 m , ErVO2max , jump height , speed max , force max , and RPM   . In cont −16.5%) .2, −16.8%). In contrast, the female rowers had larger values for body fat percentage , skin fold thicknesses (ranging from 23.3 to 71.1% larger), and body fat PF .As above, all the analysed characteristics in the 17–18-year-old age group differed significantly between the genders, except for BMI . The 17–2max , jump height , speed max , force max , and RPM  , RPP , time , ErVO −25.7%) .2, −8.6%). In turn, the women recorded larger values for body fat percentage , skin fold thicknesses (ranging from 44.3 to 79.8%), and body fat PF . In terms of physiological characteristics, the females recorded lower or slower values: peak power , RPP , time , ErVO2 max , jump height , speed max , force max , and RPM   .The purpose of this study was to assess the sex differences between male and female Hungarian rowers of different ages. We hypothesized that the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the female and male rowers would differ significantly and that these characteristics would also differ between age categories. The results obtained in this study are consistent with the research hypothesis.This study showed that there were significant differences in anthropometric characteristics between the sexes in all age categories, as reflected by the values of the dimorphism index (DI). Male Hungarian rowers had greater heights and weights than their female counterparts, and the differences between the sexes increased with age . These differences are likely to influence rowers’ performance. Studies evaluating the anthropometric characteristic of female and male adult rowers (body mass and height) have emphasized the significance of body mass and height ,60,61,62p < 0.001). Interestingly, the difference in body fat was largest among the seniors (19–22 years), and the range of BFP in the male rowers was much wider than the 6 to 10% BFP observed in elite males by Hagerman et al. [Generally speaking, BFP and BFP PF differed the most between the sexes in each age category as shown by the respective DI values , and these differences were highly statistically significant , and particularly that of the women, were close to the upper limit of the normal range and near the value that is considered optimal for rowers, 24 kg/m2 [In contrast to BFP and BFP PF, BMI differed the least between the sexes in terms of the DI, and these differences decreased as the age of the rowers increased . The mean BMI values in the oldest age categories  and force max (1.6) in the seniors. A study of elite Polish oarsmen (men and women) by Klusiewicz and Faff [Regarding gender differences in physiological characteristics across all age categories, males outperformed females in all of the motor tests that were used. The highest DI values (given in order of increasing age category) were for peak power , then RPP  and time needed to complete 2000 m , which was shortest in the senior males (6.6 min). The smallest differences in DI values were for force max . Additionally, small DI values were recorded for RPM (1.38) in the juniors, and relative ErVOand Faff  showed t2max of the female and male rowers differed significantly between age categories. Interestingly, Klusiewicz et al. [2max increased markedly as female rowers increased from 20 to 22 years of age and as males increased from 19 to 19.9 and from 21 to 22 years of age, reaching respective values exceeding 4.0 and 6.0 l/min for the females and males, respectively. When considering the percent increase in VO2max, it increased by 22.0 and 11.7% in Polish females and males, respectively.In the present study, the absolute and relative VOz et al.  found th2max, the scientific literature shows that these measurements are quite commonly used in this type of research [This study makes a useful contribution to the literature by shedding new light on sexual dimorphism in rowers in three different age categories and across all weight categories, which has heretofore received scant attention. The number of papers dealing with sexual dimorphism in rowing is very low. The strengths of this study include the inclusion of a relatively representative and numerous sample of rowers in three age categories, with the exception of the number of female senior rowers (eight rowers). However, it should be emphasized that we examined all (100%) licensed rowers from seven of the best and largest Hungarian rowing clubs, and these rowers trained in very similar environmental conditions and fulfilled the same selection criteria, which is very important for comparative analyses. It can also be noted that some studies of rowers had similar sample sizes [e.g., 37–N = 10; 84–N = 8; 85–N = 8). The Hungarian rowers in this study are not particularly outstanding; instead, they are typical rowers like those who constitute the vast majority of the rowing community, which makes it possible to make relevant comparisons with regard to sexual dimorphism. This is a novelty because the vast majority of studies have focused on finalists at the Olympics, world championships or other major regattas —such individuals are very few and are spread across continents or countries, making comparisons very difficult. In this study, the differences in sexual dimorphism are presented in the form of numerical values, percentages, and values of the sexual dimorphism index, which is very rare in this type of study, especially when such a large number of anthropometric and physiological measurements were taken. However, the limited amount of time available to conduct this large number of measurements meant that, inevitably, some measurements had to be omitted . Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that, given the limited time and organizational possibilities, a mass study (with relatively large study groups) that includes such additional analyses is very difficult to conduct. Although a certain limitation of the present study may also be the measurement of estimated values of VOresearch ,86.An interesting topic for future research on sexual dimorphism in rowers would be the ratio between the length of the index finger (2D) and the ring finger (4D). This ratio is already formed during the early stages of human foetal development and does not change throughout life. Manning et al.  found th2max, jump height, speed max, force max, and RPM. Moreover, the DI values for the analysed anthropometric and physiological characteristics increase with age. The age-related increase in the sexual dimorphism of Hungarian rowers suggests that training methods should be carefully selected to accommodate the needs of various age and gender groups.The results of our study indicate that, from the age of 15 to 22 years, there are significant sex differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics in Hungarian rowers. The women have significantly larger values for body fat , while the men have significantly larger values for body mass, body height, SMM, sitting height, arm span, lower limb length, and BSA. Regarding physiological characteristics, male rowers significantly outperform female rowers in all motor tests, including peak power, RPP, ErVO


Despite recent progress in caring for patients born with esophageal atresia (EA), undernutrition and stunting remain common. Our study objective was to assess nutritional status in the first year after birth with EA and to identify factors associated with growth failure.P < 0.20 in univariate analyses were retained in a logistic regression model.We conducted a population-based study of all infants born in France with EA between 2010 and 2016. Through the national EA register, we collected prenatal to 1 year follow-up data. We used body mass index and length-for-age ratio Z scores to define patients who were undernourished and stunted, respectively. Factors with P < 0.05). Neither EA type nor surgical treatment was associated with growth failure.Among 1,154 patients born with EA, body mass index and length-for-age ratio Z scores at 1 year were available for about 61%. Among these, 15.2% were undernourished and 19% were stunted at the age of 1 year. There was no significant catch-up between ages 6 months and 1 year. Patients born preterm (41%), small for gestational age (17%), or with associated abnormalities (55%) were at higher risk of undernutrition and stunting at age 1 year  may guide early nutritional support strategies. Esophageal atresia (EA), with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), is a rare congenital disorder that occurs in 1.9 per 10,000 births in France  and increasing energy expenditure .In recent decades, thanks to medical and surgical care improvements, survival rates have increased to 95% . AlthougPrevious retrospective –9 and moPreliminary analyses of the first two registry years showed that 15% of patients were underweight [Z score weight/age ≤ 2 standard deviations (SDs)] at the age of 1 year ; gestational age at birth; sex; anthropometry at birth; type of EA according to Ladd classification ; associaAnthropometric measures were collected by doctors during dedicated consultations. Patients were measured lying down. Length was expressed in centimeters and weight in grams.Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined as length and/or weight Z score at birth ≤ 2 SD, according to Fenton curves . DelayedFor each patient, we calculated body mass index (BMI) Z score and length-for-age (LFA) ratio Z score at ages 6 months and 1 year using the most recent French reference growth curves . The curPersistent GERD and the need for respiratory treatment at age 1 year were based on physician clinical evaluation.We assessed the influences of neonatal characteristics, surgical type, and complications during the first year after birth. We compared type I EA with other EA types because the former is associated with a higher risk of surgical complications and comorbidities –22.The EA register was approved by the National Informatics and Privacy Committee  and was evaluated by the National Committee of Registers. After information was given to the parents or caregivers both verbally and in writing, all data were deidentified. Using the validated questionnaires, data were collected prospectively by specialized physicians in each tertiary care center at initial neonatal hospitalization and at 1 year follow-up. A clinical research assistant collected information from each center, and all forms were double-checked by two professionals to ensure quality and exhaustivity. The register was recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02883725).Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables are expressed as means (SDs), or as medians (interquartile ranges) for non-normally distributed measures. Normality of distribution was assessed graphically and with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences in Z scores between 6 months and 1 year were analyzed using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.P < 0.20 in univariate analyses were included in a backward-stepwise multivariate logistic regression model using a removal criterion of P > 0.05. Results from the final model are expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To avoid case deletions due to missing data, multivariate analyses were performed after handling missing values by simple imputation using a regression switching approach (chained equations with m = 1)  . The impP < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using SAS software package version 9.4 .All statistical tests were two-tailed and We included 1,154 patients . More than 40% of the sample were born prematurely and 17% were SGA. EA was associated with TEF in over 90% of cases, with other abnormalities in 55% of cases, and as part of a syndromic association  in 30% of cases. Esophageal anastomosis was performed in almost 95% of patients and was delayed after 15 days in 12% of cases. During the first year after birth, 86 patients (7.8%) died and 39 (3.6%) were lost to follow-up. The sample characteristics are detailed in Birth weight was available for 99% of patients and birth length for 75%. Weight was available at both 6 months and 1 year for 75% of patients; length was available for 58% of patients at 6 months and 63% at 1 year. We were able to calculate Z scores at the age of 1 year for at least 60% of included patients.Patients with missing anthropometric data at 1 year did not differ from those with available anthropometry regarding sex, SGA, birth term, associated abnormalities, prevalence of syndromic association, EA type, surgical treatment, or delayed anastomosis .n = 107/703) showed undernutrition and 19.4% (n = 138/710) showed stunting at 1 year. Neither BMI nor LFA Z score changed significantly between 6 months and 1 year. These data are reported in Among patients with anthropometric data, 15.2%  whereas stunting was associated with the presence of at least one associated abnormality (OR = 1.68). These results are presented in We did not find any significant association between surgery type and any complication during the first year after birth  is similar to that during 2008–2009 (15%) .2% is si, 2, suggPrevious studies have reported different rates of undernutrition (8.8–20%) , 10 wherAnother important finding herein is that undernutrition 16.7%) and stunting (20.4%) appear early, during the first 6 months after birth, though only 14% of the sample was SGA based on weight and 9% based on length. This is likely explained by these infants' associated morbidities and the complexity of their early management. No catch-up in weight or length occurred during the second half of the first year after birth, suggesting that persistent difficulties delay catch-up growth .7% and s, 24.We found that prematurity increased the risk of undernutrition and stunting at age 1 year by almost twofold. Because preterm infants are at higher risk of being undernourished or stunted at age 1 year compared with term infants, this finding indicates that the double burden of EA and prematurity compromise nutritional status at 1 year, independent of SGA status or syndromic associations , 26.Similarly, being born SGA was also strongly and independently associated with undernutrition and stunting at age 1 year, emphasizing these patients' progressive and sometimes incomplete catch-up , 28.Finally, growth retardation and undernutrition were significantly and independently related to the presence of associated abnormalities, syndromic or otherwise. This suggests that associated abnormalities may play a role in stunting and wasting beyond birth anthropometrics.These cumulative findings emphasize that undernutrition and stunting originate from early factors, determined during the fetal and neonatal period, and are independent of surgical strategy and potential complications during the first year after birth. Indeed, in contrast to previous studies, we found no significant association with GERD , anti-reRecent guidelines recommend the optional intervention of a dietician from age 6 months onward . In pracThis study's strengths include its uniquely large sample size, which is notable for a rare disorder like EA, thanks to the national EA register. Prospective recording of a large dataset, including prenatal information, allowed us to study a large panel of possible risk factors. One study limitation was the significant proportion of missing anthropometric data at 6 months and 1 year. Despite this, the risk of bias influencing these findings appears limited given the lack of difference between patients with or without missing data (we further reduced this risk by applying a missing data imputation process). Nevertheless, this study also presents an opportunity to reiterate the importance of repeated anthropometric measurements throughout follow-up with these patients. This study carried a low risk of selection bias because it was population-based, in contrast to most previous single-center reports.Despite consistent progress in their medical and surgical care, patients born with EA are at risk of undernutrition and stunting at age 1 year, and these impacts appear as early as 6 months after birth. High-risk patients include those born preterm, SGA, and/or with associated abnormalities; these patients may thus benefit the most from early nutritional support. Further studies are needed to monitor the long-term nutritional status at key childhood periods, into adulthood.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent from the participants' legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.SD and FG conceptualized and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, drafted, reviewed, and revised the manuscript. AL, RS, ABo, TG, NP, P-YR, AG, TL, SI, EH, ABr, VF, HA, FE, IT, AR, MAb, J-LM, JL, PB, FS, HL, TP, YC, CB, GL, CC, CT, JB, OJ, CG, PD, MAr, CP, SG, and CL participated in data collection, reviewed and revised the manuscript. MAu and AN critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. MK carried out the statistical analyses and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Camelina sativa. Tissue-dependent trends were detected, indicating that certain organs, such as the brain, have a basal limit to LC-PUFA incorporation, though enrichment of these fatty acids is possible. Lipid acyl alterations, as well as putative stereospecific numbering (sn) isomer alterations, were also detected, providing evidence that GM oils may modify lipid structure, with lipids of interest providing a set of targeted markers by which lipid alterations can be monitored across various novel diets.The development and inclusion of novel oils derived from genetically modified (GM) oilseeds into aquafeeds, to supplement and supplant current terrestrial oilseeds, as well as fish oils, warrants a more thorough investigation into lipid biochemical alterations within finfish species, such as Atlantic salmon. Five tissues were examined across two harvesting timepoints to establish whether lipid isomeric alterations could be detected between a standard commercial diet versus a diet that incorporated the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), derived from the GM oilseed  Aquaculture is tasked with fulfilling the demands of a growing population, owing to constraints on the capacity of traditional wild capture fisheries . In the Brassica napus and Camelina sativa [Brassica napus varieties are currently commercially offered. Within the present study, an oil derived from Camelina sativa, rich in both 20:5n-3  and 22:6n-3  was trialled to assess its impact on the lipid profiles of several tissues of Atlantic salmon  in comparison to a standard commercial-like vegetable oil/fish oil blend (control). The assessment of lipid composition at two different timepoints was used to ascertain the plasticity of lipids, with the first timepoint 14 weeks prior to the final sampling. Little work has been conducted applying lipidomic techniques to the assessment of novel feeds, and whilst lipid composition may be impacted by factors such as season and fecundity, assessment of diets within commercially relevant conditions was of initial interest and provides a basis for further exploration of more fundamental alterations to lipid biochemistry.Therefore, nutritional quality for consumers and issues related to fish health are potential issues in aquaculture , owing ta sativa , though Schizochytrium sp. and Crypthecodinium appear to be enriched within the outer sn-1/3 positions [13C NMR, the predominant method for acyl sn determination has no distinct carboxylic functional group peak for certain fatty acids, or peaks represent a mixture of fatty acids [The use of oils derived from GM sources may allow for the replacement of fish oil, and traditional vegetable oils, however, owing to the synthetic biology approach, the structure of the lipids in GM-derived oils may differ from those produced natively, through both de novo and dietary incorporation. Alterations may stem from the combinations of desaturases and elongases used within the host plants ,12, as wositions , though ty acids , therefoty acids . Such stTo that end, a preliminary screening protocol based on supercritical fluid chromatography SFC-MS/MS was utilised to determine and characterise lipids, which distinguished fish that had been fed control and GM oil-supplemented feeds, with candidate compounds further explored using non-standard, targeted LC-MS/MS methodology, which was designed to resolve phospholipid isomers.2  was purchased from BOC . HPLC grade methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and chloroform were purchased from Fisher Scientific, and LC-MS grade sample vials were purchased from Waters .Acetonitrile, methanol, and isopropanol were supplied by Rathburn Chemicals , and formic acid, water, and ammonium formate were purchased from Merck , with all solvents being LC-MS grade. COAll procedures were conducted in compliance with the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 (Home Office Code of Practice) and in accordance with the regulations set forward by the Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Additionally, the experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board at the University of Stirling (AWERB(16-17)83).Salmo salar L.) with an average initial body weight of 187.2 ± 1.9 g (mean ± SD) were distributed into six 5 m seawater floating pens (150 fish per pen) and fed one of two experimental diets in triplicate from week 25, 2018 to week 10, 2019 with the average fish weight at the intermediate point being 1941.8 ± 156.3 g, and the final average weight being 3510.8 g ± 158.3 (mean ± SD). The intermediate timepoint recorded an average weight of 2071 g ± 97.3 for the control diet, 1812 g ± 46.3 for the GM diet, and for the final timepoint, 3601.9 g ± 307.6 for the control diet and 3108.3 g ± 87.0 for the GM diet, with no significant difference between dietary treatments. The diets were isolipidic (36%) and isoproteic (36%) and formulated to contain either a 2:1 (v/v) blend of vegetable (rapeseed) and fish oil (control diet), or an oil derived from the genetically modified oilseed Camelina sativa, rich in both EPA and DHA (GM diet)  . Six fisn = 6). Lipids were extracted using the MTBE method [v/v ice-cold methanol per gram of tissue was added and samples were homogenised using an Ultra-Turrax tissue disrupter . Once homogenous, the total sample volume was measured, and a volume equating to 200 mg of sample was taken into a glass test tube and 5 mL of MTBE added, samples vortexed, and left on ice for 5 min. Then, 1.25 mL of water was added, samples vortexed, and centrifuged at 800 g for 5 min at room temperature to allow the solvent system to separate. The upper phase was taken into a clean glass tube, and a second extraction was carried out on the lower phase using 2 mL of MTBE/methanol/water . After centrifugation, the second upper phase extract was pooled with the first, and the total extract was dried under nitrogen. Total lipid extracts were then weighed, and a stock solution of 10 mg/mL in chloroform/methanol  was made. QC samples were made by mixing equal volumes of both control and GM extracts together, to create a mixed sample that could be reinjected several times throughout a run. The stock concentration was used for positive mode, whilst a 2.5 times concentration was used for negative mode injections.Lipids were extracted from pooled tissues, with three pooled fish per biological replicate, with two pools taken from each pen and were treated as six biological replicates per diet , which used CO2 as solvent A, and methanol/acetonitrile/water  containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and 0.15% ammonium formate (w/v) as co-solvent B. The makeup solvent comprised of methanol/isopropanol  containing 0.1% (w/v) ammonium formate. A 5 cm Viridis C18 HSS column  was used with neutral lipid analysis decoupled from polar lipid analysis by diverting column eluent to waste prior to the elution of polar lipids. SFC gradient elution comprised of solvent B being held at 2% for 2.5 min, then increased to 64% at 18.7 min, held at 64% solvent B until 24 min, then decreased to 2% at 27.5 min, and held at 2% for a final run time of 29.5 min. The back pressure regulator was set to 1500 psi, the flow rate was set at 1.2 mL/min, and the makeup solvent flow rate set to 0.25 mL/min, with the column temperature set at 52.5 °C. Two µL of the sample was injected on-column.Untargeted SFC-MS/MS was carried out as described previously , with poe mode, with the scan rate set between 200 and 1600 Da at 0.25 sec/scan, with a low energy collision energy of 2 V and a ramped voltage of 28–40 V for the high energy scan. The lock mass compound was leu-enkephalin, which was infused at a rate of 10 µL/min during the run to correct for mass deviations.The UPC2 system was attached to a Xevo G2-XS Q-TOF mass spectrometer , which was operated in both positive and negative ESI mode. The capillary voltages were set to 3 kV, with the sampling cone voltage set at 28 V, the source offset set to 80, and the source and desolvation temperatures set at 120 and 300 °C, respectively. The cone and desolvation gas flows were set to 50 and 1000 L/h, respectively. The system was operated in MSw/v), solvent B comprised of acetonitrile/methanol/isopropyl alcohol/water  with 0.1% ammonium formate (w/v), solvent C comprised of acetonitrile/methanol/isopropyl alcohol  containing 0.1% ammonium formate (w/v), and solvent D comprised 100% isopropyl alcohol. The flow rate was set at 0.33 mL/min, with a column temperature of 65 °C. The system gradient used is shown in Semi-targeted analysis was conducted on a Waters I class UPLC, attached to a Xevo TQ-S, based on a method by Nakanishi et al. . The revThe Xevo TQ-S was used in data-dependent acquisition mode, with an inclusion list for fragmentation based upon the lipids identified using untargeted QTOF methodology. The system was run in negative mode with a capillary voltage of 3 kV, a cone voltage of 28 V, a source offset of 80, a source and desolvation temperature of 130 and 280 °C respectively, and a cone and desolvation gas flow of 150 and 1000 L/h, respectively. The survey scan was adjusted based on the target lipids and was set to 680–970 Da with a scan time of 0.35 s. Fragmentation of lipids was carried out through the use of an inclusion list, which utilised a ScanWave DS fragmentation of precursor ions. The fragmentation mass range was set from 100–950 Da and scanned at 5000 amu/sec.The UPC2 and Xevo G2-XS QTOF were operated using Masslynx v4.2, whereas the Xevo TQ-S was operated using Masslynx V4.1. Xevo G2-XS QTOF data were analysed using Progenesis QI v 3.0 , with multivariate OPLS-DA analysis run using Simca-P v12.0 . Each tissue type and timepoint was analysed separately, comparing the GM diet against the control diet, with data normalised using the all-ions approach. Progenesis parameters were set as; ANOVA score < 0.05, a fold change of >1.2, and multiple testing values  of <0.05 were used to filter results. Multivariate analysis was then used to discriminate between the control and GM groups, using OPLS-DA to determine compounds of significance, with a w (1) score higher than ±0.04, and a p (corr) score greater than ±0.6. QC samples were assessed to establish whether these clustered centrally between the two treatments. These compounds were reimported back into Progenesis for lipid identification, based on retention time, accurate mass, and fragmentation. Data were then exported to Excel, with the positive and negative mode data then merged to create a unified dataset.The selected compounds from each tissue type and timepoint were converted into their negative ion form, with these compounds forming the basis of the m/z range to be chosen for the LC-MS/MS approach, as well as the data-dependent acquisition fragmentation inclusion list. Those lipids which were identified within the tissue or specific timepoint by QTOF were integrated using Masslynx, with the fragmentation profiles interpreted to deduce the lipid acyl composition. Integrated profiles were exported to Excel for further analysis, which included percentage calculations of higher-level lipid structure, e.g., PC 42:10, and ratio calculations of putative sn isomers. Data relating to lipid structure and statistical values are given in Five tissues were examined in the present study, two of which, the brain and eye, were found to be more conservative in terms of fold change when the average fold change across polar lipid classes was considered . The larWith regards to differential accumulation of lipid class contents between diets, whilst various individual lipids were observed within the different tissues, a few general trends were apparent. The sum of the lipids comprising the main phospholipid classes, PC and PE, demonstrated quite marked alterations in the gill at both timepoints , with thAs above, PG again seemed to be selectively increased within brain tissue, as well as the intermediate liver sampling point, however, this was reversed in the final liver sample, which showed that PG tended to be increased in fish fed the control diet. This was also found to be the case within the final gill and intestine samples. Finally, for both PI and phosphatidylserine (PS), the brain seemed to be most affected when fed the GM diet, as again, PI was almost exclusively increased within this tissue. In contrast, PI in the eye appeared to be increased in fish fed the control diet, at least at the intermediate timepoint. Similar trends in PI were observed in the gill, intestine, and liver at the same timepoint, though the liver demonstrated a much wider variation, possibly owing to the relatively low abundances detected within the tissue. Significant levels of PS were only detected in the eye and appeared to increase in fish fed the control diet. It should be noted, however, that individual lipids were not always detected or studied in each tissue, although general trends present within both the tissue and at different timepoints appear to be evident.When the individual lipids are deconstructed into both their carbon and double bond numbers , severalRegarding the number of double bonds, the control diet appeared to result in increased mono- and di-unsaturated lipids and, to a lesser extent, saturated lipids. The brain once again showed the opposite trend for monounsaturated lipids, most notably by the final timepoint, showing elevated levels in fish fed the GM diet. The brain generally showed a tight spread of fold changes, as shown with the earlier 2-fold change on average, and usually in a predominant direction. At the intermediate sampling point, the brain conformed to the general pattern shown in the other tissues, with 6 and 7 double bond-containing lipids increased in fish fed the control diet. In fish fed the GM diet, the brain generally showed increased levels of the majority of other double bond numbers, whereas the eye showed increased levels of 8 and 9 double bond-containing lipids. Regarding overall trends for more unsaturated lipids, 4, 9 and to a lesser extent 10 double bond lipids on average appeared to be favoured in fish fed the GM diet, though not as consistently as with mono- and di-unsaturated lipids in salmon fed the control diet. Gill and intestine appeared to show much tighter control in terms of fold changes and often were the tissues most reliably modulated by the control diet, with lipids containing 3, 5, 6, and 7 double bonds more consistently increased by the control diet.This consensus between both tissue and timepoints was present for a large number of individual lipids, with lipid responses consistent across a diet . Where nThese trends across tissues also highlight the possibility that certain trends may exist across entire lipid classes, even in the absence of comparable data across both tissue and time. For example, with PG there appeared to be a diet-related overall trend shared across individual tissues or timepoints, for example, the final timepoints of gill, intestine, and liver, even though the same PGs are not always detected across different tissues. There are also contra directional changes for both individual and entire lipid species indicating that, in fact, a whole lipid class may be modulated within a tissue in the same manner by dietary conditions. These contra directional changes occur to a limited extent, being evident in the liver across time, predominantly in the PG lipid class, although occasionally occurring in PC, for example, PC 42:7. Inter tissue variations also exist, for example, PE O-40:7, PE 40:6, PG 36:5 and PC 42:7.Those lipids which demonstrated significant change within the QTOF dataset  were selOnce lipids were separated into individual acyl isomers, those with two or more isomers were taken forward, with several acyl trends determined . On averWhen the PC and PE pools were combined but split on the basis of tissue and timepoint , only thRegarding the levels of unsaturation for the combined PC and PE pools , fold chThe limited number of significantly modified PC and PE lipids in the brain stemmed from the initial QTOF analysis, and again, individual acyl isomers were muted in terms of fold change, and more so in terms of percentage compositional shifts within the carbon and double bond classes, when compared with the other tissues . On the Organ wide acyl modification again showed a relatively consistent consensus with regards to the response to the two diets , althougA key requirement of the reverse phase method was to resolve what are thought to be sn positional acyl isomers. Positional isomers were denoted as such based on their fragmentation spectra, however, their sn designation cannot be confidently attributed and therefore isomers were designated as either a or b, or c if more than two were detected, and are taken as a ratio of one isomer over the other. Surprisingly, several putative positional isomers were detected  and, in Previous studies have found that tissue fatty acid compositions generally reflect the diet, and diets containing elevated levels of LC-PUFA such as EPA and DHA generally tend to promote LC-PUFA enrichment within tissues ,25,26, aWith regards to the amplitude with which lipid modulation occurred, the tissue with the lowest plasticity was the brain, followed by the eye to some extent, which generally corroborates previous work ,25,26. TGill, on the other hand, appeared in direct contrast to the brain, being predominantly modulated by the control diet. This appeared to occur across the majority of carbon numbers, within the two major lipid classes PC and PE, and, in those lipids containing 8 or fewer double bonds (other than those with 4), although PE showed a relatively small number of lipid modulations as demonstrated by the lower number of fold changes detected. However, gill was found to respond in line for key lipids, which was especially noticeable within PC. Certain highly unsaturated lipids such as PC 40:8 and 40:9 were increased by the increase in total polyunsaturates found within the GM diet, as did intermediate lipids such as PC 36:4 and 38:4, driven by 20:4 and 22:4. The most plastic and variable organs observed were the intestine and liver, which was unsurprising owing to their roles in both digestion and lipid modification, and their diverse enzymatic activity and general role in lipid modification and export to other tissues. Therefore, the greater fold change variance, compared with relatively static tissues, such as the brain and eye, appeared to be a consequence of their function, as well as the propensity of tissues such as the liver and intestine to autolyse and continue to modify metabolites post-harvest.The primary goal was to establish whether isomeric effects could be discriminated against and whether this additional level of detail would help to further our understanding of the impact of diet and its complex effects on lipid metabolism. What was illustrated was the diverse acyl variety present in tissues, which generally reflected the diet, although significant tissue and temporal variations existed that may provide an opportunity to both classify and understand the alterations in lipid metabolism in finer detail. With the general tendency for the majority of tissues to follow a certain trend, as illustrated with the two diets tested, those trends which run counter to the rest may provide insight into the tissue or temporal lipid regulation. The most obvious counterpoints arose within the brain and gill, though smaller deviations from the consensus were also present. Some notable exceptions include variations in abundance, whilst still maintaining comparable fold changes, distinguishing brain, eye, and gill, for example. These were evident in PE 36:2, PE 40:7, PE O-40:8, PC 36:4, PC 36:6, PC 40:8 and PC 40:9 as examples. The altered abundance profiles, as measured by peak intensity, provided a measure of the prevalence of these lipids, and that abundance or deficits of specific lipids may be markers of certain tissues and timepoints. Certain lipid types also effectively discriminate both brain and eye by their presence and are also altered by diet. These lipids constituted the ether lipids  and the glycosylated lipids, bound both as sphingolipids and MGDG. Ideally, tissues and timepoints may be distinguished through multivariate analysis. However, owing to the initial untargeted approach and subsequent refinement of these detected lipids, the large number of missing values between different tissues and timepoints makes such modelling difficult, and likely to be swayed by the absent data. Understanding the lipid flux within individual tissues, and its alteration by diet is likely a complicated endeavour, more so than in metabolomics, where specific pathways for individual metabolites have been established. Within lipids, although pathways such as the Kennedy, Lands cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and lipid class synthesis have been established, the fact that these pathways act, or have an impact, upon multiple substrates, be they biogenic or diet-derived, generally results in lipids being grouped into their classes, rather than individual metabolites, potentially obfuscating key links between lipids. Such finer grain lipid metabolism, however, can be deconvoluted through flux analysis, usually through stable isotope analysis . This maOn studying the effect of growth/age, and whether differences could be determined which might indicate the age of the fish and/or whether lipid effects are strengthened or weakened over time, there were instances, predominantly in the initial screening data, indicating that fold or proportional strengthening and weakening effects might occur over time. How these trends relate, and whether they are the result of lipid flux as the fish increases fat storage and reduces bodily growth, for example, is currently difficult to determine due to the limited number of observable trends. The correlation between timepoint data, specifically the magnitude shift of the fold change or percentage composition over time, might enable individual pools to be connected that, in turn, might help to delineate whether lipids are biogenic in origin or dietarily derived. It is also suspected that different timepoints may be distinguishable and therefore classifiable, owing to differences in individual lipids in either fold or percentage composition terms, and that these different timepoints may eventually be linked to differences in growth stage, sexual maturity, and water temperature, though attributing lipid alterations to these factors is currently not possible and requires further investigation. This classification, however, would require further validation through the targeted acquisition of lipids across all tissues and timepoints.C. sativa and B. napus demonstrating a strong preference for DHA incorporation into the sn-1/3 position in TAG [13C NMR and, depending on the plant and cultivar, might be limited in concentration. This relative positioning of EPA and DHA within TAG has also been found to be beneficial to serum and liver cholesterol and TAG concentrations [2 and TXA2. This indicates that certain structural forms of lipids, specifically TAG, which are predominantly found within feed formulations, may have some impact on fish health, or have implications for lipid biosynthesis within the fish itself, with these biochemical modulations initially appearing to be attuned to the regiospecific configuration of fish oils. The initial evidence that modified plant oils do in fact deviate from standard fish oils, specifically in DHA positioning within TAG, lends credence to the fact that isomeric signals may be transmitted from the diet to organs, with this signal being found within the putative sn isomeric ratios. The detection of these acyl isomers provides a valuable resource for the development of more targeted approaches, with the aim of filling in data gaps resultant from an untargeted approach and exploring those lipids that display alternative acyl configurations, as well as altered fold and compositional responses to diet.The detection of acyl isomeric differences in relation to diet is primarily attributable to the fatty acids found within the diet and are likely due to the digestion of fatty acids from TAG, the main lipid class in aquafeeds. However, acyl isomeric and putative sn isomers could also be due to the configuration of TAG molecules. Whilst it is difficult to directly determine an association, owing to the lack of definitive sn positional data, the fact that isomeric trends exist indicates that further structural analysis is warranted. The mechanism by which acyl configuration is maintained is likely through monoacylglycerols (MAG) after lipase digestion within the gut, with 2-MAG the predominant pancreatic lipase product  taken upn in TAG ,17, whiln in TAG , but wasn in TAG . Fish bon in TAG . In contn in TAG . In genen in TAG ,16. Difftrations , though With regards to assessing these isomeric alterations routinely, targeted approaches utilizing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) are potentially the methods of choice, although traditional HILIC and reverse phase methodologies cannot reliably separate the myriad of acyl isomers that constitute the lipidome. Whilst certain columns such as charged surface hybrid (CSH)  are knowOverall, it was found that phospholipid molecular species in salmon tissues generally reflected the given diet, though variations were found in the response to the diets, specifically in the brain and gill, indicating some need for homeostatic regulation of certain fatty acids. Tissue-specific variations also existed within certain lipid classes, such as the glycosylated lipids, including alterations in abundance, fold amplitude, lipid acyl configurations as well as putative sn isomers, across tissues and timepoints, indicating the existence of unique organ and temporal lipid signatures, which both defined the tissue and suggested differences in their lipid biosynthetic pathways. The presence of putative sn isomers highlighted the need to explore the interplay between novel diets and organ biochemistry in more detail, with structurally different lipids derived from synthetic biology potentially capable of influencing the structure of organ lipids that, in turn, may have consequences for processes such as eicosanoid formation.


Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a powder-bed-based metal additive manufacturing process with multiple influencing parameters as well as multi-physics interaction. The laser scanning speed, which is one of the essential process parameters of the LPBF process, determines the microstructure and properties of the components by adjusting the instantaneous energy input of the molten pool. This work presents a comprehensive investigation of the effects of the laser scanning speed on the densification behavior, phase evolution, microstructure development, microhardness, and tensile properties of K418 alloy prepared by laser powder bed fusion. When the scanning speed is 800 mm/s, the microstructure of the material is dominated by cellular dendrite crystals, with coarse grains and some cracks in the melting tracks. When the scanning speed is increased to 1200 mm/s, a portion of the material undergoes a cellular dendrite–columnar crystal transition, the preferred orientation of the grains is primarily (001), and internal defects are significantly reduced. When the scanning speed is further increased to 1600 mm/s, columnar crystals become the main constituent grains, and the content of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) within the microstructure increases, refining the grain size. However, the scanning speed is too fast, resulting in defects such as unmelted powder, and lowering the relative density. The experimental results show that by optimizing the laser scanning speed, the microhardness of the LPBF-ed K418 parts can be improved to 362.89 ± 5.01 HV, the tensile strength can be elevated to 1244.35 ± 99.12 MPa, and the elongation can be enhanced to 12.53 ± 1.79%. These findings could help determine the best scanning speed for producing K418 components with satisfactory microstructure and tensile properties via LPBF. In addition, since the LPBF process is largely not constrained and limited by the complexity of the geometric shape of the part, it is expected to manufacture sophisticated and complex structures with hollow, porous, mesh, thin-walled, special-shaped inner flow channels and other structures through the topology optimization design. However, due to the relatively narrow LPBF process window, this study will benefit from LPBF in producing a lightweight, complex, and low-cost K418 product, greatly improving its performance, and promoting the use of LPBF technology in the preparation of nickel-based superalloys. Due to its considerable creep strength, thermal and cold fatigue resistance, and oxidation resistance, K418 alloy is commonly used to produce hot precision parts operating below 900 °C, such as turbine working blades, guide vanes, guides, and whole-cast turbines ,3. Exten8 K/s [LPBF technology is a major technological approach in metallic additive manufacturing, distinguished by simple processing, the absence of tooling, high forming accuracy, short fabrication cycle, etc. It can efficiently produce parts with complex structures, and has found widespread application in the aerospace, medical, energy, and other industrial fields ,9,10. Th8 K/s ,12,13. T8 K/s  studied However, the parameters of the LPBF process have a complicated pattern of effects on the qualities of the formed parts, and many defects can occur with improper forming processes ,16,17,18As can be seen from the preceding literature, the scanning speed, as a critical process parameter in LPBF technology, has a significant impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of LPBF-ed materials. In this work, K418 alloy was prepared via the LPBF technique, and the effects of scanning speed on the densification, phase composition, microstructural evolution, and mechanical behavior of LPBF specimens were thoroughly discussed. The purpose of this research is to provide more references for the additive manufacturing of nickel-based alloys.The K418 powder used in this work was purchased from Beijing AVIC Mighty Company. The chemical composition of the K418 powder was as follows (wt.%): 12.93 Cr, 5.96 Al, 4.26 Mo, 2.1 Nb, 0.82 Ti, 0.14 Fe, 0.13 C, and the remainder Ni. The powder had an essentially spherical morphology, with a size range of 15 to 53 µm. A stainless steel substrate with good wettability was chosen as the substrate material. The rated power of the single-mode CW fiber laser was 200 W, the laser spot diameter was approximately 60 µm, and the maximum forming size was 120 mm × 120 mm × 150 mm. Argon was employed as a protective gas to prevent the raw material from oxidizing during LPBF. This research focuses on a single variable—scanning speed; the LPBF setup parameters were determined after several trials to be laser power of 200 W, laser scanning speed of 800~1400 mm/s, layer thickness of 0.03 mm, and hatch spacing of 0.07 mm, as shown in 3) = 3:1 using the standard metallographic procedure, and the microstructure of the specimens was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The grain orientation, grain boundary distribution, and grain size of the selected typical samples were analyzed using an electron backscatter diffractometer. Finally, the microhardness of the specimens’ surfaces was characterized using a microhardness tester , with a load of 200 g and a holding time of 10 s. Measurements were made on the surface of each specimen at 0.05 mm intervals, with 15 measurement points, and their average values were calculated. The tensile properties of the LPBF samples were tested using a tensile testing machine at a stretching rate of 0.5 mm/min, in accordance with ASTM D638 GB/T 228-2010. To ensure data accuracy, three samples were tested for each parameter. After the tensile experiments, scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the tensile fracture morphology.After fabrication, all LPBF-ed K418 samples were ground and polished, and the relative density of the samples was first determined using an automatic densitometer founded on Archimedes’ principle, and observed for surface defects using an optical microscope . The phase composition of the samples was characterized using an X-ray diffractometer  with a 20–100° diffraction angle and a scan rate of 10°/min. Following that, the samples were etched for 1 min in aqua regia (HCI:HNOFWHM), based on Scherrer and Wilson’s equation formulae [FWHM is the diffraction peak, μ is the X-ray radiation wavelength, D denotes the mean grain size, and θ is the scanning angle. Therefore, on the strongest peak, the half-width of the γ′/γ″ phase diffraction peak at different scanning speeds can be calculated using X’Pert HighScore Plus software , as illustrated in formulae :(1)FWHM=λ1 is the primary dendrite spacing, A is a constant, G represents the temperature gradient, and V is the cooling rate. The primary dendrite spacing is inversely proportional to the cooling rate. Therefore, as the scanning speed increases, the interaction time between the laser beam and the powder decreases, the temperature of the center of the molten pool decreases, and the cooling rate increases, resulting in a decrease in primary dendrite spacing. Furthermore, when the scanning speed is too slow, the cooling rate of the molten pool is slow, there are more liquid phases in the molten pool, and the unmelted particles surrounding the molten pool are quickly dragged into the molten pool due to strong Marangoni convection and high surface tension, resulting in interlayer defects. Thus, residual stress is generated, resulting in the formation of interdendritic thermal cracks. When the scanning speed is too fast, the laser moves too quickly, the temperature of the molten pool is low, the cooling rate is high, and the surrounding powder particles in the molten pool are too late to melt completely, resulting in the occurrence of defects such as non-fusion and pores, as well as a large amount of accumulation in these defects. Furthermore, as the laser energy density increases, the LPBF-ed microstructure preferentially grows ultrafine columnar crystals rather than secondary dendrites, and the microstructure has a significant impact on the mechanical properties [Based on metallographic, scanning, and XRD analysis, it is clear that the microstructure transitions from cellular dendrites to columnar crystals, that the columnar crystals are obviously refined, and that the γ′/γ″-reinforced phase is formed at the boundary of the columnar crystals as the scanning speed increases. According to solidification theory, the cooling rate of the melt pool is positively correlated with the laser scanning speed during LPBF, and the phase transition of the microstructure during LPBF is strongly related to the cooling rate during solidification . As a reThe difference in grain boundary orientation is also an important indicator for the microstructural characterization of the material. H0 and HK are the corresponding constants. The equation clearly shows that hardness is positively related to grain size. Finer grain size results in higher hardness values. When the scanning speed is too fast, the laser energy input is relatively low, resulting in discontinuous melting tracks or unmelted powder, internal defects, and a reduction in the microhardness of the formed part.The microhardness of LPBF-ed K418 samples at various scanning speeds is depicted in 8 K/s) of the LPBF processing, the grain size after solidification is at the micrometer scale. Simultaneously, the material tends to generate metastable phases that deviate from the equilibrium state due to the repeated thermal cycling process of rapid heating and rapid cooling. The microstructural evolution is largely determined by the temperature gradient in the molten pool, whereas the temperature gradient is influenced by the scanning speed, which affects the microstructural evolution characteristics by manipulating the local solidification conditions of the molten pool. The diffusion process is frequently constrained by the narrow solidification window, second-phase precipitation or component segregation is rare, and fine columnar crystals are obtained, inhibiting the growth of secondary dendrite arms and ensuring excellent mechanical properties of LPBF-ed K418 parts. On the other hand, since nickel has a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, the maximum heat flow and temperature gradient are generally consistent with the deposition direction during LPBF processing—that is, from the substrate along the direction of the build-up layer height increase. Therefore, the microstructure of LPBF-ed K418 alloy tends to exhibit <100> cubic-textured columnar grains, which influence the final mechanical properties. Due to the extremely high temperature gradient and cooling rate (~10(1)There are numerous factors affecting the LPBF processing, and the scanning speed is one of the key process parameters influencing the microstructure and properties of the LPBF-ed K418 superalloy. A satisfactory tensile strength of 1244.35 ± 99.12 MPa and elongation of 12.53 ± 1.79% were obtained through process optimization.(2)As the scanning speed increased from 800 mm/s to 1600 mm/s, the tensile strength and elongation of the material tended to first increase and then decrease, while the yield strength remained stable. The optimal comprehensive mechanical properties were obtained when the scanning speed was 1200 mm/s.(3)The microstructure of LPBF-ed K418 exhibits directional preferential growth of columnar crystals along the (001) direction, which is dominated by high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), and the volume fraction of HAGBs decreases with increasing scanning speed.(4)The optimized laser scanning speed can be used as a reference for the LPBF preparation of nickel-based superalloys, and it is expected that this study will promote the industrial application of nickel-based superalloys prepared via LPBF.In this work, the effects of laser scanning speed on the relative density, microstructural characteristics, phase transformation, microhardness, and tensile properties of LPBF-ed K418 samples were investigated. The main findings are summarized as follows:


Renal cell carcinoma with FH gene deletion is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma. There had been few reports about ultrasonographic imaging of metastasis of renal cell carcinoma with FH gene deletion. This case reported one of the features of metastasis of renal cell carcinoma with FH gene deletion of a male patient 7 months after undergoing radical nephrectomy. He was diagnosed with a renal malignant tumor before the operation and confirmed to be primary FH gene-deficient renal cell carcinoma after undergoing radical nephrectomy in another hospital. Reexamination 7 months after the operation indicated that multiple metastases all over the body were found; therefore, he came to our hospital for further diagnosis and therapy. The tumors have metastasized in the lungs, bones, and lymph nodes adjacent to the left reproductive vessels and external iliac vessels, retroperitoneum, and abdominal wall so far as confirmed by PET/CT or MRI. Ultrasonographic findings of masses in the retroperitoneum and abdominal wall are fully discussed, which have been confirmed by biopsy and diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma with FH gene deletion by pathology. Renal cell carcinoma with FH gene deletion is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These tumors are usually metastatic at presentation and typically solitary and unilateral, unlike other familial RCC syndromes that are characterized by bilateral multifocal tumors . Many paA 36-year-old man presented with a left lumbar mass of 1-month duration without obvious inducement 7 months after undergoing radical nephrectomy. The present study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital. In another hospital, the tumor in the left kidney was diagnosed as renal malignancy preoperatively, which was proved to be primary FH gene-deficient renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. Seven months after the operation, the patient came to our hospital because of multiple metastases in a large number of organs diagnosed by MRI, which were hard, mobilized poorly, and progressively enlarged. The tumor in the abdominal wall near the left waist was resected in our hospital, and targeted therapy and immunotherapy were performed postoperatively. The patient’s parents are alive, his brothers or sisters are in good health, and there is no family or genetic history.Physical examination showed that the shape of the abdomen was normal and that there was no tenderness or rebound pain. During palpation of the waist of the left kidney area, a hard and poorly mobilized lump that was as big as an egg was found.2, cystatin-C (0.51–1.09) was 1.64 mg/L, uric acid (240–490) was 572 μmol/L, triglyceride (0.29–1.83) was 4.42 mmol/L, anion gap (12.0–20.0) was 22.2 mmol/L, and calcium (2.11–2.52) was 2.54 mmol/L.Clinical biochemical test  showed that creatinine (68–108) was 151 μmol/L, estimated glomerular filtration rate (56–122) was 50.46 ml/min/1.73 mThe tumors in the retroperitoneum of the left renal region and the abdominal wall near the left waist were probed by ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic images  showed a septal cystic mass of about 8.9 × 4.6 × 5.3 cm with an ill−defined margin, relatively regular shape, and heterogeneous echo in the retroperitoneum of the left renal region by grayscale using a low-frequency transducer (SL 6-1 multifrequency convex transducer) Figure 2In addition to ultrasonographic findings, other findings of imaging modalities, including PET/CT and MRI, are also provided in The intraoperative discovery showed that the mass was removed completely after dissociating the mass in the subcutaneous connective tissue and adipose tissue layer carefully. There was a capsule in the resected tumor, which has soft tissue and hemorrhagic necrotic foci inside.Pathological examination showed that the size of the grayish-yellow and grayish-brown nodular mass was 3.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm, which had a complete and smooth capsule. The incanus and grayish-brown section plane were solid with moderate texture and hardness. Immunohistochemistry showed that PAX8 was positive, 2SC was positive, AKR1B10 was positive, AMACR was positive, CA9 was negative, CK7 was negative, TTF-1 was negative, and the targeted area was weakly positive with loss of FH gene expression, while the control is positive. The pathological findings were consistent with the metastasis of FH gene-deficient renal cell carcinoma, accounting for about 80% of the tumor Figure 4Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-d RCC) is a rare subtype of RCC associated with fumarate hydratase (FH) gene and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome. HLRCC syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder related to germline mutations of FH gene, which increases the risk of developing skin leiomyoma, uterine leiomyoma, and renal cell carcinoma , 6. In tIn humans, the FH protein is encoded by FH gene, which is located on the q-arm of chromosome 1 . FH geneAt present, most studies focus on clinicopathology, molecular analysis, treatments, and so on of FH-d RCC. Yang et al.  investigFH-d RCC is different from ordinary familial RCC. It is highly aggressive, prone to local progression and metastasizing, and has a poor prognosis , 14. StuThe imaging features of the tumor or metastasis are unclear as a result of scarcity. The metastases of recurring lesions were reported, which displayed features by ultrasonography. In this case, by grayscale ultrasound, the mass features a septum in the cystic component or patchy anechoic areas in the hypoechoic mass. Relatively circumscribed margin, relatively regular shape, and heterogeneous echo in the mass could provide some clues for the diagnosis. In color Doppler and power Doppler, tiny punctiform and linear blood flow signals may indicate some characteristics of blood supply in the tumor. In contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the features of tumor perfusion, in this case, are distinctive. Hyperenhancement of the whole lesion was observed in the arterial phase, which contradicts ultrasonographic findings in color Doppler and power Doppler. Meanwhile, the tumor detected heterogeneous enhancement with fireworks-like enhancement, which showed punctiform hyperenhancement firstly from the center of the mass and then spread outward like fireworks in spite of patchy anechoic areas, which should present non-enhancement normally.FH-d RCC is an infrequent renal malignant tumor, which is difficult to diagnose before the operation, and multimodal ultrasonography for the disease is even rarer. In this case, multimodal ultrasonographic features of metastatic lesions were described in detail, including grayscale, color Doppler, power Doppler, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Regrettably, there is no multimodal ultrasonography for the primary foci of FH-d RCC in this case report, and more cases are needed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the disease.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by West China Hospital, Sichuan University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.XZ, YZ, and YL contributed the part of ultrasound. PS, ZL, and HZ provided the clinical case. MZ, NC contributed the part of pathology. JY contributed the part of MRI. RH contributed the part of PET/CT. DC acted as corresponding author. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) and low-fat diets (LFD) have shown beneficial effects on the management of obesity. Epidemiological studies were conducted to compare the effects of the two diets. However, the results were not always consistent. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to compare the long-term effects of LCD and LFD on metabolic risk factors and weight loss in overweight and obese adults.We performed a systematic literature search up to 30 March, 2022 in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The meta-analysis compared the effects of LCD (carbohydrate intake ≤ 40%) with LFD (fat intake < 30%) on metabolic risk factors and weight loss for ≥6 months. Subgroup analyses were performed based on participant characteristics, dietary energy intake, and the proportions of carbohydrates.33 studies involving a total of 3,939 participants were included. Compared with participants on LFD, participants on LCD had a greater reduction in triglycerides , diastolic blood pressure , weight loss , and a greater increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol  in 6–23 months. However, the decrease of total cholesterol  and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol  was more conducive to LFD in 6–23 months. There was no difference in benefits between the two diets after 24 months. Subgroup analyses showed no significant difference in the reduction of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure between the two diets in participants with diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia.The results suggest that LCD and LFD may have specific effects on metabolic risk factors and weight loss in overweight and obese adults over 6 months. At 24 months, the effects on weight loss and improvement of metabolic risk factors were at least the same. These indicated that we might choose different diets to manage the overweight and obese subjects. However, the long-term clinical efficacy and effects of various sources of carbohydrates or fat in the two diets need to be studied in the future. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, etc. The higher prevalence of obesity has become a significant global public health crisis issue. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight; of these, over 650 million were obese , 4.Dietary factors play a vital role in the control of obesity. All methods of dietary intervention for obesity are based on reduced caloric diets . Among tOver the past 20 years, epidemiological studies have been conducted to compare the effects between LCD and LFD on metabolic risk factors and weight loss in overweight and obese adults –15; howeThis meta-analysis was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA). To evaluate the effects of low carbohydrate diets (LCD) versus low fat diets (LFD) on metabolic risk factors and weight loss. Studies that were published on or before 30 March 2022 were selected. Keywords or medical subject-heading terms were used to screen as follows: LCD, carbohydrate-restricted diet, diet, or ketogenic combined with blood glucose or blood pressure or triglycerides or total cholesterol or high-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein. First, titles and abstracts were filtered to exclude irrelevant studies. The full contents of the remaining literatures were next selected according to the pre-established criteria. Furthermore, references to the selected articles were also searched. The full search strategy is shown in the 2, including overweight and obese, or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, including only obese . (4) LCD and LFD were compared; (5) the intervention period was 6 months or longer; (6) both metabolic risk factors and body weight loss were included as the outcomes. Studies were excluded when other interventions such as drugs, surgery, and compulsory planned exercise were mentioned. The carbohydrate-restricted diets were defined as a prescribed intake of carbohydrates less than 40% of the total energy intake or a distinct reference to the Atkins diet, with an intake of only 20–40 g/d of carbohydrate in the first phase or carbohydrate intake of < 20% of total energy intake  the design of the study was a randomized controlled trial; (2) study participants were adults (at least 18 years old); (3) the subjects had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/my intake .Two investigators (LL and JH) independently searched and screened all the potential related studies. The following information from each eligible study was extracted: (1) the basic characteristics of the included studies, including author’s name, year of publication, country of origin, duration of intervention, type of design, dietary composition, number, and rate of completion; (2) the characteristics of included persons, including sample size, gender, age, BMI, and health status such as basic diseases ; (3) the changes of metabolic risk factors compared with baseline, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body weight loss.Two investigators independently assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool , which cI2 statistic) of treatment effects among the trials. If there was significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 > 50%), the random effect model was used. Otherwise, the fixed effect model was used. If data were missing or incomplete, complete cases were analyzed. It should be noted that due to the different blood lipid and blood glucose units reported in the included studies, the data in mg/dL of blood lipid were converted to mmol/L by multiplying 0.0259 of TC, 0.0258 of HDL-C, 0.0259 of LDL-C, and 0.0113 of TG. The blood glucose value in mg/dL was converted to mmol/L by dividing 18. In addition, to determine whether different intervention time has different effects, the duration of intervention was stratified into 6–11 months, 12–23 months, and 24 months.Weighted mean differences (WMD) from baselines were calculated for the effects of LCD versus LFD on metabolic risk factors and weight loss and then a meta-analysis was performed. The baseline and outcomes values are shown in The publication bias was judged by the funnel plot and Egger’s regression test . Meta-reThe flow diagram of the study screening procedure is shown in The basic characteristics of 33 randomized controlled trials included in this meta-analysis are shown in Although the carbohydrate-restricted diets were prescribed as intake of carbohydrates less than 40% of the total energy intake (E%), actual carbohydrate intakes ranged from 4 to 41.4 E% in 6–11 months, from 4 to 43.5 E% in 12–23 months, and from 30 to 42.5 E% in 24 months. A total of 14 studies were very LCDs (VLCD) (carbohydrate intake ≤50 g/d) and 19 studies were moderate LCDs (MLCD) (carbohydrate intake >50 g/d). Similarly, although the LFD is prescribed as a fat intake of less than 30% of the total energy intake, actual fat intakes ranged from 2.8 to 33 E% in 6–11 months, from 20 to 30.8 E% in 12–23 months, and from 28.4 to 31 E% in 24 months. The completion rates of dietary interventions varied widely, ranging from 38 to 100%. It should be noted that though the intervention of the exercise program was discharged in our present study, a few studies also provided daily exercise volume.Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. The results of the quality evaluation of the included 33 RCT studies are shown in I2= 21,3%, P = 0.14; LDL-C: I2= 35%, P = 0.03; HDL-C: I2= 35%, P = 0.03; TC: I2= 29%, P = 0.09).The individuals assigned to LCD showed a significantly greater decrease in TG .There was no difference in blood glucose between LCD and LFD .Results indicated that the individuals assigned to LCD showed a greater reduction in weight loss than the individuals assigned to LFD .Results of funnel plots showed that TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP, DBP, blood glucose, and weight loss were symmetric –18. ResuDietary intake, as a rule, follows a pattern of consumption and is one of the main factors that contribute directly to the impaired metabolic risk factors and obesogenic phenotype , 55. NumOur results showed that LCD was more beneficial for improving TG and HDL-C, which was consistent with prior meta-analyses comparing the effect of the two diets in overweight and obese persons , 57. EveReducing dietary carbohydrates may produce clinical improvements in the management of blood pressure. We found that compared with LFD, individuals assigned to LCD showed a significantly greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure, not in systolic blood pressure, which is similar to a previous study . StudiesBoth LCD and LFD are beneficial for weight loss. Previous studies have shown that compared with participants on LFD, those on LCD experienced a greater weight loss reduction , 65. MorReduction of carbohydrate intake has attracted more and more attention in recent years for its potential in health promotion and treatment of diseases, including decreasing body mass, improving fat and carbohydrate metabolism, producing clinical improvements in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and reducing the predicted risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events , 67, 68.It should be noted that LCD may have some adverse effects. First, LCD often increases the proportion of fat, which may cause a higher risk of some cardiovascular diseases or cancers . These cSeveral potential limitations should be considered in our study. First, the definitions of LCDs are different. LCD is defined as a total carbohydrate intake of 20–60 g per day or less, or ≤45% of energy from carbohydrates. However, the definition of LFD is consistent, characterized as total fat intake ≤30% of energy from fat. Second, the duration is different, from 6 months to 2 years, and there is no trial lasting for more than 2 years. LCD may produce small short-term improvements in blood glucose control and weight loss, which are not sustained in the long term . Thus, tIn summary, our present meta-analysis found that individuals assigned to LCD showed a significantly greater reduction in TG, diastolic blood pressure, and weight loss, as well as a significant increase in HDL-C. However, LFD was associated with a significantly greater decrease in TC and LDL-C. Moderate restriction of carbohydrate intake in LCD did not cause adverse effects on LDL-C and TC. We also found that LCD was as effective as LFD on weight loss, and metabolic risk factors improvement lasted up to 2 years. However, few large-scale and high-quality studies have analyzed the long-term effects of LCD and LFD on metabolic risk factors. Hence, the long-term clinical efficacy and effects of various sources of carbohydrates or fat in the two diets are still worth further clarification.The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/LL and JY designed the research. LL and JH were responsible for data acquisition, statistical analysis, and the interpretation of the results. LZ and YH were responsible for providing information and advice on the data synthesis and analysis. SH and JY contributed to the concept and design of the study, provided guidance during study selection, data analysis, draft development, and final submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


There are no established indications for facial nerve schwannoma treatment, including surgery, radiation and follow-up observation, and it is difficult to determine treatment policy uniformly. The treatment policy was examined from each treatment course. Data of patients with facial nerve schwannomas at our hospital from 1987 to 2018 were retrospectively examined. Their age, sex, clinical symptoms, tumor localization, treatment policies and outcomes were reviewed. In total, 22 patients underwent surgery and 1 patient underwent radiotherapy; 22 patients were followed up without treatment. After total resection, there were no tumor recurrences, and most patients had grade 3 or 4 postoperative facial paralysis. After subtotal resection, tumor regrowth was observed in four patients and reoperation was required in two patients. Facial nerve function was maintained in four patients and was decreased in two patients. During follow-up, six patients showed tumor growth. Only one patient had worsening facial nerve paralysis; four patients underwent facial nerve decompression owing to facial nerve paralysis during follow-up. If the tumor compresses the brain or it is prone to growth, surgery may be indicated, and when the preoperative facial nerve function is grade ≤ 3, consideration should be given to preserving facial nerve function and subtotal resection should be indicated. If the preoperative facial nerve function is grade ≥ 3, total resection with nerve grafting is an option to prevent regrowth. If there is no brain compression or tumor growth, the follow-up is a good indication, and decompression should be considered in facial nerve paralysis cases. Facial nerve schwannoma is the most frequent tumor derived from the facial nerve . It is bAlthough facial nerve schwannoma treatment mainly includes surgical intervention, radiation and follow-up observation, there are no established criteria for treatment selection . Follow-There are insufficient studies on the long-term course after subtotal resection. Facial nerve decompression can be performed when the tumor causes facial nerve paralysis during observation ,8. Some In facial schwannoma treatment, facial nerve function preservation has become increasingly important. Tumor regrowth after treatment should also be avoided as much as possible. There are many cases in which no increase or worsening of facial nerve paralysis is observed without treatment. Taken together, there are no established criteria regarding which case should be treated and which treatment option should be chosen. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of each treatment based on the largest number of cases in Japan to consider indications for each treatment.The data of patients who were treated or observed at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Keio University Hospital from 1987 to 2018 (32 years) were retrospectively examined. This survey was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Keio University .Their age, sex, clinical symptoms, tumor localization and treatment policies were reviewed. Tumor localization was classified into the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), internal auditory canal (IAC), geniculate ganglion (GG), horizontal portion of the facial nerve (H), vertical portion of the facial nerve (V) and parotid gland (PA).In total, 45 patients visited our outpatient department during the study period. There were 22 men and 23 women with a mean age of 43.9 years (13–74 years). Among the 23 patients with facial nerve paralysis, 16 had gradually advanced facial nerve paralysis, 4 had recurrent facial nerve paralysis and 3 had sudden-onset facial nerve paralysis. Among the 26 patients with hearing loss, 23 had conductive hearing loss, 7 had tinnitus, 4 had ear fullness and 2 had dizziness; 7 other patients had ear canal mass, 2 had otorrhea and 2 had parotid gland mass. Regarding the location of the tumor, five tumors straddled the CPA, IAC and GG; five straddled the CPA, ICA, GG, H and V; two straddled the IAC and GG; two straddled the IAC, GG and H; two straddled the IAC, GG, H and V; six straddled the GG; four straddled the GG and H; three straddled the GG, H and V; two straddled the GG, H, V and Pa, three straddled the H; six straddled the H and V; one straddled the H, V and Pa; five straddled the V; and two straddled the V and PA. Among the 10 tumors extending to the CPA, 7 caused facial nerve paralysis. Among the 16 tumors extending to the IAC, 9 caused facial nerve paralysis. Among the 30 tumors extending to the GG, 16 caused facial nerve paralysis. Among the 26 tumors extending to the H, 11 caused facial nerve paralysis. Among the 25 tumors extending to the V, 13 caused facial nerve paralysis. Among the five tumors extending to the PA, one caused facial nerve paralysis.The treatment policy was also examined and 22 patients eventually underwent operation; 16 underwent total resection and 6 underwent subtotal resection. One patient underwent radiotherapy and 22 patients were followed up without treatment; 4 of them underwent facial nerve decompression. This table shows the patients’ features who underwent the following treatment: total resection, subtotal resection and follow-up. There is no tendency for age or sex in each treatment group, but it can be seen that there are many mild cases of facial nerve paralysis in the follow-up group and relatively many severe cases in the total resection group.This table shows the outcomes of those who underwent the following treatment: total resection, subtotal resection and follow-up. Most facial nerve paralysis after total excision was grade 3 or 4 in the total-resection group. Many patients had preserved facial nerve function in the subtotal-resection group and the follow-up group. Tumors regrew in six patients during the observation. Among them, two patients underwent total resection, one underwent subtotal resection, two received radiation therapy and one was followed up.The average age of patients who underwent total resection was 48.1 years (13–68 years), and there were eight men and eight women. Regarding preoperative facial nerve condition, nine patients were House–Brackmann grade  1 and 2,The average age of patients who underwent subtotal resection was 40.2 years (17–54 years), and regarding sex there were three males and three females. Regarding the preoperative facial nerve condition, four, one, one, and zero patients were classified as having House–Brackmann grades 1, 2, 3, and ≥4, respectively. The operation was performed via the middle fossa or transmastoid approach, and the tumor was removed using a nerve integrity monitor as much as possible. Tumor regrowth was noted in four patients after operation: two were completely resected and two were followed up. Postoperative facial nerve paralysis was grade 1 in three patients, grade 2 in two patients and grade 3 in one patient. In three patients, conductive hearing loss was observed before surgery; therefore, type IV reconstruction was performed, which improved hearing.The average age of the initially followed-up patients was 44.1 years (16–74 years), and there were 10 men and 12 women. Regarding the facial nerve condition at the first visit, 13, 2, 2, 3, and 2 patients were classified as having grades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Tumors grew in six patients during the observation. Among them, four patients showed tumor growth in the CPA, of which two patients underwent total excision, one underwent radiation therapy and one was followed up. Further, two patients showed tumor growth in the GG: one patient underwent debulking surgery and the other patient received radiation therapy. Tumors in the H or V showed little growth. During observation, 2 patients had worsening facial nerve paralysis, and the remaining 20 had preserved facial nerve function.Four patients underwent facial nerve decompression. Their average age was 30.8 years (24–40 years), and there were two men and two women. Regarding the facial nerve condition at the first visit, one, one, one, and one patient was classified as having grades 1, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The duration of paralysis was <3 weeks in two patients, who were classified as having grades 3 and 5; approximately 2 months in one patient, who was classified as having grade 4; and >1 year (chronic) in the remaining one patient, who was classified as having grade 2. Only one patient with facial nerve paralysis recovered after operation (from grade 5 to grade 1). In the recovered patient, the tumor was in the vertical portion, and the preoperative electroneurography value was 0%. The operation was performed 3 weeks after the onset.Treatment for facial schwannoma has changed over time, and because it is a rare tumor, there are various debates regarding the treatment options . Tumors In this study, 22 patients were initially followed up. In all patients, the tumors did not compress the brain, and most patients had maintained facial nerve function of House–Brackmann grade 1 or 2. In some patients, even if facial nerve paralysis was grade ≥ 3, the tumors that did not show a tendency to grow were followed up with periodic imaging. Less than 30% of the tumors grew during follow-up and only one patient had worsened facial nerve function. Preservation of facial nerve function should be prioritized generally, and conservative follow-up is the first choice rather than interventional treatment such as surgery and radiation therapy. If there is no brain compression and no facial nerve paralysis of House–Brackmann grade ≥ 3, follow-up should be performed first. Some reports show that the average annual growth of the tumor is approximately 1–2 mm , and larSurgery for schwannoma can be divided into total or subtotal resection. In this study, 16 patients underwent total resection. Regarding total resection, there are many cases in which the tumor and nerve are unclearly marginated, and nerve fibers are found almost all around the tumor, especially in the temporal bone. Thus, total excision of the tumor in the temporal bone or brain cistern is not usually able to avoid facial nerve paralysis. Before 2000s, total tumor resection was performed for almost all cases ,14. WhenAlthough there are insufficient studies on the long-term course after subtotal resection, some studies have shown good nerve-sparing rates after resection for tumors from the cerebellar pontine corner to the inner ear canal ,19. In sRegarding the surgical method, various surgical methods, such as the suboccipital craniotomy approach, the middle cranial fossa approach, the translabyrinthine approach, the approach that combines the middle cranial fossa with transmastoid, the transmastoid approach, excision according to the parotid tumor and temporal bone surgery with parotid gland surgery, are used depending on the location of the tumor, degree of residual hearing and experience of the operator . It is nFor parotid gland tumors, it is necessary to consider the natural course, as facial nerve paralysis rarely occurs during the follow-up period. A treatment algorithm has been proposed according to whether the tumor extends intratemporally . In the Radiation therapy is a good treatment option for patients with a tendency for tumor growth but with good facial nerve function, such as House–Brackmann grade 1–3 . The treFacial nerve paralysis is the most important symptom of facial nerve schwannoma, which especially affects quality of life, and it has been examined from the same viewpoint in the past ,7,8,27. Treatment strategies for intratemporal facial nerve schwannoma are first divided according to whether the tumor is compressing the brain. If the brain is compressed, or if tumor is prone to grow, surgical treatment is indicated. If the facial nerve paralysis is H-B grade 1–3, subtotal resection is required, and if H-B grade is 3–6, total resection is required. If no compression of the brain and no tumor growth is observed, patients should be followed up. If acute facial paralysis develops during follow-up, decompression should be considered.