This cohort study compares changes in health insurance coverage for previously employed US adults in states with and without Medicaid expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic. How did health insurance coverage status change in states with Medicaid eligibility expansion vs nonexpansion for US adults who experienced unemployment owing to the COVID-19 pandemic?In this cohort study of 16 231 adult workers employed at baseline and followed up from 2019 through 2020, increases in Medicaid enrollment associated with job loss were more frequent in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility vs nonexpansion states. The risk of losing insurance owing to job loss in expansion states was lower than the risk in nonexpansion states.The findings of this study suggest that expanded Medicaid eligibility may have allowed households affected by job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic to access Medicaid as a buffer against insurance loss. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increased unemployment rates and long periods when individuals were without health insurance. Little is known about how Medicaid expansion facilitates Medicaid enrollment as a buffer to coverage loss owing to unemployment.To compare changes in health insurance coverage status associated with pandemic-related unemployment among previously employed adults in states that have vs have not expanded Medicaid eligibility.This cohort study included US adults aged 27 to 64 years who were employed at baseline in the 2020 to 2021 Current Population Survey’s Annual Social and Economic Supplement, which included calendar years 2019 to 2020 (32 462 person-years). Data analyses were conducted between November 2021 and April 2022.Job loss  experienced during 2020.Primary outcomes were coverage status  and source of coverage . Using 2-way person-by-year fixed-effects regression models, changes in coverage status associated with unemployment in states that expanded Medicaid were compared with states that did not expand Medicaid. Additional analyses were performed based on prepandemic coverage status.P = .002) in the proportion of uninsured adults in Medicaid expansion states and an increase of 10.7  percentage points (P = .01) in nonexpansion states. Workers were 5.4  percentage points (P = .003) more likely to enroll in Medicaid after a job loss if they lived in a Medicaid expansion state compared with workers experiencing job loss in nonexpansion states.The cohort included 16 231 adults . New unemployment was associated with an increase of 2.9  percentage points  appeared more able to transition to Medicaid after job loss. Many of the newly unemployed as well as those experiencing work instability likely experienced difficulty maintaining health insurance coverage—an immediate threat to maintaining access to needed health care.The COVID-19 crisis—the pandemic itself and the accompanying recession—is the first major economic downturn in the US since the 2007 to 2009 Great Recession.2 Recent reports suggest that many people adversely affected by the COVID-19 crisis will turn to Medicaid coverage, whereas others could maintain coverage through the nongroup marketplaces created by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).3 Almost two-thirds of the US receives health coverage through employer-sponsored health insurance, suggesting that unanticipated periods of unemployment could mean stark declines not only in health coverage but also disruptions in normal access to needed health care.4 The extent that people experiencing job losses during the pandemic have transitioned to Medicaid or marketplace coverage is unclear.More than 18 million people were considered at risk of losing employer-sponsored health insurance benefits during the pandemic, potentially increasing the national uninsured rate from 8.8% to as high as 14.5%.5 Recent studies show that Medicaid enrollment during the COVID-19 crisis increased in states that expanded Medicaid.7 However, the extent that increased Medicaid enrollments were predicated by job loss is unknown.7 Whether Medicaid can function as a safety net depends largely on how easily workers can transition from private coverage to Medicaid after a job loss. This study assesses changes in health insurance coverage owing to job loss in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility under the ACA  compared with states that did not expand Medicaid .Households adversely affected by unfavorable economic conditions increasingly enrolled in Medicaid when their states had more expansive eligibility pathways.STROBE) reporting guideline.This cohort study was deemed exempt from review by the University of Kentucky Institutional Review Board, and the informed consent requirement was waived because the data used for all analyses were publicly available and used for regular monitoring of the economic health of the US and individual states. The study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology , a nationally representative, population-based survey used to monitor patterns in poverty, employment and labor market participation, and other key economic indicators. Data analyses were conducted between November 2021 and April 2022. We used the harmonized version of the survey developed by the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series team at the University of Minnesota.Sample households are included in the CPS-ASEC for up to 2 years. The analyses included a panel of US adults aged 27 to 64 years who indicated that they were employed for all of 2019—the start of their inclusion in the survey. The statistical unit of analysis was a person-year, and the study used a cohort of workers with data before  and during  the COVID-19 pandemic (32 462 person-years). The sample was limited by age to minimize confounding by the ACA’s dependent coverage mandate, which may facilitate another safety net for young adults (up to age 26 years) whose coverage status might have been altered by job loss  employer-sponsored health insurance, (2) nongroup marketplace health insurance , (3) Medicaid , and (4) no health insurance of any kind. The CPS-ASEC is largely a look-back survey; therefore, respondents indicated the sources of coverage they had in the past year .Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming; To assess whether Medicaid expansion facilitated Medicaid enrollment among the newly unemployed during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2-way person-by-year, fixed-effect regression model was used to capture coverage changes among this group. The key sources of exposure were (1) whether the person became unemployed during the study period  and (2) whether they lived in an expansion state (n = 36) or a nonexpansion state (n = 15) as of January 2020 . We performed additional subanalyses restricting the sample to working adults (1) with private health insurance coverage  in 2019 and those (2) with private coverage who were not enrolled previously in Medicaid. The subgroup analyses allowed us to focus on workers whose coverage status could be sensitive to employment status, facilitating better generalizability to the group in which Medicaid could function as a safety net. With respect to differences across expansion and nonexpansion states, these additional analyses provided a means to capture (1) transitions from private insurance to Medicaid stemming from job loss and (2) new enrollment in Medicaid associated with job loss during the study period.13 However, these local mandates or other actions may have also exacerbated the risk of COVID-19–related unemployment.9In addition to time-varying controls, year effects, and person fixed effects, we also included linear time patterns specific to the metropolitan statistical area where the sample person lived to control for variation in the timing and intensity of local efforts  to curb COVID-19 infections.11 Changes in coverage and employment status could be owing to the onset of locally implemented stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders.9 Although there were variations between states in implementing stay-at-home orders, there was also within-state variation across cities that may have adopted orders that were either implemented earlier or had a longer duration than their state required.13 Being unable to observe the precise timing, duration, or intensity of any local mandates to curb COVID-19 infections, the regressions included interactions between metropolitan statistical area and time to control for area-specific differences in changes of levels of the outcomes across localities during the study period.Becoming unemployed during the pandemic was nonrandom, and workers unable to work remotely were at the highest risk of becoming unemployed when states implemented stay-at-home orders to curb COVID-19 infections.1 and β2 in the eMethods in the 14 Using SEs clustered at the state level rather than the individual level was a conservative approach because it accounted for the possible serial correlation of observing states over time. All statistical analyses were conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 using Stata, version 15.1 (StataCorp LLC). The threshold for statistical significance in the multivariable regression models was a 2-tailed P < .05.To affirm that the key findings are unique to the COVID-19 pandemic, we added a supplementary analysis by applying this approach to the 2018 to 2019 CPS-ASEC, which spanned calendar years 2017 to 2018. All statistics presented in the study used the sample weights to account for the survey’s complex sampling design. All regressions were estimated using linear probability models so that the regression coefficients  who were continuously employed through 2019. Among expansion states, the mean age was 46.7  years, with 51.2% women and 48.8% men. In nonexpansion states, the mean age was 47.0 years , with 52.5% women and 47.5% men. During the pandemic, 8.2%  of the sample in expansion states and 6.3%  of the sample in nonexpansion states were unemployed in 2020  and a decrease of 7.1  percentage points (P = .13) in private coverage in expansion and nonexpansion states, respectively. Unemployment was associated with comparable decreases in employer-sponsored health insurance in expansion and nonexpansion states. Medicaid enrollment associated with unemployment was higher in expansion states  than in nonexpansion states , and there were no statistically significant  differences in net coverage changes associated with job loss across expansion and nonexpansion states among the full sample.The P < .001) in employer-sponsored health insurance in Medicaid expansion states and a decrease of 5.2  percentage points (P = .33) in employer-sponsored health insurance in nonexpansion states. However, there was no statistically meaningful difference in the unemployment-related decrease in employer-sponsored health insurance enrollment across states. After a job loss among workers with baseline private coverage, Medicaid enrollment increased by 6.1  percentage points (P < .001) in expansion states; Medicaid enrollment increased by 0.7  percentage points (P = .58) among those experiencing job loss in nonexpansion states. Workers were 5.4  percentage points (P = .003) more likely to enroll in Medicaid after a job loss if they lived in a Medicaid expansion state compared with workers experiencing job loss in nonexpansion states. Job loss in expansion states was associated with a net increase of 2.9  percentage points (P = .002) in the proportion of uninsured adults. Job loss among this group of workers in nonexpansion states was associated with an increase in uninsured adults of 10.7  percentage points (P = .01). The relative difference in the proportion of uninsured adults after job losses was –7.8  percentage points (P = .06) larger among expansion states than among nonexpansion states.Among workers with private coverage at baseline (25 086 person-years), job loss was associated with a decrease of 9.3  percentage points (P = .02) in Medicaid enrollment related to unemployment during 2020 compared with nonexpansion states, which had an increase of 0.2  percentage points (P = .001) in partial year Medicaid enrollment.Restricting the sample further to people with no previous Medicaid coverage  (n = 24 542 person-years) produced results similar to those described previously. In expansion states, there was a net increase of 3.1  in nonexpansion states vs 8.2  percentage points (P = .002) in expansion states. Similar differences in net changes in unemployment occurring between March and June 2020 in expansion and nonexpansion states were also observed (eTable 3 in the P < .001), and the share with employer-sponsored health insurance decreased by 6.2  percentage points (P < .001); these declines in insurance coverage were comparable in expansion and nonexpansion states. Nonexpansion states experienced a net increase of 1.8  percentage points (P < .001) in Medicaid enrollment in 2020 compared with 2019 levels, but Medicaid expansion states experienced an increase of almost 3.3  percentage points (P = .02) in enrollment. The proportion of uninsured adults increased by 5.8 percentage points (P < .001) in nonexpansion states but by 3.2  – 2.52  = 3.23) percentage points (P < .01) in expansion states  for partial year enrollment rather than the entire year , and there was no detectable protection from unemployment-related coverage loss associated with state expansion status , the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act added enhanced funding for Medicaid-eligible and newly eligible services . However, the Act also created a provision to disregard unemployment insurance income in determining Medicaid eligibility based on the modified adjusted gross income formula.19 This study suggests that new Medicaid enrollment among newly unemployed workers was made more feasible with expanded Medicaid eligibility guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the results support those of previous studies20 describing the use of broader eligibility guidelines for Medicaid to facilitate unemployment-related Medicaid enrollment during economic downturns  and the increased accessibility to Medicaid among those affected by local economic downturns after passage of the ACA. In combination with other recent studies,21 we believe that this study’s findings provide support for potentially stabilizing access to care through Medicaid expansion for households affected by job loss.Although Medicaid is a vital component of the US health care system, the findings of the present study underscore Medicaid’s use as a component of the safety net—akin to how displaced workers could leverage unemployment insurance benefits to stabilize household financing.22 The volume of unemployment-related health insurance coverage losses was dependent on whether states had expanded Medicaid programs in place at the time of the downturn. In a related study examining the dynamics between employment, insurance coverage, and Medicaid expansion between 2014 and 2019, Benitez et al20 found that net coverage losses associated with declining economic conditions largely decreased in states after Medicaid expansion but not in nonexpansion states. In addition, the authors found that there was an increase in Medicaid enrollment associated with unemployment in expansion states compared with nonexpansion states.20 In another study of COVID-19–related Medicaid enrollment in North Carolina, a nonexpansion state, Shafer et al23 found unemployment-related enrollment to be more prevalent in communities with higher levels of prepandemic social vulnerability . The risk of becoming uninsured after job loss was prevalent in both expansion and nonexpansion states.Medicaid’s countercyclical nature remains an issue of policy interest. It was once understood and expected that Medicaid enrollment would increase as households experienced health insurance coverage loss associated with job instability during economic downturns, such as the ongoing downturn created by the COVID-19 pandemic.26 Although the person-level fixed effects may account for unobservable yet time-invariant factors that could alter demand for maintaining coverage, some results could be attributable to workers having underlying, costly medical needs, making enrollment into Medicaid more valuable to maintaining their health and protecting them from the financial risk of health insurance coverage loss.27 Restricting the study’s attention to this focal population limited the sample size and may have limited the statistical power of the analyses. The smaller sample size may make it difficult to estimate the association between job loss and Medicaid enrollment across states more precisely.This study has limitations. The COVID-19 crisis created issues of nonresponse bias hindering survey participation and could undermine data quality for the studies using the CPS-ASEC.There was limited capacity to assess the extent to which the new Medicaid enrollment was preceded by job loss. The CPS-ASEC asks about coverage and enrollment during the past year, and there is no indicator for (1) months without health insurance coverage of any kind or (2) months enrolled in Medicaid. The monthly CPS does not include survey items of coverage status—that feature is unique to the ASEC. Current coverage status is also captured in the ASEC, but data collection is largely limited to March of the survey year. Because of this limitation in what current coverage constitutes, the proportion of Medicaid enrollment occurring after the classification of COVID-19 as a public health emergency would be underestimated. For this reason, the present study examines changes in partial- and full-year Medicaid enrollment associated with unemployment. The findings show that unemployment-related Medicaid enrollment was largely associated with increases in partial-year enrollments, and this finding is consistent with people transitioning from private insurance coverage to Medicaid after experiencing job loss.In this cohort study of US adult workers, unemployment-related health insurance coverage loss was substantially higher in states that had yet to expand Medicaid, whereas expanded eligibility allowed Medicaid to potentially buffer households from periods without health insurance coverage owing to unanticipated job loss. The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented risks for becoming uninsured among working adults. Leveraging a longitudinal database allowed monitoring of transitions in health insurance coverage status and source among working adults before and during the pandemic.


Nanoparticles having magnetic and fluorescent properties could be considered as a gift to materials scientists due to their unique magneto-optical qualities. Multiple component particles can overcome challenges related with a single component and unveil bifunctional/multifunctional features that can enlarge their applications in diagnostic imaging agents and therapeutic delivery vehicles. Bifunctional nanoparticles that have both luminescent and magnetic features are termed as magnetic nanolights. Herein, we present recent progress of magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles , comprehensively describing fabrication strategies, types, and biomedical applications. In this review, our aim is not only to encompass the preparation strategies of these special types of magneto-fluorescent nanomaterials but also their extensive applications in bioimaging techniques, cancer therapy (targeted and hyperthermic), and sustained release of active agents . This review covers the recent progress of magnetic nanolights, fabrication strategies, and application in cancer theranostics. Due to the innovations in nanotechnology, it was possible to incorporate various nanoparticles in one single hybrid nanostructure. Recently, different nanoparticles have shown promising features and superiority in the biomedical field. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), quantum dots (QDs), and the functional materials based on the two properties are the ones with the greatest applicative values.via multimodal imaging of organs with high precision manner is desired for physicians for better understanding. It is also important for medical researchers.6,7 ‘Single particle-multimodality’ is the key term adopted by the scientific communities where nanostructures are tailor-made for multimodal imaging.8,9 Very recently, combinational approaches have been taken for obtaining synergistic results of bio-imaging. As example, positron emission tomography (PET) and computer tomography (CT)10 are combined to deliver better biomedical detailing compared to single imaging techniques. PET and MRI are also used in several versatile commercial platforms as diagnostic tool. Besides these, optical imaging tools like fluorescence imaging and two-photon imaging are also drawing attention due to their relative low cost and of easy handling.11,12 Now a day these tools are mostly used to diagnose cancer in human organs. Cancer is the foremost cause of death worldwide. By 2030, 13.2 million deaths across the globe are forecasted by the United Nations.13 Cancer theranostics, i.e., the combination of bioimaging diagnostics and cancer therapy has been developing toward personalized cancer treatment for the sake of patients by the past few decades.14,15 Advances in nanotechnology offered several benefits to the nanoscale systems  which had a significant impact on therapeutic, imaging systems, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.29,30 The combination of magnetic and luminescent properties in one nanocomposite could offer important biological uses for cancer therapy in different imaging methods such as in vitro and in vivo bioimaging including MRI, fluorescence bioimaging, and various therapeutic approaches .31–33 Therefore, magneto-fluorescent materials have been utilized in clinical applications as a multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic tool to identify, diagnose and simultaneously treat cancer diseases. Several researchers including our group has been working on the synthesis and applications of carbon dots and carbon dots conjugated systems since 2013, and are also involved in the development of magnetic nanoparticles and magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles for around 40 years.34–41 It has been seventeen years since Pankhurst et al. wrote their well-known review on magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine.42 In the last decade, many reviews with the phrase “Magnetic nanoparticle” in the title have been published (according to the Web of Science). However, integration of magnetic and the property of fluorescent nanoparticles/QDs in the theranostic applications are not much explored. Herein, we summarize the development of magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles/QDs with regard to synthesis and applications, especially biomedical applications. First, we focus on a series of magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles (MFNPs) synthetic approaches: paramagnetic ions doped QDs, hybrid nanostructure of QDs and MNPs (polymer and silica as carrier), core/shell and heterostructures, QDs with coating of Gd-chelates, magneto-fluorescent heterocrystals and bifunctionalized Janus particles. The fabrication strategies of the above-mentioned MFQDs/MFNPs include self-assembly, phase separation, nucleation growth methods, microfluidic synthesis. After that, the therapeutic applications proposed by bifunctional structures of MFNPs and MFQDs are introduced. We highlight recent developments of biomedical applications based on these particles including photothermal therapy, drug delivery, bioimaging, cancer therapy, and magnetic hyperthermia, and magnetolytic therapy. Lastly, challenges and possible further researches of magnetic nanolights are briefly discussed to attract the attention of not only chemists and materials scientists but also nanomedical therapists to the fast-track of their applications in the biomedical field.As the focus of this discussed is solely on the biomedical area, the diagnostics, and therapies both have demand in the clinical world. Intricate problem diagnosis 2.43,44 Those materials are called multifunctional material. Particularly, MFNPs have been acknowledged as a developing group of material that can be employed in advanced applications.45–47 MNPs are a class of intelligent materials having magnetic response, large specific surface area, small particle size, and reveal superparamagnetism. On subjection to the external magnetic AC field, MNPs can heat up which opens up visions of hyperthermic features. Also, external magnetic fields could fetch particles to a particular site of interest and thus can play a role in site-specific delivery vector. The combination of magnetic with photoluminescent property in one material unlocks a path towards newfangled nanomaterials.The strategy to fabricate a material that concurrently holds more than one functional component is an emerging research domain with the potential to have an impact on extensive fields of technology.in vitro and in vivo biolabeling including MRI, fluorescence microscopy and drug delivery systems. Further interesting applications of the MFNPs consist of cytometry, cell tracking, and magnetic separation, which could be simply controlled and monitored using confocal or fluorescent microscopy and MRI.48,49 Thus, these intriguing nanostructures have appealed a lot of consideration in recent years.There are different types of MFNPs: silica coated MFNPs, fluorescently labeled lipid-coated MFNPs, surface engineered fluorescent MFNPs with macromolecular anchors, magneto fluorescent quantum dots, magneto-fluorescent heterocrystals, magnetic and luminescence bifunctionalized Janus particles. The MFNPs could serve as multimodal probe for medical diagnostics, 3.in vitro and in vivo biolabeling applications including MRI, fluorescence microscopy (ii) bimodal anticancer therapy: photodynamic and hyperthermic abilities (iii) nanomedicine: therapeutic tool for the treatment of different diseases (iv) nano building blocks for different nanoelectronic and photonic devices employing an external magnetic field to control or arrange the MFNPs and monitor and visualize their position by fluorescence microscope. Although MFNPs are promising for versatile applications, there are also some challenges to overcome in their synthesis procedure. The key challenges are (i) complexity in the fabrication process: multistep preparation and purification, (ii) time consuming (iii) one certain difficulty is the risk of quenching of the fluorophore by magnetic core; also if several fluorescent molecules are attached to the surface of the particles they turn to quench each other (iv) aggregation and instability. The difficulties in fluorescent quenching of the MFNPs can be partially resolved by initial treatment of the fluorophore with spacer or by coating the MNPs with stable shell before the introduction of fluorophore molecule. Another typical problem of MFNPs aggregation can be due to the different kind of interactions between the particles including chemical, magnetic or electrostatic. Herein, in this review, we will discuss the synthesis routes in details which may be employed to offer MFQDs/MFNPs composites and techniques to ensure minimum quenching.Hybrid nanoparticles which integrate various functionalities including luminescent and magnetic property can provide improved efficacy and versatility with a broad range of potential applications. The combination of fluorescent and magnetic features would be advantageous for MFNPs in different ways such as (i) 4.50–53 The discussion about the development of different approaches to fabricate MFQDs nanocomposites will be described in details in this review.Advances in nanoscience and technology revealed new possibilities to incorporate different nanoparticles in one single hybrid nanoarchitecture. Recently, the functional materials based on QDs and MNPs are drawing attention owing to their superiority and potential for the greatest application value.4.130,54–58 MNPs are excellent class of materials holding great application values. They behave like superparamagnetic material at room temperature when their size is below a critical level. Such individual MNPs showed large constant magnetic moment. Based on the exciting features of the QDs and MNPs, the composite material revealed promising applications in various field including cancer research, drug delivery, engineering and environmental arena etc.Highly fluorescent QDs have emerged as a potential fluorescent label because of their significant optical properties. In comparison to fluorescent dyes, QDs do not have the setback of photobleaching, and their emission colors can be tuned from visible to near-infrared NIR region by varying the size or composition of QDs.4.1.12+, could modify the photophysical and electronics property of the QDs.59–61 In 1994, after Bhargava et al. reported the high QY and short fluorescence lifetime of ZnS : Mn2+,62 extensive research on QDs doped with transition metal ions including paramagnetic ions rapidly augmented. This revealed an entire new research domain for various innovative and interesting applications for paramagnetic ion doped QDs. Incorporation of the dopant ions into the core is a significant aspect. The direct approach involves the growth of QDs in a solution of QDs' precursors and paramagnetic dopant, in the presence of a passivating ligand.63–69 The first example we will discuss is of the type of PIQD1  which were overgrown with paramagnetic Mn2+ ions doped ZnS shell to enhance the paramagnetism on the relaxivity of the surrounding water molecules. The fluorescence QY of the CdSe core was greater by more than 20%. By coating with octylamine-modified poly(acrylic) acid, the core/shell nanoparticles were made water soluble as illustrated in 2+ ions in the outer layer enabled good interaction with water and thus offered an efficient MRI contrast agent.This section discusses the doping approaches of paramagnetic ions into QDs. This method offers a direct mode to unite luminescent and magnetic features into a single nanoparticle. Paramagnetic ions create energy states within the bandgap of QDs, inject energy traps and therefore altered the recombination dynamics and charge separation which decide the emission, lifetime and wavelength of the QDs. Doping with optically active transition metal ions such as Mnof PIQD1  that was2+ in CuInS2 to fabricate MFQDs.66 These QDs with no toxic elements showed paramagnetic behavior and tunable fluorescence in a wide window from 542 to 648 nm. As the temperature increases, the size of the nanocrystals core increases from 3.6 to 6.5 nm. EPR study revealed six-line spectrum which confirmed that Mn2+ was embedded into the QDs. These MFQDs holds potential applications in photocatalytic field, bioimaging and biomedical arena. Lin et al. reported introduction of paramagnetism into QDs without losing QY by capping nanoparticles cores with Mn doped ZnS surface.67 The amount of Mn was in the range of 0.2–2.3% and these materials showed high QY in organic solvent. The authors demonstrated magnetic resonance and confocal imaging studies of these nanoparticles and envisioned their use in dual mode optical imaging and as MRI probe. A novel NIR emitting Mn-doped QDs were prepared by Yong and his coworkers.69 The CdTeSe/CdS QDs hold outstanding fluorescence and paramagnetic behavior. By surface functionalization of these QDs with lysine, they can be dispersed in aqueous solution, stable in physiological conditions and capable to conjugate with targeting molecules. The structural and elemental analysis endorsed that the magnetism of the QDs was due to the presence of Mn present into the system which acts like a homogeneous dilute magnetic semiconductor. In one report by Santra and his group, 3.1 nm core–shell CdS : Mn/ZnS QDs  and CdTe QDs  into hollow polymer microcapsules (5.6 μm diameter).79 The polymer microcapsules contained two oppositely charged PEs, PAA and PAH. The hybrid particle of type HQ&M1 was obtained by the penetration of negatively charged nanoparticles into microcapsules having 10 nm pores. The method used for the synthesis of the microcapsules and the encapsulation process of the nanoparticles was shown in et al., who developed bifunctional nanosphere by co-embedding CdSe/ZnS QDs (3–6 nm) and γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticle (5–20 nm) into nanosphere of hydrazinized styrene/acrylamide copolymer.1 A modified emulsifier free polymerization was applied to prepare copolymer nanosphere. The hydrophobic moieties of the polymer were located at the interior whereas the hydrophilic functionalities were found to be towards the outer surface of the nanosphere, resulting in the production of hollow hydrophobic cavities. It is clearly obtained from the alt-1-octadecene) embedded CdSe/ZnS QDs and manganese iron oxide nanoparticles of 70–160 nm diameter.80 The fluorescent magnetic nanobeads were obtained by adding a destabilizing solvent to the polymer and nanoparticles starting solution. The author also discussed that the selected solvent assists to control the bead size and nanoparticles distribution within the polymer and the fluorescence response of the nanobead could be regulated by changing the relative ratio of QDs and magnetic nanoparticles  beads (PSEMBs) by an effective technique combining a conventional swelling approach assisted with high-temperature swelling method. Firstly, the MNPs were encapsulated into PSEMBs using conventional swelling process and subsequently QDs were embedded in the MNPs-beads by high temperature swelling approach. QDs embedded into pre-prepared MNPs-PSEMBs afford uniform, stable, and strong fluorescent response and also carry out fast separation. With increasing iron oxide content, noteworthy decrease in the fluorescence response was obtained having the best content in between 5–15 μg mg−1. The influence of the order of QDs and MNPs doped into PSEMBs on the magnetic property, fluorescence intensity, and stability of the QDs-MNPs embedded PSEMBs in various pH buffers and organic solvents were assessed. Leaching of the nanoparticles from the polymer beads was studied by suspending QDs and MNPs encapsulated PSEMBs in organic solvents like cyclohexane. Though the hydrophobic QDs have excellent solubility in cyclohexane, insignificant leaching (less than 6%) was detected, indicating superior stability of the beads. The next example of HQ&M1  and surface-expressed with sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. The existence of wheat germ agglutinin on the surface of WGA-TFNS was established by FTIR analysis, bio-recognition of carboxymethyl chitin-modified QDs, and bacterium S. aureus.In 2004, Rogach and his group first reported polymers as carrier material that have incorporated Fearticles . TEM imape HQ&M1 . They utof HQ&M1  was deveet al.84 They described a “nano-conveyer-belt” technology based on MFNPs that allows simultaneous monitoring and movement of nanostructure in a certain direction. This strategy contained two key components: (i) nanocontainers: composed of polymeric micelles (∼35 nm) with hydrophobic core which encapsulate QDs and iron oxide nanoparticles and (ii) nanoconveyors: composed of microfabricated magnetic patterns coupled with electromagnets that offered tunable and high magnetic field gradients required for controlled particle motion. Nanocontainer movement was controlled by nanoconveyers. The encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles permit to propagate the containers which were magnetically manipulated by nanoconveyors as shown in The last example of HQ&M1  for poly85 By this method, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles (8.5 nm) were encapsulated by alternating layers of negatively and positively charged PEs. For the controlled deposition of CdTe QDs/PEs multilayers, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were employed as a template. By varying the deposition cycles of PE interlayers and CdTe QDs/PE multilayers, Fe3O4/PEn/CdTe and Fe3O4/(PE3/CdTe)n were synthesized, respectively. The benefit of this method was that the distance between CdTe QDs and Fe3O4 could be tuned by introducing different PEs layers. It was noticed that the fluorescence intensity of the QDs was increased with increasing interparticle distance. In addition to the PL property, these nanoparticles unveiled excellent magnetic properties and were simply separated from the solution employing a permanent magnet. The authors elucidated this study as a combination of two effects: first one was the distance-dependent quenching of the CdTe QDs fluorescence by the Fe3O4 particles, and the second effect was caused at larger distances when the surface area was increased resulting in increasing attachment of CdTe QDs amount.In a report by Bai and coworkers, they explained the LBL strategy to fabricate water soluble MFNPs (3O4-PEI-QDs by Yu and his groups.86 The synthesis process involved assembling hydrophobic TOPO capped CdSe@ZnS QDs (4 nm) on PEI coated Fe3O4 nanospheres (50 nm). PEI was used for the realization of multifunctionality, as well as attaching TOPO capped CdSe@ZnS QDs onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles and therefore modifying the surface properties of QDs from hydrophobic to hydrophilic along with avoiding the formation of agglomeration. These MFNPs displayed good colloidal stability, fluorescent and magnetic properties. The next example of polymer as carrier for both QDs and MNPs of HQ&M4  embedded inside a spherical polystyrene matrix (∼150 nm) and QDs with emissions ∼800 nm (NIR range) conjugated onto the surface of the nanocomposite (The next example that is like HQ&M2  was illuof HQ&M4  that we omposite .co-glycolic acid) layer. Also, the authors previously reported similar coupling approach to conjugate QDs to polystyrene–Fe3O4 composite for in vivo imaging applications.89 An improved LbL assembly was employed to yield fluorescent magnetic dual encoded nanospheres which exhibited good monodispersibility, enormous encoding capacity and well-preserved features of both magnetic nanoparticles and QDs.90By the conventional EDC/NHS coupling technique, the amine functionalized QDs were covalently conjugated to the surface of carboxylate-functionalized, polyethylene oxide modified MNPs. As evident from the 2O3 can be controllably assembled on the surface of poly(styrene/acrylamide) copolymer nanospheres without capacity limitation. Without any pretreatment, TOPO-capped CdSe/ZnS QDs and oleic acid coated magnetic γ-Fe2O3 particles were directly and controllably assembled on branched PEI coated nanospheres. These dual-encoded nanospheres with various fluorescence emissions and magnetic susceptibility were created due to the tunable coating of QDs and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles along with control fluorescent emissions of deposited QDs. The next example of MFNPs that look like HQ&M4  were prepared using Fe3O4–C-dots by one step method as fluorescent source and supporting matrix, dopamine which can undergo self-polymerization in alkaline condition to form thin polydopamine film on various types of materials, bovine hemoglobin (BHb) as the template molecule. The magnetic C-dots@MIPs served as specific binding sites for BHb and good fluorescence and magnetism properties.91 In brief, researchers are putting great efforts for the preparation of MFNPs using polymers as carrier which were reported elsewhere.92–96Here, the authors demonstrated that QDs and nano-γ-Feke HQ&M4  was illuet al.97 The authors stated a novel hybrid material comprising QDs and MNPs encapsulated in a silica shell. γ-Fe2O3 and CdSe QDs were used as magnetic and fluorescence entity, respectively. γ-Fe2O3 and CdSe QDs were introduced to Igepal CO-520 dispersed in cyclohexane. The mixture was vortexed and NH4OH was supplemented to form reverse microemulsion. Further, TEOS was added and the reaction was continued for 48 h, resulting in the formation of SiO2/MNPs–QDs nanocomposite. Kim et al. reported monodispersed magnetite nanocrystals and QDs encapsulated in uniform pore sized mesoporous silica spheres (average particle size ∼150 nm).98 These nanocomposite were applied for uptake, and controll release of ibuprofen while the rate of release was governed by the surface property of the silica spheres. The next example of HQ&M1  and high magnetic capture efficiency, greater than 90% for every type of MFNPs with various magnetic susceptibilities  by applying fluorescently labeled IgG-FMNS conjugates. The next example of mesoporous Fe3O4/SiO2/CdTe MFNPs resembles to HQ&M5  containing FePt core (∼3 nm) and CdSe shell (3–5 nm).105 To a reaction mixture of FePt nanoparticles, addition of Cd(acac)2 resulted in the generation of FePt@CdO core–shell intermediates followed by incorporation of chalcogens afforded FePt@CdX (X denoted Se or S) core–shell nanostructure. TEM images  to yield MFNPs. The TEM and HRTEM images of the nanoparticles were shown in The first example that will be discussed here is of CS&H1 was reported by Gu articles . TEM imaM images  evidentl2O3 core/shell nanoparticles.107 Firstly, they prepared (Cd(St)2) and then CdSe QDs were treated with TOPO. The TOPO coated CdSe QDs then played as nucleation site for the generation of Fe2O3 shell around the QDs core upon (Fe(St)2) oxidation. The schematic description of the entire synthesis procedure was shown in 2O3 core/shell MFNPs was increased to ∼9 nm than CdSe nanoparticles (∼7 nm) which indicated the Fe2O3 coating around the CdSe  which contained superstructure of closely packed magnetic core and surrounded by shell of QDs. To achieve biocompatibility, high colloidal stability and multipurpose surface functionality, a thin layer of silica was coated around these core–shell superstructures. After surface PEGylation, these SPs were manipulated magnetically inside living cells and simultaneous optical monitoring. Hydrophobic CdSe–CdS core–shell QDs of size 9.0 ± 0.4 nm and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 MNPs of 5.9 ± 0.3 nm size were mixed and transferred to aqueous solution by applying surfactant DTAB followed by rapid injection of the resultant micelle solution into PVP ethylene glycol solution. PVP stabilized SPs were obtained by centrifugation after 30 min of stirring. The TEM analysis revealed that the SPs had ∼120 nm average diameter and comprised of both MNPs and QDs. Scanning TEM elemental mapping also confirmed the core–shell structure of the nanoparticles.A very interesting concept of co-assembling MNPs with QDs to acquire colloidal core–shell MFNPs was proposed by Bawendi and groups.et al.109 Similar kind of core–shell nanocomposite of C-dots and MFe2O4  was also reported by Guo et al.110 Recently, Fe3O4–CdSe core–shell MFNPs (CS&H2) with core (diameter 10 nm) and shell (thickness 2 nm) was developed by Liu and coworkers through controlled sequential reactions.111 These core–shell MFNPs revealed superparamagnetic behavior with high susceptibility at room temperature and two emission center fluorescence behavior. Also, Mozafari and group reported dual core–shell nanostructure Fe3O4–Cds–Zn nanocomposite where the authors firstly prepared Fe3O4 as magnetic core using hydrothermal method and followed by preparation of cadmium sulfide doped with Zn as dual shell.112 Then, metal doped Fe3O4–Cds nanocomposites were fabricated through a fast chemical method. The other instances of the core/shell and heterostructures of magnetic and QDs materials were reported somewhere else.113,114Later, the core–shell MFNPs having biogenic magnetite as core and C-dots as shell were developed by Markova 4.1.53+ has high magnetic moment, symmetric electronic ground state and therefore they are extensively used for application like bioimaging and MRI contrast agent. Though it is well known that Gd3+ is toxic and therefore to decrease the toxicity and increase stability surface-chelated Gd3+ ions are complexed in organic chelates that coordinate to the paramagnetic ions through an ionic interaction. Either covalently or noncovalently dye molecules have been anchored to the complexes to introduce luminescent features to the paramagnetic chelates. Another strategy to attain bimodality is by attaching paramagnetic chelates to QDs both covalently and non-covalently of which some studies will be discussed herein. In this section, we will discuss about the nanocrystals that bear a resemblance to the structure represented as in The next category that will be discussed here is QDs coated of chelates (organic complexes) of Gd. The lanthanide ion Gdet al., who applied lipidic micelle noncovalently surrounding of the QDs to incorporate Gd-DTPA complexes.115 Earlier it was reported that encapsulating QDs in the hydrophobic interior of lipidic micelles their bioapplicability could be rendered. The authors adapted this method to coat QDs with pegylated (PEG-DSPE) and paramagnetic (Gd-DTPA-BSA) lipids. The QDs of type QD@GdC1 showed bright and narrow emission at around 560 nm and ionic relaxivity, r1, of nearly 2000 mM−1 s−1 per QDs. The r1 of Gd-DTPA-BSA was 12.4 mM−1 s−1, which was higher than that of free Gd-DTPA due to the lower tumbling rate of the Gd-DTPA-BSA complex in comparison to free Gd-DTPA. The particles were appropriate for T1-weighted imaging since the r2/r1 ratio was 1.5 (r2 was 18 mM−1 s−1). The QDs were covalently functionalized with αvβ3-specific RGD peptides, which is overexpressed on both the surface of angiogenic endothelial cells and tumor cells. Later this author also reported highly monodisperse silica particles with QDs incorporation in the center and paramagnetic lipid coating of Gd-DTPA-DSA to facilitate the bimodality features and enabled target specific character by conjugating multiple αvβ3-integrin-specific RGD-peptides for endothelial cells.116 In another study, QDs encapsulated in paramagnetic micelle for both MRI and optical imaging was used. Further the QDs were conjugated with annexin A5 protein molecules for targeting apoptotic cells.117 A similar architecture that resembles to type QD@GdC2 was proposed by Chen and group by applying ultrathin silica shell around CdSe/ZnS QDs.55 The 2–3 nm thin silica shell was covalently linked to Gd3+ ions chelator, tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA). The resulting complex having diameter of 8 to 15 nm was soluble in high ionic strength buffers in the pH range 4–11. The author described that the benefits of this technique were the simplicity of the synthetic route, the flexibility in composition, and the high ionic relaxivity r1 of 23 mM−1 s−1. Next example (type QD@GdC1) that we will discussed was proposed by Reutelingsperger and coworkers.118 The authors presented intensely fluorescent QDs based nanoparticles (r1) of 3000–4500 mM−1 s−1 per nanoparticle for both anatomic and subcellular imaging. Moreover, targeted labeling was implemented through mechanically injured on murine carotid artery in vivo by endothelial denudation with a metal wire. This injury resulted in an overexpression of PS . The damaged artery revealed high uptake of annexin-5-conjugated QD-Gd-wedge particles (green-emitting) visualized 3·2H2O and Fe3O4 were further incorporated into chitosan microsphere to enable bimodality of chitosan microsphere and act as drug delivery vehicle  chelate functionalized carbon quantum dots [Gd(iii)/CQDs] for multimodal imaging agent by pyrolysis of gadopentetate monomeglumine.120 Here, the precursor gadopentetate monomeglumine served the carbon source as well as Gd(iii) source in the formation of CQDs. Gd(iii)/CQDs with QY of 8.9% was nontoxic to HeLa cells and showed superparamagnetic nature at room temperature having the r1 ∼ 6.4 mM L−1 S−1. Similar type of technique (reaction temperature 250 °C) was also reported to fabricate Gd-containing CQDs by mixing gadopentetic acid into Tris base and betaine hydrochloride followed by pyrolysis.121 Other approaches were also attained like microwave-assisted polyol method,122 hydrothermal method123,124 to achieve Gd containing QDs which served as both fluorescence and MRI purposes. Different types of MFQDs nanomaterials and their synthesis process was schematically depicted in The first example of QDs with coating of Gd-chelates that we will be discussed here was demonstrated by Mulder articles  for cellsualized  by two-psualized , endorsi vehicle .119 In a4.1.6et al.50 In this work the author prepared amine functionalized magnetic C-dots. Fe3O4 MNPs were synthesized and mixed with 4% acetic acid chitosan solution and kept in stainless steel autoclave at 180 °C, 12 h for the reaction. After the reaction, the product was purified and collected by external magnet and dried under vacuum for 12 h at 55 °C. This hybrid material was highly sensitive for the fluorescent detection of bacteria. The limit of detection for E. coli and S. aureus was found to be 3.5 × 102 and 3 × 102 cfu mL−1, respectively. Magnetic CoFe2O4–C-dots nanocomposite was reported by Shahla et al.125 The C-dots was prepared from inexpensive turmeric precursors. The magnetic nanocomposites were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of cobalt ferrite and turmeric solution for 24 h at 200 °C. The influences of temperature and time on the morphology and particles size of the nanocomposites were studied. The magnetic nanocomposite revealed fluorescence under UV light and showed ferromagnetic property by vibrating sample magnetometer. Next Wang developed hybrid MNPs comprising Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the core and C-dots in the porous carbon shell.52 The author ensured that enough oxidizing agent H2O2 present in the reaction medium so that C-dots can be produced in situ in the porous shell from the oxidation and decomposition of the ferrocene. This hybrid MNPs unveiled good photostability, NIR photothermal effect, aqueous dispersibility, high drug loading and MRI properties. In another report Ding and his group fabricated Cd free Mn doped QDs with Zn gradient CuInS2 core and ZnS outer shell.53 The synthesis method involved three steps: synthesis of fluorescent CuInS2 seeds, particle surface coating of ZnS, and the Mn-doping of the ZnS shells. ZnS shell increased the fluorescence of the core as well as prevents the core from fluorescence quenching due to Mn doping. The hydrophobic CuInS2@ZnS : Mn QDs were transferred into water through ligand exchange reaction by replacing 1-dodecanethiol ligand with DHLA-PEG ligand. Additionally, in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging demonstrated that the PEGylated CuInS2@ZnS : Mn QDs could target both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tumors in vivo. Chowdhuri et al. hybrid magnetic nanoscale metal organic frameworks (NMOF) which revealed good stability and biocompatibility  which can be used for pH-responsive drug release at the acidic tumor sites. Then IRMOF-3 was developed with encapsulation of folic acid in one-pot at the Fe3O4@OCMC nanoparticle surface. Last, DOX was conjugated into NMOFs by physical encapsulation method.In this section, we will discuss about some miscellaneous synthesis approaches for the synthesis of QDs containing magnetic nanoparticles apart from the above classifications. The first example that we will discuss was reported by Bhaisare tibility .126 At f127 Gd-DTPA was used as Gd source and glycine as the passivating agent. Gd-doped C-dots could reduce Gd leakage even under complex biological environments by virtue of the inertness of carbon cages. These Gd-doped C-dots have high potential as MRI contrast agents in vivo and radiotherapy, good biocompatibility and enhanced longitudinal relaxivity rate (r1) of 6.45 mM−1 S−1. Similar hydrothermal method was also stated to fabricate nitrogen and cobalt doped C-dots  using citric acid, CoCl2·6H2O, and diethylenetriamine and used for the detection of cholesterol and uric acid in human blood serum.128 Another interesting report based on magnetic hollow NiFe2O4–C-dots nanocomposite  in comparison to normal L929 cells. In a report Gd-doped C-dots  were devomposite  was illuN-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) coupled reactions are highly efficient and widely used for biomolecule conjugation. Using this technique Pramanik et al. developed blue/red fluorescent magneto-C-dots nanoparticles.130 Firstly, they prepared carboxylic acid functionalized MNPs by coprecipitation technique using ferric chloride and 1,6-hexanedioic acid. After that EDC mediated esterification was applied to yield MNPs attached with fluorescent C-dots. These amide-coupled fluorescent C-dots–Fe3O4 nanoparticles are capable of separating MRSA and Salmonella DT104 superbugs from whole blood samples. This article also reports the strategy of antimicrobial peptide-conjugated fluorescent magneto-C-dots for efficient separation, identification, and complete disinfection of MDR superbugs from infected blood.1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/4.1.7131 Such materials show room temperature ferromagnetism after desired amount of doping.132 The most common is the core–shell shape where the core serves the magnetic character whereas the outside are providing optical feature like QDs. Wang et al. reported superparamagnetic (maghemite) core based CdSe/ZnS QDs conjugate for distinguishing cells and separation.106 Kim and group proposed a facile one-pot reaction where they prepared MFQDs composed of Co, magnetic metal core and CdSe semiconductor shell.133 These nanomaterials preserved the magnetic and optical characteristics of the component part approving potential applications in bioassays. A very interesting microwave assisted synthesis procedure of Fe3O4–CdSe core–shell nanocomposite was proposed by Zedan and coworkers.134 Magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles were applied as seeds for the purpose of heterogeneous nucleation and growth of the CdSe nano-shells. These MFNPs of 13% QY were almost monodisperse with an average size of 10 nm. These core–shell heterostructures delivered both fluorescence and magnetic features which is beneficial for simultaneous monitoring and separation in biomedical field. By regulating the microwave irradiation time, the optical properties of these MFNPs could be tuned which also can be useful to tune the shell (luminescent) thickness. Yi et al. also described surface conjugation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with cyclic DTPA dianhydride and further Gd3+ chelation for dual modal imaging probe.135 In a report magnetic-fluorescent nanobeads prepared by destabilization of a mixture of MNPs, QDs, and amphiphilic polymer followed by functionalization with folic acid was reported.80 By using acetonitrile or water as destabilizing agent, the dissemination of the NPs within the beads was regulated. Using acetonitrile resulted in the cluster formation of the MNPs in the center of the bead whereas the QDs were uniformly distributed. On the other hand, when selecting water, both QDs and MNPs were found to be uniformly distributed all over the bead. These different geometries leads to different magnetic responses of the beads. The former responded faster to an external magnetic field applied in comparison to water-destabilized nanobeads. The acetonitrile-destabilized nanobeads were applied for highly specific cell sorting study that showed recovering of targeted cells even at low percentage (up to 1%). Hsu et al. reported preparation of SiO2 nanohybrids comprising CuInS2/ZnS QDs and MNPs inside the W/O microemulsion system followed by the introduction of the functional groups at the surface of the SiO2 by condensation of TEOS and organosilane.136 The PEG functionality offered enhanced biocompatibility whereas the amine groups at the surface played the role to form amide linkage with the drug to achieve Pt(iv)-conjugated SiO2 nanohybrids. With respect to free Pt(iv) anticancer drug, the Pt(iv)-conjugated SiO2 nanohybrids exhibited higher cytotoxicity suggesting the potential of using SiO2 nanohybrids. Also these nanohybrids unveiled promising results for dual-modality imaging probes for cancer diagnosis and chemotherapy. Different types of MFQDs developed for various biomedical applications in the last few years are tabulated in Magnetic quantum dots are immensely nurtured in diluted magnetic support for exploiting them into spintronics.5.via high temperature decomposition method. The core–shell heterocrystals reported by several scientists are Co@CdSe,133 FePt@Cd105,143 and FePt@Pb.144 The magneto-fluorescent heterodimers reported elsewhere are FePt–S,103,145 FePt–Pb,144 γ-Fe2O3–S,146 γ-Fe2O3–CdSe147 and Fe3O4–Cd.148 The divergences in the structures of the magnetic heterocrystal quantum dots come from the mismatching in the lattice array between magnetic components and the quantum dots. Nonetheless, these structural anomalies result from variations in the synthetic parameters such as temperature during reaction, sequential addition of precursor materials, and surface promotion agents. In a report, Goa et al. illustrated nanostructures containing core of FePt MNPs and semiconducting chalcogenides as the shell through a series of reactions in a one-pot method  have broken the traditional symmetry by not only assimilating different components into one structure but also supporting various functionalizations with combined structure.152,153 Different synthesis method and biomedical applications of JNPs was presented in 154–157In 1991, during the Nobel Laureate Lecture entitled Soft Matter of Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, he proposed the concept of ‘Janus particles’ as anisotropic nanomaterials to the scientific community. His research group reported an amphiphilic glass bead with two hemispheres of polarity and nonpolarity and since then Janus particles (JPs) have attracted attention owing to their interesting physical and chemical features.6.1et al. developed dumbbell-like MnFe2O4–NaYF4 JNPs.158 The dumbbell-like MnFe2O4–NaYF4 JNPs were prepared (2 and Fe(acac)3 as precursors. After that, the dumbbell structure was formed through epitaxial growth of lanthanide cation (Yb or Er) doped NaYF4 on the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. These MnFe2O4–NaYF4 JNPs were applied for photothermal therapy for killing cancer cells in in vivo as shown in n = 6) were intratumorally treated with MnFe2O4–NaYF4 JNPs, substantial suppression in tumor growths was observed after 808 nm laser irradiation. The tumors became like black spots post treatment and completely disappeared after 18 days of irradiation. Chao et al. reported on silica cored JNPs with two hemispheric surfaces individually functionalized  monitoring after implantation into mice.160 The author discussed that their synthesized Fe3O4 JNPs showed three times and seven times that of the MPI signal of commercial MPI tracer (Vivotrax) and MRI contrast agent (Feraheme), respectively, at the same concentration of Fe. To compare the imaging contrast and depth attenuation of three imaging modalities in vivo Fe3O4@PFODBT-COOH labeled HeLa cells implanted into mouse whole body. 3O4@PFODBT-COOH labeled HeLa cells implanted mouse body. Li and coworkers developed a simple method to synthesize JPs comprised of fluorescent polyurethane and hydrophobic nano Fe3O4 by a method of mini-emulsification and self-assembly.161 The nanostructures of the PMCP (PU-MHHNA magnetic composite nanoparticle) with various HMNP content were studied using TEM analysis. In PMCP-10 . Iron oxides nanoparticles (IONPs) and surface carbon decorated magnetic nanoparticles have been drawing attention for their When quantum dots (QDs) meet MNPs, the resultant product is a marvel of pure blending between excellent optical property (from QDs) and magnetism (from MNPs). Combined properties of QDs and MNP have applicability in cancer research especially in tumor cell distinguishing, dynamic real time tracking, fluorescence images, drug delivery, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and so on. A brief classification of different bioimaging techniques for cells/tissues monitoring and their merits and limitations were presented in 8.162 Among these diagnostic tools FL imaging and MRI are most widely used in medical area due to their totally non-invasive technique of application and there are no usages of harmful radiation. QDs are better compare to the commercially available fluorescent dyes/pigments due to possessing high photostability, large stokes shifts, and broad excitation spectra alleviating QDs to perform in in vivo applications. Gao et al. carried out an excellent experiment that could prove clear dissimilarities between cells. They tagged one cell line with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and another one with QDs. They showed that for in vivo application, QDs marked cells were clearly distinguishable whereas GFP tagged cells were not visualized. Moreover, they also performed multicolor cell imaging with a single light source. Near infrared (NIR) QDs leveling also is under high demand in cancer diagnostics because of its higher penetration and in depth visibility for tissues. NIR emits comparatively less autofluorescence but it is worth mentioning that some toxic elements like  derived QDs are restricted in this context. Wen et al. derived Ag based sulphide and selenides for NIR emitting QDs for in vivo application.163 Corato et al. developed multifunctional nanobead from manganese iron oxide decorated with inorganic QDs for sorting of cancer cell.80 They fabricated an alternating copolymer made of poly filled with manganese iron oxide core–shell CdSe/ZnS fluorescent nanoparticles with almost narrow size distribution. They also functionalized these nanobeads with folic acid promote its receptor like behaviour towards cancer cells. They tagged the cancer cells followed by application of 0.3 Tesla external static magnetic field to separate out from the mixture. Surprisingly all those tagged cells were separated within one hour span from the starting. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was attached as a surplus feature of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles for fabricating gold nanoparticles that could be used for cancer cell assay.164 Cancer diagnostics and curing were simultaneously carried out using silica coated iron oxide functionalised QDs.5 They incubated the cells tagged with fluorescent magnetic QDs followed by exposure to radio frequency (RF) for several minutes. They showed that cell apoptosis was observed with increasing the magnetic nanoparticles content inside cells , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical fluorescence (FL) imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), ultrasound (US) imaging, photo acoustic (PA) imaging, and so on.de cells . As showet al. developed CdTe surface decorated magnetite nanoparticles by covalent linkage followed by thiol capping with thioglycolic acid.2 Thioglycolic acid acts as receptor of HeLa cells. In this work they conjugated the iron oxide to the antibody of the cell and observed under FL microscope. These kinds of nanoparticles could be very significant for multimodal images. Ma et al. magnetic quantum dots with NIR emission by reverse microemulsion method.165 They conjugated antibody to the nanoparticles and used this as human breast cancer probe. γ-Fe2O3/CdSe QDs were prepared in presence of surfactant followed by binding them with antibody. These magnetic nanoparticles were tested against breast cancer cells (KPL-4) and confirmed by FL microscopy. Liu et al. developed sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor by graphene/iron oxide composite decorated with CdTe QDs for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA).166 Here graphene/iron oxide played the role of immunosensing probe whereas inorganic QDs (CdTe) acted as signal amplifier. They deflected very small quantity of PSA by this technique and the range of detection was in between 0.003–50 ng mL−1. Yu et al. developed superparamagnetic beads for detection of cancer biomarkers in microfluidic chips with a very low detection limit of 3.5 ng mL−1.167 Iron–biopolymer complex were used as magnetofluorescent nano-vehicle for drugs, fluorescent probing of cancer cells and targeted killing of cancer cells.168 This work reported single step formation of QDs conjugated magnetic nanoparticles and grafting of them with photosensitizer (riboflavin). These nanoparticles also showed targeted precise killing of cancer cells by release of doxorubicin drug molecules. Micrometastases of lung cancer were detected by using MNPs–QDs conjugate where the nanoparticles were bound to antibody and targeted to cancer cells.169 Chen et al. developed CNTs lumen decoration by magnetite (Fe3O4) and outer surface decoration with transferrin and QDs. This assembly have several significances like prevention of magnetic agglomeration, high drug loading capability, biocompatibility, and exposed receptor for easy cancer cell targeting.170 Transferrin is a receptor protein that is overexpressed on HeLa cells. Besides these, the work also showed how the drug delivery was monitored by magneto-fluorescent probes. There are several researchers also worked on surface decorated iron oxides for cell penetration activity and imaging. Most researchers used semiconductor QDs for better FL intensity. Aptamer conjugated Fe3O4@MoS2 nanosheets were synthesized for stable magnetic nanoparticles that were used for cell sorting experiment and detection of tumor cells.171 Anionic polymers are on high demand for stabilizing fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles. In this context, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) was used as surface coating agent for magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These nanoparticles were used as drug carrier and biolebeling of cancer cells.170 Zhang et al. developed Gd-doped CdTe conjugated nanoparticles that performed bimodally as FL labeling agent as well as MRI contrast agent. For precise cancer cell targeting they modified those nanoparticles with folic acid (FA) on to their surfaces.4 There are several works have been performed by fluorescent quantum dots tagged magnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking and precise delivery of cancer drugs as shown in Sun 9.et al. studied MR in vivo imaging and the quantification of the contrast agent buildup.195 After administration of the product to the blood, the muscles were selected as the regions of interest to identify and quantify the hyposignal because of the contrast agent circulation in the blood. Other regions of interest were selected  followed by eradication/degradation in lysozymes. In case of MRI, magnetic nanoparticles adjacent water molecules are affected and their spin–spin relaxation time (T2) has been decreased. This results show increasing of the brightness and good contrast. This T2 is inversely related to the relaxivity (R2). Thus it can be uttered if the relaxivity has high values, contrast will, be more. Size of nanoparticles is another contributing factor for getting good contrast. For bulk materials all dipole spins are in parallel orientation. But in nanodimension the spins are perturbed and a spin-glass like disordered state is generated. This spin-glass formation in the surfaces of nanoparticles affects their inherent saturation magnetization. The magnetizations of different size magnetite particles are 25, 43, 80, and 101 emu g−1 for the particles having diameter of 4 nm, 6 nm, 9 nm, and 12 nm respectively.197 The surface spin-glass effect becomes more pronounced when the size of the nanoparticles were decreased. This dominance of surface defects is noticed because their magnetic moments are decreased. When the magnetic moments are increased, the R2 becomes dominant and as a result better contrast is obtained. Metal ferrites also show significant contrast for MRI. When Mn is used for metal ferrite, it shows comparatively better saturation magnetization due to high spins whereas the magnetic moments are decreasing when the manganese (Mn) is replaced to Fe, Co, and Ni. Thus, Mn-based ferrite is the best material for MRI contrast agent.198Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI has superior imaging technique compared to other imaging techniques due to its spatial resolution, high soft tissue contrast, and non-usage of radioactive elements. MRI can be classified into two major categories: monomodal and dualmodal. When the dualmodal MRI techniques are combined with other imaging techniques that can be classified in several sub-groups as shown in selected  in the l10.200 A group of researchers developed method for iron oxide based molecular imaging of breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cells are overexpressed to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Iron oxides with relaxivity coefficient (r2) of 218 mM−1 s−1 are prepared by tagging them to ‘receptor 2’ targeted antibody Herceptin that was successfully projected to breast cancer cells.197 In another work iron oxide-Herceptin conjugated material was used for in vitro cancer detection probe for Bx-PC-3 cell lines as shown in 2O4) nanoparticles were used as magnetic probe for precise detection of cancers. MnFe2O4 has a high value of r2 compared to pure iron oxide (Fe3O4) that's why it showed better contrast than simple iron oxide.198 These nanoparticles were used in application of detecting tiny metastasis growth in mouse (∼50 mg). This manganese doped spinel also showed ∼12% greater value in R2 magnitude. Antibody conjugated magnetite is also a versatile area for detection of other typed cancer cells. Iron oxide conjugated rch24 antibody was used for colon cancer cells. Colon cancer cells have a specific antigen called carcinoma embryogenic antigen (CEA) that were targeted by rch24 conjugated iron oxide with a better contrast even in in vivo applications.201 Magnetic noble metal based nanoparticles are also drawing attention in this area. Fe–Pt–Au nanoparticles were conjugated with antibody named HmenB1 that are highly specific to neuroblastoma cells (CHP-134) and overexpressed with polysialic acid. These nanoparticles were showing better black contrast in MR images.202Surface decoration of magnetic nanoparticles can lead to the target specific diagnostics of cancer. The mostly used magnetic nanoparticle is iron oxides that have large amount of surface polarities and anchored to specific molecules/receptors for cancer cell targeting devices. As per the statistics, less than 15% of the total cancer patients are precisely diagnosed in the verge of stage I or II. Magnetic nanoparticles especially iron oxides have better contrast compared to other nanoparticles in MRI studies. Several successful examples are lies in the literatures.11.204,205 Iron-cobalt alloy magnetic nanoparticles showed very high contrast having r2 value of 644 mM−1 s−1 was suitable for MRI.206 These imaging was also compared to the commercially available MNPs (Feridex) where these alloy nanoparticles showed better contrast compared to Feridex. Cell permeation of MNPs is a crucial step. For this purpose MNPs are surface decorated with ligands for easy permeation/penetration of MNPs inside cells. These ligands could be cationic or anionic in nature. (3-Carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, a cationic surface active agent was conjugated to neural stem cells showing better transfection efficiency compared to anionic surface active agents.203 Fast cellular transfection of nanoparticles are highly desired feature for in vivo cellular MRI of cell trafficking. This process is also used for monitoring of the neural stem cells in longitudinal migration. The graphical illustration and migration of MNPs are shown in The migration of cells is called ‘cell trafficking’ that can be oversaw by MRI using magnetic nanoparticles. This method is very useful for solving the cellular pathways and fate of the cells after delivery. Magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with various transfection agents are used for this purposes.12.Hyperthermia could be defined as abnormal elevation of body temperature by some external means. It is completely different form of heat than fever or heatstroke. In this context, if we recollect the great physicians of Greece Hippocrates and Kos at 460 and 372 BCE respectively, one statement has quite significance here. As per their aphorism hyperthermia was projected as follows; ‘whenever medicines are not a cure, iron (knife) heals; whenever, knife is not a cure, fire (heat) heals. But if heat could not cure, it is an inevitable cureless’ . In the very early times, hyperthermia was used for curing inflammation, body pain, arthritis, muscular spasms, and cysts. But later, the hyperthermia has been widely used in medical area to cure cancer in a non-invasive approach. Commercially, hyperthermia is applied in multiple ways like whole body hyperthermia (WBHT), wire applicators-based hyperthermia (WAHT), and heating source insertion hyperthermia (HSIHT). The detailing of these strategies is tabulated for better understanding in 36 Photothermal therapy (PTT) is little different in terms of compositional aspect. For PTT photoabsorber is required that coverts optical energy to thermal energy to kill cancer cells.213 The photoabsorbers are generally gold nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, and copper chalcogenides.214 As magnetic heating and PTT both own identical destination to kill cancer cells, these could be mingled together to achieve precise noninvasive therapy. Mesoporous silica based magnetic nanoparticles have much significance in hyperthermia therapy.215 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) capped magnetic mesoporous silica nanospheres has been developed by a group of researchers showing dual modal therapy based on alternating magnetic field (AMF) and PTT. These nanoparticles were permeated to 4T1 human breast cancer cell lines and responded by external AMF and NIR laser. As a result localized heating phenomenon was observed followed by gradual destruction of cancer cells.216 Liao et al. reported WS2 quantum dots capped silica nanoparticles for PTT that was applied to kill colon cancer cells (HCT 116).31 Biocompatible superparamagnetic QDs are also playing an effective role on AMF heating as well as PTT. Justin et al. developed magnetite/GQDs based magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles for targeted delivery, precise control of release, and localized non-invasive cancer treatment.217 The additional profit for these nanoparticles is that they also showed MRI sensitivity. Wu et al. prepared ethylenediamine based QDs conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA) as drug carrier for NIR responsive drug delivery to kill cancer.32 Besides these they also claimed that these nanoparticles are in vivo MR guided. The synthesis and a brief working procedure have been given in et al. developed magnetic gold nanoparticles for synergistic applicability of MH and PTT.218 They took magnetite as a magnetic core and coated with gold layers followed by binding it with a cancer drug; doxorubicin. They showed both in vitro as well as in vivo applicability of the nanoparticles for potential PTT and MRI contrast agent. In another work black phosphorous based QDs (BPQDs) were developed to attach MNPs for PTT/MH applications.219 In this work they reported that BPQDs are a suitable choice for laser absorption center for PTT whereas MNPs are also applied for MH therapy. Besides MRI guiding these materials were also showing high precision tumor targeting. Cheng et al. devolved MNPs for multimodal imaging where iron oxides are attached to NaYF4 and Au thin layers.220 For better compatibility and stability these nanoparticles were coated with PEG and used as imaging probes. Moreover, as Au nanoparticles were there, it was also considered for PTT agent.Cancer diagnostics and treatment is highly inspired from the synergistic application of hyperthermia and photothermal therapy. These are localized therapeutic strategies by which specific domain tissue could be heated around 41–49 °C. This range is called hyperthermic range and beyond this temperature domain (50–59 °C) it is called thermoablatic range. Magnetic nanoparticles are used as the nanoheaters generating heat under oscillating/alternating magnetic field.et al. synthesized manganese doped iron oxide nanoparticles for synergistic application of HT and PTT.221 This work reported preparation of MNPs coated with denatured BSA and used for T1 imaging and PTT. In vitro experiment showed that these MNPs were high in MRI capability because of their r1 value of 8.24 mM−1 s−1. Importantly, the ratio of r2/r1 was calculated to be 2.18, and such a low ratio indicating that MnIO nanoparticles can be applied as T1 MRI contrast agent. These nanoparticles exhibited brilliant positive T1 contrast improvement  integrated with superparamagnetic IONPs and cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides.227 In the presence of exterbnal magnetic field, the MINPs exhibited good magnetic targeting ability resulted in high accumulation of the photoabsorber (IONPs) and immunoadjuvant in the tumors for accurate bimodal imaging. Upon NIR exposure, the MINPs assisted photothermal destruction of the primary tumors and releasing tumor related antigens and displaying ‘autologous cancer vaccine’-like functions; therefore, activating antitumor immune response in the presence of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory nanoagents. In another report Nie and coworkers developed a strategy to improve the treatment of adoptive T cells for solid tumors.228 The authors discussed that firstly magnetic nanoclusters were armed with PD-1 antibody (aP) by pH-sensitive benzoic–imine bond and inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder cycloaddition and then bound to the T cells surface through the interaction between aP and PD-1. Due to the magnetic property the T cells, along with aP was magnetically directed to the tumor sites with MRI guiding. Throughout intratumoral infiltration, the acidic extracellular environment caused hydrolysis of the benzoic–imine bond which leads to the discharge of aP. So, the adoptive T cells and aP functioned in a synergistic way, and the growth of solid tumors could be slowed down with minor side effects. Jin et al. developed MFNPs (α-AP-fmNPs) loaded with antigen peptide, IONPs and indocyanine green (ICG).229 In the context of dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy, α-AP-fmNP loaded DCs showed antigen presentation ability, magnetic pull force (MPF) responsiveness, optical and MRI detectability. Under MPF treatment, in vivo migration efficacy of α-AP-fmNP-loaded DCs was increased significantly, causing enhanced antitumor efficiency.Immunotherapy is an approach to guide immune activation against tumor growth and metastasis 13.in vitro and in vivo cases with excellent cancer immunity responses. But still there is a leading question of how to combine hyperthermia and immunotherapy to promote them in a single diagnostic tool? Recently hyperthermia and immunotherapy are combined used to treat stage I and stage II cancers. In magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) magnetic nanoparticles are playing the crucial role. These MNPs are getting heated in presence of external oscillating magnetic field. This heat energy comes as a result of internal collision among the magnetic domains inside the multidomain nanomagnets. But the main limitation of using the MHT is they can treat tumor growth in primary conditions, not for distant metastatic growth.230 Moreover, it has is also lethal to the cancer patients to treat distant metastatic growth.231 There are some cutting edge outcomes proposed by the clinicians based on the immunotherapy like cancer vaccines,232 chimeric antigen receptor T cell engineering treatment 30, and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) strategies.233 Morita et al. revealed at 2001 that MHT assisted ablation could raise the localized concentration of lymphocytes in tumor area which is due to penetration of lymphocytes to targeted area.234 This was inferred that thermoablation caused by MHT promotes the release of tumor associated antigens (TAA). TAA are arranged by dendritic cells (DCs) followed by association to T-cells.235 Sometimes, T-cells are acting as immune checkpoint blocking agent which improves the immune response.236Hyperthermia based radiotherapy and chemotherapy are quite popular these days adopted by clinicians. Hyperthermia has been used as a medical tool in immunotherapy where their synergy works excellently. Hyperthermia excited a wide range of antineoplastic immune responses throughout the clinical temperature range which are non-harmful to animal skins. Hyperthermia already shows several via immunogenic fashion is an outcome of hyperthermic thermoablation.237 Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is an irreversible process where damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are secreted which transforms a cell from non-immunogenic to immunogenic in nature.238 MHT causes formation of some endogenic molecules like denosine triphosphate (ATP), DAMPs, calreticulin (CRT), high mobility group B1 (HMGB1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and HSP70. These molecules have immense importance to hold the cellular integrity in ambient circumstances.239 Dong et al. reported Ag2Te QDs based photonic thermal ablation for 4T1 breast tumor with a tumor suppression rate 94.3%.240 Chen et al. reported black phosphorus based QDs based targeted thermoablation therapy by MHT.241 Here, the QDs were conjugated with gambogic acid and encapsulated with copolymer soft matrix. The effect of thermoablation was observed to start within 2.5 min as reported.Several researchers already established that cell death 14.et al. prepared Mn : ZnS QDs and SPIONs assembly coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer for drug carrier.242 They studied the release of busulfan as a model drug molecule. These copolymer magneto-fluorescent vesicles were showing ∼80% drug release in 6 h. The similar kind of QDs were also applied in another work where the authors reported silica coated magnetite MNPs coated with LCST copolymer assembly and studied their doxorubicin release kinetics.192 They reported ∼88% encapsulation efficiency and ∼15 wt% loading capability. Li et al. reported polyelectrolyte coated CdTe QDs attached magnetite MNPs for pH-sensitive drug release device.33 Yang et al. developed polycaprolactone (PCL) coated MNPs having fluorescent behavior for anticancer activity. They reported synthesis of CdTe attached iron oxide that was coated with PCL for preparing microcapsules and used for tamoxifen anticancer drugs.81 They developed microfluidic devices for production of almost homogenous size distribution of microcapsules. Micellar encapsulation of QDs into MNPs are also prepared by a group of researchers that was applied for doxorubicin delivery.243 Huang et al. prepared GQDs based targeted nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery. They attached gadolinium and folic acid to the nanoparticles for guided therapy of cancers.141 Magneto-fluorescent MNPs based semi-IPNs were synthesized for pH-sensitive release of anticancer drug temozolomide.244 Yao et al. synthesized apoferritin based MNPs for doxorubicin delivery. They used gadolium doped QDs as a magneto-fluorescent component and attached to apoferritin for introducing pH-sensitive character of the MNPs.182 Fakhri et al. reported Ag2O QDs decorated MNPs and cellulose nanofibers that was ferromagnetic in nature.245 They loaded dual drugs that showed more than 60% drug release within 24 h. Ag2O QDs have antioxidant property besides fluorescence that helped the MNPs to be an antioxidant as well as magneto-fluorescent. In another work a biopolymer named chitin was hydrothermally pyrolysed to get carbon dots that was coupled to Gd, Eu, and Mn for magneto-florescent nanoparticles. These particles were tuned to targeted system after attaching folic acid onto its surfaces. Gd-doped QDs showed excellent magneto-fluorescent behavior as well as good drug encapsulation.246 The cumulative release profile from these MNPs showed also pH-sensitive release. It had been seen that with increasing the pH, the cumulative release % was minimized; it inferred the MNPs were suitable for physiological environment. Das et al. synthesized boronic acid functionalized MNPs based on gadolinium that was excellent drug carrier for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).57 This material was used for pH-sensitive drug delivery. In a brief magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles could be a next generation surface engineered particles for multimodal applicability.Cell tracking, guiding, and external stimuli responsiveness are the recent scientific breakthrough in cancer research. The most common format for these particles is forming a magnetic core and that was decorated by quantum dots/carbon dots. These particles are magnetic as well as fluorescent, biocompatible, easy surface engineered, and non-photobleachable. The drug encapsulation into these particles is carried out either physical/electrostatic interactions or pure covalent grafting. Covalent interaction makes the release of drug molecules from magneto-fluorescent assembly is comparatively better controlled than physical bonding. Ye 15.247 This technology involves magnetic field modulated imaging and an innovative prospect to apply this technology in cancer cell therapeutics subjected to magnetically governed mechanical forces. The authors developed a magneto-optical combination by introducing pyrene and MNPs in separate compartments based on microemulsion, surfactant free and controlled phase separation. 3O4 nanohybrids for magnetolytic therapy.248 In comparison to the spherical Fe3O4@Dex-PGEA as the counterpart, 1D FDP illustrated good cellular uptake efficacy, which can also rotate under an alternating magnetic field to produce a shear force to terminate tumor cells and show good photothermal features. Future improvement of these kind of newfangled multifunctional nanocomposites contains targeted imaging and therapy in vitro and in vivo and we envision that this technology will expose prospects in nanomedicine, catalysis. Spintronics, electronics, and multimodal imaging.The rapid progress of synthetic approaches of several therapeutic agents has led advancement of a series of interesting nanomedicine over the past few years. Hu and coworkers first introduced the term ‘magnetolytic therapy’.16.in situ and ex situ techniques. In case of in situ nanoparticles having QDs' precursors and magnetic components were solvothermally treated to prepared magneto-florescent nanoparticles. But for ex situ technique, the nanoparticles were prepared in two consecutive steps; initially they were prepared followed by some surface decoration of ligand modification. These MFQDs are biocompatible that made them easy acceptability towards biological or in vivo works. MFQDs are easily permeable/attach to cancer cells which actually enhance the effect of bio-marking of the tumors. The magnetism of these particles was manipulated by adjusting their size and shape which is directly related to their transition from ferromagnetism to superparamagnetism. Superparamagnetism is always welcomed due to its transient moment deepening upon the external field. Thus, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are a good replacement of commercially used Gd based MR agents. MFQDs are also drawing interests for the clinicians because of their efficacy in fundamental biomedical researches especially in sophisticated imaging techniques. Herein, the bioimaging platform also has been nurtured in light of their in vivo imaging qualities. The magnetic fluorescent nanomaterials are also surface engineered resulting in bifunctional nanoparticles that are the most highlighted in multimodal theragnostic probes. Bifunctional nanoparticles are categorized as heterocrystals and Janus particles. The beauty of these particles is in their surface functionalities that could anchor more than one ligand in same nanoparticles. These have an immense applicability not only in theragnostic but also in the cancer research. Inorganic heterocrystals and Janus particles are still under research for obtaining the better futuristic technologies.The inspiration of this review comes from the numerous cutting edge research carried out throughout the whole world. The discussion could provide a clear idea of the synthesis of fluorescent nanoparticles and how to impart magnetism into them. The initial study in this review covers up the various synthetic and morphologies of the MFNPs and MFQDs and their magneto-optical behaviors of physiologically simulated conditions. MFQDs are the younger members of the fluorescent nanomaterials family. The synthesis of MFQDs is based on two approaches; one is based on inorganic precursors whereas another one is purely carbon based. The optical properties especially the FL character of the QDs were tuned after attaching surface active ligands. Surface active ligands were ionic liquids, polymers , proteins, antibodies, and small molecules. According to the synthesis procedures, they were also categorized into Besides the theragnostic approaches, MFNPs and MFQDs are also exploited in hyperthermia and magnetolytic technologies. In this review we also discussed the classical approaches of hyperthermia and how MFQDs gear up the research into non-invasive apoptotic strategy for carver patients. Hyperthermia is a non-contact heating mode that could heat magnetic nanoparticles penetrated cells to death in a precise manner. Magnetolytic therapy is a magnetic field guided imaging technique exclusively applied for cancer research. It is actually quite effective for fluorescent intensity modulations and altering orientations without affecting system morphology and intrinsic features. Combining of magnetic and optical properties could impose several biomedical marvels and that's why ‘single particle-multimodality’ would become a daunting challenge for all materials scientists.in vivo applications. (vi) The conjugation of different components for the most bifunctional MFNPs generally needs soft or hard linker, that includes complex preprocessing on each component. Additionally, for the cases where linker is not required, the fabrication of bifunctional MFNPs still demands troublesome crystal growth process. Therefore, facile and proper emerging methods for the synthesis of MFNPs with high efficacy will be of great importance. (iv) Concern about the biosafety is one of the main obstacles that bound the clinical use of these MFNPs, although they are widely used in biomedical applications. The integration of the MFNPs in the physiological environment still raises probable biocompatibility issues. To obtain ideal therapy efficiency, the high-power density of excitation light and high dose of nanostructures are essential which restricts their application in clinical use. Thus, it is essential to advance highly capable magnetic nano lights that can be employed under low irradiation fluence to enlarge the biological applications. (v) Although MFNPs possess good physicochemical properties but their therapeutic applications are restricted because of toxicity, cost, and nonbiodegradability. To address these issues, self-fluorescent polymers are good substitute to the toxic organic dyes and quantum dots to achieve MF nanocarriers. Wang and coworkers developed MF nanocarriers based on conjugated self-fluorescent polymer poly(fluorene-benzothiadiazole) and IONPs for multimodal tumor imaging.249 Another strategy to increase the biocompatibility is PEGylation of IONPs. Vijayan et al. used self-fluorescent PEGylated aliphatic polymer to impart both stability as well as fluorescence property to IONPs.250 This technique avoids the usage of toxic heavy metal QDs or commercial organic dyes that are requisite for the construction of MFNPs and endowed for potential theranostic applications.Although numerous nanostructures and applications of magnetic nanolights have been developed, further study is still necessary for their upconverting optical properties and versatile design strategies. (i) The decrease of quantum yield of the fluorescent particles was attributed to the surface quenching effect, which is important for nanosized QDs due to their large surface-to-volume ratio. Simple way to improve the quantum efficiency of nanosized particles and more strategies are required with an optimized architecture. (ii) Advancement of the existing fabrication approaches to enable large scale, controllable sized magnetic nanolights. (iii) Investigation into the prospective characteristics to enable the transformation between laboratory research and practical applications. (iv) Novel strategies to fabricate Janus particles having magnetic and fluorescent characteristics are required with an optimized manner to increase their application in diverse fields. (v) Recently the deep penetration depth of NIR light has been illustrated, it is noteworthy that the interaction between light and tissues is rather complex. In this context, dual emission ratiometric nanoprobe can minimize the errors originating from different wavelengths and may deliver an approach to acquire accurate signals especially for the 3+ has high magnetic moment, symmetric electronic ground state and therefore they are extensively used for application like bioimaging and MRI contrast agent. Gd3+ is toxic and therefore to decrease the toxicity and increase stability surface-chelated Gd3+ ions could be complexed in organic chelates that coordinate to the paramagnetic ions. Another strategy to attain bimodality is by attaching paramagnetic chelates to QDs both covalently and non-covalently. Also, Gd-doped CQDs could be another alternative to reduce Gd leakage even under complex biological environments by virtue of the inertness of carbon cages. It is known that longitudinal relaxivity mostly influenced on the direct interactions between Gd3+ and hydrogen protons proposing that only outer surface-chelated Gd3+ could contribute to longitudinal relaxivity. Thus, by reducing the total amount of Gd3+ in Gd-doped unit while increasing their surface-chelated Gd3+ would enhance their practical applications.The lanthanide ion Gdetc. involves potential toxicity, less water solubility and environmental hazards that are hindering their applications. In this context, CQDs, heavy metal free carbon nanomaterial can be a superior framework over conventional semiconductor quantum dots to construct multi-modal imaging probes, due to their advantages excellent biocompatibility, bright fluorescence, simple synthesis methods and ease of surface functionalization.Recently, different kinds of luminescent materials such semiconductor QDs, organic fluorophores have been coupled with magnetic units to construct MFNPs that can function both for magnetic and optical probes. In many cases, these QDs contain heavy metals such as Cd, Pb There are no conflicts to declare.