Phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials with remarkable physicochemical properties and low costs have attracted significant attention as the anodes of alkali metal ‐ion batteries (AIBs). However, the low electrical conductivity and large volume expansion of these materials during electrochemical reactions inhibit their practical applications. To solve these problems, various promising solutions have been explored and utilized. In this review, the recent progress in AIBs using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials is summarized. Thereafter, the in‐depth working principles of diverse AIBs are discussed and predicted. Representative works with design concepts, construction approaches, engineering strategies, special functions, and electrochemical results are listed and discussed in detail. Finally, the existing challenges and issues are concluded and analyzed, and future perspectives and research directions are given. This review can provide new guidance for the future design and practical applications of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials used in AIBs. Alkali metal‐ion batteries (AIBs) using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials have been considered as the mainstream energy storage and conversion devices. This review summarizes the recent progress on AIBs using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials, analyzes their design concepts, construction strategies, special functions, and electrochemical results, and it is believed to supply important guidance for their further developments and practical applications. In the past few decades, rechargeable batteries with sustainable energy supply, high specific capacity, stable cyclic performance, and low cost were widely applied to store the above energy resources. Particularly, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in hybrid electric vehicles and portable electronic products owing to their ultra‐long lifetime. Recently, with the rapid development of high‐end electronic markets, other alkali metal‐ion batteries (AIBs) including sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), and multivalent‐ion batteries have been considered as the next‐generation energy power. However, similar to that of LIBs, the anodes of these AIBs encounter various crucial issues, such as poor electrical conductivity, low redox potential, severe volume expansion, and limited capacity/energy density, hampering their actual utilizations.With the depletion of fossil resources and the intensification of greenhouse effect, energy crisis has become a crucial worldwide problem.6, 7 elementary substance , and metal compounds . Carbonaceous materials have excellent electrical conductivity, but their theoretical capacity is relatively low. Conversely, elementary substance and metal compounds have high theoretical capacity, but they suffer from slow electron transfer and low reaction kinetics. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of anode materials, elementary substance and metal compounds should be the suitable candidates to be used in AIBs, and great electrochemical results have been achieved. Particularly, phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials have attracted significant attention because of the high theoretical capacity , low redox potential, and high reserve abundance in the earth. However, these materials experience severe volume expansion and low reaction kinetics during cycles, which degrades their electrochemical performance.To solve the above issues of AIBs, many efforts have been devoted into the exploration of new anodes with novel architectures. To date, the emerged anode materials include carbonaceous materials,25 ele Of them, BP is the most stable form and possesses a graphite‐like layered structure, indicating a good electrical conductivity. Initially, it was revealed that BP exhibited a capacity of 1300 mAh g−1 in LIBs, which is significantly higher than that of graphite (372 mAh g−1). Thus, more attention has been focused on phosphorus‐based architectures. For instance, Zhou et al. fabricated hollow RP nanospheres (HPNs) with porous shells as the anode materials of LIBs. This structure possesses enough space for accommodating the large volume expansion; moreover, the porous channels are beneficial to the ion diffusion and electrolyte penetration, enhancing the electrochemical results. This study demonstrated that reducing the particle size of phosphorus or constructing hollow/porous structures were efficient strategies. Incorporating pure phosphorus‐based materials with other materials including carbonaceous materials, polymers, and metal compounds is another useful strategy for overcoming the issues of AIBs. For instance, Wang et al. prepared RP nanoparticles wrapped in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrix as the anode material of PIBs. rGO containing residual oxygen atoms and multiple active sites increases the structural disorder, reduces the energy barrier of chemical reactions, and generates P—C bonds, contributing to a good electrochemical result.Phosphorus mainly has three allotropes: white phosphorus (WP), red phosphorus (RP), and black phosphorus (BP).39 Of x, CoPx, NiPx, and SnPx, and these anode materials demonstrated excellent electrochemical results. Of them, SnPx has recently attracted significant interests, owing to the ultra‐high capacity according to the alloy reactions between alkali metal ions and Sn/P elements. For instance, Zhao et al. constructed hollow yolk‐shell Sn4P3 nanospheres as anode material of SIBs. Benefiting from the above special structures, Sn4P3 nanospheres delivered a highly reversible discharge capacity of 297.6 mAh g−1. However, similar to pure phosphorus, phosphides suffered from low electrical conductivity and significant volume expansion. Hybridizing phosphides with carbonaceous materials can solve the above issues, and the adopted carbonaceous materials include graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and porous carbon matrices. For instance, Zhao et al. immobilized Ni2P into carbon nanosheets (CNSs) and combined FeP quantum dots into CNT‐P‐carbon octahedra, respectively, and employed them as anode materials of SIBs. It was revealed that these carbon matrices effectively inhibited the aggregation of phosphide nanoparticles, enhanced the electronic conductivity, and maintained a high structural integrity.In addition to pure phosphorus‐based materials, phosphide‐based materials can be employed as the anodes of AIBs. To date, the emerged metal phosphides include FePTo enhance the real‐world applications of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials from lab stage to commercialization, a systematic and comprehensive review is urgently needed to provide useful guidance for their further exploration and utilization in AIBs. In this review, the recent progress on AIBs using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials are summarized. Subsequently, the working principles of diverse AIBs and challenges facing phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials are discussed. Thereafter, representative works for different AIBs are listed and analyzed, based on design concepts, preparation methods, engineering strategies, structural tuning, and electrochemical results. Finally, the remaining challenges/issues are concluded and discussed, and future perspectives as well as research directions are given.2Figure  Of them, RP is the most extensively investigated material in AIBs, although it has a moderate electrical conductivity. The main working principle of phosphorus‐based materials in LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs is the alloying/dealloying mechanism, and it is responsible for most of the capacity values of AIBs. Regarding LIBs and SIBs, the alloying products were Li3P and Na3P, whereas for PIBs, the final alloying products included KP, K3P, and K4P3, based on different working pathways. Notably, BP possesses a 2D layer structure, thus the intercalation process also contributed to partial capacity value of AIBs.Phosphorus can be mainly divided into WP, RP, and BP, and their typical structures are shown in Figure 53 Of  Typically, Nazar et al. reported the low‐potential intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ into MnP4 structure, generating an electrochemical reaction of MnP4 to Li7MnP4. By far, other emerged phosphides that followed intercalation/deintercalation mechanism included manganese phosphide (MnP) and vanadium phosphide (VP). For chemical conversion mechanism, it normally induces a better alkali metal ion storage performance. For metal phosphides (MxP), phosphorus element reacts with alkali metal ions, accompanying the generation and uniform distribution of pure M species. Notably, M species are beneficial to the electrochemical performance of AIBs, preventing structural pulverizations and promoting fast electron transfer. Copper phosphide (Cu3P), nickel phosphide (Ni2P), iron phosphide (FeP), molybdenum phosphide (MoP), and vanadium phosphide (V4P7) were verified to follow the chemical conversion mechanism, and of them, FeP showed the great potential in practical applications, because of the achieved high capacity and long‐term cyclic stability in SIBs. Lastly, alloying/dealloying mechanism is similar to that in phosphorus‐based materials, and this mechanism usually contributes the highest capacity values for AIBs. Different from that in chemical conversion mechanism, the typical feature of alloying/dealloying mechanism is the alloying of alkali metal ions (Ay+) with both M and phosphorus, thus forming the final products of AmM and AnP. The emerged phosphide‐based materials followed this mechanism were tin phosphide (Sn4P3), germanium phosphide (GeP5), silicon phosphide (SiP2), and zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), and specifically, Sn4P3 usually exhibited the highest electrochemical performance in AIBs.Phosphide‐based materials usually have numerous compositions, morphologies, and structures, and thus the working principles varied significantly. Normally, the working principles included intercalation/deintercalation, chemical conversion, and alloying/dealloying mechanisms. Intercalation/deintercalation mechanism is the simplest strategy for generating capacity, and the typical characteristic is the intercalation of alkali metal ions into/out the main structure of phosphide‐based materials.59 Typ and this restricted the fast electron transfer during electrochemical reactions, thereby generating slow reaction kinetics. Moreover, the low electronic conductivity may decrease the utilization ratio of active materials, leading to rapid capacity decay. The other main challenge facing phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials is their serious volume changes during cycles. Upon discharging, phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials suffered from an obvious volume change when reacted with alkali metal ions, this would cause the severe structural damage/collapse, and even pulverization during repeated cycles. Impressively, the serious volume changes would induce the continuous generation and broken of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers, thus consuming the electrolyte and degrading the cyclic stability and Coulumbic efficiency (CE). To resolve these pressing issues, the promising strategies included the hybridization of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials with conductive materials  and constructing unique micro‐ and nanostructures, which can boost the electron transfer, provide enough space for volume changes and enhance the entire structural integrity of electrode.Since phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials exhibited diverse working mechanisms in AIBs, issues, and challenges were usually produced, mainly including slow reaction kinetics and serious volume changes. Phosphorus and phosphides intrinsically showed low electronic conductivity,81 and+, Na+, and K+. Moreover, the reaction pathways and generated intermediates may be different, thus contributing to different theoretical capacities for different battery types. 2) LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs display remarkable electrochemical performance when adopted phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based electrodes, however, the electrochemical performance varied significantly owing to the different working mechanisms and ion radius. 3) LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs face many future challenges when using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based electrodes, such as limited long‐term cyclic stability, side reactions, metal dendrite growth, and safety concerns. For LIBs, the main obstacles should be metal dendrite growth and relatively low discharge capacity, while for SIBs and PIBs, the main issues include metal dendrite growth, side reactions, limited cyclic stability, and safety problem, which makes SIBs and PIBs more difficult for manipulation and further commercialization.Therefore, compared with those AIBs using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials, there are some similarities and differences in working mechanisms, electrochemical performance, and challenges: 1) LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs show almost the similar working mechanisms when using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based electrodes, but the reaction kinetics and ion diffusion speeds, may be different because of the different ion radius of Li3 they are normally restricted by several pressing issues, as discussed in Section Table Although phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials possess diverse advantages in LIBs,84 the3.13.1.1 They revealed that the electrochemical activity of RBP is better than that of WBP, and the maximum discharge/charge capacities were 2649 and 1425 mAh g−1, respectively. However, after merely 60 cycles, the capacity of RBP anode decreased rapidly to 703 mAh g−1, owing to the crushing and rupture of active materials induced by large volume expansion during cycles. To address these issues, controllably adjusting the morphology and detailed structure of phosphorus is a facile and effective strategy. Notably, phosphorus‐based materials prepared using physical methods were verified to hardly meet the requirements, because of the simple structures and large particle sizes. In 2017, Zhou et al. firstly employed a solvothermal approach to fabricate hollow RP nanospheres (HPNs) with porous shells. The structure has enough space for accommodating the large volume expansion, and porous channels for facilitating ion diffusion; thereby, HPNs electrode with a high RP percentage (60 wt.%) showed excellent long‐life cyclic stability, with a capacity of 1048 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 2.6 A g−1.Phosphorus can be employed as anode materials for LIBs. Using RP and WP as raw materials, Sun et al. synthesized WBP (BP obtained from WP) and RBP (BP obtained from RP) as the anodes of LIBs, through a high‐temperature and high‐pressure method.85 The3.1.2 Typically, Park et al. reported the combination of BP and super P (carbon black) using high‐energy mechanical milling, and they employed it as the anode for LIBs. An excellent electrochemical result including high initial CE (90%) and good cyclic performance (600 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1) was achieved. By adopting graphite as carbon matrix, carbon atoms connected well with phosphorus atoms, forming stable C—P bonds. Sun et al. investigated the effects of BP‐graphite (composite) and BP/graphite (hybrid) on battery performance. It was disclosed that P—C bond was generated when using BP and graphite as starting materials, ensuring the effective contact between phosphorus and carbon material. As a result, the discharge capacity of the as‐prepared anodes is 2786 mAh g−1 at 520 mA g−1, and the capacity retention is as high as 80% after 100 cycles. Moreover, Ramireddy et al. used ball milling method to hybridize BP with graphite, and the as‐achieved anodes exhibited a high initial capacity of 1700 mAh g−1, and then it decreased to 349 mAh g−1 after merely 50 cycles. The difference in electrochemical results may be attributed to the difficulties in controlling the particle size and morphology of phosphorus/carbon hybrids. However, these achieved electrochemical performance is still low, and can be further improved. Hybridizing phosphorus/graphite further with active carbon material is a promising solution, the generated graphite/P@active carbon anode exhibited an enhanced electrochemical performance .The hybridization of conductive carbonaceous materials with phosphorus can take full advantage of their intrinsic merits including high electronic conductivity, large surface area, good mechanic properties , and high theoretical capacity (mainly derived from phosphorus). Toward this goal, carbon black was utilized as the carbon additive.82 Typ For instance, Jiao et al. prepared a novel type of P‐CNT hybrid via this approach, bulk phosphorus and CNTs converted into nano‐sized particles, and they were evenly distributed within the hybrid  using a simple solution‐based method. As buffer materials, TiO2 bonded with RP and accommodated the generated stress upon lithiation, while CNTs served as conductive channels and alleviated volume changes. As a result, the as‐prepared P‐TiO2@CNT anode exhibited a high reversible capacity of 1530 mAh g−1 and high‐rate capability (750 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1).To enhance the electrochemical results of RP/CNT composite further, Sun et al. loaded TiOd method.92 As 2 g−1), and good mechanical flexibility, has attracted significant attention in energy‐related fields. Combining phosphorus with graphene‐enhanced the utilization ratio and electrochemical results of phosphorus‐based anodes in LIBs. For instance, Yu et al. prepared RP‐graphene nanosheet (P—G) hybrid as the anode of LIBs. It was revealed that graphene layer hybridized with phosphorus particles formed a 3D conductive integrated network, and the presence of P—O—C bonds in hybrid maintained the contact between RP and graphene network. Consequently, the as‐prepared anodes delivered a high initial capacity of 2517 mAh g−1, and the capacity retention was 60% even after 300 cycles at 260 mA g−1. Moreover, Wang et al. employed the high‐pressure assisted spraying method to synthesize a unique sandwich‐like P@GS hybrid, of which nanosized phosphorus particles were stacked onto rGO nanosheets (GS). Electrochemical results revealed a high initial discharge capacity of 1876 mAh g−1, high capacity retention of 990 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, and great rate capability with a capacity of 700 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1  composite  and good cyclic performance with a capacity of 1470 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1.3 A g−1  was realized.To address the abovementioned issues, Yan et al. prepared a 3D conductive carbon scaffold (ACW) using natural wood as precursor, and then loaded P@rGO on ACW surface through a vaporization‐condensation method.98 Thie Figure .[99]1 Figure . Similar Moreover, porous carbon architectures with enough voids and space accommodated volume expansion and enabled a high content of phosphorus. For instance, Wang et al. encapsulated RP into porous carbon using a simple vaporization/adsorption strategy, and electrochemical testing revealed a high capacity of 800 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1. This work confirmed that porous carbon improved the electrochemical activity of RP in LIBs. In addition, Wang et al. employed a similar method to construct the hybrid comprising of amorphous RP and porous carbon, and a high reversible capacity of 1550 mAh g−1 was achieved. The high electrochemical results can be attributed to the uniform distribution of amorphous RP within the micropores of carbon frameworks and high RP content (60.0 wt.%).Porous carbon architectures possess the apparent structural merits including large surface area, accessible pores, voids, and channels, as well as high structural integrity, facilitating the efficient contact with the electrolyte and further shortening ion diffusion distance.101 Mo PCNFs effectively accommodated the volume expansion of RP during cycles, and accelerated ion diffusion. Recently, Yan et al. prepared a porous carbon skeleton by pyrolyzing ZIF‐8, and then embedded the blocky RP into the pores/voids of carbon skeletons. This method avoided the surface phosphorus crystallization and generation of WP; thus the volume expansion of phosphorus was well alleviated. Eventually, a capacity of 400 mAh g−1 after 700 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 was obtained, indicating an excellent cyclic stability.To promote the utilization of phosphorus‐based materials in LIBs further, intriguing micro‐and nanostructures were desired, because they can satisfy almost all requirements. For instance, Li et al. embedded RP into porous carbon nanofibers (PCNFs) to form a 3D flexible composite for LIBs.104 PC3.1.3 SPAN connected well with RP by forming efficient chemical bonds, and it served as the conductive agent for improving the reaction kinetics. When used as the anodes of LIBs, a high capacity of 1605 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 was obtained. Moreover, Jin et al. coated BP‐graphene (BP‐G) particles with polyaniline (PANI) to prepare BP‐G/PANI composite. The BP‐G connected well with PANI through a covalent bond, and PANI ensured a stable SEI film and prevented the continuous accumulation of poor species (including Li fluorides and carbonates). Finally, the anode showed a high capacity of 910 mAh g−1 at 2.6 A g−1.Similar to carbonaceous materials, conductive polymers have also been adopted to enhance the electrical conductivity of phosphorus and further alleviate its volume expansion. For instance, Baboukani et al. developed a binder‐free RP/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (RP/SPAN) hybrid using the ball milling method combined with an electrostatic spray deposition process.106 SP3.2 Currently, the emerged metal phosphides included Ni‐, Fe‐, Co‐, and Ge‐based phosphides, and most of them showed great potential in LIBs.Owing to the high theoretical capacities, moderate electrical conductivity, and ultrahigh thermal stability, metal phosphides have been considered promising candidates as the anodes of LIBs.22 Cur3.2.12, NiP3, Ni3P, Ni2P, and Ni12P5 have been prepared and used in LIBs. Typically, Ni‐based phosphides can be divided into two categories: phosphorus‐rich and metal‐rich phases. Specifically, phosphorus‐rich phase, including NiP2 and NiP3, have relatively high theoretical capacity. For instance, Gillot et al. studied the Li+ storage mechanism of cubic and monoclinic NiP2 by directly growing NiP2 on Ni foam. It was established that during the first discharge process, cubic NiP2 reacted with Li+ through a conversion process, whereas the monoclinic NiP2 underwent an insertion process combined with a conversion reaction. Moreover, NiP3 was prepared and applied as the anode of LIBs, and after the complete discharge, the final product was confirmed to be Li3P. However, pure NiP2 and NiP3 have their own limitations, which fundamentally restricts the applications of Ni‐based phosphides for LIBs. To enhance their electrical conductivity and suppressed the volume changes, Lou et al. fabricated cubic NiP2 nanoparticles coated with carbon shells and then loaded them on CNTs (NiP2@C‐CNTs). Benefiting from the structural merits, a high cyclic stability (a capacity of 654 mAh g–1 after 1500 cycles at 5.0 A g−1) was achieved.Ni‐based phosphides including NiP2,109 Ni3P, Ni2P, and Ni12P5. For example, Zhang et al. prepared peapod‐like Ni12P5 nanoparticles coated on carbon fiber as the anode of LIBs. In comparison with bare Ni12P5, the composite anodes exhibited an enhanced capacity of 650 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1. Moreover, Wu et al. embedded Ni2P nanoparticles within porous graphene networks generating a 3D yolk‐shell architecture. The open porous structure provides efficient channels for electron/ion transport, whereas the graphene networks supply enough space to accommodate the volume expansion of phosphides. Similarly, Wang et al. prepared carbon shell coated Ni2P sub‐microspheres using a facile solvothermal method, this distinctive core‐shell structure exhibited a high reversible capacity of 587 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 100 mA g−1.Different from the phosphorus‐rich phosphides mainly formed through the high temperature and/or hydrothermal reactions, metal‐rich phosphides are relatively simple, and they can be obtained under relatively low temperature and facile experimental procedures. Currently, the emerged metal‐rich phosphides included Ni3P,111 Ni3.2.22, Fe2P, and FeP. Particularly, amorphous Fe‐based phosphides buffered the volume changes, preventing performance degradation during cycles. For instance, Hall et al. synthesized amorphous FeP2 through a phosphorization approach. When used as the anode of LIBs, a reversible capacity of 906 mAh g−1 after 10 cycles at 137 mA g−1 was obtained. This moderate electrochemical result could be attributed to the low electrical conductivity and structural collapse.Fe forms diverse metal phosphides, including FeP2,113 Fe2P particles wrapped in graphitized carbon (GC)  Figure 4a.) Figure .5.2.3 This hollow structure enhanced the contact between active material and the electrolyte, and provided enough space for volume changes during cycles, whereas carbon layers on CoP nanoparticles increased the electronic conductivity and ensured the high structural integrity. To increase the capacity during long‐term cycles, Miao et al. designed a special and complex structure comprising amorphous carbon@CoP/N‐doped CNTs/CNFs (AC@CoP/NCNTs/CNFs) through a high‐temperature phosphorization process  and ultra‐long cyclic stability (250 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.8 A g−1) were achieved simultaneously.CoP with high theoretical capacity has attracted significant attention in PIBs, but they still experienced considerable volume expansion and low electronic conductivity. For instance, Liu et al. synthesized CoP@carbon spheres through the simple carbonization and phosphorization processes.212 Th2P has been reported in PIBs. For example, Wang et al. prepared ultrafine Co2P nanorods on rGO  Figure 11a.69[6s Figure . Similar5.2.5 SexP, and Ni—Fe—P, have been explored as the anodes of PIBs. For instance, Zhang et al. prepared layered GeP5 as the anode material. It was revealed that potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt helped to form a stable SEI layer, reducing the side reactions and further improving the cyclic performance, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect between K—P and K—Ge. Moreover, high electrochemical result was also achieved by using Se—P—carbon composite as the anode.Besides the above‐discussed phosphides, other metal phosphides such as GeP,76 SeIn summary, phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials have been widely investigated as the anodes of AIBs. According to the above discussions, pure phosphorus and phosphides are not suitable for serving as the anodes of AIBs, because of the structural collapse and low electronic conductivity during electrochemical cycles. Hybridizing phosphorus or phosphides with carbonaceous materials should be the promising solution. Of them, carbonaceous materials with 3D porous/hollow/yolk‐shell structures were verified to be the best candidates, owing to the diverse structural merits. 1) Carbonaceous materials acted as the highly conductive networks for promoting fast electron transfer, ensuring high reaction kinetics; 2) The sufficient spaces efficiently alleviated the volume expansion of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials during cycles; 3) The sufficient voids and channels shortened the diffusion length of alkali metal ions; and 4) The combination of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials with carbonaceous materials improved the entire structural integrity of electrode. The synergistic effects of these merits contributed to the high electrochemical performance of AIBs. Nevertheless, this strategy also encountered several shortcomings, including the low content of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials in electrodes, limited production scale, and complicated preparation processes, which needed to be addressed in the following research.6In addition to single‐valent metal‐ion batteries , multivalent metal‐ion batteries such as magnesium‐ion batteries (MIBs) and calcium‐ion batteries (CIBs) using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials, were also emerged recently. However, the utilization of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials in multivalent metal‐ion batteries is in the initial stage. The relative works are introduced briefly in the following parts.6.1 MIBs have the following advantages: 1) MIBs usually have higher theoretical capacities than single‐valent metal ion batteries; 2) The ion diffusion is fast, because of the smaller radius of Mg2+ (0.072 nm); 3) MIBs have almost no dendrite growth behavior, and thus they are relatively safe and stable. The synergistic effects of these above merits demonstrated the promising applications of MIBs.Recently, MIBs have attracted increasing attention, because of their diverse advantages including high theoretical capacity, low reduction potential, and low cost.220 MI2+. For instance, Jin et al. used density functional theory (DFT) to study the adsorption, diffusion and stability of Mg2+ on BP monolayer. The adsorption energy of Mg2+ on BP monolayer is −1.09 eV, and experimental results confirmed the high stability of Mg—P structure. Moreover, Banerjee et al. studied the effect of Mg—P bond on the electrochemical performance of MIBs. A synergistic effect between Mg—P bonds was found, thereby reducing the polarization of Mg2+. Through the first‐principle calculations, phosphorus was predicted to exhibit a low potential (0.15 V) and high specific capacity (1730 mAh g−1), when used as the anode of MIBs. This was also confirmed by the DFT calculations conducted by Sibari and co‐workers.BP has recently been explored and adopted in MIBs, and the interlayer distance is large enough for the insertion of Mg2+.222 Fo6.2 Recently, Muhammad et al. synthesized a 3D porous RP‐graphdiyne (3D‐PGDY) composite as the anode of CIBs. This unique structure provided abundant active sites and exhibited a low diffusion energy barrier, thereby a high Ca2+ storage capacity reaching 2129 mAh g−1 and a small volume change (2.32%) upon charging were achieved. This work paves the way to investigate CIBs using phosphorus‐based materials and promote the further practical utilization.Although calcium has many advantages, such as stable valence state, small ionic radius, and reserve abundant in the earth, CIBs still encountered various crucial issues, such as poor reversibility/recyclability, low working voltage, and serious polarization.227 Re7The accurate working mechanisms of AIBs need to be investigated and verified. Although the working mechanisms of LIBs and SIBs have been clarified, those of other AIBs such as PIBs and multivalent metal‐ion batteries, are still lacking, owing to the different intrinsic physicochemical properties of alkali metal ions. Moreover, the investigations on multivalent metal‐ion batteries locate at the theoretical prediction stage, and experimental works are crucial to confirm the theoretical simulations. By valuing the advantages and disadvantages of these AIBs, SIBs would be the potential energy‐related devices for further applications, because of the high electrochemical performance, safe working conditions, reserve abundance, and evenly distribution of Na, and low costs.The large‐scale production of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials with elaborately designed structures should be explored. To date, the emerged approaches for preparing phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials included ball milling, hydrothermal, solvothermal, vaporization‐condensation, and others. However, these approaches have their own intrinsic limits, such as complex fabrication procedure, high costs, and low yield, restricting their further commercialization. Moreover, the desired micro‐and nanostructures with high content of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials (≥80 wt.%) are still lacking. The high content of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials in electrode would contribute to high capacity and energy density of AIBs. To resolve these pressing issues, the template method and spray‐drying method should be the promising solutions, and the combination of different approaches should be another effective strategy, which could avoid the drawbacks induced by one single approach. and metal oxides, have already been developed to hybridize with phosphorus, and achieving obviously enhanced electrochemical performance. Since rarely attention has been paid to these aspects, much effort is needed in the upcoming research.Further improvement of electrochemical performance, especially the high rate capability, is still necessary for further applications. Currently, the electrochemical performance of AIBs still restricted by the low CE, slow diffusion kinetics, low electronic conductivity, and unstable structures. With the rapid increase of practical demands, significantly enhanced electrochemical results are still in urgent necessary. The promising solutions for addressing these problems include the hybridization with other active materials, surface/structure/morphology engineering, and heteroatom doping. For instance, besides carbonaceous materials, other active components, such as metals,228 an Notably, AIBs may not work when adopted phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials in aqueous electrolytes, since these materials can react with water (causing fire and explosion), and electrocatalyze the water splitting under working voltage.Advanced techniques, such as in/ex situ, spectroscopical, and modern characterization tools, should be conducted to elucidate the actual electrochemical reactions of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based anodes in AIBs. Because the working principles of diverse AIBs are still missing, it is necessary to discover the electrochemical behavior of active components during charge/discharge cycles. For instance, it is difficult to figure out the accurate contribution percentages of different working mechanisms for diverse AIBs, since it provides new insights for designing and constructing promising electrodes. Moreover, by varying the working atmosphere of AIBs, the anode may experience distinctive working pathways and conversions. For instance, electrolyte systems may influence the volume expansion and generated intermediates of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based anodes during electrochemical reactions.234 No as the new advanced study platforms, can boost the research and development of novel materials and battery systems, including electrode materials, separators, and electrolytes. The combination of these tools would undoubtedly accelerate the development of energy‐related devices. Thereafter, corresponding experiments should be conducted to confirm the predictions.Theoretical simulations should be conducted to predict the electrochemical activity of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based anodes. To date, the extensively investigated phosphides include Fe‐, Co‐, Ni‐, Mo‐, and Sn‐based phosphides, while other phosphide types are rarely examined. Thus, it is necessary to adopt the theoretical studies like DFT and first‐principle calculations to explore the possibility of utilizing other phosphides in AIBs. Moreover, machine learning and artificial intelligence,235 as which usually served as the cathodes of AIBs because of the high working voltage window, determined the specific capacities and energy densities of full cells. Moreover, the current testing parameters and atmospheres are impractical, and they should be reset to cater the practical applications. New battery types, such as soft‐package, punch cells, and cable‐like cells, may need to be assembled and tested, which can be further utilized in special electronics. Meanwhile, to avoid the structural damage and separation from collectors of active species, it is necessary to intercalate them together using CNTs and/or CNFs. In addition, to satisfy the practical demands of high‐end electronics, phosphorus/carbon and Sn‐based phosphide/carbon composites with the merits of easy preparation and high electrochemical performance should be the potential candidates serving as anodes.Considering the practical applications, the coupling of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based anodes with cathodes, electrolytes and separators should be well optimized. In addition to the anodic side, other components of AIBs affected the final electrochemical performance significantly. For instance, phosphate polyanion materials,237 whPhosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials with high theoretical capacity and long‐life cyclic stability have been considered as promising anodes of AIBs. However, phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials in AIBs have low electrical conductivity, significant volume expansion, and slow reaction kinetics, which severely restricted their practical applications. To solve these issues, various promising solutions have been explored and adopted, and progress has been already achieved. This review summarizes the recent progress on AIBs using phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials. Representative works have been listed and introduced, and the working principles of phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials were discussed. However, some issues/challenges still existed, and more efforts are required in the following research:In summary, phosphorus‐ and phosphide‐based materials with various merits have been extensively used in AIBs. Although great progress has been already achieved in recent years, the development of PIBs and multivalent metal‐ion batteries are not mature, and they deserve more effort. Considering the rapid development and well understanding of their working mechanisms, the practical applications of high‐performance AIBs will be finally realized.The authors declare no conflict of interest.


Previous research exploring the role of race on prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes has demonstrated greater rates of disease progression and poorer overall survival for African American (AA) compared to Caucasian American (CA) men. The current study examines self‐reported race as a predictor of long‐term PCa outcomes in patients with low and favorable‐intermediate risk disease treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT).This retrospective cohort study examined patients who were consented to enrollment in the Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter National Database between January 01, 1990 and December 31, 2017. Men self‐reporting as AA or CA who underwent EBRT for newly diagnosed National Comprehensive Cancer Network‐defined low or favorable‐intermediate risk PCa were included. Dependent study outcomes included: biochemical recurrence‐free survival, (ii) distant metastasis‐free survival, and (iii) overall survival. Each outcome was modeled as a time‐to‐event endpoint using race‐stratified Kaplan–Meier estimation curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis.Of 840 men included in this study, 268 (32%) were AA and 572 (68%) were CA. The frequency of biochemical recurrence, distant metastasis, and deaths from any cause was 151 (18.7%), 29 (3.5%), and 333 (39.6%), respectively. AA men had a significantly younger median age at time of EBRT and slightly higher biopsy Gleason scores. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses demonstrated no racial differences in any of the study endpoints.These findings reveal no racial disparity in PCa outcomes for AA compared to CA men, in a long‐standing, longitudinal cohort of patients with comparable access to cancer care. This study explored whether differences in long‐term oncological outcomes exist for African American compared to Caucasian American men diagnosed with low risk or favorable‐intermediate risk prostate cancer and treated with external beam radiation therapy, in equal access health care settings. Over a 25+ year study period, this study found no significant racial differences in biochemical recurrence‐free, distant metastasis‐free, and overall survival, controlling for detailed clinical factors. These findings suggest that access to, and receipt of, cancer care in equal access health care settings may reduce the long‐reported racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes. A secondary study aim was to assess whether there was an independent association of EBRT technique on these three study outcomes, given the extended study period. In examining these aims, there was an ability to control for detailed clinical and follow‐up information amassed over the 25+ year study period.22.1This retrospective cohort study examined patients who provided written informed consent to enroll in the Center for Prostate Disease Research (CPDR) Multicenter National Database between January 01, 1990 and December 31, 2017 at one of five participating CPDR sites, including: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Madigan Army Medical Center, Naval Medical Center San Diego, Tripler Army Medical Center, and Virginia Mason Medical Center. Stipends were not given for research participation. Institutional Review Board approval for this study was provided by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. This study utilized de‐identified data that are not publicly available and are protected by privacy safeguards.Study eligibility was restricted to men with newly diagnosed, biopsy‐confirmed, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)‐defined low and favorable‐intermediate risk PCa,2.22), and number of major comorbidities at diagnosis, defined as presence of the following conditions at time of diagnosis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebral vascular accident (CVA), and/or other cancer(s).Detailed patient information that was examined in this study included: patient age at time of initiating EBRT (years), self‐reported patient race (African American and Caucasian American) follow‐up time after EBRT (years), time from initiating EBRT to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir (years), time from initiating EBRT to biochemical recurrence (BCR) (years), time from initiating EBRT to DM (years), EBRT dose (cGy), prostate gland volume , receipt of hormone treatment (HT) (yes vs. no), EBRT technique , receipt of secondary HT after EBRT (yes vs. no), PSA nadir value (<0.2 ng/ml vs. ≥0.2 ng/ml), time to nadir (TTN) (<2.3 years vs. ≥2.3 years), PSA at diagnosis (ng/ml), PSA doubling time (PSADT) (months), clinical T stage, biopsy Gleason sum, body mass index (BMI) . The threshold of P < 0.05 was used to define statistical significance. All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 .Demographic, clinical, treatment, and outcome characteristics were calculated for the overall study cohort and compared across race using the Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables, and chi‐squared tests for categorical variables. Race‐stratified Kaplan–Meier (KM) estimation curves were used to produce 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year BRFS, DMFS, and OS probability estimates for low risk and favorable‐intermediate risk patients, separately. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards (PH) analyses were used to examine BRFS, DMFS, and OS as a function of race, controlling for key clinical covariates. Hazard Ratios (HR) are reported for Cox PH regression models, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) and 3There were 840 men who met the study inclusion criteria. The median age  and follow‐up time were 69.9 (IQR = 63.8–74.9) years, and 6.5 (IQR = 4.3–10.9) years, respectively (Table p < 0.001). A greater proportion of AA men received IMRT , while a greater proportion of CA men received 3D CRT . Use of secondary HT was very low (8.1%) and did not differ across race.Comparisons across race revealed significantly younger median age at EBRT for AA versus CA men , and to be obese . CA men were more likely to have major comorbidities than AA men  due mostly to a greater prevalence of “other cancers.”AA men were also more likely to have a biopsy Gleason score 3 + 4 disease compared to CA men , PSA nadir ≥ 0.2 ng/ml , and faster TTN (<2.3 years) . However, no significant difference in BRFS was observed across race. Factors that were predictive of poorer DMFS in the Cox PH model included: favorable‐intermediate versus low‐risk disease  and PSADT < 10 months . Again, race was not predictive of DMFS. Finally, Cox PH analysis revealed poorer OS for: increasing age , favorable‐intermediate versus low‐risk disease , TTN < 2.3 years vs. ≥2.3 years , and presence versus absence of any major comorbidity .Multivariable Cox PH analysis was performed for each of the study endpoints Table . Factorsn = 840 to n = 405. Therefore, a detailed comparison of descriptive characteristics was conducted to ensure comparability in distributions of key patient characteristics across the overall cohort (n = 840) versus the patient subset retained in the Cox PH models (n = 405). No differences were observed across the groups  and IMRT (n = 310) were also examined. These trends were examined for the overall study cohort, as well as stratified into race by biopsy grade subgroups . Though overall increases in radiation dose were observed over time, particularly between 1997 and 2004, these increases were comparable in all race by grade categories. As expected, 3D CRT was the most common mode of EBRT delivery until 2003, largely replaced by IMRT in 2004 (data available upon request).Time trends in median EBRT doses for patients undergoing 3D CRT , and a median time from EBRT to PCSM of 10.8 years, effect estimates were unreliable and are not presented. However, a KM analysis of the 20‐year cumulative risk of PCSM demonstrated no racial differences in PCSM .For a subset of patients, underlying cause of death was examined, using data obtained from the CDC National Death Index Office among the 333 subjects who died in the study cohort. Using these data, an attempt was made to construct a prediction model for prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) estimates, with race as a key independent variable. However, due to the very small number of prostate cancer‐specific deaths ‐Medicare populations have shown the age‐adjusted PCa mortality rates to be twice as high for AA compared to CA men.Conversely, our study supports previous work showing little or no racial differences in PCa outcomes following treatment.During this extended study period, the types and approaches to EBRT delivery evolved with unknown impact on race‐specific outcomes, as well as access to care and treatment intensity.Despite our findings of comparable oncologic outcomes, AA men in this study cohort presented with higher Gleason score and were diagnosed at younger ages. Yet, following diagnosis, they experienced the same intensity of treatment as indicated by median EBRT dosage and receipt of adjuvant and/or salvage HT, and ultimately experienced no difference in long‐term outcomes compared to CA men. Similar findings were shown by Shah et al., demonstrating AA men presented at younger ages and with a higher Gleason Score, and yet such baseline differences did not translate into poorer OS, BRFS, or DMFS compared to CA men.p = 0.04).The current study also found several important clinic‐pathological factors associated with poorer BRFS, including larger prostate volume (≥48.07 cc), failing to achieve PSA nadir, and time to PSA nadir < 2.3 years. None of these variables differed across race. Similar to our study, Kaminski et al. found that in men who received 3D CRT for treatment of “favorable” PCa , prostate volume was a significant predictor of biochemical progression  that were shown to be comparable across race, with detailed clinical variable adjustment. Moreover, these endpoints are challenging for any study focused on prognostication of aggressive disease for patients with low and favorable‐intermediate risk PCa. Though we could not model PCSM in this study, we were able to examine DMFS, a strong correlate of PCSM, and our analysis revealed no racial differences, albeit with a small number of events. Lastly, race was assessed by patient self‐report, which may not represent true genetic differences. However, a large, racially/ethnically diverse study of data from “23andMe”––a company that has compiled a global database of over 5 million customers, with roughly 80% sharing genotypic and phenotypic information for research on human ancestry and diseasesPotential limitations include that this study utilized a military population, with the exception of one site, which may differ from civilian populations. However, this allowed for assessment of an equal access healthcare system enriched with a large percentage of AA men. The 27‐year study period was advantageous for examining disease progression as EBRT evolved, but also posed challenges due to changes in the delivery of EBRT. To address these concerns, this study analyzed the impact of several critical treatment‐related factors including median EBRT dose, EBRT type, and biopsy grade to ensure comparability across race over time. Despite the extended study period, the median follow‐up time was 6.5 years, making it a challenge to examine longer‐term endpoints. However, there were a robust number of BCR events and deaths , the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., the Department of Defense (DoD) or the Departments of the Army, Navy, or Air Force. Mention of tradenames, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.


Plate clearing—eating a meal in its entirety—is common and may be a factor contributing to obesity. For the assessment of individual differences in plate clearing tendencies, Robinson et al.  developed the Plate Clearing Tendency Scale (PCTS). However, little is known about the psychometric properties of this scale and its correlates.N = 207, 76% female) completed a German translation of the PCTS and other questionnaires online.In the current study, participants (A one-factor structure had good model fit and the PCTS had acceptable internal reliability and good test–retest reliability across an average of four and a half weeks. Higher plate clearing tendencies related to more frequent parental encouragement to clear one’s plate in childhood and to stronger food waste concerns but were unrelated to sex, body weight, self-control, and eating behaviors. However, higher plate clearing tendencies related to higher body weight in unsuccessful dieters.The current study shows that the PCTS has sound psychometric properties and that plate clearing tendencies appear to be largely driven by food waste concerns and not by automatic eating habits or low eating-related self-control. In dieters, however, high plate clearing tendencies may contribute to low dieting success and hinder weight loss.No level of evidence, basic science. Humans tend to eat larger amounts of food with increasing portion sizes . While α > 0.80 [Robinson et al.  developeα > 0.80 –9). Maleα > 0.80 –8. Whileα > 0.80 , 7) but While the PCTS represents a useful measure for the investigation of plate clearing, there are several open questions about the scale’s psychometric properties and correlates. First, although the scale usually has good internal reliability, its assumed one-factor structure has not been formally tested. Second, although the scale intends to measure plate clearing habits (thus assuming that plate clearing tendencies are stable over time), test–retest reliability has not been examined yet. Third, previous studies have focused on sociodemographic and anthropometric correlates of the scale and concerns over food waste –9. Thus,Based on previous studies –9, we exWe expected to replicate relationships with variables that have been examined in previous studies . In addition, we explored associations with age and several psychological and eating-related constructs: trait food cravings, eating disorder psychopathology, self-control, habit strength, and intuitive eating. As plate clearing tendencies have been conceptualized as a habit  and as pIn one study , higher www.psychologie-heute.de/aktuelles/studienteilnahme.html), and Survey Circle (www.surveycircle.com), which is an online community for support in online research. According to the guidelines by the institutional review board of the LMU Munich (the senior author’s primary affiliation), completely anonymized questionnaire studies are exempt from requiring ethics approval. Data were collected in August and September 2020. The study was advertised as a study on eating behavior and personality and potential participants were directed to the online survey at www.soscisurvey.de. Participants were not offered any compensation. The study’s URL received 577 clicks and 234 individuals started the survey. Participants were informed that the data collection was anonymized, that the data would only be used for scientific, non-commercial purposes, and that they agree to participate by starting the survey. Twenty-seven participants cancelled participation before completion of the PCTS. Thus, data of 207 participants who completed the PCTS were available. Descriptive statistics of all study variables are displayed in Tables A convenience sample was recruited through students’ mailing lists at the University of Würzburg, social media , the website of the German version of Psychology Today magazine , citizenship, education, occupation, monthly net income, body height (in cm), body weight (in kg), type of diet, and the time since their last meal (in hours). Note that citizenship, education, occupation, monthly net income, and type of diet were only collected for sample description Table  and not strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. Thus, higher total scores represent stronger plate clearing tendencies. We translated the scale into German and a bilingual speaker translated the scale back to English. Discrepancies between the back translation and the original form were discussed and items were adjusted accordingly.The PCTS  consistsnever to 6 = always. Thus, higher total scores represent more frequent and intense food cravings.The FCQ–T–r  is a 15-strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. Thus, higher subscale scores represent more intense current food craving and hunger, respectively.The FCQ–S , 22 consnot at all like me to 5 = very much like me. After recoding inversely scored items, higher total scores represent higher self-control.The BSCS , 25 consstrongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. After recoding inversely scores items, higher total scores represent higher intuitive eating.The IES–2 , 27 consno days/none of the times/not at all to 6 = every day/every time/markedly. Thus, higher total scores represent higher eating disorder psychopathology.The EDE–Q–8  is an eidisagree and 5 = agree. The scale requires specifying the type of behavior that the items should refer to, which we specified as eating . Thus, higher total scores represent stronger automatic eating habits.The SRBAI  is a founot successful/not difficult and 7 = very successful/very difficult. After recoding one inversely scored item, higher total scores represent higher perceived success in weight regulation.The PSRS , 35 consω as it should be preferred over Cronbach’s α [https://jasp-stats.org; [lavaan (http://lavaan.ugent.be). Diagonally Weighted Least Squares was chosen as estimation method because of the ordinal scale structure [χ2 ≤ 2df, χ2p value > 0.05, χ2/df ≤ 2, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) ≤ 0.05, RMSEA p value > 0.10, RMSEA left boundary of CI = 0.00, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) ≤ 0.05, Bentler–Bonett Normed Fit Index (NFI) ≥ 0.95, Bentler–Bonett Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI) ≥ 0.97, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) ≥ 0.97, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) ≥ 0.95. In addition to Pearson’s correlation coefficient, test–retest reliability was evaluated with concordance correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman analysis [blandr and seolmatrix in jamovi version 2.3.0 (https://www.jamovi.org). We also tested whether the length of the time interval between the two measurements influenced test–retest reliability by running a moderated regression analysis with PROCESS version 3.4 for SPSS [Internal reliability of the PCTS was evaluated with McDonald’s bach’s α –39 and wats.org; ). The ontructure . Model ftructure : χ2 ≤ 2danalysis  using thfor SPSS  using PCt-test. Associations between continuous study variables and PCTS scores were tested with Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Interactive effects of dieting status and PSRS scores on PCTS scores were tested with PROCESS version 3.4 for SPSS [p < 0.05 were considered as significant. The data set of this study is available at https://osf.io/278t5.Sex differences in PCTS scores were tested with an independent samples for SPSS . Specififor SPSS . Effectsχ2 = 6.14, χ2p value = 0.29, χ2/df = 1.23, RMSEA = 0.03, RMSEA p value = 0.56, RMSEA left boundary of CI = 0.00, SRMR = 0.05, NFI = 0.97, NNFI = 0.99, CFI > 0.99, GFI = 0.99). Internal reliability of the PCTS at follow-up was ω = 0.78. Mean time between the two measurements was 4.46 weeks  and test–retest reliability of the PCTS was r = 0.83  with a similarly high concordance correlation coefficient of 0.82 . The Bland–Altman analysis indicated that mean bias (0.43) was not significantly different from zero  and that almost all data points were located within the upper  and lower  limit of agreement .Internal reliability of the PCTS was acceptable Table  and the t(205) = 0.35, p = 0.727, d = 0.06). Higher PCTS correlated with more frequent parental encouragement to clean one’s plate and with stronger food waste concerns . Dieters with low PSRS scores had higher plate clearing tendencies than non-dieters with low PSRS scores  while there was no difference between groups in those with high PSRS scores . In dieters with low PSRS scores, higher plate clearing tendencies related to higher BMI  while there was no relationship between PCTS scores and BMI in dieters with high PSRS scores and in non-dieters with high or low PSRS scores  or general self-control in the current study. Thus, the current findings suggest that plate clearing does not occur as a result of an automatic habit or poor self-control. While this is unexpected, it is also in line with findings indicating that most plate clearing is planned .Although plate clearing tendencies were largely unrelated to other eating behaviors, a relationship with dietary restraint was found, in line with a previous study . SpecifiInterpretation of the current findings is limited by the use of a convenience sample, self-report measures, and cross-sectional data collection. That is, the current sample was not nationally representative and results might have been influenced by self-selection bias. For example, female and highly educated young adults were overrepresented in the current sample and, thus, findings may not translate to more nationally representative samples. Self-reports may also be biased, for example, self-reported height tends to be overestimated while self-reported weight tends to be underestimated . HoweverThe current study shows that the PCTS has sound psychometric properties and replicates that plate clearing tendencies relate to parental encouragement to clear one’s plate in childhood. In addition, findings suggest that plate clearing tendencies appear to be largely driven by food waste concerns and not by automatic eating habits or low eating-related self-control. In dieters, however, high plate clearing tendencies may contribute to low dieting success and hinder weight loss.Previous studies have used a brief questionnaire—the Plate Clearing Tendency Scale—for measuring individual differences in plate clearing tendencies. Higher scores were weakly, positively correlated with body mass index and strongly, positively correlated with food waste concerns and parental encouragement to clear one’s plate in childhood.This study examines a German version of the questionnaire and shows that it has a unidimensional structure and good test–retest reliability. It also replicates that higher plate clearing tendencies are associated with food waste concerns and parental encouragement to clear one’s plate and adds that they are unrelated to body mass index, other eating behaviors, and self-control. In dieters, however, higher plate clearing tendencies are associated with lower dieting success and higher body weight.


Oryzias occur commonly in the fresh and brackish waters in coastal lowlands ranging from India across Southeast Asia and on to Japan. Among the three species of Oryzias recorded from peninsular India, two widespread species, O. carnaticus and O. dancena, have previously been reported from Sri Lanka based on museum specimens derived from a few scattered localities. However, members of the genus are widespread in the coastal lowlands of Sri Lanka, a continental island separated from India by the shallow Palk Strait. Although recent molecular phylogenies of Adrianichthyidae represent near‐complete taxon representation, they lack samples from Sri Lanka. Here, based on sampling at 13 locations representative of the entire geographic and climatic regions of the island's coastal lowlands, we investigate for the first time the molecular phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of Sri Lankan Oryzias based on one nuclear and two mitochondrial markers. Sri Lankan Oryzias comprise two distinct non‐sister lineages within the javanicus species group. One of these is represented by samples exclusively from the northern parts of the island; it is recognized as O. dancena. This lineage is recovered as the sister group to the remaining species in the javanicus group. The second lineage represents a species that is widespread across the island's coastal lowlands. It is recovered as the sister group of O. javanicus and is identified as O. cf. carnaticus. Ancestral‐range estimates suggest two independent colonizations of Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka by widespread ancestral species of Oryzias during two discrete temporal windows: late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene. No phylogeographic structure is apparent in Sri Lankan Oryzias, suggesting that there are no strong barriers to gene flow and dispersal along the coastal floodplains, as is the case also for other generalist freshwater fishes in the island.Ricefishes of the genus  Oryzias. We show that they comprise of two distinct non‐sister lineages within the javanicus species group. Ancestral‐range estimates suggest two independent colonizations of Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka by widespread ancestral species of Oryzias during two discrete temporal windows: late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene.Sampling across the entire geographic and climatic regions of the island’s coastal lowlands, we investigate the molecular phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of Sri Lankan  The Sri Lankan series examined by Parenti  and Forest Department (permit no. R&E/RES/NFSRCM/14‐16‐4) to HS and MM. The Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, approved the methods of sampling and euthanasia (using tricaine methane sulfonate) at its 27th meeting held on August 4, 2017. A total of 20 specimens from 13 locations representative of the entire lowland littoral of Sri Lanka were collected Table : 331 and2.2https://goo.gl/MdawKQ). A total of 19 mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb), 14 mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 2 (nd2), and 18 nuclear recombination activating protein 1 (rag1) were generated , 2 μl of template DNA (10 to 100 ng), 0.4 μl of each primer (10 μM), and 9.7 μl of deionized water. The PCR cycle of nd2 consisted of an initial denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 48°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 1 min, and a final extension of 72°C for 10 min. PCR product purification and sequencing protocols of nd2 were based on Sudasinghe, Ranasinghe, et al. , nd2 (711 bp) and rag1 (1411 bp) datasets was carried out using ClustalW in MEGA, and each alignment was checked and translated to verify the absence of premature stop codons and frameshift mutations. We used the comparative dataset of cytb, nd2, and rag1 from Yamahira et al.  and MEGA v. 7.0  framework using RAxML‐NG , the HPC cluster at the University of Bern, Switzerland.The divergence‐timing analysis was carried out in BEAST 2  model of BioGeoBears  value and a long branch . The second lineage of Oryzias from Sri Lanka is recovered as the sister group of O. javanicus (bootstrap = 94%). We tentatively recognize this clade as O. cf. carnaticus  subclades of O. cf. carnaticus are recognized from the island  in the late Oligocene to mid‐Miocene , in the early Pleistocene , while O. carnaticus has a lesser body depth of 21%–28% of SL , Jaffna and Vaddukoddai (north coast), Colombo and Negombo (west coast), Batticaloa (east coast), and Puttalam (northwestern coast). Parenti  is also reported from Eastern India, Bangladesh, and the Andaman Islands, while O. dancena  is recorded from Eastern India and Myanmar  are listed in Sri Lanka's National Red List . Britz et al. , Devario malabaricus (Jerdon), Rasbora dandia  and the snakehead, Channa kelaartii (Günther) in Sri Lanka ; it may suggest that each of these populations represents historically separate evolutionary lineages ; data curation (lead); formal analysis (lead); investigation (lead); methodology ; validation ; visualization ; writing – original draft ; writing – review and editing . Tharindu Ranasinghe: Data curation ; investigation ; validation ; writing – review and editing . Kumudu Wijesooriya: Data curation ; investigation ; validation ; writing – review and editing . Rohan Pethiyagoda: Conceptualization ; funding acquisition ; project administration ; resources ; supervision ; writing – original draft ; writing – review and editing . Lukas Ruber: Conceptualization ; funding acquisition ; resources ; supervision ; writing – original draft ; writing – review and editing . Madhava Meegaskumbura: Conceptualization ; funding acquisition ; methodology ; resources ; supervision ; writing – review and editing .The authors declare no competing interests.