Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a prevalent and debilitating complication of diabetes, imposing a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the global research landscape in DN, aiming to provide scientists, funders, and decision-makers with valuable insights into the current state of research and future directions.Through a systematic review of published articles, key trends in DN research, including epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and gaps in knowledge, are identified and discussed. The analysis reveals an increasing prevalence of DN alongside the rising incidence of diabetes, emphasizing the urgent need for effective prevention and management strategies. Furthermore, the study highlights the geographical imbalance in research activity, with a majority of studies originating from high-income countries. This study underscores the importance of fostering international collaboration to address the global impact of DN. Key challenges and limitations in DN research are also discussed, including the need for standardized diagnostic criteria, reliable biomarkers, and innovative treatment approaches. By addressing these gaps, promoting collaboration, and increasing research funding, we can pave the way for advancements in DN research and ultimately improve the lives of individuals affected by this debilitating condition. The global incidence of both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is on the rise among children, adolescents, and adults. The recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has further exacerbated the incidence of T2DM, creating a “tsunami” effect in the post-pandemic era  has highlighted the alarming global prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with approximately half a billion individuals currently affected. This constitutes around 10.5% of the world’s adult population. Furthermore, IDF projects a substantial increase in the number of individuals living with diabetes, estimating a 25% rise by 2030 and a staggering 51% increase, reaching over 750 million individuals, by 2045. These projections emphasize the urgent need for effective prevention, management, and healthcare strategies to address the growing burden of diabetes on a global scale  is a prevalent, incapacitating, and economically burdensome chronic complication of diabetes, impacting up to 50% of patients and leading to significant disability and diminished quality of life. This poses substantial challenges for healthcare costs and society, particularly considering that these individuals are often in their prime careers and earning years when diabetes-related complications commonly arise.Regrettably, our understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of diabetic neuropathy remains insufficient, partially attributed to inadequate patient selection and the inconsistent criteria employed in clinical trials and neuropathy studies. In its early stages, DN frequently lacks symptomatic manifestation; however, once symptoms and evident deficits appear, the irreversible nature of the condition becomes apparent. Consequently, timely diagnosis and intervention are crucial to forestall the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy.The diagnosis of DN, ascertaining its global prevalence and incidence rates, presents substantial challenges. Diverse viewpoints exist concerning the efficacy of expanding screening initiatives to facilitate early diagnosis and initiation of treatment prior to disease onset and progression. Despite the progress made in research over time, DN continues to impose a significant burden on clinicians and healthcare systems worldwide due to the intricacies associated with diagnosis, the high cost of treatment, and the multidisciplinary approach necessary for effective management .While sensitive biomarkers exist for other microvascular complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, the absence of comparable biomarkers for diabetic neuropathy (DN) poses a significant challenge. Currently, there is a pressing need to identify reliable surrogate biomarkers that can effectively monitor the early neuropathic alterations in DN, thereby aiding in drug discovery and advancing therapeutic interventions.The absence of sensitive biomarkers specific to DN underscores the unmet requirement for robust indicators that can accurately detect and track the onset and progression of neuropathic changes associated with the condition. Such biomarkers would not only enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms but also serve as valuable tools in evaluating the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions.Addressing this crucial gap in biomarker research for DN holds immense potential to facilitate early detection, monitor disease progression, and contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies. By identifying reliable surrogate biomarkers, researchers can accelerate the advancement of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, ultimately improving the management and outcomes of patients affected by DN .Regrettably, despite significant progress in managing diabetes and its complications, there is currently no specific treatment available for diabetic neuropathy. This lack of effective therapy is frustrating, as diabetic neuropathy continues to pose a significant challenge for patients. While there are treatments to manage symptoms and slow down progression, they primarily focus on symptomatic relief rather than addressing the underlying cause of the neuropathy. The complex nature of diabetic neuropathy, involving multiple factors and mechanisms, contributes to the difficulty in developing targeted therapies. However, ongoing research efforts aim to explore new pharmacological agents, neuroprotective strategies, and pathways involved in the condition, offering hope for the future development of effective treatments to alleviate the burden of diabetic neuropathy and enhance the lives of affected individuals .Clinical and pre-clinical studies are crucial for addressing diabetic neuropathy as a devastating complication of diabetes. Successful clinical trials are needed to combat this condition and improve the lives of affected individuals. By conducting robust trials, researchers can enhance our understanding, explore novel treatments, and benefit patients. Raising global awareness of diabetic neuropathy drives attention, resources, and collaboration for this challenge. It fosters research funding, multidisciplinary collaborations, and innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Acknowledging the importance of these studies and conducting successful trials is vital for addressing the impact of diabetic neuropathy and improving affected individuals’ quality of life.The primary objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of global research on diabetic neuropathy, specifically focusing on publications in the field. By examining these publications, the authors aimed to determine the extent of existing research and shed light on the areas where knowledge gaps exist. The findings from this study serve multiple purposes, including identifying the specific areas that require further funding and research efforts to bridge these gaps in understanding. By elucidating the research landscape and identifying knowledge gaps, the authors hope to emphasize the necessity of tailored interventions and precision medicine strategies to effectively address the diverse manifestations and underlying mechanisms of DN.The analyses presented in this study rely on the methodological approaches of the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science (NewQIS) bibliometric platform. Established in 2009, NewQIS aims to offer a comprehensive examination of research output across various biomedical fields and topics. The platform employs a combination of established chronological and geographic evaluations alongside advanced parameters and visualization techniques. By integrating these methodologies, NewQIS provides an in-depth analysis of the research landscape in biomedical disciplines, enabling a robust assessment of scientific productivity and impact .The platform constantly delivers new findings on a wide range of biomedical topics. The indices used are constantly being developed and adapted to the topics. In addition to absolute publication numbers, metrics are evaluated using socio-economic characterizations of the publishing countries, providing more intensive insight into the research landscape on scientific topics.The default data source for all NewQIS analyses is the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) database. WoS is one of the most established online scientific databases that provides all metadata for listed entries, including citation counts. It requires quality standards that are ensured by an impact factor for all listed journals and a properly conducted peer review process.The search term used was elaborated using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Thesaurus to include all synonymous terms for Diabetic Neuropathy. The time frame was set to the period from 1900 to 2021, and only original articles were included in the analysis. After retrieving the metadata from the WoS, the data were structured, standardized, and entered into an MS Access database for further analysis.The analyses included absolute figures for articles, citations and countries, as well as relative values in the form of ratios of article numbers to socioeconomic values. The population size and economic power (Gross Domestic Product = GDP) of the countries were taken into account . Trends Geographic results were partially visualized using density equalization map projections (DEMP) according to an algorithm developed by Gastner and Newman . This mePublications on diabetic neuropathy primarily focused on several key scientific themes that garnered significant attention. These included peripheral neuropathy, neuropathy, prevalence, diagnosis, risk factors, and pain. These core subjects were frequently explored and analyzed within the scientific literature pertaining to diabetic neuropathy, highlighting their vital importance in understanding the condition. Researchers and scholars extensively investigated these fundamental aspects to unravel the characteristics, prevalence rates, diagnostic methodologies, risk factors, and the intricate nature of pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. The Keywords cluster shows the focus of research in the field (An intriguing observation arises when examining the evolution of keywords over the past five decades (1970-2021) in the context of diabetic neuropathy. Notably, a noticeable shift towards clinical trials and translational research becomes apparent. This shift indicates a growing emphasis on conducting clinical trials and translating scientific findings into practical applications within the field of diabetic neuropathy. Over time, researchers have increasingly focused on investigating the efficacy of various interventions and therapies, aiming to bridge the gap between scientific discoveries and their implementation in clinical practice. This trend highlights the evolving landscape of research in diabetic neuropathy and the increasing importance placed on clinical applications and patient-oriented outcomes  were published specifically between 2015 and 2021. This indicates a substantial increase in research output and attention given to the subject during this recent period.The publication output related to diabetic neuropathy exhibited a gradual rise during the first four decades of the 20th century. However, it wasn’t until the late 1980s that the annual article count exceeded 100. Subsequently, from 2010 onwards, the number of annual articles identified surpassed 200. Similarly, the number of citations has shown a slow but steady increase since 1978, reflecting the growing recognition and impact of research on diabetic neuropathy  could be attributed to a specific country of origin. The analysis revealed that authors affiliated with the United States of America (USA) exhibited the highest productivity, contributing the largest number of diabetic neuropathy-related papers . The United Kingdom (UK) ranked second with 630 articles, followed by China (n=471), Germany (n=401), and Japan (n=370). These countries emerged as the leading contributors in the field of diabetic neuropathy research based on the analyzed dataset Table 1.Upon conducting a country-specific analysis of subject area activities for the top ten most active countries, it became evident that researchers have been increasingly focusing on “Endocrine and Metabolism” as well as “Neuroscience and Neurology.” These areas have gained prominence in their scientific endeavors. Notably, in China, there is a significant emphasis on “Research and Experimental Research,” indicating a strong commitment to experimental studies in the field of diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, in India, researchers have shown a notable focus on “Pharmacology and Pharmacy,” highlighting their interest in exploring therapeutic approaches and pharmacological interventions for diabetic neuropathy Figure 4The Density-Equalizing Mapping Projections (DEMP) analysis uncovered a distinctive distortion of the world map, indicating a significant concentration of publication numbers in Northern America (n > 1000) and Western Europe (n > 500) (The top three countries in terms of article numbers (n) were the USA (n = 1337), UK (n = 644), and China (n = 510). When considering citation numbers (c), the top three countries were the USA , UK , and Germany . Notably, China ranked 7th in terms of citation numbers (c = 5173). The three leading countries in terms of average citation rate (cr) were Canada (cr = 56.44), UK (cr = 54.78), and USA (cr = 53.61). However, China ranked 60th in terms of average citation rate (cr = 10.14), indicating a relatively lower average impact of the research articles from China compared to the leading countries. Furthermore, POP). This approach aimed to examine the association between the number of publications in each country and the corresponding population size (POP) of 20.27 publications per inhabitant. Qatar followed closely with an RPOP of 18.01, while the United Kingdom (UK) ranked third with an RPOP of 9.54. The Netherlands secured the fourth position with an RPOP of 7.95, and Sweden rounded off the top five with an RPOP of 7.87.First, the analysis of country-specific diabetic neuropathy publications was conducted in relation to the population size measured in million inhabitants  was utilized as a marker. The countries’ GDP, measured in 1,000 billion (bn) USD, served as an indicator of their total economic strength. This parameter was then linked to the country-specific diabetic neuropathy publications to create the ratio RGDP. By employing this approach, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between a country’s economic resources and its research productivity in the field of diabetic neuropathy. coop); researchers based in the UK participated (ncoop= 212). The most prominent collaboration occurred between the USA and the UK, accounting for 83 collaborative articles. This was followed by collaborations between the USA and Canada (ncoop = 56), USA and Germany (ncoop = 47), UK and Qatar (ncoop = 42), and UK and Australia (ncoop = 41), as illustrated in A total of 762 international collaborations, accounting for 14.08% of all articles, were identified in the study. Among these collaborations, US-American authors were involved in 365 collaborative articles with researchers from other countries. This was followed by cooperation (number of collaborative articles = nDiabetic neuropathy (DN) is a prevalent and expensive chronic microvascular complication that affects individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including young people. It can result in severe consequences such as foot ulceration and amputation. DN also impacts a significant number of individuals worldwide who may have undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, or obesity. Timely detection and intervention are crucial in order to prevent these complications. Alarmingly, the global number of diabetes-related amputations has been rising, highlighting the widening disparities and equity concerns in diabetes care . TherefoThe primary objective of the present study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the global research landscape in diabetic neuropathy (DN). The study aimed to offer valuable insights to scientists, funders, and decision-makers regarding the current status of research in DN as well as future directions. By providing a holistic overview of the research landscape, this analysis aimed to assist stakeholders in making informed decisions and advancing research efforts in the field of DN.A total of 5,244 articles related to diabetic neuropathy, published between 1900 and 2021, were identified using specific search terms. To ensure the inclusion of rigorous scientific studies, the analysis focused solely on original articles, excluding reviews, letters, and other potentially non-peer-reviewed publications. The data acquisition was carried out using the Web of Science (WoS) database. WoS was chosen for its reputation of curating high-quality publications through a rigorous selection process, thereby guaranteeing a high level of scientific integrity in the included articles.Since 1900, the production of articles on diabetic neuropathy has demonstrated a consistent upward trend. However, a significant disparity in research activity across geographical regions has been observed. The majority of scientific contributions originate from countries situated in the northern hemisphere, particularly within North America and Europe. In contrast, countries in Latin America and Africa, characterized by higher disease prevalence, mortality rates, and limited access to advanced healthcare, have not prominently featured as major research powerhouses in this field. Consequently, productive research collaborations involving these regions have been relatively scarce. This discrepancy underscores the need to address the imbalance in research activity and foster greater inclusivity in scientific collaborations, ensuring the involvement of diverse regions to advance our understanding and management of diabetic neuropathy on a global scale.The identified need to involve non-high-income countries in scientific collaborations in the field of diabetic neuropathy emphasizes an opportunity for the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and epidemiological data, ultimately benefiting all parties involved. The unique strength of this study lies in its ability to showcase the global scientific productivity in diabetic neuropathy research over a span of 120 years. By recognizing and addressing the existing gaps in research participation, this study highlights the potential for fostering mutually beneficial collaborations that can contribute to advancements in understanding, prevention, and treatment of diabetic neuropathy on a global scale.Several limitations should be acknowledged in this study. Firstly, it is important to recognize that the search methodology employed may not capture all articles published on diabetic neuropathy since 1900. The utilization of the WoS database, which primarily focuses on English-language publications, may introduce a language bias, potentially resulting in an underrepresentation of non-English literature. However, it is worth noting that English is widely regarded as the language of science, and many non-native English speakers choose to publish their high-quality scientific work in English-language journals. Therefore, while some non-English literature may be overlooked, the impact of this bias is expected to be minimal.Additionally, the WoS database presents publications specifically related to the chosen search terms, and it is possible that relevant articles may have been missed due to variations in terminology or indexing inconsistencies. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into the global scientific productivity on diabetic neuropathy over the examined 120-year period.It is important for future studies to consider alternative databases, language sources, and search strategies to further enhance the comprehensiveness and inclusivity of research analysis in the field of diabetic neuropathy.Furthermore, we acknowledge that there are other platforms available, such as EMBASE or Google Scholar, which catalogue journal articles in the medical field. These platforms may potentially identify a different set of articles related to the search terms. However, it is important to note that these alternative platforms cover different time periods and may exhibit varying levels of accuracy in citation analysis. Additionally, they may lack certain unique tools and features offered by the Web of Science (WoS), such as the Journal Citation Reports. Considering these factors, we made the decision to refrain from utilizing these platforms in our study, opting to focus specifically on the WoS database to maintain consistency and take advantage of its comprehensive coverage and robust citation metrics . In addiLastly, to account for economic opportunities in research and related infrastructure, a ratio of country-specific research output since 1900 to the GDP in 2021 was calculated. It is important to acknowledge that the GDP of certain countries has undergone substantial changes in recent decades. However, considering the positive association between GDP and scientific performance in both developed and developing countries, we deem the impact of these GDP fluctuations over time to be insignificant in terms of the scientific value of the analysis. By incorporating the GDP ratio, the study aimed to provide insights into the relationship between economic resources and research output in the field of diabetic neuropathy, acknowledging that economic factors can influence research capabilities and productivity to a certain extent .As demonstrated in this study, there has been a substantial increase in the number of basic, pre-clinical, and clinical studies conducted in the field of diabetic neuropathy over the years. This finding indicates a growing interest and investment in understanding and addressing the complexities of diabetic neuropathy. The expanding body of research signifies the scientific community’s recognition of the importance of advancing knowledge in this area and highlights the dedication to finding effective solutions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic neuropathy.Nevertheless, despite advancements in the current standards of clinical care, it is disheartening to acknowledge that a significant number of patients continue to endure the devastating consequences of diabetic neuropathy. Despite ongoing efforts to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, this complication of diabetes continues to inflict suffering on millions of individuals. The persistence of diabetic neuropathy highlights the urgent need for further research and innovative approaches to alleviate the burden and enhance the quality of life for those affected.Undoubtedly, research, particularly clinical research, holds immense potential to make a positive impact on patient outcomes. By improving and expanding research efforts, we can enhance access to effective treatments and interventions, ultimately reducing uncertainty and improving patient outcomes. The generation of robust evidence through clinical research plays a pivotal role in informing decision-making processes, guiding the approval and adoption of new treatments within healthcare systems. This collaborative effort fosters a more effective and efficient healthcare landscape, benefiting individuals and communities worldwide .In light of the global challenges we have faced in recent years, such as climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and healthcare inequalities, it is clear that addressing the complications of diabetic neuropathy requires a collaborative approach on a global scale. The complexity and magnitude of these challenges necessitate the collective efforts and collaboration of various stakeholders, including researchers, healthcare professionals, policymakers, funding bodies, and governments worldwide. While the scope of these challenges may appear daunting, it is essential to maintain a sense of ambition and determination in our pursuit of solutions. The interconnected nature of these global issues underscores the need for comprehensive and integrated approaches that transcend geographical boundaries. Through fostering global research collaboration, we can leverage the collective expertise, resources, and perspectives of diverse stakeholders to develop innovative solutions, improve healthcare outcomes, and alleviate the burden of diabetic neuropathy. Collaboration should not be seen as an excuse for complacency, but rather as an opportunity to harness the strengths and capabilities of different stakeholders and drive meaningful change at a global level.It is crucial to prioritize scientific research aimed at enhancing our understanding of diabetic neuropathy (DN) and its underlying pathophysiology, with a clear focus on potential clinical implications. Future research should prioritize prevention, precision medicine, and the development of improved biomarkers and treatment strategies. Despite successful strategies, many preclinical and clinical studies, as well as clinical drug development, face high failure rates. Addressing these challenges is essential for progress in DN research. By investing in rigorous scientific endeavors, we can improve diagnostics and advance therapeutic interventions, ultimately improving the lives of those affected by DN . The curOver the past decade, funding for research, including research grants, capital investments, and overall funding, in the field of diabetic neuropathy has not experienced a substantial increase compared to other areas of diabetes research and prevalent chronic diseases such as dementia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. This disparity in funding allocation highlights the pressing need for enhanced support from funding organizations and policymakers. It is imperative for these entities to acknowledge the urgency and gravity of this widespread complication of diabetes and prioritize research funding accordingly. By investing in comprehensive and robust research endeavors, we can advance our understanding of diabetic neuropathy, develop effective interventions, and alleviate the burden on individuals affected by this condition. Sufficient research funding is of paramount importance in addressing the challenges associated with diabetic neuropathy and achieving significant advancements in patient outcomes and overall quality of life.In the current paper, while we thoroughly explored the influence of GDP and other economic factors, we recognize that we did not delve extensively into the level of investments, infrastructure, and funding from various sources such as governments, patients, research charities, and the pharmaceutical industry. Understanding the financial support and resources allocated to diabetic neuropathy research is crucial for comprehending the overall landscape and potential impact of the field. Government funding, contributions from patients and advocacy groups, as well as investments from research charities and the pharmaceutical industry, all play pivotal roles in driving progress in this area. By incorporating a more comprehensive analysis of these financial aspects in future studies, we can gain a deeper understanding of the resources available for research and potentially identify areas where increased investments and collaborations could further advance diabetic neuropathy research. Such efforts are vital to address the growing global burden of diabetic neuropathy and work towards improved treatments and outcomes for affected individuals.In light of the global increase in cases of diabetic neuropathy, there is an urgent need to discover improved treatments and more effective management strategies. This urgency highlights the importance of enhancing the infrastructure for diabetic neuropathy research. It is crucial to recognize that this need is particularly significant for countries with low-income economies, considering their low participation in research efforts.By expanding our understanding of the factors that influence research outcomes and taking into account the level of investments, infrastructure, and funding, we can work towards fostering advancements in diabetic neuropathy research and ultimately improve patient care and outcomes.In conclusion, this study’s outcomes may have implications for shaping future research priorities and funding initiatives, directing resources toward addressing the identified knowledge gaps and promoting innovative approaches to personalized care. Ultimately, the goal is to alleviate the burden of DN, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals affected by this debilitating condition.The bibliometric data are the property of the Web of Science database and were obtained from it. Therefore, the authors are not allowed to pass on the data publicly or privately. Any researcher with access to the Web of Science database can obtain the data using the methods described in the paper. Readers who do not have access to Web of Science should contact Clarivate Analytics to obtain a license.The study was initiated by MT, DK, and DG. DK conducted the data processing, while DK and MT performed the data analysis. MT and DK engaged in discussions regarding the data and carried out analysis during the review process and writing the paper. MT, DK, HF, and DG contributed to the writing and reviewing of the paper. All authors have thoroughly read and approved the final version of the manuscript.


Colorectal cancer is a common clinical malignant tumor of the digestive tract, and intestinal flora has played an important role in the development of colorectal cancer. Bifidobacteria, as one of the main dominant florae in intestinal tract, can inhibit the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer through various mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine can regulate the abundance of bifidobacteria in intestinal tract and exhibit anti-tumor effects on colorectal cancer. Detailed investigations have revealed that the mechanisms of bifidobacteria in the treatment of colorectal cancer involve three aspects: the production of short-chain fatty acids, the regulation of the body's immunity, and the regulation of cell apoptosis and differentiation. In this review, we provide an updated summary of recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which traditional Chinese medicine regulate intestinal flora to inhibit colorectal cancer development and metastasis. Colorectal cancer is one of common clinical malignant tumors of the digestive tract Recent studies suggest that traditional Chinese medicine can have therapeutic effect on colorectal cancer by modulating intestinal flora Current treatment methods of colorectal cancer mainly include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combined treatment. Unfortunately, these treatment methods have a variety of side effects as summarized in Figure At present, clinical treatment of colorectal cancer is mainly based on surgery. Because laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of small incision, less blood loss, and rapid postoperative recovery, it has been promoted and popularized clinically, and become the main surgical method at present. Common clinical complications of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer include incision infection, fever, urinary tract infection, abdominal infection, intestinal obstruction, anastomotic leakage, etc. These complications adversely affect postoperative recovery of the patients and lead to poor prognosis Chemotherapy after surgery for colorectal cancer patients can significantly improve postoperative survival rate and reduce the probability of recurrence and metastasis. However, chemotherapy drugs have certain toxicity, and patients experience a series of side effects including pancytopenia, gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, abnormal liver and kidney function and neurotoxicity Radiation therapy plays an important role in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Transient complications often occur during radiotherapy, which does not have a significant impact on the overall treatment, but a small number of patients may still experience serious complications, leading to discontinuation of treatment. Adverse reactions of radiation therapy mainly include radiation proctitis, radiation cystitis, skin injury, intestinal adhesion, intestinal obstruction, incision infection, urinary tract infection, lower extremity edema. 8In recent years, studies have shown that although a single surgical treatment or radiotherapy and chemotherapy have good clinical effects, their efficacy still needs to be improved, and the simultaneous application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy can significantly improve the survival of patients. At present, the main adverse reactions of combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy include bone marrow suppression, hand-foot syndrome, neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal reactions , and phlebitis In the gut, there are a wide variety of bacteria and their roles are diverse. Bifidobacteria have a huge number in the gut flora and interacts with other bacteria in the gut to keep intestinal flora Figure . IntestiBifidobacterium is a Gram-positive polymorphic bacillus, and its main functions are to antagonize the colonization of harmful bacteria, improve the metabolism of vitamins, promote gastrointestinal motility, improve liver function, and produce immune factors to enhance human immune function. As one of the main probiotics in the intestinal flora, bifidobacteria could be utilized in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the final products of dietary fiber and carbohydrates metabolized in the intestinal tract, which mainly include acetate, propionate, and butyrate. SCFA can effectively regulate the inflammatory response of the intestinal mucosa, inhibit the growth of related pathogens, affect intestinal peristalsis, promote the apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibit the differentiation of cancer cells The body's immune system could fight against cancer by affecting immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, and natural killer cells (NK) The second messengers in the cells include cAMP, cGMP, inositol triphosphate IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG) (Figure , diacylgBifidobacteria decreased the expression of EGFR and HER-2 in colon cancer cells, and promoted the apoptosis of colon cancer cells Traditional Chinese medicine is usually administrated by oral route. Once traditional Chinese medicine enters digestive tract, it regulates microenvironment and maintain the balance of intestinal flora. Conversely, intestinal flora promotes the transformation and metabolism of traditional Chinese medicine Figure  23. The The imbalance of intestinal microecology is related to the occurrence and development of digestive system diseases such as colorectal cancer. In recent years, the role of intestinal flora in colorectal cancer has been paid more attention and the modulation of intestinal flora has become a novel strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.The mechanism by which microflora inhibits cancer cells is mainly to promote the production of SCFA, regulate the body's autoimmunity, affect cell signaling pathway, and change the expression of colorectal cancer-related factors With the development of traditional Chinese medicine, good anti-tumor effects have been achieved. However, traditional Chinese medicine is not composed of a single component but has extremely complex chemical components, which leads to the uncertainty of its application for the treatment of colorectal cancer. In addition, some patients have intolerance to the special ingredients, which in turn produces allergic reactions and affects the therapeutic effects. In order to solve these problems, we should use advanced drug analysis technology to identify specific chemical composition and the specific mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine.At present, the main methods for the treatment of colorectal cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but they have a variety of side effects, leading to poor prognosis of the patients. Traditional Chinese medicine could regulate intestinal flora to repair intestinal mucosal barrier and activate immune cells to restore normal immune function of the intestinal mucosa Recent evidence has shown that gut microbiota could regulate the innate and/or the adaptive immune system and contribute to the development and metastasis of colorectal cancer


However, when the applied force is sufficiently large, the pull-in instability arises, and reliable operation is forbidden. Therefore, it is extremely important to insight fast and accurately into the periodic motion of the system to prevent the system from its pull-in motion. The basic aim of this study is to demonstrate the applicability of the well-known variational iteration method (VIM) for predicting the dynamic behavior of N/MEMS. For this, a nanobeam-based microstructure with van der Waals force for actuation is used as an example to reveal its periodic properties. The governing equation for the oscillation of the microsystem is obtained from the Euler-Bernoulli beam principle, considering the midplane stretching effect. We then employ the Galerkin technique to transform the governing partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which is highly nonlinear, making it extremely difficult to solve by some traditional analytical methods, however, the VIM shows its ability to elucidate accurately the basic properties of the N/MEMS by simple calculation. This paper offers a new road for fast and accurate prediction of the microsystem's properties, and the result can be used for optimizing the N/MEMS.  Specifications tableThe nano/microelectromechanical system (N/MEMS) is an innovative new technology with outstanding properties in geometrical size, reliable operation and high sensitivity. The system achieves this feat of benign properties by judiciously controlling the applied voltage. The system is composed of both stationary and movable components. The moving part bends toward the fixed-part when an actuation force is applied, causing the system to perform the periodic motion. These fixed-moveable microstructures have several potential applications in different fields ranging from wearable sensors, 5 G communication technology, imaging process, mechanical sensing, energy harvesting to aerospace ,2, and iN/MEMS devices typically have a small size, frequently just at the micron level, and may not be larger than one centimeter. The modern integrated circuit technology sector can produce thousands of small gadgets with increased efficiency and lower cost due to this high surface-to-volume ratio. However, numerous factors such as actuation force, large deflection, and geometry of the micro-instruments make these structures nonlinear. If these computational challenges are ignored, the nonlinearity in N/MEMS may result in inaccurate judgment.There are various remarkable methods proposed for N/MEMS, for example, He's frequency formulation ,8 which The variational iteration method This research considers the nonlinear dynamic oscillatory behavior of doubly clamped nanobeam actuated by van der Waals forces. The non-dimensional form of the mathematical model is obtained by utilizing Galerkin's approximation considering the mid-plane stretching effect. Then VIM is paired with the Elzaki transform (EVIM) Recently Anjum and He Let's illustrate briefly the idea of VIM used with the Elzaki transform kth approximate solution and v is the transformed variable. Utilizing the Elzaki transform Employing the basic concept of VIM, the iterative formula for Thus, using For more details about the method, readers can see the Ref. As the EVIM is based on the Taylor series expansion and the subjected problem is of oscillatory nature, conventional convergence criteria may not adequately capture the behavior of the technique. The convergence criteria in this case can be influenced by various factors, such as amplitude error, phase error, or frequency deviation. To meet the substantial criteria, one should optimally choose the initial guess, Lagrange multiplier and the discretization of the domain.The nanobeams are the major structural elements and play a vital role in N/MEMS. Beam theories are mathematical frameworks that make it easier to analyses beam behavior. These theories offer a way to understand and predict the deformation and stress distribution within beams subjected to various loads. There are several beam theories, like Euler-Bernoulli, Timoshenko, Bernoulli-Rayleigh, Vlasov, Reissner-Mindlin, Reddy etc. As our problem is of nano scale, Euler-Bernoulli beam theory Assume a clamped-clamped nanobeam For simplicity, the non-dimensional form of the space, deflection and time variables can respectively be chosen as:After simple operations, Dimensionless boundary constraints can also be represented as:The governing equation established here provides a broad description of the periodicity property of the nanobeam, however, the singularity when This section focuses on using EVIM to discover an estimated solution to the model being studied. For this, With the aid of In the light of initial conditions given in By employing the initial guess in Following relations can help to simplify the above equation:Consequently, we arrived atThus after simple calculations, we haveThe coefficient of This equation yields the following nonlinear frequency-amplitude relationship:Therefore, using To elucidate the reliability and accuracy of the obtained results by the variational iteration method, this section gives a comparison of the results with the exact ones and those in literature.The effectiveness of the suggested approach can also be seen in The phase portraits for the same set of parameter values are presented in The Euler-Bernoulli beam is considered in this study in a hunt for revealing the nonlinear oscillations of nanobeams. With the mid-plane stretching impact and van der Waals attractions taken into account, the mathematical model can remarkably be simple and effective. The nonlinear ordinary differential equation regulating the vibrations of nanobeams under clamped-clamped boundary constraints is then derived using the Galerkin approach. Combining the Elzaki transform with the variational iteration approach yields the nonlinear frequency. These techniques are then applied to get an analytical result for the nanobeam vibrations. When compared to the spreading residual harmonic balancing approach, a comparative analysis shows that the nonlinear frequency and analytical outcomes acquired by the aforementioned methods perform better.We will extend our work for simply-supported and clamped-supported boundary conditions in near future. Furthermore, future research will focus on exploring a wide range of new applications for this technology, such as medical diagnostics, drug delivery, environmental monitoring, energy harvesting, security, and surveillance. These endeavors aim to enhance the technology's power and affordability.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


Chemical pollution, derived from either point and non-point pollution sources, represents one of the main threats to aquatic environments. Chemical pollutants such as trace metals, oil-based products, pesticides, fertilizers, antifouling compounds, plastic materials, pharmaceutical and veterinary products represent a worldwide menace to the health of aquatic organisms .Many physiological responses are developed by the organisms at the molecular, cellular, and organism levels to cope with environmental pollution, including activation of detoxification processes, repair responses, metabolic changes, and alterations of physiological functions. The information gained through these responses can facilitate our understanding of the mechanistic basis of pollutant toxicity, organisms’ compensation, and acclimatization processes, and may be useful in predicting pollutant impact on the biota. Therefore, the detection of the physiological responses to pollutants and their quantification represents an important and useful tool to assess the quality of the environment and to support biodiversity conservation strategies. Among aquatic organisms, invertebrates represent most of the species, with 97% of the species living in marine habitats and 3% in fresh-water habitats . They peThe physiological response of aquatic invertebrates to pollution” published in Frontiers in Physiology provides emerging knowledge into this multifaceted research field.The Research Topic entitled “Rades et al. focused on this field by studying the long-term responses of reef-building stony corals to microplastics. In these organisms, it is known that exposure to microplastics is associated with negative health effects  following chronic exposure to sediments spiked with commercial formulations of deltamethrin and permethrin, common pyrethroid pesticides used on crops as well as applied to aquaculture pens. Both compounds caused an increased frequency of malformations. While permethrin’s main effects were sublethal, deltamethrin increased lobster mortality. The results highlight the potential of pesticides released into the coastal areas for effects on non-target marine organisms. The paper of Cima and Varello focuses on antifouling compounds, in particular copper-based antifouling paints whose worldwide diffusion has increased copper release into coastal environments and its potential impact on either target or non-target organisms. This work analyzes the immunotoxic effects of the exposure to the antifouling copper(I) biocide on target and non-target bivalve species with a comparative in vitro approach on 1h cultured hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis, a dominant species in the macrofouling community, and Ruditapes philippinarum, a non-target species of antifouling paint chemicals. The authors suggest a potential mechanism of oxidative stress-immunotoxicity-cell toxicity of Cu(I) ions in these two species, involving both direct and indirect interactions with copper ions. The analysis of the cellular and molecular responses developed by the hemocytes of the two species towards antifouling copper(I) biocide highlights the higher sensitivity of the non-target species, raising great concern for the potentially negative effects of antifouling biocides on the survival of non-target key species in the coastal environment.Moreover, the Research Topic focuses on coastal and estuarine environments that are heavily influenced by natural and anthropogenic activities and greatly affected by chemical pollution. In particular, pesticides used in agriculture and aquaculture and chemicals used as biocides in antifouling paints are the most diffuse coastal pollutants, representing a serious threat to the physiology of non-target organisms. André et al. takes into consideration another aspect of great concern for aquatic environment pollution, such as the impact on the biota of municipal effluents which are well-recognized for their interfering activity on sexual differentiation and reproduction (Elliptio complanata mussels.The work of oduction . In partthe physiological response of aquatic invertebrates to pollution” is a multifaceted emerging research field whose insight can give a valuable contribution to the understanding of the impact, resistance, and resilience of the organisms to chemical pollution pressure also in consideration of the global climate changes.In conclusion, the study of “


Rural public services and rural tourism are interdependent, and their coordinated development is crucial for promoting rural revitalization and overall growth in China. So far, the existing studies mainly focus on the mutual influence, mutual promotion, and coordination paths of rural public services and rural tourism but fail to conduct an empirical analysis on the coupling coordination of rural public services and rural tourism or summarize the spatial and temporal differences of the coupling coordination. Therefore, we adopt an evaluation index system for rural public services and rural tourism. To measure the development level and the coupling coordination degree of rural public services and rural tourism in southwestern China from 2012 to 2019, we used a comprehensive evaluation model and a coupling coordination degree model. Additionally, geographic detectors were utilised to detect the causative factors of their coupling coordination development. Based on the analysis of research results, we made the following observations. In southwestern China, the comprehensive development of rural public services and rural tourism indicated an upward trend. An additional interactive coupling relationship between the two systems is observed, and its coupling coordination degree increases, with the increment varying from slow to rapid. The type of coupling coordination changes from rural tourism lagging type to rural public service lagging type, and there are spatial differences in the degree of coupling coordination between the two. The coupling coordination development of the two systems is affected by multiple causative forces, such as economic, industrial, resource attraction, and service guarantee forces, and some differences distinguish the driving strengths of both single and interaction factors. The main contribution of this article is to reveal the coupling and coordination relationship between rural public services and rural tourism, to explore the driving factors affecting the degree of coupling and coordination between them, and to make relevant policy recommendations. Rural public services play a dual role in rural areas, offering essential services to local residents while also providing comprehensive public services and commercial supporting facilities for tourists . This syIn this context, this paper attempts to address the following scientific questions, using Southwest China as an example: To What is the degree of coordinated development of rural public services and rural tourism? What are the evolutionary characteristics of the coordinated development of the two systems? What are the causative factors that affect their coordinated development? These questions must be addressed, to make the relationship between rural public services and rural tourism more optimal.The study of rural public services and rural tourism has become a main point of discussion and has received increasing attention from various academic circles. Relevant research up to this day has mainly focused on the impact of rural public services on rural tourism, the impact of rural tourism on rural public services, and the associations between rural public services and rural tourism.Rural public services provide a solid foundation for rural tourism development. In rural areas, poor transportation planning can hinder tourists from accessing tourist attractions due to their spatial dispersion . TherefoA low local education level can lead to a lack of profound understanding of rural tourism and basic tourism service skills among local practitioners. This, in turn, can have a significant impact on the development of rural tourism in the area . MoreoveRural tourism has an impact on rural public services by positively influencing rural infrastructure development and rural public culture and by promoting rural community development . In addiMoreover, the tourist festivals held in some rural areas can significantly contribute to the enhancement of local social and cultural benefits  and leadTourism provides residents with opportunities to improve public services and enhance personalized services for tourists . In turnCurrently, the existing literature provides a strong theoretical basis and methodological support for this study. Although relevant studies have utilized the coupling coordination degree model to analyze interrelationships between rural tourism and township construction, rural tourism and agriculture, and rural public services and poverty, there is a lack of sufficient exploration of the coupling coordination relationship between rural public services and rural tourism. Existing studies have also neglected to employ geographic methods to visualize the spatial characteristics and dynamic evolution of the coupling coordination. Additionally, the influencing factors affecting the development of the two degrees of coupled coordination are complex. However, most previous studies examining the coupling coordination relationship between rural public services or rural tourism and other systems have mainly focused on evaluating and comparing coupling coordination degrees and their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. The suggestions for coupling coordination development based solely on these results may be relatively unconvincing. To address the research gaps in existing research, this paper aims to make contributions and innovations: (1) This paper explores the coupling coordination relationship between the rural public service system and the rural tourism system and analyzes their spatial and temporal differences, starting from their mutual influence. (2) This paper explores the causative factors of the coupling coordination between rural public services and rural tourism and then, objectively proposes strategies for their coordination development.Southwestern China, namely Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi  , which aA lower population density also increases the expense of public service construction in rural areas, which hinders the supply of rural public services. Southwestern China exhibits numerous research problems, and because the problems exhibit statistical significance, further research on the topic is necessary. Therefore, using this region as a case study, we can obtain universally applicable conclusions, which can promote the coordinated development of rural public services and rural tourism.Because tourism was adversely impacted by the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, data from 2020 onwards is excluded. The statistics that we utilized were in this study obtained from the 2012–2019 China Statistical Yearbook, China Rural Statistical Yearbook, China Statistical Yearbook of Culture, Heritage and Tourism, China Statistical Yearbook of Urban and Rural Construction, China Statistical Yearbook of Society, China Statistical Yearbook of Education, official data published by provincial cultural and tourism departments, and provincial national economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin. We also utilized linear interpolation for the individual years of missing data, we utilized linear interpolation. The data sources can be found in the Data Availability section and The index system is divided into two systems, namely rural tourism, and rural public services. The establishment of a representative system of indicators facilitates the understanding of the development status and changes among different systems . DrawingExisting scholars have predominantly created public service subsystems by categorizing them along dimensions such as infrastructure, education, health, culture, and social security , 44. GivWhen it comes to rural tourism, scholars generally create indicator systems that encompass the subsystems of development level, industrial scale, resource base, and support conditions. In this paper, the rural tourism index system includes 10 specific indicators in three subsystem layers: level of development, resource base, and support conditions. The level of development reflects the overall development of rural tourism, and the annual income of rural tourism , rural txij and Zij are the original and standardized values of the jth indicator in year I, respectively. To avoid invalid data in the operation process, the data is panned by 0.0001 in the standardization process.Since the selected indicators have different scales and each indicator has a positive or negative impact on the system, they cannot be easily used or compared. Therefore, the raw data were standardized using the ‘extreme difference’ standardization method.The comprehensive evaluation index of rural public services and rural tourism is calculated by using the weighted sum of weights and indicators. Before calculating the comprehensive evaluation index of the two systems, it is necessary to assign weights to each index. This paper uses the entropy method to objectively assign weights to indicators, which can effectively avoid the subjective arbitrariness caused by the subjective weighting method and has been widely used in multidisciplinary fields , 59, 60,Step 1. The weighting of each indicator was transformed:ej:Step 2. Calculate the entropy value of for the jth indicator j:Step 3. Calculate the degree of variation of the jth indicator gj:Step 4. The weight of the jth indicator was calculated wU1,2 denotes the comprehensive evaluation index, wj denotes the weight of the indicator, and Zij denotes the value obtained after standardization of indicator j in year i of a province and after panning.Step 5. Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index:The coupling coordination degree model can quantitatively evaluate the degree of coordination of coupling between two or more systems and has become an effective evaluation method and research tool for studying the degree of overall balanced development of a region. Based on the coupling evaluation model in physics, this paper introduces the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM)  to measuC denotes the coupling degree and assumes the value of . When the resultant value approximates 1, the coupling degree is enhanced. U1 and U2 denote the comprehensive evaluation indices affecting rural public services and tourism, respectively.Step 1. includes calculating the coupling degree. Coupling degree refers to the phenomenon of two or more systems interacting with each other through an interaction mechanism. The closer the two systems are, the higher the coupling degree between them, with the following equation:D denotes the coupling coordination degree, and T denotes the comprehensive coordination index. Additionally, α and β denote the unevaluated coefficients, which represent the contribution of rural public services and rural tourism, respectively. Since rural public services and rural tourism are both crucial systems, their importance and contribution are considered to be equal. Thus, both the α and β levels were set at 0.5. To effectively characterize the coordinated development of rural public services and rural tourism, it is essential to consider the characteristics, features, and laws that regulate both systems. Particularly, referencing the study conducted by Ma, M. Y. et al  range, and their magnitudes reflect the degree of spatial differentiation. When the q value is large, the influence that the factor exerts on the coupling coordination becomes great.Causative factors play a significant role in influencing the coupling coordination development between rural public services and rural tourism. The GeoDetector, comprising a set of statistical methods, proves valuable in detecting spatial differentiation and revealing the causative factors that impact this relationship . Unlike To calculate the results of the integrated development level, this study utilized the panel data that was collected from 2012 to 2019, and it utilized a comprehensive evaluation model . In thisIn southwestern China, the integrated development index of rural tourism indicates immense growth compared with that of rural public services, with the average annual growth rate attaining 27.01%. From 2012 to 2019, the rural tourism development index of Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guangxi increased by 1.96, 3.5, 5.44, and 3.94 times, respectively. Notably, the rural tourism development and resource base pertaining to Guizhou’s rural tourism index indicates a gradual enhancement, and its supporting conditions are increasingly robust. This indicates a positive development trend. Since the release of the National Rural Tourism Development Outline (2009–2015) and the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, tourism has become a crucial method of stimulating urban-rural consumption, enhancing farmers’ income, and revitalizing rural industries. It is also worth noting that the role of policy guidance has been continuously strengthened due to enhanced industrial policies.The time series curves of the integrated development level of the two systems (study period: 2012–2019) indicate an upward trend. However, the integrated development index of rural public services exceeded that of rural tourism in 2012, and in 2019, it lagged. Thus, the development of rural public services is slower than that of rural tourism. This observation reflects the long-term urban-rural dual structure. Furthermore, it indicates other rural development problems and those rural public services exert a highly significant promotion effect on rural tourism. The influence of rural tourism and the promotion effect that it exerts on rural public services are yet to be revealed. Therefore, the quality and development of rural public services require further enhancement.To observe regional differences, the study divided the southwestern China region into five development levels based on the integrated development level of the two systems and existing research results . The fol1, U2 ∈ : Low development levelU1, U2 ∈ ”, “Notice on the Issuance of the Guidance on Promoting the Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism” (No. [2018] 98), and other associated policies, the development of the policy system for rural public services and rural tourism has exhibited considerable results, and the development of rural public services and rural tourism has progressed considerably. Therefore, the coupling and coordination of the two systems has increased rapidly.The detailed comparison of the integrated development indices of the two systems is indicated in This study, which focuses on three annual periods, namely 2012, 2016, and 2019, spatially visualized the types of coordination . Thus, iIf the calculation of the spatial coupling coordination level of southwestern China is extended, we can observe the following:Sichuan’s coupling coordination level considerably exceeded that of the other provinces for eight consecutive years. Sichuan has achieved certain results in rural public services, relying on its strong economic foundation and national policy support, while the government places importance on cultural branding and tourism labelling, using the potent allure of brand IP to draw tourists and promote the high-quality development of rural tourism.Chongqing’s coupling coordination level exceeded that of Yunnan and Guizhou in 2012, whereas after this period, it gradually became lower than that of other provinces, and that indicates a lagged development. The explanation for this is that Chongqing is close to Sichuan, and because of Sichuan’s unique characteristics and market competitiveness, Sichuan has developed an "image masking" of Chongqing, which unavoidably weakens Chongqing’s image for rural tourism.Guizhou’s coupling coordination level increased sharply, and in 2019, its value increased by 127%. With the advantages of its rich and unique tourism resources, Guizhou began to develop tourism vigorously, realizing the rapid improvement of branding, scale, and standardization of rural tourism, as well as the rapid improvement of infrastructure construction and residents’ living standards. The relationship between rural public services and rural tourism has also become more favorable.The coupling coordination development between rural public services and rural tourism is influenced by various factors. In this study, based on previous research results , 64, theUsing one-factor probing, a quantitative analysis of the driver-by-driver effect was conducted and based on that, we visually observed the influence that the q magnitude exerted on the coupled coordination of rural public services and rural tourism, and we considered the case of each driver.Economic causative force. 0.385 q value, which is smaller than that of other detection indicators. However, its value exhibits a significant influence. Due to industrial structure adjustment, rural tourism transited from operating extensively to gradually exhibiting highly concentrated operation. The combination of multi-industry factors and multi-sectoral ones can enhance the rural public service, and it can promote the coordinated development of both systems.Industrial causative force. According to the results of the current study, the industrial causative force exerts considerable causative effects on the coordinated development of the two systems. More specifically, the causative effect that is associated with rural tourism visits exhibits a larger influence . The number of travel agencies exhibits a Resource attractiveness. The q-values associated with the number of National-level Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration Counties (Sites) and the number of China’s Beautiful Leisure Rural are 0.715 and 0.552, respectively. The results indicate that the role of resource attractiveness is crucial for coordinated development. National-level Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration Counties (Sites) and China’s Beautiful Leisure Rural crucially facilitate rural tourism development. By promoting the enhancement and optimization of local rural public services and stimulating the local economy, there is an influence on the coordinated development that occurs as part of the coupling of the two systems. Additionally, this can lead to an increase in tax revenue for the region.Service guarantee. The q-values of the six indicators that reflect the service guarantee range from 0.497 to 0.807, which indicates that the service guarantee exerts a strong causative effect on the coordinated development of the two systems. Rural public services enhance the welfare and development of rural residents and promote rural tourism. Regarding the six indicators, the teacher-student ratio in junior middle schools emerges as a significant driving force, suggesting that improving elementary education can effectively foster the development of skilful individuals in rural tourism. Furthermore, the presence and quality of service facilities, such as rural sanitary toilets, waste disposal facilities, and health clinics, have a significant impact on rural tourism development. These indicators can enhance tourists’ destination evaluation and influence their choice of a tourist destination.The level of coupling coordination development is influenced by a combination of factors. Multi-factor interaction detection was utilized to comprehensively explore the influence of the causative factors. The second strongest impact is seen in the interaction between the number of village cultural events and the number of China’s Beautiful Leisure Rural, along with the annual income of rural tourism and the number of National-level Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration Counties (Sites), with q-values of 0.960 and 0.948, respectively. Effective rural recreational and cultural services not only enrich the leisure time of rural residents and enhance their well-being but they are also influenced by the various recreational and cultural service demands from potential tourists. This resource-sharing model provides tourists with abundant rural cultural and tourism activities, which can provide an endogenous impetus to the rural economy and promote the coordinated development of both factors. The industrial development level and resource base are equally significant in the context of coupling coordination between the two factors, indicating that the interaction between the economy and resource elements can enhance the quality of the rural tourism industry supply and that of rural public services.Due to social and natural conditions, rural areas in developing countries often face challenges in terms of economic development and the welfare of their inhabitants. Internal development in these regions is often uncoordinated, particularly evident in the southwest region of China. To address this issue, this paper focuses on Southwest China as a case study and integrates the concept of new development with the understanding of system theory to better reveal the coupling coordination relationship between rural public services and rural tourism and its causative factors. The general characteristics, patterns, and mechanisms identified in the study can serve as good references for the development of rural areas in other developing countries around the world.In line with existing research , 67, theThe causative factors selected in the text drive the coupling coordination of the two systems to a greater extent, but also with variability. Among the single-factor probes, the rural household waste disposal input was the most significant driver. According to Huang, Z et al. , the resBased on the above analysis, this study offers the following proposals to illustrate the dynamic smoothness of the positive coupling between rural public services and rural tourism. It aims to realize resource-sharing, enhance resource utilization efficiency, and promote the coordinated development of both systems.In areas where the level of rural public services is inadequate, such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, etc., higher-level governments should increase their financial support to strengthen the financial security of rural public services. Since rural grassroots financial resources are limited, the local government should adopt a multi-party supply mode rather than relying solely on the government. Industrial linkage of public service supply should be introduced, and the rural tourism market can be utilized to bring financial, human, and material support. Incentives tailored to the local characteristics should be developed to encourage tourism enterprises, third-party organizations, and "government-led, enterprise-participation" models to accelerate the integration of rural public services and rural tourism development.The government should establish special funds for rural environmental protection, with a specific focus on enhancing investment in household rubbish disposal. For areas close to towns, the "household collection, village concentration, town treatment" operation mode can be adopted, with household rubbish trucks transporting waste to transfer stations, and pre-treatment by village household rubbish handlers before sending it to collection centers. For remote rural and less populated areas, the "household collection, village concentration, village treatment" model can be implemented to establish village-level waste treatment facilities. An incentive mechanism should be formulated to provide subsidies and rewards to villages actively participating in environmental protection and impact assessment issues, motivating their involvement in safeguarding the environment.Strengthen cooperation between medical and health services and rural tourism. Increased investment should be made to improve medical facilities in rural tourism destinations to ensure timely medical treatment for tourists. Governments should formulate appropriate policies for direct medical settlement in other places and provide accessible medical protection services for tourists and rural residents. The quality of medical services is crucial, so medical service providers should upgrade medical equipment and enhance the professional skills and service level of rural medical personnel. Moreover, exploring and promoting medical services with the characteristics of Southwest China, such as Zhuang medicine, Miao medicine, and Yi medicine, can enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of rural tourism.Nevertheless, there are certain restrictions on this study, though. Due to the significant impact of unforeseen events on China’s tourism business, data from 2020 and beyond were excluded from this analysis. Future studies should expand the time frame to acquire more comprehensive results. Furthermore, information technology services represent an important sub-system of public services. However, due to the lack of statistics on this sub-system in rural areas, it has not been included in the indicator system of this paper.Future studies are encouraged to incorporate more comprehensive and scientifically-based indicators as statistical data are improved and consolidated. Additionally, it should be noted that the development structure and processes of the rural tourism industry vary across different provinces, leading to spatial heterogeneity. This spatial variation must be taken into account when conducting further research and policy planning in the field of rural development and tourism. Therefore, diverse methods, such as spatial effects analysis, can be tried to study the coupling relationship between the two.This study measured the development level of the two systems by using the entropy value method and the comprehensive evaluation model, with a focus on southwestern China (study period: 2012–2019). Furthermore, the coupled coordination degree model measured the coupled and coordinated development level of rural public services and rural tourism. By employing the driving factors associated with the coordinated development of the two systems, a single-factor and multi-factor interaction detection analysis was conducted, utilizing Geodetector. Consequently, the following conclusions were obtained:In southwest China, both the rural public service system and the rural tourism system have experienced a fluctuating upward trend in their development. However, the spatial patterns of these two systems revealed uneven results in regional development by the year 2019.Rural public services and rural tourism are interconnected and influence each other, indicating a coupling relationship between the two systems. The degree of linkage coordination between the two systems underwent two stages of "slow increase and accelerated increase" across southwestern China. Chongqing, Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou transitioned from the disordered phase to the intermediate coordination stage, while Sichuan transitioned from the intermediate coordination stage to the advanced stage. Throughout the study period, the type of coupling coordination in all five provinces shifted from rural tourism being less advanced to rural public services being less advanced.The coupling coordination between rural public services and rural tourism is influenced by multiple factors and interactions. The main causative factors, listed in order of influence, are the rural household waste disposal inputs, the number of rural tourism visits, the annual income of rural tourism, and the number of National Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration Counties (Sites). Regarding interaction detection, the strongest interaction driver is the intersection between the number of health clinics per 10,000 people and the number of China’s Beautiful Leisure Rural. This is followed by the intersection between the number of rural cultural events and the number of China’s Beautiful Leisure Rural, and lastly, the intersection between the annual income of rural tourism and the number of National Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration Counties (Sites).S1 File(ZIP)Click here for additional data file.S2 File(XLSX)Click here for additional data file.S3 File(XLSX)Click here for additional data file.


In recent years, the escalating prevalence of elevated consumption and carbon emissions within urban operations has reached a disconcerting extent. This surge in resource depletion and environmental pollution exerts an adverse influence on the well-being of individuals, while impeding societal progress and hindering the enhancement of overall quality of life. Within the domain of urban environmental design, the integration of visual displays emerges as a superior approach to facilitate the assimilation and analysis of green and low-carbon information. However, urban environmental data usually contains multiple dimensions, so it is a problem to realize the data representation of multiple dimensions while maintaining the correlation and interactivity between data. To surmount the challenge of visualizing such intricate information, this investigation initially employs a sophisticated memory-based clustering algorithm for information extraction, accompanied by a global similarity algorithm that meticulously computes attribute component quantities within specific dimensions of the vector. Furthermore, leveraging the inherent power of Vue’s bidirectional data binding capabilities, the study adopts the esteemed MVVM (Model-View-View-Model) pattern, fostering seamless two-way interaction through the established logical relationship. As a result, the amalgamation of multidimensional visualization technology empowers comprehensive data mining through a captivating visual augmentation. Concurrently, the application of data visualization dimension control delivers tailored displays tailored to green and low-carbon scenarios within urban environmental design. Experimental results impeccably validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, substantiated by a mere 1.77% false alarm rate for data stream difference detection and a clustering difference of 1.34%. The aforementioned algorithm accentuates the efficacy of visual displays, thus engendering a profound synergy between the industrial and supply chains. Moreover, it facilitates the design, production, and utilization of environmentally friendly products and energy sources. This, in turn, serves as a catalyst, propelling the widescale adoption of green and low-carbon practices throughout the entire industrial chain, fueled by the seamless integration of multimedia data. Multimedia, with its versatile elements of graphics, text, sound, and moving images, creates an optimal environment for education, graphic design, and various other fields. In particular, the emergence and intervention of multimedia technology in today’s urban environmental design have fundamentally transformed and developed the entire environmental design industry. However, as the world continues to focus on achieving better urban environmental development in a low-carbon economy, visualizing green and low-carbon information in urban environmental design becomes crucial in enabling relevant departments to analyze and design effective strategies.To this end, environmental accounting serves as a means to determine, calculate, record, and report enterprises’ activities in environmental development, pollution, and management, ultimately measuring their green and low-carbon situation to visualize the necessary information . Yet, incorpus of information sources is growing in size. Apart from the demand for storing, transmitting, retrieving, and classifying the vast amount of green and low-carbon data for better urban environmental design, there exists an urgent need to comprehend the interrelationships and developmental tendencies among the existing green and low-carbon data for better environmental protection strategies. Thus, numerous crucial information and patterns remain obscure within this burgeoning data, and individuals strive to analyze them at a more sophisticated level to make the most of these green and low-carbon data. Whereas data mining is a process that involves extracting information from large amounts of data, its heavily automated algorithmic nature poses a challenge for users to apprehend, explore, and optimize the data and algorithmic process itself. The burgeoning field of visualization, driven by multimedia data, has resulted in a significant amount of work aimed at discovering how visual methods can facilitate the data mining process and render the data more intuitive for users to comprehend and investigate. This necessity has stimulated the development of data mining techniques  between objects is based on the distance between objects. The distance function is as follows:Here After obtaining the similarity matrix between data objects, a similarity-based method can be employed to compare the similarity of each dimension in the parallel coordinate system. This will address the issue of data organization affecting the display effectiveness. An optimization algorithm can then be utilized to derive the best combination scheme for guiding the visualization display. The similarity between dimensions is obtained as follows:The global similarity algorithm takes all the data as the object of study and computes a vector of attribute components of all the numbers choked in a certain dimension. In this way the laws implied within all the data can be represented quantitatively, let This concludes the dimensional arrangement of the multidimensional data and enables clustering of the data for urban environment design.The visualization of green and low-carbon information is carried out in three main steps. Firstly, the information is collected from open platforms and networks using keywords related to low-carbon information. Secondly, the collected information is processed in a knowledge extraction framework, where data mining techniques are used to extract relevant information and present it in a simple and attractive form of knowledge representation, while discarding irrelevant information. Thirdly, the extracted multidimensional knowledge is arranged in dimensions, and the global similarity of images is determined to obtain the structure of the training model. After unsupervised learning of the training set, the design is evaluated based on the effectiveness of green low-carbon information visualization design criteria , a preeminent collaborative innovation platform for data science and artificial intelligence in China, which furnishes artificial intelligence datasets, Big Data competitions, and open source sharing communities. An experimental dataset was procured from the DataFountain platform for the purposes of this article, and the efficacy of the proposed scheme was substantiated using this dataset. In addition, feature cleaning was executed on the dataset to ameliorate the effectiveness of the data. Details pertaining to the data cleaning process encompassed missing value processing (For the experimental data utilized in this article, one portion was acquired through Python, while the other was obtained ocessing , outlierocessing , normaliocessing , and catAs illustrated in Moreover, the stability of the interconnected relationship between relevant low-carbon information serves as a measure of information’s diversified display capability. Typically, the larger the result of the interconnection coefficient calculation, the stronger the diversified display capability of information, thereby enhancing the practicality of the platform system. Thus, an evaluation experiment is conducted to measure the diversified display capability, and the experimental results are presented in This article includes a similarity-based dimension alignment algorithm, which effectively selects relevant dimensions for data mining and visualization display, thereby reducing the interference of irrelevant dimensions during mining and visualization tasks. Additionally, the proposed scheme performs correlation analysis on attributes, utilizing feature cleaning to filter out statistically irrelevant or weakly correlated attributes, while retaining the most pertinent attributes for mining or display purposes. As a result, the interconnection coefficient of the model presented in this article is consistently higher than that of literature  for diffTo demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model and provide a comprehensive evaluation, we conducted a thorough analysis with various experiments and data processing steps. Firstly, we applied a loss function analysis on both the Python collection and the dataset obtained from the DataFountain platform. This allowed us to evaluate the model’s performance on diverse datasets and determine its generalizability. Before proceeding with the analysis, we preprocessed the overall data to ensure its quality and consistency. We performed data cleaning, normalization, and feature extraction to eliminate noise and enhance the dataset’s representativeness. Subsequently, we focused on the “green low carbon” information from 2000 to 2015, a critical period marked by the evolution of multimedia technology and increasing emphasis on environmental concerns. For training and data mining, we carefully selected the relevant data, ensuring that it accurately represents the characteristics of the green low-carbon domain. This meticulous data selection process was crucial to training the model effectively and fostering its understanding of the complex relationships within the green low-carbon information.During the training process, we monitored the change in loss values closely. The progressive reduction in loss values is a strong indicator of the model’s ability to learn and adapt to the given data. By utilizing multi-dimensional data processing and mining clustering techniques, the proposed model effectively exploited the intrinsic patterns and structures present in the data, leading to significant loss reduction. This demonstrated the model’s capacity to process and comprehend complex information, which is pivotal in achieving more effective control over the green low-carbon domain.The rapid advancement of information technology and network infrastructure has resulted in an exponential surge in data volume, particularly driven by the proliferation of multimedia content. Effectively processing and transforming this data into meaningful insights has emerged as a pivotal concern. To tackle the challenge of visualizing eco-friendly and low-carbon information within the context of urban environment design, this article employs cutting-edge data mining technology to construct a framework for knowledge extraction from information. Additionally, a similarity-based dimensional alignment algorithm is employed to process multidimensional data, discerning feature data that necessitates visualization display. Subsequently, a sophisticated visualization platform is meticulously constructed, employing Vue technology.An intriguing finding from our analysis was the correlation between advancements in multimedia technology and the comprehensiveness of open green low-carbon information. The visualization in Moreover, we focused on enhancing the overall visualization structure of the model to improve its reliability and accuracy. A more interpretable and intuitive visualization not only helps researchers better understand the model’s inner workings but also boosts the model’s practical applicability. Users can confidently trust the model’s outputs and utilize them in decision-making processes, making it a valuable asset in various green technology domains.The analysis of experimental results reveals that the proposed scheme demonstrates a remarkable enhancement in data information mining, thereby augmenting the availability of eco-friendly low-carbon information. This approach adeptly filters out redundant information, consequently minimizing the loss rate in model training. Moreover, it exhibits robust data diversification display capabilities, thereby effectively propelling the realization of sustainable and high-quality development. It further promotes the application of advanced green technology, bolsters eco-friendly low-carbon management capability, accelerates network green upgrade, and elevates the level of eco-friendly power usage. The implementation of this model fosters innovation-driven quality transformation, power utilization, and efficiency enhancement, thus facilitating the realization of sustainable and high-quality development within the industry.In conclusion, the extensive analysis and experiments conducted in this study affirm the superiority of the proposed model. The incorporation of diverse datasets, rigorous data processing, and the use of advanced techniques have collectively contributed to the model’s exceptional performance. By efficiently reducing loss values, adapting to dynamic data trends, and providing reliable visualizations, the model exhibits significant potential for practical applications in the field of green low-carbon technology and beyond. Our research serves as a stepping stone for further advancements in this domain and offers valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals.In recent years, the combination of visualization and data mining methods has gradually demonstrated its powerful data analysis capabilities and interactive efficiency, thus providing a promising solution to the visualization of green and low-carbon information in urban environment design in the context of multimedia. To this end, this article proposes an enhanced data mining technology that constructs a knowledge extraction framework for green and low-carbon information. The similarity-based dimensional arrangement algorithm is also improved to effectively remove redundant or bad data, enhancing the visualization effect of green and low-carbon multidimensional information. By utilizing Vue for data visualization display, this article realizes direct forwarding and feedback of data and views, thereby empowering the entire society to reduce carbon emissions and promote peak performance. Moreover, the digital and green transformation of information in urban environmental design is facilitated, accelerating the service supply capability of deep integration of digital technology and vertical industry applications, and supporting the development of economic and social green transformation. Meanwhile, Green low-carbon information contains multiple dimensions. In the visualization process, it is a challenge to choose which dimensions, the weights of the dimensions and how to display this information. Trade-offs and prioritization must be made, taking into account users’ needs and goals, and minimizing redundancy and duplication of information.In the longer term, the experts in the field of visualization at the IEEE VIS 2014 Workshop on Visualization in Predictive Analysis have presented a series of significant challenges in this direction, including training data and test data selection, feature selection and testing, model comparison and selection, model validation, model prediction quality control, and visualization-assisted prediction of complex problems, among others. In the future, we will continue to explore this research program and advance the process of information visualization in urban environment design.10.7717/peerj-cs.1614/supp-1Supplemental Information 1Click here for additional data file.