Using density functional theory calculations, atomic and electronic structure of defects in monolayer GeS were investigated by focusing on the effects of vacancies and substitutional atoms. We chose group IV or chalcogen elements as substitutional ones, which substitute for Ge or S in GeS. It was found that the bandgap of GeS with substitutional atoms is close to that of pristine GeS, while the bandgap of GeS with Ge or S vacancies was smaller than that of pristine GeS. In terms of formation energy, monolayer GeS with Ge vacancies is more stable than that with S vacancies, and notably GeS with Ge substituted with Sn is most favorable within the range of chemical potential considered. Defects affect the piezoelectric properties depending on vacancies or substitutional atoms. Especially, GeS with substitutional atoms has almost the same piezoelectric stress coefficients  Since theoretically proposed graphene  was expe NO2 gas . Moreove NO2 gas ,44,45.2 shows better mobility than chemically deposited MoS2 [2 samples obtained using chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and mechanical delamination have about ten times lower mobility than theoretical expectations because of the presence of grain boundaries or point defects [In general, defects play an important role in determining electronic properties. In 2D materials, defects, such as edges, grain boundaries, strain, vacancies, substitutional atoms, and dopants, can lead to localized electronic properties, which is different from the case of pristine 2D materials. These properties are sometimes beneficial ones or sometimes harmful ones that should be removed. For example, mechanically isolated MoSted MoS2 ,47. Furt defects . Such de defects . Moreove defects ,54,55,56On the other hand, the defects of group IV monochalcogenides have been actively studied. For example, group IV monochalcogenides are more resistant to oxidation than BP, which have the same structure with group IV monochalcogenides . It was In this study, we investigate structural and electronic properties related to point defects, such as Ge and S vacancies, in GeS that is one of group IV monochalcogenides. Compared to pristine GeS, we focus on the change caused by vacancies and substitutional atoms. Group IV elements, such C, Si, and Sn, are chosen as the substitutional atom of Ge, while chalcogen elements, such as Se and Te, are chosen as that of S. Specifically, the focus is on the case where the properties of defective GeS are restored by substitutional atoms.To understand the structural and electronic properties of group IV monochalcogenides, we employed a first-principles approach based on the spin-polarized density functional theory ,58, as irst-Pack . The cons method . To obtaip (SSR) , and the) method ,67 by tha = 4.54 Å, b = 3.63 Å are used as shown in The pristine GeS is one of group IV monochalcogenide that has an orthorhombic structure. Bulk GeS forms a Vacancies or substitutional atoms are introduced as defects, of which structures are shown in pristineE is the total energy of pristine GeS, and To find out the stability of monolayer GeS with defects, we consider the formation energy of the system with defects. The formation energy otential ,69,70. TP3121 Te  and hexaP3121 Te ,73,74, rThe results of the formation energies as a function of chemical potential are represented in To study the electronic structure of defective GeS, we calculated density of states (DOS) of GeS.  results . Refer tFor the case of When the substitutional atom is introduced for either Ge site or S site, the bandgap becomes larger than those of both cases of It is worthwhile to ask whether the band gaps of pristine and defective GeS are direct or indirect. Pristine monolayer GeS has an indirect band gap, which has been already reported in many previous studies ,76,77. Ce to neighboring S atoms, while C and Sn gain 2.55e and 0.11e from them, respectively. Note that a relatively large gain occurs for C due to large deformation around C. For S-substituted cases, Se and Te lose 1.28e and 1.62e to neighboring Ge atoms, respectively. In the cases of Ge or S vacancies, the S atoms nearest to the Ge vacancy site lose 0.25e per S, while the Ge atoms nearest to S vacancy site gain 0.62e per Ge compared to the pristine case.Based on the Bader charge analysis, we found charge transfers between the substitutional atom and neighboring atoms. For Ge-substituted cases, Si loses 0.36Since the piezoelectric property is a ground-state one, DFT is a useful tool for predicting those properties, and a great deal of previous studies on GaN  and MoS2sing DFT ,38, the sing DFT . Here, wu is defined byu is given as energy per unit area. The number of 36 components in Δu can be reduced by considering the structural symmetry. Orthorhombic structure needs just nine independent elements [To know the piezoelectric properties, we calculated the elastic coefficients ing VASP ,66,67. Tnotation . Since welements : C11, C2The calculation results for elastic coefficients are listed in Next, we calculated piezoelectric stress coefficients The calculation results are listed in On the other hand, the relationship between 2 [From the results listed in α-quartz  and wurtα-quartz , and recuartz [2  and GaSeuartz [2 . Such laWe have studied the effects of defects on atomic and electronic structure in monolayer GeS. Vacancies in GeS create doping states, which are located just above or below the Fermi energy. Such vacancy states disappear, and the original bandgap of pristine GeS is recovered when the vacancies are substituted with foreign atoms. In terms of the formation energy, GeS with Ge replaced by Sn is found to be energetically most favorable in both S-rich and Ge-rich environments among all the defective GeS cases considered. Defective GeS has smaller piezoelectric strain coefficients


We found that both mega and meso-herbivores were grazers and mixed feeders. Overall, 25 forage plants constituted more than 70% of their diet. Among monocots, family Poaceae with Saccharum spp. (contributing > 9% of the diet), and, among dicots, family Rhamnaceae with Ziziphus jujuba (contributing > 4% of the diet) fulfilled the dietary needs. In the dry season, the concentration of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, calcium, sodium, and phosphorous varied significantly between monocots and dicots, whereas only calcium and sodium concentrations varied significantly in the wet season. Dicots were found to be more nutritious throughout the year. Compared to the dry season, the monocots, viz. Alpinia nigra, Carex vesicaria, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Hemarthria compressa, Imperata cylindrica, and Saccharum spp., with their significantly high crude protein, were more nutritious during the wet season. Possibly due to the availability of higher quality monocots in the wet season, both mega and meso-herbivores consume it in high proportion. We concluded that the Jarman–Bell principle does not apply to riverine alluvial grasslands as body size did not explain the interspecific dietary patterns of the mega and meso-herbivores. This can be attributed to seasonal floods, habitat and forage availability, predation risk, and management practices such as controlled burning of the grasslands. The ongoing succession and invasion processes, anthropogenic pressures, and lack of grassland conservation policy are expected to affect the availability of the principal forage and suitable habitat of large herbivores in the Brahmaputra floodplains, which necessitates wet grassland-based management interventions for the continued co-existence of large herbivores in such habitats.Jarman–Bell (1974) hypothesized that in the dry savanna of Africa, small-bodied herbivores tend to browse more on forage with high protein and low fibre content. This implies browsing on high nutritive forage by meso-herbivores, and grazing and mixed feeding on coarse forage by mega-herbivores. We tested this hypothesis in the riverine alluvial grasslands of the Kaziranga National Park (KNP), where seasonal flood and fire play an important role in shaping the vegetation structure. We analyzed the feeding habits and quality of major forage species consumed by three mega-herbivores, viz In sympatric herbivores, the foraging patterns provide insights into the utilization patterns of the occupied habitat, which is important for making assumptions about the behaviour, physiology, morphology, and population dynamics of the predators, prey, and competitors3. In the early 1960s, the ecological succession and separation theory described forage resource partitioning as the reason for the co-existence of herbivores of different body sizes6. Bell7 and Jarman8 explained the co-existence of mega and meso-herbivores as a function of body mass and digestive physiology, whereas Hofmann and Stewart9 reasoned digestive physiology as the explanation for foraging style. The Jarman–Bell principle emphasized that the quality and quantity of large herbivore diet correlates with their body size; specifically, the diet quality decreases as body size increases. Depending on body size, herbivores consume a large or small amount of coarse forage to fulfil their body requirement10. The allometric theory11 and digestive physiology12 explained the mechanism behind the Jarman–Bell principle. The allometric theory explained that the length of the digestive tract is directly proportional to the body mass, and consequently, the metabolism rate is inversely proportional to the body mass. Demment and Van Soest12 provided evidence that the capability to digest coarse forage increases with the increase in gut capacity. Hence, the digestive capability of mega and meso-herbivores plays a crucial role in their dietary selection14. Thus, depending on both nutritional  and anti-nutritional parameters (plant secondary metabolites or fibre), meso-herbivores need to browse on forage with high protein and low fibre content. In contrast, mega-herbivores may feed on forage with low protein and high fibre content16.Understanding the niche of an animal is crucial for understanding the community dynamics of dependent consumers. Foraging is one of the fundamental elements of a niche18. The studies conducted to test the Jarman–Bell principle in the African savannas24 and the protected areas of North America21 primarily covered dry tropical grasslands, forests, or savannas. These studies provided insight into resource segregation, competition, and habitat utilization along the temporal20, and spatial gradients25.The preponderance of the studies that examined the ecology of large assemblages of sympatric herbivores and tested the body mass principle have primarily emerged from Africa and North America26. Though the herbivore species found in India are distinct from those in Africa, the similarities in the diverse range of body sizes, from mega-herbivores like elephant, with a body weight of 3000 to 5400 kg, to meso-herbivores like mouse deer, with a body weight of 2 to 4 kg, provide the opportunity to test the Jarman–Bell principle28. The literature available to understand the science of wild large herbivore foraging ecology at the community level is limited from Asia29. Most of the research conducted in India studied up to four wild herbivore species and contributed mostly to their biology and ecology29. Ahrestani6 tested the Jarman–Bell principle for chital (Axis axis), sambar (Rusa unicolor), gaur (Bos gaurus), and elephant (Elephas maximus) in the dry tropical forests of India, where he concluded that body size does not explain the graze to browse ratio of sambar and chital. Wegge et al.29 tested the Jarman–Bell principle for rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii), and hog deer (Axis porcinus) in riverine alluvial grasslands of Nepal, where they concluded that the body size does not explain the consumption of higher graminoids by smaller herbivores. There is little understanding of how this principle explains the foraging pattern and resource partitioning among large herbivores along the temporal and spatial gradients in the riverine alluvial grassland ecosystem. Large assemblages of mega and meso-herbivores in the Brahmaputra valley provide an opportunity to examine the applicability of the Jarman–Bell principle in a moist grassland ecosystem, which is subjected to anthropogenic pressure and is vulnerable to climate change.Of the 19 terrestrial mammalian herbivore species with a body mass greater than 100 kg, in South and South-East Asia, 14 are found in India32. Climate change poses a serious threat to herbivores directly by influencing rainfall and temperature, and indirectly through the occurrence of extreme climatic events such as fires, floods, and droughts, which may affect the availability and quality of forage and threaten their fitness, survival, migration, and reproductive success34. Globally, riverine alluvial grasslands in floodplains are threatened, primarily due to fragmentation and degradation of such habitats35. In the Brahmaputra valley, remnant riverine alluvial grasslands found mainly in and around protected areas are restricted in their spatial extent thereby, limiting the range of obligate large herbivores36. The decreasing trend of riverine alluvial grasslands has resulted in low species richness of large herbivore assemblages; consequently, the sample size to validate community ecology theory is often inadequate, which prompts this study35.In the last few decades, climate change and habitat loss have impacted biological systems. It is estimated that since 1970, 58% of animal populations have faced the threat of extinction37. Thus, in succession, both the absence and presence of mega and meso-herbivores plays an important role39. Browsers and mixed-feeders generally affect the savannas of Africa40.Based on feeding styles, herbivores are generally categorized as grazers (feeding mainly on graminoids or monocots), browsers (feeding mainly on browse or dicots), or mixed feeders . Any change in the consumption of monocots (grazing) and dicots (browsing) results in changed diet compositions. Experimental studies conducted in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem in the last 100 years have highlighted the importance of mega and meso-herbivores in converting open grassland to dense woodland and back to grassland42, Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park43, Manas National Park44, and Kaziranga National Park (KNP)48, and is based on two to three species. Besides, there is little understanding of the habitat dynamics and the impact of seasonal change on the moist alluvial grasslands and their associated fauna. The riverine alluvial grasslands of KNP in the Brahmaputra floodplains are one of the few strongholds of several threatened species including the greater one-horned rhino (R. unicornis), Asian elephant (E. maximus), Asiatic wild buffalo , swamp deer (R. duvaucelii), hog deer (A. porcinus), and sambar (R. unicolor), which necessitates their conservation , viz. swamp deer, hog deer, and sambar, were categorized as soft feeders51.Even though the Brahmaputra floodplains in India harbour a large assemblage of mega and meso-herbivores, there is a dearth of studies on their community ecology. The limited information that is available is from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuaryion Fig. . This st29, we predicted that both mega and meso-herbivores would consume more graze-based diet in the wet season (H1), and compared to dry season, the principal monocot forage of mega and meso-herbivores would be more nutritious in the wet season (H2). This study aims to provide an overview of the feeding habits of mega and meso-herbivores with the following research questions: (1) is there any difference in the diet compositions of the mega and meso-herbivores in each season in terms of (a) monocot and dicot, (b) the six categories of growth form, viz. grass, sedge, herb, shrub, climber and tree, and (c) the forage plant species contributing to the diets of the mega and meso-herbivores; (2) is there any difference in the seasonal nutrient parameters of major forage plants consumed by mega and meso-herbivores; and (3) which nutrient factors govern the forage utilization by mega and meso-herbivores.Based on the information from riverine alluvial grasslandsSaccharum spp., Echinochloa crus-galli, Cynodon dactylon, Ziziphus jujuba, Hemarthria compressa, Alpinia nigra, Carex vesicaria, Kyllinga brevifolia, Mallotus nudiflorus, Lippia alba, Fimbristylis aestivalis, Amaranthus spinosus, Ageratum conyzoides, Duchesnea indica, Calamus tenuis, Oxalis corniculata, Imperata cylindrica, Acmella uliginosa, Amaranthus viridis, Dillenia indica, Solanum americanum, and Setaria pumila contributed more than 2% each. The highest number of identified principal forage species (n = 22) were recorded for hog deer  followed by rhino , elephant , sambar , buffalo , and swamp deer .Throughout the year, 25 major forage plants constituted more than 70% of the diet of large herbivores  was consumed mostly by the elephant. BEN further revealed that the mean number of shared forage plants in the diet of both mega and meso-herbivores in the dry and wet seasons were 57.6 and 51, respectively. The tall grass Saccharum spp. constituted a major part of the diet of mega and meso-herbivores during the wet season. A significant seasonal difference in the consumption of Saccharum spp. was observed among the six large herbivores, whereas no significant difference was observed in the consumption of Saccharum spp. between the mega and meso-herbivores during different seasons.The mega and meso-herbivores consumed more monocots during the wet season than the dry season Fig. b. There Monocots dominated the diet of both mega and meso-herbivores throughout the year Table . Only elGrasses dominated the diet of both mega and meso-herbivores throughout the year Fig. c. BetweeSaccharum spp., E. crus-galli, C. dactylon, H. compressa, and A. nigra contributed the most to the rhino diet, while among the dicots, Z. jujuba, M. nudiflorus, L. alba, A. spinosus, and A. conyzoides contributed the most  and lowest for Saccharum spp. (6.02%), among the monocots. In the dry season, the highest CP was recorded for C. tenuis (10.87%) and lowest for Saccharum spp. (4.75%), whereas in the wet season, the highest CP was recorded for E. crus-galli (16.47%) and lowest for A. nigra (9.11%) , between the dry and wet seasons. The monocots, A. nigra, C. vesicaria, C. dactylon, E. crus-galli, H. compressa, and I. cylindrica showed a significant difference in CP concentration , between the dry and wet seasons. Among the dicots, throughout the year and in both the dry and wet seasons, the highest CP concentration was recorded for A. viridis and lowest for D. indica. Compared to the dry season, dicots showed a higher mean concentration of ADF, NDF, Mg, Na, K, and P, and a lower mean concentration of CP, ADL, and Ca in the wet season. However, there was no significant difference in the nutrient concentration of dicots between dry and wet seasons. In dicots, the most consumed forage species in the diet of mega and meso-herbivores, viz. Z. jujuba, showed a significant difference only in ADL concentration , between the dry and wet seasons.Throughout the year, the highest crude protein (CP) was recorded for Throughout the year and in both the dry and wet seasons, dicots with their high CP and mineral concentrations were more nutritious than monocots. While there were significant changes in the nutritional quality parameters of monocots from the dry to wet season, no significant seasonal changes in the nutritional quality of dicots were recorded  was mostly consumed by elephant, the possible reason for this could be their ability to exploit resources that are not accessible to other species studied in the area because of its trunk.In the present study, 124 forage plants in the diet of rhino were recorded of which 69 were identified up to species level and 55 were identified as monocots and dicots. For the elephant, 105 forage plants were recorded in the diet, of which 67 were identified up to species and 38 only as monocots and dicots. For buffalo, 96 forage plants were recorded in diet, of which 62 were identified up to species and 34 only as monocots and dicots. For swamp deer, 90 forage plants were recorded in the diet, of which 59 were identified up to species and 31 only as monocots and dicots. For hog deer, 91 forage plants were recorded in the diet, of which 59 were identified up to species and 32 were only identified as monocots and dicots. For sambar, 92 forage plants were recorded in the diet, of which 63 were identified up to species and remaining 29 only as monocots and dicots. BEN shows that in both the dry and wet seasons, graminoids constituted 50% or more of the diet of both mega and meso-herbivores and Poaceae and Cyperaceae as the most recorded families. In the family Poaceae, the tall grass Mallotus philippinensis in the diet of any of our study species, even though they were common in the study area and the evidence of browsing on it was observed. In other studies, in similar habitats, its presence could not be detected in the diet of elephant, swamp deer, and hog deer through faecal analysis . This is an inherent problem in the feeding habit study using micro-histological methods. Further, we failed to detect the presence of Bombax ceiba, another common species in the area, though elephants eat its bark. In several other studies , it was concluded that the large herbivores do not eat B. ceiba leaves but debarking, particularly by elephants, is a common feature. A major proportion of the unidentified dicot forage in the diet thus can be attributed to woodland species like M. philippinensis, Terminalia spp., Syzygium fruticosum, Mangifera indica, and Ficus spp. These are the reported forage species for rhino and elephant59.We could not detect the presence of important fodder species such as 60. In contrast, selective feeding by meso-herbivores negatively affects plant diversity61. Therefore, feeding choices, population, and physiological demand of mega and meso-herbivores can alter the vegetation composition62. The present study revealed that throughout the year, among dicot plants, Z. jujuba was mostly consumed by both mega and meso-herbivores. Similarly, among monocot plants, Saccharum spp. was largely consumed by rhino, elephant, buffalo, and sambar throughout the year. Whereas, H. compressa was largely consumed by swamp deer, and hog deer. This suggests the dependence of mega and meso-herbivores on these particular dicots and monocots. The nutrient analysis of major forage also revealed that the major forage species consumed throughout the year by mega and meso-herbivores were more nutritious in the wet season. In the future, any changes in the availability, accessibility, and nutrient content of the major forage plants might affect the population of these mega and meso-herbivores. Therefore, further experimental studies explaining the factors responsible for feeding choices as well as the impact of mega and meso-herbivores on plant vegetation are required, to understand the community vegetation dynamics in KNP.Experimental studies conducted in North America and Europe showed that mega-herbivores meet their physiological needs by feeding more on dominant species. In high productive ecosystems, this favors plant diversity, whereas in low productive ecosystems, this negatively affects plant diversity1). The mega and meso-herbivores grazed more during the wet season, although browse also formed a significant portion of the diet; indicating that both mega and meso-herbivores were grazers and mixed feeders. As monocots were found to be dominant in the forage of rhino, buffalo, swamp deer, and hog deer throughout the year, these species may be more involved in grazing during both the dry and wet seasons. The herbivores, while foraging on nutrient-rich forage, might consume chemically defended forage, resulting in the consumption of toxic plant secondary metabolites (tannins and polyphenols). The detoxification of the secondary metabolites requires more energy. Therefore, to avoid toxic plant secondary metabolites, herbivores might feed on low nutrient quality forage63. The shifting of elephant and sambar in the wet season from browsing to grazing indicates their flexibility in utilization of the available forage. The availability of green and nutrient-rich forage is due to the higher moisture regime and controlled burning of wet grasslands. This could be the reason why mega and meso-herbivores feed more on monocots in the wet season18. The present study also supports the hypothesis of more nutritious principal monocot forage in the wet season (H2). Compared to other herbivores, the diet of rhino, elephant, and sambar consisted more of browse. This contradicts the Jarman–Bell principle, according to which large-bodied herbivores feed mostly on less nutritious graminoids. The seasonal changes in forage availability, mouth size, gut physiology, and predation risk might be responsible for the differences in the forage consumption among mega and meso-herbivores as observed in other studies .The information on the diet composition provides insight into the feeding habits of the mega and meso-herbivores in the wet grasslands of the Brahmaputra floodplains. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that both mega and meso-herbivores consumed a more graze-based diet in the wet season than in the dry season  with a mean annual precipitation at 1802.7 ± 118.5 mm.KNP, in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, is situated in the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River, which runs along the northern boundary of the Park; and the Karbi Anglong Hills form the southern boundary. KNP, with an area of 429.93 km′ E Fig. . An effo65, and supports one of the world’s largest population of rhino and buffalo, and significant populations of the Eastern swamp deer and elephant64. KNP is home to eight mega and meso-herbivores, viz. R. unicornis, E. maximus, B. arnee, Bos gaurus, R. duvaucelii, A. porcinus, R. unicolor, and Muntiacus muntjak66.Floods from the Brahmaputra River play a crucial role in the maintenance of the wet grassland ecosystem in KNP, which largely constitutes of tall grasses, short grasses, wetlands, and semi-evergreen forests67. This technique involves the preparation of reference slides from the plant material  and comparing it with the slides prepared from the known faecal samples of mega and meso-herbivores68. The microscopic identification of forage plant fragments was carried out using the keys from Satkopan69 and Johnson et al.70. For reference samples, 75 potential forage plants were collected from the field, based on literature review and direct field observations67  of these were monocots, and 72% (n = 54) were dicots. Among the six growth forms, 17.33% (n = 13) were grasses, 8% (n = 6) were sedges, 6.66% (n = 5) were climbers, 44% (n = 33) were herbs, 17.33% (n = 13) were shrubs, and 6.66% (n = 5) were trees. Of these 75 forage plants, 42.67% (n = 32) were collected from short grasslands, 29.33% (n = 22) from tall grasslands and 28% (n = 21) from woodlands 75. For the elephant, buffalo, swamp deer, hog deer, and sambar, the faecal samples were collected opportunistically, whereas, for rhino, the faecal samples were collected from latrine sites76. These faecal samples were collected from random locations in the short and tall grasslands and woodlands within three forest ranges of KNP, namely Kohora , Agoratoli (eastern), and Bagori (western) , we used boli as a guideline for elephant dung sample collection to ensure representation from varied body size individuals59. The faecal samples collected from randomly selected habitats within similar locations and ranges were used to make composite samples. For mega-herbivores, five dung samples collected from the same location on the same date were selected randomly and mixed thoroughly to make one composite sample. From this composite sample, 25 g of grounded dung sample was used for micro-histological analysis following Wegge et al.29. Similarly, five faecal pellets of the meso-herbivores from each five randomly collected pellet samples were pooled together to make one composite sample. The composite samples were processed using the micro-histological technique following Wegge et al.29Fresh dung samples of mega-herbivores, vizBambusa spp.), and unidentified dicots 18.Five slides were prepared from each composite sample. Seventy composite samples and 350 slides each were prepared  for rhino and elephant. Sixty-five composite samples and 325 slides each were prepared for buffalo, swamp deer, and hog deer (n = 3250), and 60 composite samples and 300 slides were prepared for sambar (n = 3000). Observations with at least two identifiable fragments were considered for the detection of forage plant species consumed. Whenever possible, identification up to species level was attempted by comparing each sample with the reference plant samples that included leaf, stems, flower, and fruit. We have taken only leaves, stems, flower, and fruit for the preparation of reference materials, and not the bark or roots. Fragments with identifiable features where identification up to species or genus level was difficult due to damaged fragments were categorized as unidentified monocots 78.Based on the results from the micro-histological analysis, the forage plants consumed in the highest proportion by mega and meso-herbivores were collected twice every month from November 2015 to May 2016. These samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 48 h in the field and finely ground in 1 mm mesh screen of a Cyclotech’s micro–Wiley mill and stored in airtight plastic bags for estimation of CP, AC, fibre , and minerals . Standard protocols were followed to estimate nutrient content  graze-to-browse ratio (on monocot and dicot consumption), (2) growth form , (3) family, and (4) species. The percentage occurrence of each forage type  in the diet of mega and meso-herbivores was determined using the equation of Sparks and Malechek79. The number of slides examined and the forage plants identified from the faecal samples of the mega and meso-herbivores were plotted in the species accumulation curve80. The dietary spectrum of the mega and meso-herbivores was obtained to visualize the pattern of forage utilization on the basis of the major contributing plants. The chi-square test of association and Fisher’s Exact Test were carried out to identify seasonal differences in the forage consumed between the mega and meso-herbivores and among the six herbivores. The tests were performed using SPSS version 22. BEN was used to visualize the forage utilization by mega and meso-herbivores, using R package “bipartite” version 2.1181. The forage plants were grouped by family, and only the top 20 abundant families, contributing more than 80% to the diet of mega and meso-herbivores, were highlighted and the rest of the families were grouped under the other category.A species accumulation curve was plotted to determine the sampling effort required to adequately examine the diet composition of mega and meso-herbivores. EstimateS version 9 with a 95% confidence interval was used to produce the species accumulation curveU-test in SPSS version 22. The effect of nutrient factor (predictor) on the use of major forage plants (response) was modelled using a generalized linear model (GLM) and Pearson’s correlation analysis. For GLM, R package “MuMin” vers.1.43.17 and for correlogram, R package “Hmisc” vers. 4.4-0 and “corrplot” vers. 0.84 were used84.The seasonal differences in the nutrient content of major monocot and dicot forage plants were analyzed using a non-parametric Mann–Whitney Experimental research and field studies including collection of plant/plant material for this study, is compliant with the relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislations. The biological samples examined were collected with the permission from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) & Chief Wildlife Warden, Government of Assam under section 12 of the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 in O.O No. 868 dated 20th August, 2013. A permission was also obtained from the Director, Kaziranga National Park, Assam in KNP/FG647WII/Research dated 31st October, 2013.Experimental research and field studies including collection of plant/plant material for this study, is compliant with the relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislations.Supplementary Information.


This study aims to compare the clinical efficacy of an integrated approach to prevent and treat the recurrence of moderate-to-severe intrauterine adhesions (IUA) after hysteroscopic transcervical resection of adhesion (TCRA).The study included a total of 70 patients with moderate-to-severe IUAs who underwent TCRA. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group (n=35) and control group n=35). In the treatment group, patients underwent balloon uterine stent placement and artificial cycle as well as received intrauterine perfusion of Danshen injection and oral Chinese medicine. In the control group, patients underwent balloon uterine stent placement and artificial cycle as well as received hyaluronic acid sodium and intrauterine device (IUD). Follow-up was performed after treatment of uterine cavity, menstruation and pregnancy.versus 77.14%, p=0.044) and significantly higher clinical efficiency  in the treatment group than those in the control group. After 6 months of treatment, we observed a significantly higher clinical efficiency in the treatment group than that in the control group . During the follow-up period, the pregnancy rate was 45.71% and 37.14% in the treatment group and control group, respectively, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.628).After 3 months of treatment, we observed a significantly lower rate of intrauterine re-adhesion (45.71% After surgical management of IUA, the integrated treatment combining a uterus stent placement and artificial cycle with Danshen injection and oral Chinese medicine can improve the condition of menstruation, and prevent and treat recurrence of IUA. Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is characterized by reduced menstrual blood volume, amenorrhea, infertility, and recurrent abortion , which sp>0.05, The present study included a total of 70 patients with moderate-to-severe IUAs who underwent TCRA in our hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 31. Patients were divided into two equal groups selected using random number table: treatment group (n=35) and control group (n=35). The average age of patients in the treatment group was 33.06±5.07 years. There were 23 patients with moderate IUA and 12 patients with severe IUA. Two patients with severe IUA had a chief complaint of amenorrhea. Furthermore, 31 patients had significantly reduced menstrual blood volume, and six patients had secondary infertility. The average age of patients in the control group was 32±6.71 years. There were 22 patients with moderate IUA and 13 patients with severe IUA. One patient with severe IUA had a chief complaint of amenorrhea. Furthermore, 30 patients had significantly reduced menstrual blood volume, and seven patients had secondary infertility. There were no statistically significant differences in general data between the groups p>0.05, . This stHysteroscopy was used for the diagnosis of IUAs. The following diagnostic criteria were used for mild IUA : i) adheThe inclusion criteria were as follows: i) patients satisfying the hysteroscopic diagnostic criteria for moderate-to-severe IUA; ii) patients diagnosed with kidney deficiency and blood stasis according to the syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ; iii) paThe exclusion criteria were as follows: i) patients allergic to Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) injection, ii) patients with inflammation of the genital tract, iii) patients with pelvic inflammation, iv) patients with malignant tumors of reproductive systems, v) patients with endometrial tuberculosis, vi) patients with uterine malformations, and vii) patients who took sex hormones in the past 3 months.The time of operation was set at 3-7 days after the end of menstruation. In patients with amenorrhea, 400 g of vaginal misoprostol was administered 8-10h preoperatively. A Sopro-Comeg parallel vision hysteroscopy endo-operative system HEOS  was used to detect IUAs. The mechanical separation of IUA was performed under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation or intravenous anesthesia. The normal shape of the uterine cavity was restored as far as possible, and the blockage of the bilateral oviduct openings were removed. Thirteen patients with infertility underwent a laparoscopic surgery. Eight patients underwent an operation guided by ultrasound. Forty-nine patients underwent a hysteroscopic surgery.bid and underwent vaginal scrubbing with a small amount of iodophor qd. On the fifth day after removing the balloon stent, if the vaginal bleeding stopped, the first cycle of intrauterine perfusion of Danshen injection was started. Intrauterine perfusion was performed once every 3 days for a total of three times per cycle. The second cycle began 3 days after the patient’s menstrual bleeding stopped completely, and patients underwent three cycles of intrauterine perfusion in total. Before performing intrauterine perfusion, it was confirmed that the patient did not have genital tract inflammation and bleeding. Postoperatively, patients in the control group were slowly injected with 2 mL sodium hyaluronate gelatin in the uterine cavity. Then, a balloon uterine stent was placed . After 5 days, the balloon stent was removed, and a GT300 IUD  was placed. From postoperative day 1 onwards, patients in both groups received estradiol valerate  orally for 21 days. Additionally, they took dydrogesterone  in the last 10 days. Then, the medication was discontinued until the onset of menstruation. The next cycle of the medication began on the fifth day of menstruation, and patients received medication for a total of three cycles. Additionally, patients in the treatment group took a kidney-tonifying, blood-nourishing, and endometrium-regulating decoction. The decoction was prepared by boiling the following herbs in water: 20 g of Cuscuta, 15 g of raspberry, 15 g of Herba Cistanches, 20 g of mulberry fruit, 20 g of barbary wolfberry fruit, 20 g of prepared Rehmannia root, 15 g of donkey-hide gelatin, 10 g of Chinese angelica, 10 g of Atractylodes macrocephala, 10 g of tree peony bark, and 6 g of Achyranthes bidentata. Patients took a single dose of the decoction twice every day. The administration of the decoction began on the third day after patient’s menstrual bleeding stopped completely and continued further to complete a course of 10 days; patients took the decoction for a total of three courses.Postoperatively, patients in the treatment group were slowly injected with 5 mL Danshen injection  into the uterine cavity through a disposable tube. After 15 min, the tube was removed, and a balloon uterine stent  was placed; then, 5 mL normal saline was injected into the balloon. Patients took 20 mg metronidazole and vitamin B6 tablets orally The occurrence of adverse reactions during the treatment was recorded in both the groups. After continuing the treatment for three menstrual cycles, menstruation parameters were evaluated. Hysteroscopy was performed to assess the recovery of the uterine cavity 3-7 days after patient’s menstrual bleeding stopped completely. Then, IUDs were removed in the control group, and menstruation and pregnancy in both groups were followed-up for 6 months after the treatment.A patient was considered cured if her menstruation including menstrual blood volume returned to normal after the treatment. A patient was considered improved if her menstruation returned to normal with a reduced menstrual blood volume after the treatment. The treatment was considered ineffective for the patient if there was no significant improvement in menstruation after the treatment compared with that before the operation. The total effective rate was calculated as the sum of the cure rate and the improvement rate.Clinical curative effect of the treatment was evaluated as recovered, effective, or invalid based on previously reported criteria : Recovered: the menstruation gradually recovered from beubf absent to present, and from small volume to normal volume; the uterine cavity was normal under a hysteroscope, the surface of the endometrium was smooth, and no adhesions were found; the bilateral cornua uteri and oviduct openings were clearly visible. Effective: the menstrual volume increased, but the volume remained less than the normal level; the uterine cavity was basically normal under a hysteroscope, and the degree and scope of adhesions were significantly reduced when compared with that before the operation, but there were still adhesions in part of the uterus. Ineffective: The menstruation was not restored, the menstrual volume did not improve, and recurrent adhesions could be observed under the hysteroscope, which did not significantly change, when compared with those before the operation. The total effective rate was calculated as the sum of the recovered rate and effective rate.p-values using a two-tailed test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 software . Continous variables data are expressed as mean±standard deviation, whereas categorical variables are expressed as percentage (%). Data were compared between the groups using the chi-square test. Ranked data were evaluated using a rank sum test. We calculated versus 77.14% (27/35), X2=8.106, p=0.044, A total of 70 patients participated in the study. After 3 months of treatment, the treatment group showed a significantly lower intrauterine re-adhesion rate than the control group (45.71% (16/35) versus 77.14% (27/35), p=0.025, The treatment group showed significantly higher total effective rate than the control group (82.86% (29/35) versus 68.57% (24/35), p=0.039, p=0.628, At 6 months after the treatment, the treatment group showed significantly higher total menstrual recovery rate than the control group (88.57% (31/35) In both the groups, no balloon uterine stent fell off, and no patient developed drug allergy. However, only one patient in the treatment group developed fever. Furthermore, vaginal infection was found in two patients in the treatment group and one patient in the control group.via the barrier effect. However, it is difficult to completely seal the wound surfaces due to the possible risks of endometrial ischemic necrosis, abnormal bleeding, infection, contraceptive ring incarceration, and uterine perforation. The use of estrogen is the main method to promote endometrial regeneration and repair, but the efficacy of this method depends on whether there is enough residual endometrial tissues and on the dosage of estrogen used , whereas both the groups showed similar pregnancy rate. Many previous studies have revealed that (In the treatment group, patients were treated with the comprehensive therapy on the 10led that ,29 kidneled that , kidney-In order to minimize the impact of selection bias on the final data, the randomized allocation method and strictly restricted treatment methods were used in the present study. However, the present study still has some limitations. First, our study had a small sample size. Second, the follow-up duration in the present study was short, and the assessment of pregnancy outcomes and adverse reactions requires long-term observation. Third, the findings of this study is not fully explained. We plan to study the mechanisms of treatment efficacy in the future.The present study compared the clinical efficacy of the integrated approach to prevent and treat re-adhesions of moderate-to-severe IUA after TCRA. Our data suggested that normal menstruation was restored in patients who underwent a uterus stent placement and artificial cycle as well as received Danshen injection and oral Chinese medicine postoperatively. This indicates that the integrated treatment may prevent and treat re-adhesion after TCRA.Pan LZ drafted and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Wang Y and Chen X acquired, analyzed, and interpreted the data. All of the authors approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.


Recent research has revealed the promising potential of using waste glass (WG) as a binder or inert filler in cement and geopolymer concrete to deliver economic and environmental benefits to the construction sector. However, the outcomes obtained by different research groups are scattered and difficult to compare directly because of isolated process parameters. In this study, the roles and impacts of WG and process parameters on the performance of WG-added cement and geopolymer concrete are critically reviewed. This study reveals that the chemical and mineralogical composition, and particle size of WG, mix proportion, activation, and curing condition of concrete are the most important parameters that affect the dissolution behavior of WG and chemical reactivity between WG and other elements in concrete; consequently, these show impacts on properties of concrete and optimum WG level for various applications. These parameters are required to be optimized based on the guidelines for high pozzolanicity and less alkali–silica reactivity of WG in concrete. This review provides a critical discussion and guidelines on these parameters and the chemistry of WG in cement and geopolymer concrete for best practice and highlights the current challenges with future research directions. Glass is a widely-used material due to its attractive appearance, transparency, ease of molding, high durability, and resistance to abrasion . As a reIn 2019, the glass recycling rate in Australia was 57%, but the rest of the waste glass was discarded as waste . In the Concrete casting requires natural sand and natural stone aggregates, which are around 20–30% and 60–70% of concrete volume. Excessive extraction of natural sand and stone aggregates may also result in resource shortages ,19. MiniGeopolymers are a class of inorganic aluminosilicate-binding materials with an amorphous or semicrystalline three-dimensional structure . The pro2 emissions and construction costs. As reported by Islam et al. . Th. Th62]. e binder . The alkactivity . Thus, aactivity . The proactivity ,50.42− and OH− ions in the solution and produce ZnSO4.nH2O, CaSO4.nH2O, and other SO42− products, which can delay hydration reactions . Wi. Wi27]. WG of particle size around 45 µm does not improve the workability compared to ordinary OPC concrete , as the However, due to the high cement dilution and the formation of a low amount of hydration products in the early stages of WG hydration, high flowability is observed in concrete ,40. On t2 and C–S–H) are formed, and the microstructure of concrete is densified with the high pozzolanicity of WG powder when added at the optimum level of replacement (20–30%) [Pozzolanic reactivity and filler effects are the two most important roles of the WG particle packing density and porosity reduction of cement concrete. The density of concrete varies according to the fineness, amount, and type of WG. (20–30%) . The den(20–30%) .Beyond the optimum level (30%), the addition of WG causes a reduction in density and an increment in the porosity of concrete. This is because the production of CH and C–S–H products reduces due to the fewer opportunities for pozzolanic reactivity of WG and reduced amounts of CaO ,58. MoreScanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a specimen are generally used to show the internal pores, connectivity of pores, and uniformity of final reaction products in concrete. The microstructure of WGC depends on the particle size, mix ratio, and pozzolanic reactivity of WG. Finer and highly amorphous silica containing WG is suitable for producing a denser concrete micro-structure. Glass particles (<1.18 mm) act as microfilters at the early age of curing, and at low temperatures, their reactivity is low. WG particles of size below <75 µm show high filler and pozzolanic activity within the concrete and help to increase the density of concrete with a dense microstructure of the hardened matrix ,55. As fWith the required fineness of WG and proper curing conditions, a dense microstructure of concrete can be formed with an optimum level of WG. This is evident in the research of Kong et al. . As depiFurther, by room temperature curing for up to 28 days only, a low amount of hydration products was captured, but for steam curing at 80 °C temperature, a remarkably dense matrix is produced with significant C–S–H products . These f2 and other ingredients  that affect the pozzolanic properties of the WG. For example, neon glass contains around 22.6% CaO and 68.2% SiO2; thus, it yields 9.5% greater compressive strength in WGC than green glass, which yields 13% cement replacement [The chemical composition and fineness of WG control its pozzolanic reactivity and filler effect, which are the main factors in producing high-strength WGC ,27. The lacement .The strength of concrete increases with the increasing fineness of WG ,58,79. THowever, agglomeration of unreacted silica can delay the pozzolanic reaction, and accelerated ASR may occur within the concrete when more than 30% of cement is replaced by WG ,57,58. FDue to its high silica content, if properly graded, WG powder can fulfill the requirement for fine aggregates in concrete . TherefoWG glass with particle sizes larger than 4.75 mm is considered coarse aggregates in concrete and is typically sized up to 16 mm . These tWG aggregates are generally angular, with a rough texture and sharp edges. When used to replace coarse and fine aggregates, these rough particles prevent the flow of concrete because of the high friction between them . TypicalThe size of the WG in concrete is an important parameter that substantially controls the properties of concrete. The fine WG powder helps refine the pore size and divide the ITZ into a very thin layer, which increases the density of the concrete . However3 [Further, due to the lower specific gravity of WG compared with that of conventional stone aggregates, the density of concrete reduces when WG (Particle size > 2.36 mm) is used as coarse aggregates . For a 23 . Moreove3 . Fewer h3 . Therefo2 dissolution occurs, and consequently, less C–S–H production takes place. Moreover, due to ASR susceptibility, a significant number of transitional C–H products may be destroyed and turn to expansive gels, which drives a significant strength reduction [Fine WG aggregates refine and redistribute pore sizes and strengthen the ITZ of concrete; thus, within finely ground WG, the strength of WGC increases. Olofinnade et al.  replacededuction ,55,94.However, there are no data available on the ASR susceptibility of coarse WG aggregate (>5 mm size). Coarse WG aggregate increases the volume of the concrete and reduces the unit weight, but the porosity in concrete increases due to trapped micro-voids ,89. Due The alkali content and silica in the WG powder react and form ASR gels. These gels are expansive and worsen when absorbing water or chemicals. Therefore, ASR of WG harms the strength and durability of concrete ,6,97. ThSince ASR expansion increases with the particle size of WG, keeping the WG particle size below the critical value of 600–1000 µm is recommended  44,55,9,955,94. Regardless of the amount and particle size, the type and chemical composition of WG and the concrete mix proportions can also affect the ASR. For example, binary glasses (sodium silicate) cause more ASR expansion than soda-lime glasses due to the higher alkali released from binary glasses ,41. BrowBased on current practice, up to 30% cement, 50% fine aggregate, and 20% coarse aggregate in concrete can be replaced by WG of specified particle size without compromising the strength and grade of concrete  65,69,7,769,78. 2 solution showed positive influences on the ASR reduction and strength in WGC [Although several advantageous uses of WG as a construction material are noted, the ASR challenges and bond strength limitations are critical issues for the future development of WGC . Consideh in WGC .2 solution enhance the pozzolanic reactivity of WG, and high bond strength concrete is developed. However, the chemical changes and optimum treatment conditions have not been identified, and the sustainability of this treatment process is not discussed in the literature. Studies on the addition of fibers, low-cost or recycled waste polymers, and proper milling processes to enhance the bond strength within WG concrete are lacking. Further, guidelines on the comparative and correlative descriptions of the internal chemistry, microstructure, strength, and serviceability properties in WG-incorporated OPC concretes need to be established through future research.The reaction products formed along the surface of WG during immersion in Ca(OH)2 and a small amount of Al2O3 and CaO depending upon its chemical composition to contribute to the geopolymerization process [2 content are formed after the complete geopolymerization of alkali-activated glass-based precursors, regardless of the curing condition [2-rich gels in a composite paste of alkali-activated WG and other precursors [Geopolymer formation starts from the dissolution of silica and alumina out of the precursors, followed by their gelation, reorganization, and polymerization into geopolymer binders . As a pr process ,112,113. process . Gels wiondition . Howeverondition . For higondition , whereasecursors ,109. How2 and Al2O3 during geopolymerization than coarser ones and result in good geopolymerization regardless of other chemical factors [Silica dissolution from WG precursors is dependent on the fineness and amount of WG, concentration, type of activator, mixing, and curing environment of the geopolymer mix with WG. Finer WG precursors (particle size < 75 µm) release more SiO factors ,117. Zha factors  compared factors ,119. Zeo factors  recommen2O3 in raw materials should be below 15–20% to obtain high-strength geopolymer concrete. Further investigation is needed to clarify the role of WG in early-age hydration products and the chemistry of the gels in alkali-activated WG.Moreover, WG prolongs the setting time of geopolymers. Regardless of the activator concentration, a prolonged setting time was observed with an increased amount of WG in the binder. The setting time generally correlates with the second peak of heat flow during hydration. A comparison of 2SiO3, and their combinations [2SO4, and Ca(OH)2 [A high concentration of alkaline activator is required to ensure the high dissolution of silica from WG . Howeverinations ,117. Givinations . The addinations . Some ot Ca(OH)2 ,124,125. Ca(OH)2 , the eff2 and Al2O3 from WG to complete the geopolymerization process [Moreover, mixing and curing temperatures can remarkably affect the geopolymerization reaction and the performance of the concrete. Toniolo et al.  claimed  process ,109,117. process  reported process . Therefo2/g) was used by Wang et al. [The workability of alkali-activated geopolymer concrete increases with the increasing content of WG powder . About 1g et al.  to replag et al.  reportedg et al. ,109. How2- and Al2O3-rich precursor. When metakaolin is replaced by a finely ground WG (3%), which is SiO2 rich and contains a low amount of CaO, a Na-aluminosilicate amorphous matrix is formed at room temperature  from precursors. WG effectively participates in the geopolymerization process by releasing silica in high alkali-activating media and improves the strength of geopolymer concrete, depending on the type and content of WG and its activation methods ,29,130. nd finer . The strnd finer  observednd finer  demonstrnd finer . Howeveromposite ,128.2, Al2O3, and CaO) from precursors  [There is a close relationship among the activator’s properties, Si/Al dissolution from precursors, and geopolymerization. Sethi et al.  found a  others) ,130. On The investigations of the mechanical properties of WG geopolymer concretes are listed in Fine aggregates create a distinct ITZ and increase the volume of geopolymer concrete . The finHowever, to develop high-strength bonding, the presence of many silanol groups in the solution is needed, along with a high silica dissolution . Thus, mThe density of geopolymer concrete increased with the addition of WG aggregate. 2CO3 solution can be effectively used as an activator for slag-based geopolymer concretes. For example, 10 M NaOH with 10–25 g of WG powder solution was used as an activator in a prior study by Torres-Carrasco and Puertas [WG-derived solutions can be effectively used as activators for geopolymer concrete. The WG releases a significant amount of alkalis and silica in NaOH and water solution when being heated, and the heat-treated solution meets the requirement of a water glass activator ,134. Sod Puertas   enhances the thermal, fire, and elastic properties of geopolymer concrete. Further, the optimum curing condition for WG-based geopolymer concrete needs to be standardized because current knowledge is not sufficient, and raised temperature or oven curing is not a sustainable solution. There is potential for developing WG activators for geopolymer concrete, but due to limited studies on this issue, no certain guidelines exist. Some additional challenges include the lack of guidelines and approval for the standards and the limited availability of admixtures and precursors that are compatible with WG in geopolymer concrete. These issues should be considered in future research, and guidelines should be established to widen the applicability of WGC in the construction sector.Glass powder acts as a source of pozzolanic silica for cement and geopolymer concrete. For best pozzolanic reactivity, the particle size of WG and optimum binder replacement level should be below 75 µm and 30%, respectively. Silica, calcium oxide, and the small amount of alumina in WG participate in the hydration reactions and accelerate the formation of hydration products. A high curing temperature of around 40–50 °C and a proper water-to-binder ratio (<0.5) are useful to increase the pozzolanicity and hydration of WG in concretes.Fine WG powder (particle size < 150 µm) acts as a filler and pozzolanic material, increases the density, and reduces the porosity of concrete composites. Consequently, the mechanical performance of concrete is reliably enhanced. The most suitable WG conditions for improving the pozzolanicity and mechanical performance of concretes are WG powder with particle sizes less than 75 µm and the optimum cement replacement level (20–30%). As fine aggregates, a replacement level of approximately 50% is feasible to yield optimum strength in WG concrete.The mechanical performance of geopolymer concrete with WG aggregates, precursors, and activators has been consistent. Silica dissolution takes place from the WG in an alkaline activator solution, which accelerates the geopolymerization process. The replacement of precursors in geopolymers has been widely investigated, and the optimum replacement level lies within 30–50% with a WG powder particle size less than 75 µm. The requirement of an alumina source is crucial for completing the geopolymerization of WG-based geopolymer concretes. However, the intermediate reaction products of calcium or sodium aluminosilicate hydrates also showed significant stability in WG-based geopolymer concrete.The highly reactive surface of fine WG aggregates reacts in activated media to create a high-strength geopolymer network. For sodium-silicate activator solution preparation, the particle size of WG powder could be reduced to under 45 µm for better dissolution of silica and alkalis from WG. For WG powder-based geopolymers, the solid-to-liquid ratio (0.5–0.6), additional alumina sources, curing temperature (50–60 °C), and alkalinity of activator (8–10 M) must be controlled to achieve optimum performance.The most critical issue of glass incorporation into concrete is the alkali–silica reaction and expansive gel formation within the composite. This issue is less critical for geopolymers than cement concrete, but it cannot be ignored. The microcracks in WG particles cause more ASR vulnerability. ASR expansion in concrete can be minimized by using an optimum level of around 10–30% fine WG powder (<75 µm) to replace cement rather than aggregates and by adding recommended by-products, such as silica fume, fly ash, and slag.This review includes a critical discussion of the current research progress and future potential of waste glass (WG) in concrete production. Glass can be effectively included in cement and geopolymer concrete, substituting for conventional raw ingredients. The chemical composition and physical characteristics of WG offer compatible performance within the concrete. Based on the reviewed literature, the following conclusions can be drawn:There are still some challenges related to the use of WG in cement and geopolymer concrete, but the current research outcomes have revealed the potential economic and environmental benefits of WG as a construction material. Future research should widen the application of WG to commercial fields. This review highlighted the lack of investigations on WG-based cement and geopolymer concrete, especially in the areas of critical exposure conditions and performance under short-duration vibration, impact, and fatigue loadings. Further investigations on these topics are required to develop widely applicable guidelines for the application of WGC in the construction sector.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effect of lower-limb exercise, when combined with celecoxib, on pain management of patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgeries.  The patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgeries between 01/2018 and 06/2021 were retrospectively identified, with their data collected. After surgery, some patients took celecoxib for analgesia  while the others took celecoxib together with lower-limb exercise . On postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 7, and 14, data were collected and analyzed regarding the following items: patient satisfaction, lower-limb muscle force, lumbar JOA score (29 points), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and visual analog scale (VAS) score. p < 0.001). Moreover, the combined group had less VAS score compared with the celecoxib group on POD 3, 7, and 14, respectively . In addition, lower-limb muscle force in the combined group was significantly stronger than that in the celecoxib group on POD 3 and POD 7, respectively (both p < 0.01). Furthermore, the combined group achieved less ODI score than the celecoxib group on POD 3, 7, and 14, respectively . Comparisons of the lumbar JOA score did not suggest any statistical difference during the whole follow-up period.  A total of 225 participants were included in this study. Specifically, 120 cases were admitted into in the celecoxib group and 105 were included in the combined group. Comparisons of baseline data did not indicate any difference between the combined group and the celecoxib group. Data analysis showed that patient satisfaction in the combined group was significantly higher than the celecoxib group on POD 3, 7, and 14, respectively (all  In conclusion, postoperative lower-limb rehabilitation exercise can help to release pain after lumbar fusion surgeries. Additionally, postoperative lower-limb exercise can facilitate the recovery of lower-limb muscle force, as well as improving patient satisfaction. In clinical scenarios, lower back pain (LBP) mainly derives from intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) –3. IVDD-As suggested by previous studies, postoperative rehabilitation procedures can help pain management after spinal surgeries, even decreasing the disability events –13. In tThus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of lower-limb exercise, when combined with celecoxib, on pain management of the patients who undergo posterior lumbar fusion surgeries.Prior to the commencement of this study, the medical ethics has been approved by Medical Ethics Council of Nantong Tongzhou People's Hospital. All informed consent was signed by the patients (or their lawful guardians) before undergoing lumbar fusion surgeries.The patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgeries  between Data were collected and analyzed regarding the following items: patient satisfaction, lower-limb muscle force, lumbar JOA score (29 points), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and visual analog scale (VAS) score. The grading of lower-limb muscle force was based on the classification criteria which British Medical Research Council applies. In addition, the patient satisfaction rate was scored to three levels: very satisfied, satisfied, and dissatisfied.t-tests used to identify the difference between two groups. Moreover, chi-square tests were conducted to analyze the categorical data . A p value of 0.05 was set as the significance level.Statistical analysis in this study was performed using the software SPSS for Windows 18.0 . The data of ODI, JOA score, and VAS score are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The data of age are presented as median (range). Multiple comparisons were carried out with analysis of variance (ANOVA) if homogeneity and normality of variance were assumed, subsequently followed by Student–Newman–Keuls p > 0.05).After the identification of all patients, a total of 225 participants were included in this case-control study. Specifically, 120 cases were admitted into the celecoxib group and 105 cases were included in the combined group. The combined group consists of 48 males and 57 females, while the celecoxib group consists of 54 males and 66 females. The median age of the combined group is 54 years (range 21–67), while the median age of the celecoxib group is 56 years (range 23–70). Comparisons of those baseline data did not suggest any difference between the combined group and the celecoxib group . There was no difference regarding the patient satisfaction on POD 1 between the combined group and the celecoxib group (p > 0.05).As given in p < 0.01). No significant difference of VAS score was indicated on POD 1 between the combined group and the celecoxib group (p > 0.05).As given in p < 0.01). There was no significant difference found between the combined group and the celecoxib group on POD 1 or POD 14.As given in p > 0.05). Postoperatively, both of the combined group and the celecoxib group achieved significant improvement of the ODI score, compared to their preoperative data, respectively. The combined group scored less ODI than the celecoxib group on POD 3, 7, and 14, respectively ). There was no statistical difference between the combined group and the celecoxib group on POD 1 (p > 0.01).As given in p > 0.05). Postoperatively, comparisons of the lumbar JOA score did not suggest any statistical differences between the combined group and the celecoxib group during the whole follow-up period (p > 0.05).As given in In our department, as a routine procedure for the prophylaxis of potential postoperative complications (such as deep vein thrombosis), the patients are required to do lower-limb rehabilitation exercise postoperatively; the exercise procedures are given in previous studies –16. All Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and an NSAID, has been routinely used by the patients after spinal surgery for pain relief, with its advantage of minimizing the gastrointestinal adverse effects . ConsideAs a result, a total of 225 cases were included in our study. Baseline data (age and gender) were well matched between the combined group and the celecoxib group. Compared with preoperative situations, the combined group and the celecoxib group have significantly improved in terms of the patient satisfaction, VAS score, lower-limb muscle force, lumbar JOA score, and ODI score. Also, it was found that the combined group achieved better results than the celecoxib group, in terms of the patient satisfaction, VAS score, lower-limb muscle force, and ODI score. These findings in this study stay consistent with the reports from previous studies –16 whichIt is noticeable in this study that the postoperative lumbar JOA score is not significantly different between the combined group and the celecoxib group during the whole follow-up period up to 14 days). This result of the JOA score is inconsistent with previous reports indicating that postoperative lower-limb exercise can improve the JOA score. One possible reason for this result is that our follow-up period is too short, only 14 days postsurgery. By contrast, the maximum follow-up period in the previous studies are up to 3 months  days. Th. AnotherUp to now, there is no consensus regarding whether postoperative rehabilitation can effectively promote the recovery of patients undergoing spinal surgery. In terms of pain relief, functional improvement, and patient satisfaction, the positive effects of postoperative rehabilitation procedures have been declared in some studies , 20, 21,This study has some limitations that might have restricted the interpretation of the data. First, this is a single-center, retrospective, case-control study, making the participants included lack for extensive representativeness and the data accuracy decreases to a certain extent. In addition, the patient sample is not large, just a total of 225 participants were included in this study. It would make the results and conclusions more robust if the patient sample size is greater. Moreover, the follow-up period in this study is not long enough (just 14 days), which can potentially influence the results and conclusions. Therefore, a better future study needs to resolve all of the shortcomings listed above. It can be designed to be multicenter, prospective, blinded, and randomly controlled; the sample size should be big enough.In summary, postoperative lower-limb rehabilitation exercise can synergistically work with celecoxib, increasing pain relief for the patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgeries. In addition, postoperative lower-limb exercise can facilitate functional recovery and increase patient satisfaction.


As “road rage” has serious negative impact on road safety, it has attracted great concern to relevant scholar, practitioner, and governor. This study aims to propose a model to effectively and efficiently detect driving anger states with different intensities for taking targeted intervening measures in intelligent connected vehicles. Forty-two private car drivers were enrolled to conduct naturalistic experiments on a predetermined and busy route in Wuhan, China, where drivers' anger can be induced by various incentive events like weaving/cutting in line, jaywalking, and traffic congestion. Then, a data-driven model based on double-layered belief rule base is proposed according to the accumulation of the naturalistic experiments data. The proposed model can be used to effectively detect different driving anger states as a function of driver characteristics, vehicle motion, and driving environments. The study results indicate that average accuracy of the proposed model is 82.52% for all four-intensity driving anger states , which is 1.15%, 1.52%, 3.53%, 5.75%, and 7.42%, higher than C4.5, BPNN, NBC, SVM, and kNN, respectively. Moreover, the runtime ratio of the proposed model is superior to that of those models except for C4.5. Hence, the proposed model can be implemented in connected intelligent vehicle for detecting driving anger states in real time. The driTo effectively and efficiently identify different emotional states based on multisource heterogeneous data, it is important to select a suitable classification method. Additionally, appropriate emotion elicitation method is also necessary as it is a precondition for emotion detection research. Hence, a brief review of related studies is shown as follows.When a target emotion is evoked by a specific stimulating scenario, the evoking process is called emotion elicitation. At present, most of emotion elicitation has been executed in quiet laboratory. Kessous et al.  adopted , at the earliest, identified several emotions including delightfulness, sadness, anger, and fear by linear discriminants based on the subjects' facial electromyography characteristics. Wang and Gong . In order to directly compare the estimated output of the proposed model and the observed output from the subjects' self-reports, it is necessary to discretize Anger(Y), shown as follows:θk, βjk and  δik for the kth rule (Rk) can be generated randomly or specified by famous experts in the fields of driving behavior or traffic psychology. Correspondingly, the initial belief rule base is inaccurate to some extent because of the experts' subjectivity or arbitrariness. Therefore, the initial belief rule base needs to be trained for optimization. In this study, abundant historical samples data collected in the naturalistic experiments were utilized to train the initial belief rule base for better representing actual rules (knowledge). The training process is illustrated as shown in The initial belief rule base including BRB model parameters comprised of  m = 1, 2, 3,…,M) is the input of the real system and the BRB system proposed in this study, ym is the estimated output of the BRB system, and ξ (p) is the discrepancy between the observed output and the estimated output. The objective of the training process is to get the minimum of ξ (p); i.e., the objective function can be defined as follows:βjk,θk, δik) is a parametric vector in the objective function; m  is the number of input-output pairs. Essentially, the training process is to solve the multiobjective optimization problem with linear constraints, and the best parametric vector p can be obtained as a result of the training process, which is usually executed with certain optimization tool box of MATLAB software.As indicated in x1, x2, x3) used as the inputs, while three vehicle characteristics  and two environmental characteristics  are used as the inputs for subsystem 2 and subsystem 3, respectively. Especially,  u1, u2, u3 are intermediate variables to denote driver status, vehicle status, and environment status, respectively, which are used to inference the driver's anger states (y). The definition of all input variables  and output variable (y) is listed in x1, x2, x3 represent the driver's gender, age, and temperament, respectively.Considering different structures and sources of input data for driving anger detection model, a double-layered BRB (Dl_BRB) system is proposed in this study, as shown in y). Moreover, the human characteristics consisted of gender (x1), age (x2), and temperament (x3), the vehicle characteristics consisted of yaw angular acceleration (x4), longitudinal acceleration (x5), and lane departure (x6), and the environment characteristics consisted of traffic flow state (x7) and surrounding traffic behaviors (x8), shown in As indicated in x3, can be classified in to 4 different grades including melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguineous, and choleric, while the longitudinal acceleration, denoted by x5, can be graded into 3 levels with references of 1 m/s2, 1.5 m/s2, and 2 m/s2, respectively. It is noted that the reference value for the different grades of yaw angular acceleration (x4), longitudinal acceleration (x5), and lane departure (x6) were determined according to their statistical data for the four driving anger states including neutral, low anger, moderate anger, and high anger. The relevant statics were studied in several previous research conducted by the authors in this study [x8, was graded in to 3 different types, namely, normal, less severe, and severe, respectively. It is noted that waiting traffic lights belongs to normal traffic behavior around, and weaving/cutting in line or traffic jam/congestion belongs to less sever traffic behavior around, while jaywalking/motorcycle occupying road belongs to severe traffic behaviors around.According to the distribution trait of those human, vehicle, and environment characteristics data, the interpretation or the reference values for every input variable with different grades were determined, as shown in is study , 24, 29.u1, u2, u3) were graded into three levels, and then there exists 27 rules (3^3), shown in βk1, βk2, βk3 and βk4 respectively.In this study, the initial belief rules of the proposed model were constructed based on the relevant expert knowledge and historical driving anger data with certain subjectivity. It is worth noting that, in terms of the second layer of the prosed model, all intermediate variables (i) to the reference value (Aik), the activation weight of rule (Rk), the belief degree of the jth consequent (output) in Rk, and minimizing the discrepancy between the observed output and the estimated output calculated by the proposed model. After finishing the training process, the optimal rule base of BRB subsystem 4 was obtained, as shown in As the initial belief rule base (BRB) is imprecise with certain subjectivity, the training of the initial BRB system was conducted according to equations  and 12)12). ThenF1 and Acc are also extensively applied when evaluating a classifier's classification performance. Those statistical indexes are calculated as follows:TP is the number of positive samples, which were correctly identified as positive ones; FP is the number of negative samples, which are falsely identified as positive ones; TN is the number of negative samples, which are correctly identified as negative ones; FN is the number of positive samples, which are falsely identified as negative ones. Here, driving anger samples with a specific intensity are assumed to be positive, while the other driving anger samples are assumed to be negative. Note that PPA demonstrates the correct identification probability of the samples, which are identified as positive ones.To verify the identification accuracy of the Dl_BRB model proposed in this study, an evaluation method of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was implemented. The ROC method was widely used to evaluate classification performance of a classifier in discrimination fields like medical diagnosis, military monitoring, and human decision-making . For a sThe identification performance of the proposed model (Dl_BRB) for four driving anger states with different intensity was evaluated using a test set accounting for 40% of the total samples, which was comprised of 374 neutral (none anger) samples, 218 low anger samples, 172 moderate anger samples, and 88 high anger samples. Further, in order to verify the superiority of the proposed model, we compared it with other 5 widely used classifiers like C4.5, NBC, SVM, kNN, and BPNN in terms of AUC of the corresponding ROC curves for the four driving anger states, illustrated in p=0.074) and high anger state (p=0.069) in terms of AUC, yet the superiority is small and not significant when the significance level is set to be 0.05. In addition, when identifying the low anger state, the differences of AUC between the proposed model and other five models are much smaller than those of the other three driving anger states. Moreover, the average of AUC of all six identification models is the smallest for low anger state. The possible reason is that the changes of human, vehicle, and environmental characteristics under low anger state are evidently smaller than those of other driving anger states.As indicated in p=0.038 < 0.05) better than those of the other five models in terms of the three criteria for high anger state. However, for FPR, another important evaluation criterion, the proposed model does not perform the best, as the model of C4.5 has the lowest value of FPR when identifying all driving anger states.Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, the five-fold cross-validation method was used to test the six classification models, with the results being indicated in TPR (0.8433), PPA (0.9187), F1 (0.8793), and Acc (0.8367). Though the model of C4.5 is superior to the proposed model in terms of FPR, the mean value of FPR of the proposed model is only 0.0792, ranking the second among these models, which is acceptable for detecting driving anger states in practice. Additionally, in order to verify the efficiency of the proposed model, the run speed of these models was compared in MATLAB environment for the same test data. Here, we let the runtime of BPNN model as unit one, and the runtime ratio of the other five models was computed, with the results being shown in the last row of In summary, the average of the aforementioned criteria and the total accuracy for identifying all driving anger states using the proposed model (Dl_BRB) and the other five widely implemented models were statistically analyzed, with the results being shown in There are two contributions made in this study to the traffic psychology and driving behavior fields especially angry driving. The first one is that a novel driving anger elicitation approach was proposed to collect the relevant human (driver), vehicle, and environment characteristics in driving anger state. The second one is to propose an effective model based on those heterogeneous characteristics to identify different driving anger states with different intensity. Then, in practice, some soft interferences like releasing soft or relaxed music or comfortable human-machine interaction through conversation can be executed when low or moderate anger state is detected, while some hard interferences like controlling steering wheel or brake or acceleration pedal is taken over by human-machine codriving system when high anger state is detected in intelligent connected vehicle in the near future.First, in order to induce real anger emotion during driving, a particularly busy route was selected as the test route for the naturalistic experiments. On the test route, every participant inevitably came across sorts of incentive situations like jaywalking, motorcycle occupying road, weaving or cutting in line, traffic jam or congestion, and traffic light waiting, especially in morning or evening rush hours. The study results indicate that the hit rate of anger under the incentive situations reaches 74.25%, significantly higher than that under no incentive situations, and the highest hit rate (82.03%) of anger happened under the stimulus of jaywalking/motorcycle occupying road. Hence, some targeted and detailed countermeasures can be taken in practice. For example, once those kinds of uncivil  traffic behaviors are captured by cameras of electrical police, the personal information of pedestrian or the motorcycle rider like their portrait or the ID card number will be exposed on the big screen located on the intersection or roadside based on image identification and big data technology. Moreover, they might be fined if there is a real traffic police on the scene, as well as an increased insurance next year if they have driving license. In addition, every traffic participant should be encouraged to report those uncivil  traffic behaviors through some official APPs designed by traffic management authorities. Therefore, the novel anger elicitation approach proposed in this study is effective based on the induction of those incentive situations in real environments and the stimuli of extra paid for finishing the whole test ahead of the reference time. Interestingly, there was inconsistency with previous findings, in which the most driving anger provoking event was discourtesy behavior from surrounding traffic participants in western countries like USA  and FranAcc) of the proposed model for detecting all driving anger states including neutral, low anger, moderate anger, and high anger reaches 83.67%, which is 1.15%, 1.52%, 3.53%, 5.75%, and 7.42% higher than C4.5, BPNN, NBC, SVM, and kNN, respectively. Besides, the proposed model is superior to those models in terms of other evaluation criteria such as TPR, PPA, and F1, indicating that the proposed model is effective to detect driving anger states in practice. However, the evaluation criterion of false positive rate (FPR) of the proposed model does not have superiority when compared with C4.5, a widely used decision tree algorithm. The reason for this is that maybe the inputs of the proposed model do not include any physiological characteristics, which can precisely reflect the driver's mental fluctuation [Secondly, according to previous research conducted by the authors in this study, the human characteristics like gender, age, and temperament, the environmental characteristics like traffic behaviors around and traffic flow state, and the vehicular characteristics like yaw angular acceleration, longitudinal acceleration, and lane departure have close relationship with driving anger , 29. Thectuation , 35. CorNevertheless, there still exist several obvious limitations in this study. Firstly, considering easy recruiting and significant anger induction effect, much more male drivers were recruited as the participants for the naturalistic experiments conducted in this study. Then, much more female drivers should be recruited to improve the universality of the proposed model afterwards. Additionally, female drivers frequently get angrier than males when confronting traffic block. Nonetheless, they are inclined to make more adaptive adjustments instead of aggression behaviors when they get angry . Thus, m


Waterlogging has negative effects on crop yield. Physiological and transcriptome data of two peanut cultivars [Zhongkaihua 1 (ZKH 1) and Huayu 39 (HY 39)] were studied under normal water supply and waterlogging stress for 5 or 10 days at the flowering stage. The results showed that the main stem height, the number of lateral branches, lateral branch length, and the stem diameter increased under waterlogging stress, followed by an increase in dry matter accumulation, which was correlated with the increase in the soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the upregulation of genes related to porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. However, the imbalance of the source–sink relationship under waterlogging was the main cause of yield loss, and waterlogging caused an increase in the sucrose and soluble sugar contents and a decrease in the starch content; it also decreased the activities of sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), which may be due to the changes in the expression of genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism. However, the imbalance of the source–sink relationship led to the accumulation of photosynthate in the stems and leaves, which resulted in the decrease of the ratio of pod dry weight to total dry weight (PDW/TDW) and yield. Compared with ZKH 1, the PDW of HY 39 decreased more probably because more photosynthate accumulated in the stem and leaves of HY 39 and could not be effectively transported to the pod. Arachis hypogaea L.), which has been cultivated worldwide, is an important source of oil and protein for humans. This is a tetraploid cultivar, which derived from an ancient hybridization of two diploid peanut ancestors. Waterlogging is an abiotic stress factor that has a strong negative impact on the pod yield and kernel quality of peanut  under waterlogging stress involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis pathways, and starch and sucrose metabolism.To date, most of the research on the effects of waterlogging on the decrease of crop yield is focused on physiology and yield, but there are few studies on the molecular regulation of the photosynthetic characteristics and product distribution that cause yield decline. In this study, the peanut varieties Zhongkaihua 1 (ZKH 1) and Huayu 39 (HY 39) were used. At the flowering stage, the plants of the two peanut varieties were waterlogged for 5 and 10 days, respectively. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of peanut; (2) explore the relationship between starch and sucrose metabolism in leaves, assimilate distribution, and pod yield under waterlogging stress; and (3) identify the differentially expressed genes (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars ZKH 1 and HY 39 were used in the experiment; these two varieties belong to Vulgaris with small peanut kernels. ZKH 1, derived from a crossbreeding between Zhanyou 41 and Yueyou 193, has been widely cultivated in Guangdong Province, China; HY 39, derived from a crossbreeding between Baisha 1016 and Florunner, has been widely grown in Shandong Province, China. The seeds of ZKH 1 and HY 39 are obtained from Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangdong Province, China, and Peanut Research Institute, Shandong Province, China. In a previous study, we found that HY 39 was more sensitive to waterlogging than ZKH 1 . An LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system  with a 6-cm2 leaf area chamber was used to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) in the functional leaves of the main stem. Three representative plants from each treatment were measured at approximately 9:00–11:00 a.m. All measurements were conducted at a photo flux density of 1,400 μmol m-2 s-1 and the ambient CO at 28°C .At the end of the waterlogging treatment, fresh functional leaf samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and placed in a refrigerator at −80°C to determine the activities of sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS). The activities of SPS and SS were determined by the sucrose synthase assay kit (A097) and the sucrose phosphate synthase kit (A098) produced by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute. Of the leaf sample, 0.1 g was homogenized by using liquid nitrogen in a pre-chilled mortar and pestle. After homogenization, the sample was extracted with nine times the volume of the extraction buffer and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min. According to the manual provided by the manufacturer, the absorption values of SS and SPS were recorded at 290 nm. One unit of SPS and SS is defined as: 1 μmol sucrose production in 1 min by the catalysis in 1 mg tissue at 37°C.Dry samples (heated under 105°C for 30 min and dried to a constant weight at 80°C) of different tissues of the plants after waterlogging and at the harvest stage were ground to determine the carbohydrates . Dry samples (0.05 g dry weight) of different tissues were extracted three times with 4 ml of 80% ethanol at 80°C for 30 min. Soluble sugar and sucrose contents were determined in the ethanol supernatant, and starch content was determined from the pellet of the hydroalcoholic extracts .1. The BioProject and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) accession numbers are PRJNA629848 and SRP259445, respectively.To explore the molecular mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in peanut, at the end of waterlogging, the functional leaves were taken for RNA sequencing. Each treatment was replicated three times, with a total of 18 samples. In short, total RNAs were extracted and messenger RNA (mRNA) was enriched to construct a library for sequencing on an Illumina platform HiSeq X Ten in the paired-end 150 bp following prior procedures . Three rA. hypogaea L.). The mapped reads of each sample were assembled using StringTie v1.3.1 in a reference-based approach 2 and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)3 function enrichment analysis. GO has three ontologies: molecular function, cellular component, and biological process. GO terms, which take the corrected p < 0.05 as a threshold, are significantly enriched in DEGs. KEGG pathways with p < 0.05 are significantly enriched in DEGs  were measured and yield traits  after air drying were recorded. For dry matter accumulation, the leaves, stems, roots, and pods were separated from peanut plants and heated under 105°C for 30 min, dried to a constant weight at 80°C, and weighed, respectively.P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.All statistical analyses of the physiological and morphological characteristics were performed with the software package SPSS 22.0 . All data are the means ± SD of three replicates. Comparisons among multiple groups were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test. As shown in In order to identify common and unique DEGs between the two peanut varieties under 5- and 10-day waterlogging stress, we plotted a Venn diagram . A totalq < 0.05) to classify these DEGs into biological, molecular, and cellular components. These DEGs were enriched in 37 GO terms, among which 16 were related to biological process, 11 were relevant to molecular function, and 10 were associated with cellular component (p < 0.05). These pathways were pentose and glucuronate interconversions, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fructose and mannose metabolism, selenocompound metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism  value of peanut leaves is shown in 4. We found that genes related to photosynthetic pigment synthesis were upregulated , lysosomal beta glucosidase-like isoform X1 [Glycine max] (gluA), hexokinase-like 1 (At1g50460), pfkB-like carbohydrate kinase family protein (At4g10260), glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase 3-like[Glycine max] (At1g11820)} of which were upregulated and two [(sucrose synthase 4 (SS) and beta glucosidase 11 (BGLU11)] were downregulated . The BioProject and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) accession are PRJNA629848 and SRP259445, respectively.Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: The RNA-Seq reads are available at the database Short Read Archive at NCBI (RZ, TC, JZ, and LZ conceptualized the study, wrote the original draft preparation, supervised, and administered the project. TC, XW, JC, XL, XX, QX, YD, LH, LW, and LZ contributed to the methodology. XW, JC, XL, XX, QX, YD, LH, JZ, and LZ helped with software. JZ and LZ did the validation, did the writing, review, editing, and helped with funding acquisition. TC, JZ, and LZ did the formal analysis. RZ, JZ, and LZ contributed to the investigation and contributed to the visualization. RZ, TC, and XW helped with resources and curated the data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.