We aimed to verify the association and correlation between pain and QoL in people with VU treated in a Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC) lesions treatment center. This is an observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out in a service specialized in the treatment of chronic injuries, linked to 29 PHC units. Sociodemographic and health characterization instruments were used. The Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) and Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAPS) also were used. The Kruskal-Wallis test verified the association between the scalar variables of QoL and pain intensity. With Spearman’s correlation test, we verified the level of correlation between the scales applied. A total of 103 patients participated in the study. Higher QoL scores associated with moderate pain were found, especially in the Physical role functioning, Physical functioning, and Vitality domains. Correlation analysis showed its greatest (moderate) strength in the interaction between the highest scores in the Physical role functioning and Emotional role functioning domains with the lowest pain levels. Venous Ulcer (VU) is a lesion formed due to an underlying disease that affects the blood circulation of the veins and is one of the most frequent circulatory system diseases  and thatThe influence of socioeconomic profile on the incidence and severity of VU is also verified, especially in aspects such as female gender, advanced age and low education and income . CVI-relEspecially when healthy habits are not present, VU is able to impact even more strongly on the QoL of the patients and family members , being aThe pain, in turn, is often intense and can potentiate depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disorders and, consequently, impair QoL . This imIt is understood that identifying the cause of pain, its mechanism of relief and its worsening may indicate strategies for its management more efficiently. Authors list pain as an important component of QoL, since the fact of feeling it represents for the individual a loss in their general well-being and their perception of good health . Since iAs a way of contributing to fill this gap, this study aimed to verify the association and correlation between pain and QoL in a Brazilian PHC lesions treatment center. Our primary hypothesis was that there was a negative correlation between aspects of QoL and pain in people with VU.The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, with opinion 156068, respecting the rights of human beings involved in research, according to the legislation in force in Brazil and according to what is provided for in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, revised in 2013, on good practices in clinical research. Before the application of any instrument, the objective of the study was explained and a signature was requested in the Informed Consent Form (ICF). The signature was made by the participant in writing.This is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which took place from August to October 2019, with patients treated in the PHC of the municipality of Parnamirim, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The city has 29 PHC units distributed among the 23 neighborhoods of the city, which has a population of 272,490 inhabitants  and is lThe population was active patients with VU, that is, wounds open for at least three months without natural progression to the healing process, assisted in the research setting. A non-probabilistic sample was obtained for convenience.https://calculareconverter.com.br/calculo-amostral/). The population size, 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error were considered and 112 individuals were obtained. All units could be consulted and the final sample had representatives from all of them.Before data collection, each health unit was previously visited to obtain the total number of people with VU treated, which totaled 157 patients. Based on this quantity, the sample calculation was performed through an online formula of quantitative variables for finite populations  people completed the study.The data collection script used in data collection were the sociodemographic and health characterization questionnaire, structured with closed and categorical questions, most of them divided into subcategories and formulated by the team of researchers themselves. It included six sociodemographic variables: gender, marital status, and profession/occupation (present or absent); level of education; age group and income. In addition to six health variables exploring the presence or absence of diseases: diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, CVI and smoking and daily sleep.Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), an instrument used to measure QoL, with 36 questions on a Likert scale, directed to represent eight domains  and two dimensions: Physical Health and Mental Health Reviewers' comments:Reviewer's Responses to Questions  Comments to the Author1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?  The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: Partly**********  2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?   Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: No**********  3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.  The Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: Yes**********  4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?  PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.Reviewer #1: NoReviewer #2: Yes**********  5. Review Comments to the Author  Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. Reviewer #1: Comments to the Autor:This is an interesting paper and will be of interest to those working in the área of chronic wounds and quality of life (QoL).There a few points of clarification that would help the reader:Materials and Methods- Ethical aspects :Please, explain in “Before the application of any instrument, the objective of the study was explained and a signature was requested in the Informed Consent Form” Did the patients signe the Informed Consent form?- Instruments and variables:Please, explain why did you use SF-36 and not a venous ulcer quality of life questionaire?Did the patients take any analgesic?- Data collection and availabilityPlease, explain how much time does it normally take from the contact with the patient to the interview?ResultsPlease, In Tables 2 and 3, check the numbers are located in their rows.Reviewer #2: A temática é atual, pertinente e interessante, pois, atualmente, observa-se um crescimento no diagnóstico das úlceras venosas (UV) e das condições que podem causá-las. O assunto já é bem explorado em estudos internacionais e já existem alguns estudos nacionais abordando a temática. Sugere-se que os autores destaquem os achados inéditos ou pouco explorados.A leitura do manuscrito é interessante, entretanto, destaco os seguintes pontos:Sugiro revisão no título do manuscrito, pois trata-se de um estudo pontual, realizado em um único centro, questiona-se se refletiria a realidade de toda a atenção primária brasileira, como consta no título.O resumo apresenta os principais achados do manuscrito, entretanto, faço a mesma observação em relação ao título, questiona-se se um único estudo pontual poderia refletir a realidade brasileira?A introdução é objetiva, interessante e chama a atenção para o problema, trazendo dados sobre a epidemiologia as UV. A justificativa para a realização do estudo está presente. O objetivo do estudo é descrito, porém, sugiro revisão em relação ao alcance do estudo .O método escolhido é adequado para se responder ao objetivo do estudo. A seção “Métodos” foi escrita de forma bem detalhada. Sugiro a utilização da instrução STROBE, como um guia para a elaboração do artigo.Há informações repetidas sobre a população do estudo. Menciona-se a utilização de um “instrumento” para a coleta de dados sociodemográficos, porém, questiona-se se houve um processo formal de validação desse instrumento. Caso não seja validado, sugiro que seja utilizado o termo roteiro de coleta de dados.Sugiro a inserção da referência adotada para a classificação das forças de correlação.Questiona-se se o uso de medicamentos psicoativos foi investigado, pois seu uso poderia comprometer a investigação de constructos subjetivos, como a QV. A mesma questão pode estar relacionada ao diagnóstico de depressão.Na seção “Resultados”, os autores repetem no corpo do texto, por várias vezes, os resultados apresentados nas tabelas, o que poderia tornar a leitura pouco fluida. Os resultados devem ser apresentados na tabela ou no texto, não em ambos.Na tabela 1, os autores mencionam o status mental, bem como o uso de medicações, porém não fica claro seu significado ou quais medicações utilizadas foram investigadas. Sugiro que essas informações sejam detalhadas no texto subsequente à tabela.A formatação das tabelas necessita de revisão.Questiona-se se não seria mais adequada a apresentação das medianas nas tabelas ao invés das médias, pois foram utilizados testes não paramétricos. Além disso, os testes utilizados não permitem, por exemplo, verificar as diferenças inter/intragrupos entre os domínios do SF-36 e os participantes com dor ausente, moderada e forte. A utilização de uma análise estatística mais robusta poderia contribuir com o avanço do conhecimento e visibilidade do artigo.Na seção “Discussão”, os autores trazem vários artigos, atuais e pertinentes, para fundamentar sua discussão, explorando as associações encontradas no estudo com a literatura disponível sobre o assunto, o que tornou a discussão ampla e interessante. Entretanto, questiona-se se realmente algumas das afirmações realizadas pelos autores são suportadas pelos resultados obtidos. Sugiro revisão.As limitações são apresentadas ao final do estudo.A conclusão responde ao objetivo do estudo.Os autores apresentam 37 referências, sendo 25 dos últimos cinco anos.**********  6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.  Reviewer #1: NoReviewer #2: No**********https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool,  22 Jun 2023Reviewer #1: Comments to the Autor:This is an interesting paper and will be of interest to those working in the área of chronic wounds and quality of life (QoL). There a few points of clarification that would help the reader:Materials and Methods- Ethical aspects:Please, explain in “Before the application of any instrument, the objective of the study was explained and a signature was requested in the Informed Consent Form” Did the patients signe the Informed Consent form?Answer: The term was signed in writing by all participants. To make this clearer, we have added this information to the end of the description of the ethical aspects.- Instruments and variables:Please, explain why did you use SF-36 and not a venous ulcer quality of life questionaire?Answer: We prefer to choose the SF-36 instead of other instruments because we consider it more complete due to the number of aspects evaluated. We add this information to the methodology in the body of the text.Did the patients take any analgesic?Answer: Before the survey, participants were asked if they had used any type of analgesic on the day of the interview. If they answered in the affirmative, the collection would be scheduled for another time. However, none of the individuals reported that they used it. We add this information in the body of the text in the topic "Data collection and availability". Thank you.- Data collection and availabilityPlease, explain how much time does it normally take from the contact with the patient to the interview?Answer: Medical follow-up appointments and dressing changes occurred weekly with each of the participants, according to the service's agenda. The researchers attended the days of the consultations without previously notifying the participants and invited them to participate in the research. This information was added to the text of the manuscript to make it clearer.ResultsPlease, In Tables 2 and 3, check the numbers are located in their rows.Answer: Some numbers were misaligned with the tables. We made the necessary adjustments. Thank you.Reviewer #2:A temática é atual, pertinente e interessante, pois, atualmente, observa-se um crescimento no diagnóstico das úlceras venosas (UV) e das condições que podem causá-las. O assunto já é bem explorado em estudos internacionais e já existem alguns estudos nacionais abordando a temática. Sugere-se que os autores destaquem os achados inéditos ou pouco explorados. A leitura do manuscrito é interessante, entretanto, destaco os seguintes pontos:- Sugiro revisão no título do manuscrito, pois trata-se de um estudo pontual, realizado em um único centro, questiona-se se refletiria a realidade de toda a atenção primária brasileira, como consta no título. Answer: Realizamos a alteração sugerida delimitando o cenário para um centro de tratamento de lesões.- O resumo apresenta os principais achados do manuscrito, entretanto, faço a mesma observação em relação ao título, questiona-se se um único estudo pontual poderia refletir a realidade brasileira? Answer: Fizemos uma alteração na redação direcionando o objetivo para a realização do estudo no centro de tratamento de lesões.- A introdução é objetiva, interessante e chama a atenção para o problema, trazendo dados sobre a epidemiologia as UV. A justificativa para a realização do estudo está presente. O objetivo do estudo é descrito, porém, sugiro revisão em relação ao alcance do estudo . Answer: Fizemos os ajustes a exemplo das observações anteriores.-O método escolhido é adequado para se responder ao objetivo do estudo. A seção "Métodos" foi escrita de forma bem detalhada. Sugiro a utilização da instrução STROBE, como um guia para a elaboração do artigo. Answer: O recurso do checklist STROBE foi utilizado anteriormente e enviado preenchido junto à submissão inicial. No entanto, fizemos uma nova revisão diante de vosso comentário.-Há informações repetidas sobre a população do estudo. Answer: Identificamos algumas informações que realmente estavam repetidas. Fizemos os ajustes necessários.- Menciona-se a utilização de um "instrumento" para a coleta de dados sociodemográficos, porém, questiona-se se houve um processo formal de validação desse instrumento. Caso não seja validado, sugiro que seja utilizado o termo roteiro de coleta de dados. Answer: Como se trata de um texto escrito em inglês, substituímos pelo termo “data collection script”. - Sugiro a inserção da referência adotada para a classificação das forças de correlação.Answer: A mesma referência que utilizamos para os demais parâmetros estatísticos foi a que escolhemos para a as forças de correlação. Para ficar mais claro, acrescentamos a mesma citação logo após a descrição dos parâmetros da força de correlação.- Questiona-se se o uso de medicamentos psicoativos foi investigado, pois seu uso poderia comprometer a investigação de constructos subjetivos, como a QV. A mesma questão pode estar relacionada ao diagnóstico de depressão. Answer: De fato, o uso de psicoativos não foi investigado. Concordamos com a possibilidade de comprometer as interpretações. Fizemos um acréscimo sobre essa reflexão nas limitações do trabalho. No entanto, os participantes foram perguntados sobre o uso de medicamentos analgésicos, uma vez que o estudo se dedica a investigar os aspectos da dor. - Na seção "Resultados", os autores repetem no corpo do texto, por várias vezes, os resultados apresentados nas tabelas, o que poderia tornar a leitura pouco fluida. Os resultados devem ser apresentados na tabela ou no texto, não em ambos.Answer: Retiramos todos os valores numéricos do texto que estão presentes na tabela.- Na tabela 1, os autores mencionam o status mental, bem como o uso de medicações, porém não fica claro seu significado ou quais medicações utilizadas foram investigadas. Sugiro que essas informações sejam detalhadas no texto subsequente à tabela.Answer: Essa variável se refere a medicações de uso diário em geral. O participante foi perguntado simplesmente se usa algum medicamento diariamente, para tratamento de alguma doença crônica, com hipertensão ou Diabetes. Acrescentamos uma legenda depois da tabela 1.- A formatação das tabelas necessita de revisão. Questiona-se se não seria mais adequada a apresentação das medianas nas tabelas ao invés das médias, pois foram utilizados testes não paramétricos. Além disso, os testes utilizados não permitem, por exemplo, verificar as diferenças inter/intragrupos entre os domínios do SF-36 e os participantes com dor ausente, moderada e forte. A utilização de uma análise estatística mais robusta poderia contribuir com o avanço do conhecimento e visibilidade do artigo.Answer: Fizemos os ajustes sugeridos para a formatação da Tabela 3. Nesse caso, não só mostramos a mediana representada pelo percentil 50, mas também a distribuição entre os três percentis, a fim de se padronizar o desenho com o das tabelas anteriores. Realizamos também uma análise adicional a fim de contemplar o apontamento da comparação inter/intragrupos. Foram acrescentadas as Tabelas 5, 6 e 7 que foram montadas individualmente (cada uma com um nível de intensidade da dor) e ranqueadas de acordo com a força de correlação e nível de significância entre as variáveis da qualidade de vida. A fim de melhorar a compreensão dos resultados, suprimimos algumas variáveis. No entanto, adicionamos como arquivo de suporte a Tabela S1 com todos os dados, sem supressão. Acreditamos que com essa análise, além de deixar nossos resultados mais robustos e esclarecedores, contemplamos integralmente vosso apontamento.- Na seção "Discussão", os autores trazem vários artigos, atuais e pertinentes, para fundamentar sua discussão, explorando as associações encontradas no estudo com a literatura disponível sobre o assunto, o que tornou a discussão ampla e interessante. Entretanto, questiona-se se realmente algumas das afirmações realizadas pelos autores são suportadas pelos resultados obtidos. Sugiro revisão. Answer: Fizemos uma nova revisão e ajustamos a escrita de alguns fragmentos que poderiam ser interpretados equivocadamente como uma inferência de causa e efeito. Se ainda assim, perceber que o problema continua, peço gentilmente que aponte mais especificamente onde estão as afirmações que se encontram possivelmente sem a devida sustentação.- As limitações são apresentadas ao final do estudo. A conclusão responde ao objetivo do estudo. Os autores apresentam 37 referências, sendo 25 dos últimos cinco anos.Answer: Fizemos algumas alterações mediante solicitação dos revisores, assim como do editor.AttachmentResponse to Reviewers.docxSubmitted filename: Click here for additional data file. 3 Aug 2023Influence of pain on the quality of life in patients with venous ulcers: Cross-sectional association and correlation study in a brazilian primary health care lesions treatment centerPONE-D-23-10552R1Dear Dr. Dantas,We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at onepress@plos.org.If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact Kind regards,André Ricardo Ribas FreitasAcademic EditorPLOS ONEAdditional Editor Comments :Reviewers made minor suggestions that may be changed during the editing process.AndreReviewers' comments:Reviewer's Responses to Questions  Comments to the Author  1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressedReviewer #2: All comments have been addressed**********  2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?  The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: Yes**********  3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?   Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: Yes**********  4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.  The Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: Yes**********  5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?  PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: Yes**********  6. Review Comments to the Author  Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. Reviewer #1: Tittle:Please, check the number of words in the title.I consider that the title is too long.I think the number of words could be reduced.Reviewer #2: Os autores abordaram corretamente os aspectos apresentados na revisão anterior. O artigo é atual, pertinente e interessante, contribuirá para o avanço do conhecimento.Sugiro substituir no resumo o termo instrumento sociodemográfico e de saúde pelo mesmo termo mencionado na seção método.As tabelas 5, 6 e 7 parecem necessitar de revisão quanto ao alinhamento. Sugiro que um padrão seja adotado, para facilitar a compreensão (os dados de uma célula em uma ou duas linhas em toda a tabela).**********  7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.  Reviewer #1: NoReviewer #2: No********** 7 Aug 2023PONE-D-23-10552R1 Influence of pain on the quality of life in patients with venous ulcers: Cross-sectional association and correlation study in a brazilian primary health care lesions treatment center Dear Dr. Dantas:I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department. onepress@plos.org.If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact plosone@plos.org. If we can help with anything else, please email us at Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access. Kind regards, PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staffon behalf ofDr. André Ricardo Ribas Freitas Academic EditorPLOS ONE


The covid-19 pandemic has required a rapid and incisive response from researchers in the most diverse fields of knowledge worldwide. Science has been challenged to change its rhythm and its time and to demonstrate the ability to subsidize policies to confront this unique health emergency.1. The Brazilian graduate system, despite its constant crises and underfunding, had an important contribution in this confrontation, quickly producing knowledge in the most diverse areas7.Scientists’ voices have become prominent in public spaces worldwide. In the Brazilian scenario, scientists were even more important in opposing the denialist discourse and the necropolitics of the then federal governmentThe Graduate Program in Public Health (PPG-SP) of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo (USP) could not fail to contribute to this process. In its 53 years of existence, the PPG-SP has maintained its social commitment and sought to produce socially engaged and technical-scientifically qualified knowledge aimed to intervene in the national and international panorama of debates aimed at equating the national and global public health problems. With the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, the faculty and students quickly sought to contribute to the necessary confrontation, by producing knowledge and disseminating research-based information to the population.This supplement presents a portion of the scientific production of professors, students, and graduates of the PPG-SP. In this issue, the reader will find a wide range of approaches, with different objects, points of view, and methodological approaches, which reflect the diversity and richness of the field of Collective Health in Brazil.Shedding light on the persistent patterns of socio-spatial inequity in the municipality of São Paulo, Chiaravalloti-Neto et al. analyzed a cohort of almost 75,000 hospitalizations for covid-19 in São Paulo during the first year of the pandemic, demonstrating the importance of the place of residence in the risk of mortality from covid-19. These authors stress the need for broad public policies for the poorest areas, which allow to reduce these inequities.8. Unveiling these impacts is essential to develop health policies that reverse this situation as soon as possible. To that end, Cunha et al. analyzed the impact of the different phases of the covid-19 pandemic on hospitalizations for oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil within the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS). Although the authors identified significant reductions in hospitalization after the pandemic emergence, these rates had not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2021, indicating more bottlenecks for the system and worse prognoses for SUS users. Suda et al. analyzed the impact of the pandemic on the functioning of the Specialized Rehabilitation Centers (CER) in the SUS, both in the analysis of the variation in outpatient production and of the CER managers’ perceptions about the impacts of the pandemic on the units. The authors identified a severe impact of the covid-19 pandemic on CER: the impoundment of previous demands was compounded by the need to meet the numerous users with sequelae from covid-19, constituting a challenging picture.Worldwide, health services and systems have been profoundly impacted. In addition to ensuring care for citizens with covid-19, the negative impact of covid-19 on the care of users with chronic conditions has been increasingly debatedAndrade et al. and Kamioka et al., in turn, estimated the SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies seroprevalence in two populations with distinct characteristics: incarcerated women and schoolchildren aged four to 14 years living in the municipality of São Paulo. Notably, this last work expresses a very fruitful partnership with the Municipal Health Department of São Paulo.The pandemic has also imposed changes in work processes, some of which have already been incorporated into everyday life. This supplement covers some of these changes. Freire et al. conducted a scope review on the use of telemedicine for patients with chronic diseases in long-term care actions (not covid-19) during pandemic, identifying that using telemedicine was positively related to the reduction of complications and the lack of need for physical displacement for care with expansion of assistance to rural areas. Important barriers were shown, some of them are: digital exclusion, sociocultural language barriers, and lack of accessibility of technological instruments for people with disabilities.Also, when the use of telemedicine/telehealth is brought to the fore, an issue that emerges is telework and the need for its regulation. Castro et al. identified the legal norms published in 2020 and 2021 to directly or indirectly regulate telework in health in Brazil. They identified and analyzed more than 100 current legal norms on the regulation of telework in health. Despite the significant number, the regulation lacked provisions to guarantee both the defense of the worker’s and the patients’ rights or even the favorable conditions for carrying out the telework.The impacts on sociability resulting from the necessary social isolation measures were experienced and faced in a very different way by the various portions of the Brazilian population. Cabral et al. examined the perceptions of adolescent students of a public school, living in a peripheral region of the municipality of São Paulo, with special focus on their experiences regarding education and sociability. The experience of remote learning was frustrating for the adolescents, without the daily and personalized monitoring of teachers. To the difficult or impossible access to the equipment and the absence of support from the schools is added the domestic environment that hindered the schooling process, especially for the girls, forced to assume more household chores. This article evinces how the measures to control the pandemic implemented in a fragmented manner and without support for poorer families negatively affected other spheres of life, specifically for poor young people.Another health problem that has become even more prominent during the pandemic is the mental health of the population. In this supplement, the reader can approach this problem in the text by Rego et al. The authors hypothesized that people with mental health problems would be more likely to develop insomnia during the pandemic. In addition to confirming their hypothesis, the study indicated that insomnia can and should be understood as an important outcome for studies on the effects of unemployment and vulnerability on the population. Finally, Salles et al. discuss the incidence of symptoms suggestive of covid-19 among informal jewelry workers, who were already doing their work in their homes.We are sure that this supplement will provide readers with important reflections on the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Finally, we cannot fail to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes) which, through Proex, made possible the publication of this supplement.Enjoy your reading. A pandemia da covid-19 cobrou uma resposta rápida e incisiva dos pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas de conhecimento em todo o mundo. A ciência foi desafiada a mudar seu ritmo e seus tempos e a demonstrar capacidade de subsidiar as políticas de enfrentamento a esta emergência sanitária ímpar.1. O sistema de pós-graduação brasileiro, apesar de suas constantes crises e subfinanciamento, teve contribuição importante neste enfrentamento, produzindo rapidamente conhecimento nas mais diversas áreas7.As vozes dos cientistas ganharam proeminência no espaço público em todo o mundo. No caso brasileiro, foram ainda mais importantes ao se contrapor ao discurso negacionista e à necropolítica do então governo federalO Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública (PPG-SP) da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP não poderia deixar de contribuir neste processo. Nos seus 53 anos de existência, o PPG-SP tem mantido seu compromisso social e buscado a produção de um saber socialmente engajado e técnico-cientificamente qualificado com o objetivo de intervir no panorama nacional e internacional dos debates que visam a equacionar os problemas da saúde pública nacional e mundial. Com o surgimento da pandemia da covid-19, rapidamente, o corpo docente e discente procurou contribuir para o necessário enfrentamento, tanto na produção de conhecimento, quanto na divulgação de informações cientificamente comprovadas para a população.Este suplemento é dedicado a apresentar uma parcela da produção científica de docentes, discentes e egressos do PPG-SP. Neste número, o leitor encontrará uma ampla gama de abordagens, com distintos objetos, olhares e enfoques metodológicos, que refletem a diversidade e a riqueza do campo da saúde coletiva no Brasil.Jogando luz nos persistentes padrões de inequidade socioespacial da capital paulista, Chiaravalloti-Neto et al. Analisaram uma coorte de quase 75.000 internações por covid-19 no município de São Paulo, durante o primeiro ano da pandemia, demonstrando a importância do local de moradia no risco de mortalidade por essa doença. Os autores reforçam a necessidade de amplas políticas públicas para as áreas mais pobres, que permitam reduzir essas inequidades.8. Desvelar esses impactos é central para a elaboração de políticas de saúde que revertam esse quadro com a maior brevidade possível. Nessa direção, Cunha et al. analisaram o impacto das diferentes fases da pandemia de covid-19 sobre as hospitalizações por câncer bucal e de orofaringe no Brasil, realizadas no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Apesar de os autores identificarem reduções importantes nas taxas de internações realizadas após o início da pandemia, estas ainda não haviam recuperado patamares anteriores à pandemia em 2021, indicando mais gargalos para o sistema e piores prognósticos para os usuários do SUS. Suda et al. analisaram o impacto da pandemia no funcionamento dos Centros Especializados em Reabilitação (CER) no SUS, tanto na análise da variação da produção ambulatorial como também das percepções de gestores de CER acerca dos impactos da pandemia nas unidades. Os autores identificaram severo impacto da pandemia de covid-19 nos CER: ao represamento de demandas prévias se somou a necessidade de atender os inúmeros usuários com sequelas de covid-19, configurando um quadro desafiador.Em todo o mundo, os serviços e sistemas de saúde foram profundamente impactados. Para além da garantia da atenção aos cidadãos com covid-19, cada vez mais tem sido debatido o impacto negativo da covid-19 no cuidado aos usuários com condições crônicasAndrade et al. e Kamioka et al., por sua vez, estimaram a seroprevalência de anticorpos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em duas populações com características distintas: mulheres vivendo em restrição de liberdade e escolares de quatro a 14 anos de idade residentes no município de São Paulo, respectivamente. Vale ressaltar que este último trabalho expressa uma parceria bastante profícua com a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo.A pandemia também impôs mudanças nos processos de trabalho, algumas das quais já se incorporaram no cotidiano. Neste suplemento, são abordadas algumas dessas mudanças. Freire et al. realizaram uma revisão de escopo sobre o uso da telemedicina para pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas em ações de cuidados continuados (não covid-19) no contexto da pandemia, identificando que a utilização da telemedicina esteve relacionada positivamente com a diminuição de complicações e a falta de necessidade de deslocamento físico para o atendimento com ampliação da assistência para áreas rurais. Barreiras importantes foram apresentadas, sendo as principais: a exclusão digital, barreiras socioculturais de idioma e falta de acessibilidade dos instrumentos tecnológicos para portadores de deficiência.Adicionalmente, ao se trazer à tona o uso da telemedicina/telessaúde, uma questão que emerge é o teletrabalho e a necessidade de sua regulação. Castro et al. identificaram as normas jurídicas publicadas nos 2020 e 2021 para regular direta ou indiretamente o teletrabalho em saúde no Brasil. Mais de uma centena de normas jurídicas vigentes sobre a regulação do teletrabalho em saúde foram identificadas e analisadas. Apesar do expressivo número, foram identificadas ausências de dispositivos que regulassem o teletrabalho em saúde de modo a garantir tanto a defesa dos diretos do trabalhador, quanto dos pacientes, ou ainda as condições favoráveis à realização do teletrabalho em saúde.Os impactos na sociabilidade decorrentes das necessárias medidas de isolamento social foram vivenciados e enfrentados de forma muita distintas pelas diversas parcelas da população brasileira. Cabral et al. examinaram as percepções de adolescentes estudantes de uma escola pública, moradores de uma região periférica da cidade de São Paulo, com especial enfoque sobre suas experiências quanto à educação e sociabilidade. A experiência do ensino remoto foi frustrante para os adolescentes, sem o acompanhamento cotidiano e personalizado de professores. Ao acesso difícil ou impossível aos dispositivos e à ausência de suporte das escolas é acrescido o ambiente doméstico que dificultou o processo de escolarização, em especial para as meninas, obrigadas a assumir mais tarefas de cuidado da casa e da família. Fica evidente neste artigo como as medidas de controle da pandemia implementadas de forma fragmentada e sem suporte às famílias mais pobres tiveram efeitos negativos em outras esferas da vida, em particular para jovens pobres.Outro problema de saúde que ganhou ainda mais importância na pandemia é a saúde mental da população. Neste suplemento, o leitor poderá no texto de Rego et al. se aproximar desta problemática. Os autores partiram da hipótese de que as pessoas com problemas de saúde mental estariam mais propensas a desenvolver insônia durante a pandemia. Além da confirmação da hipótese, o estudo indicou que a insônia pode e deve ser entendida como um desfecho importante para estudos sobre efeitos do desemprego e vulnerabilidade na população. Por fim, Salles et al. discutem a incidência de sintomas sugestivos de covid-19 entre trabalhadores informais de joias, que já realizavam seu trabalho em suas casas.Temos certeza que este suplemento proporcionará aos leitores reflexões importantes sobre a pandemia da covid-19 no nosso país. Por fim, não podemos deixar de agradecer à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) que, através do Proex, viabilizou a publicação deste suplemento.Boa leitura.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The CAPES funding source (CAPES–Finance Code 001) that will cover the publication fee costs was not included. The correct Funding statement appears below.This present study was partially funded by grant number E-26/201.436/2021 from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro—FAPERJ (MM) and partially funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


To develop and validate an experimental verbal episodic memory task in Spanish.Six encoding blocks were elaborated, three deep and three superficial, each one with different demands of cognitive effort. The blocks were reviewed by four expert judges and tested in a pilot application. The agreement was assessed on whether the task allowed combined processing level and cognitive effort to be manipulated during incidental encoding of words, as well as clarity of instructions, examples, and workflow.Variables such as lexical availability, metrics, and strength of association were useful to differentiate the cognitive effort between each block. The judges agreed that the processing blocks allowed a combined manipulation of the level of processing and cognitive effort and that the instructions are precise. After the pilot, the participants agreed that the instructions, examples, and way of working were easy to understand and perform.The results provide evidence of validity related to the content for the proposed experimental task, thus becoming a viable alternative to consider in research aimed at identifying environmental factors that contribute to compensating the defects shown by episodic memory with age. It is one of the first domains to show a decline since the onset of aging, linked to inefficient functioning of the encoding and retrieval processes,4.Episodic memory (EM) is responsible for consciously encoding, storing, and retrieving past personally experienced events. This process usually demands many processing resources such as the selective capacity of attention, processing speed, and executive control of working memory. Unfortunately, with age, these processes tend to show a decline in their functioning-9.Encoding is the memory process that participates in the acquisition and transformation of new information that is processed into a mental representation, older adults (OA) would exhibit a lower capacity to spontaneously initiate relevant cognitive processing when encoding new information in memory.According to the limited resources hypothesis. According to such an approach, information processing would start “from the top down” mobilized by people's current intentions, but partly also by external stimulation that drives a “from the bottom-up” processing. Putting these ideas together, we can hypothesize that some age-related impairments in self-initiated (top-down) processing could be reduced by increasing the externally driven bottom-up component in the form of Environmental Support (ES).According to the distributed cognition theory, cognitive performance would be the result of an interaction between internal (cognitive) and external  components-15. The ES is understood as an external performance support that acts by manipulating the demands of a cognitive task to favor more efficient processing of information.Evidence from behavioral studies has shown that providing ES during encoding produces positive effects on recallcognitive effort, and the level of processing.In this line, two environmental factors have been proposed that could favor compensation mechanisms for EM, . The level of processing refers to the degree of depth in which the information is processed, varying from a superficial level, which assists in more perceptual elements, to a deeper level, which assists in the meaning.The first refers to the proportion of processing that a person commits to a challenging task,19.The evidence collected in this regard suggests that a task that favors a deeper level of processing and that at the same time demands a greater cognitive effort, allows OAs to use their limited cognitive resources more effectively, a situation that would enable them to initiate a relevant and elaborate encoding process that they are not capable of achieving by themselves developed a task to experimentally control the conditions in which the encoding of information in memory occurred, varying the depth with which the participants processed a series of words and the proportion of cognitive effort committed to the encoding decision; all this aims at examining the effect of both factors on information recall. Although there are two versions of the task, one in English and the other in Dutch, up to now no task proposal has been designed in Spanish.Fu et al.,21. For this reason, this study was designed to develop and obtain evidence of validity for an experimental task of verbal EM in Spanish to provide a useful tool, aligned with the OA perspective, in the search for measures that allow compensating the deterioration of the EM product of cognitive aging.Given the relevance of psycholinguistic and cultural adaptations for Spanish speakers, increasingly numerous populations globally, it will be pertinent to have a task in the language and culture where it will subsequently be administeredThis research is part of a project duly approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil, with registration number 3.006.101., while for the general structure, we considered the factors and design used in the study by Fu et al.. Therefore, its administration supports a 2 x 3 intra-subject factorial design, in which the level of processing  is manipulated combined with three degrees of cognitive effort (low vs medium vs high) during the incidental encoding of words. The procedures followed for its construction are presented below.The proposed task in Spanish considered the ES perspective as a theoretical referenceThe experimental task was organized to detect differences in the ability to encode words in episodic memory, according to the type of information to be processed  and the degree of relative effort involved in its encoding . A block structure was used in its elaboration, proceeding as follows:Deep encoding involves the pairing between a target to encode and two response options, a semantically associated word, or a distractor.The stimuli are presented simultaneously on a screen, always maintaining the same spatial location , as shown in Three deep processing blocks were designed, each with a different demand for encoding effort. The blocks were built progressively. The details related to the selection of the words as well as the variation of the semantic cognitive effort are presented below..For the selection of the targets, the concrete “nouns” category was considered so that they were highly imaginable and easy to recognize. The following psycholinguistic properties were also considered, i) the Lexical Availability Index (LAI), and ii) the metrics of the words. The LAI allows quantifying the ease and speed to evoke the different lexical units in a given situationblock one included targets that i) were within the first 100 words with the highest LAI values according to the Dictionary of Lexical Availability in Chilean Students, and ii) had a metric equal to or less than three syllables. All words belonging to more than one grammatical category and/or that were considered hypernyms were discarded.Thus, Block two included two subgroups of equivalent targets, with 50% of stimuli meeting the block one criteria and the remaining percentage meeting the block three criteria.block three, it was decided to choose another group of targets that had to present the lowest LAI values and have a length greater than three syllables.Finally, in  to a sample of 30 people selected for convenience, of different gender ; age  and level of education . Each participant was given a paper sheet with the targets selected in the previous step. They were instructed to evoke the first word that came to mind before each target. There was a requirement established that the answer be a single word or concept.In the case of associated words, these were selected after administering a discrete word-free association taskWith the cohort of alternatives that the participants activated for each of the targets, frequency tables were made. It should be noted that their choice was made taking care that they contributed to establishing differences in the strength of association between each semantic block.block one, the associated word that appeared with the highest frequency in the distribution was selected. For those included in block two, the word with an intermediate frequency of occurrence was selected, while for the targets in block three, the word with the lowest frequency was selected.For the targets in To provide greater consistency to the differentiation of the strength of association, a sample of 10 participants of both genders was recruited for convenience, ≥ to 55 years old , with a level of education ≥ to 4 years of formal education , with no history of neurological or psychiatric-based pathology or disease, who were instructed to quantify how related the target was to their corresponding associated word, using a Likert scale ranging from one (no association) to seven (very associated).After selecting the targets with their respective associated words, a third word was included that worked as a distractor. This had to be part of the 100 words with the highest LAI not considered in the previous blocks and present a metric like the encoding target.Three variables were considered i) lexical availability; ii metrics of the encoding targets, and iii) strength of semantic association between the words. The basic premise is that the more available a word is, the less metric it has and the more associated it is with another, likely, the demand for cognitive effort to make the encoding decision will also be less, and vice versa.block one demands a low cognitive effort, while blocks two and three demand a medium and a high effort, respectively.Consequently, the graduation in the effort demand was established as Superficial encoding involves establishing a judgment based on the perception of the space occupied by a written word (target to encode) within a grid, considering two response options, a higher percentage value and a lower magnitude.The stimuli are presented simultaneously on a screen, always maintaining the same spatial location , as shown in Subsequently, another three blocks of work were designed, each with a different demand of effort for encoding. The details related to the selection of the targets and the variation of the perceptual cognitive effort are presented below.Criteria for the selection of superficial encoding targetsThe targets were selected after consulting the lexical availability dictionary. The criteria addressed were: i) to be a specific noun, ii) to have a metric between two and three syllables and iii) to have a high value of lexical availability. The same exclusion criteria previously presented operated in this case.The variation depended on the difference between the percentage values that constituted the response options. The basic premise is that the greater the magnitude of the difference, the less cognitive effort required to make the encoding decision is likely to turn out to be less, and vice versa.. They were equally distributed among the three superficial blocks, each one made up of four pseudowords. After explaining what they consist of, the participants were instructed to count how many of them they were able to identify.To ensure that people read all the targets when performing the perceptual judgment, we decided to add 12 pseudowords to the total list of trialsIn the administration of the encoding blocks, we should highlight that a maximum of five seconds is granted between each item to provide the answer. A time of 15 seconds is also granted before starting the next block. The time considered for the transition between the deep and superficial blocks is 30 seconds.After structuring the entire experimental task and obtaining evidence of its content validity, four specialist judges, all speech and language pathologists with training and experience of at least five years in cognitive assessment, were invited to analyze all the information regarding its structure.Based on this input and using a four-point Likert-type scale , they completed a questionnaire in which they expressed their agreement on the combined manipulation of both factors and the precision of the instructions. All the judges were duly informed about the purpose of their participation and voluntarily signed the Informed Consent Term.After accepting the recommendations of the judges, the test was checked in a pilot application on a sample of six cognitively normal OAs, female, between 62 and 80 years old  and an education level between 5 and 12 years , who voluntarily signed the Informed Consent Term. Each participant visited the Community Center for the Elderly People. In that place, they were in front of a screen and immediately completed all the processing blocks. After concluding the tests, through a question method (probing) and paraphrasing (paraphrasing), the participants expressed in their words the perceived meaning of the instructions in each block. Subsequently, they completed a brief questionnaire referring to whether the instructions of the tasks proposed in the superficial and deep encoding blocks were (1) clear and understandable, (2) difficult to understand, (3) incomprehensible; if the examples provided, (1) facilitated the understanding of the instruction, (2) were difficult to understand, (3) incomprehensible, and if the general workflow in the experimental blocks was (1) easy to understand and perform, ( 2) difficult to understand and perform, (3) incomprehensible. At the same time, the time (in minutes) spent processing each block was recorded.® package for Mac OS.The experiment was designed in Microsoft PowerPoint from Microsoft Office 365To characterize the lexical availability and the metrics of the targets included in the deep blocks, the means and standard deviations are reported. Next, to establish whether the LAIs and the length of the targets presented statistically significant differences, an analysis of variance was performed using the one-way ANOVA test and a post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment.To obtain evidence of validity related to the content, in the first instance, the degree of agreement between the judges was analyzed regarding whether they considered that the tasks included in the experimental blocks allowed for the combined manipulation of the factors of level of processing and cognitive effort; and also if the instructions were precise to understand the instruction of each activity, all this, using Kendall's W coefficient.Using the same coefficient, the agreement between the responses emitted by the participants after the pilot application was also analyzed in the comprehensibility of the instructions, the usefulness of the examples, and the global work dynamics of the experimental task.Finally, to establish whether there were significant differences in the time taken to complete each experimental block, an intra-group analysis of variance was performed using the ANOVA test of one factor for repeated measures.All the data analysis was carried out with the SPSS statistical package in its version 22 for Mac OS.The deep blocks included a total of 108 encoding targets, distributed in three blocks see .We present below, the results of the selection of targets that were part of each of the deep blocks after meeting the respective criteria and the result obtained in the variation of cognitive effort:block one. Seven of them were discarded because they belonged to more than one grammatical category, five because they were repeated, and five because they had more than three syllables, leaving a total of 36 targets for encoding with high values of LAI (M= 0.33) and short meter (M= 2.14 syllables).Based on the defined criteria, a total of 53 specific nouns were selected for Block two incorporated another 36 targets to code. The first subgroup included 18 concrete nouns with high LAI values (M= 0.16) and short lengths (M= 2.5 syllables). The remaining 18 presented a lower LAI (M= 0.01) and a higher metric (M= 4.06 syllables).block three present higher metrics (M= 3.86 syllables) and lower LAI values (M= 0.001).In contrast to the targets included in the preceding blocks, those included in lexical availability of the targets that were part of the three deep blocks.block one differs significantly from the LAI of the targets in blocks two and three . When comparing the availability between blocks two and three, there are also statistically significant differences (p= 0.038).The post hoc analysis, adjusted with Bonferroni, shows that the LAI of the targets included in block one differed significantly from the length of the targets included in blocks two and three (p≤ 0.001 in both cases). The same trend is observed when comparing the length of the targets of block two with those of block three (p= 0.004)  see .Variation in the demand for cognitive effort in the deep encoding blocksmetrics of the targets included in each deep block. Regarding the consistency in the differentiation of the association strength (see section 1.1.1), it was obtained that the average semantic association for blocks one, two, and three was 6.22 (0.234); 5.61 (0.338), and 4.97 (0.323), respectively. With a Fr (2) = 18.2; p≤ 0.001, it was possible to verify that there were statistically significant differences between each deep block in the association strength.As mentioned, there was a significant difference in the LAI and the block one, categorized as easy, incorporated targets with high LAI, short metrics, and words strongly associated with the encoding target; on the other hand, block two, considered intermediate, included targets with intermediate availability, metrics, and association strength, while block three, classified as difficult, brought together targets with low LAI, higher metrics, and weakly associated words . However, block five did not show significant differences with block six (p= 0.564).block four - classified as easy, in block five - considered as intermediate and in block six - classified as difficult, the magnitude of the difference between the percentages that represented the response options before the perceptual judgment was 70%, 50%, and 30%, respectively  the experimental task of verbal EM in Spanish admits the combined manipulation of the factors level of depth and cognitive effort during the incidental learning of words , and ii) the instructions are clear and precise to understand the dynamics of each task . However, within the observations, they suggested the need to reinforce with examples before beginning the administration.Regarding the results of the pilot application, a good agreement was observed between the OAs when considering that i) the instructions for the deep and superficial level of processing were clear and understandable, ii) the examples used facilitated understanding of the instructions, and iii) the work dynamics in each block was easy to understand and carry out .“Here we have “X%” and “Y%”, you must choose between these two values, the one that most approximates the space occupied by the written word within the rectangle”. We clarify that the evaluated person should not make calculations, but rather choose an alternative between the two options presented.Despite positively evaluating the comprehension of the instructions, the interviewees observed that the instruction at the superficial level was more difficult to understand. Through inquiry and paraphrasing, the participants tended to confuse what was requested. In this case, we decided to include the percentages that represented the response options as part of the slogan, as Accepting the recommendations of the judges and the evaluation of the piloting process, the final version of the experimental task of verbal EM in Spanish was structured.As can be seen in Experimental research paradigms seek to deepen the effects of age on EM performance, to demonstrate how the environmental support provided during encoding translates into positive benefits for recovery.Considering this background, this research sought to develop and validate a verbal EM task in Spanish that combined to manipulate the environmental factors, level of processing, and cognitive effort during the encoding of words in memory., whose original version is in Dutch.The general structure of the proposal was inspired by the design used by Fu et al.As it is an activity designed for use in research that considers the participation of Spanish-speaking OAs, the construction of the tasks, the selection of the stimuli, and the variation in the degree of cognitive effort in both the deep and superficial blocks considered psycholinguistic variables adjusted to the Spanish of Chile.In the structuring of the deep blocks, the differentiation in the LAI, in the metric, and the strength of semantic association between the words included in each block, turned out to be useful variables to produce differences in cognitive effort. It was possible to appreciate that the processing of a target demanded a low effort to make the encoding decision when (i) it presented a high LAI, (ii) it was of short metric and (iii) it was strongly associated with the word that the participants had to choose after semantic judgment. This situation was consistent with the time that the participants invested in completing each deep block.,26, being possible to expect a more efficient encoding.Along the same lines, previous research suggests that the shorter and more available a word is and the greater its strength of association with another, the easier the lexical-semantic processing will be.Thus, the difficulty posed by a task is directly related to the degree of cognitive effort expended to solve it. The tendency is that the more difficult it is, the effort required to solve it is also greater, and vice versaIn the case of the superficial blocks, the perception task was structured thinking that the difference between the percentages would allow establishing variations in the cognitive effort. The data confirm this, since the time invested in completing the perceptual task, as in the deep blocks, was directly proportional to the complexity and effort required.Despite the fact that there was a statistically significant difference in the metrics of the targets that were part of the superficial blocks, it should be mentioned that this finding did not impact the utility of the perceptual task, since the IDL and the metrics were not determining variables in the selection of the encoding targets or in the differentiation of the complexity between the superficial blocks.,28.Another interesting aspect to discuss is related to intentionality in recall. It is recognized that the existence of an explicit intention to learn allows individuals to acquire knowledge. However, incidental learning, which until now has received less attention, is being increasingly considered in the research field with older people, because this type of learning is what usually occurs in daily life situations, where you are not always aware and there is a willingness to learn new informationThe results are interesting, though, it is possible to identify a limitation related to the field of applicability of these results. Given the characteristics of any experimental situation, in which there is a strictly controlled environment, the plausibility of its use is mainly restricted to the research field.,29. However, it is important to advance the applicability of the empirical results towards more daily activities carried out by OAs, so that activities of this type acquire greater ecological validity. Therefore, to develop methods capable of combining quantitative rigor with clinical significance, further progress in dialogue between investigators and clinicians is required.Accordingly, this study adds to the efforts of others that have demonstrated the benefits of manipulating environmental factors during the encoding of information on its subsequent retrievalWe must also mention that it is a proposed task in Spanish so for its proper use in future research, the necessary psycholinguistic adaptations must be made, always considering the cultural variants of each population.Finally, the projections of this study are oriented towards evaluating the effect that controlled encoding generates in the retrieval of information from memory, considering not only the manipulation of environmental factors such as those included in this study but also evaluating how the cognitive resources that older people have may mediate this effect.This research shows a proposal for an experimental verbal episodic memory task in Spanish, which allows controlling the conditions in which encoding occurs, a highly significant aspect in the assessment of episodic memory, also revealing robust methodological elements that support its validity and replicability.The construction of experimental instruments and tasks constitutes a determining factor to advance from parsimonious and strictly controlled models, towards their applicability in clinical settings. In this regard, it is essential to note that, in this case, the evaluation of specialist and non-specialist judges, as well as the results obtained after its application, provided evidence of content validity to the proposed task, reaching a first milestone that it should move towards a greater contribution to routine practice.Consequently, the factorial combination of the processing level and the cognitive effort during encoding make this task a viable tool to implement in research that reveals the significance of environmental factors as facilitating or compensating aspects for the differences associated with age in the performance of the EM. . Es uno de los primeros dominios que muestra un declive desde el inicio del envejecimiento, vinculado con un ineficiente funcionamiento de los procesos de codificación y recuperación,4.La memoria episódica (ME) es responsable de codificar, almacenar y recuperar conscientemente eventos pasados experimentados personalmentecodificación es el proceso de la memoria que participa en la adquisición y transformación de la información nueva que se procesa en una representación mental. Este proceso suele demandar muchos recursos de procesamiento, como la capacidad selectiva de la atención, la velocidad de procesamiento y el control ejecutivo de la memoria de trabajo. Lamentablemente, con la edad dichos procesos suelen mostrar un declive en su funcionamiento-9.La , los Adultos Mayores (AM) exhibirían una menor capacidad para iniciar espontáneamente un procesamiento cognitivo relevante al momento de codificar nueva información en la memoria.Conforme a la hipótesis de recursos limitados. Acorde con dicho planteamiento, el procesamiento de información comenzaría "de arriba hacia abajo” movilizado por las intenciones actuales de las personas, pero en parte también por la estimulación externa que impulsa un procesamiento desde “abajo hacia arriba”. Al unir estas ideas, es plausible hipotetizar que algunas deficiencias relacionadas con la edad en el procesamiento autoiniciado (de arriba hacia abajo) podrían reducirse al aumentar el componente ascendente impulsado desde el exterior en la forma de un Apoyo Ambiental (AA).Según la teoría de cognición distribuida, el rendimiento cognitivo sería el resultado de una interacción entre componentes internos (cognitivos) y externos -15. El AA se entiende entonces como un soporte externo de rendimiento que actúa manipulando las demandas de una tarea cognitiva para favorecer un procesamiento más eficaz de la información.La evidencia aportada por estudios conductuales ha demostrado que proporcionar AA durante la codificación produce efectos positivos en el recuerdoesfuerzo cognitivo y el nivel de procesamiento de la información.En esta línea, se han propuesto dos factores ambientales que podrían favorecer mecanismos de compensación para la ME, a saber, el . El nivel de procesamiento alude al grado de profundidad con que se procesa la información, variando desde un nivel superficial, que atiende a elementos más perceptuales, hasta un nivel más profundo, que atiende al significado.El primero refiere a la proporción de procesamiento que una persona compromete ante una tarea desafiante,19.La evidencia recopilada al respecto sugiere que una tarea que favorece un nivel más profundo de procesamiento y que a la vez demanda un mayor esfuerzo cognitivo, permite que los AM utilicen con mayor eficacia los recursos cognitivos limitados que presentan, situación que los facultaría para iniciar un proceso de codificación relevante y elaborado que, por sí solos, no son capaces de alcanzar desarrollaron una tarea para controlar experimentalmente las condiciones en las que ocurría la codificación de información en la memoria, variando la profundidad con que los participantes procesaban una serie de palabras y la proporción de esfuerzo cognitivo comprometido en la decisión de codificación; todo ello, con el propósito de examinar el efecto de ambos factores en el recuerdo de información. Si bien existen dos versiones de la mencionada tarea, una en inglés y otra en holandés, hasta el momento no se ha diseñado una propuesta de tarea en español.Fu et al.,21. Por tal razón, el presente estudio fue diseñado con el propósito de elaborar y obtener evidencia de validez para una tarea experimental de ME verbal en español, a fin de proporcionar una herramienta útil, alineada con la perspectiva del AA, en la búsqueda de medidas que permitan compensar el deterioro de la ME producto del envejecimiento cognitivo.Dado la relevancia de las adaptaciones psicolingüísticas y culturales para los hispanohablantes, una población cada vez más numerosa a nivel global, será pertinente disponer de una tarea en el propio idioma y cultura donde posteriormente se administraráEsta investigación forma parte de un proyecto debidamente aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brasil, con el número de registro 3.006.101., mientras que para la estructura general se tomó en cuenta los factores y el diseño utilizado en el estudio de Fu et al.. Por tanto, su administración soporta un diseño factorial 2 x 3 intrasujeto, donde se manipula combinadamente el nivel de procesamiento de la información  con 3 grados de esfuerzo cognitivo durante la codificación incidental de palabras . A continuación, se presentan los procedimientos efectuados para su construcción.La tarea en español propuesta consideró como referente teórico la perspectiva de AALa tarea experimental se organizó con el objeto de detectar diferencias en la capacidad de codificar palabras en la memoria episódica, según el tipo de información a procesar  y el grado de esfuerzo relativo implicado en su codificación . En su elaboración se utilizó una estructura de bloques, procediendo de la siguiente manera:La codificación profunda implica el emparejamiento entre un target para codificar y dos opciones de respuesta: una palabra semánticamente asociada o un distractor.Los estímulos son presentados simultáneamente en una pantalla, manteniendo siempre la misma ubicación espacial , tal como se muestra en la Se diseñaron 3 bloques de procesamiento profundo, cada uno con una demanda diferente de esfuerzo para la codificación. Los bloques se construyeron de modo progresivo. Los detalles relativos a la selección de las palabras, así como la variación del esfuerzo cognitivo semántico son presentados a continuación..Para la selección de los targets, se consideró la categoría “sustantivos” concretos, para que fueran altamente imaginables y fáciles de reconocer. También se consideraron las siguientes propiedades psicolingüísticas: i) el Índice de Disponibilidad Léxica (IDL), y ii) la metría de las palabras. El IDL permite cuantificar la facilidad y rapidez para evocar las distintas unidades léxicas ante una determinada situaciónbloque uno incluyó targets que: i) se encontraban dentro de las primeras 100 palabras con los valores más altos de IDL según el diccionario de Disponibilidad Léxica en Estudiantes Chilenos, y ii) poseían una metría igual o menor a tres sílabas. Se descartaron todas las palabras pertenecientes a más de una categoría gramatical y/o que fueran consideradas como hiperónimos.De esta manera, el bloque dos incluyó dos subgrupos de targets equivalentes, con un 50% de estímulos que cumplían con los criterios del bloque uno y el porcentaje restante con los criterios del bloque tres.El bloque tres, se optó por elegir otro grupo de targets que debían: i) presentar los valores de IDL más bajos y poseer una longitud superior a tres sílabas.Finalmente, en el , a una muestra de 30 personas seleccionadas por conveniencia, de diferente sexo ; edad  y nivel de escolaridad . A cada participante se proporcionó una hoja con los targets seleccionados en el paso anterior. Se instruyó evocar la primera palabra que les viniera a la mente ante cada target. Se estableció como requisito, que la respuesta fuera una sola palabra o concepto.En el caso de las palabras asociadas, estas fueron seleccionadas después de administrar una tarea de libre asociación discreta de palabrasCon la cohorte de alternativas que los participantes activaron para cada uno de los targets, se confeccionaron tablas de frecuencia. Cabe destacar que su elección se realizó cuidando que contribuyero n a establecer diferencias en la fuerza de asociación entre cada bloque semántico.bloque uno, se seleccionó la palabra asociada que en la distribución apareció con la frecuencia más alta. Para los incluidos en el bloque dos, se seleccionó aquella que presentaba una frecuencia intermedia de aparición, mientras que para los targets del bloque tres se seleccionó la palabra que presentaba la frecuencia más baja.Para los targets del Para proporcionar mayor consistencia a la diferenciación de la fuerza de asociación se reclutó, por conveniencia, una muestra de 10 participantes de ambos sexos, con una edad ≥ a 55 años , con un nivel de educación ≥ a 4 años de instrucción formal , sin antecedentes de patología o enfermedad de base neurológica o psiquiátrica, quienes fueron instruidos en cuantificar qué tan relacionado se encontraba el target con su correspondiente palabra asociada, utilizando una escala Likert que oscilaba entre uno (sin asociación) y siete (muy asociadas).Luego de seleccionar los targets con sus respectivas palabras asociadas, se incluyó una tercera palabra que funcionaba como distractor. Este debía formar parte de las 100 palabras con IDL más alto no consideradas en los bloques anteriores y presentar una metría similar al target de codificación.disponibilidad léxica; ii metría de los targets de codificación, y iii) fuerza de asociación semántica entre las palabras. La premisa básica es que mientras más disponible se encuentre una palabra; mientras menor metría posea y mientras más asociada se encuentre con otra, es probable que la demanda de esfuerzo cognitivo para tomar la decisión de codificación sea menor también, y viceversa.Se consideraron tres variables: i) bloque uno demanda un bajo esfuerzo cognitivo, mientras que el bloque dos y tres demandan un mediano y un alto esfuerzo, respectivamente.En consecuencia, la graduación en la demanda de esfuerzo quedó establecida de la siguiente manera: el La codificación superficial implica establecer un juicio basado en la percepción del espacio que ocupa una palabra escrita (target para codificar) dentro de una cuadrícula, considerando dos opciones de respuesta: un valor porcentual de mayor y otro de menor magnitud.Los estímulos son presentados simultáneamente en una pantalla, manteniendo siempre la misma ubicación espacial , tal como se muestra en la Consecuentemente, se diseñaron otros 3 bloques de trabajo, cada uno con una demanda diferente de esfuerzo para la codificación. Los detalles relativos a la selección de los targets, así como la variación del esfuerzo cognitivo perceptual son presentados a continuación.Los targets fueron seleccionados después de consultar el diccionario de disponibilidad léxica anteriormente citado. Los criterios atendidos fueron: i) ser un sustantivo concreto, ii) poseer una metría entre 2 y 3 sílabas y iii) poseer un valor de disponibilidad léxica alto. Los mismos criterios de exclusión anteriormente presentados operaron en este caso.La variación dependió de la diferencia entre los valores porcentuales que constituían las opciones de respuesta. La premisa básica es que mientras mayor es la magnitud de la diferencia, probablemente el esfuerzo cognitivo que se requiere para tomar la decisión de codificación resulte ser menor, y viceversa.. Estas se distribuyeron equitativamente entre los tres bloques superficiales, quedando cada uno conformado por cuatro pseudopalabras. Después de explicar en qué consisten, se instruyó a los participantes en contar cuántas de ellas eran capaces de identificar.Para garantizar que las personas lean todos los targets al realizar el juicio perceptual, se optó por adicionar 12 pseudopalabras a la lista total de ensayosEn relación con la administración de los bloques de codificación, cabe destacar que se concede un máximo de 5 segundos entre cada ítem para proporcionar la respuesta. Se otorga también un tiempo de 15 segundos antes de iniciar el siguiente bloque. El tiempo considerado para la transición entre los bloques profundos y los superficiales es de 30 segundos.Luego de estructurar la tarea experimental completa y con el fin de obtener evidencia de su validez de contenido, se invitó a cuatro jueces especialistas, todos fonoaudiólogos con formación y experiencia de al menos cinco años en evaluación cognitiva, para que analizaran toda la información referente a su estructura.A partir de dicho insumo, y utilizando un escalamiento tipo Likert de cuatro puntos , completaron un cuestionario en el que expresaron su grado de acuerdo sobre la manipulación combinada de ambos factores y la precisión de las instrucciones. Todos los jueces fueron debidamente ilustrados sobre el propósito de su participación y firmaron voluntariamente el Término de Consentimiento Libre e Informado.probing) y parafraseo (paraphrasing), los participantes expresaron con sus propias palabras el significado percibido en las instrucciones de cada bloque. Posteriormente, completaron un breve cuestionario refiriéndose a si las instrucciones de las tareas propuestas en los bloques de codificación superficial y profunda eran: (1) clara y comprensible, (2) difícil de entender, (3) incomprensible; si los ejemplos proporcionados: (1) facilitan la comprensión de la instrucción, (2) eran difíciles de entender, (3) incomprensibles, y si la dinámica de trabajo general en los bloques experimentales era (1) fácil de comprender y realizar, (2) difícil de comprender y realizar, (3) incomprensible. A la vez, se registró el tiempo (en minutos) empleado en el procesamiento de cada bloque.Luego de acoger las recomendaciones de los jueces, la prueba fue testeada en una aplicación piloto a una muestra de seis AM cognitivamente normales, de sexo femenino, con edades entre 62 y 80 años  y una escolaridad entre 5 y 12 años , quienes voluntariamente firmaron el Término de Consentimiento Libre e Informado. Cada participante fue visitado en el centro Comunitario de Adulto Mayor al que asistía. En dicho lugar fue dispuesto frente a una pantalla y enseguida completaron todos los bloques de procesamiento. Luego de concluir los ensayos, mediante un método de pregunta  y de corta metría .Atendiendo a los criterios definidos, para el bloque dos incorporó otros 36 targets para codificar. El primer subgrupo incluyó 18 sustantivos concretos con valores altos de IDL  y longitud corta . Los 18 restantes presentaron un IDL más bajo  y una metría mayor .El targets incluidos en los bloques precedentes, los incluidos en el bloque tres presentan una mayor metría  y valores más bajos de IDL .En contraste con los disponibilidad léxica de los targets que formaron parte de los tres bloques profundos.La bloque uno se diferencia significativamente del IDL de los targets del bloque dos y tres . Al comparar la disponibilidad entre el bloque dos y tres, se aprecia que también existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas .El análisis post hoc, ajustado con Bonferroni, muestra que el IDL de los targets incluidos en el metría, el análisis comparativo reveló la existencia de una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la longitud de las palabras incluidas en los tres bloques profundos. Adicionalmente, el análisis post hoc mostró que la longitud de los targets del bloque uno difería significativamente de la longitud de los targets incluidos en el bloque dos y tres . La misma tendencia se observa al comparar la longitud de los targets del bloque dos con los del bloque tres  (ver En relación con la 004) ver .IDL y en la metría de los targets incluidos en cada bloque profundo. En lo referente a la consistencia en la diferenciación de la fuerza de asociación (ver apartado 1.1.1), se obtuvo que la media de asociación semántica para los bloques uno, dos y tres fueron 6,22 ; 5,61  y 4,97 , respectivamente. Con un Fr (2) = 18,2; p≤ 0,001 fue posible constatar que hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre cada bloque profundo en la fuerza de asociación.Como se mencionó, existió una diferencia significativa en el bloque uno, categorizado como fácil, incorporó targets con IDL altos, de corta metría y palabras asociadas fuertemente con el target de codificación; en cambio el bloque dos, considerado como intermedio; incluyó targets con una disponibilidad, metría y fuerza de asociación intermedia, mientras que el bloque tres, catalogado como difícil, reunió targets con bajo IDL, con una metría mayor y palabras asociadas débilmente . Sin embargo, el bloque cinco no mostró diferencias significativas con el bloque seis .La bloque cuatro - clasificado como fácil, en el bloque cinco - considerado como intermedio y en el bloque seis - calificado como difícil, la magnitud de la diferencia entre los porcentajes que representaban las opciones de respuesta ante el juicio perceptual fue de 70%, 50% y 30%, respectivamente  la tarea experimental de ME verbal en español admite la manipulación combinada de los factores nivel de profundidad y esfuerzo cognitivo durante el aprendizaje incidental de palabras , y ii) las instrucciones son claras y precisas para comprender la dinámica de cada tarea . No obstante, dentro de las observaciones, sugirieron la necesidad de reforzar con ejemplos antes de comenzar la administración.Refiriéndose esta vez a los resultados de la aplicación piloto, se observó una buena concordancia entre los AM en el hecho de considerar que: i) las instrucciones del nivel profundo y superficial de procesamiento eran claras y comprensibles, ii) los ejemplos usados facilitaban la comprensión de la consigna, y iii) la dinámica de trabajo en cada bloque era fácil de comprender y realizar .acá tenemos “X%” e “Y%”, usted debe escoger entre esos dos valores el que más se aproxima al espacio que ocupa la palabra escrita dentro del rectángulo”. Se aclara que el evaluado no debe hacer cálculos, sino escoger una alternativa entre las dos opciones presentadas.A pesar de valorar positivamente la comprensión de las instrucciones, los entrevistados observaron que la instrucción del nivel superficial era más difícil de entender. A través de la indagación y parafraseo, se apreció que los participantes tendían a confundir lo que se les solicitaba. En tal caso se optó por incluir los porcentajes que representaban las opciones de respuesta como parte de la consigna, de la siguiente manera: “Acogiendo las recomendaciones de los jueces y la evaluación del proceso de pilotaje, se estructuró la versión definitiva de la tarea experimental de ME verbal en español.Tal como se aprecia en la Los paradigmas experimentales de investigación buscan profundizar en los efectos que produce la edad en el rendimiento de la ME, con el propósito de demostrar cómo el apoyo ambiental proporcionados durante la codificación se traduce en beneficios positivos para la recuperación.Considerando estos antecedentes, esta investigación persiguió elaborar y validar una tarea de ME verbal en español que manipulara combinadamente los factores ambientales nivel de procesamiento y esfuerzo cognitivo durante la codificación de palabras en la memoria., cuya versión original es en idioma holandés.La estructura general de la propuesta estuvo inspirada en el diseño utilizado por Fu et alAl tratarse de una actividad pensada para su uso en investigaciones que consideren la participación de AM hispanoparlantes, la construcción de las tareas, la selección de los estímulos y la variación en el grado de esfuerzo cognitivo tanto en los bloques profundos como en los superficiales, tomaron en cuenta variables psicolingüísticas ajustadas al idioma español de Chile.En la estructuración de los bloques profundos, la diferenciación en el IDL, en la metría y en la fuerza de asociación semántica entre las palabras incluidas en cada bloque, resultaron ser variables útiles para producir diferencias en el esfuerzo cognitivo. Fue posible apreciar que el procesamiento de un target demandó un bajo esfuerzo para tomar la decisión de codificación cuando: (i) presentaba un IDL alto, (ii) era de corta metría y (iii) se asociaba fuertemente con la palabra que los participantes debían elegir luego del juicio semántico. Esta situación fue concordante con el tiempo que los participantes invirtieron en completar cada bloque profundo.,26, con lo que consecuentemente sería posible esperar una codificación más eficaz.En esta misma línea, investigaciones previas sugieren que cuánto más corta y disponible se encuentra una palabra y mientras mayor es su fuerza de asociación con otra, más fácil será el procesamiento léxico-semántico.Por consiguiente, la dificultad que plantea una tarea se relaciona directamente con el grado de esfuerzo cognitivo desplegado para resolverla. La tendencia es que mientras más difícil sea, la demanda de esfuerzo para resolverla sea también mayor, y viceversaEn el caso de los bloques superficiales, la tarea de percepción se estructuró pensando en que la diferencia entre los porcentajes permitiera establecer variaciones en el esfuerzo cognitivo. El tiempo invertido en completar la tarea perceptual, al igual que en los bloques profundos, fue directamente proporcional a la complejidad y a la exigencia de esfuerzo, confirmando que ambas variables fueron útiles para graduar el esfuerzo cognitivo perceptual.A pesar de que hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la metría de los targets que formaban parte de los bloques superficiales, es preciso mencionar que dicho hallazgo no impacta en la utilidad de la tarea perceptual, pues el IDL y la metría no fueron variables determinantes en la selección de los targets de codificación, ni tampoco en la diferenciación de la complejidad entre los bloques superficiales.,28.Otro aspecto interesante de discutir se relaciona con la intencionalidad en el recuerdo. Se reconoce que la existencia de una intención explícita de aprender permite a los individuos adquirir conocimientos. Sin embargo, el aprendizaje incidental, que hasta ahora ha recibido menos atención, está siendo cada vez más considerado en el campo de la investigación con personas mayores, porque este tipo de aprendizaje es el que suele ocurrir en situaciones de la vida cotidiana, en las que no siempre se es consciente y existe la voluntad de aprender nueva informaciónA pesar de lo interesante de los hallazgos, es posible identificar una limitación relacionada con el ámbito de aplicabilidad de los resultados. Dado las características propias de cualquier situación experimental, en la que existe un ambiente estrictamente controlado, la plausibilidad de su uso se restringe fundamentalmente al ámbito investigativo.,29, sin embargo, es importante avanzar en la aplicabilidad de los resultados empíricos hacia actividades más cotidianas que realizan los AM, para que actividades de este tipo adquieran mayor validez ecológica. Por consiguiente, para desarrollar métodos capaces de combinar el rigor cuantitativo con la significación clínica, se requiere progresar en un mayor diálogo entre investigadores y clínicos.Concordantemente, este estudio se suma a los esfuerzos de otros que han demostrado los beneficios de la manipulación de factores ambientales durante la codificación de información sobre su recuperación posteriorHemos de mencionar también que se trata de una propuesta de tarea en español, por lo que, para su uso adecuado en futuras investigaciones, ha de efectuarse las necesarias las adaptaciones psicolingüísticas, considerando siempre las variantes culturales propias de cada población en particular.Para finalizar, las proyecciones de este estudio se orientan en evaluar el efecto que la codificación controlada genera en la recuperación de información desde la memoria, considerando no solo manipulación de factores ambientales como los incluidos en este estudio, sino también evaluar cómo los recursos cognitivos que las personas mayores poseen pueden mediar dicho efecto.Esta investigación presenta una propuesta de tarea experimental de memoria episódica verbal en español, que permite controlar las condiciones en las que ocurre la codificación, un aspecto altamente significativo en la valoración de la memoria episódica, relevando además elementos metodológicos robustos que sustentan su validez y replicabilidad.La construcción de instrumentos y tareas experimentales constituye un factor determinante para avanzar desde modelos parsimoniosos y estrictamente controlados, hacia su aplicabilidad en entornos clínicos. En relación con ello, es fundamental rescatar que, en este caso, la valoración de los jueces especialistas y no especialistas, así como los resultados obtenidos tras su aplicación, proporcionaron evidencia de validez de contenido a la tarea propuesta, alcanzando así un primer hito que sin duda debe avanzar hacia un mayor aporte para la práctica rutinaria.En consecuencia, la combinación factorial del nivel de procesamiento y el esfuerzo cognitivo durante la codificación, convierten a esta tarea en una herramienta viable de implementar en investigaciones que releven la significancia de los factores ambientales como aspectos facilitadores o compensatorios para las diferencias asociadas con la edad en el desempeño de la ME.


Affiliation number 7. Instead of “Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificie Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile,” it should be “Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile.” “Pontificie” should be “Pontificia.”In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.