This study provides a facial strategy to design and construct high‐performance metal oxides for energy storage.NiO is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors. Herein, the novel vertically standing nanosized NiO encapsulated in graphene layers (G@NiO) are rationally designed and synthesized as nanosheet arrays. This unique vertical standing structure of G@NiO nanosheet arrays can enlarge the accessible surface area with electrolytes, and has the benefits of short ion diffusion path and good charge transport. Further, an interconnected graphene conductive network acts as binder to encapsulate the nanosized NiO particles as core–shell structure, which can promote the charge transport and maintain the structural stability. Consequently, the optimized G@NiO hybrid electrodes exhibit a remarkably enhanced specific capacity up to 1073 C g And, an asymmetric supercapacitor (G@NiO//NGH) using G@NiO as positive electrode and nitrogen‐doped graphene hydrogels (NGHs) as negative electrode can show a high energy density of 52.6 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 800 W kg−1, and good cycling stability.Based on above discussions, it is urgently needed to synthesize sophisticated nanomaterials, especially with designed and fabricated unique structure. Here, we design and synthesize novel vertical‐standing nanosized NiO encapsulated by high‐quality graphene layers (G@NiO) directly on conductive substrates as electrodes for high‐performance supercapacitors, as shown in 2FigureFor comparison, the PECVD process was maintained for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 min to obtain different samples . FigureFigure−1, corresponding to the disorder induced D band and graphitic G band.ID/IG) in all G@NiO samples is about 0.8, suggesting that low structural defects are introduced in graphene layers.The phase and composition of the G@NiO and NiO were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman, as shown in 2− from NiO is gradually decreased. Further, we also calculate the ratio of NiO/Ni, according to the mass loading . The calculated molar ratio of NiO/Ni is 93.6/6.4 for G@NiO‐0.5, 88.6/11.4 for G@NiO‐1, 75.3/24.7 for G@NiO‐2, and 65.7/34.3 for G@NiO‐3, respectively. A similar trend with XPS results can be also found. Undoubtedly, the longer plasma exposition time can produce more H radical from the decomposition of CH4. Thus, more Ni nanoparticles are produced and less NiO are remained. According to previous researches, metallic Ni shows no contributions on the capacitance.4, C2H2) provide the reactive radicals and play a predominant role in the nucleation and growth of graphene layers.In addition, we also conduct X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to investigate the chemical states on the surface of G@NiO. In Figure S4 of the Supporting Information, the intensity of Ni is increased with the longer plasma exposition time, while the intensity for Om KOH. Figure−1. Notably, G@NiO‐1 shows the largest enclosed CV curve area and the highest peak current among pristine NiO and other G@NiO samples, demonstrating the highest chare‐storage capacity.−1 are shown in Figure v1/2 and cathodic peak current for NiO and G@NiO‐1, which indicates the good reversibility and the presence of diffusion‐controlled reactions in NiO and G@NiO‐1, as shown in Figure S6 of the Supporting Information. It suggests that the capacitance behavior in G@NiO‐1 is mainly come from the faradaic redox reactions.ip, n, A, D0, C0*, and v represent the peak current, number of electrons transfer, electrode area, diffusion coefficient, reactant concentration, and scan rate.n, A, and C0* values, the diffusion coefficient of G@NiO‐1 is about eight times higher than that of NiO. It also demonstrates that such unique structure in G@NiO‐1 could increase the specific capacity and promote the charge transport during the faradaic redox reaction.The electrochemical performance of G@NiO and NiO are tested in a three‐electrode configuration using 2 −1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is about three times higher than that of NiO (297 C g−1). Moreover, the capacity retention of the G@NiO‐1 electrode is about 59%, even at a high current density of 20 A g−1, demonstrating the good rate capability. As shown in Table S1 of the Supporting Information, it can be found that G@NiO‐1 electrode is competitive in current researches. The Nyquist plots of the NiO and G@NiO‐1 electrodes are shown in Figure −1. After 10 000 continuous cycles, the G@NiO‐1 electrode displays excellent cycling stability, with ≈99% retention of the initial capacity, which is much higher than about 66% capacitance retention of the pristine NiO electrode. In addition, Figure S7 of the Supporting Information shows the TEM images of NiO and G@NiO‐1 after 10 000 cycles. As shown in Figure S7a of the Supporting Information, it can be found that the structure of NiO has been destroyed with many holes. At the meantime, TEM results in Figure S7b,c of the Supporting Information indicate the G@NiO‐1 after 10 000 cycles remains the sheet‐like morphology consisting of the NiO nanoparticles encapsulated with the interconnected graphene layers. And Figure S7c of the Supporting Information also demonstrated that the metallic Ni retain the original state. In other word, the metallic Ni shows no contribution on the capacitance. The cycling tests further demonstrate that an interconnected graphene conductive network in G@NiO acts as binder to encapsulate the nanosized NiO particles as core–shell structure, which could prevent the structural collapse and electrode pulverization after cycling tests.The galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) curves of all samples are shown in Figure m HCl for 24 h . As shown in Figure S8a of the Supporting Information, it can be found that graphene shells with highly crystalline still maintain the shell structures after corrosion. There are no remaining nanoparticles in the PG. In other words, the graphene shells are not fully encapsulated the NiO nanoparticles, which means that it would not hinder the infiltration of electrolyte ions. And the obtained PG only shows the limited specific capacity, suggesting that graphene layers in G@NiO mainly act conductive network on nanosized NiO particles. And PG could promote fast charge transport and maintain the structural stability. In addition, we also treated NiO samples under the plasma source of H2 and Ar for 1 min . Electrochemical tests demonstrate NiO–Ni‐1 samples show the enhanced capacity, but the cycling stability of NiO–Ni‐1 is poor. Although metallic Ni could improve the conductivity, the poor interface connection between NiO and Ni in NiO–Ni nanosheet without organic binders would lead to the poor cycling stability. However, in our case, the existence catalytic Ni in G@NiO would help to the growth of high‐quality graphene layers by PECVD at the low temperature (350 °C). Further, such interconnected graphene conductive network with high quality can improve the electronic, mechanical, and electrochemical performances of G@NiO samples. More importantly, nanosized NiO particles with abundant eletroactive sites, which is beneficial for charge storage. In addition, vertical‐standing G@NiO nanosheets directly on the conductive substrates can provide a large contact area and reduce the contact resistance. Overall, by integrating these advantages of high‐quality interconnected graphene layer, nanosized NiO particles and vertical‐standing nanosheet structure, the G@NiO shows the high specific capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability.Such structure and morphology of G@NiO are similar to previous reported vertical graphene nanosheets (VFG).Figure−1 at 1 A g−1, and still retains 128 C g−1 at 20 A g−1, suggesting the good rate performance. Further, the G@NiO‐1//NGH device shows about 91.7% capacity retention after 5000 cycles . Figure −1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1, which is much higher than that for ASC devices based on nickel‐based materials .Currently, constructing the asymmetric supercapacitor is a promising strategy to improve the energy density of supercapacitors. For example, Mai and co‐workers synthesized a low‐crystalline iron oxide hydroxide nanoparticle anode with excellent electrochemical performance, and an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device based on the low‐crystalline iron oxide hydroxide showed the high energy density.3−1, almost three times higher than that of the counterpart in pristine NiO, good rate capability, and excellent cycling performance. Further, the constructed G@NiO‐1//NGH device shows a maximum energy density up to 52.6 W h kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1, and good cycling performance. In principle, the strategy in our study feasibly offers insight into the in situ forming graphene on nanosized TMOs particles directly as electrodes for maximizing their electrochemical performances, which may help to accelerate development of TMOs as electrode for high‐performance supercapacitors.In conclusion, we provide a new approach to boost the electrochemical performance of NiO by constructing the unique structure of G@NiO composites without organic binders, where nanosized NiO particles are in situ encapsulated by high‐quality graphene layers as the vertical‐standing nanosheet structure. The optimized G@NiO hybrid electrodes shows an improved capacity of as high as 1073 C gThe authors declare no conflict of interest.SupplementaryClick here for additional data file.


OXTR) gene polymorphisms are related to individual differences in emotional processing of social cues. However, whether OXTR polymorphisms affect emotional processing of nonsocial cues remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism and emotional processing of social cues and nonsocial cues.Oxytocin receptor  than AA carriers in response to images of both humans and objects. Second, GG carriers showed more negative N2 (200–320 ms) than AA carriers in response to images of humans but not in response to images of objects. Third, GG carriers showed more negative N2 in response to images of humans than images of objects, whereas AA carriers showed the opposite pattern. Fourth, we observed no difference in late positive potential (600–1000 ms) to images of humans or objects that depended on the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism.First, the results showed that GG carriers of OXTR rs53576 polymorphism affects emotional processing of not only social cues but also nonsocial cues in the very early stage (reflected in N1); however, the data also suggest that the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism is related specifically to increased emotional processing of social cues in the middle stage (reflected in N2).These results suggest that the  OXTR) are related to individual differences in responses to social cues. In particular, recent studies have found that rs53576, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in OXTR, is related to such individual differences. Behavioral studies have indicated that homozygous carriers of the G allele (GG carriers) show higher trait empathy [OXTR rs53576 polymorphism is related to a higher sensitivity to social cues.Social behaviors refer to “the reciprocal interactions of two or more animals and the resulting modification of the individual's action system” . Oxytoci empathy , trust b empathy , and low empathy  than tho empathy , 12 and  empathy  than AA/OXTR rs53576 polymorphism and the oxytocin level is still unclear , a latean faces , 12 and an faces , 9, 13. Event-related potential (ERP), the electroencephalogram (EEG) response to specific events such as presentation of emotional stimuli, reflects the time course of information processing in the brain due to its high temporal resolution . StOXTR rs53576 polymorphism and the time course of emotional processing of social and nonsocial cues by measuring ERP responses. To do so, we analyzed the N1, N2, and LPP components of ERP responses from 88 young male individuals while images of humans and images of objects were presented as social cues and nonsocial cues, respectively. Given that previous studies showed a higher sensitivity to social cues in GG carriers [OXTR polymorphism affects emotional processing of not only social cues, but also nonsocial cues, we would expect to see differences in ERP responses between the OXTR rs53576 genotype groups in response to images of objects.In the present study, we aimed to investigate associations between the carriers , we hypoNinety-two male Japanese undergraduate or graduate students (age range 19–25 years) participated in this study. In the present study, we recruited only male participants because previous studies reported that males show clearer differences in brain structures  and emotp = 0.280) and was in line with previous studies showing that AA carriers are more common than GG carriers in Asian populations [Genomic DNA was extracted from the saliva of participants using a Saliva DNA Isolation Kit . Genotyping for the rs53576 polymorphism was then performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays . PCR amplification was carried out in a LightCycler Nano real-time PCR system . All samples were run twice, and they all provided consistent results. The genotype distribution  was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium , flowers (pleasant image of objects), a dirty toilet (unpleasant image of objects), a man with an emotionally neutral face , a man with a baby (pleasant image of humans), an injured person (unpleasant image of humans), a fox , puppies , and cockroaches . The category of pleasant images of humans did not include erotic images, because balancing arousal levels between pleasant images of humans and pleasant images of objects was difficult. Specific IAPS picture identification numbers [A total of 270 images were selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) . The ima numbers  are presParticipants were seated approximately 80 cm from a screen (20-in. monitor). They were asked to focus on the screen and to look at the images presented. During EEG recording, three blocks of image presentations were shown. In each block, 90 images (10 images for each category) were presented three times for a total of 270 trials. In each trial, a white fixation cross was presented on a black screen for 500 ms, and then an image was presented for 1000 ms. The inter-trial interval was 1250–1750 ms, and the order of the trials was random. The images presented were different among the three blocks.After EEG recording, each participant filled out a subjective assessment. They once again observed the images presented during the EEG recording and judged the valence and arousal of each image based on a 9-point Likert scale .The EEG was recorded using a 64-channel Geodesic Sensor Net  based on the 10/20 system and was amplified by a high-input impedance (200 MΩ) amplifier . During recording, EEG signals were recorded at electrode site Cz as a reference with a sampling frequency of 500 Hz. Electrode impedances were maintained below 50 kΩ.M = 70.2, SD = 14.2; pleasant images of objects, M = 70.2, SD = 14.9; unpleasant images of objects, M = 71.8, SD = 13.6; neutral images of humans, M = 70.9, SD =14.7; pleasant images of humans, M = 71.3, SD = 14.3; and unpleasant images of humans, M = 71.3, SD = 14.1.After recording, EEG data were re-referenced offline to the average of the left and right mastoids and band-pass filtered with cutoffs of 0.1 and 30 HzWe calculated three ERP components as follows: N1 (average amplitude between 50 and 200 ms), N2 (average amplitude between 200 and 320 ms), and LPP (average amplitude between 600 and 1000 ms). N1, N2, and LPP were all averaged from centro-parietal sites  based on previous findings that the effect of emotional content on these ERP components is generally maximal in centro-parietal areas , content (object vs. human), and valence  as fixed factors, and participant  as a random factor. In case of significant main effects or interactions, a post hoc t test was performed with Bonferroni corrections. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software , and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.For the ERP responses  and the subjective ratings , we conducted a generalized linear mixed model with Grand averaged ERP waveforms in the centro-parietal area are shown in Fig. OXTR  revealed that GG carriers showed significantly more negative N1 than GA (t(334) = −3.90, p < 0.001) and AA carriers (t(250) = −5.51, p < 0.001) and that GA carriers showed significantly more negative N1 than AA carriers (t(466) = −3.35, p = 0.001)  = 0.11) than images of humans .For N1, we observed a significant main effect of rriers  revealed that GG carriers showed significantly more negative N2 than AA carriers in response to images of humans (t(41.0) = −2.50, p = 0.016), whereas we found no significant difference in N2 among GG, GA, and AA carriers in response to images of objects   was also conducted; GG carriers showed significantly more negative N2 in response to images of humans than images of objects (t(29) = 2.15, p = 0.040). GA carriers did not show significant differences in N2 in response to images of objects compared to images of humans (t(137) = −1.40, p = 0.165), and AA carriers showed significantly more negative N2 in response to images of objects than images of humans (t(95) = −2.19, p = 0.031)  indicated that N2 was significantly more negative in response to neutral images  and unpleasant images  than pleasant images   = −4.63; unpleasant vs. pleasant: t(175) = 6.15; all p < 0.001).For N2, we observed a reliable interaction of nt Table . As show17) Fig. . Post houmans  than images of objects . We also observed a significant main effect of valence for LPP  revealed that LPP was significantly more positive in response to unpleasant images  than neutral images  and pleasant images   = −2.98, p = 0.003; pleasant vs. unpleasant: t(175) = −2.74, p = 0.007).For LPP, we found no main effect of nt Table . We obsePP Table , indicatTable OXTR × valence  was conducted; however, we found no significant differences in valence rating among GG, GA, and AA carriers for neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant images . We identified main effects of content and valence, and a reliable interaction of content × valence for valence ratings  indicated that participants reported pleasant images to be more pleasant than neutral images and unpleasant images to be more unpleasant than neutral images for both images of objects and images of humans .For valence ratings, we observed a reliable interaction of ce Table . Post hogs Table . Post hoOXTR × content  was conducted; however, we found no significant differences in the arousal rating among GG, GA, and AA carriers for either images of objects or images of humans . Post hoc analysis between content within each OXTR (paired samples t test) was also conducted; GG, GA, and AA carriers all reported that images of humans were significantly more arousing than images of objects . We also observed a reliable interaction of OXTR × valence for arousal rating  was conducted; however, we found no significant differences in arousal rating among GG, GA, and AA carriers for neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant images . The main effect of content was also significant for arousal ratings  to be significantly more arousing than images of objects . The main effect of valence was also significant for arousal ratings  revealed that participants reported unpleasant images  to be more arousing than pleasant images  and pleasant images to be more arousing than neutral images  .For arousal ratings, we observed a reliable interaction of nt Table . Post hong Table . Post hogs Table , indicatOXTR rs53576 polymorphism affects emotional processing of social and nonsocial cues. To do so, we compared the ERP responses  evoked by images of humans  and objects  among OXTR rs53576 genotype groups.The present study investigated whether the OXTR rs53576 than AA carriers, and intermediate in GA carriers, regardless of the response to images of objects or humans. Previous studies have reported that N1 is sensitive to highly emotional stimuli [OXTR rs53576 show enhanced emotional processing compared to GA and AA carriers in the very early stage (50–200 ms) in response to both social and nonsocial cues. Regarding social cues, this result supports previous findings of a higher sensitivity to social cues in GG carries than in AA/GA carriers [OXTR rs53576 on emotional processing of social cues occurs from the very early stage (reflected in N1). Moreover, given that Peltola et al. [OXTR rs53576 and early processing of social cues is evident regardless of whether active attention to social cues is required or not.In the present study, N1 was more negative in GG carriers of  stimuli , 20. Altcarriers . In partcarriers  showing a et al.  adapted OXTR rs53576 polymorphism affects emotional processing of nonsocial cues. One previous study [OXTR rs53576 polymorphism. One study reported no difference in the oxytocin level between GG/GA carriers and AA carriers of the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism [OXTR rs53576 polymorphism, oxytocin levels, and emotional processing of nonsocial cues.Regarding nonsocial cues, the present result of N1 provides new evidence that the us study  found thmorphism ; howevermorphism ). Thus, OXTR rs53576 showed more negative N2 than AA carriers in response to images of humans but not in response to images of objects. Moreover, GG carriers showed a greater N2 in response to images of humans than to images of objects, whereas AA carriers showed a greater N2 in response to images of objects than to images of humans. In the present study, N2 was more negative in response to negative images than to pleasant images, supporting previous results showing that N2 is sensitive to highly emotional stimuli [OXTR rs53576 show opposite patterns regarding emotional processing of social cues and nonsocial cues in the middle stage (200–320 ms); GG carriers may show enhanced emotional processing of social cues compared to nonsocial cues, whereas AA carriers may show enhanced emotional processing of nonsocial cues compared to social cues. Similarly, Proverbio et al. [OXTR rs53576 and N2 that is shown in the present study may also be explained by the idea that GG carriers have a greater interest in social cues than AA carriers. This supports the previous findings of a higher sensitivity to social cues in GG carries than AA/GA carriers [For N2, we found that GG carriers of  stimuli , 20, 22.o et al. , 25 repocarriers .OXTR rs53576, unlike N1 and N2. Thus, the present results for LPP suggest that OXTR rs53576 does not affect the processing of emotional stimuli in the relatively late stage (600–1000 ms), regardless of the existence of social content in the stimuli. The observation of no association between OXTR rs53576 on late processing of social cues is in line with the previous result by Peltola et al. [OXTR rs53576 and ERP responses to human faces in N1, but not in LPP. Taken together, we suggest that the association between OXTR rs53576 and emotional processing may be more evident in the early stage than in the late stage. However, because the present study adapted a passive image viewing task and the previous study adapted a relatively simple cognitive task [OXTR rs53576 on emotional processing in the late stage during complex cognitive tasks such as the memory task that was adopted in Rimmele et al. [LPP did not show any differences related to a et al. , who repive task , future e et al. .OXTR rs53576 polymorphism, although the results of our ERP response indicated differences in emotional processing of social cues and nonsocial cues among the different carriers of the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism. Although some studies  suggestOXTR rs53576 genotype is different between Asians and European Americans; more GG carriers than AA carriers are found among European Americans, whereas more AA carriers than GG carriers are found among Asians [OXTR rs53576 carriers seems to be related to cultural differences in human behavior and emotion. For instance, one study [OXTR rs53576 is related to collectivistic cultural values. Another study on the distribution of OXTR rs53576 in Africa, Asia, and South Europe [OXTR rs53576 may be related to favoritism toward sons. As one factor affecting the interaction between genes and culture, future studies should investigate the evolutionary route that resulted in the difference in the distribution of OXTR rs53576 among regions.The distribution of the g Asians , 34, 35.n = 88) compared with most previous studies on associations between genotype and behavior or brain activity . As mentioned above, the distribution of the OXTR rs53576 genotype is different between Asians and European Americans. For this reason, several previous studies combined GA and AA carriers in their analyses [The present study has some important limitations. First, our sample size was small ; however, we also suggest that the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism is related specifically to increased emotional processing of social cues in the middle stage (200–320 ms).The present study investigated an association between the