The transportation industry is crucial to the realization of a smart city. However, the current growth in vehicle numbers is not being matched by an increase in road capacity. Congestion may boost the number of accidents, harm economic growth, and result in higher gas emissions. Currently, traffic congestion is seen as a severe threat to urban life. Suffering as a result of increased car traffic, insufficient infrastructure, and inefficient traffic management has exceeded the tolerance limit. Since route decisions are typically made in a short amount of time, the visualization of the data must be presented in a highly conceivable way. Also, the data generated by the transportation system face difficulties in processing and sometimes lack effective usage in certain fields. Hence, to overcome the challenges in computer vision, a novel computer vision-based traffic management system is proposed by integrating a wireless sensor network (WSN) and visual analytics framework. This research aimed to analyze average message delivery, average latency, average access, average energy consumption, and network performance. Wireless sensors are used in the study to collect road metrics, quantify them, and then rank them for entry. For optimization of the traffic data, improved phase timing optimization (IPTO) was used. The whole experimentation was carried out in a virtual environment. It was observed from the experimental results that the proposed approach outperformed other existing approaches. Due to a variety of issues such as lighting fluctuations, camera calibration, and daytime settings, computer vision-based traffic vehicle monitoring remains a challenging aspect of any traffic surveillance system. As a result, performance needs are no longer left in research lab prototypes but are instead subjected to real-world difficulties. This desire renders the process of developing such a system extremely difficult, particularly when precision and speed are needed. Over the last decade, a lot of effort has gone into developing traffic surveillance systems which are designed to improve security by examining the on-road environments. In addition, a variety of sensing modalities, such as radar, lidar, and cameras, are becoming accessible for traffic monitoring. Simultaneously, computational power has risen considerably. Compared with wired configurations, wireless communication may save a lot of infrastructural development work, lessen the impact on existing traffic operation systems, and simplify maintenance tasks. New developing technologies not only make wireless networks more dependable but also make them more economical. The power, memory, and computing capabilities of WSN nodes are constrained. When it comes to battery power, sensor nodes in WSNs have to rely on limited and insufficient resources. One of the most important elements affecting the characteristics of a transceiver’s power consumption is the kind of antenna used. When the communication range is greater, more power is needed to send the messages. One of the primary research topics in WSN is the creation of a low-power communication system with an efficient antenna. Previously, WSN nodes have communicated by transmitting data in all areas using omni-directional antennas . The broVisual streams are used to depict facts in data visualization, translating diverse forms of data to suitable visualizations so that information analysis may be accomplished quickly. The benefit of data visualization is that it combines automation with human intelligence by incorporating human talents into an interactive visualization platform. The two key topics of data visualization are academic visualization and data visualization. Academic visualization depicts the spatial structures and evolvement of physiochemical attributes. The display of conceptual, unorganized, and high-dimensional data, such as corporate data, social media information, and textual information, is the subject of data visualization. Much effort has gone into establishing cost-effective and reliable traffic monitoring systems on a global scale. To increase traffic choices, one common method is to use computer vision to capture and evaluate relevant photos from existing urban video surveillance. Camera-based solutions such as this have modest infrastructural requirements and give vast aerial coverage, enabling traffic monitoring at multiple locations. The computerized system covers more ground than traditional traffic monitoring that relies on fixed-point sensors. Image processing methods are broadly utilized in a diversity of areas, such as aviation, healthcare, traffic control, and environmental object assessment .The study of analytical reasoning helped by communicative visual interfaces is known as visual analytics, and it concentrates on producing human-computer practices and approaches for data processing, knowledge development, and problem resolution. It is an applied investigation subject which tries to provide practical solutions for a variety of application areas, including transportation. The best results are obtained when visual analytics investigators, who often lack subject experience, collaborate closely with domain experts. Unfortunately, although visual analytics investigators have performed extensively with transportation-related information and established a range of methodologies and instruments, which could be beneficial to transportation domain practitioners and researchers, such work has been restricted in the transportation field. Inadequate communication has two negative implications. Visual analytics investigators have a restricted awareness of the transportation domain’s challenges, needs, and constraints, which shall limit the utility and usability of the approaches they develop. The transportation community, on the other hand, is mostly unaware of the benefits that visual analytics may provide .In terms of price, simplicity of installation and management, and better measurement capabilities, wireless magnetic sensor networks are an appropriate option for induction circuits for traffic control on motorways and at crossings. Wireless detection does have the ability to change the way traffic information is acquired by offering great geographic volume and precision observations. Inductive loop sensors, micro-loop probes, pneumatic road tubing, piezoelectric wires, and other weigh-in-motion monitors are used in many traditional traffic monitoring systems. These were selected due to their higher traffic detecting efficiency. To get the most out of these ITS solutions, large-scale implementation of traffic regulations on all major motorways and minor streets is required. As a result, real-time traffic data are necessary at these locations. Even though computer vision and visual analytics is a well-developed field of information technology, its identification, categorization, and tracking capabilities are not frequently used in daily life. As a result, we currently lack an automatic traffic control system for city roadways that can respond to changes in urban traffic in an automated manner .Many traffic visualization systems have been developed, but they are difficult to adapt for real-time traffic observation, assessment, and control in urban areas. The Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV), which includes smart vehicles and networking units, is the primary operating premise of the Internet of Vehicle (IoV) platform. The majority of critical infrastructure is built-in, whereas others  could be inserted into the onboard diagnostics (OBD) connection being used as needed. For the smart city infrastructure’s proper functionality, constant and real-time communication is needed. Within the IoV infrastructures, there must be five different sorts of connections that must be made: “vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)”, “vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)”, “vehicle-to-roadside unit (V2R)”, “vehicle-to-human (V2H)”, and “vehicle-to-sensors (V2S)”. No current visual methodologies give real-time traffic projections, which is critical for numerous activities including traffic signal modification and radio traffic broadcasts.Hence, in this article, a computer vision-dependent traffic management methodology using an integrated wireless sensor network and visual analytics framework with improved phase timing optimization is proposed. The remaining sections of the paper are organized as follows: Proposed Methodology: We have proposed an integrated wireless sensor network with a visual analytics framework and have employed improved phase timing optimization for a smart traffic management system. It was observed from the results that our model performed effectively in terms of accuracy and model fitting towards statistical data. The algorithmic structure of IPTO and the detailed proposed framework is given in Knowledge of challenges and future directions: this work highlights the current challenges in traffic management systems  and also discusses the future directions for smart IoV environments. We demonstrate how artificial intelligence and blockchain-based solutions can contribute to building smart infrastructures and scientists should work on these emerging technologies. Wang et al.  proposedYuan et al.  conducteSumi and Ranga  suggesteNing et al.  proposedTsang et al.  developeA systematic framework for constructing a network-level traffic congestion analytical tool that is ideal for traffic control and practical traffic management on roadways was offered by Gunda . DetectiLee et al.  introducRiveiro et al.  proposedTo solve the current restrictions, Nguyen et al.  suggesteAdu  suggesteA visual analytic system connected to the analysis of motion and transportation networks was reported by Lock et al. . This syDe Souza, et al.  discusseZhang, et al.  suggesteRego et al.  suggesteHashemi, et al.  presenteAhmed, et al.  describeJain, et al.  suggesteShelki, et al.  presenteThis section explains the flow of the proposed system. Currently, people have been processing various data to view, analyze, and transform the data to another form regularly. Automated vehicles, e-health care, population surveillance, and aerial surveying via satellite missions are just a few of the smart world’s applications. Visual analytics also offers several approaches for combining the advantages of humans and computers to digitize the globe. Visual analytics also provides a variety of graphical user interfaces, statistical reporting, interactive gadgets, and data management services to help the smart world develop. Furthermore, combining computer vision with visual analytics gives an amazing, cutting-edge solution for academics and engineers to share and assess inventions in the digitalized smart world, thereby contributing to a good environmental impact. Hence, in this paper, we have integrated wireless sensor network with visual analytics framework and have employed improved phase timing optimization for a smart traffic management system. The schematic representation of the proposed methodology is illustrated in The raw data are collected and passed to the data preprocessing module during data collecting. Data can be obtained in a different format and from a variety of sources. This component must assimilate the necessary data, which will be sent in a unified format to the other modules. The sensor nodes provide the traffic information. The datasets utilized in this study are from the California Department of Transportation’s Performance Measurement System . This system is made up of about 39,000 Vehicle Identification Stations, which analyze vehicle flow and velocity and are located throughout the state’s highway system in all major urban regions .The vision device’s total coverage is 640 × 480 pixels.Each truck must have 11 m of the controlled parking area.Each cargo van requires 7 m of controlled parking areas.Each private car has a 5 m-controlled parking place.The minimum width of traffic lanes is 6.75 m.All conceivable vehicles and things are represented as templates.A trust value for every pixel for every template, indicating how confident the discrepancy is.Parameters such as kinds of vehicles, vehicle parking space requirements, and minimal traffic lane widths must all be set up before the suggested system can be operated. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Planning Department has developed rules that relate to these. As a result, the system may contrast the collected photos to templates in the database, allowing for more precise image and data processing in the future. Variations in the size of everything produced by non-equivalent distance from the vision equipment are neglected in the computing machine to make it easier to calculate parking gaps and accessible parking areas. In another sense, irrespective of its orientation in association to the vision equipment, each of the things shown in a case is presumed to have the same measurements in millimeters or pixels. Initial variables in the calculating procedure involve:The phase begins the first level of the timed loop, vision collection after the variables are supplied into the developed framework. The platform’s wireless vision sensors may then continuously and automatically capture photos from the roadway. Following that, the information is used for (i) noise minimization, (ii) vehicles and objects detection and matching, (iii) data filtering and refining, and (iv) data imputation and validation.SNR). An imaging system’s sensitivity is commonly measured in terms of the SNR. When the signal is an optical intensity, it is defined as the ratio of the average signal value Noise reduction is among the most critical phases in the overall network flow. This is a technique for reducing noise from an image, which can affect both the visual qualities and the efficiency of future processing operations. There are various objects and signals, such as traffic indicators and directions in traffic streams, on the roadside, and in traffic lanes in this scenario (according to the simulation). Nevertheless, since these are presumably not related to vehicle and object detection and comparing, they shall harm matching findings and the effectiveness of following parking space calculations. Moreover, even identical vehicles, such as two individual cars in this condition, shall be of a similar design but varying in color. Image quality may be assessed using the signal-to-noise ratio  of a road segment using the equation:We utilized the PUSH software , which cdens (t), calculated for every individual road section as contrasted to the mean traffic density The estimations are dependent on the present traffic density t), usingWe also present a weight factor This weighting factor allows for individual variances in observed road length to be addressed, as well as for traffic control to intervene if the strength of aberrations needs to be physically increased or decreased. The enlarge factor is then computed as the ratio of the estimated observed length of the line segment to its actual length:Once the individual enlarges factors have been set to the line segments that need to be scaled, the global optimization finds a holistic solution that takes all of the other objects into consideration . The line segments of the generated polyline will be scaled based on the provided traffic volume estimates. That is, high-volume segments grow in size while low-density segments shrink in size. If the estimated traffic volume is equal to the mean volume for the road section at a given moment, the expand factor does not affect the segment’s depiction. Since the entire picture is optimized in one step, bigger scores for the aura specification for the matching line sections can be defined. This dislocation of map elements shall be extremely helpful in visually distinguishing between diverse pathways in a system.According to the earlier study, visualizing a road section as a straight line is related to a very smooth motion in space , and theTo tackle the optimization problem, a genetic algorithm is used in this part. GAPTR stands for a genetic algorithm-based phase timing rescheduling technique. We encode the green time of four separate phases in GAPTR. The binary integer 0 or 1 represents each gene on the chromosome. Each chromosome reflects a unique attempt to time phase transitions. The fitness function is used to assess those who are at the top of their game. Better people are more restrained and have more opportunities than those who are less fortunate. The goal of GAPTR is to reduce the length of waiting for vehicles’ queues. As a result, in this paper, we use the goal function as the fitness value explicitly. We use traditional genetic methods for the choice, crossover, and mutation operators. For instance, in the selection process, a roulette-wheel technique is utilized, and in the crossover and mutation operations, multiple point crossover and mutation are used.Algorithm 1: IPTO.Input: sensor traffic data   Output: traffic management data   if this. Host is cluster head = TRUE then return   Send a message to cluster head (this. Messages)   end if   loc of roadside unit ← GETLOCOFNEARESTRSU   shortest Paths ← GETSHORTESTPATHSBASED Map   DelaysforPaths ← COMPUTEDELAYSFORPATHS   isUpBS ← GETISUPLOADBYBS   if isUpBS then return   UPLOADMESSAGESBYBS   end if   neighbors ← GETALLNEIGHBOURS   for i ← 0 To Length[neighbors] do   isMoving ← IS MOVING ON THE SHORTEST PATHS-S(neighbors[i].loc)   if isMoving == TRUE then   ncTurningPos ← COMPUTETURNINGPOS   ne TurningPos ← COMPUTEENTURNING POS   if this.cTurning Pos > threshold And   ncTurningPos > this.cTurning Pos Andneighbors[i].    estimated Delay < this.estimated Delay   then   SENDMESTONEIGHBOR   end if   if this.cTurning Pos < threshold then   if ncTurningPos−this.cTurning Pos > ϵ   then   SENDMESTONEIGHBOR   ElsencTurningPos−this.cTurningPos < ϵ   And neTurningPos > this.eTurningPos   SENDMESTONEIGHBOR   end if   end if   end ifend for  The crossover operation appears to swap gene segments in phases, but this is not required in practice. To perform the crossover procedure, we can use a random binary vector of the same length as the chromosomes. The value of a component in the vectors indicates which parent the gene for the offspring’s corresponding location came from. If the value in the present location of the vector is 1, for instance, the gene value in the corresponding point of the offspring originates from parent 1, and if not, parent 2. Mutation operations with random vectors could be performed similarly. The main distinction is that the value of the component in the vector indicates whether or not the gene in the offspring at the appropriate site propagates as shown in Algorithm 1 below.To test the system’s performance, we used a city map. OpenStreetMap  was usedThe overall created messages are divided by the number of messages, which can be analyzed by TMS. To calculate the average delivery ratio, we must divide the total number of messages sent by a sender to a destination host in the system by the total number of messages that were received. The goal is to send as much information to its destination as possible.The mean time it takes for TMS to receive a message from the time it is created. That means that the period between when the sender begins transmitting the message and when the recipient accepts the message is referred to as average delivery delay.The overall count of messages posted is divided by the total count of messages TMS has reacted to.The proportion of roadside unit (RSU) uploaded messages to base-station (BS)-uploaded messages.The performance of the suggested system is contrasted with the traditional systems in terms of these metrics. Depending on the city map, As depicted in As depicted in The quantity of energy utilized by the nodes in proportion to the simulation time is referred to as energy consumption. We use two key indicators to indicate the network’s lifespan. The first is the time until the “first node dies (FND)”. Since a node dies during this time, the FND period is considered a period of network stability. The second is total network life, which is defined as the period when no more nodes are available to continue communicating; this duration is referred to as “network life (NL)”. The result shown in Security and Privacy: Applying different techniques need to handle secure communications. Moreover, the wireless nature of wireless sensor transmission poses a great risk to cyber-attacks than fixed-line infrastructure. Interference allows for easy eavesdropping or denial of wireless transmission. This makes it a prime target for hackers, with the significant potential catastrophic harm. Furthermore, sensors can be used without the need for safeguards or observation. This raises the danger of attackers exploiting the mobile nodes and gaining access to sensitive data or credentials to launch an attack via remote access. Sensors can potentially keep confidential material on the privacy of their clients.Reliability: Data dependability is critical for urban transportation operation and assessment, however, due to its minimal exposure and restricted capability of sensing wisps, as well as the lossy nature of transmissions, it became difficult while employing WSN. As a result, any proposed WSN architecture and communication protocols should incorporate providing reliable edge connections.Interoperability: Traffic control is an inter-optimizing issue that necessitates the improvement of a variety of weighted parameters such as gas emissions, number of stops, and traffic noise levels, among others. This multiplicity of feasible solutions necessitates a multiplicity of sensing devices, which is one of WSN’s primary design goals.Real-time Communication: Various approaches involve real-time data collecting to make in-the-moment choices. A typical scenario is traffic signal control, in which variable crossroads planning is dependent on real-time traffic distribution.Multi-model Sensing or Heterogeneity: Due to the fast advancement of wireless technologies and many sensing devices, suggested systems must consider equipment diversity to assure compatibility and flexibility.The Internet of Vehicles’ quick advancement is deteriorating numerous barriers in the development of smart cities and urban planning, but there are still numerous key challenges to overcome such as security, reliability, interoperability, real-time communication, multi-model sensing, and heterogeneity.Any Remote wireless sensor-based transportation management system must be able to tackle the aforementioned issues. WSN innovation presently meets certain standards, making it a popular contender for practical Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications. The vulnerability of WSN and its subsystems should be considered while developing traffic control services depending on WSN. The communication systems, in particular, has to be secured enough to mitigate damage while also being dependable and fault—tolerance capable of providing services stability in the face of failure. WSN’s multisensory aspect is strong since it enables the improved traffic flow multi-objective dilemma to be fed with crucial data in real-time, allowing the optimal transportation planning decisions to be taken at the moment. Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence are emerging technologies and scientists are working closely to integrate these technologies in smart cities since blockchains is distributed technology with enhanced security and cost-effective technology ,31 whileTraffic congestion is a continuous issue across the world, posing both economic and social issues. Any city’s ability to compete depends on its ability to maintain smooth traffic conditions. Hence, we presented a novel computer vision-based traffic management system that incorporates a wireless sensor network and a visual analytics framework. We present an improved phase timing optimization approach to optimize traffic data. The suggested approach also has the advantage of allowing visual analysis of traffic dependency between roadways in urban networks. It aids in determining the geographic consequences of a specific activity in a given area. The whole experiment was carried out under the MATLAB environment. Communication cost, access ratio, energy consumption, network lifetime, delivery ratio, and delay are the parameters used to evaluate the proposed system with conventional methods. The proposed approach of this study is low in cost, high in instability, and does not require large-scale building or installation work, as opposed to the usual way of monitoring vehicle traffic. Furthermore, the future system should be able to provide other traffic data such as occupancy, queue length, and categorization type. Furthermore, the proposed approach may be adopted in other areas where double parking and bustling roadside activities are a problem.


Hirosaki University has regularly offered health support activities to residents of X town in Fukushima, and thus, some interactive benefits are expected as a service-learning experience for nursing students. This study aimed to clarify the experiences of students who participated in service-learning and consider which methods and content were effective. In total, 52 nursing students were recruited into the program, which was held from 2018 to 2021. The roles of students included assisting in health consultations related to a radiation disaster. Questionnaires designed by researchers with experience in risk communication programs were conducted on the students after the program, and included the reasons why they joined, their most memorable experiences, and their opinions regarding required support for residents. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The nursing students thought about the health of residents through health support activities in the affected areas. Furthermore, by communicating with residents via on-site service-learning, they could experience the humanity of the residents and the current status of the affected areas, learn the importance of person-to-person relationships, and think about reconstruction. Thus, service-learning was found to be effective and to offer substantial benefits for both residents and students in affected areas. The Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) that occurred on 11 March 2011, had a recorded magnitude of 9.0, making it the largest ever recorded in Japan, and caused a tsunami that resulted in extensive damage to coastal areas. As of 10 March 2021, the number of dead and missing had risen to 15,899 . At the The course of a disaster is divided into five phases as a disaster management cycle, and the current period is considered the “reconstruction phase”. The reconstruction phase is defined as the period of several years after a disaster, during which the affected area gradually begins to recover, such as when evacuees begin moving from evacuation centers into temporary housing. However, during this phase, many victims develop lifestyle-related diseases, chronic diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depressive tendencies, and long-term monitoring is considered necessary . On the On the other hand, as of the end of March 2022, nearly 20,000 residents still had not been able to return to X town, and thus continued to live as evacuees inside and outside of the prefecture . The phyHirosaki University is engaged in the development of a medical care system, education, research, and human resources related to radiation exposure. In particular, we have been conducting support activities in the affected areas immediately after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plants. At present, we continue to organize health support activities for the residents of X town in Fukushima Prefecture. On these occasions, we take nursing students to areas where they can provide health support to residents and communicate about the disaster, which brings some interactive benefits. Residents can receive a medical examination, and at the same time, nursing students can gain experience by providing health checks to the evacuated residents and learn more about their current status; this is known as “service-learning”. Service-learning is defined as a “course-based, credit-bearing educational experience in which students (a) participate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needs, and (b) reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gain further understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of personal values and civic responsibility” . ServiceThe introduction of service-learning has been recommended in Japanese university education and is expected to have the following effects: 1. Transform the specialized knowledge and skills acquired through specialized education into knowledge and skills that can actually be used in the real world; 2. Provide opportunities to think about future careers; and 3. Improve the qualities and abilities necessary for citizenship by becoming aware of one’s own social role .Various examples of service-learning and its effectiveness in nursing education have also been reported. Outside of Japan, nursing and other health profession students participate in public health emergency training, mass immunizations, vaccination exercises, and outbreak or disease investigations ,12,13. IDisaster management cycleThe disaster management cycle is a time-phase regarding the impact of a disaster on individuals, and is expressed as a cycle of hyperacute, acute, subacute, chronic, recovery, and quiet phases, followed by a pre-disaster phase to prepare for the next disaster. Health-care professionals are required to respond to the changing needs of disaster victims based on the disaster management cycle, and to develop nursing care from the perspective of health and livelihoods .2.Reconstruction phaseDuring the reconstruction phase, people begin to restore lifelines. After the GEJE, even though the evacuation period has been prolonged, in this phase, reconstruction of the affected areas gradually begins as people move from shelters to temporary housing. On the other hand, many victims develop lifestyle-related diseases and experience aggravation of chronic diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depressive tendencies, and these individuals need to be monitored over the long term.Qualitative descriptive research design.The study participants were first- through fourth-year nursing students affiliated with Hirosaki University. As mentioned above, Hirosaki University is engaged in education and human resource development related to radiation disaster preparedness. Therefore, students receive basic education on radiation and radiation disaster preparedness from the first year. The participants were recruited through a poster and e-mail describing the purpose of the study.This multi-disciplinary human resource development program was conducted by The Fukushima Innovation Coast Framework, which is a national project designed to build a new industrial infrastructure in the coastal region of Fukushima Prefecture to aid recovery of the industries that were lost as a result of the GEJE, tsunami, and nuclear disaster. The program includes health education, environmental education, and disaster prevention education, and consists of the following three components .Recruitment was performed by sending an e-mail to students explaining the purpose of the program, dates and activities, safety of the area, costs, and other information, as described below.To learn about the current situation in Fukushima and experience reconstruction support in the chronic and recovery/reconstruction phases.To have a valuable experience working in an area where a widespread radiation disaster has occurred.Students should not be concerned about working in X town because radiation levels are at acceptable levels and residents are returning to the area.Dates and activities.All transportation and lodging expenses will be covered.In addition, the conditions for application were that the applicant must participate in a pre-orientation session about X town and a reflection session after the program, as well as obtaining consent from their family.Orientation was held for the students prior to their participation in the program. The content consisted of an explanation of activities in X town , viewings of videos showing X town before and after the GEJE (20 min) and residents’ narratives about X town at present (20 min).Health counseling and risk communication to employees in X townMedical interviews, measurements of blood pressure, body composition, and vascular age, and health consultations and guidance by medical professionals were conducted for town hall employees at X Town Hall. The students’ roles were to assist with the medical interviews and measurements and to observe the health consultations. The total implementation time was 4 h.2.Support activities for X town kindergarten and board of education childcare salonsA qualified aromatherapist faculty gave hand massages and made hand cream for mothers and children at a kindergarten in X town. The students’ role was to assist in the making of the hand cream. The total implementation time was 1.5 h.3.Health consultations and health checks at a rest stop in X townNurses conducted a health questionnaire, checked grip strength, body composition, arteriosclerosis, and bone density, and provided feedback to residents at X town’s roadside station. Students assisted in the health consultations and arteriosclerosis and bone density exams. The total implementation time was 3–4 h.After all the sessions were complete, the students and faculty members shared what they had learned. The students presented their experiences on slides and then discussed how to solve problems with the faculty.We conducted a questionnaire within 1 week after the end of the program using the “SurveyMonkey” online investigation system . The conThis study covered the 3-year period of 2018–2021 (Not implemented in 2020 due to COVID-19 infection spread) in the analysis.The data from the survey responses were repeatedly read by multiple researchers, broken down by contextual meaning and cohesion, and coded at a higher level abstraction. Descriptions were classified and categorized based on similarities and differences in the semantic content of the codes.All study protocols were approved by the Committee for Medical Ethics of the School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University (2018-018), and informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the study. There was no disadvantage of students’ score due to non-participation or withdrawal from this study.In total, 52 nursing students participated in this program. All students answered all questionnaires (effective response rate: 100%).italics.The following is a summary of the student responses to each question item. A summary of categories and examples of codes are shown in A total of seven categories regarding the reason for participation were extracted, including “To get experience/learning”, “Because I was interested in something there”, and “To support affected residents”. A total of six categories regarding the most impressive things were extracted, including “Residents’ reactions to health consultations” and “Own activities ”. A total of six categories of the image before visits were extracted, including “Negative image ” and “Positive image ”.Regarding the anxiety before a visit and the reason, 20 students (38.5%) answered “I was not worried at all” and 17 (32.7%) answered “I was not very anxious about visiting there”. The reasons given were “Because I had prior information through news, self-study, classes, orientation, etc.”. Thirteen students (25%) answered “I was a little anxious about visiting there” and two (3.8%) answered “I was very worried about visiting there”. The reasons given included “Because I was worried about health counseling”.A total of six categories regarding feelings when visiting the town were extracted, including “Reconstruction is underway/Reconstruction was complete ”, “It was under reconstruction/The town has not recovered ”, and “Residents have good humanity”.A total of six categories regarding feelings when communicating with residents and officials were extracted, including “Residents have good humanity/Residents are working hard individually and collectively” and “Residents were affected by the earthquake and radiation”. A total of seven categories regarding important nursing care for residents were extracted, including “Involvement as a health-care professional ” and “Anxiety relief/Metal care.” A total of five categories regarding town needs were extracted, including “People interaction/Vitality of people/Creating a place and opportunities for people to communicate” and “Improving the living environment, including facilities and resources/Developing infrastructure”. A total of four categories regarding the things that could be done to help were extracted, including “Engaging with residents through support activities, volunteering, and fieldwork” and “Public relations activities for the affected areas to share with surrounding people and the whole county.” A total of five categories regarding reconstruction were extracted, including “Building a new life and environment” and “Mental changes such as gaining a sense of security and a positive outlook”.The nursing students who participated in the health support activities in X town, Fukushima Prefecture, answered a questionnaire about what they experienced and what was impressive to them as a reflection after each experience.Some of the students participated in the program “to support affected residents” or “because I was interested in something there”, for example, volunteering or learning about the lives of residents after the disaster. Many nursing students participated in the program with motivation “to get experience/learning” and expected to experience actual health support activities for residents and learn how to relate to them as health-care providers. Through the activities for the residents, nursing students were impressed by the information and comments about the “residents’ health status and health awareness”, such as “I was surprised at the high bone density of residents in X town”. The nursing students who participated in this program have been learning about the health and nursing care of a target population. It has been reported that compared with the general student population, nursing students are more aware of others  . ThroughAt the beginning of their activities, the nursing students were busy with unfamiliar health check techniques and procedures. They found themselves unable to communicate with the residents due to nervousness and other factors. However, as the nursing students continued to communicate with residents of various backgrounds and experience health support activities, their communication with the residents improved. The involvement of surrounding people, including other participating students, faculty members who were qualified nurses and health professionals, and residents, had a significant impact on this growth. Subramony  reportedIn addition, going directly to the site to see and experience it with one’s own eyes gave the students an opportunity to change their image and impressions. Although the nursing students had watched a video and researched information about the town prior to their visit, more than half still had a “Negative image ” such as “It will be deserted there or I think it’s an empty town” beforehand. When the nursing students actually visited and saw the town, they felt that some parts of the town had not yet been reconstructed, and many thought about the residents’ lives in the midst of reconstruction, such as having the impression that “Major home centers and other stores were closed, and life may not yet be the same as before the disaster”, or changed their impression to a different one, such as “I felt that the town was brighter with streetlights and more natural than I had heard, and although there were few buildings and people, I realized that the living environment in X town is being improved”. These realizations led to the awareness that it is important to “Improve the living environment, including facilities and resources/Develop infrastructure”. That is to say, the fact that they actually visited the affected areas, saw the environment in detail, and felt the atmosphere led to concrete learning. There were also many findings gained from interactions with residents in regard to the support and reconstruction needed in the town. By listening to the residents living with the possibility of radiation exposure, they felt that it was important to “provide information to residents” about radiation, and by listening to the residents who wanted more human connection and vitality, they thought that reconstruction also means “Mental changes such as gaining a sense of security and a positive outlook”, “Returning life and the environment to their original state”, and “Vibrancy of people and places/Smiles of the people”. The definition of ‘reconstruction’ is still a topic of debate. Nagamatsu et al.  reviewedThis study has some limitations. First of all, it is difficult to generalize the results of this study to all nursing students, because the subjects of this study come from a variety of backgrounds with different grades and experiences. In the future, it will be necessary to examine the differences in learning effects depending on students’ learning backgrounds. In addition, a one-time experience is not sufficient time to learn about the lives of people in the affected areas and their recovery in great details. Repeated learning would further deepen the interactions with the community and its residents. Thus, our future tasks are to analyse the educational effects considering the subject’s readiness and to construct educational programs intended to have repetitive learning effects.Nursing students could think about the health of affected residents by visiting the town and conducting health support activities as service-learning. Moreover, they learned many things that could only occur through actual contact with residents and the environment. Through service-learning, the nursing students gained a sense of citizenship and were able to think multilaterally about the reconstruction of the affected areas. Service-learning in areas affected by a disaster during the chronic and recovery/reconstruction phases was found to be effective and provide substantial benefits for not only the residents, but also the students.


Cancer rehabilitation with its broad scope has posed challenges in defining the medical knowledge expected within Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R) residency training. Impairments and functional limitations seen in patients with cancer are driven by a wide range of factors including type of cancer, type of treatment, stage or phase of disease, and time course considerations, as well as underlying health comorbidities. The high incidence of disabling complications seen with cancer and its treatment has long been recognized,2014 CARF Medical Rehabilitation Standards Manual, for application across inpatient, outpatient, and community‐based programs, with emphasis on a person‐centered approach, collaboration across the cancer care continuum, quality improvement, and holistic interdisciplinary care.Toward meeting the rehabilitation needs of cancer patients and survivors, educating the rehabilitation workforce, including physiatrists, is increasingly recognized as a priority. The Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) 2006 report “From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in TransitionBut, what exactly is priority cancer rehabilitation knowledge content for physiatrists in training? Cancer rehabilitation educational objectives for PM&R residents have not been consistently outlined, making it difficult to set expectations for residents and for trainees to get consistent exposure to the patient population. Medical knowledge Milestones have been developed for PM&R subspecialty domains including brain disorders, stroke, amputation, nerve and muscle, musculoskeletal disorders, pain, pediatric disorders, and spasticity, but not for cancer.In this article, we aim to propose a framework of core medical knowledge domains for cancer rehabilitation medicine via a combination of (1) assessing common threads in review literature to date, followed by (2) a consolidation and consensus process.This study takes the form of subtopic review of prior cancer rehabilitation compilations, with the goal of canvassing the collective discernment of experts in the field of cancer rehabilitation and assessing the frequency with which specific subtopics have been included. Following this data gathering phase, an expert consensus process was undertaken to consolidate this material and formulate recommendations.The authors began with textbooks, journal articles, and compilations in the field, supplemented by searching “cancer rehabilitation” via PubMed, Google Scholar, and general Google as of 1 July 2018. The timeline included 1990 to present. Although there was no limit on nation of origin, the review was limited to materials published in the English‐language literature.Each source document was determined to encompass the field of cancer rehabilitation medicine generally, and be organized into subtopics. Included materials consisted of textbooks, chapters, journal review articles, supplements, “special issues,” web‐based resources, and even educational newsletters, either written by physiatrists or otherwise determined to be of relevance to physiatry practice of cancer rehabilitation medicine. Materials designed along a case‐based format could be included if the subtopic themes of the cases were readily discernable in an introductory heading or sentence.Materials were excluded if the entire body of work was deemed to be focused on a narrower clinical base  or any other narrowed focus, such as specific phase of care or therapy discipline. Materials were excluded if determined to be more directed to other audiences such as oncologists or nonphysicians, in generally erring on the side of broader inclusion. Materials that were clearly intended as marketing materials for an organization were excluded. Abstracts and editorials were excluded. Longer articles that were largely opinion pieces could be included if there was an overall general focus with breakdown into specific subtopic areas. Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses could be included if data or conclusions were presented incorporating cancer rehabilitation subtopics, but excluded if they did not.The initial compilation was performed by one of the authors (M.V.) and then reviewed among several other authors  for possible additional materials and to finalize inclusions and exclusions. In cases for which it was not straightforward whether to include a source, a majority of individuals had to be in favor. In the case of textbooks, which typically had repeated editions, often by the same author(s), with little change in structure (including subtopics) over time, the decision was made to include only the most recent edition of the particular textbook, to avoid overrepresentation. This did mean that some previous textbook editions that had changed substantially, or changed somewhat, were excluded.Cancer rehabilitation subtopics from these various sources were compiled on an Excel spreadsheet. Like topics were lumped together, for example, “osteosarcoma/soft tissue sarcoma” and “amputation and limb sparing” for physiatry purposes were considered as one category. However “breast cancer” and “lymphedema” were considered separate categories, because, despite considerable overlap, each of these categories also features major areas of nonoverlap. In infrequent cases, a heading was included in two categories, for example, a subtopic like “mobility in the critical care patient” might be included in both “mobility” and “critical care” categories, or “prehabilitation for breast cancer” would be included in both “prehabilitation” and “breast cancer” domains. If in doubt whether categories should be lumped or split, they were kept separate in the initial data collection phase of the process.In the second phase of the study, the authors undertook a consensus process in which the information was reviewed and synthesized, toward identifying a manageable number of “domains” of knowledge for cancer rehabilitation. First, a raw list of subtopics was generated, from most‐frequent to least‐frequent subtopics. These subtopics were then evaluated by the authors against less frequently occurring, yet still potentially important, subtopics to assess for pure redundancy, opportunities for consolidation of related subtopics, and possible reordering of the prioritization for this particular learner group. For example, the subtopic “outpatient rehabilitation,” in addition to being its own subtopic, might also be folded into a subtopic cluster called “settings of care.” Such subtopic “clusters” were integrated into the overall subtopic listing. From this integrated subtopic listing, a further review process was performed with the overriding goal of identifying topics of maximum relevance to PM&R trainees.The majority of the above‐described consensus process was performed by the authors, who are involved in resident education as well as in clinical cancer rehabilitation medicine, and span a range of experience from recent fellowship graduate to 30 years in practice. A secondary part of this consensus phase was additional scrutiny of the chosen domains by wider groups. Early in the process, the raw data was presented at the October 2018 meeting of the Cancer Rehabilitation Physician Consortium (CRPC) of the American Academy of PM&R, with opportunity for input. Later, as final recommendations were approached, the identified priority subtopics were scrutinized by the entire Education subgroup of the CRPC.9 chapters, 9 compilations , and 4 web‐based information sites, and one which was a “grand rounds” within institution‐sponsored material.Thirty‐four resources Table 13, 19, 2The entire data set can be found in Table At review of the entire subtopic list, some subtopics were synthesized into clusters Table . With thUpon subsequent review, a decision was made to remove the Operational and Abdominopelvic clusters, as pertinent to more advanced learners, such as fellows, advanced PM&R residents, or physiatrists in practice. A decision was also made to remove the Pain cluster, with the rationale that pain management figures heavily within many of the other subtopics, and also because pain management is generally already a prominent focus of PM&R residencies, with cancer‐related pain management strategies over and above that likely more pertinent to advanced learners.The final framework of knowledge domains includes major categories of Treatments and Effects, Performance/Function, Lymphedema, Neurologic, Breast Cancer, Head and Neck, Bone Health and Bone Metastasis, Osteosarcoma and Sarcoma, and Hematologic. These topic recommendations are diagrammed in Figure To our knowledge, this work is the first of its kind to outline core Medical Knowledge domains in cancer rehabilitation for PM&R residents, employing a systematic process. Although a beginning step, the main intent is to flag for PM&R programs and for PM&R residents themselves core areas to prioritize. As this model is applied and tested, it is likely that modifications may be appropriate in the future. Because accrediting and board entities related to physiatry have not currently outlined discrete expectations for cancer rehabilitation competency upon completion of residency training, it is hoped that the recommendations herein foster an evolution toward clearer guidance at summative levels.We also recognize that many if not most programs will not be able to incorporate patient care experiences for PM&R residents in all of these topic areas. Some patient populations that are important to cancer rehabilitation as a field, such as osteosarcoma and bone marrow transplant patients, are treated in highly specialized cancer care settings, which will be far removed geographically from some PM&R programs. Therefore, the intent of this work is not to “mandate” clinical experiences. However, programs are highly encouraged to provide clinical experiences for PM&R residents within the resources of their affiliated cancer care institution(s), especially for the more common cancers.Many topic areas and concepts important to cancer rehabilitation are not specifically included in this final framework. Pain and Precautions represent two notable examples. Both of these subtopics are considered to permeate the various selected categories. We considered having categories of Psychosocial effects and Communication, because of their clinical importance, but ultimately decided against this due to the lack of coverage in the PM&R literature for this patient population . Domains considered to be a better fit for advanced learners (such as fellows) include the Operational cluster , Research, Phase of care , Pediatric/Geriatric cancer concerns, Medical Complexity, as well as an enhanced knowledge base of Disease‐related information , and more in‐depth knowledge of cancer‐related imaging and diagnostics. Other subtopics we considered but ultimately did not include were Nutrition, Sexuality, Skin/wound, Employment, and certain other cancer types , as well as social and political subtopics (History/advocacy/public policy). Ultimately, though, we acknowledge that distinctions between inclusion and noninclusion in the framework can veer toward being artificial, as underlying principles applicable to many of these nonincluded categories are encompassed within our proposed framework.While obvious, it must be emphatically stated that the creation of the above domains is not meant to limit resident study of cancer rehabilitation medicine, or to supplant existing residency program initiatives and priorities in cancer rehabilitation education that may fall outside of these selected domains. Rather, the goal is to more clearly define minimum knowledge expectations, the “base,” which the authors hope will serve to foster a concrete and feasible framework for all PM&R residents to be prepared to encounter cancer patients and survivors in practice. The framework also forms a reference point to use when formulating goals for other groups of learners, such as cancer rehabilitation fellows, for whom additional domains may be applicable, as noted in the preceding paragraph.We also recognize that these recommendations straddle a gray zone between being evidence‐based and consensus based, and are heavily weighted toward the latter. In general, literature compilations will gravitate toward topics for which some evidence can be presented, but entail a predigested format that is influenced by other factors including editorial decisions and the experience of individual authors and so on. And our consensus process is further layered on top of that. But, as a recent editorial points out, with respect to clinical guidelines , the fixed dichotomy with which evidence‐based versus consensus‐based guidelines tends to be viewed in many respects can actually be a false distinction, as low‐quality evidence may be the “best available” evidence in some circumstances, interpretation of evidence is a key component of consensus processes, and the traditional bar for high‐quality evidence, the randomized controlled study, may have limitations in being generalized to specific real‐life patient‐care scenarios.With regard to systematically exploring specific subtopics published in the cancer rehabilitation literature, Stout et alFor the literature analysis, reasonable efforts were made to be comprehensive, but it is possible and even highly likely that some resources were missed. Decisions to cluster some topics into one domain, versus separate others into individual domains, may be inherently imperfect and perhaps even arbitrary. Of the included literature works, some are overrepresented compared to others, as the range of subtopic number in each individual work spanned from 5 topics at the fewest to 69 subtopics at the most (average 16.8 and median 15). However, we believe that the overall impact of these limitations is negligible, because the purpose of the literature overview was not that absolute numbers should dictate the recommendations, but rather that the literature subtopic analysis would provide a broad landscape from which recurring themes could be gleaned, as well as serve as a safety net of sorts, such that important subtopic areas would not escape consideration. In short, the literature overview provided important initial guidance, but not did not solely drive the recommendations.After literature topic overview and consensus process, a framework of cancer rehabilitation Medical Knowledge domains for physiatry training is proposed. Future work will need to track the implementation of this model for feasibility, with possible need for future modifications including more detailed content, delineation of level‐of‐training milestones, and adjustments as research and clinical practice evolve. In addition, establishing medical knowledge frameworks for other groups of learners, such as medical students, cancer rehabilitation fellows, and other advanced learners, remains a need toward which this current work can provide a point of reference.Table S1 Topic rankings. Includes individual topics and topic clustersClick here for additional data file.Table S2 Topic clusters itemizedClick here for additional data file.


Under the background of rural revitalization in China, with the process of urbanization and the implementation of China’s land system reform, rural workers gradually gain multiple income streams. However, increasing agricultural income remains the final guarantee for professional farmers to shake off poverty, and land is still their last security. We applied the OLS model and mediation model to a dataset of 3789 households in 25 provinces obtained from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to investigate the influence of farmland transfer and social capital on farmers’ agricultural incomes. The results show that farmland “transfer in” and social capital significantly help to increase agricultural income directly, and farmland “transfer in” behavior plays a vital mediating role, influencing the positive effect of social capital on agricultural income. The study examined the logical social capital-agricultural land transfer-agricultural income correlation in the progression of rural society, from “hollow” to “reflux”, under the continuous expansion of rural revitalization strategies, which is of great practical significance for re-recognizing the positive role of rural social capital and agricultural land transfer in improving the income of professional farmers and realizing the overall goal of rural revitalization. The results also provide a theoretical basis for guiding and leveraging the effective use of social capital to promote agricultural land transfer. Bulletin of the Third National Agricultural Census, by the end of 2016, large-scale businesses accounted for only 1.92% of the total agricultural households registered in China [In China, the Rural Revitalization Strategy was first formally proposed in the report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, aiming to address the issues concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers in a high-quality manner, to expand middle-income groups and to achieve common prosperity for all people. The issue of absolute poverty in China was solved historically; however, there will still be people earning low incomes in society. According to the On the one hand, social capital is essential to improve farmers’ lives, which is the essence of rural revitalization . TraditiIn the contemporary period, social capital is still playing a role in promoting farmers’ income. Under rural revitalization strategies and land system reforms, the mobility of rural residents has greatly increased, leading to gradual loosening of the interpersonal network and reshaping traditional rural social capital which is mainly characterized by acquaintances and closed networks; thus, the countryside is no longer a closed community . In the Household Responsibility System, implemented in the early 1980s, promoted production motivation in peasants, and led to serious farmland fragmentation, which curbed large-scale agriculture operations [Under rural revitalization strategies, local employment remains the most effective and sustainable means of alleviating poverty, considering the long-term effectiveness and cost. The cyclical opening and closing of cities caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decline in employment demand in some urban industries, especially in the contact service industry, ultimately leading to a substantial increase in migrant workers returning home for employment. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China showed that by the end of 2021, 11.2 million entrepreneurs had returned to the countryside, 1.1 million more than in 2020 . Therefoerations . For proerations .Thus far, connections between social capital and agricultural development have been the key focus in academia, such as the associations between different forms of social capital and innovation in agriculture , social Land transfer is measured by two variables: land “transfer in” and land “transfer out”. Land “transfer in” means that farmers rent land from other local farmers through written or verbal contract . It is mAs an intangible capital embedded in the vast rural areas, social capital plays an important role in achieving regional agricultural specialization and scale development, as well as supplementing agricultural modernization. The trust and relationship values of social capital are embedded in the process of land transfer and become informal institutions which influence people’s interactive behavior, thus improving the financial capacity of individuals or households to transfer into land on the one hand, and increasing the possibility of transferring into land through social relationship networks on the other. Therefore, with continuous rural revitalization, it is highly significant to explore the logical correlation between social capital, farmland “transfer in”, and agricultural income with the contemporary rural society becoming more open, which is important for reconceptualizing rural social capital, improving professional farmers’ income, and promoting the overall goal of rural revitalization.(1)How do land “transfer in” and new social capital affect agricultural income under rural revitalization?(2)Is farmland “transfer in” one of the important ways for the new social capital to influence agricultural income?(3)Under the constraint of the scale of farmland “transfer in”, is there a nonlinear relationship between social capital and agricultural income?The key research questions of this study are:Farmers are the largest social group in China, but also a group with relatively low income, lower level of living security, and weaker endowments of market resources. In the foreseeable future, farmers will still be heavily reliant on the countryside and agriculture, and those who relocate to cities may still return the countryside . AgriculThe report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the general requirements for the implementation of rural revitalization from five aspects. These were correlated to contemporary rural issues, mainly referring to revitalizing the rural industrial economy, optimizing the rural living environment, reconstructing rural local culture, promoting effective governance and improving farmers’ living standards . The masUnder rural revitalization, as an invisible “soft” capital, new rural social capital has a broader role in attracting human capital, material and financial resources, forming a good circulation network between rural and urban, and reinforcing the mechanisms of the role of traditional social capital in promoting farmers’ agricultural income, notably through the expansion of farmers’ financial sources, the enrichment of information and the establishment of social networks.Based on the above discussion, this study proposes the first research Hypothesis:Hypothesis 1 (H1). Rural social capital can still contribute to the growth of agricultural income of farm households through various mechanisms, i.e., social capital has a direct relationship with agricultural income.As a typical “Chinese guanxi” society, the characteristics of “acquaintance society” exist across rural China. Social relations play a very important role in resource acquisition, distribution, and transaction , and becHypothesis 2 (H2). Land “transfer in” can promote farmers’ farm income.The role of social capital in all aspects of agricultural production is similar. The process of land transfer for agricultural income generation involves reduced transaction costs, the access to lease capital and information, risk sharing and cooperation mechanisms in the establishment of long-term land transfer behavior, and the input of urban production factors, all carried out under a network of rural social interactions. Therefore, rural social capital can effectively promote farmers’ land “transfer in” behavior, which, in turn, promotes agricultural income growth. Thus, land transfer plays an intermediary role in the process of social capital promoting the growth of farmers’ income and is one of the mechanisms through which social capital directly affects farmers’ agricultural income. Accordingly, research Hypothesis 3 was formulated:Hypothesis 3 (H3). Social capital has a positive effect on land “transfer in”, and land “transfer in” is an important way for social capital to increase agricultural income, and plays an intermediary role.Finally, existing studies have identified that the more disadvantaged people are not originally superior in terms of social capital accumulation, i.e., social capital does not significantly increase agricultural income when farmers’ social capital is low, and social capital can only significantly contribute to higher farm household income and thus reduce farm incomes poverty when social capital crosses a certain threshold value . TherefoHypothesis 4 (H4). The scale of rural land “transfer in” has threshold characteristics. Under the constraints of different scales of farmland “transfer in”, the impact of social capital on agricultural income is also different.The theoretical analysis framework of “social capital→farmland transfer in→agricultural income” and hypotheses are shown in http://isss.pku.edu.cn/cfps/index.htm (accessed on 30 August 2022), China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) is a nationally representative, annual longitudinal survey of Chinese communities, families, and individuals launched in 2010 by the Institute of Social Science Survey (ISSS) of Peking University, China. The survey focuses on economic activities, education, family behaviors, etc., and covers 25 provinces (cities and autonomous regions) in China, over a wide range of locations, giving it great research value. It is presented in the form of questionnaires, including individual questionnaires, family questionnaires and village questionnaires.The data used in this study were acquired from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). According to the introduction from This study used data obtained in 2020, which are the most recent publicly available data. Some village-level control variables were used in this study; therefore, the CFPS 2014 village data and 2020 household data were matched and combined. In addition, some variables from the 2010 baseline survey which were not included in CFPS 2020 were used. The research object was agricultural income; thus, the samples of households not engaged in agricultural production were omitted. After processing, this study obtained a final 3789 effective samples of agricultural families, which were distributed in 297 villages around 25 provinces  in China. Compared with previous studies, the data used in this study have the advantages of a large sample size, new data, and wide geographical coverage.The dependent variable in this study was the agricultural income of households engaged in agricultural production. The Family Questionnaire of CFPS 2020 includes the question “In the past 12 months, how much does your family get by selling agricultural products, including the crops you cultivated, forestry products, poultry, livestock, fishery products and other sideline products  produced or raised by your family?” The answer to this question was the dependent variable we adopted in this study. The unit of measurement of the variable was CNY, and we treated the data logarithmically.To date, due to the extensive meaning of social capital, there is still no unified standard for selecting indicators for this variable. According to the definitions of social capital outlined by James S. Coleman et al. , all poiIn the family questionnaire of CFPS 2020, all the answers pertaining to communication fees, gift spending, and money given to relatives and to others were totaled to measure the level of favor exchanges, which represents the spending on social capital. The unit of measurement of this variable was CNY, and we treated these data logarithmically.Although there are many different forms of land transfer in rural China, in the questionnaire, only farmland leasing was studied. Thus, in this paper, land “transfer in” refers to renting in farmland from others. In the family questionnaire, one question is “In the past 12 months, did your family rent any other land than the collectively distributed land from other people or the village collective, regardless of paying land rent or not?”. The answer to this question represented the independent variable.Land “transfer in” here was a dummy variable: if the farmer had rented farmland from others in the past year, the variable value was 1; otherwise, the value was 0.Inspired by previous studies, in order to control the impacts of other factors on agricultural income, this study controlled the characteristics of family and village. In addition, province dummies were included.Control variables relating to the family included farmland size, family size, farm machinery rental fee, family deposits, machine values, other income sources , and life status .Village control variables included village economic status, altitude, village farmland size, the number of noticeboards, and urban and rural categories.The model variables are all described in To evaluate the influence of social capital and land “transfer in” on agricultural income, the benchmark model was set to Equation (1).To test the intermediary effect of land “transfer in”, referring to Baron and Kenny , a threeTo test H4, whether the scale of rural land transfer exhibits threshold characteristics, the threshold regression model was set to Equation (5).I(·) is the indicator function and λ is the threshold value, X represents a series of matrix of control variables, ε is a standard error, and α, β, φ, θ, and γ are the parameters to be estimated.In Equations (1), (2) and (4), agricultural income is a continuous variable, and these three models adopted multiple linear regressions; in Equation (3), the dependent variable of land “transfer in” is a binary variable, which uses the Probit regression model; in Equation (5), the threshold variable of the scale of land “transfer in” equals the ratio of farmland “transfer in” area to the households’ operational farmland acreage, where Stepwise regression was adopted to estimate the effect of social capital and land “transfer in” on agricultural income. In addition, in this study, the proxy variable of social capital was the money spent on maintaining the “acquaintance relationship”, which could lead to a two-way causal relationship. Thus, the variable of social capital was an endogenous variable in the basic model. To solve this problem, an instrumental variable was adopted. In the village questionnaire of CFPS 2014, one question concerns the “Proportion of popular surname”. In rural China, in the same village, people with the same surname are usually more closely related. Residents with the same surname can represent more useful social capital for villagers in their daily life. It is obvious that “the proportion of popular surname” is a good instrumental variable, which is not only exogenous, but also highly correlated with the independent variable. After the exogenous test and weak identification test, the instrumental variable was shown to be effective. Then, 2SLS and GMM models were used to estimate the impact of social capital on agricultural income.When household and village characteristics are controlled, the results of model 5 show that the effects of housing type, wage income and urban households on agricultural income are negative but insignificant, whereas the effects of the remaining control variables are positive, but not all significant. The type of house reflects the economic level of farmers to a certain extent; therefore, it will affect their agricultural income. People with wage-earning and urban households tend to have less willingness to engage in agriculture, i.e., income diversity can replace agricultural income and lead to a decrease in farm income. Models (6) and (7) imply that, after dealing with endogenous problems effectively, the coefficients of the main independent variables become larger.Subsequently, we used the method of throwing samples to examine the robustness of the benchmark regression results. Firstly, Model (8) reports the impact of social capital and farmland “transfer in” on agricultural income with the whole sample. Secondly, as a comparison, Model (9) to Model (12) report the regression results of the partial samples. The research object of this study was households engaged in agricultural production which were mainly located in rural areas; urban households were included in Model (9). Similarly, village samples without cultivated land were removed in Model (10). In Model (11), the agricultural households’ samples without contracted farmland were removed, because their agricultural outputs were all dependent on land leasing, which may interfere with the regression results. Finally, because China’s agricultural production is based on households, and small-scale operations still occupy a large proportion, the samples of family farms with a farmland acreage larger than 30 Mu is excluded in Model (12) to test whether the effect of social capital on agricultural income is stable among farmers engaged in small-scale agricultural production.This study adopted quantile regression (QR) to estimate the individual heterogeneity in To evaluate regional heterogeneity, rural China was separated into two parts. Model (15) outputs the regression result of the main-grain producing area in China. In contrast, Model (16) presents the regression result of other regions in China. In the 13 main grain-producing areas, the output value of the primary industry accounts for a large proportion, and the grain output accounts for more than 70% of the national share. Due to different geographical factors, the types of agricultural crops in the main-grain producing area and other regions are different, and the degree of agricultural modernization is also different. Comparing the results of Model (15) and Model (16), we can see that social capital has a significant positive effect on agricultural income in the main-grain producing area. However, in other regions, the role of social capital is positive, but not significant. Farmland “transfer in” is helpful to increase agricultural income, but this effect is more obvious in secondary grain-producing areas. This result suggests that the use value of land should be further reflected in rural areas and farmers’ income space should be expanded and fully integrated with local conditions.In order to further determine the mechanisms of social capital and farmland “transfer in” on farmers’ agricultural income, this study took farmland “transfer in” as an intermediary variable and further estimated Equations (2)–(4). After performing the Sobel test, the original hypothesis that there was no mediating effect was rejected, and a mediating effect was shown to exist. The effect of social capital on agricultural income is strongly dependent on land “transfer in”, which implies that there is a threshold of the scale of land “transfer in” to be identified. After attempting to identify the threshold effects, we obtained statistically significant results with three stable threshold values. As shown in Based on the data of 3789 rural households from the China Family Panel Study, this study examined the direct impact of farmland “transfer in” and social capital on agricultural income, and the mediating role of land “transfer in” in the process of social capital contributing to farm income generation. Compared with previous studies, marginal contributions of this study include: (1) Based on the era of rural revitalization, this study explored the impact of new social capital on the agricultural income of farmers who have stayed in rural areas for a long time on the basis of traditional rural social capital; this study not only considered the direct impact of social capital and land “transfer in” on agricultural income, but also tested whether land “transfer in” behavior plays a mediating role in the effect of social capital on agricultural income, establishing a theoretical analysis framework of “social capital→farmland transfer in→agricultural income”. (2) This study responds to current questions about whether the new social capital reconstructed under China’s rural revitalization strategy can still significantly contribute to farmers’ agricultural income, and confirms that social capital still plays an active role in China’s new rural areas. (3) This study has dealt with the endogenous problem, and discussed the individual heterogeneity of farmers and regional differences in rural China. (4) This study has discussed the nonlinear relationship between social capital and agricultural income under the constraints of different scales of farmland “transfer in”, which enriches the literature on agricultural income. (5) From a worldwide perspective, the use of the “acquaintance relationship” is beneficial to farmers, which has implications for all agricultural households.For farmers, land is the most basic living guarantee, and agricultural income is the most basic source of income. How to increase agricultural income is a topic worth considering under rural revitalization strategies. Currently, the weakest links to achieving widespread prosperity are agriculture, rural populations, and farmers. For rural areas in the primary stage of revitalization, it is still necessary to strongly consider social capital. However, the use of the “acquaintance relationship” should only be a supplement to the standardized market, and should not become the mainstream.There are many similarities and differences between this study and previous analyses presented in the literature. Social capital contributes to farmland transfer, which is similar to the results obtained by of Chen, H. and Wang, J. ; howeverOur research also has some shortcomings. First of all, there were some limitations in the selection of proxy variables of social capital, which cannot summarize all the characteristics of social capital. Secondly, the impacts of social capital and farmland transfer on agricultural income are dynamic, although cross-sectional data were used in this study; thus, panel data could be used for future research. Additionally, social capital will not only affect farmland “transfer in”, but also affect farmland “transfer out”, which will also affect agricultural income; thus, the influence of social capital on land “transfer out” and agricultural income could be a research topic in future studies.Based on this analysis, several conclusions can be drawn.(1)In rural China, social capital is a useful resource for farmers, which is conducive to farmland “transfer in”, thus contributing to increases in agricultural income. With the increases in social capital investment, agricultural income will also increase, and after controlling other related variables, the marginal contribution of social capital investment to agricultural income is 16.56% and the marginal effect of farmland “transfer in” on agricultural income is 1.19. Social capital and land “transfer in” are directly related to agricultural income. In addition, the impact of social capital and farmland “transfer in” on agricultural income presents individual heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity.(2)The farmland “transfer in” is a mediating variable, which is one of the important channels for social capital to influence agricultural income. Land is a direct factor of agricultural income and one of the mechanisms by which other variables affect agricultural income.(3)Farmland “transfer in” ratio is a threshold variable, and under the constraint of the scale of farmland “transfer in”, a nonlinear relationship exists between social capital and agricultural income.(4)Farmland “transfer in” is conducive to increasing agricultural income, but this effect is more obvious in secondary grain-producing areas.From the results of this study, it seems that for farmers in an “acquaintance society”, proper maintenance of acquaintance relationship is beneficial. For government departments, the implementation of the Separation of Three Rights land policy could better address the issues concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, and have a beneficial impact on local farmers’ income, complemented by social capital. Finally, the standardized development of the land transfer market is very important. Social capital plays an important role in the vast rural areas of China where market modernization is inadequate; however, the use of an “acquaintanceship” can only be a supplement to standardized markets, and the process of agricultural and rural modernization still needs to be accelerated, as well as the need for traditional social capital to be further reconstructed.


The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted higher education (hereinafter “HE”) teaching and learning approaches globally since 2020. It has compelled a major shift from face-to-face to online delivery, affecting the ways HE teachers teach and communicate with students. In this paper, we explore an under-researched area, teachers’ ideological dilemmas surrounding online teaching and issues related to remote or technologically mediated communication adopted in three countries, China, Japan and the UK. Drawing on the theoretical and methodological framework of discursive psychology, we focus on the concepts called ideological dilemmas and the kaleidoscope of common sense in order to examine common sense views of HE teachers regarding online and onsite teaching as well as blended learning where these constitute ideological dilemmas. Taking an exploratory, small case study approach, we present a discourse analysis of interviews with HE teachers and reveal their ideological dilemmas over online teaching. We identify the patterns of shifting justifications in the interviews. Our discussion highlights the dynamic and dilemmatic nature of the HE teachers’ views, some of which are shaped by the local university context, as well as the different ways in which the spread of COVID-19 is taking place and the various measures taken by each country’s government against the damaging effects of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted higher education (hereinafter “HE”) teaching and learning approaches globally since the spring of 2020. It has compelled a major shift from face-to-face to online delivery, affecting the ways in which HE teachers teach students, support their learning, and communicate with them. Lockdowns have compelled them to engage with online teaching as a default mode, having now worked from home for many months. Thanks to digital technologies, online teaching has become the main mode of delivery and implementation in institutions and teaching. Teaching and learning at HE institutions have continued, albeit with some disruptions in some countries. Since online platforms and delivery have become the default mode for HE teaching and learning,Although these studies examine the experiences of teaching and teacher wellbeing, the theoretical frameworks used to investigate the impact of COVID-19 do not produce nuanced accounts of how the experiences, attitudes, and opinions of HE teachers are shaped within lived ideologies in a given culture. In this paper, we would like to shed light on this under-explored area of teachers’ ideological dilemmas surrounding ‘pandemic pedagogy’ Gurung, , includiIn the following section, we first present the background and context that are relevant to our discourse analysis of HE teachers’ dilemmas over online and face-to-face teaching. We then provide a discussion of our theoretical framework, drawing on ideological dilemmas  and the additional efforts related to infection prevention, on top of regular teaching and research routines. One of the burdens stretching academic staff was preparation for and implementation of the newly introduced online teaching. Professors and lecturers were forced to redesign their lectures, from scratch, in 2020. They needed to convert their in-person lectures into on-demand, hybrid, or other appropriate online teaching formats. On top of this, they had to also prepare extra follow-up sessions and new forms of assessment appropriate for online learning. HE teachers in China faced similar challenges . Potter encourages analysts to look at the micro-details of ongoing speech and texts .The analytic process began by coding the interview transcripts to identify patterns in meaning-making that were organised around recurring themes and commonplaces toward online teaching. After several rounds of re-reading the transcripts, the central ideological dilemmas were identified as to how the HE teachers position themselves around the mandatory online teaching imposed by the university or the government. Various commonplaces, interpretative repertoires, and HE teachers’ beliefs about online teaching were mobilised to justify their answers to the interview questions. The participants’ ideological dilemmas in the ongoing talk were examined by focusing on the processes of construction of various meanings associated with the HE teachers’ views on online teaching and particular social actions being performed . The term ‘feeling’ itself implies little. However, together with some adjectives, it may refer to a variety of spectrums, such as good-bad, positive–negative, joyful-sad, and others. Interviewer S tries not only to neutrally clarify the details of her feeling, but also to invite her agreement . Her sadness comes from ‘knowing about’ this constraint, which makes her position dilemmatic; but, unlike her senior colleague, she does not position herself as someone who is sad or powerless because of online teaching obligations  tries to rephrase her account, ignoring her ‘happy and energetic’ version. He goes back to the ‘happy-sad’ spectrum or, borrowing Billig’s metaphor further, turns the kaleidoscope backward, in lines 24 and 25. She does not argue back against his interpretations and again, he oppresses her by his interpretations. In these interactions, the senior demonstrates his influence upon the account as a whole and invites the agreement of the younger interviewee in question form. In order to avoid making her senior lose face  and knowledge-type learning (line 5)  are contrasted. However, it is claimed that tradition could not be replaced (line 8) and this remains an important spectrum for the nature of education. In line 11, the ‘feeling of learning together’ can be considered as an interpretative repertoire which emphasises the common sensory advantage of face-to-face teaching. According to her personal opinion, real physical interaction between teachers and students has an irreplaceable advantage, and this is commonly understood by those who have been fully adapted to a traditional teaching style.P03, a lecturer, seems to echo this spectrum of future versus tradition in Extract In this extract, P03, a lecturer in educational psychology, answers initially that online teaching has pros and cons. When asked to elaborate, P03 reveals her ideological dilemma, as if a kaleidoscope of common sense begins to turn. The entire sequence has a persuasive orientation (ll. 5–13). Her elaboration of ‘this [online] mode has pros and cons’ is formulated within a complex linguistic structure of conditionals and contrasts ). The spectrum of online-offline teaching works as a discursive resource to justify her view (l. 13) and settle her ideological dilemma. In answering the question again in reformulation (12–13), a collective pronoun of ‘we’ is used instead of the first person ‘I’. According to Mühlhäusler et al. , the proIn this section, in applying the kaleidoscope of common sense further, we explore the discursive formulation of ideological dilemmas by an HE teacher, T, in a British university. How are these accounts of online teaching used to support T’s own construction of events such as the changes of mode of teaching delivery and other important concerns for HE teachers? We shall address this analytical question by focusing on online and face-to-face teaching as the participants’ categories . Online teaching has been ‘extended to…programmes that are normally face-to-face’ since the pandemic (lines 12 and 14–17). The interpretative repertoire of online teaching as new is presented as an impact of the pandemic. These two Interpretative repertoires in T’s account echo what seems to be a dilemma for many HE teachers. It is the dilemma of having to deliver online teaching on the programmes normally run as face-to-face for students , furnishing a mitigated complaint. After displaying his knowledge of how a hybrid approach ought to be implemented, he then goes on to justify the complaint based on his recent episode, normalising and authenticating the confusion .In this extract, we can see two different versions of blended learning presented in opposition. In answering K’s question on blended learning, T distances himself from the category blended learning (‘I still am a bit confused by this kind Having distanced himself from blended learning as the university’s category (‘confused by this kind of hybrid approach’ [lines 3–4]), T does not attempt to overtly deny the importance of online teaching and the blended approach. However, he expresses his dissatisfaction with blended learning due to the way in which the university communicated its decision (lines 25–26). Blended learning is constituted as not being part of T’s category. The university’s blended learning approach (lines 13–20) puts two sessions one after another, without a substantial break between the two sessions, making it difficult for students to digest and reflect on the content (lines 13–20). Two interpretative repertoires of blended learning are available here: The university’s approach and the way HE teachers like T have been putting it into practice. Turning the kaleidoscope of common sense on these interpretative repertoires of blended learning creates a dilemma for T. The university’s blended learning does not work in practice in T’s view. What is more, the implementation of the university’s form of blended learning does not lead to real thinking (lines 13–22). Following T’s claim of capability for both online and face-to-face teaching, the university’s blended learning is problematised and expressed in dissatisfaction and as a mitigated complaint.The nature of T’s ‘confusion’ is constructed not around his incompetence, inexperience, or incapability of delivering a hybrid approach including blended learning. On the contrary, his claim of capability is at the forefront of what he says. The ‘confusion’ is attributed to the university’s version of blended learning. By implication, blended learning as implemented by the university is blameworthy, as he describes how poorly the university’s blended learning panned out in practice  and created a dilemma for a capable teacher such as T. To make this claim even stronger, in lines 25–29, T points out the way in which the university goes about communicating this very important teaching strategy without consulting the teachers (lines 25–29). The delicate nature of complaining about the university’s blended learning is the source of T’s dilemma.wakimae) by juniors (Ide et al., The interaction between the senior male professor and the young female associate professor at University J reflects the hierarchical, cultural nature of the interactional setting. A senior-junior relationship is strictly observed in Japan, and interactions are sustained by mitigating face-threatening acts for seniors (Brown & Levinson, Secondly, what we have witnessed in Extracts Two aspects of the ideological dilemmas seem evident. Firstly, what the slogan, ‘Suspending Classes without Stopping Learning’, advocates could be partially realised at an institutional level, but not fully. As the senior professor we interviewed told us, her university might be able to do so, but perhaps not all others could do so while still maintaining a high level of quality (lines 6–9 of Extract The case of the British HE teacher, T, can be seen, in a sense, to acknowledge and reproduce this account as an aspect of lived ideology or common sense understanding of online teaching and of hybrid approaches such as blended learning. T’s proposed solution to this ideological dilemma (‘the best of a bad job’, ‘inevitable’, ‘impossible’, and ‘not much of an option’ in lines 22–26, Extract In this paper, we have shown that our discursive psychology-led analysis of the HE teacher participants’ interview talk made visible the ideologically dilemmatic nature of the participants’ views on online teaching that was necessitated and enforced due to the pandemic. In the Japanese examples of interview talk, the ideological dilemmas of online teaching are focused on generational difference. The Japanese teachers’ views are shaped by the local interactional context, in this case, a culturally pervasive hierarchy according to age and gender. Chinese and British HE teacher participants orientate to the importance of blended learning in the post-pandemic period. In particular, the teacher participants in the different settings formulate the significance of blended learning differently, orienting to the history of their own department and the expertise that they can make use of. This may suggest that communication between the university administration and teachers can enable a version of blended learning that is suitable to the local context of the programme and department.Our analysis highlights the variability of ideological dilemmas Billig, . VariousOur small-scale, exploratory study did not reveal national or cultural differences in the HE discourse systems (e.g. Scollon et al.,