Our content analysis, inspired by the theoretical resources of 4E cognitive science, points to three overlapping characteristics of creative cognition in music composition: it is largely exploratory, it is grounded in bodily experience, and it emerges from the recursive dialogue of agents and their environment. More generally, such preliminary findings suggest that musical creativity may be advantageously understood as a process of constant adaptation – one in which composers enact their musical styles and identities by exploring novel interactivities hidden in their contingent and historical milieux.In a qualitative study, we explored the range of reflections and experiences involved in the composition of score-based music by administering a 15-item, open-ended, questionnaire to seven professional composers from Europe and North America. Adopting a grounded theory approach, we organized six different codes emerging from our data into two higher-order categories ( These adaptations can take multiple forms, and involve different values, activities, and normative domains. In a musical context, for example, one can explore how the meanings one develops in performance are transformed by the community of practice in which musicking takes place  with rhythmical and expressive forms associated with traditional South American music (such as tango brasileiro). This musical elision can be realized through a rich variety of ensemble settings (with differences in terms of size and instrumentation), or through the re-creation of particular forms. Examples can be found in two famous works by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959), Suite Populaire Brésilienne and Bachiana Brasileira, which allowed the composer to integrate Western compositional techniques  and forms , with Brazilian folk styles and traditions.Creative products – ideas, items, musical compositions – usually display an optimal balance between iateness , involvesurprise , and are setting . As Bishchoro). While productive in many ways, one consequence of this somewhat closed loop of musicological discourse is simply to demonstrate an endorsement – or censure – of the creative credentials of a particular composition. Since Sloboda’s observations 35 years ago, swathes of process-focused (ethno)musicological research have led to some deliberate moves to diversify musical analyses, such as the establishment of the Journal of Analytical Approaches to World Music in 2011. These have contributed to a broader perspective on creativity in musical composition.More than three decades ago, Geneplore (“generate and explore”) model (Yet there remains a dearth of literature on the cognitive activity that composing musicians enact in the process of creating new music. As pointed out by ”) model . As Abraexploration is particularly suited to help capture the creative aspects involved in music-making and compositional practice. This aligns with recent work by … creative acts can be considered in two complementary dimensions: (1) types of action and the extent of engagement with music through them, and (2) contexts for action and the opportunities for meaning they provide. Through these lenses, the experience of meaningful engagement involves an immersion in a creative process that provides the composer to connect with his or her intuitive experience, or ‘acquainted knowledge’ of music. (p. 79)The notion of   and relevant aspects of the environment one engages with.Recent empirical work on musical collaboration increasingly explores the layers of reciprocal interaction between performers and the musical contexts they develop and transform  heed the call of ence see , and cann = 5), bass clarinet (n = 1) and horn (n = 1). After agreeing to participate in the study, they received two documents via email: a consent form to be signed and returned to the researchers, explaining the procedure and use of their data, and the questionnaire described below.Participation in the study was voluntary. It was supervised by the research team after ethical approval was granted by the ethics committee of the University of Graz, Austria. In total, 15 composers were recruited initially after an announcement was posted on social media. The sample was then reduced to seven individuals  who met the following inclusion criteria: having a higher degree in music composition, having composed at least 40 pieces; and being an active composer. Participants had studied at music schools and universities in Europe and North America; they were all highly familiar with Western classical and contemporary repertoires; all were expert performers. The main instruments they played were piano (Appendix). This consisted of 15 open-ended questions to which participants were instructed to respond freely, discursively and without word limits. The written responses included examples to demonstrate participants’ compositional styles and techniques, evaluations of their creative practice, and personal reflections on their musical identity. The questionnaire items were deliberately generic and unspecific, so as to elicit a wide variety of answers and descriptions. A similar approach had been used successfully in previous studies investigating the teaching and learning of music in collective and individual settings  definitions; (ii) self-reflection; (iii) techniques and instruments; (iv) synergies; (v) feedback loops; and (vi) identities. Two higher order categories were established: the act of composing, consisting of codes (i), (ii) and (iii), and establishing relationships, consisting of codes (iv), (v) and (vi). This classification was discussed by the research team; different interpretations were compared until a final agreement was reached and a preliminary explanatory model developed. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach. This is an inductive method based on content analysis, in which relevant categories are derived directly from the dataset. This approach has been implemented in previous music research focused on education, pedagogy, and performance among others e.g., . To assicomposing music, reflections on their own feelings and emotional states while composing, as well as information about their intimate connections with musical instruments and their techniques.This section focuses on a number of important aspects and descriptions associated with the compositional practices and styles of our participants. These include statements regarding their definitions of process and result: “Composing music is the act of writing music in a way that employs compositional techniques and processes in order to devise and develop ideas. For me, a composition is often the end result of a learning process” (P. 01); “I think the ‘sense’ of my practice dwells in the very act of composing, without thinking of it as an outcome or as a result that transcends the act which starts its constitutive processes” (P. 02). The first quotation suggests that composing music might be understood as the final outcome of a creative activity. Conversely, the second quotation highlights the crucial role of the process itself. These two views, however, do not necessarily stand in opposition to each other. The desire to produce a particular item, appears associated with the sensation of absorption in the creative process. The following excerpt, for example, points to the recursive interplay between personal growth and the development of a particular mental state:[Composing music] means expressing my desire to make things, and to be in a mental state of making, which I really enjoy. This mental state feels essential to the personhood I’ve constructed. It is important to me to always be “in the middle” of a project, and the process of composing is a way of being in the middle. (P. 03)Musical composition within what might be described as the broad church of Western classical music involves the use of different forms, cultures, styles, and methods. One initial insight representing the first code is captured by the tension between the notions of For sure composing is a practice that is learned at some stage, and this may take so much time and energy that in the end it might be the only thing that a composer is able to do as a job. So, composing is also a job, possibly. But composing is also a way to connect to music, that is, to an element that is way more abstract and impalpable than money, reputation and other social constructs, but at the same time is directly rooted on mechanical properties of matter so that it might give the impression of being docilely founded on physical science. And nevertheless, it has the ability to “teleport” us, even if for a moment, to a distant or deeper universe, in which . . . our daily reality instantly disappears. To compose is to learn, experiment and explore this teleporting device. (P. 04)Such a state of mind, as reported, can even help the composer understand, re-live and re-conceptualize previous experiences and emotional states: “Composing is also a means to explore feelings and knowledges that I encounter in my life, and to create new ways of conceptualizing life. It’s a sort of playground for testing and creating ideas” (P. 03). The act of composing music can bring together past experiences and moment-to-moment, present, aesthetic choices and feelings, in a unique, structured, dialogue. This organic set of past and present dimensions may lead to broader conceptions of what composing music entails. In a sense, composing music can allow the composer to (re-)establish connections with things, places, ideas, and people. This was explained in more detail by another participant:engages with music, or connects to music, rather than generating it. In what follows we focus on the range of bodily experiences and emotions associated with this dynamic process.This understanding of music as a teleporting device aligns with research that conceives of musical activity  as “something that defies the mundane” , p. 275 When it’s going well, it’s thrilling. A little like being intoxicated; there’s a “rush” that I feel when it’s all clicking the way it should. When it’s not, it’s depressing. There’s a feeling of helplessness and failure. I’ve learned to shake off those negative feelings and trust that the right solutions will present themselves if I’m patient. (P. 05)When things are going well, I feel good. When things are going badly  I tend to feel pretty lousy, exhausted, stressed, and anxious. I rarely find composing to be a fun activity, yet I feel compelled to do it. (P. 01)I feel excited when I build up the technique, the constellation of ideas on which I organize my work (a process that can take days or even months). Uncomfortable and impatient when I’m in the process of realizing it as a score, so that I never want to interrupt writing until I finished it. And kind of anxious to hear the result whenever the score is complete. (P. 04)In this code, we include descriptions of bodily feelings, states, and sensations while composing, reported by our participants. The following three quotations, from different participants, suggest that composing is not always a joyful process; if things are not going as planned it can involve unpleasant sensations associated with uneasiness and stress:I suppose my dominant compositional feeling is a kind of quiet contemplation; I feel lost in the process, like time is standing still; I won’t notice that the sun has set and it’s completely dark in the room where I’m playing . Composing calms me down and takes me to a peaceful place, that’s also occasionally fun or more deeply rewarding. (P. 03)Composing music can always involve a wide variety of feelings and emotions, ranging from excitement to exhaustion. There is also a clear causality between the success of the activity and the feelings it evokes. As one participant put it: “I am focused on the piece in development and what I feel depends on how the creative process unfolds” (P. 02). This last quotation stresses again the uncertainty inherent in the process, and connects it with attentional focus and its associated range of feelings. The next excerpt, however, develops a more general statement: Importantly, this does not imply a lack of connections to the present environment. Indeed, at least two important relational aspects can compensate for this absence of direct mapping:It often feels like I cohabit with an external entity that claims its independency, following its own . . . itinerary of individuation, growth and determination. Then I suddenly realize I am deeply pervaded with the music under development. I am . . . convinced that musical creation constitutes a primary way to access a pre-personal, or trans-personal, level of experience. (P. 02)Sometimes I feel a desire to compose but don’t have any ideas, or am unmotivated. Most of the time, though, I compose automatically, just because the piano is nearby and I can’t resist touching it, or I hear something I like and I want to play with it and modify it. (P. 03)The idea of being “taken somewhere” by the music or – in the words of another participant – being “teleported” elsewhere seems to be an important factor. Music provides access to an intimate sphere of feelings that are not easily mapped onto the state of things occurring in the composer’s surroundings.The first quotation echoes the previous comments on the bi-directional relationship between composers and their music. A process of reciprocal causation arguably permeates the compositional moment, where both music and composer shape each other. Moreover, not only do composers engage with music itself and its properties; instead, they also develop intimate forms of reciprocal interplay with musical instruments, as the second quotation indicates. In what follows we aim to explore these processes of co-transformation and interaction in more detail.I compose primarily at the piano, although it is not my primary instrument. Rather, it serves as a tool to start the process of composing, and to confirm my musical intuitions when I’m feeling unsure. I spend hours trying out slightly different versions of the same short idea as I stitch things together. (P. 05)Pencil and paper are an absolutely integral part of my process. The act of marking the page is one of the most important things I do as a composer. I have an almost obsessive need to “touch every note”, and to know that I’ve physically engaged with the material before it leaves the studio. (P. 05)This code includes experiences and descriptions of the various forms of engagement our participants develop with both the musical instruments they compose for and those that support their creative process. It also provides information concerning the compositional techniques employed, and how these can inform their artistic activity. Let us first consider the tools used by our participants to aid their compositional processes. The following two quotations, from the same participant, offer an interesting insight:As a pianist, I tend to write in “gestural counterpoint” also for monodic instruments such as the violin or the flute . This often leads to a dissociation of the performers’ gestures in a way that reminds one of the relationship . . . between right and left hand on the piano. (P. 06)The first instance seems to point to an understanding of musical instruments as somewhat accessory. While the initial musical intuition can be verified on the piano, it has been arguably developed independently of it. The second part of the quotation, however, offers a different view: “stitching things together” at the piano is not just a verification of previously developed musical intuitions; instead, it is an integral part of the process. The same goes for tools such as pencil and paper, as confirmed by the second quotation: the interactions established between composers and their music are therefore not only figurative, but rather based on agency and bodily connections. As an example of how instrumental expertise informs composing more directly, consider the following:traces of it. This contributes to the creation of a palette of musical possibilities that often involve an intersubjective dimension:I think a lot about how the music I compose will lie under the fingers of the performers. I have a good knowledge of how the standard orchestral instruments work, and I have a wonderful orchestration manual that I refer to often to ensure that what I compose will feel good for the player . For example, I’ve composed many works for harp because I lived with a very inspiring harpist for four years in college. (P. 03)Specific instrumental techniques can serve multiple functions, being adopted creatively to explore the expressive potential of different instrumental techniques. Interestingly, a composer’s expertise on the instrument(s) they have mastered can be generalized, leading to musical configurations with meaningful Here our composer finds inspiration from the presence of others: the harpist who might have shared with them a number of useful tips about the instrument’s resources and techniques, and the performers who will probably play their piece. Indeed, even in cases where no instrumentalist is physically present, the quotation points to the desire of the composer – essential to the efficiency of their writing – to imagine just how the music is performed, and explore gestures and feelings that emerge as the performance unfolds. In the next section we will look more deeply at these how these relational occurrences are developed, and explore their role in shaping the composer’s activity.This category captures the interplay of those social, physical, and historical aspects one can connect to, and enact, when composing music. We first examine these relationships from a general standpoint, consider how they are formed, and then explore how they affect one’s musical style and identity.I sometimes need space from others while I’m composing, I can be a bit of a loner when I’m in the groove. Other times I like to make music with others. Mostly I feel my compositional practice is just for me, and I don’t like to share it. (P. 03)Many composers are very protective of their work, as it often emerges from moments of focused isolation, personal struggle, and extended effort. Consider the following quotation:Composing means proposing to potential listeners – but also to performers – a sonic experience that could give rise to different reactions . . . This experience creates an ideal meeting point between the composer, from which the proposal starts, the performers, which mediates the proposal through interpretation, and the listeners, who are exposed to, and react to such proposal. (P. 06)This echoes Mozart’s words, often cited: “when I am . . . completely myself, entirely alone, and of good cheer . . . it is on such occasions that my ideas flow best and most abundantly. Whence and how they come, I know not; nor can I force them” , abstract concepts such as “magnification”, “assembly”, “summation”, the visual arts, poetry, and dialogue with composers and musical traditions that preceded my own. (P. 05)There is thus an ongoing dialogue between composers and their environment, one that mainly involves audience and performers. In a sense, “the audience is indirectly present during the composition process” , p. 70, I always try to be connected to the extra-musical aspects of music performance. At the same time, I try to not let them overwhelm the musical aspects so that I try to let the music “work” even when the context changes. I also try to visualize the performance in the specific location so that, when is the case, I specify on the score the possible position of instruments on stage/location. (P. 04)I get inspiration equally from “the notes themselves” , or from abstract concepts (P. 05).The synergies that composing brings into existence are thus varied and multifaceted. These include relationships between the composer and the physical location in which a piece is to be performed, imagined and actual performance, as well as music’s structural properties. These aspects are further highlighted in the following two quotations: , so it is heavily related to people, things and situations” (P. 01). A final example of extra-musical factors includes various readings and ideas from others: “I have always fed on a variety of literature and philosophical and scientific writings. In general, however, I often find myself in ideas and authors which reflect my compositional act rather than getting inspiration from them” (P. 02). Note how this participant explicitly mentioned finding themselves in others’ ideas, rather than simply using them as inspirational resources. The interactivities emerging from the compositional act are situated in a shared ecology, which develops along with the composer’s artistic and personal flourishing. In what follows we investigate this two-way exchange at various levels, starting from the physical action of composing.Both musical and extra-musical factors can thus play an important role in shaping creative trajectories and constructing broader musical ecologies. As another respondent put it: “My music is often programmatictechniques and instruments, this is an important factor in shaping one’s creative reach:[Writing music with] pencil and paper influences the whole form [of a piece], because it allows me to draw diagrams [sketches] in a freedom, so that I can have an immediate grasp on gestures, dynamics, and general feeling. We could say that I have a visual approach to composition in its general form, because this gives me a global idea of the piece as I look at the sketch on paper. The physical act of writing music lets one reflect better on what one is doing, given that it forces one to go slower. (P. 06)In what sense do bodily experience and music influence each other reciprocally in the act of composing? What kinds of extended relationships are brought into being as the creative process unfolds? In this code, we include experiences and descriptions that may help us put forward some preliminary answers. First, there is a basic sense in which bodily experience and music form a structured unity in the creative process, which involves the physical act of writing music. As we saw in the code The computer is an instrument that really changed not only the way of writing music, but also to think about music . . . The computer generates a feedback process: for example, you could create a certain sound and then listen to it; if the timbre is not entirely convincing, you can think of another formalization to modify the previously obtained sound, and so on. (P. 02)This quotation contextualizes the previous excerpt from another participant’s report, emphasizing the action of “marking the pages”. This is not only a ritual; instead, it is an integral part of the process that actively shapes the trajectories of the music being created. This is further emphasized in the case of computer-assisted writing. Consider the following reflection:When I elaborate, and let instrumental compositional processes interact, I always presuppose executive gestures that correspond to the energy of the sound to be achieved. The articulations of rhythms are also gestural, like the piece’s orientations and tensions . . . Gestures are often unexpected, and translate into an actual choreography of generative sound actions. (P. 02)I consider the gesture-sound association and reciprocal influence highly important. After all the performer’s movements on his or her instrument influence timbre and articulation. The physical work on the instrument, therefore, has an active role in creating a “sonic imaginary” which I then use for composing. (P. 06)Gestures are important components of the creative process, and are often associated with various expressive, rhythmical, and timbral parameters, central to the piece being composed. The following two quotations illustrate how this can be so:I associate movement with the concept of “floating section of a duration” as well as to the idea of energy; therefore, movement often suggests to me how to treat form; the energetic development [of the piece], and its articulation. But also, timbre, when movement is associated with a specific musical gesture. (P. 06)The feedback loops associated with gestures are also generalizable into principles and constraints that affect those mechanisms or rules one might give to their creative process. As one composer explained:Another participant reported being able to “think equally about instrumental gestures and about a kind of generalized dance movement” (P. 03). This can shape form at both the micro and macro level within the same piece: “I [often] conceive of my piece in its entirety as a series of general movements and, in parallel, I start deepening those movements . . . in a much more detailed way. This way, form at both micro and macro level influence each other recursively” (P. 06).Having described how compositional practices often involve processes of discovery and co-transformation based on the development of relationships with things and people, we now explore how these also shape the composer’s musical identity.My musical identity is forged through listening. I am influenced by a broad range of styles and I try hard to stretch my ears. I love listening to music that is unfamiliar to me, and I love close listening. One of my most enduring, and confusing (to me), listening practices is getting hooked on a song and listening to it on repeat for days, until I wear it out, and hate it. I have increasingly incorporated this into my own works, paying close attention to the moments in my music that make me want to listen on repeat, and making them the core of the work. I’m fortunate to have had extremely permissive composition teachers, who let me experiment and be myself. (P. 03)In this code, we report considerations centred on musical identity and its development. One fundamental factor discussed here recalls again the relational aspects described in previous quotations: “[My musical identity] has evolved through a dialectic relationship with the composers I love, starting from those I have studied” (P. 07). While it seems that “the distribution of creativity across the living and the dead is the normal condition for classical music” , particuI listened to thousands of hours of music. I studied at university and music college for the best part of a decade. I completed a PhD, in which I dissected and analyzed my work. I wrote many, many unsuccessful pieces . . . and then a few good ones. I chatted to my peers, my colleagues, my teachers, esteemed professional composers. I taught young composers. I let my outside interests inform my music. (P. 01)There is a tension between individual development and the incorporation of external influence, as if one could not really distinguish between the two in the creative process. And indeed, as another participant insisted, the role of the surrounding environment is essential:Individual style mainly develops . . . through a mixture of instinct and method, relative to a cultural path made of experiences, thoughts, verbal exchanges, listening with other musicians and others . . . Thus, composing music, or as I prefer “to create”, entails a sense of invention that goes beyond my person. (P. 02)This is backed up by another participant, who illustrated their idea of musical identity as follows:This quotation points to the limits of individuality, and captures well the importance of external resources in shaping the composer’s developmental trajectory and style. In the next section we discuss the main findings of this study through the lenses of 4E cognitive science.Our qualitative study was designed to explore the complex range of experiences and feelings associated with the process of composing music in – broadly speaking – the Western, score-based tradition. The participants provided a number of insights which emphasize (i) the web of unfolding relationships associated with their practice, (ii) the importance of exploratory activity and musical discovery and (iii) the physicality involved in music-making and imagination. The focus on interpersonal relationships is particularly interesting when considering how Western classical music has been long seen as “the epitome of solo creativity” , p. 10, composing. An important dimension that emerged was the emphasis on the power of music to help one either (re-)interpret, (re-)experience, and (re-)explore, different aspects of life; or create what auditory bubbles – tools by which “one can escape or modify reality”  emerged. As one proceeds in the act of composing, novel musical possibilities can be revealed, leading to unexpected outcomes and modification of existing schemas. Among the many variables that could shift the initial creative trajectory, the connection between composers and their instruments has inspired important contributions that look at how instruments can offer a variety of affordances that are both gestural and sonic, giving rise to a structured unity in perception and action , theoretical knowledge , and practical insights . This might explain why one of our participants referred to a constant dialogue with “past composers”. However, others have noticed how interactions with styles and genres they like, as well as engagement in discussions with performers and other composers, can play an important role in shaping their identity. This apparent dichotomy recalls the model put forward by There two levels of collective communication in the process of collective, creative music-making: (1) one interpersonal, or “interpsychological” functioning [. . .], between the individuals of the working group of the collective activity, and also (2) one intrapersonal, or “intrapsychological” [. . .], a dialogue with the collective experiences and knowledge of previous composers mediated by the tools in use. The latter also constitutes the collective dimension in “individual” activities. , p. 198The focus on collective dimension to individual practice that plays a specific role in both compositional activity and in the development of musical identity . Such external aspects may include members of the audience too, but ultimately it remains unclear in what sense they actually take part in the process. Future work may thus specifically explore the extent to which composers draw on anticipated interactions with others to inform their musical ideas and what differences emerge when comparing memories of past interactions with imaginative reflections on future connections with concertgoers, performers, and other composers.Our study suggests that creative cognition in score-based composition involves three overlapping characteristics: it is exploratory, it is grounded in bodily experience, and it emerges from the recursive dialogue of agents with their social, cultural, and physical environments. As such, forms of musical creativity involved in the deliberate creation of novel musical material might be understood as processes whereby composers enact their musical identities by exploring novel interactivities within their contingent and historical milieux. Recent work by Click here for additional data file.Supplemental material, Resub_Appendix_v1.1 for Processes and Experiences of Creative Cognition in Seven Western Classical Composers by Andrea Schiavio, Nikki Moran, Dylan van der Schyff, Michele Biasutti and Richard Parncutt in Musicae Scientiae


This study aimed to develop a lifestyle modification (LSM) mobile application based on the Android operating system for overweight and obese breast cancer survivors (BCS) in Korea and evaluate its usability.The content analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation of the LSM intervention mobile application for overweight and obese BCS was conducted by identifying survivors’ needs, searching the literature, and reviewing existing mobile applications. The survey was conducted from June 1 to December 28, 2020 at Jeonju city, Korea.The mobile application for BCS included dietary and exercise information, weight logs, as well as distress and daily achievement check. It also included information and videos on the prevention of breast cancer recurrence and used a communication bulletin board. Expert and user usability evaluation of its content and functions confirmed that it was appropriate and satisfactory for overweight and obese BCS.This LSM mobile application developed for overweight and obese BCS was found to be appropriate for use. It can be applied for further study of effectiveness on improving their health and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, to ultimately improve quality of life. Studies on breast cancer have developed diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and treatment due to high screening rates . SpecifiBreast cancer prevention is an important goal that includes physical activity and dietary management because being overweight and obese contribute to higher cancer incidence and recurrence rates . StudiesBCS reported that they have to deal with the after-effects of treatment, and a variety of physical, social, and psychological problems which need attention and support. Physical problems included pain, lymphedema, fatigue, and changes in sexual function. Psychological problems were anxiety, depression, and distress, leading to a poor overall quality of life . Thus, eServices using the internet and mobile applications are being transformed according to consumer expectations for high-level medical services . These iTherefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a mobile lifestyle application for overweight and obese BCS and confirm the validity of the application. The application seeks to promote the health of BCS by providing information on the importance of a healthy lifestyle  and ways to attain it.Ethics Statement: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Presbyterian Medical Center (2020-05-021). Informed consent was obtained from the participants.This methodological study aimed to develop a lifestyle modification (LSM) mobile application for overweight and obese BCS and to evaluate the usability of the developed application. The LSM mobile application was developed according to the ADDIE  model  Figure . Its advWe performed need analysis, literature review, web site and mobile application review, and group interview in this phase. For the need assessment, 20 BCS were recruited via convenience sampling from the breast cancer outpatient clinic of the Presbyterian Medical Center in Jeonju, Korea. Inclusion criteria were those who aged 19 to 65 years, 1 year after the end of treatment, and have not been diagnosed with a psychiatric disease. As the exclusion criteria, those who had metastasized or recurred breast cancer to other sites and those without a spouse were excluded. The needs assessment survey was conducted from June 1 to 30, 2020, to determine the functional and needs requirements for the LSM mobile application. Surveys and interviews were conducted in the outpatient counseling room, and took about 20 minutes.The contents of the applications were organized using literature reviews and other mobile applications. We reviewed the contents from following sites: The KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System), NDSL , CINAHL , RISS (Research Information Sharing Service), EMbase, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library. The main content and effects in the exercise and diet of BCSs were identified and applied in the mobile application using BCSs. We searched for keywords such as “BCS and exercise,” “overweight BCS and lifestyle program,” “BCS and diet,” “BCS and immune function,” “BCS and mobile application,” “BCS and partner,” “BCS and couple,” and “BCS and marital.” As a result of the literature search within the last 10 years, a total of 1,027 papers were searched. For domestic literature search, “BCS” OR “breast cancer” AND “exercise” AND “diet” AND “lifestyle” AND “mobile application” AND “smartphone” AND “marital” AND “psychological” keywords were applied in RISS and KISS. The search expression used the MeSH  expression in Pubmed ((“BCS” [Mesh] OR (“C”[TW] OR “Obesity” OR “Overweight”[TW])) AND “Exercise”[Mesh] AND “Diet”[Mesh] AND “Mobile application” AND “Partner” AND “Couple” AND “Marital” . The search was performed using CINAHL headings (BCS OR Breast cancer) AND  and 923 studies from foreign DBs. As a result of the keyword search results, the number of papers on “body exercise for BCSs” was 430, “the diet of BCSs” was 172, “the number of psychological searches of BCSs” was 262, “mobile program” was 39, and “the number of spouse searches” was 124. Among the searched papers, nine physical exercise programs, four psychological programs, three dietary programs, five mobile programs, and 10 spouse programs were selected for BCSs.We searched and analyzed existing mobile lifestyle applications for BCSs to organize the configuration items of primary lifestyle applications. It was based on the purpose and content of each item. The searched application types were ‘breast cancer by second doctor,’ ‘Bravo,’ ‘Pink Touch,’ ‘Overcoming Breast Cancer,’ ‘Pink Avatar,’ ‘Dear Mamma fights breast cancer,’ ‘Owise-Breast cancer support,’ ‘Breast cancer Healthcare,’ and ‘Outcomes4me Breast cancer care,’ etc. Based on the literature review, open questionnaires for users and experts were developed and data were collected with specific details. The survey consisted of 25 questions to identify overall healthy LSM requirements such as educational experience and satisfaction, and the need for a correct lifestyle, exercise, and diet. The analysis of mobile usage consisted of eight questions . The primary lifestyle application components and related contents were modified and supplemented, and interviews were conducted using open questionnaires to check the appropriateness and new ideas of the secondary components. Five experts in their field  were surveyed using open questionnaires to identify the appropriateness and new ideas for primary components. Based on the primary composition, we derived questions for the expert consultation, and the detailed questions were as follows: “What additional items are required for overweight and obese BCSs’ mobile applications?”; “What are the most important lifestyle factors of overweight and obese BCSs?”; “What should researchers be aware of while developing mobile applications for overweight and obese breast cancer patients’ lifestyles?” We identified the importance of lifestyle management for overweight obese BCSs, the challenges in current exercise methods and dietary control methods, the reasons for continuous failure, and the essential aspects to include in BCS mobile applications.For analyzing professional lifestyle requirements, we performed interviews with five experts. The first question was, “What do you think is the most important aspect of overweight and obese BCSs’ lifestyles?” The second question was, “What do you think is needed in their mobile applications?” The third question was, “What do you think should be considered carefully by researchers when developing these applications?”For analyzing of the mobile usage status of the subjects, the mobile models, usage period, application usage experience and purpose, disease-related information search, and satisfaction with the results were identified.In this phase the application was created with the content identified in the analysis phase and structure and requirement functions were determined. The definition and flow chart of the application were derived by referring to prior studies and research reports of overweight and obese BCSs. The menu of the mobile application is diverse and configured to conveniently find submenus. There are different menus for BCSs and their spouses and the administrator. The former is divided into information on preventing recurrence of breast cancer, exercise, diet, space for communication with spouses, bulletin boards for communication with administrators, and application introductions. It consists of layouts that allow overweight and obese BCSs and spouses to increase readability. Journals are included to record every meal, and exercise, time, type, and strength on daily basis to check the daily weight management using body mass index. It was configured to enter its target index daily, and allowing it to be verified. The formula, exercise and weight log, target index, and bulletin board information entered by BCSs is stored on the company server. The input, timing, and the number of accesses can be checked through it.The menu structure and key functions are designed with main categories: login and introduction, expression, exercise, distress, intimacy with spouse, and target index confirmation boards. A design with user experience or user interface is applied, which is easily accessible and available to BCSs. The application based on the operating system of Android-based Google open platform is managed using member, exercise diary, expression, target index, and other information databases. It is designed using minimal tables to implement applications.We commissioned a company specializing in mobile application production with design experts and programmers. To develop the application, we used the Android system. The menus used by BCS were divided into a diet diary, exercise diary, weight diary, and goal achievement level, which were to be entered each day; as well as communication space with spouse, bulletin board, and introduction. The layout was organized to improve the readability of BCS and spouses. Food log, exercise log, weight log, target index, and bulletin board information entered by BCSs are stored on the company server, and the input contents and the access time and frequency of the subjects can be viewed through the administrator computer through the company server.Pilot implementation of the developed LSM application was done at this stage. Six experts  were invited. Also, 20 BCS (including 10 women who had participated in the needs assessment) were recruited for usability testing. The same inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, with the additional inclusion criteria of BCS who could install the Android-based application. Participants were between 19 and 65 years.Participants were asked to install the ‘Health for You’ application on their cell phones and sign up for membership, and were approved by the administrator (researcher). Both groups were required to use the application for two weeks from December 14 to 28, 2020.After 2 weeks of use, experts and users evaluated the aesthetic, informational, and lifestyle aspects of the LSM mobile application.Measurement: The following instruments were used, after obtaining permission for use from the original authors: (1) Usability evaluation of experts: The expert usability assessment tool developed by Kim  was usedProcedures: The survey was conducted for 15 minutes in the breast outpatient interview room. Based on the evaluation results of experts and users, the revisions were made: Thus, the mobile application, “Health for You” was finalized.The data were statistically processed using the IBM SPSS for Windows, ver. 24.0 . Descriptive statistics  were done for general characteristics , and the usability responses of experts and users.2  1.8.0, and Android Studio as development environments, with a minimum operating system of Android 4.3 and a maximum of Android 9.0.Based on feedback from experts and users, the following revisions were made: As for the revised and revised contents, the diet and exercise log parts were moved to the screen, and exercise methods for each exercise type were added. A connection item was added so that the subject and spouse in the membership registration column match. An explanation of the lymphedema exercise method of BCSs and a video were additionally inserted.For expert usability, the average evaluation score was 3.33±0.51 out of 4; “Application icon arrangement and design uniformity” showed the lowest score in interface design sub-factor consistency with 2.67±0.51; the application provided reliable healthcare information and familiar words. Among them, nine items were derived with two contents, three interfaces, and one security, with an average score of 3.33±0.51 points or less, and nine suggested revisions. Moreover, the total score was 65.66±6.98 and the patient LSM application was evaluated positively. Based on this, eight opinions were modified, except for duplicated opinions, and nine items received an average of 3.33±0.51 points or less in the evaluation of the mobile healthcare application .Results of usability testing with the 20 overweight and obese BCS found that the lowest-scoring question was from the participation aspect, “Are the applications interesting to use?” In contrast the highest-scoring questions were “Was it easy to learn how to use an application?” and “How accurately and quickly do the functions and components work?” from the functional area. All 26 questions scored more than 3 points, 24 scored more than 3.5 points, and eight scored more than 3.8 points .The final interface of the developed LSM mobile application, “Health for You,” is shown in This study aimed to develop a LSM mobile application for overweight and obese BCS and test its usability with experts and BCS. According to a survey on lifestyle-related needs of overweight obese BCSs, educational experience was 85% or more, information acquisition methods were over 50% higher through mobile, and support from medical staff was 15% lower. After breast cancer treatment, many people opined it was difficult to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The demand for healthy lifestyles was high, but there was a lack of information regarding healthy lifestyles and support from medical staff was also limited, which is consistent with the results of a previous study . TherefoAfter checking the participant’s needs, application content was customized for the user. The importance of a healthy lifestyle management program for BCSs was confirmed. This was also used in this study based on the results provided by prior literature that demonstrated that recording diet, exercise, and weight through self-monitoring helps maintain healthy behavior .Information on the prevention and risk factors of breast cancer has been used on official websites such as the Korean Cancer Center and the Korean Breast Cancer Society , and it In the expert usability assessment of the developed application, most areas received more than three out of four. This seems to reflect the results of conducting lifestyle needs and environmental analysis using systematic literature reviews and researching the needs of expert groups, as well as mobile applications for breast cancer patients. According to the experts’ usability evaluation, the information availability of medical professionals was high, which used professional materials from the Korean Breast Cancer Society  and reflIn BCS, the spouse has a significant role as a primary health provider, indicating a similar level of psychological stress and quality of life, and that their adaptation and support can have a positive effect ,30. In vThe limitations of this study are as follows: first, in this study, the requirements of breast cancer spouses were not identified and reflected, so it is thought that strategies to increase effectiveness will be needed in future studies. Also, it is necessary to think about how to encourage spouse participation after program development. Second, this study is difficult to generalize because it only focused on BCSs from one region.In conclusion, the LSM mobile application for overweight and obese BCS, “Health for You” was found to be appropriate in terms of content, design, function, and quality according to its usability evaluation by experts and users. Subsequently, the LSM mobile application can be used with overweight and obese BCSs, and we suggest a study to verify its effectiveness and identify potential clinical significance.


On Justification the Orders of Worth (OW) framework as a research program for further empirical and theoretical development. This article suggests two methodological additions to extend the analytical capacities of the OW framework: The Socialism OW and the analytical adequacy axiom. The polito-philosophical Socialism OW, which acknowledges '(collective) welfare' as its mode of evaluation (worth) and the higher principle of 'solidarity' as its test, is rooted in the political philosophy of Rosanvallon . In addition to the systematic justification of the canonical text, this article also offers a tabular presentation for the construction of a new OW in relation to the axioms. In the article, first, the existing OW are put under scrutiny discussing the test category of solidarity, which was added and creates an analytic overload for the Civic OW. Second, analyzing the case of the German binary statutory health system, comprising of a private (first-class) and a public (second-class) healthcare, the capacities of the existing OW are discussed to identify a blank spot in the OW framework for empirical analysis. Accordingly, the descriptive analysis of the German binary health system is less about how the system is justified, and much more about understanding how given OW operate within it as coordinative devices. This systematic analysis of a situation of (temporary) agreements, especially of investments in forms, amends the OW use for empirical analysis of critique and justification in a situation.Boltanski and Thévenot  constructed in their seminal work  In a situation of critique and justification (interaction dimension), reflective individuals refer to value principles , and, by doing so, reconstruct or modify social norms Heinich, . Studyintest of the higher common good named ‘(collective) welfare,’ which is a value-principle in a “strictly sociological definition of value as worth” .objects). In the ‘collective interest’ ), a minimum annual income or the status as self-employed entrepreneur constitute the right to be granted private insurance, which secures better health treatment, potentially a longer, but surely a better quality of life–not just in case of falling ill. In general, the existence of such a political economytest of ‘equality.’The analytic overload of the Civic OW and analytical blank spot in the OW framework for general sociological analysis became obvious when analyzing the German statutory health system. One of a kind worldwide,To exceed the German differentiation of first-class (rich(er) part of German society) and second-class  ‘citizens,’ i.e., to include analytically all structural elements of a solidaristic statutory health insurance system, I introduce in the following the Socialism OW. The descriptive analysis of the German binary health system is less about how the system is justified, and much more about understanding how given OW operate within it as coordinative devices. In addition, the German statutory health system provides for the context of discovery , the German statutory health system is the empirical example paving the way for justifying the introduction of the Socialism OW. Accordingly, in this paper, the empirical elaboration appears more prominent than the presentation of the theoretical basis of the Socialism OW provided by Rosanvallon . I develAccording to Boltanski and Thévenot , the pluÉconomie des Conventions  of the OW in Économie des Conventions studies   (how-question), test (why-question), form of relevant proof (whereby-question), qualified subjects (who-question), qualified objects (what-question), space formation (where-question) and time formation (when-question). In the section below, Table In two overview articles, Boltanski and Thévenot , 2000 prÉconomie des Conventions (EC), the economic actors are just one kind among the many social actors captured by the plural, sociological OW framework by Boltanski and Thévenot  efficiency’), Schneijderberg  reader as a rather unduly static manner. The static manner is undeniably rooted in the systematic, theoretic-methodic and criteria-led extension of the OW framework. As a critique mode of evaluation (worth) from “collective interest”  and ‘equality’  in the ‘test’ category, while also replacing the category of ‘human qualification’ with that of qualified human beings, which they defined as ‘equal citizens’ and ‘solidarity unions’. Thévenot et al.,  of an OW ), ‘trustworthiness’ (test), ‘oral, exemplary, personally warranted’ (form of relevant proof), ‘patrimony, locale, heritage , ‘authority’ , ‘customary past’ (time formation), and ‘local, proximal anchoring’ (space formation).The addition of ‘solidarity’ to the Civic OW test category by Thévenot et al.  is intertest for disembodied worth, ‘solidarity’ does test, in particular, for embodied  needs  members of German society. The display of non- ‘solidarity’ by the 11% of individuals with private health insurance illustrates an in’equality’ of human rights and a lack of esteem for fellow ‘citizens’ (Civic OW subjects).Continually reflecting the idea that the Civic OW does not quite fit together and that both the eudaimonia), because the acceptance of “an economistic conception of self and society that has by its moral minimalism rendered invisible the large demands and rewards of worthy living”. For example, being treated by the chief physician, which is not covered by public health insurance in the growing health market in Germany  and self-employed from the ‘solidaristic community’ constitutes a refusal to recognize the health and survival needs of others. Having to assert to the German binary health system the classification of first-class, rich(er) ‘citizens’ and second-class, poorer ‘citizens’ means moral imbalance of the German ‘collective interest’. According to Norton : 21, thitest category to solely legal ‘equality’ seems to be the case for the formal setting of the German statutory Health system. The acceptance of the economic conception of the self and society theoretically would explain the state sanctioned market-organized private, first-class and public, second-class health insurance system. Analytically, the Industrial OW ‘technical efficiency’ moderates the drift towards more Market ‘competitiveness’. In absence of a Socialism OW as a convention of equivalence and the higher principal of ‘solidarity,’ the analytical means are missing in the OW framework for studying the composite OW arrangement: Instead, for the case of the German binary health system an analytical slippage  and the definition of health ‘goods and services’ as commodities with a ‘price and cost’. The creation of a state-organized ‘formal and official’ (form of relevant proof for Civic OW) health Market – and not of a “quasi-market” . These health ‘merchants and sellers’ regard patients as ‘customers’ of basic healthcare  and ‘consumers’ of preemptive health services .Everyday interaction situations: Industrial ‘professionals,' such as doctors, nurses, and care workers, who treat patients not as ‘citizens’ who deserve ‘equal’ attention but as ‘customers and consumers’ who get first-class or second-class treatment.As will be shown in the following descriptive analysis, The economistic perception and reduction of the Civic OW Enrollees in private health insurance are healthier, have higher incomes and have fewer dependents than enrollees in [public] health insurance. Adverse selection decreases average premium income and at the same time increases average healthcare expenditures in social health insurance. As a consequence, financial sustainability of the public system declines. Moreover, financial incentives for healthcare providers have led to preferential treatment for privately insured patients in outpatient care.Less OW abstract, the basic organization blocks of the German statutory health system are ‘monetary’ and employment status. For second-class, public health insurance, employees pay income dependent rates (on average 14.6% in 2020). Employees who earn more than € 60,750 before taxes per year, as well as self-employed persons (≈ 35%) can switch to first-class, private health insurance PKV, : 28. Accobjects), and, for comfort and premium rates, pre-existent medical conditions. However, the portal emphasizes that the basic insurance might be “insufficient,”In 2017, about 8.8 million people were privately insured (11% of the people insured in Germany) of whom about 50% were male, 32% female and 18% children VDEK, : 15. In qualified subjects of the Market OW) are treated better by health practitioners (the ‘merchants and sellers’) as private insurance pays higher prices for treatment and care, which led to a differentiation between the privately-insured first class and the publicly-insured second class:An important difference affecting the supply of services is that for the same treatment, the compensation doctors receive for privately insured patients is, on average, 2.3 times as high as the compensation for publicly insured patients […]. Therefore, doctors have an incentive to treat privately insured patients first, and more intensely, possibly providing better treatment […]. For example, waiting times for privately insured patients are lower on average […]. , comprising of 113 sickness funds organized in six associations, and pharmaceutical manufacturers creates a competitive Market . The result of health Market regulation are rapidly rinsing Civic ‘costs’. For example, the ‘cost’ containment for drugs has not been successful . The Hospital Structure Reform Act of 2016, which tackles the rising costs of hospital treatment , offers no information concerning the quality issue, neither for drugs, nor for hospitals.For example, in the understand the structural and construction dimensions resulting in the drift of public contributions creating private worth. However, the sociological analysis using the Civic OW of individuals’ obligation to have health insurance and the fact that in Germany the privately insured receive a better treatment than the publicly insured left an unsatisfactory question mark over what ‘equality’ means. First, the privately insured benefit more from medical services than the publicly insured. Second, additional private insurance  further damages the ‘equality’ of the majority of individuals in Germany who are publicly insured by treating them according to the insurance Market ‘prices’  they can afford. More and more publicly insured individuals buy partial private insurance for certain treatments that are no longer covered by public insurance, e.g., some forms of dental care , and least, or to a much lesser extent, beneficial for the vast majority of publicly insured German ‘citizens’ . Of course, individuals have to take care of their own health, but do so within the limits of genetic defects, socio-economic necessity  and the effect of the global environment on human health, such as Ebola, SARS ) over health justify an OW compromise differentiating the population in Germany in in ‘equal’ first-class and second-class individuals according to annual income. In 2020, self-employed persons and employees who earn more than € 60,750 per year before taxes were entitled to private health insurance. In 2015, 43% of self-employed and 5% of employees were privately insured, and 5% of employees voluntarily remained in public health insurance.The arrow-indicated drift in Table more ‘equal’ than the other ‘citizens’ concerning health insurance? It seems that the answers are a reload of the Bismarckian tradition of the binary health insurance system as a means to keep political stability and preventing social turmoil  in form of annual income defining first- and second-class ‘citizens’ as ‘technically efficient’ compromise in the ‘collective interest’. The arrowhead arena of Fig. In Fig. For the construction of the OW framework, Boltanski and Thévenot  defined The systematic solution to such an empirical problem is the suggestion of a seventh axiom of analytical adequacy (a7). This axiom is not relevant for the construction of a specific OW but addresses the structural dimension of the OW framework. This axiom is of double use. First, the analytical adequacy axiom demands researchers to use as many OW as applicable for the analysis of a social situation, i.e., the study of the construction and interaction dimensions ), which relates to the socio-biological motivation to survive. Originally, private health insurance in what is now Germany dates back to the Middle Ages, when craft and trade guilds organized ‘solidarity’ funds for their members . Various authors  OW.As shown above, the methodic-theoretical blank-spot identified in the OW framework is ‘solidarity’-based ‘(collective) welfare’ . Nevertheless, such Domestic OW elements are minor subjects to the qualified objects of ‘rules and regulations, fundamental rights’ (Civic OW), health care ‘infrastructure, methods, and plan’ , and elderly care at home either by family members or hired personnel as ‘freely circulating market good or service’ (Market OW) covered (partly) by (public) health insurance. While the Domestic OW is of minor relevance, the remaining OW  are irrelevant for the general analysis of human health insurance. Accordingly, as expressed by the second part of the analytical adequacy axiom (a7), for sociologically analyzing human health insurance the Socialism OW has to be added to the conventional economic approach focusing only on Civic, Industrial and Market OW organizing of communality The word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin qualified subjects of the Socialism OW  solidarity’ become explicit analytical reference categories in qualifying ‘solidarity’. Accordingly, ‘solidarity’ is not a technical issue but requires a communal and reciprocal conscience as explained earlier by Simmel . In Rosanvallon’s (civis (companions with a shared place of residence in societas). Shared and legally defined rights and duties for singularities, which construct a social space for singularities, also construct communality.The organization of the nation state is supposed to distribute unconditional social support and services by providing ‘rules and regulations’ , ‘(collective) welfare’–the normative utopia of a higher common good ,Social processes as situations of justification and critique in a situation  agreements, for example, of investments in forms.This paper argued for the addition of the Socialism OW and analytical adequacy axiom to the great research program of the OW framework. The qualified empirical case study of the German statutory health system shows the applicability of the OW framework beyond France. Accordingly, the analytical OW framework and its abstract, methodic-theoretical categories, can be considered context-transcendent tools for the context-dependent social analysis in and comparative analysis of Western democracies. In addition, the Civic OW problem discovery and descriptive analysis of the German binary health system provides ample proof for the applicability of the OW framework for analytically understanding how plural OW operate within larger systems as coordinative devices of investments in forms on the meso- and macro-levels. Accordingly, the potential of the OW framework is shown to encompass the systematic analysis of.testing and further empirical development of the OW research program.This article shows that the methodological clarity of the research program (Boltanski,


The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on an employee’s negative behavior, in addition to its intermediating mechanism  in the relationship. This paper proposes that CSR may diminish an employee’s negative behavior, such as counterproductive work behavior. Relying on the context–attitude–behavior framework, this study investigated the mediators and moderator of the relationship between CSR and counterproductive work behavior. Specifically, this study hypothesized that not only does CSR diminish the level of counterproductive work behavior by sequentially boosting the level of employees’ organizational trust and commitment, but their work overload also negatively moderates the association between CSR and organizational trust. Utilizing three-wave time-lagged online survey data from 342 employees in South Korean companies, this study tested the hypotheses by building a moderated mediation model with structural equation modeling analysis. The results indicate that CSR decreases the level of employees’ counterproductive work behavior through enhancing their organizational trust and commitment. Moreover, work overload negatively moderates the association between CSR and organizational trust. The findings of this study make theoretical and practical contributions to the CSR literature. In recent decades, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important issue in the management literature, and in business fields ,2,3. AltIn an attempt to address this issue, we consider some research gaps in the previous studies on the CSR–organizational outcomes link ,9,10. FiSecond, many extant works have mainly focused on the positive perceptions or attitudes of employees toward CSR activities, such as organizational commitment, organizational identification, work engagement, and creativity ,20,21,22Third, despite the theoretical and empirical importance, the underlying mechanisms of the CSR-negative behaviors have been relatively underexplored in previous works ,10,24,25Fourth, although a number of previous works have investigated a variety of moderating variables with CSR activities , these studies do not pay sufficient attention to the critical role of job characteristics ,10. In oTo address these issues, this study investigated the intermediating mechanisms (mediator and moderator) of the association between CSR and members’ negative behaviors and, specifically, counterproductive work behaviors. Counterproductive work behavior can be defined as a member’s intentional behaviors that directly and indirectly cause harm to the organization’s various stakeholders . AlthougSpecifically, based on the context–attitude–behavior perspective , we propFurthermore, this paper proposes that CSR may not always enhance the degree of members’ organizational trust, although the above argument that CSR activities increase the quality of employee’s organizational trust may be reasonable enough. Although there may exist various situational, contextual, or environmental factors, both at the individual and organizational levels, in an organization that may moderate the CSR–organizational trust link, this paper attempts to propose an important individual-level moderator. Among various potential individual-level moderators, this paper focuses on the degree of an employee’s work overload, which has been regarded as one of the most critical job characteristics. Work overload is defined as the degree to which an employee feels that the overall amount or intensity of their work is excessive in an organization ,41.Specifically, this paper propose that the degree of work overload may negatively moderate the CSR–organizational trust link. When employees feel a high level of work overload, they think that their company does not fulfill its fundamental responsibility for the internal stakeholders . Although the firm attempts to achieve good and moral purposes through CSR activities for its external stakeholders, if the employees feel a high level of work overload, they are likely to perceive that the firm does not prioritize the essential needs of the internal stakeholders . In this situation, the employees may doubt the real intention of the company, and the authenticity of the CSR activities, feeling that the firm’s CSR has a hidden, impure purpose. This doubt decreases the positive influence of CSR on members’ organizational trust. In other words, the influence of CSR on a members’ organizational trust may depend on the degree of work overload.How does CSR affect the negative behaviors of employees ?What are the intermediating mechanisms between CSR activities and employees’ counterproductive work behavior?What is the contingent variable that moderates the influence of CSR activities on employees’ attitudes ?In summary, the specific research questions of this paper are as follows:To answer these questions, in this paper, we suggest that organizational trust and organizational commitment may function as sequential mediators in the CSR–counterproductive work behavior link. In addition, the degree of employee’s work overload negatively moderates the relationship between CSR and organizational trust.We believe that this paper may contribute to the CSR and counterproductive work behavior literature. First, this study examined the impact of CSR on an employee’s negative behavior,  instead of his or her perceptions or attitudes. Second, this study investigated the sequential mediating role of organizational trust and organizational commitment as an individual-level intermediating mechanism of the link. Third, this study revealed that the degree of work overload, which is one of the critical job characteristics, may negatively moderate the influence of CSR on members’ organizational trust. Fourth, from a methodological perspective, this study attempted to diminish the harmful effect of the common method bias due to a cross-sectional research design that utilized three-wave time-lagged data.Although relatively few works have examined the association between CSR activities and member’s counterproductive work behavior, relying on the extant studies, this paper expects that CSR practices may decrease the degree of members’ counterproductive work behavior ,25. GiveBased on the previous theories and studies, this research suggests that CSR may increase the level of employee’s organizational trust ,9,10,42.The influence of CSR on organizational trust can be generally explained by the two theories of (1) “social exchange theory” and 2) “influential model of trust”  “influen,10,42. FSecond, another theoretical explanation can also support the positive influence of CSR activities on an employee’s organizational trust; that is, the “influential model of trust” ,34. ThisHypothesis 1.An employee’s organizational trust is positively associated with CSR.Previous studies have demonstrated that organizational trust is closely associated with employee’s attitudes toward organization, including organizational commitment ,30,35,36Organizational trust has been regarded as an important antecedent to boost organizational commitment by enhancing positive relationships among employees ,30,31,32Furthermore, the association between organizational trust and commitment can also be explained by the social exchange perspective . Based oHypothesis 2.An employee’s organizational commitment is positively associated with his or her organizational trust.This paper suggests that member’s organizational commitment diminishes the level of his or her counterproductive work behavior. An employee with a high degree of organizational commitment is likely to perceive a sense of connection with his or her firm, ultimately pursuing the firm’s value systems and goals ,38,43. TBased on the above arguments, we can expect employees who have a high level of organizational commitment will increase actions that are correspondent with achieving their organization’s goals, and also decrease actions that are not consistent with the direction of the firm’s goals. Thus, an employee with a high level of organizational commitment tends to conduct less deviant behavior that directly harms his or her firm ,25. The Hypothesis 3.An employee’s counterproductive work behavior is negatively associated with his or her organizational commitment.To integrate each of the aforementioned hypotheses in a comprehensive model, this paper proposes that an employee’s organizational trust and organizational commitment sequentially mediate the association between CSR activities and the employee’s counterproductive work behavior. This mediation model theoretically relies on a context–attitude–behavior framework ,29.The context–attitude–behavior perspective  can be uRelying on these arguments, this paper expects that an employee’s organizational trust and organizational commitment sequentially mediate the association between CSR practices and counterproductive work behavior. Thus, we propose this hypothesis:Hypothesis 4.An employee’s organizational trust and organizational commitment sequentially mediate the association between CSR practices and counterproductive work behavior.Although the hypothesis that CSR enhances the degree of a member’s organizational trust seems reasonable, we believe that the argument may be somewhat naïve since there may exist many situational, contextual, or environmental factors that can directly or indirectly influence the association between CSR and organizational trust in a real organization. In other words, the CSR–organizational trust link may be moderated by the various contextual/situational factors . In the current study, we examined the moderating role of job characteristics since the concept has been considered to substantially affect employee’s perceptions and attitudes in an organization . Among aSpecifically, this paper proposes that the impact of CSR on the degree of a member’s organizational trust may be moderated by the degree of his or her work overload, given that, when a firm implements social responsibility activities, the employees are the main actors who substantially plan, strategize, and conduct the moral practices. From the employees’ perspective, they should work more and more due to the increased amount and intensity of their work related to CSR activities. In other words, although the firm has good intentions for many stakeholders, its CSR activities are likely to paradoxically increase the physical/psychological burden of employees, who represent one of the most important stakeholders.For example, when members feel a high degree of work overload, they may perceive that their firm does not satisfy its fundamental responsibility for the internal stakeholders . Although the company tries to achieve a good and moral purpose through CSR for its external stakeholders, when the employees feel a high degree of work overload, they may think that their firm does not prioritize the essential needs for the internal stakeholders . In this situation, the members doubt the real purpose of the firm, in addition to the authenticity of the CSR activities, and feel that the firm’s CSR has hidden impure intention. This doubt diminishes the positive influence of CSR on members’ organizational trust.In contrast, when members feel a low degree of work overload, they may perceive that their company’s moral activities  to help external stakeholders are consistent and authentic. Then, the employees believe that the firm’s moral practices originate in its internal morality, and are more trusting in the authentic intention of the CSR. In this situation, the positive influence of CSR on the members’ organizational trust may be amplified. Based on these arguments, we propose the following hypothesis . The respondents of this study were randomly selected by the research company; thus, the possibility of biased sampling was reduced. With the online survey system, this study collected data from each respondent at three different time points at intervals of 5~6 weeks, thus diminishing the possibility of the common method bias. By dividing the data collection time points, we reduced the possibility of the bias that originates due to the same respondent measuring entire variables at the same time.At Time 1, a total of 770 employees participated. Among those participants, 551 employees responded to our survey at Time 2. At Time 3, we received survey data from 357 employees. After eliminating missing data, data from a total of 342 employees were used for analysis. The descriptive features of the respondents are described in This study asked respondents to evaluate the perceived level of CSR and his or her work overload at Time 1. At Time 2, we gathered data on organizational trust and organizational commitment, and at Time 3, counterproductive work behavior data was collected. All variables of this study were evaluated with multi-item scales on a five-point Likert scale . We computed the internal consistency of our research variables through Cronbach alpha values . This measure takes the stakeholder approach, which includes items about the social responsibility towards a variety of “stakeholders” such as employees, customers, local communities, suppliers, and the environment. Since it is not practically possible to include all the stakeholders, 4 main actors were selected to represent the overall CSR activities . In the To measure the degree of employee work overload, we used 5 items from previously published scales ,64. All At time point 2, three items to measure OT were selected from the scale of Cook and Wall . According to the suggestion of previous research , we seleAt time point 2, to measure organizational commitment, we utilized 4 items Meyer and Allen’s scale . Sample At time point 3, counterproductive work behavior was measured by utilizing Fox and his colleague’s scale , with 5 This study controlled for tenure, gender, position, and education of employees since these variables have been known to affect counterproductive work behavior ,68. The This study conducted a frequency analysis to check the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Then, the associations among research variables were calculated with Pearson correlation analysis using the SPSS 26 program. Relying on the suggestion of Anderson and Gerbing , this paThis paper conducted CFA for all 30 items to test the discriminant validity of our five research variables  through the goodness-of-fit of the measurement model. This paper regarded a five-factor model as our hypothesized or baseline model. The result of our analysis showed that the hypothesized five-factor model has a good and acceptable fit (χ2 (df = 122) = 217.583; CFI = 0.977; TLI = 0.971; RMSEA= 0.048). Then, this study conducted a series of chi-square difference tests by consequently comparing the five-factor model to a four-factor model (χ2 (df = 126) = 853.972; CFI = 0.822; TLI = 0.784; RMSEA = 0.130), a three-factor model (χ2 (df = 129) = 1243.049; CFI = 0.728; TLI = 0.677; RMSEA = 0.159), a two-factor model (χ2 (df = 131) = 1641.395; CFI = 0.631; TLI = 0.569; RMSEA = 0.184), and a single-factor model (χ2 (df = 132) = 2190.111; CFI = 0.497; TLI = 0.417; RMSEA = 0.214) model. The results of the chi-square difference tests showed that the five-factor model had the best fit indices among the alternative models. Thus, the result indicates that the five variables have a proper degree of discriminant validity.This study built a moderated mediation model that combines the sequential mediation structure with the moderation structure in the CSR–counterproductive work behavior link. The mediation structure led to CSR ⟶ organizational trust ⟶ organizational commitment ⟶ counterproductive work behavior, and the moderation structure suggests that work overload negatively moderates the association between CSR and organizational trust.In addition, to create an interaction term between CSR and work overload, this study multiplied the two variables. Before multiplying, the two variables were centered on their means to reduce the multicollinearity. The centering method has been known to estimate the interaction term without influencing the correlations between the variables . Then, tTo find the best mediation model, we compared a full mediation model to a partial mediation model by conducting a chi-square difference test with SEM analysis see . The parp < 0.001), supporting Hypothesis 1; the level of organizational trust increases the level of organizational commitment , supporting Hypothesis 2; and organizational trust diminishes the level of counterproductive work behavior , supporting Hypothesis 3  were statistically non-significant. By including the control variables, the research model supported all hypotheses of this paper. CSR increases the level of organizational trust  showed that work overload negatively moderates the relationship, supporting Hypothesis 5 , investigating the influence of CSR on macro-level outcomes . However, the primary players who substantially plans and implements the social responsibility practices in an organization are its members. They also translate the firm’s socially responsible activities into the various organizational outcomes, including at both the macro- and micro-levels ,9,10. FrSecond, this paper examined the impact of CSR on employee’s negative behavior, i.e., counterproductive work behavior. Although the previous works have mainly focused on the impacts of CSR on the positive perceptions or attitudes, including organizational commitment, work engagement, job satisfaction, meaningfulness of work, and in-/extra-role performance, those studies paid relatively less attention to CSR’s influences on employees’ negative behavior. Although perceptions or attitudes are critical factors in an organization, these are likely to be ultimately expressed in the form of “behavior” in a real organizational context. Thus, employee’s behaviors are likely to be more directly related to macro-level organizational outcomes, including financial performance, compared to the employee’s perceptions or attitudes. In addition, the research examining the impact of CSR on an employee’s behavior tends to primarily deal with “positive” behaviors, including organizational citizenship behavior or innovative behavior, and not negative behaviors. Given that both positive and negative aspects exist in a real organization, and that positive and negative aspects of a member’s behavior have different processes or dimensions in an organization ,10, inveThird, the current study investigated the intermediating mechanism of the influence of CSR activities on counterproductive work behavior through providing mediators and moderator in the relationship. Based on a context–attitude–behavior framework , the infFourth, the current research empirically showed that employee’s work overload plays an important contingent role in the CSR–organizational trust link. In other words, the positive influence of CSR on an employee’s organizational trust does not appear to all employees in the same way, depending on the degree of each employee’s work overload. For instance, for a member with a high degree of work overload, no matter how actively a firm implements CSR activities, the employee’s organizational trust may not be increased enough. On the contrary, an employee with a low level of work overload may positively respond to the firm’s CSR, boosting the positive influence of CSR on organizational trust. The current research may positively contribute to both the CSR and work overload literature by examining the contingent factor that negatively moderates the positive influence of CSR on the organizational trust link.Fifth, the current study sheds light on the critical role of “authenticity”, which is reflected in the degree of an employee’s work overload. To support this, this paper empirically demonstrated that the employee’s work overload negatively moderates the CSR–organizational trust link. This result means that members do not simply trust in their company’s good will  without doubt if their workload is excessive. Regardless of how proactively the organization implements CSR practices, the positive impact of CSR on members’ attitudes  is decreased if the level of an employee’s work overload is high, because it makes them think that the CSR is not authentic. The important aspect for the good activity  is whether it is implemented with authenticity.We believe that this research may provide some practical implication for top management teams and leaders in an organization. First, this paper suggests that top management teams and leaders are required to understand that the moral acts  are not just “costs” to perform social “obligations” ,10. If aSecond, the results of the current research may provide top management teams and leaders with the practical insight that they should monitor members’ degree of organizational trust and commitment to check if the CSR practices positively influence member’s perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. The results demonstrated that CSR diminishes the employees’ counterproductive behavior via sequentially facilitating the degree of organizational trust and commitment. This indicates that the degree of organizational trust and commitment may play a role as criteria to check whether the positive impacts of CSR activities are working in the organization. In other words, if the levels of organizational trust and commitment are not increased despite active implementation of the CSR practices, the CSR may not effectively work in the organization.Third, this paper may help corporate leaders to understand that all members of the organization do not always respond to the CSR activities in the same way. In other words, there exist individual differences of the members in an organization. Regardless of how well a firm performs its social responsibilities, if an employee of the firm feels a considerable level of job instability, they will not experience enough psychological safety through the moral behaviors of the company. In contrast, when an employee perceives a low level of job insecurity, the positive effects of CSR activities on the employee’s psychological safety may be amplified due to their positive response to the moral practices.Although we believe that this research makes some theoretical and practical contributions, as described above, there are some limitations that should be addressed. First, the current study could not evaluate the level of CSR practices in an objective way since the study depended on survey data from respondents’ self-reporting. The level of objective CSR, such as the amount of investment undertaken to implement various kinds of CSR activities, may not directly influence employees’ perceptions and attitudes, because the objective investment should be interpreted by the employees’ sense-making process. Nonetheless, the objective data also may be reflected in employees’ reactions toward CSR activities. Thus, future studies are required to compare the differential impacts of the objective CSR and the perceived CSR on employee’s perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.Second, although the essential values of CSR practices are common in Western and Eastern societies ,73, it iThird, it was not possible to ensure that the main research constructs of this study  were stable during the entire timespan  for a particular participant because the research design was only time-lagged, not longitudinal. Thus, there may be a possibility that the main research variables were changed between Times 1, 2, and 2. For example, this paper measured the level of CSR at its initial level, and later measured its consequences  when the level of CSR was lower. We suggest that future research should re-test the hypotheses by utilizing strict longitudinal data.Fourth, this paper could not adequately deal with the issue of sampling bias because the data-collection processes were conducted via smartphone- and Internet-based methods. As a result, the group of elderly people who are not familiar with the updated techniques may be under-represented. This can be a critical cause of sampling bias. Future studies should consider this issue through various methods to decrease the bias.Based on a context–attitude–behavior framework, this paper examined the impact of CSR on counterproductive work behavior. The results showed that CSR diminished the degree of members’ counterproductive work behavior through sequentially increasing the degree of organizational trust and commitment. In addition, work overload played a role of moderator in the CSR–organizational trust link. This means that members’ organizational trust and commitment are an underlying mechanism in translating CSR into their negative behavior . Furthermore, their work overload negatively moderated the positive influence of CSR on their behavior. Although the current paper has some limitations, we believe that this research may contribute to improving CSR and counterproductive work behavior literature by demonstrating the intermediating mechanism and its contingent factor in the link.