Mikania micrantha, to determine the compounds configuration, and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against eight plant pathogenic fungi  and four plant pathogenic bacteria , and four bacteria .To isolate plant-derived compounds with antimicrobial activity from the leaves of M. micrantha were isolated using bioactivity- guided fractionation. The antifungal activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated by the inhibit hypha growth method and inhibit spore germination method. Characterization of antibacterial activity was carried out using the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). MIC and MBC were determined by the broth microdilution method. Six compounds – deoxymikanolide, scandenolide, dihydroscandenolide, mikanolide, dihydromikanolide, and m - methoxy benzoic acid – have been isolated from leaves of Mikania micrantha H. B. K. Deoxymikanolide, scandenolide, and dihydroscandenolide were new compounds. The result of bioassay showed that all of isolated compounds were effective against tested strains and deoxymikanolide showed the strongest activity.Antimicrobial constituents of the leaves of M. micrantha may be a promising source in the search for new antimicrobial drugs due to its efficacy and the broadest range. Meanwhile, adverse impact of M. micrantha will be eliminated.The leaves of  Mikania micrantha H. B. K. (Asteraceae), commonly known as mile-a-minute weed, is an extremely fast-growing, perennial creeping weed. Its native distribution is in Central and South America. It has been present in south China since the 1980s and has caused adverse impact on agricultural production in the established area M. micrantha, commonly known as ‘guaco’, are used to make a poultice for snake bites and scorpion sting, decoction of the leaves is used to bathe rashes, and skin itches M. micrantha. However, the antimicrobial constituents were ambiguous, though mikanolide and dihydromikanolide as antimicrobial ingredient of M. micrantha were reported. With the aim of identifying those potentially additional and bioactive natural products of this plant, a phytochemical study has been carried out bioactivity-guided fractionation and resulted in the isolation of three new sesquiterpene lactones, named deoxymikanolide, scandenolide, and dihydroscandenolide (1–3), together with three known compounds (4–6). Compound 6 was named as m - methoxy benzoic acid, which was the first reported occurrence from this plant. Herein, the isolation and structural elucidation of these compounds, as well as their antimicrobial activities against eight bacteria and eight fungi, were described. This study provides first comprehensive description about the antimicrobial constituent and antimicrobial activities in an attempt to improve the understanding of the practicality of M. micrantha.The leaves of M. micrantha were collected in April 2011, in Dongguan, Guangdong Province of China. The sample was identified by Professor Xiao-yi Wei. An authenticated voucher specimen (No. 020701) was deposited at the herbarium of South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, and People's Republic of China. We state clearly that no specific permissions were required for these locations, because these locations are uncultivated land. We confirm that the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.Pythium aphanidermatum, were used during the study. The tested strains were obtained from Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences China. The fungi were incubated for 72 h at 28°C in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and stored in plate at 4°C.Eight reference fungi, Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Pseudoperonispora cubensis, Botrytis cirerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora parasitica, Fusarium solani, and Eight reference bacteria, Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Ralstonia dolaanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Vesicatoria, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri were used during the study. The tested strains were obtained from the Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences China. The tested strains cultured in beef extract peptone agar medium (PBA) at 27°C and stored in nutrient agar slants at 4°C.M. micrantha (2.0 kg) was ultrasonic extracted with chloroform (6L×3) at ambient temperature. Actived carbon was added in the extract for decolorizing, then filtered in order to get rid of actived carbon and undissolved substance. The extract was concentrated in vacuo to give 122.60 g of the crude residue (yield 6.13%). The crude residue (120 g) was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (100–200 mesh) eluting successively with gradient carbon tetrachloride – acetone – methanol  to give fractions A-1 to A-30. A-11 (1.8434 g) was rechromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with chloroform: ethyl acetate (4∶1 v/v) followed by crystallization from chloroform to give compound 1 (0.8310 g 0.04155% yield) and compound 2 (0.3512 g 0.01756% yield). A-14 (1.2306 g) was rechromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (5∶1 v/v) followed by crystallization from chloroform to give compound 3 (0.4432 g 0.02216% yield). A-16 (5.7534 g) was rechromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (1∶1 v/v) followed by crystallization from acetone to give compound 4 (2.7364 g 0.13682% yield). A-17 (2.5618 g) was rechromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with chloroform: ethyl acetate (1∶1 v/v) followed by crystallization from acetone to give compound 5 (0.8041 g 0.040205% yield). A-19 (1.7658 g) was rechromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate: acetone (15∶2∶5 v/v/v) followed by crystallization from chloroform to give compound 6 (0.4355 g 0.021775% yield).The air-dried leaves powder of c 0.4, CH3Cl); UV (CH3Cl) λmax: 281, 276 nm. IR (KBr) γmax: 3435, 2924, 2853, 1757, 1658, 1288, 1154, 1044, 464 cm−1. For 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data, see m/z 277.0294 [M+H]+ . The Mass spectral data of deoxymikanolide were 277.0294, 269.0351, 253.06253, and 242.28345.Needle crystals; mp 180–185°C; [α] +57.5 (3Cl); UV (CH3Cl) λmax: 262, 273 nm. IR (KBr) γmax: 3435, 2924, 2853, 1770, 1659, 1369, 1284, 1239, 685 cm−1. For 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data, see m/z 357.2945 [M+Na]+ . The Mass spectral data of scandenolide were 357.2945, 338.3420, 321.0502, 301.1412, 280.2635, 253.0630, and 238.0146.Needle crystals; mp 160–165°C; [α] +43.2 ; UV (CH3Cl) λmax: 257, 288 nm. IR (KBr) γmax: 3421, 2921, 1750, 1639, 1235, 1154, 1034, 675 cm−1. For 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data, see m/z 337.0241 [M+H]+ . The Mass spectral data of dihydroscandenolide were 337.0241, 321.0514, 305.0736, 286.0263, and 270.0535.Needle crystals; mp 270–275°C; [α] +54.3 (3-EtOAc (1∶1) using the vapor diffusion method, colorless needles of compound 1 were obtained. A suitable crystal was selected and performed on a SuperNova, Dual, and Cu at zero, Atlas diffractometer. The crystal was kept at 100.01(10) K during data collection. Using Olex2 15H16O5, M = 276.28, space group monoclinic, P21; unit cell dimensions were determined to be a = 7.1569 (6) Å, α = 90.00°; b = 6.0316 (5) Å, β = 91.177 (9) °; c = 14.6466 (13) Å, γ = 90.00°; V = 632.12 (9) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.452 mg/mm3, crystal size 0.2×0.1×0.05, μ (Mo Kα) = 0.109 mm−1, F(000) = 292.0, T = 100.01(10) K, 2359 reflections measured (5.7≤2Θ≤50.04), 1678 unique (Rint = 0.0684) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0764 (> 2sigma (I)) and wR2 was 0.3147. In the structure refinements, nonhydrogen atoms were placed on the geometrically ideal positions by the “ride on” method. Hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen were located by the structure factors with isotropic temperature factors. Crystallographic data for 1 have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (deposition No. CCDC-939627).Upon crystallization from CHCl3 using the vapor diffusion method, colorless needles of compound 2 were obtained. A suitable crystal was selected and performed on a SuperNova, Dual, and Cu at zero, Atlas diffractometer. The crystal was kept at 100.01(10) K during data collection. Using Olex 2 17H18O7, M = 334.31, space group monoclinic, P21; unit cell dimensions were determined to be a = 6.2575 (8) Å, α = 90.00°; b = 9.4695 (8) Å, β = 91.897 (10) °; c = 13.3357 (12) Å, γ = 90.00°; V = 789.78 (13) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.406 mg/mm3, crystal size 0.3×0.2×0.1, μ (Mo Kα) = 0.110 mm−1, F(000) = 352.0, T = 100.01(10) K, 2749 reflections measured (7.48≤2Θ≤50.02), 2019 unique (Rint = 0.0384) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0526 (> 2sigma (I)) and wR2 was 0.1384. In the structure refinements, nonhydrogen atoms were placed on the geometrically ideal positions by the “ride on” method. Hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen were located by the structure factors with isotropic temperature factors. Crystallographic data for 2 have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (deposition No. CCDC- 922241).Upon crystallization from CHCl3-EtOAc (2∶1) using the vapor diffusion method, colorless needles of compound 3 were obtained. A suitable crystal was selected and performed on a SuperNova, Dual, and Cu at zero, Atlas diffractometer. The crystal was kept at 180.00(10) K during data collection. Using Olex 2 17H20O7, M = 336.33, space group monoclinic, P21; unit cell dimensions were determined to be a = 6.2346 (3) Å, α = 90.00°; b = 9.5598 (5) Å, β = 91.687 (5) °; c = 13.4299 (7) Å, γ = 90.00°; V = 800.09 (7) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.396 mg/mm3, crystal size 0.2×0.2×0.1, μ (Mo Kα) = 0.109 mm−1, F(000) = 356.0, T = 180.00(10) K, 4879 reflections measured (6.54≤2Θ≤52.04), 2719 unique (Rint = 0.0221) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0362 (> 2sigma (I)) and wR2 was 0.0854. In the structure refinements, nonhydrogen atoms were placed on the geometrically ideal positions by the “ride on” method. Hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen were located by the structure factors with isotropic temperature factors. Crystallographic data for 3 have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (deposition No. CCDC- 939629).Upon crystallization from CHClMIC and MBC of the compounds were assessed using the broth microdilution method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Antifungal activities of the compounds was tested using the inhibit hypha growth method. The compounds were prepared with different concentrations using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted by Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium as 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 mg/L. The PDA mediums mixed with the compounds were dumped respectively into petri dishes (9 cm diameter) as plating. An agar plug of fungal inoculums (6 mm in diameter) was removed from a previous culture of the fungal strains tested and placed upside down in the center of the petri dishes. The same amount of DMSO and distilled water which were used to replace the compounds were added respectively into the PDA mediums as the blank test and negative control. Each treatment was done with three replicates. All of materials were subjected to autoclaving at 121°C for 30 min. The means diameter of fungal colony was measured by criss-cross method with calipers by incubated at 28°C.Botrytis cinerea, Glomerella cingulata, Exserohilum turcicum, Fusarium solani were obtained from their respective 10 days old cultures. The spore suspension was adjusted with sterile distilled water to a concentration of approximately 1.0×105 spore/mL. The compounds dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and then serial twofold dilutions with the spore suspensions were made in a concentration range from 125.0 to 2000.0 mg/L. 100 µL of the spore suspensions were taken onto the glass slide and incubated at 24±2°C for 24 h. About 200 spores were counted and percentage of spore germination was calculated. The same amount of DMSO and distilled water were used as negative control and blank test. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. All of materials were subjected to autoclaving at 121°C for 30 min.The spore suspensions of Data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 . The data were considered statistically significant for P values ≤0.05.1–6 were isolated from the leaves of M. micrantha using bioactivity-guided fractionation and their structures were showed in Compound 1 was obtained as colorless needle crystals in chloroform, and gave [M+H]+ peak at m/z 277.0294  in HR-ESI-MS, corresponding to the molecular formula C15H16O5, indicating eight degrees of unsaturation. Compared with the spectral data of the sesquiterpene dilactone isolated from this plant, its 1D NMR spectroscopic data were suggestive of the presence of a special guaianolide skeleton , the ester carbon (C-12), and exocyclic olefinic protons (H-13a and 13b) authenticated the existence of characteristic methylene lactone functionality -dione, trivially named deoxymikanolide  in HR-ESI-MS, corresponding to the molecular formula C17H18O7, indicating nine degrees of unsaturation. Just as compound 1, its 1D NMR spectroscopic data were suggestive of the presence of a special guaianolide skeleton too -dione, trivially named scandenolide  in HR-ESI-MS, corresponding to the molecular formula C17H18O7, indicating eight degrees of unsaturation. Just as compound 1 and 2, special guaianolide skeleton was shown obviously according to its 1D NMR spectroscopic data -3,10a-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-3,3a,4,6, 8,9,9a,10a,11,11a-decahydro-2H-4,7-(metheno)furooxirenoCompound pic data . Though,MBC data , and NOEMBC data  and a siMBC data . In the MBC data . Its con4-6  ranged from 62.5 to 125 and the MBC values ranged from 125 to 250  ranged from 82.40 to 330.10 mg/L in different times  showed no antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms (data not shown). As shown in 5 to 250 . The othnt times . It is o.18 mg/L . CompounIn recent decade, problems of multidrug resistant microbes have reached an alarming level in around the world. These pose a serious challenge to the scientific community hence emphasis has been laid on the development of new antimicrobial agents M. micrantha has drastically infested Guangdong Province and caused significant damage to forests, farmlands, and orchards; and led to great loss of native species diversity, significant decline of microbial communities and food web stability; and even altered mineral cycling M. micrantha was used in the traditional pharmacopoeia in some countries. So, the aims of this study not only develop to new antimicrobial agents, but also providing theoretic basis for the rational exploiting and controlling of M. micrantha.In China, since its introduction in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, M. micrantha revealed its antimicrobial action; mikanolide and dihydromikanolide were major antimicrobial activity constituents in vitro, 6 isolates were tested for antibacterial activities against four gram-negative and four gram-positive bacteria by the broth microdilution methods. The obtained MIC and MBC values ranged from 62.5 to 1000 mg/L, especially, deoxymikanolide possessed the highest antimicrobial activity; the others only demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activities. Antifungal activities of 6 isolates were described against eight plant pathogens fungi. The results showed that EC50 values ranged from 82.40 to 330.10 mg/L in different times by the inhibit hypha growth method and IC50 values ranged from 21.44 to 255.37 mg/L by inhibit spore germination method. This study showed that antimicrobial constituents of M. micrantha were separated. In addition, structures of five compounds possess special guaianolide skeleton, familiar structure of the compounds were reported in Mikania species Early reports on M. micrantha. Considering the broadest range of antimicrobial properties, this would suggest that M. micrantha might be useful as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. The mechanism of action will be done in further study on the basis of in vitro experimentation for development of new products. The isolation and bioactivity results will provide scientific foundation for rational development and utilization of this plant. If possible from collected specifically for controlling pathogen agent use, in order to manage indirectly and reduce adverse impact about M. micrantha.The results further demonstrated the broadest range of antimicrobial properties of


Previous research employing footprint-based measures of arch structure, such as the arch index (AI), have indicated that obesity results in a ‘flatter’ foot type . In the -2) were recruited. The calcaneal-first metatarsal angle (CMT1)  age 47.9 ± 11.6 years, height 1.68 ± 0.1m, body weight 80.8 ± 10.2kg, BMI 28.8 ± 2.9kg.m) Figure  was deri) Figure . MultiplBoth BMI  and CMT1 angle  were significant predictors of footprint-based measures of arch structure (AI). The CMT1 angle accounted for 30% of the variability in AI, while BMI accounted for 15% of the variation in AI. In contrast, CMT1 angle was not significantly associated with BMI  when AI and age were held constant. Age was not a significant predictor of either index.Adult obesity does not influence the osseous alignment of the medial longitudinal arch, but selectively distorts footprint-based measures of arch structure. Consequently, footprint-based measures should be interpreted with caution when comparing groups of adults with varying body composition.


The early history of the Lepidoptera is poorly known, a feature attributable to an inadequate preservational potential and an exceptionally low occurrence of moth fossils in relevant mid-Mesozoic deposits. In this study, we examine a particularly rich assemblage of morphologically basal moths that contribute significantly toward the understanding of early lepidopteran biodiversity.1 vein, after separation from the M2 vein, subtending an angle greater than 60 degrees that is sharply angulate at the junction with the r–m crossvein (variable in Trichoptera); presence of a foretibial epiphysis; the forewing M vein often bearing three branches; and the presence of piliform scales along wing veins.Our documentation of early fossil moths involved light- and scanning electron microscopic examination of specimens, supported by various illumination and specimen contrast techniques. A total of 20 moths were collected from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Northeastern China. Our principal results were the recognition and description of seven new genera and seven new species assigned to the Eolepidopterigidae; one new genus with four new species assigned to the Mesokristenseniidae; three new genera with three new species assigned to the Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov.; and one specimen unassigned to family. Lepidopteran assignment of these taxa is supported by apomorphies of extant lineages, including the MThe diversity of these late Middle Jurassic lepidopterans supports a conclusion that the Lepidoptera–Trichoptera divergence occurred by the Early Jurassic. The Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, are one of the most speciose lineages of herbivores, currently including about 157,500 described species encompassing the four suborders of Zeugloptera, Aglossata, Heterobathmiina, and Glossata Undopterix Skalski, 1979 Because of the rarity of Mesozoic Lepidoptera, only 24 genera, of which two are extant, have been described from the Mesozoic  [3], [6]Archaeolepis mane Whalley, 1985  platform. Alcohol was used to increase the contrast of specimen structures for some images. Line drawings in Beijing were made in conjunction with Photoshop CS2 graphic software.We used a Philips XL30 environmental scanning electron microscope to examine shrink-wrapped specimens. Compression fossils, such as the material studied herein, generally present minimal topographic relief. This absence of microtopographic differentiation and the uncoated state of the specimens, posed a demand on specimen imaging. By varying the microscopy conditions for each specimen, including sources of illumination, such as back-scattered electrons, gas emission secondary electrons and particle detector adjustment; or alternatively, varying microtopographic aspect, spot size or accelerating voltage; we strove to find the best combination of imaging conditions within a challenging SEM environment.The fossil specimens studied under vacuum conditions of the electron microscope necessitated a modification of specimen preparation. The presence of a poorly consolidated sedimentary matrix surrounding the fossils resulted in the spalling of particles that interfered with normal operation of the vacuum tube. A protocol was devised that solved this problem. Any matrix material that sloughed from the specimen was isolated by heat-resistant polyalfin film, used in industrial kitchens to shrink-wrap food. In contrast to polyester shrink-wrap, polyalfin film does not melt or release gas in the vacuum chamber. The shrink-wrapping of stub-mounted specimens in polyalfin film reduced the likelihood of costly specimen chamber contamination. Thereafter, the wrapping was carefully heat-sealed to reduce specimen bulk and promote ease of further examination. When the specimen was ready for microscopy, a window was opened over the area of interest by careful cutting of the wrapping, leaving a hole for specimen access. A thorough dusting of particles attached to the wrapping is necessary immediately preceding insertion of the specimen into the specimen chamber, particularly if the fossil has remained in storage for some time.et al. et al. et al. Measurements, including body length and width, wing length and width, and wing index, follow Kristensen and Nielsen The primary source for Latin and Greek etymology is Simpson All type specimens described in this report are deposited in the Key Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Environmental Change, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.http://zoobank.org/”. The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: AC86AB61-87FC-4353-96BB-AA03231E3BA5. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS (www.lockss.org).The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix “Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758.Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758.Key to the extant and fossil families of lepidoptera1. Maxillary galeae forming a proboscis ……………….Glossata–Maxillary galeae not forming a proboscis……………………22. M 3-branched………………………………………………3– M 4-branched…………………………………………………53. Anterior apophyses present…………….Eolepidopterigidae– Anterior apophyses absent…………………………………44. Sc forked; crossvein present between Sc and R; pterostigma   absent….……………………………………Micropterigidae– Sc unforked; crossvein absent between Sc and R; pterostigma   present…………………………………….Heterobathmiidae5. Metatibia without medial spur; R1 forked.…………………  …………….………………Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov.–Metatibia with medial spurs; R1 unforked, …………..………66. Mesotibia with medial spurs; crossvein m-cua and crossvein cua–cup present…...………….Agathiphagidae– Mesotibia without medial spur; crossvein m-cua and crosvein cua–cup absent……………MesokristenseniidaeSuborder Eolepidopterigina Rasnitsyn, 1983.Family Eolepidopterigidae Rasnitsyn, 1983.Eolepidopterix Rasnitsyn, 1983 1-1/2, Rs-4, M-3, CuA-2, CuP-1, and A-2/3. Ovipositor with long apophyses anteriores; papillae anales long, non-piercing.Head with mandibulate mouthparts. Antennae filiform, less than half the length of forewing. Pronotum longer than one third the mesonotum length. Foretibia with an epiphysis. Mesotibia with one pair of spurs; metatibia with two pairs of spurs. Both pairs of wings homoneurous . Wings covered with scales. Forewing with jugum and number of vein branches as follows: Sc-1/2, RThe synapomorphies for the Eolepidopterigidae are the mesotibia with a pair apical spurs, metatibia with a pair medial spurs and a pair apical spurs, wings homoneurous, forewing M vein 3-branched, and ovipositor with long apophyses anteriores.This family is defined as a clade in Amphiesmenoptera, which have three branches of the M vein in the hind wing and the anterior margin of female abdominal segments VIII and IX with long, rod-like apodemes. This family can be assigned to Lepidoptera by the following characters: foretibia with an epiphysis, mesotibia lacking medial spurs, wings covered with scales, and forewing M vein 3-branched.China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Brazil.Akainalepidopteron gen. nov.; Daiopterix Skalski, 1984 Dynamilepidopteron gen. nov.; Eolepidopterix Rasnitsyn, 1983 Gracileopterix Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989 Grammikolepidopteron gen. nov.; Longcapitalis gen. nov.; Netoxena Sohn, 2012 Xena Martins-Neto, 1999 Palaeolepidopterix Kozlov, 1989 Petilicorpus gen. nov.; Quadruplecivena gen. nov.; Seresilepidopteron gen. nov.; Undopterix Skalski, 1979 1. Body longer than 9 mm; length of forewing nearly 10 mm;1 near the R1 furcation  …………………...………….………Quadruplecivena gen. nov. hind wing with crossvein sc–r– Body less than 8 mm; length of forewing less than 9 mm;1…………..……………….2 hind wing lacking crossvein sc–r2. Forewing with Sc not forked…………………..……………3– Forewing with Sc forked…………………………………….63. Forewing with R1 not forked…………………………….…4– Forewing with R1 forked…………………………………….54. Anal veins of a single-Y configuration , the ancient Greek (and later similar Latin) name for northwestern China and its inhabitants, also referring to the land where silk originates; and lepidos, the Greek word for “scale” or “flake”; and pteron, Greek, for “wing” or “fin.” The root, lepido, also refers to the Lepidoptera, the ordinal affiliation of this genus. The gender is masculine.The generic name, 1 forked, all furcations of Rs1+2, Rs3+4 and M1+2 at the same level with each other. Humeral vein, sc–r crossvein and crossvein between R1 and Rs present; three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration; jugum present but short, lacking long setae. Hind wing Sc not forked; R1 forked; sc–r crossvein present.Mesothorax slightly longer and wider than metathorax. All legs lacking spines. Forewing Sc and RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), forewing with jugum; 2), M 3-branched; and 3), ovipositor segments with long apophyses anteriores.Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.Seresilepidopteron resembles that of Daiopterix, but Seresilepidopteron differs from the latter by three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration . Seresilepidopteron resembles Undopterix, but it differs from the latter by: 1), having sc–r and r crossveins (vs. lacking sc–r and r crossveins); 2), the presence of three anal veins; and 3), a double-Y configuration in the forewing .The venation of urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C4F29D5D-B13E-4BF3-84A4-A11E41319C4F.dualis .The specific name is derived from the Latin, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2006-001P/C (part and counterpart); ♂; well preserved head, thorax, abdomen, fore and hind wings, parts of legs. Paratype: ♀; CNU-LEP-NN-2006-002; excellently preserved body and forewings.These specimens were collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Male . Head paForeleg  detached2 reaching proximal margin of pterostigma. R1 forked, both branches of R1 extend to pterostigma. Rs 4-branched; Rs4 to the apex of forewing; Rs1+2, Rs3+4, and M1+2 furcations arise at same level in the wing. Crossvein sc–r oblique, proximal to the R1–Rs furcation. Crossvein r located midway between R1 furcation and Rs furcation. M 3-branched, the hyaline zones surround the r–m crossvein at Rs1+2, Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple, slightly curved terminally. Stem of M divergent from stem of R basally, just beyond humeral vein. CuA divergent from M slightly beyond R–M furcation; R forks just after M–CuA furcation. Three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration. Crossvein between 1A and 2A present. A short, digitate jugum present in the basal posterior margin of forewing, lacking long setae. Hind wing venation , R1 furcation in female closer to the apex than that in male; 3), in female, crossvein between R1 and Rs located before Rs furcation on right wing, but in male after Rs furcation; 4), in female, cup–a crossvein present but no crossvein in anal area; and 5), in male, cup–a crossvein absent, but crossvein in anal area present in the female.Wing venation  of femalCNU-LEP-NN-2006-001P/C: body length 4.3; width 0.9. Forewing length 4.7; width 1.7. Hind wing length 3.8; width 1.7. For CNU-LEP-NN-2006-002: body length 5.0 and width 1.1; forewing length 4.5 and width 1.8; and hind wing length 3.9.Because there are many similarities in provenance and morphology between these two specimens from the same locality, we consider these two specimens to be conspecific male and female. The minor differences in the wing venation between male and female could be attributable to either individual variation or sexual dimorphism.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F017D748-9F58-407E-87AF-75063A531CCA.Akainalepidopteron elachipteron Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.Akainalepidopteron is derived from the Greek akaina, , referring to the piliform scales on the hind wing veins of this species; and “lepidos,” the Greek name for “scale” or “flake”; and “pteron,” Greek for “wing” or “fin.” The root, lepidos, also refers to the Lepidoptera, the ordinal affiliation of this genus. The gender is masculine.The generic name Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 forked; all furcations of Rs1+2, Rs3+4, and M1+2 ca. at same level with each other. Hind wing Sc not forked. R1 forked; furcations of Rs1+2, Rs3+4, and M1+2 almost at the same level. Long, piliform scales present on several veins of hind wing. Crossvein cua–cup present.Mesotibia with few short spines; metatibia with robust spines. Forewing and hind wing bear cilia on the anterior margin. Humeral vein present in forewing. Sc and RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antennae less than half the length of forewing; 2), wings homoneurous; 3), M 3-branched; and 4), crossvein absent between Sc and R.Akainalepidopteron consists of piliform scales present on the veins of the hind wing, a character not known to exist for any other lepidopteran fossil species. Akainalepidopteron exhibits a great similarity to Seresilepidopteron in venation, but differs in the position of some crossveins. The differences are: 1), in the forewing, Akainalepidopteron lacks sc–r and r crossveins (vs. retention of these crossveins); 2), in the hind wing, the cua–cup crossvein is present in Akainalepidopteron (vs. absence); and 3), the sc–r crossvein is absent in Akainalepidopteron (vs. presence).The diagnostic autapomorphy of Akainalepidopteron also is similar to Daiopterix, especially to D. olgae that has wing cilia and metatibial spines. Akainolepidopteron is distinguished from Daiopterix by the following characters: 1), the cup–a1 crossvein is absent in Akainalepidopteron (vs. present); and 2), the humeral vein is present in Akainalepidopteron (vs. absent).Undopterix, Akainalepidopteron is different in that: 1), it has forking of Rs1+2 at the same level as forking of Rs3+4 ; 2), the anterior margin of forewing and hind wing bears cilia in Akainalepidopteron (vs. lacking cilia); and 3), the metatibiae has spines in Akainalepidopteron (vs. lacking spines).Compared with urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6D4EBD55-F1FA-4F7F-BA7E-B95C0D0C0F65.elachys , and pteron , referring to the wing of this species that is shorter than its body length.The specific name is derived from the Greek, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-024; ♀; well preserved fore and hind wings; anal area covered by body and portions of the legs. Paratypes: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-023; ♀; well preserved legs; anal area covered by body and part of hind wing; and CNU-LEP-NN-2012-026; sex unknown; a well preserved forewing; anal area poorly preserved.These specimens were collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Head length subequal to width, invested with dense setae on the anterior margin. Antennae filiform, tapered to apex; length of segments equal to their diameter. Eyes oval, with sparse setae on the outer margin.Forecoxae more robust than forefemora; femora ca. 1.6 times as long as foretibiae, slightly longer than foretarsi. Epiphyses indiscernible. Mesocoxae more slender than forecoxae; mesofemora longer than mesotibia; two long spines present at the end of mesofemora; mesotibia with spines. Metafemora robust and short, less than half the length of metatibia; metatibia with irregularly arranged spines at the distal part, and with one pair medial spurs and one pair apical spurs. All tarsal segments with terminal spinules.2 extending to the costal margin at 2/3 length of the wing from its base. R1 forked distally; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 ending slightly below the apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.3–0.5 of their total length; stem Rs1+2 subequal to stem Rs3+4. M 3-branched. Hyaline zones surrounding r–m crossvein, at Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple; anal area not well preserved. CuA divergent from M. R forks immediately after M–CuA furcation. Hind wing ca. 2.4 times as long as wide; anterior margin bearing cilia, and a cluster of ca. 7 frenular bristles arising near the base of C on hind wing , referring to the robust hind leg of this genus; and lepidos, Greek for “scale” or “flake,” also referring to the ordinal name, Lepidoptera, to which this genus belongs; and pteron, meaning “wing” or “fin” in Greek. The gender is masculine.The generic name is derived from the Greek, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 forked; all furcations of Rs1+2 and Rs3+4 veins at same level. Hind wing lacking spines.Body relatively large, ca. 7 mm long. Metatibia robust, with strong spines. Forewing and hind wing lack cilia on the anterior margin. Humeral vein present in forewing. Sc and RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antennae less than half the length of forewing; 2), wings homoneurous; 3), M 3-branched; and 4), crossvein absent between Sc and R.Dynamilepidopteron is similar to Akainalepidopteron in venation, but: 1), the former lacks cilia on the anterior wing margins (vs. both forewing and hind wing with cilia); and 2), the hind wing lacks spines on the veins (vs. spines present on the veins).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EB75EC3D-5811-43EE-9232-F755D5B1EED8.aspinosus (the absence of spines), in reference to the hind wing lacking spines.The specific name is derived from the Latin, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-014; ♂; well preserved forewings, thorax and hind legs.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Head short and broad, possibly due to preservation. Antennae filiform; length of segments equal to their diameter basally, the length ca. 1.5 times as long as their diameter distally. Maxillary palpus visible, obtuse aspect apically. Mesoscutum broader than long, posterior edges of mesoscutum concave along midline; mesoscutellum flabellate, relatively large, nearly equal to mesoscutum in length; metascutum dumbbell shaped; metascutellum smaller than mesoscutellum. Metatibia relatively robust; with irregularly arranged spines, bearing two pairs of spurs, one pair apically and the other pair arising slightly beyond middle of tibia; all spurs ca. 1.5–2 times as long as diameter of tibia. Metatarsi 5-segmented; tarsomere I longest, nearly equal to the total length of tarsomeres II, III, IV and V combined; two spinules at the apex of each tarsomere.1, extending midway along costal margin; Sc2 beyond 2/3 the length of the wing from its base. R1 forked distally, slightly beyond Rs1+2 furcation; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 terminating slightly below the apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.3–0.4 of their total length; Rs3 and Rs4 free; stem Rs1+2 subequal in length to stem Rs3+4. M 3-branched. CuA bifurcated; CuP not preserved. Three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration.Forewing 2.8 times as long as wide. Humeral vein present. Sc forked from 2/5 of the stem length; ScBody length 7.0; width 1.9. Forewing length 6.7; width ca. 2.4. Hind wing length ca. 5.5.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:878C8B3C-643E-4C46-B56A-ABDA90AEB775.Quadruplecivena celsa Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.Quadruplecivena, is derived from the Latin, quadruplex ; and vena ; which jointly refers to the costal margin of hind wing that consists of a Sc, sc–r1 crossvein and a R1a, forming a quadrate configuration. The gender is feminine.The generic name, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 not forked; Rs1+2 forking at same level with Rs3+4, and before M1+2 forking. Hind wing Sc not forked; R1 forked; sc–r1 crossvein present.Labial palpus 3-segmented. All legs lacking spines. Anterior margins of fore and hind wings with cilia. Forewing with humeral vein; Sc forked; RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antennae less than half the length of forewing; 2), mesotibia with a pair of spurs; 3), wings homoneurous; and 4), M 3-branched.Quadruplecitvena differs from Seresilepidopteron in the following characters: in the forewing, 1), the M1+2 distinctly extends beyond the Rs3+4 furcation (vs. the M1+2 and Rs3+4 furcations occurring at the same level); 2), the sc–r crossvein is absent (vs. presence of the sc–r crossvein); and 3), hind wing sc–r1 crossvein is near the R1 furcation (vs. the sc–r crossvein considerably removed from the R1 furcation). Quadruplecivena differs from Akainalepidopteron in the following characters: 1), the M1+2 furcation distinctly extends beyond the Rs3+4 furcation (vs. the M1+2 and Rs3+4 furcations occurring at the same level); 2), the M1 is not sharply angulate at the junction with the r–m crossvein (vs. M1 sharply angulate at the junction with r–m crossvein); 3), the hind wing lacks spines (vs. hind wing with spines); 4), the sc–r1 crossvein is present and the cua–cup crossvein absent ; and 5), the legs lack spines (vs. legs with irregularly arranged spines).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1EBA2307-D14A-4B56-93B2-2069AA3BA10D.celsa  in reference to the labial palpi, which are prominent and resemble a crown, providing a noble or regal appearance.The specific name is derived from the Latin Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-027; ♂; consisting of a well-preserved head, with antennae and labial palpi; well-preserved legs. Left fore- and hind wings overlapping. The right fore- and hind wings are partially preserved; the anal area is poorly preserved. The left hind wing is unusually longer than the right hind wing, probably due to deformation of the matrix or actual wing asymmetry of this particular individual.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Male. Antennae filiform, tapered to apex, ca. 1/3 as long as forewing; length of segments shorter than their diameter basally, subequal to their diameter distally. Compound eyes bearing long sparse setae. Labial palpi 3-segmented , the las1+2 stalked ca. 0.2 of their total length; Rs1+2 forked at the same level as Rs3+4 furcation; Rs4 and M1 respectively above and below wing apex. M 3-branched; M1 and M2 stalked; M1+2 forked beyond Rs3+4 furcation. CuA bifurcated. Anal veins not preserved. In hind wing, Sc not forked. R1 forked; crossvein sc–r1 present and slightly curved and oblique, originating near end of Sc and terminating near R1 furcation; Rs 4-branched; stem Rs1+2 slightly longer than Rs3+4. M 3-branched; M1+2 forked beyond Rs3+4 furcation; M3 curved at 2/3 the length of vein M3 from its base. CuA bifurcated.Forewing 3 times as long as wide; anterior margin bearing cilia. Humeral vein present. Sc forked. Rs 4-branched; RsBody length ca. 9.5; width 1.9. Forewing length 9.8; width ca. 3.3. Hind wing length ca. 7.8 (right wing) and 9.8 (left wing); width 3.8 (right wing) and 3.4 (left wing).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:070D5F91-A174-4BE8-A0B1-503475BF1817.Petilicorpus cristatus Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.petilis , and corpus , which collectively refers to the gracile body shape of this species. The gender is masculine.The generic name is derived from the Latin Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 forked; Rs branched into Rs1+2, and Rs3+4; Rs3+4 forked beyond that of Rs1+2; Rs3+4 furcation nearly at same level as M1+2 furcation; crossvein m present. Hind wing with Sc not forked; R1 forked. In female, apophyses well developed.Body slender. Anterior margins of fore and hind wing with cilia. In forewing, Sc and RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), wings homoneurous; 2), M 3-branched; 3), ovipositor segments with long apophyses anteriores; and 4) crossvein absent between Sc and R.Petilicorpus gen. nov. is assigned to the Eolepidopterigina for having a long apophyses in the abdomen and the M vein 3-branched in the forewing. Petilicorpus resembles Eolepidopterix in having the presence of a slender body and similar forewing length and antennal length. However, Petilicorpus differs from Eolepidopterix in the following characters: 1), the pronotum is short with a length of 0.05 mm and a width/length ratio of 8.0 (vs. pronotum relatively long with length of 0.19 mm and width/length ratio of 2.9); 2), the Sc vein is forked distally (vs. the Sc vein branching near the base of the forewing); and 3), the anterior margins of both the fore- and hind wings bear cilia (vs. lacking cilia). The wing of Paleolepidopterix is not well preserved. Based on the present specimen, Petilicorpus can be differentiated from Paleolepidopterix by its longer head and shorter pronotum. The venation of Petilicorpus resembles Daiopterix in the following characters: 1), the Sc and R1 are forked; and 2), the Rs1+2 stem is shorter than the Rs3+4 stem. In addition, Petilicorpus can be separated from Daiopterix by: 1), possession of a long Sc vein (vs. a short Sc vein); 2), the Sc2 vein extending beyond the Rs1+2 furcation (vs. the Sc2 not reaching the Rs1+2 furcation); and 3), the m crossvein is present (vs. m crossvein absent).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7D597FB8-6196-4664-9BB6-087BCABF95B2.cristatus , in reference to setae on the head.The specific name is derived from the Latin, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-007; ♀; left fore and hind wings well preserved; anal areas are obscured.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Female. Body slender and entirely covered by setae. Head slightly longer than wide, anterior edge with clusters of setae pointing forward. Antennae filiform, less than half length of forewing; length of segments equal to their diameter. Eyes oval. A pair of chaetosemata present near eyes . Median 1 extended to the costal margin beyond the 1/3 the length of the wing from its base; Sc2 extended beyond the 1/2 length of the wing from its base. R1 forked, almost at same level as the Rs1+2 furcation; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 terminating at apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.4 of total vein length; Rs3 and Rs4 free; Rs1+2 stem slightly shorter than Rs3+4 stem. M 3-branched. Hyaline zones surround r–m crossvein and at Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. Crossvein m present, originating near M1+2 furcation and terminating at the midpoint of M3. Hind wing ca. 2.3 times as long as wide. Venation similar to forewing; Sc not forked, m crossvein absent and m3–cua1 crossvein present. CuA bifurcated. In female, apophyses slender, almost 2/3 as long as abdomen. Abdominal terminus  covered by dense long setae.Anterior margins of both fore- and hind wings bear cilia. Forewing humeral vein indiscernible. Sc forked from distal 1/3 of the stem; ScBody length 6.6; width 0.9. Forewing length 5.2; hind wing length 5.0, width ca. 2.1.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5DEA5662-B07C-4DF6-9784-008E56B7A61F.Longcapitalis excelsus Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.longus , and capitalis (head of a living creature), in reference to the elongate head of this species. The gender is masculine.The generic name is derived from the Latin, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 not forked. All furcations of Rs1+2, Rs3+4, and M1+2 almost at the same level with each other. Anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration. Hind wing with Sc and R1 not forked. Veins on hind wing lacking spines.Head longer than wide. Metatibiae lacking spines. Anterior margin of wings lacking cilia. Humeral vein in forewing present. Sc forked. RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), wings homoneurous; 2), M 3-branched; and 3), crossvein absent between Sc and R.Longcapitalis resembles that of other Eolepidopterigidae, but this new genus lacks a R1 furcation in the forewing, making it different from all other species of Eolepidopterigidae. Longcapitalis shows great similarity to the genus Undopterix, but it differs from the latter in the following characters: 1), the R1 is not forked in both fore- and hind wings (vs. R1 forked in the fore- and hind wings); 2), the Rs1+2 stem is as long as the Rs3+4 stem (vs. the Rs1+2 stem shorter than the Rs3+4 stem); and 3), the anal veins form a double-Y loop . Longcapitalis differs from Akainalepidopteron by the following characters: 1), the R1 is not forked in both fore- and hind wings (vs. R1 forked); 2), the hind wing lacks spines ; 3), the wings lack cilia (vs. cilia present on anterior margins of the fore- and hind wings); and 4), the metatibiae lack spines (vs. the metatibiae bearing irregularly arranged spines).The venation of urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C76B3E1-673A-4D9C-958F-B866E4DD0055.excelsus , in reference to the comparatively large body size of this species.The specific name is derived from the Latin, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-025P/C (part and counterpart); ♀; well preserved forewings, hindleg, and portion of hind wings.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Head relatively long (ca. 0.9 mm), longer than wide; compound eyes elongate oval. Mesonotum slightly broader than long, with median suture; posterior edge concave along midline; mesoscutellum small, ca. half length of mesoscutum. Metafemora with a spine at the end of femora. Metatibiae with one pair medial spurs and one pair apical spurs. Metatarsi 5-segmented, all tarsal segments with terminal spinules.1, almost extending to the midpoint of wing costal margin; Sc2 extending to costal margin of wing, beyond 2/3 length of wing from base. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 extending to apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. to 0.4 of the total vein length; Rs3 and Rs4 free; and Rs1+2 stem subequal to Rs3+4 stem. M 3-branched. Hyaline zones surround r–m crossvein at Rs1+2 furcation, and at the Rs3+4, M1+2 and M1+2–M3 furcations. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple. Anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration. Hind wing 2.6 times as long as wide. Sc not forked. R1 not forked. Rs 4-branched. M 3-branched. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple. Anal area not well preserved.Forewing 2.7 times as long as wide, bearing a humeral vein; pterostigma present. Sc forked, at distal 2/5 of the stem, ScBody length ca. 7.9; width 1.7. Forewing length 8.2; width 3.0. Hind wing length ca. 7.3; width 2.8.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6EB3F8BB-B784-4239-8FEE-BEA4B8FA5D9D.Grammikolepidopteron extensus Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.grammikos , in reference to the linearly aligned branching points of veins R1 and Rs1 to Rs3; and lepidos, meaning “scale” or “flake,” representing the Lepidoptera, the ordinal assignment of this species; and pteron, meaning “wing” or “fin.”. The gender is masculine.The generic name is from the Greek, combining Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 not forked. Rs3 terminating only slightly before wing apex. Branching points of R1 and Rs1 to Rs3 linearly aligned. M divided into M3 and M1+2. M1+2 subdivided iteratively into veins M1 and M2 at an angle of ca. 15 degrees; M1 linear and smooth. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple. Three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration. Apophyses short.Body small, less than 4.0 mm. Forewing elongate. Humeral vein and sc–r crossvein absent. Sc and RAn Eolepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antennae less than half the length of forewing; 2), M 3-branched; and 3), crossvein absent between Sc and R.Grammikolepidopteron resembles Netoxena Sohn, 2012, but Grammikopidopteron is separated from Netoxena by: 1), absence of a sc–r crossvein (vs. sc–r crossvein present); 2), the Ml+2 furcation extending beyond the CuA furcation (vs. the CuA furcation extending beyond the Ml+2 furcation); and 3), three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration .Grammikolepidopteron resembles one fossil species within Micropterix, Micropterix pervetus Cockerell, 1919 Grammikolepidopteron differs from M. pervetus in: 1), the forewing having Sc and R1 veins that are not forked (vs. Sc and R1 that are forked); 2), anal veins that form a double-Y configuration ; and 3), presence of a CuP vein (vs. absence of the CuP vein).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AD3B8CA4-5935-48A5-823F-46C48D0D2C01.extensus , in reference to the expansive forewings.The specific name is derived from the Latin, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-006P/C (part and counterpart); ♀; right forewings well preserved; body and hind wing not well preserved. Forewings asymmetrical; left forewing and right hind wing are much longer and slender than the right forewing and left hind wing. This asymmetry probably is attributable to sediment deformation.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Antennae with scape swollen; flagellum filiform; length of segments equal to their diameter. Eyes relatively small. Last segment of a maxillary  palpus visible. Posterior edge of mesoscutum concave; mesoscutellum small, half the length of mesoscutum. Metatarsi 5-segmented, tarsomere I longest, almost subequal to the total length of tarsomeres II, III, IV and V combined. Female genitalia with long ovipositor partially preserved.1 not forked, extending to costal margin of wing at a point 4/5 length of wing from base; Rs 4-branched; Rs3 terminating slightly before wing apex; branching points of R1 and Rs1 to Rs3 linearly aligned. M arising from CuA, 3-branched; M1 and M2 stalked, ca. 0.4 of their total length. CuA furcation distal of M furcation and before the M1+2 furcation; CuP simple. Three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration. Hind wing relatively elongate, rounded apically, 3 times as long as wide. Sc and R1 not forked. CuA bifurcated.Forewings distinctly narrow and elongate, slightly rounded apically, ca. 3.6 times as long as wide. Sc not forked, extending to costal margin of wing, at 2/3 the length of wing from base. RBody length over 3.8, as preserved ; width 0.9. Forewing length ca. 4.2 (left wing) and 3.5 (right wing); width ca. 1.1 (left wing) and 1.2 (right wing). Hind wing length ca. 2.9 (left wing) and 3.3 (right wing); width ca. 1.2 (left wing) and 1.3 (right wing).Mesokristensenia Huang, Nel & Minet, 2010 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1-1, Rs-4, M-4, CuA-2, CuP-1, A-3; Rs3 and Rs4 separate. Ovipositor nonpiercing, with anterior apophyses.Antenna less than half length of forewing. Labial palpi long. Mesotibia lacking medial spurs; spur formula of legs: 1-1-4. Number of forewing vein branches: Sc-2, R1 unforked, M vein 4-branched, and ovipositor with anterior apophyses.The synapomorphies for the Mesokristenseniidae are mesotibia with only an apical spur, wings homoneurous, Ret al. 1 sharply angulate at the junction with r–m crossvein.The lepidopteran affiliation of this family has been established by Huang Kladolepidopteron gen. nov. and Mesokristensenia Huang, Nel & Minet, 2010.Mesokristensenia latipenna Huang, Nel & Minet, 2010.Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1, after separation from M2, subtended by an angle of greater than 60 degrees, sharply angulate at junction with r–m crossvein. Crossvein sc–r absent.Antenna short, ca. 1/3 the length of forewing; scape prominently swollen; pedicel relatively robust. Metatibia with spines and two pairs of spurs. MM. angustipenna Huang, Nel & Minet, 2010 M. latipenna Huang, Nel & Minet, 2010 M. sinica Huang, Nel & Minet, 2010 M. trichophora sp. nov.Holotype NIGP-150462 deposited in Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Antenna with the scape prominently swollen and pedicel relatively large; flagellum filiform; length of segments equal to their diameter. Compound eyes moderately developed. Apex of labial palpi acute. Mesothorax large; mesonotum slightly broader than long, posterior edge concave; mesoscutellum small, half the length of mesoscutum. Mesofemora and metafemora robust. Metatibia with irregularly arranged spines; a pair of apical spurs and additional spurs arising from distal third or fourth of tibia; all spurs ca. 2 times diameter of tibia. Metatarsi 5-segmented; tarsomere I longest, with short spine.2 extending to costal margin of wing at 2/3 length from wing base; sc–r crossvein absent. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 slightly below the apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.3 of their total length. M 4-branched, stem M1+2 longer than stem M3+4. Hyaline zones surrounding r–m crossvein at Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. CuA forked before M3+4 furcation. Hind wing 2.45 times as long as wide.Forewing 3.2 times as long as wide; prominent pterostigma present. Humeral vein possibly present. Sc forked, from distal 1/3 of the stem; ScCNU-LEP-NN-2009-003: body length ca. 5.0; width 1.5. Forewing length ca. 6.0; width 1.9. Hind wing length 4.9; width 2.0.M. sinica, matches the characters of M. sinica in the venation, wing index and body size. We deem this specimen conspecific with M. sinica.This specimen, collected from the same locality as the holotype of urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A70E3B9C-22EC-455E-8202-78153C4B8E90.trichos (hair), and phoro– , in reference to hirsute antennal scape present in this species.The specific name is derived from the Greek, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-032; ♀; wings well preserved; legs partially preserved.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.M. trichophora (with wing index of 0.34) narrower than M. latipenna (wing index 0.38); slightly broader than M. sinica (wing index 0.32/0.33), and broader than M. angustipenna (wing index 0.31).Antennal scape with setae. Forewing of Compound eyes oval; antennae filiform; scape large and elongate, with setae distally placed ; pedicel2 extending to costal margin of wing at 2/3 distance from wing base; sc–r crossvein absent. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 extending to the apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 1/3 of their total length; Rs3 and Rs4 free. M 4-branched; M1+2 stem longer than M3+4 stem. Hyaline zones surround r–m crossvein at Rs1+2, Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. CuA forked before M3+4 furcation; CuA1+2 stalked over half of their length; CuP simple. Three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration; 1A and 2A separate beyond basal half of vein length. Hind wing length ca. 2.6 times the width. Sc not forked; R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs3+4 stem slightly longer than stem Rs1+2.Forewing 2.9 times as long as wide; prominent pterostigma present. Forewing bearing a humeral vein. Sc forked at distal 1/3 of the stem; ScM. trichophora differs from other species of Mesokristensenia in bearing an antennal scape with setae and in the afore-mentioned wing index.Body length ca. 5.1; width 1.3. Forewing length 5.0; width 1.7. Hind wing length 4.1; width 1.6.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3D602334-A178-4752-8EB0-03053E2982C7.Kladolepidopteron oviformis Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.klados , in reference to the presence of crossvein sc–r; and lepidos, meaning “scale” or “flake,” also signifying assignment to the order Lepidoptera; and pteron, the word for “wing” or “fin.” The gender is masculine.The generic name is derived from the Greek, combining Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.Vein M 4-branched in forewing. Prothorax with a pair of oval structures. Metatibia lacking spines. Crossvein sc–r present at forewing base.1 unforked; and 5), M 4-branched.A Mesokristenseniidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antenna less than half length of forewing; 2), mesotibia with only one apical spur; 3), wings homoneurous; 4), RKladolepidopteron differs from Mesokristensenia in: 1), having the sc–r crossvein present at the base of the forewing (vs. sc–r absence); and 2), the metatibia lacking spines (vs. hind legs bearing irregularly arranged spines).Agathiphaga, Kladolepidopteron can be distinguished by the following characters: 1), the sc–r crossvein is present at the base of the forewing ; 2), absence of the m–cup and cup–a crossveins (vs. presence of the m–cup and cup–a crossveins); and 3), presence of the m crossvein (vs. absence of the m crossvein).Compared to the sole genus of the Agathiphagidae, Kladolepidopteron oviformis sp. nov; K. parva sp. nov.; and K. subaequalis sp. nov.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5FAB0FF0-53B9-4117-8363-FA375B4909B9.ovum ; and formis, , in reference to the pair of oval structures on the prothorax.The specific name is derived from the Latin Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2009-007P/C (part and counterpart); ♀; well preserved body and left forewing; mid and hind legs partially preserved.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.1+2 stem shorter than Rs3+4 stem.Body relatively large. Wing index 0.33. Forewing with crossvein m present. In the hind wing, RsBody slender. Compound eyes rounded. Antenna filiform, slender, length of segments 1.5 times their diameter.Prothorax relatively large, with a pair of oval, slightly transverse structures that are adjacent mesially . Mesotho2 extending to costal margin of wing at 3/5 length of wing from base. Crossvein sc–r present. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 extending to the apex of forewing; Rs1 and Rs2 stalked; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.38 of their total length; Rs3 and Rs4 free. M 4-branched; stem M1+2 longer than stem M3+4, M1 after separation from M2 subtending an angle of 60 degrees, sharply angulate at junction with crossvein r–m. Crossvein m–ca. originating near M1+2 furcation and terminating near the midpoint of M3. Hyaline zones surrounding r–m crossvein at Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. CuA1+2 stalked over half of their length; CuP simple. Three anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration; 1A and 2A separate at basal half. Hind wing length ca. 2.8 times the width. Sc not forked. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs3+4 stem ca. 2 times as long as stem Rs1+2. Abdomen lacking specialized integumental modifications. Ovipositor long; apophyses not evident.Forewings moderately slender, gradually tapering to a subacute apex . Length Body length ca. 6.3; width 1.1. Forewing length 4.8; width 1.6. Hind wing length ca. 3.6; width 1.3.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4356A7DD-DEF5-450C-B17B-389E685ABA09.sub , and aequalis , in reference to the subequal length of the basal stems to the hind wing veins Rs1+2 and Rs3+4.The specific name is derived frpm the Latin preposition, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-020; sex unknown; well preserved forewings and left hind wing. Paratype. CNU-LEP-NN-2012-022; sex unknown; only forewing, with distal part not preserved.1+2 and Rs3+4 subequal in length.Wing index 0.32. In forewing, crossvein m absent. Hind wing relatively broad; the stem RsKladolepidopteron. subaequalis resembles K. oviformis in: 1), the forewing index (0.32 vs. 0.33); and 2), the wing apex is moderately acute. Kladolepidopteron subaequalis differs from K. oviformis in the following characters: 1), the crossvein m absent (vs. crossvein m present); 2), the hind wing has a slightly shorter Rs1+2 stem than the Rs3+4 stem ; and 3), the hind wing of K. subaequalis is broader than that of K. oviformis.Mesothorax large, with prominent scutum and small scutellum; prescutum not preserved. Mesoscutum with distinct median suture, broader than long, posterior edge concave along midline; mesoscutellum fan-shaped, half the length of mesoscutum; metascutum dumbbell shaped.2 extending to costal margin of wing at 3/5 length of wing from base. Crossvein sc–r present. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 extending to the apex of forewing; Rs1 and Rs2 stalked, Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.35 of their total length; Rs3 and Rs4 free; Rs1+2 furcation almost at same level as Rs3+4. Crossvein s present , in reference to its small body size.The specific name is derived from the Latin Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-011P/C (part and counterpart); ♂; well preserved forewing and hind wing; anal wing region indiscernible.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.K. oviformis (wing index 0.33) and K. subaequalis (wing index 0.32). Crossvein m absent in forewing. Hind wing with Rs1+2 forking almost at the same level as Rs3+4.The new species has narrower wings (wing index 0.31) than Kladolepidopteron parva resembles K. oviformis and K. subaequalis in venation. However, K. parva differs from K. oviformis by: 1), its short body, ca. 4.1 mm in length (vs. a relatively long body ca. 6.3 mm long); 2), short forewing length of 4.1 mm (vs. long forewing length of 4.8 mm); and 3), the Rs1+2 stem slightly shorter than the Rs3+4 stem . Kladolepidopteron parva differs from K. subaequalis by: 1), its short forewing (vs. long forewing with a length of 5.0 mm); and 2), a forewing without a pterostigma (vs. an otherwise prominent pterostigma).Antenna filiform, ca. half the length of forewing; scape swollen; flagellum filiform; length of segments equal to their diameter. Compound eyes widely separated. Tegula large, triangular . Mesoscu2 extending to costal margin of wing, beyond 2/3 the length of wing from base. Crossvein sc–r present; R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 1/2 of vein total length; Rs3 and Rs4 free. M 4-branched. Hyaline zones surrounding r–m crossvein at Rs1+2, Rs3+4, M1+2, and M1+2–M3 furcations and along CuP. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple. Hind wing Sc not forked. R1 not forked; Rs 4-branched; Rs1 and Rs2 stalked; Rs3 and Rs4 stalked. M 3-branched. CuA bifurcated.Forewing ca. 3.2 times as long as wide; a prominent pterostigma present. Forewing lacking a humeral vein. Sc forked from distal 1/3 of the stem; ScBody length ca. 4.1; width 1.2. Forewing length ca. 4.1; width ca. 1.3. Hind wing length ca. 3.4.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C3FD7D0-DD02-4575-BA4A-94600DFD80EB.Ascololepidopterix Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren gen. nov.Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1-2, Rs-4, M-4, CuA-2, CuP-1, A-3, and furcations of Rs1+2, and Rs3+4 almost at the same level of branching with each other. Crossveins m–cua and cua–cup present. Ovipositor with apophyses anteriores.Antennae filiform, ca. half the length of forewing. Metatibiae lacking medial spurs, at most with one pair of short apical spurs. Both pairs of wings homoneurous. In forewing, number of vein branches as follows: Sc-1/2, R1 forked; 4), M vein 4-branched; 5), crossveins m–cua and cua–cup present; and 6), ovipositor with apophyses anteriores.The synapomorphies for the Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov. are: 1), metatibiae lacking medial spurs; 2), wings homoneurous; 3), forewing R1 vein which, after separation from M2 vein, subtends an angle greater than 60 degrees and is sharply angulate at the junction with the r–m crossvein.This family is defined as a clade of the Amphiesmenoptera by having a double anal furcation on the forewing and a hind wing M vein with at most three branches. This family is assigned to Lepidoptera by presence of a MThis new family with a 4-branched M is different from most other Lepidoptera, except for Agathiphagidae and Mesokristenseniidae. The differences among these three families are listed in Trionolepidopteron gen. nov., Pegolepidopteron gen. nov. and Ascololepidopterix gen. nov..Key to known genera of Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov1. Forewing with Sc not forked …………………………………  .………………….…………………Ascololepidopterix gen. nov.– Forewing with Sc forked…………………………………….22. Forewing length more than 7.0 mm; forewing1–rs2; crossvein r present …………  ………………………...…………….Pegolepidopteron gen. nov. lacking crossvein rs– Forewing length less than 5.0 mm; forewing1–rs2; crossvein r absent…………………  ……………….……………………Trionolepidopteron gen. nov. with crossvein rsurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F418F30-2094-4D03-A8C1-455119AE64EC.Ascololepidopterix multinerve Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.a-,meaning “not” or “without”; and scolos, meaning a “spur”, “thorn” or “anything pointed”, referring to the absence or reduction of metatibial spurs in this Middle Jurassic fossil; and lepidos, meaning “scale” or “flake,” and the ordinal name of Lepidoptera, to which the fossil belongs; and pteron, meaning “wing” or “fin.” The gender is feminine.The generic name is derived from the Greek, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 forked. Crossveins s and r–m present. Stem M1+2 shorter than stem M3+4; crossvein m present, originating near M1+2 furcation and terminating on M3+4; crossvein m3+4–cua1, distant from the M and CuA furcations. Crossvein cua–cup originating at ca. 2/3 the length of CuA from its base and terminating beyond the midpoint of CuP. Hind wing R1 not forked. The distal part of 2A curved upward.Body relatively large. Forewing Sc not forked. R1 forked; 3), M 4-branched; and 4), crossveins m–cua and cua–cup present.An Ascololepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), wings homoneurous; 2), Rurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7B3EA809-9A7A-4AE9-AD90-7075315CCB91.multi , and nervis , in reference to the numerous crossveins in the forewings.The specific name is derived from the Latin, Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-028; sex unknown; well preserved forewings and hind wings; hind legs partially preserved.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Head wider than long. Mesoscutum large, posterior edge concave along midline; mesoscutellum triangular. Metatibia with one pair apical spurs, the spurs subequal to the diameter of the tibia. Metatarsi 5-segmented; tarsomere I ca. 3 times as long as tarsomere II; metatarsi with short spines.1 forked distally; R1b curved; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 to the apex of forewing; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.45 of vein total length; stem Rs1+2 as long as stem Rs3+4; s crossvein present. M 4-branched; M1, after separation from M2, subtends an angle of 63 (right wing) and 53 (left wing) degrees, sharply angulated at junction with r–m crossvein. Stem M1+2 shorter than stem M3+4; m crossvein originating near M1+2 furcation, ending at M3+4. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple. Crossvein m3+4–cua1 originating at ca. 1/3 length of M3+4 from its base and terminating near CuA furcation; cua–cup crossvein originating at ca. 2/3 length of CuA from its base and terminating slightly beyond midpoint of CuP. Anal veins looping into a double-Y configuration; distal part of 2A curved upward. Hind wing ca. 2.6 times as long as wide. Sc not forked. R1 not forked, the distal part curved; Rs 4-branched; stem Rs1+2 longer than stem Rs3+4. M 4-branched; M1 and M2 stalked; furcation of M1+2 at same level with furcation of Rs1+2. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple. Crossvein m3–cua1 present.Forewing ca. 2.8 times as long as wide; lacking humeral vein; prominent pterostigma present. Sc not forked. RBody length ca. 8.1; width 1.8. Forewing length 8.8; width ca. 3.1. Hind wing length ca. 7.7; width 3.0.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EF716898-92B6-450F-BDC6-82E71602324E.Pegolepidopteron latiala Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. novpegos , in reference to the large body of this species, and lepidos, for “scale” or “flake,” also referring to this species’ assignment to the Lepidoptera; and pteron, for “wing” or “fin.” The gender is feminine.This generic name is derived from the Greek Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 forked. Crossvein r absent, r–m crossvein weak. Stem M1+2 longer than stem M3+4; m3+4–cua crossvein originating near M furcation and terminating at midpoint of CuA. Crossvein cua–cup located at the base of forewing. The distal part of 2A normal, not curved upward. Hind wing R1 forked.Body relatively large. Forewing with Sc forked, R1 forked; 4), M 4-branched; and 5), crossveins m–cua and cua–cup present.An Ascololepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antennae less than half the length of forewing; 2), wings homoneurous; 3), RPegolepidopteron differs from Ascololepidopterix in the following characters: 1), the forewing Sc is forked (vs. Sc not forked); 2), the r crossvein is present (vs. the r crossvein absent); 3), the m crossveins are absent (vs. the m crossveins present); 4), 2A is rectilinear ; and 5), the hind wing R1 is forked (vs. R1 not forked and curved). When compared to Agathiphaga of the monogeneric Agathiphagidae, Pegolepidopteron can be separated by the following characters: 1), the R1 is forked (vs. the R1 not forked); 2), the sc–r crossvein is absent (vs. the sc–r crossvein present); 3), the r crossvein is present (vs. the r crossvein absent); 4), the location of the m3+4–cua crossvein and the cup–a crossvein; and 5), the hind wing venation of Pegolepidopteron is much different from that of Agathiphaga.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C34FB273-675E-4A4E-BA00-1589E5F70CAD.latus , and ala, (a bird’s wing), in reference to the broad wings of this species.The specific name is derived from the Latin of Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-001; ♀; well preserved forewings and hind wings.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Antennae partially preserved, filiform, length of segments equal to their diameter.2 extending to costal margin of wing at 2/3 length of wing from its base. Crossvein sc–r absent. R1 forked from distal 1/4 of stem, slightly beyond the Rs1+2 furcation; Rs 4-branched; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.45 of their vein length; stem Rs1+2 as long as stem Rs3+4; r crossvein located beyond the R1 furcation. M 4-branched; M1, after separation from M2, subtending an angle of 70 (left wing) and 100 (right wing) degrees, sharply angulated at junction with r–m crossvein; stem M1+2 slightly longer than stem M3+4; m3+4–cua crossvein slanted obliquely toward M3+4, originating near M furcation and terminating near the midpoint of CuA. Hyaline zones surrounding r–m crossveins at Rs1+2, Rs3+4 and M1+2 furcations. CuA bifurcated; CuP simple; cua–cup crossvein present, located at base of forewing. The stem of CuA diverges from stem of R basally, The stem of M diverges from stem of CuA beyond R-CuA furcation. Three anal veins loop into a double-Y configuration. Hind wing R1 forked; Rs 4-branched. M 4-branched. Crossvein m3–cua1 present between M3 and CuA; cua2-cup crossvein present. Anal area poorly preserved.Forewing ca. 2.5 times as long as wide; shape of wing apex unknown. Forewing lacking humeral vein. Sc forked, from distal 1/3 of vein stem; ScThe anterior apophyses extending forward to distal margin of segment VII.Body length ca. 7.7; width 1.2. Forewing length 7.2; width 2.9. Hind wing length ca. 5.8; width 2.8.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B2E35225-7FFD-4E66-B153-D6D638B6056E.Trionolepidopteron admarginis Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren sp. nov.trion (three) for the threefold branched Rs vein in the hind wing; and lepidos , referring to the Lepidoptera, the order to which this taxon is assigned; and pteron .The gender is masculine.The generic name is derived from the Greek Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.1 forked. Crossvein rs1–rs2 present. Stem M1+2 longer than stem M3+4. Crossvein m3+4–cua located at the CuA furcation. Hind wing with both Rs and M 3-branched.Body small; forewing with Sc forked. R1 forked; 3), M 4-branched; and 4), crossvein m–cua present.An Ascololepidopterigidae affiliation is supported by: 1), antennae less than half the length of forewing; 2), RTrionolepidopteron resembles Pegolepidopteron in the venation of the forewing, including: 1), presence of the Sc and R1 forked veins; 2), the M vein is 4-branched; (3), a free M1 vein; and 4), presence of the m3+4–cua crossvein. Trionolepidopteron is differs from Pegolepidopteron by the following characters: 1), rs1–rs2 crossveins are present on the forewing (vs. absent); 2), r crossvein is absent on forewing (vs. present); 3), m3+4–cua crossvein is located near the CuA furcation (vs. more remote from the CuA furcation); and 4), the hind wing has a 3-branched Rs (vs. 4-branched). Differences also occur in gross body size, with Trionolepidopteron having a body length of ca. 4.0 mm long (vs. body lengths of more than 7.0 mm long for Ascololepidopterix and Pegolepidopteron).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EC28A0BA-58AD-4630-860E-C558307500C1.ad , and marginis , in reference to the rs1–rs2 crossvein occurring near the costal margin of the forewing.The specific name is derived from the Latin preposition Holotype: CNU-LEP-NN-2012-012; sex unknown left forewing well preserved; anal area overlapping with hind wing.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Same as generic diagnosis.Antennae filiform; scape swollen; flagellum filiform; length of segments equal to their diameter. Short setae on anterior head margin. Mesothorax with small prescutum; mesoscutum broader than long; anterior and posterior edges of mesoscutum concave along midline; mesoscutellum fan-shaped, relatively large; mesoscutellum almost subequal to mesoscutum in length. Mesothorax slightly longer than metathorax; metascutum dumbbell shaped. Two short spines present on the apex of each tarsomere.2 extending to costal margin of wing, beyond 2/3 length of wing from base. R1 forked; sc–r crossvein absent; Rs 4-branched; Rs4 terminating at forewing apex; Rs1+2 stalked ca. 0.37 of their total length; stem Rs1+2 subequal to stem Rs3+4. Crossvein rs1–rs2 present and located near the costal margin of forewing. M 4-branched; stem M1+2 longer than stem M3+4; M1, after separation from M2 at an angle of ca. 70 degrees, sharply angulated at junction with r–m crossvein. Hyaline zones surround r–m crossveins at Rs1+2, Rs3+4, M1+2, and M1+2–M3 furcations. CuA bifurcated. Crossvein m3+4–cua present, originating on M3+4 and terminating near the CuA furcation. Hind wing ca. 2.5 times as long as wide. Sc and R1 not forked. Rs and M 3-branched. CuA bifurcate.Forewing ca. 2.8 times as long as wide; pterostigma present. Humeral vein absent. Sc forked from 1/4 of vein stem distance; ScBody length over 3.8 as preserved ; width 1.6. Forewing length ca. 4.5; width ca. 1.6. Hind wing length ca. 3.7; width ca. 1.5.CNU-LEP-NN-2012-013; ♂; antennae and forelegs well preserved; venation on both fore- and hind wings difficult to discern.This specimen was collected from Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The age is latest Middle Jurassic, near the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary.Antennae longer than half the length of forewing; scape swollen; pedicel relatively robust; flagellum filiform, length of flagellar segments equal to their diameter. Maxillary palpus long, the last segment short. Foretibia with epiphysis and spines ; pretarsForewings extremely long, distinctly exceeding end of the abdomen. Sc forked; other wing venation not discernible.Body length 5.9; width 1.8. Forewing length 7.3; width ca. 2.6.The tibial epiphysis is well preserved on this specimen. The foretibia is characterized by well-developed epiphyses, an autapomorphy of the Lepidoptera. Based on this character, we consider this specimen is assigned to the Lepidoptera. However, due to indistinct venational characters, it cannot be placed in any lepidopteran family.et al. et al. Amphiesmenopteran fossils can be recognized by either the anal veins in the forewing forming a “double-Y” loop or by the hind wing M veins with at most three branches. Amphiesmenopteran specimens from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou show that they had already acquired at least some lepidopteran or trichopteran apomorphies. Definitive Trichoptera and Lepidoptera from Daohugou previously have been reported by Gao 4 vein; 2), presence of an epiphysis on the foretibia of (most) species; and 3), the occurrence of wing scales on both fore- and hind wings. In addition, the presence of mandibulate mouthparts Although Kristensen listed 23 autapomorphies for adult Lepidoptera Monocentra lepidoptera Rambur, do have wing scales on both wings et al. One feature mentioned above, wing scales, have long been regarded as a diagnostic character for the Lepidoptera. Although a few trichopteran species also possess wing scales, they are always from rather derived lineages Based on our survey of the literature, we consider that the following four amphiesmenopteran apomorphies The forewing anal veins form a “double-Y” loop.The hind wing M vein bears at most three branches. This condition also indicates that veins M3 and M4 are entirely merged.The pronotum has paired setose prominences.The anterior margin of female segments VIII and IX are accompanied by long, rod-like apodemes.In addition, we cite the following, additional nine lepidopteran apomorphies The median ocellus is absent. The loss of median ocellus represents an autapomorphy of Lepidoptera, as this structure is present in Trichoptera Petilicorpus cristatus gen. et sp. nov. , and on the unaffiliated species ; and the M4 is absent in the extinct family Dysoneuridae (Trichoptera). In spite of these exceptions, most of the specimens with 3-branched M veins ( M veins  and 2A a1 from the M2 veins is accompanied by an angle greater than 60 degrees and a sharp, angulate intersection at the junction with the r-m crossveinSeparation of the M (et al. 1 vein. In Lepidoptera, the M1 usually separates from M2 at an angle greater than 60 degrees, followed by sharp angulation at junction with the r–m crossvein (1+2 with the M1 and M2 veins at an angle of less than 45 degrees; in addition, and M1 is linear and smooth (1 vein that is sharply angulated at the junction with r–m crossvein, such as Undopterix sukatshevae that was identified as a lepidopteran based on the presence of scales (Netoxena nana based on its 3-branched M vein (rossvein . Huang erossvein , and 2A.d smooth  and 2B. f scales , and Netd M vein . If a fod M vein .The male valva is primarily undivided.The cerci are absent in both sexes.Archaeolepis mane (The Amphiesmenoptera likely originated from the stem panorpoid stock pis mane , was rep


IFNα has been largely implicated in the ethiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases but only recently it has been linked to endothelial damage and accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmunity. In addition, proinflammatory conditions are supposed to be implicated in the cardiovascular status of these patients. Since a role for IFNα in endothelial damage and impaired Endothelial Progenitor Cell (EPC) number and function has been reported in other diseases, we aimed to evaluate the potential associations of IFNα serum levels on EPC populations and cytokine profiles in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients.pre-EPC, EPC and mature EPC (mEPC) populations were quantified by flow cytometry analyzing their differential CD34, CD133 and VEGFR2 expression in blood samples from 120 RA patients, 52 healthy controls (HC), and 83 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients as disease control. Cytokine serum levels were measured by immunoassays and clinical and immunological data, including cardiovascular (CV) events and CV risk factors, were retrospectively obtained by reviewing clinical records.high RA patient group , showed increased EPC levels, comparable to SLE patients. In addition, high IFNα serum levels were associated with higher disease activity (DAS28), presence of autoantibodies, higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and MIP-1α, lower amounts of TGF-β, and increased mEPC/EPC ratio, thus suggesting higher rates of endothelial damage and an endothelial repair failure. Finally, the relationship between high IFNα levels and occurrence of CV events observed in RA patients seems to support this hypothesis.Long-standing, but not recent onset RA patients displayed a significant depletion of all endothelial progenitor populations, unless high IFNα levels were present. In fact, the IFNIFNα serum marker could be used to identify a group of RA patients with increased disease activity, EPC imbalance, enhanced proinflammatory profile and higher cardiovascular risk, probably due, at least in part, to an impaired endothelial repair. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) disease morbidity and mortality rates that cannot be explained by traditional risk factors Endothelial damage leads to denuded sites at the endothelial wall that must be repaired. In this sense, bone marrow-derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) carry out vasculogenesis and endothelial repair functions, contributing to vascular homeostasis in vitro as well as in vivo and, as a consequence, endothelial repair On the other hand, disease-related risk factors have been identified Since previous studies suggest that circulating EPC populations and type I IFNs could be involved in increasing cardiovascular risk in autoimmune diseases, the main aim of this study is to determine EPCs frequency in RA patients’ peripheral blood and evaluate the potential associations with IFNα serum levels and clinical and immunological features.Our study involved 120 RA patients fulfilling the 1987 revised criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, recruited from the Rheumatology outpatient clinic of the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, and 52 sex- and age-matched unrelated healthy controls : 44.74±11.04 years). Eighty-three SLE patients  were included as disease controls. Routine clinical examination, information on clinical and immunological manifestations, therapies received in the previous three months and 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) were obtained at the time of sampling. Clinical response to anti-TNFα therapy, in a six-month period, was analyzed using EULAR response criteria Approval for the study was obtained from the Regional Ethics Committee for Clinical Investigation , according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures were performed with an informed written consent from all individuals.vs. VEGFR2 dot plot, thus considering CD34/VEGFR2/CD133 triple-positive cells as EPCs while CD34+VEGFR2+CD133− cells were identified as mature EPCs (mEPCs) −VEGFR2+CD133+ cells were considered as pre-EPCs. At least 100,000 events in the lymphocyte gate and more than 100 CD34+ cells were acquired per sample. Cell counts were expressed as the number of positive cells per 100,000 events in the lymphocyte gate.Blood samples were immediately transported to the laboratory and processed. EPC were analyzed by FACS as described previously 165were quantified using a Cytometric Bead Array Flex Set (BD) and analyzed in a BD FACS Canto II flow cytometer using FCAP Array v.1.0.1. For IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, an Enhanced Sensitivity Flex Set was needed. Technical detection limits were 48.4 fg/ml for IL-1β, 68.4 fg/ml for IL-6, 1.2 pg/ml for IL-8, 13.7 fg/ml for IL-10, 1.5 pg/ml for IFNα, 0.2 pg/ml for MIP-1α and 4.0 pg/ml for VEGF-A165. TGF-β1 and TNFα serum levels were quantified using ELISA kits , in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Detection limits for these cytokines were 5 ng/ml and 0.48 pg/ml, respectively.Serum aliquots were stored at −80°C until cytokine immunoassay measurement. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNα, MIP-1α (CCL3) and VEGF-AAll data are presented as median (Interquartile Range) unless otherwise stated. Comparisons were performed by non-parametric tests  as data were not normally distributed. Categorical variables were compared with a chi-squared test. The association between categorical variables and the CV events was assessed and adjusted for other factors  using multiple logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated so as to evaluate the strength of the associations. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed with SPSS v.15.0 software.We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between EPC populations and IFNα levels in RA patients. To this end, IFNα serum levels and circulating pre-EPC, EPC and mEPC populations were quantified in 52 healthy controls (HC) and 120 RA patients with different disease duration (range 0–219 months) . No signOn the other hand, IFNα serum levels were increased in RA patients compared with HC , and positively correlated with all endothelial progenitor populations in patients  but not in controls. Of note, this cytokine was associated with DAS-28 score  but unrelated to disease duration . In fact, ERA and LRA patients showed similar IFNα levels .low and IFNhigh using the HC 90th percentile (P90th = 4.092 pg/ml) as cut off. As shown in high patients  exhibited higher disease activity (DAS28) and ESR as well as increased positivity for autoantibodies. Other clinical markers such as Tender Joint Count, Patient Global Assessment or CRP were slightly augmented.In spite of the IFNα increase in RA, low) displayed similar pre-EPC, EPC and mEPC counts to HC, whereas IFNhigh ERA patients exhibited higher levels of these populations compared with both HC and IFNlow, but similar to SLE patients. However, the most remarkable results were detected in LRA patients, since those with normal IFNα levels showed significantly lower pre-EPC and EPC counts than HC, thus highlighting a significant depletion that was missing in IFNhigh patients. Therefore, EPC depletion seems to be a characteristic of RA patients unless the presence of high IFNα levels hides this effect. In fact, no significant differences in EPC populations were present between SLE and IFNhigh RA patients, independently of disease duration. In any case, it is important to note that although IFNhigh RA patients displayed enhanced EPC populations, the mEPC/EPC ratio, indicative of the endothelial repair capability low counterparts (1.22(1.40) vs. 0.56(1.71), p = 0.013), thus suggesting an endothelial repair failure in these patients. Interestingly, no significant differences in mEPC/EPC ratio were found between ERA and LRA patients (p = 0.090), neither by treatments , so there is no evidence that disease duration or longer exposure to treatment drugs could modify the mEPC/EPC ratio in RA patients.In view of these results, we analyzed EPC populations in RA patients according to IFNα levels and disease duration, using as controls healthy donors (HC) and patients with SLE, a disease presenting altered levels of IFNα and EPCs high than in the IFNlow group , although no significant differences between groups were detected in traditional CV risk factors  vs. 1.00(2.04), p = 0.010), as well as lower VEGF levels (55.84(90.69) vs. 122.34(150.39) pg/ml, p = 0.044), thus supporting the relevance of angiogenic cytokines and EPC balance in the endothelial repair maintenance. All these results support that high IFNα serum levels in RA patients could be associated with a higher rate of CV events, maybe by increasing the mEPC/EPC ratio and impairing endothelial repair.165, TNFα and TGF-β levels in patients and controls. The whole RA population was characterized by increased levels of IL-6 (1.05(3.41) vs. 0.32(1.15) pg/ml, p = 0.004), IL-8 (17.12(18.08) vs. 10.18(14.06) pg/ml, p = 0.008), IL-10 (0.37(0.68) vs. 0.10(0.18) pg/ml), and TNFα (5.76(4.01) vs. 3.26(1.93) pg/ml, p = 0.015), whereas TGF-β was decreased (14.47(4.60) vs. 19.42(6.71) ng/ml, p<0.001). Regarding to disease duration, we observed that LRA patients showed lower amounts of IL-1β (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p = 0.001) and IL-10 (p = 0.028) and slightly higher of TGF-β (p = 0.060) than ERA, whereas TNFα levels were strikingly higher in the LRA group (p<0.001). Restoration of cytokine levels in LRA could probably be due to a successful response to the therapy, since almost all LRA patients were under treatment while half of the ERA patients were untreated. In fact, striking differences were observed between treated and untreated patients in IL-1β (p<0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.002) and IL-10 (p = 0.004), but not in TNFα.Finally, to analyze whether IFNα serum marker may influence cytokine profiles in RA patients, we studied IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MIP-1α, VEGF-Ahigh patients showed a cytokine profile more similar to SLE patients than those IFNlow, except for IL-1β (high RA patients displayed higher levels of IL-1β (0.47(1.48) vs. 0.13(0.06) pg/ml, p<0.001), IL-6 (1.93(13.76) vs. 0.75(2.27) pg/ml, p = 0.004), IL-10 (0.65(1.15) vs. 0.26(0.46) pg/ml, p<0.001), MIP-1α (3.29(4.47) vs. 0.00(4.28) pg/ml, p = 0.001) and lower of TGF-β (12.86(4.01) vs. (14.98(5.45) ng/ml, p = 0.025) than IFNlow patients. In addition, although no association between IFNα and TNFα levels was detected in the whole RA group , a positive correlation was found in the IFNhigh group . All these results indicate that both IFNα and treatment influence cytokine levels. In fact, low patients than in IFNhigh ones. Moreover, several clinical markers suggest a better outcome of IFNlow-treated patients than in their IFNhigh counterparts , 35% of the patients (n = 5) reached a good response, and a similar percentage was found for those with a moderate response. In contrast, any patient of the IFNhigh group (n = 12) reached a good response, whereas only 41.6% (n = 5) fulfilled the criteria for a moderate one and more than a half (n = 7) exhibited no response to anti-TNF treatment.Finally, we analyzed the clinical response to anti-TNF therapy among a 6-month period, since it has been proposed a role of the IFN/TNF cross-regulation in the response to this treatment Recent evidence suggests a role of type I IFNs in vascular damage and EPC disbalance, mainly in SLE patients high patients displayed higher disease activity and an elevated prevalence of autoantibodies, as was reported in IFNhigh SLE patients Although most of the previous works reported an EPC depletion in RA patients that could be associated with disease activity high subset size (30%) and using similar criteria as cut off (90th percentile), but no correlations had been detected between IFN signature and clinical or immunological disease parameters. However, in this study, we showed that serum IFNα is correlated with clinical parameters, in the same way that has been previously reported in SLE patients Recent genomic studies have reported the presence of type I IFN signature in around 25–50% of RA patients high patients, with increased EPC counts, exhibit a higher occurrence of CV events, thus highlighting the role of IFNα levels as an independent CV risk biomarker. In fact, these results are in accordance with the reported role of IFNα in vascular damage and EPC dysfunction high patients reported in our study support these findings. Accordingly, Somers et al.Although EPC depletion has been linked to higher rates of CV disease, our data show that IFN−) with little or no vasculogenic and/or repair capability In view of our results, we hypothesize that a potential mechanism by which IFNα could increase CV risk may be by promoting a premature EPC differentiation, generating mEPC  and low TGF-β, compared to their IFNlow counterparts. In fact, reported in vitro experiments showed that proinflammatory conditions are enough to impair EPC functionality et al.Another interesting finding was the differences in the cytokine patterns of RA patients, which seem to be related to treatment and IFNα levels. In fact, IFNlow and IFNhigh groups suggest that IFNα could be a predictive factor for treatment outcomes, being IFNhigh patients associated with a poor response. This was especially clear for anti-TNF therapy, since clinical response among the previous 6 months was higher in those patients within the IFNlow group. Similar conclusions were published by other authors high group could benefit from an anti-IFNα therapy Finally, differences in cytokine levels between treated and untreated patients among IFNIn summary, we show that high IFNα serum levels could identify a group of RA patients with increased disease activity, EPC imbalance, enhanced proinflammatory profile and higher cardiovascular risk, probably due, at least in part, to an impaired endothelial repair. In addition, IFNα could be not only a marker of poor prognosis, but also of poor response to therapy, thus highlighting the relevance of this cytokine as a potential therapeutic target in RA.