Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common variety of the condition, constituting a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and chest that primarily affects otherwise healthy adolescents. If severe progressive curves remain untreated, scoliosis patients have a poor prognosis that comes with a substantial life-long burden of disease due to the deformation of the spine and chest, restrictions in the area of the pulmonary system, and sometimes debilitating pain.The treatment of AIS attempts to alter the natural course of the disease. Since the 1980s, posterior spinal fusion (PSF) has been widely adapted as the standard treatment for AIS patients at the end of adolescent growth with severe progressive curves owing to its capacity to prevent further deformation and to partially correct spinal and chest deformity. The primary goal of PSF for scoliosis has always been to prevent progression and to provide a balanced spine in the coronal and sagittal plane, fuse as few vertebrae as possible and avoid complications. Correcting a scoliotic spine to possess as normative an anatomy as possible is beneficial to the remaining unfused areas of the spine. Even with contemporary surgical techniques, it remains difficult to really recreate the normal shape of the spine and avoid problems like proximal junctional kyphosis, shoulder imbalance or degenerative disc disease.Especially in patients with structural proximal thoracic curves (Lenke type 2), shoulder balance remains a challenge in PSF. In a recent retrospective study on the Harms Study Group Multicenter AIS Database, Landrum et al. validated a tool to aid in case-specific determinization of the optimal amount of coronal plane correction for the proximal thoracic as compared to the main thoracic curvature . The thoFor corrective scoliosis surgery, it is essential to have thorough understanding of the effect of correction of the deformity in all three anatomical planes. In general, successful restoration of coronal and sagittal balance has a protective effect on the unfused discs in posterior spinal fusion for AIS. In the sagittal plane, patients with AIS typically have regional thoracic hypokyphosis and compensatory decreased cervical lordosis. If the surgeon performing three-dimensional correction maneuvers focusses on coronal and axial correction, due to the nature of the deformity, the sagittal plane is corrected to a lesser extent. Persistent thoracic hypokyphosis may drive the cervical spine into further kyphotic compensation, with potentially negative effects on the unfused cervical discs. Interestingly, Young et al. surveyed 180 AIS patients treated between 1975 and 1992 by Milwaukee braces comprising Harrington rods, and 33 had lateral radiographs available at adolescent age [PSF does not cure scoliosis, the physiological motion of the instrumented part of the spine is not preserved and patients have reduced functional outcomes as compared with the normal population. While PSF for AIS provides sustainable long-term outcomes, the surgical field remains highly innovative. The disadvantages of spinal fusion have led surgeons to study other surgical methods for correcting AIS without fusion. To control the asymmetric growth of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, vertebral body tethering (VBT) has been introduced as motion preserving alternative to address progressive scoliotic deformities. Using PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, Raitio et al. synthesize the published results about this technique and discuss the indications, timing, outcomes and complications of VBT . They coAs of yet, the complication and reoperation rate of VBT is still high. Surgeons who are planning to start VBT are often aware of the potential pulmonary complications, which are very rare after PSF. In order to shed light on the pulmonary complications involved in VBT, Trobisch et al. described a pulmonary complication rate of 10% in a retrospective single-center cohort study n = 140), with no long-term consequences [0, with nAs VBT aims to correct the scoliotic deformity by growth modulation of the spinal tissues, the use of VBT after the peak of the growth spurt is controversial. Recently, Meyers et al. described the outcomes of VBT for 49 adolescents with a mean age of 15 years, relative skeletal maturity (Risser 3–5), and a minimum of a 2-year follow-up. While 41% of the tethers broke during follow-up period, VBT resulted in satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes in this population [In contrast to adolescent scoliosis, early-onset scoliosis requires growth-friendly treatment to allow the spine and chest to grow to adult proportions. As PSF and VBT do not allow for extensive growth, Tabeling et al. recently presented a novel growth-friendly system for treating early-onset scoliosis . In contThese six innovative studies on optimization of PSF, VBT and surgery for early-onset scoliosis demonstrate that the ultimate goal of scoliosis surgery is evolving rapidly. The provision of balance, the sparing of motion, and the preservation of growth can be added to the list of aims alongside the prevention of further curve progression. The benefits and potential risks of surgical innovations, however, should be monitored closely.


This research extends prior studies by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare on pandemic-related risk perception, concentrating on the role of trust in health authorities and its impact on public health outcomes.The paper aims to investigate variations in trust levels over time and across social media platforms, as well as to further explore 12 subcategories of political mistrust. It seeks to understand the dynamics of political trust, including mistrust accumulation, fluctuations over time, and changes in topic relevance. Additionally, the study aims to compare qualitative research findings with those obtained through computational methods.Data were gathered from a large-scale data set consisting of 13,629 Twitter and Facebook posts from 2020 to 2023 related to COVID-19. For analysis, a fine-tuned FinBERT model with an 80% accuracy rate was used for predicting political mistrust. The BERTopic model was also used for superior topic modeling performance.Our preliminary analysis identifies 43 mistrust-related topics categorized into 9 major themes. The most salient topics include COVID-19 mortality, coping strategies, polymerase chain reaction testing, and vaccine efficacy. Discourse related to mistrust in authority is associated with perceptions of disease severity, willingness to adopt health measures, and information-seeking behavior. Our findings highlight that the distinct user engagement mechanisms and platform features of Facebook and Twitter contributed to varying patterns of mistrust and susceptibility to misinformation during the pandemic.The study highlights the effectiveness of computational methods like natural language processing in managing large-scale engagement and misinformation. It underscores the critical role of trust in health authorities for effective risk communication and public compliance. The findings also emphasize the necessity for transparent communication from authorities, concluding that a holistic approach to public health communication is integral for managing health crises effectively. Risk communication is an integrated part of any emergency response that consists of a real-time exchange of information, advice, and opinions between experts, community leaders, officials, and the people who are at risk . FailureTrust in the authorities changes based on time and place. Therefore, it is important to monitor it during an emergency. Social listening, a continuous process of collecting web-based and offline data using standard tools, has increased during the pandemic. It can also be used to monitor trust toward authorities. Social listening projects have taken many forms worldwide. Some projects use big data and dashboards to present the findings, such as the World Health Organization Early Artificial Intelligence–Supported Response with Social Listening, which monitors COVID-19–related web-based discussions in 30 countries . Other pDespite extensive discussions within different disciplines, the concept of trust remains vague, and the trust constructs are diversified . Each diThe THL conducted a qualitative study based on Facebook and Twitter narratives to identify and describe factors linked with pandemic-related risk perception. The purpose of the study was to identify concepts that can be embedded in a digital platform to serve as keywords for risk communicators to conduct social listening during future epidemics and pandemics . The stuThis study was designed to bridge this existing knowledge gap. Using a big data set spanning 3 years, we analyzed the social media communications between THL and the audience on Facebook and Twitter. The research aimed to answer several key questions: How does political trust fluctuate during a pandemic? In which areas does mistrust accumulate? How does the significance of these topics change over time? Last, to what extent do the outcomes derived from computational methods differ from, or align with, those obtained from qualitative research conducted on the same data set?academictwitteR package [The Twitter data were extracted using the  package . InitialThe Facebook data were collected using the Facepager app , coverinIn total, 2 data sets were merged, resulting in 13,629 posts. These posts were shuffled, and 4240 of them were randomly selected for the annotation task. Out of these, 3095 were Facebook posts, and 1145 were Twitter posts.This study adheres to strict ethical guidelines and has received approval (THL/738/6.02.01/2021) from the Ethics Committee at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. All data used are deidentified to ensure anonymity and confidentiality, eliminating the possibility of tracing back to original posts or users. Data storage and use are secured, and findings are used responsibly to contribute to scholarly discourse.For text classification, we aim to identify political mistrust from Twitter and Facebook content using computational methods. In the framework of risk perception, trust is defined as a psychological state that encompasses the willingness to accept vulnerability, predicated on positive anticipations regarding the intentions or actions of another entity . Thus, wTo prepare the training data for the initial stage, we randomly selected 4240 texts from the main data set. In total, 4 research assistants who were native Finnish speakers manually annotated these texts for mistrust categories. Annotators were asked to label a tweet as mistrust, trust, or neutral/unclear stances  is commonly fine-tuned for multiple natural language processing (NLP) tasks, including text classification . AdditioFor the text classification task, we fine-tuned the FinBERT model with the annotated data. By comparing the accuracy of various models that are trained with different parameters and model versions, we identify the best-performing model, which is later used to label the remaining data. On the test data set containing 516 samples, our best-performing model has an accuracy of 80%. Our model has a higher accuracy compared to similar BERT models that are trained to predict public trust in politicians .Once the mistrust contents were identified, we used the topic modeling technique to identify the most representative topics from these contents. BERTopic, a topic-modeling technique  using thBERTopic algorithm consists of a series of steps to create topic representation. Each step is a separate language model containing a set of tunable parameters . The embDue to the modular nature of BERTopic, multiple variations of the topic model can be achieved. Researchers can determine the desired outcome  and create multiple models using different sets of parameters. Output topics of each model are then manually inspected to verify whether they are meaningful and match the desired outcome. In this research, optimal results were achieved with UMAP set at 25 neighbors and 10 components, HDBSCAN clustering with a minimum of 20 documents, and 15 descriptive words per topic.Furthermore, the best representative documents per topic can be extracted with BERTopic. As a result, researchers can use them to have a better understanding of the topics and subsequently construct a theme connecting similar topics together. In this paper, besides extracting these representative documents corresponding to each topic, we also select other documents from individual topics to manually inspect.Using this fine-tuned model on the rest of the unlabeled data, we identified 5765 samples of mistrust messages (42.3%) and 7864 samples of trust or neutral messages (57.7%). Given that most people who engage with THL on social media do so because they are concerned about COVID-19, a large proportion of the posts are either trustful or neutral toward the THL. However, there is also a significant amount of mistrust, which fluctuates considerably throughout the pandemic.We analyzed the ratio of mistrust messages for each source  over time . We founFor topic modeling, BERTopic identifies 43 topics in total. The timeline of the 10 most representative topics is shown in The second topic covers the concerns about how to cope with the pandemic at the societal or governmental level. It includes discussions about the strategies to resume normal life, the effectiveness of vaccines in this regard, the comparisons of different vaccine brands, and the inconsistencies in the government’s statements on these matters.The third topic is about polymerase chain reaction tests, their reliability, and their implications for daily life. The fourth topic is about the effectiveness of vaccines, in terms of reducing death risks, preventing infection, and providing lasting protection. Similarly, the fifth topic focuses on the need for booster doses of vaccines. The third booster shot raises doubts among people about the efficacy of vaccines and some allege that vaccinated people experience serious side effects of these shots. The sixth topic includes discussions about hospitalization and COVID-related illness. Specifically, the discussions revolve around people who brought new variants of the virus to the country, the risks of travelers for hospitalization, and the failure of corona mobile apps to monitor sick people. The seventh topic focuses on travel-related inconveniences, in terms of how travelers contribute to virus transmission.The eighth topic includes discussions related to school openings and students. Most of the dissatisfaction on this issue stems from the fact that schools remained open throughout the pandemic in Finland. The government was accused of taking insufficient measures at schools, failing to monitor sick students effectively, ignoring the long-term effects of COVID-19 on children, allowing students to be the main source of virus spread, keeping schools open while other countries closed them, and so on.The ninth topic is about the effectiveness of mask use in preventing virus transmission and the complaints about the lack of clear guidelines on this matter. Finally, the tenth topic is about the mobile app that was used by THL to track the infected people. The majority of the complaints are primarily focused on the technical aspects of the application, such as rapid battery depletion and installation issues across diverse phone brands. Although the relevance of the topics fluctuated over time, our results indicate that their share decreased gradually toward the end of the pandemic.The second component of our study aimed to juxtapose the findings from a previous qualitative study with those derived from our computational method. Given that the prior study was conducted over a relatively shorter time frame, we anticipated that our analysis would unearth a broader array of topics spanning the entirety of the pandemic period, along with their respective trend variations. Simultaneously, we sought to pinpoint minor topics that could be identified via human evaluation but might elude detection by the computational method. To this end, we analyzed the 12 most representative posts for each topic and categorized them as outlined in Following an iterative review of the topic contents, we organized them into 9 primary themes. One of these is “insufficient information on COVID-19 health effects and complications.” This theme fundamentally addresses the deficiency or inaccessibility of comprehensive information concerning the health implications and complications associated with COVID-19. It encapsulates the public’s ongoing quest for accurate and detailed information, covering a wide array of subjects. These include the diversity of symptoms exhibited by individuals infected with the virus, the variance in disease severity across different demographic groups, the potential long-term implications for physical and mental health, and the identification of specific complications linked to COVID-19.Understanding these aspects is instrumental in shaping the public’s perception of the risk associated with the virus. For instance, a lack of comprehensive knowledge about the range of symptoms may hinder early detection and accurate self-assessment of personal risk. The absence of information about how the disease’s severity varies among demographic groups could lead to an underestimation or overestimation of personal risk. The potential for long-term physical and mental health consequences, when not sufficiently communicated, can exacerbate public anxiety and contribute to further mental health challenges. Furthermore, ignorance about specific complications linked to COVID-19 might result in inadequate precautions or a disregard for the disease’s seriousness. Hence, the theme is intertwined with the public’s risk perception. The accessibility and availability of comprehensive, accurate information regarding the health impacts of COVID-19 is paramount in mitigating misconceptions and facilitating a balanced understanding of risk, thereby directly influencing public health outcomes.The theme titled “spread and impact of COVID-19 conspiracy theories and misinformation” covers a spectrum of subjects. These include the efficacy of vaccines and their influence on infection rates, the effectiveness and misrepresentation of masks, the protective power and efficacy of vaccines, concerns about vaccine side effects and safety, along with the proliferation of vaccine misinformation and conspiracy theories. This category delves into the broad dissemination and repercussions of conspiracy theories and misinformation related to COVID-19.The theme “social impacts and behaviors” covers an array of topics, which include attitudes and practices toward mask-wearing, discussions about COVID-19 in English-language tweets, efforts, and obstacles encountered in combating the epidemic, experiences related to quarantine along with associated frustrations and compliance with regulations, and knowledge of virus transmission modes and preventive methods. This category examines the social and behavioral facets of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on society’s stance on mask use, the dialogue and sentiment expressed through the English language , the diverse initiatives implemented to battle the epidemic, the trials and experiences linked to quarantine measures, and the societal understanding of virus transmission routes and preventative measures. Public trust in political institutions impacts preventive behaviors like mask-wearing, shapes the tone of social media discussions, affects public cooperation in pandemic management efforts, influences quarantine compliance, and determines the acceptance of information about virus transmission and preventive strategies. Thus, political trust significantly shapes societal behaviors and responses during the COVID-19 pandemic.The theme “public sector impacts and challenges” concentrates on the repercussions and difficulties encountered by the public sector—encompassing governments, health organizations, and public institutions—amid their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This delves into aspects like postal services, health care, and education, illuminating the intricacies these sectors grapple with during the pandemic. It aims to underscore the adaptive strategies, criticisms, and dilemmas surfacing within these domains, to comprehend and tackle the hurdles confronting professionals and the broader public alike.“Challenges and controversies in COVID-19 reporting and guidance” addresses the challenges and controversies surrounding the reporting of COVID-19 data and the guidance provided by health organizations and authorities. It examines issues such as data accuracy, the interpretation and presentation of statistics, differing perspectives on public health recommendations, and the public’s trust in official information sources.“Policy choices” and challenges involve evaluating Finland’s pandemic response, controversies surrounding COVID-19 passports, early easing of restrictions and consequences, perceptions of vaccine mandates, and criticism of Finland’s COVID-19 measures and enforcement. It explores the decision-making process and associated challenges in implementing policies to address the pandemic.“The impact of COVID-19 on the retail and restaurant sectors” focuses on the specific impacts of the pandemic on the retail and restaurant industries. It examines changes in consumer behavior, such as increased web-based shopping and shifts in spending patterns, the implementation of safety measures in retail and dining establishments, the challenges faced by businesses, and the long-term implications for these sectors.The theme “travel restrictions and risks” includes discourse on a variety of topics such as concerns about the Euro 2020 football matches also held in Russia, the impact of travel policies between Estonia and Finland, comparisons of the COVID-19 situations among Nordic countries, and the risks related to travel and virus transmission. It scrutinizes the consequences of travel restrictions, the intersection of major sporting events and public health worries, the outcomes of international travel policies, and the deliberations concerning virus transmission amid travel.“Country and region-specific issues” focus on the unique circumstances and challenges faced by different locations during the COVID-19 pandemic. It includes topics such as Lapland’s COVID-19 situation and its impact on tourism, Israel’s COVID-19 situation and the progress of its vaccination campaign, the COVID-19 situation in the Uusimaa region  and the measures implemented, as well as Sweden’s COVID-19 situation, strategy, and support for Swedish-speaking Finns. This theme underscores the unique circumstances and challenges encountered by different geographical areas. The influence of political trust on these issues becomes evident when considering the acceptance and efficacy of local responses to the pandemic. Political trust can play a pivotal role in the public’s willingness to accept and adhere to local health measures, such as those implemented in the Uusimaa region. Similarly, trust in political leadership and public health agencies may significantly influence the public’s perception of and participation in vaccination campaigns, as observed in Israel. The intersection between public health measures and specific geographical or cultural contexts, such as Lapland’s tourism industry and the support for Swedish-speaking Finns, can be greatly affected by the level of trust in political institutions. Consequently, political trust can substantially shape regional COVID-19 strategies and responses, indicating a profound connection between political trust and country and region-specific issues during the pandemic.The reference study , using qContrary to our findings, the topics of “economy-first attitude,” “politics-first attitude,” and “suspicious funding” did not emerge as distinct themes in our analysis. This can be attributed to 2 possible explanations. First, it could be a result of the authors’ interpretation and categorization of topics differing from our approach. Second, it is possible that the frequency of discussions related to these topics was not as prominent compared to other themes, leading them to be embedded within our broader main topics. This suggests that these concepts may be intertwined within the larger themes we have identified rather than being standalone topics.This study, based on a comprehensive analysis of social listening during the COVID-19 pandemic, offers valuable insights into public engagement with pandemic-related topics on Facebook and Twitter. The findings highlight the critical role of trust in effective public health management and underscore the need for strategic communication to foster this trust, thereby informing public health communication and policy.Our analysis spans the entire duration of the pandemic and identifies 43 topics that emerged as significant during this period, as well as the most prominent ones at different time points. Parallel with the previous studies, our results show that the significant role of trust in public health measures was evident in the relationship observed between trust in authorities and the public’s perceptions of disease severity, virus transmissibility, information-seeking behavior, and willingness to adopt interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic -8.Moreover, our analysis revealed that the patterns of mistrust during the pandemic varied significantly between Facebook and Twitter users. This variation can be attributed to the distinct user profiles and platform features of each social media network, which in turn influenced the susceptibility to misinformation. Specifically, the architecture and user engagement mechanisms on Facebook and Twitter contributed to different patterns of misinformation propagation, thereby underscoring the role of platform-specific characteristics in shaping user behavior and susceptibility to misinformation . SpecifiGiven that COVID-19 has resulted in an infodemic where people mainly seek and access information through the internet ,39, compThe analysis of topic modeling across a diverse range of themes related to the COVID-19 pandemic provides crucial insights into the complexities of public health communication during this global crisis. The study reveals significant public interest in understanding the health effects and complications of COVID-19, emphasizing the need for clear and accurate information about the disease’s physical impacts, its persistence, and the efficacy of diagnostic tools. Concurrently, the investigation highlights the challenge of managing misinformation, particularly focusing on the spread and impact of COVID-19 conspiracy theories ,44.A lack of trust was found to potentially elevate the spread of misinformation and disinformation, thus negatively influencing adherence to public health measures . This unThe wide-ranging social effects of the pandemic and the complex behavioral responses from the public were another critical area of focus . The strIn the realm of public health policy, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought forth a myriad of complexities, particularly regarding the management of the pandemic and the public’s divergent reactions to distinct policy measures. The intricacies of pandemic management can be attributed to a confluence of factors, including the need for rapid decision-making amidst uncertainty, the requirement for effective communication of these decisions to the public, and the challenge of balancing health priorities with socioeconomic considerations. One of the salient themes that emerged from this situation is the heterogeneous public responses to different policy choices . This heAnother significant theme pertains to the considerable economic disruption triggered by the pandemic. This disruption has been particularly acute in sectors such as retail and restaurants, which rely heavily on in-person interactions and have been severely affected by lockdown measures and social distancing guidelines . The ecoImportantly, the study illuminated the significance of Finnish contexts in understanding and responding to the pandemic, showcasing a range of experiences and strategies across different geographical regions , minoritThe need for comprehensive and accurate information about the physical impacts of COVID-19 and its preventive measures underlines the importance of transparency, a factor known to increase public trust in authorities -8. The sThis study has a few limitations. First, the data collection process relied on specific packages and applications, which may not capture all relevant posts. Additionally, the focus on first comments and replies to THL posts may not fully represent the depth of discussions. The use of specific keywords for filtering could lead to the omission of important content. The text classification and topic modeling methods, while advanced, may still be subject to biases and limitations in accurately capturing mistrust and identifying significant topics. Last, merging data from different platforms (Twitter and Facebook) with distinct user behaviors may impact the interpretation of results.In conclusion, this study underscores the imperative of building and maintaining public trust in authorities during a health emergency like a pandemic. Effective risk communication, which includes providing accurate information, countering misinformation, and being responsive to public concerns, is key to this endeavor. The findings also highlight the need for context-sensitive approaches in public health communication and pandemic management, considering the diversity in public attitudes, risk perceptions, and socio-cultural contexts across different populations. Further research is needed to identify strategies to foster trust and enhance public engagement with health measures in different sociocultural contexts.


The drive for a more person-centred approach in the broader field of clinical medicine is also gaining traction in chronic pain treatment. Despite current advances, a further departure from ‘business as usual’ is required to ensure that the care offered or received is not only effective but also considers personal values, goals, abilities, and day-to-day realities. Existing work typically focuses on explaining pain symptoms and the development of standardised interventions, at the risk of overlooking the broader consequences of pain in individuals’ lives and individual differences in pain responses. This review underscores the importance of considering additional factors, such as the influence of chronic pain on an individual’s sense of self. It explores innovative approaches to chronic pain management that have the potential to optimise effectiveness and offer person-centred care. Furthermore, it delves into research applying hybrid and individual formulations, along with self-monitoring technologies, to enhance pain assessment and the tailoring of management strategies. In conclusion, this review advocates for chronic pain management approaches that align with an individual’s priorities and realities while fostering their active involvement in self-monitoring and self-management.  Chronic pain refers to pain that persists or recurs for more than three months . It affeDespite the significant personal impact of chronic pain, current interventions and strategies often focus on generic pain management approaches without necessarily addressing the personal meaning or psychological impact of pain on individuals. In a 2020 Cochrane review, 75 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing psychological therapies for chronic pain management were examined for their clinical efficacy and safety in alleviating pain, reducing disability, and enhancing mood—these being the most commonly targeted and measured treatment outcomes in RCTs . HoweverThis narrative review provides a concise overview of the existing body of research concerning psychological interventions for chronic pain. It underscores the importance of integrating patient-centred outcomes and explores the concept of the self within the context of chronic pain. The review also discusses the importance of person-centred care, examines the integration of digital technology, and explores individual formulation. The paper concludes with future directions, outlining key areas of focus and the next steps towards achieving person-centred care for individuals with chronic pain. Understanding the impact of pain on individuals requires acknowledging the influence of social and emotional factors, as proposed by Melzack and Wall’s (1965) gate control theory of pain . SubsequPsychological interventions for chronic pain primarily draw from cognitive and behavioural theories (CBT). One prominent psychological model is the fear-avoidance model ,27,28,29In terms of the social aspects of pain, the leading theory is the social communication model of pain , which eCognitive behavioural therapy is the most-delivered therapy for patients with chronic pain and often includes cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation, activity pacing, and relapse prevention . These aIn the field of chronic pain management, randomised controlled trials have been conducted extensively to determine the efficacy and safety of psychological interventions . Meta-anIn summary, the field of chronic pain management has seen significant progress through psychological interventions, yet challenges persist in maximising their effectiveness. The diverse nature of pain experiences and the complex interplay of factors necessitate a broader exploration of novel therapies and a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving positive changes. Factors such as pain catastrophising ,59, painIn recent years, there has been an expansion and broadening of approaches to pain management. The focus has shifted from solely addressing pain to encompassing patients’ experiences and outcomes, which has become a required and essential component of treatment evaluation and audit processes . This inA recent synthesis of 11 meta-ethnographies which systematically synthesises data from multiple studies, incorporating the experiences of thousands of individuals with chronic pain, has revealed the struggle to maintain a sense of self . The psyBuilding on these findings, one notable theory, the self-pain enmeshment theory , has proAnother line of research focuses on mental defeat, a concept applied to the study of chronic pain and based on the literature on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression ,76,77,78In summary, shifts in the focus of pain management have underscored the significance of patient experience, including the impact of pain on their sense of self, which is an area requiring further empirical investigation. Concepts like self-pain enmeshment and mental defeat provide valuable insights into the effects of pain on individuals, offering potential avenues for further research and the innovative development of treatments that can be incorporated into existing psychological approaches for pain management. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), person-centred care refers to healthcare approaches and methods that consider the individual as a unified entity with multifaceted needs and objectives which stem from their unique social determinants of health . A persoEfforts are underway to establish a consensus among patients, researchers, and clinicians regarding outcome measures for the psychosocial treatment of chronic pain. This also extends to the selection of response scales that align with the unique needs and perspectives of the individuals whose outcomes are being measured ,93. InitThe Department of Health in the United Kingdom champions a hybrid treatment approach that relies on evidence-based decision-making between healthcare providers and patients, considering the preferences of everyone involved . The sucAn illustrative example comes from a growing body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of hybrid treatments targeting sleep quality in patients with comorbid insomnia and chronic pain ,101. SleSome interventions employ prognostic screening methods to stratify patients into treatment pathways based on prognostic factors or clinical needs. For instance, the STarT Back Trial  assignedThe use of digital health technology has seen a significant increase in the field of chronic pain management ,49. RemoThe integration of digital technology in healthcare has also allowed patients to have more access to their healthcare data. Access to healthcare data, web-based interventions, and self-monitoring tools are considered important for empowering individuals to take control of their health . A meta-The integration of digital technology in research presents unique opportunities to combine self-report measures, psychological assessments, behaviour tracking, and the collection of environmental data in real-life settings over extended periods. Wearable tracking devices, such as those used for ecological momentary assessment (EMA), have gained popularity and enable the continuous monitoring of health status, including variables like physical activity, sleep, and physiological measures such as blood pressure, pulse, and temperature . These mHowever, concerns persist regarding whether personalised treatment approaches using digital health technology are perceived as personal by patients. Qualitative research indicates that telehealth interventions may be viewed as impersonal or unengaging when there is a lack of connection with the clinician, especially in online interventions without physical presence or hands-on solutions . Pain maThe rise of internet-delivered psychological therapies and the increasing use of wearable technology present opportunities to capture a wide range of relevant outcomes in clinical practice and trials . CombiniIndividual formulation plays a pivotal role in tailoring these hybrid approaches to address the unique needs of each chronic pain patient. This approach builds on the idea of shared decision-making of treatment and management options and makes it a collaborative endeavour . By undeIn summary, psychological interventions for chronic pain have been extensively developed and refined. However, the focus of these interventions remains largely on pain symptom management and less on outcomes that are significant to individuals managing pain . The fieIn the impactful words of Lyman (2021), a doctor who, early in his career, realised the detrimental consequences of misunderstanding pain and denying pain relief to others: “Pain isn’t found in the body, but it also isn’t just found in the mind: pain is in the person. To treat pain, we need to treat the whole human. Recovery is changing the meaning of pain; it is about recovering identity and personhood”  (p. 201)Firstly, the management of and interventions for chronic pain should revolve around the values and preferences of individuals living with persistent pain, and outcomes should be selected accordingly in collaboration with them, rather than solely by clinicians and researchers ,17. ThroEfforts should be made to ensure that outcomes align with the individual’s priorities, abilities, and goals and that these are consistently measured across studies to ensure comparability. A hybrid approach that incorporates relevant elements from existing CBT interventions could broaden the focus of treatments to include goals associated with pain, such as improving sleep and increasing physical activity. Embracing a transdiagnostic management approach that targets common comorbidities could empower patients to have more control over their treatment plan and shift the focus away from mostly unattainable goals like complete pain relief ,96,138. Advancements in technologies and online tools provide opportunities for person-centred care, enabling patients to self-monitor and self-manage their pain with or without clinician guidance. However, further empirical work is needed to critically evaluate the effectiveness of remotely delivered management services and to tailor them to the specific needs of individuals with chronic pain. By focusing on what is important to the person living with pain and incorporating dedicated content addressing frequently reported comorbidities, the outlined steps have the potential to propel the field forward. These steps aim to address aspects that significantly impact quality of life but are currently overlooked or inadequately targeted in healthcare and pain management programs.


During the 2022 Annual National Terahertz Biophysics Conference, the hypothesis was proposed that bio frequency electromagnetic fields sensitive points, akin to acupuncture points, exist in the human body. This development has prompted numerous researchers to apply terahertz technology to the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In recent years, terahertz technology has achieved notable progress in the field of TCM, particularly concerning the meridian-collateral system. This review systematically presents the advancements in terahertz technology and its implications on TCM theory from a biophysical perspective. Additionally, it summarizes the utilization of terahertz waves in elucidating aspects of TCM, particularly focusing on the scientific connotation of Qi, the theoretical foundation of the meridian-collateral system, and moxibustion in diagnosing and treating diseases. We aimed to explore the innovative applications and distinct advantages of terahertz technology in TCM and its feasibility as a pioneering technological tool for the modernization of TCM. THz waves hold significant potential for application in biomedicine’s diagnostic and imaging domains due to their low photon energy and, thus, are being non-ionizing and noninvasive. During the 2022 annual Terahertz Biophysics Conference, academician Guozhi Liu proposed the hypothesis that “sensitive spots” within the human body could be influenced by electromagnetic fields within biological frequency bands, including acupuncture points.Terahertz (THz) waves encompass frequency bands ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths spanning from 3 to 0.03 mm, signifying a transition from macroscopic to microscopic photonics. and to investigate disease treatment through the combined use of THz and acupuncture. In this review, we summarize the THz technology’s applications to unveil the scientific connotations of TCM theories. This encompasses 3 key aspects  have been facilitated by the application of THz technology. As an illustration, THz technology has been employed to elucidate contemporary mechanisms underlying TCM theoriescts Fig. : validat,5 THz can permeate numerous dielectric materials and nonpolar substances, endowing them with enhanced sensitivity and superior contrast advantages that effectively complement other imaging techniques. Furthermore, THz radiation possesses low photon energy and, as a result, does not induce damage when traversing living tissues, rendering it valuable in the medical domain. Fingerprint spectroscopy arises from the wealth of physical and chemical information encompassed within the THz waveband, facilitating the identification of an object’s composition based on these distinct spectral characteristics. Owing to their exceptional spectral attributes, high spatial resolution, and capacity to penetrate nonpolar molecules, THz technology holds immense potential in the field of disease diagnosis.THz waves are electromagnetic waves commonly occurring in nature, situated between microwaves and infrared light waves. THz waves exhibit distinctive characteristics, including high penetration, fingerprint spectrum, transience, stability, low photon energy, strong absorption by highly polar molecules, and high bandwidth.–10 In the field of Chinese medicine, several research teams have employed THz technology for the identification of Chinese medicine, investigating acupuncture points, and exploring the essence of Qi in Chinese medicine. These endeavors have yielded significant outcomes, laying the groundwork for further comprehensive research regarding THz applications within the field of Chinese medicine.Since the 1980s, the development of materials and optoelectronic technologies has enabled scholars to harness THz characteristics in the creation of technologies extensively applied in the medical field. These technologies encompass THz biomolecule detection, THz bioimaging detection, THz organism detection, and THz cellular tissue detection.–15 In the ancient worldview, Qi is defined as a subtle and imperceptible natural substance, considered the source of all phenomena in the universe, and its presence is often demonstrated through motion. Qi is functional, informative, and material and plays propelling, regulating, warming, cooling, defending, consolidating, and mediating roles. In modern times, advanced technological knowledge such as infrared thermography, electromagnetic radiation, and quantum theory has actively been used to understand the nature of Qi. Substantial progress has been achieved, including the Acknowledgments of Qi as a form of energy and elucidating the association of Qi with electromagnetic fields, quantum fields, and dark matter.,17 In recent years, some scholars have delved into the exploration and explanation of the THz characteristics of Qi. The findings confirmed the driving and regulatory effects of Qi on the body, corroborated the influence of consciousness on Qi, and further explored its distribution across the body surface.The study of “Qi” in Chinese medicine encompasses the conceptualization, production, distribution, and function of “Qi” within the human body, along with its interactions with blood and bodily fluids in the internal organs. utilized THz detection technology to investigate the THz spectral characteristics of senior Qigong masters during static gong emission, confirming the presence of THz characteristics in the human body’s Qi. THz spectroscopy enables the detection of Qi distribution on the body surface. THz spectroscopy enables the detection of Qi distribution on the body surface. In a study by Zhang et al, this THz detection technique was used to assess numerous acupuncture and non-acupuncture sites on the hands of 50 subjects. Their findings revealed distinct variations in THz energy at acupuncture points compared to non-acupuncture points, implying that Qi is mainly instilled at acupoints on the surface of the human body.Ren et al THz was employed to simulate Qi within the human body and in irradiated human and murine umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. The findings demonstrated that low-intensity THz could elevate the positive expression rate of mesenchymal stem cells, significantly increase white and red blood cell numbers, hemoglobin levels, and platelet abundance. It was concluded that THz has a Qi-like pushing effect, which could “stimulate and promote” cell viability, cell proliferation, and hematopoietic function in mice. Du Jing conducted in vitro using human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells, stimulating human Qi through rubbing hands and observing the effects on the cells. The results showed an increased mesenchymal stem cell proliferation rate, providing evidence that Qi can enhance vitality. Pengfei et al and Na et al recorded THz spectral characteristics at corresponding meridian points in college students before and after Yijinjing and Liuzi Jue exercises. The identification of these meridian points relied on data from infrared and pulse wave detection. Their findings indicated that the practice of Qigong exerts a positive influence on the THz characteristics, providing evidence that this exercise has a regulatory effect on the viscera and meridians of the human body, further refining the concept of Qi regulation.In research conducted by Meijun, assessed the energy metabolism and THz radiation of the meridian Qi apparatus in sad and depressed mice. The results showed that negative emotions such as pessimism and depression could diminish energy metabolism, weaken the THz magnetic wave radiation of the meridian acupoint Qi apparatus, and lead to Qi deficiency syndromes, including decreased physical endurance. This finding substantiates the TCM theory that links “sadness” to the depletion of Qi. Rao Bin conducted research involving 64 college students, measuring THz intensity at the Laogong point on their right hand during Qigong, supplemented by electroencephalogram measurements. The study found an increase in THz intensity at the Laogong point during Qigong practice. Additionally, there was an increase in α brainwave activity and a decrease in θ brainwave activity, signifying enhanced cognitive abilities, information processing, and memory consolidation within the holistic state of form, Qi, and spirit. This aligns with Qigong theories in TCM, particularly the concepts of “guiding Qi by meaning” and “meaning to Qi.” Simultaneously, Zhang et al examined the THz energy intensity at the Hegu point on the right hands of 68 subjects before and after focusing their consciousness. The findings demonstrated distinct variations in THz energy levels after concentrating consciousness compared to baseline measurements before the addition of deliberate thoughts. This further underscores the influence of thoughts on Qi.Nnanan et al Existing research regarding the essence of meridians shows multidisciplinary development involving neurology, biology, physics, and other aspects. The application of THz in the context of meridians and acupoints primarily revolves around its potential to precisely quantify the physiopathological changes within meridians through modern technical means. It serves as a theoretical foundation for understanding the fascial gap as a conduit for meridian Qi. Additionally, it also offers a biophysical basis for substantiating the existence of the meridian Qi, supplying diagnostic parameters for assessing meridian balance, and validating the scientific soundness of disease treatment through the modern scientific understanding of meridians and their influence on the movement of Qi and blood.Meridian theory holds a significant position within traditional Chinese medicine and serves as a foundational theoretical framework. “Meridians are complex physiological networks in the human body, and acupuncture points are the nodes at the intersection of these networks.” In the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, meridians are morphologically described as “internal organs and external branches,” and “ move the Qi and blood,” “regulate yin and yang,” and “regulate deficiency.” The functional descriptions of meridians as “moving Qi and blood,” “regulating yin and yang,” “regulating deficiency,” and “dealing with all diseases” reflect the importance of meridians in regulating body balance. found that each acupoint on the hand has the same biophysical basis but that there are differences in the biophysical properties at the 3 sites. The average radiation spectrum of acupoints on the palm of the hand is greater than that on the back of the hand, and that on the back of the hand is higher than that on both sides of the palm at the red and white flesh interstices. The fascial gap is a meridian Qi channel that provides a scientific basis for this theory. Huang et al found that radiation levels at the Laogong acupuncture point were higher than those at the Shaofu and Outer Laogong points, and that the radiation levels at the Shaofu and Outer Laogong points were closer. At the outer Laogong point, the male acupuncture point had higher radiation levels than the female acupuncture point. The team further found that the THz radiation intensity of the original hand acupuncture points was higher than that of the foot acupuncture points. They proposed that, to some extent, the range of medical reference values of THz radiation intensity of the original acupuncture points could represent an equilibrium state of their corresponding meridians.Huang et al verified the feasibility of using the THz characteristics of the original 12 meridians as an index to judge the balance of meridians from theoretical and experimental perspectives. The original point had the characteristics of holography, superior effects, and bidirectional regulation. As an important part of the meridians, it can reflect the physiological and pathological changes of the meridians in a “subtle manner.” The detection and evaluation of the THz wave signal at the original point is an effective reference for determining whether the body is in the balance of the meridians. The team further tested the THz spectral characteristics of the original points of the 12 meridians of the human body. Taking 60 healthy college students as research subjects, the team drew the curve of the THz radiation medical reference values range of the original points of the 12 meridians of the human body. At the same time, it was concluded that the THz radiation of the original acupoint is related to anatomical location, and the THz radiation intensity of the original acupoint of the hand is higher than that of the foot. It was also identified that 3.01 THz may be the frequency band most closely related to human acupoints, the Qi of the human body, and the THz wave. If the detected THz radiation curve frequency exceeds the upper and lower limits of medical reference value ranges, it indicates that some of the measured THz radiation energies of the original acupoints are abnormal and the meridians are in an unbalanced state. This conclusion provides a theoretical basis and data reference for future research and development of THz wave correlation meridian balance instruments.Zhang et alMoxibustion is a treatment method that utilizes moxa strips and pillars made from moxa leaves, which are ignited to target acupuncture points or specific areas of the body. This stimulation adjusts disrupted physiological and biochemical functions within the human body by enhancing the activity of meridian Qi. The ultimate goal is disease prevention and treatment. “Acupuncture and Moxibustion Exploration Fugue” states that “moxibustion refers to the burning of fire on the acupuncture points.” Burning moxa strips apply thermal effects to meridian acupuncture points, aiding in the circulation of Yuan Yang energy and the opening of the meridians. Furthermore, scholars have explored it from a THz perspective. Liang et al conducted a direct demonstration showing that THz images of the burning areas’ contours could be generated by detecting differences in the moxa stick before and after its water injection. This is accomplished by positioning a polyethylene plastic bag in front of the imaging lens, thus generating THz bands. The existing research also uncovers that moxa burning spectra exhibit THz bands. Factors such as moxa stick diameter, age, material, various moxibustion methods, acupuncture points, moxa stick mass, and maximum burning temperature are correlated with the spectral profile and intensity of THz radiation. Research has confirmed that the essential characteristics of moxa stick material and moxibustion techniques, which influence therapeutic outcomes, may manifest as differences in the generated THz spectrum. Consequently, a THz moxibustion instrument, utilizing the THz spectrum produced during moxibustion, has been developed for clinical use.The majority of existing studies have delved into various aspects, including medicinal, chemical, thermal, light radiation, and meridian effects. further applied the THz technique to compare differences in THz spectra of 4 types of moxibustion involving different diameters, years, and materials and found that the relative intensity of THz after burning moxa strips made of 18 mm diameter moxa, 5-year moxa velvet, and pure moxa velvet was higher than that of moxa strips made of 5 mm diameter moxa, 1-year moxa velvet, and common moxa velvet. Thus, it was concluded that the relative intensity of the THz spectrum produced by burning moxa strips is closely related to the diameter, year, and moxibustion material of the moxa strips, which also provides a theoretical basis for the influence of moxa strip material on the therapeutic efficacy of moxibustion. Deng et al employed thermocouples to measure the maximum temperature achieved over time with various brands of moxa strips. Their research revealed that the greater the THz intensity of different moxa strip brands, the higher the attainable burning temperature. As a result, the duration of moxa strip combustion and the time required to reach maximum temperature could be analyzed based on variations in THz intensity. This leads to the conclusion that THz strength is correlated with both the highest attainable burning temperature and the quality of the moxa column.Regarding moxa strip material and generated THz, Liang et al employed THz techniques to compare the THz spectral characteristics of acupuncture points following inter-ginger moxibustion, mild moxibustion, and bird-peck moxibustion. The study included 50 university students and focused on selected acupuncture points, including Yuji, Laogong, Shaofu, Houxi, Zhongzhu, and Hegu points. The results indicated variations in the THz waveforms radiated by different moxibustion techniques. Notably, the bird-pecking technique exhibited a pulse-like THz profile spanning the 0.90 to 2.00 THz band, while the THz spectrum of isolated ginger moxibustion resembled that of human acupoints. Consequently, the study concluded that the THz spectral radiation profile generated by moxibustion is influenced by the specific moxibustion method employed.In terms of moxibustion techniques and generated THz waves, Zhang Zhounan et al utilized the THz technique to monitor changes in the THz spectral characteristics of ipsilateral Laogong and Shaofu before and after moxibustion of right Neiguan combustion. Their findings revealed that the ipsilateral Laogong and Shaofu THz radiation were lower after right Neiguan compared to before the treatment. Moreover, the difference in THz radiation reduction in ipsilateral Shaofo points before and after right Neiguan moxibustion was more significant than the difference observed in ipsilateral Laogong points. This implies that moxibustion can influence the levels of THz radiation not only at the same meridian points but also at other meridian points.In terms of moxibustion affecting homo- and hetero-meridian acupuncture points, Huang Zhijun et al,40 explored the correlation between zang fu organs and meridians from the THz spectrum perspective. Before and after moxibustion on the 5 zang organs and mu points, 50 healthy college students were tested for THz radiation on the original 5 zang organs and found that 3.584 to 1.290 THz frequencies were the characteristic frequency bands of the original 5 zang organs and meridians. The THz wave radiation intensity of the original 5 zang organs and collaterals was also enhanced after moxibustion, with statistically significant differences. Moxibustion could stimulate the collection points of the zang fu organs and stimulate the sense transmission of the zang fu organs and meridians, thus changing the original meridian points and meridians and providing a biophysical basis for the correlation between the 5 zang organs and the meridian Qi. Zhang et al verified through experiments that consciousness can affect the Qi of the human body and different levels of consciousness can have different effects on the Qi of the human body, thus proving that consciousness can affect the physiological and physical properties of acupoints. Jiancheng et al found that TCM internal syndrome observations can strengthen the smoothness of human meridians, improve the measurement of Qi in different meridians and acupoints of the hand, and thus increase the THz wave radiation of meridians and acupoints. In summary, the discovery that moxibustion, consciousness, and internal syndrome observations can enhance the THz radiation of acupoints not only provides a biophysical basis for the existence of the Qi of meridians but also provides a reference for the research and development of related THz therapeutic instruments.Moxibustion, consciousness, and internal syndrome observation can enhance THz radiation of acupoints. Huang Zhijun et al have designed a THz moxibustion device that replicates the infrared and THz spectra emitted during traditional moxibustion. This device effectively improves the sleep quality of clinical insomnia patients when applied to their Bagua points. By emulating the infrared and THz spectra produced during traditional moxibustion, the THz-moxibustion device operates in a manner consistent with traditional moxibustion in terms of temperature, infrared, and THz waves. The research conducted in the realm of THz technology pertaining to moxibustion, the nature of moxa sticks, and moxa points introduces novel research methodologies and approaches for treatment, detection, and other investigative methods, thereby introducing innovative clinical treatment approaches.In clinical practice, Feng et al and acupuncture, guided by THz spectrum principles, have been applied in clinical practice with successful outcomes.THz technology has yielded a series of research achievements in the field of TCM, with a primary emphasis on exploring the interpretations of Qi theory, meridians, acupoints, and moxibustion. THz waves serve as a material foundation to validate and regulate Qi within the human body, offering a biophysical basis for the existence of meridian Qi. They enable the assessment of meridian balance through THz spectrum signals generated by meridians and acupoints. THz technology has confirmed that burning moxibustion sticks emits THz radiation, and the materials of the moxa stick and the moxibustion technique used influence the THz radiation generated. Furthermore, moxibustion,11,42 Currently, scholars have proposed innovative research avenues for investigating the essence of Qi, meridians, and moxibustion in TCM through the lens of THz technology. This exploration goes beyond Qi theory to encompass the examinations of meridians and acupoints. It has provided evidence of the theory’s scientific validity and feasibility, leading to the development of corresponding THz therapeutic devices for clinical applications. A discourse on theoretical connotations can be integrated with THz spectroscopy, detection, and imaging technology to delve deeper into dynamic changes and uncover the evolving patterns and visceral correlation from a physical standpoint. Currently, many studies focus on the treatment of insomnia in relation to THZ technology. Nevertheless, there remains a need to broaden the scope of diseases under consideration and recognize the diagnostic and therapeutic advantages offered by THz.In comparison to the advancements achieved through THz technology in medical diagnosis, imaging, and biological effects, the research and application of THz technology in TCM are still in the exploratory stage.The authors thank Editage for polishing the language of the manuscript.Conceptualization: Wen-chun Zhang, Guang-rui Huang, Shao-hui Geng.Funding acquisition: Guang-rui Huang.Investigation: Li Liu.Supervision: Wen-chun Zhang.Validation: Jian-cheng Liu, Wen-chun Zhang.Visualization: Zhi-min Lin, Xin Liu.Writing – original draft: Shao-hui Geng, Li Liu, Zhi-min Lin, Hui Zhang, Ri-geng Mei, Jian-cheng Liu.Writing – review & editing: Shao-hui Geng, Jian-cheng Liu, Guang-rui Huang, Wen-chun Zhang.


This study primarily focuses on conducting, both experimentally and numerically, a modal analysis of a cantilever composite beam. Through extended numerical simulations, we investigate Campbell diagrams, which, depending on the rotation speed of the structure, comprise natural frequencies and their corresponding modal shapes. Our results are categorized into two main aspects: the classical single-mode behavior and an innovative extension involving linearly coupled modal analysis. One key novelty of our research lies in the introduction of an analytical description for coupled mode shapes, which encompass various deformations, including bending, longitudinal deformations, and twisting. The most pronounced activation of dynamic couplings within the linear regime for a  Beams are among the most popular construction elements in engineering. Therefore, it is crucial to have a solid understanding of both the basic and advanced theories related to beam modeling. This knowledge is not only applied but also enhanced in the case of rotating beams, which find widespread use in various industrial applications. Some of the most common applications include wind turbines, helicopter rotors, and airplane propellers.In their work , the autThe asymptotic development method is employed in  to invese et al.  providedIn a study by Teter et al. , modal aa et al. , the dyna et al. . They asa et al. . The modt et al.  conducteDespite the extensive literature on rotating beams’ vibrations, in which the single-mode linear behaviour of the eigenvalue problem is corrected through nonlinear effects, the mechanical coupling, which already occurs in the linear problem between two distinct orthogonal modes, appears to be overlooked in the analytical/numerical models. This provided motivation for conducting a numerical modal analysis within detailed inspection of interactions already in the the linear scope. Furthermore, the linear dynamics of beams is supplemented with aerodynamic characteristics that are closely dependent on the beam’s geometry. Research on this aspect is lacking in the majority of studies on rotating beams.The paper is organized as follows. In R; see x-axis aligns with the longitudinal axis of the undeformed beam, the z-axis coincides with the hubs’ rotation axis and the y-axis completes the right-handed Cartesian coordinate system. Additionally, in x-axis. A preset angle i), in-plane (inplane bending j), along the main of the beams’ axis  as well as twist (torsion l). Note that, since the i and j are not aligned with the k and twisting l motions can be referenced relative to the x-axis.Let us consider a composite beam attached to a rigid hub with a radius ok’s law . Uniform assumed . The effCommercial Ansyssoftware ,28, as wal force . NeverthExperimental measurements were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Lublin University of Technology. An advanced PSV 500 laser scanning vibrometer and an electromechanical exciter SmartShaker K2007E01 were used for the measurements . The meaIt is worth noting at this stage that in the absence of angular velocity, despite the use of a composite structure and a very broad frequency spectrum, no dynamic couplings were observed in the linear range of the dynamic response. The detected natural frequencies align with the numerical calculations reported in the In this Section, the rotating system is axially pre-stressed due to centrifugal forces and then subjected to linear modal analysis. The distribution of centrifugal forces depends on angular velocity In the angular velocity absence Campbell diagrams display only natural frequencies and lack information about the deformation of the shape. Based on three selected angular speeds, the change in linear mode shapes necessitates a proper discussion on deflection half-waves and the modal nodes location. To facilitate the observed changes, selected higher-order modes are presented in  15% see . Analogounidirectional mode shapes [i-type mode is dominant, while in j-type mode is more exposed. Since the notation counts only the dominant modes, it is conventional to implement weights  to determine the airflow frequencies. In many cases, the frequency–magnitude plots exhibited one or two peaks. In order to consolidate the results, For rotational speeds below 5 rad/s, oscillations occur only at The arrangement of bubbles can be divided into two groups: the first group includes angles of attack of i and j; longitudinal motion k; and torsional l mode shapes. The mechanical system can be subjected to external loads arising from aerodynamic flow and centrifugal forces. Depending on whether we want to avoid vibrations or excite them, the natural frequencies must be either isolated from the excitation frequencies or targeted. Beyond the excitation frequency, the amplitude and the force/momentum distribution represent critical factors that have a direct impact on the efficiency of motion excitation. It is worth mentioning the possibility of indirectly exciting vibrations, for instance, by stimulating torsional modes and utilizing mechanical couplings to induce significant longitudinal motion. One should consider various types of internal resonances, external subharmonics, and superharmonics, which may arise from both linear and nonlinear mechanical couplings.The numerical tools presented in the paper for the FE method and CFD simulations depict the issues related to rotating composite laminates, in which, in addition to the specimen fabrication processes, rotational speed play an important role. After presenting the linear single modes of vibrations and their corresponding natural frequencies, the focus shifted towards linear modal interactions and their deformation field description using an analytical method, considering a combination of two bending directions, In the future research development of rotating composite structures, three main topics will be explored: (i) analytical modelling of vortex-induced vibrations, (ii) the utilization of an electromechanical system for energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations, and (iii) control of coupled vibrations via MFC patches. The first topic involves the expansion of an analytical model presented in the . BesidesThe primary objective of this study was to perform experimental and numerical modal analysis of a composite cantilever beam. In the laboratory investigations with specialized vibration measurement equipment, detailed maps of beam deformations (mode shapes) and magnitude-frequency curves were executed. Additionally, in the absence of rotation, the study conclusively affirmed the absence of linear modal interactions in the composite beam. Through numerical simulations, we delved into the intricacies of Campbell diagrams, determining the natural frequencies and their corresponding modal shapes. Our findings were classified into two distinct categories: the classical single-mode behavior and the pioneering extension of linearly coupled modal analysis. The two fundamental preset angles of Notably, we introduced an analytical description of coupled mode shapes, encompassing various deformations such as bending, longitudinal deformations, and twisting. This contribution is a noteworthy advancement in understanding the behavior of rotating structures.In addition to the modal analysis, our secondary objective was to assess the lift, drag forces, and moment characteristics of a rectangular profile in uniform flow. The preset angle variation between This study represents a substantial step forward in the field of composite rotating beams, offering a deeper understanding of their dynamic characteristics and their interaction with aerodynamic forces. These findings hold significant promise for various engineering applications and contribute to the broader knowledge of dynamic systems.


More than 40 years of urbanization in China has brought rapid economic growth, but the uneven development of region and how to achieve common prosperity through urbanization remain a serious concern. This paper analyzes the effect of the urbanization mode of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity in China. Using panel data of 283 cities from 2004 to 2019, the study constructs a common prosperity index based on the coupling coordination degree of economy, ecology, and society. The Spatial Durbin Model is used to analyze the influence of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity and the moderating effect of financial self-sufficiency rate. The results show that population aggregation in central cities has a positive effect on common prosperity. There is also a spatial spillover effect, but the impact exhibits an inverted U-shaped characteristic. Moreover, the fiscal self-sufficiency rate has a negative moderating impact on the effect of population aggregation on common prosperity in the early stage, but a positive moderating impact in the later period. This paper concludes by suggesting that the government should promote urbanization, control the size of large cities, accelerate the reform of household registration, and pay attention to the coordinated development of economy, society, and ecology to promote the realization of common prosperity. Over the past 40 years, China’s urbanization process has added 730 million urban residents, which has led to a steady rise in living standards for the population as a whole, especially for the approximately 300 million rural migrant workers. In 2020, China achieved a great victory in the battle against poverty ,2,and thThe primary contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing needs for a better life and the unbalanced and inadequate development, which determines that promoting common prosperity must be based on economic development. Promoting common prosperity in high-quality growth is needed, which means achieving both material and spiritual prosperity for the people –5. UrbanTherefore, this study scientifically measures the indicator of common prosperity, analyzes the relationship between common prosperity and population aggregation in central cities, which is a mode of urbanization, and explores the impact mechanism of the urbanization mode of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity, finally provides a reference for the realization of common prosperity.This paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides a summary of the existing literature on the impact of the urbanization mode of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity. Section 3 outlines the impact mechanism of population aggregation on common prosperity and the moderating effect of government finance. Section 4 discusses the selection of research indicators, data sources, and research models. Section 5 presents an analysis of the measurement results. Section 6 investigates the moderating effect of fiscal self-sufficiency ratio. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the key findings of this study and offers policy recommendations.In recent years, scholars have gradually paid attention to the topic of common prosperity. Several scholars have studied the intrinsic connection and theoretical logic between urbanization, city, and common prosperity. They believe that cities are the growth pole of China’s economy. Only through the modernization of cities can we build the modernization of rural areas and achieve overall common prosperity .The NatiOther scholars have explored the path to achieve common prosperity through urbanization, such as promoting new urbanization , financithe economic-social-ecological system and the moderating effect of fiscal self-sufficiency.Previous literature on population aggregation in central cities lacks attention to common prosperity. Whether further population aggregation in central cities will promote or hinder the common prosperity, and the potential spillover effects or siphon effects to neighboring cities. existing research on the impact of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity did not form a consistent conclusion. Existing research rarely consider co-prosperity as a The main contributions of this paper are as follows: First, we selects the coupled coordination of the social subsystem, economic subsystem, and ecological subsystem as the common prosperity indicator, and measures the effect of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity from the perspective of high-quality growth. Second, by using the spatial econometric model and panel data of 283 prefecture-level cities across China from 2004 to 2019, this study quantitatively analyzes the direct effects and spatial spillover effects of urban resident population aggregation on common prosperity. Furthermore, this paper investigates the moderating impact of fiscal self-sufficiency on the effect of population aggregation on common prosperity in central cities. We hope to better exploit the common prosperity effect of urbanization in China. It provides the decision basis for related policies.The mechanism of the influence of population aggregation on common prosperity is shown in Common prosperity is a systematic concept that includes economic subsystem, social subsystem, and ecological subsystem. The economic subsystem aims at material production and provides products, employment opportunities, and fiscal revenue for economic development. The social subsystem aims at social governance and provides a series of public services for the whole society, such as transportation facilities, educational resources, medical resources, social security, etc. The ecological subsystem aims at ecological civilization construction and provides basic guarantees for ecological revitalization through pollution control and emissions reduction.The three major subsystems form the common prosperity system, which essentially involves cities formulating policies that match their own development based on internal conditions and external environment. The internal mechanism of the system is that economic growth and income increase bring the requirement of better social governance capabilities, better quality and equal supply of public services, and a livable ecological environment. The government uses fiscal appropriations to improve social governance, public services, and ecological environment. Good social service supply, social governance capabilities, and ecological environment will attract high-quality talents and resources, further promote economic development and increase residents’ income levels. A positive cycle of economic growth, social development, and ecological optimization enriches people’s material and spiritual lives, and fulfills their desires for a better life. Conversely, a negative cycle may impede urban development and lead to a deterioration in the level of common prosperity .Duranton and Puga (2004) summarized the micro-dynamics of population aggregation in central cities into three mechanisms: sharing, matching, and learning .Sharing: Romer (1986) believed that communication generates knowledge ,29. PopuMatching: First, population aggregation leads to an abundance of choices in the labor market, with more heterogeneous supply of labor with different preferences and skills, resulting in more suitable matches between workers and enterprises, which may stimulate productivity for both sides. Additionally, the internal demand generated by population aggregation creates economies of scale, promoting competition among firms and contributing to urban productivity improvement . Second,Learning: First, population aggregation produces a learning effect. Due to the intense competition, workers continually enhance their learning of skills, resulting in the "learning by doing" effect. Second, population aggregation attracts a large number of high-quality vocational education resources and skills training, which make knowledge dissemination easier and may improve urban productivity.In conclusion, population aggregation in central cities can bring about a virtuous cycle of "economic growth—social development—ecological improvement", promoting common prosperity. However, the bearing capacity of the environment is limited. When the degree of population aggregation exceeds the bearing capacity of the city, or when one of the subsystems does not match the development of other subsystems, crowding effects may occur. Further population aggregation will lead to shortage of public services, intense competition, and environmental pollution, resulting in increased cost of living, lower living standards, and widening income disparities, hindering economic development, and forming a vicious cycle, obstructing the common prosperity of the city . TherefoHypothesis 1a: Population aggregation in central cities has a positive impact on the common prosperity of the city, but the impact exhibits an inverted U-shaped characteristic.Due to the restrictions of China’s household registration system, there is heterogeneity between the urban population and the registered population. Although non-registered residents (mostly migrant workers) live in the same city as registered residents, they cannot enjoy the same treatment. Household registration discrimination may result in non-registered residents not receiving equal treatment in employment opportunities, children’s education, social security, etc., leading to their aggregation in low-level jobs and living in areas with poor environmental conditions such as urban villages . EnvironThe mobility of the non-registered residents is very high, which results in a large number of left-behind individuals. This affects the stability and development of the social system. Furthermore, discrimination against non-registered residents may lead to long-term inequalities in employment and education, causing these individuals to ignore investments in their children’s education and human resources, inhibiting the improvement of labor efficiency, and hindering the development of common prosperity.Hypothesis 1b: Due to the existence of household registration discrimination, the increasing deviation between non-registered residents and household registered residents has a negative effect on urban common prosperity and generates negative spatial effects.Due to the dynamic flow of various factors such as knowledge, technology, and population in space, the central city and surrounding areas may promote the development of a certain advantageous system in the economy, society, and environment of the region. The methods for development includes: economic connections, exchange of governance methods, neighborhood demonstration effects of mutual learning, assistance and mutual assistance of educational resources, talent introduction, industry introduction, external spillover of environmental governance, mobility and communication of individuals. The development of a certain advantageous system leads to a virtuous cycle of "economic growth, social development, ecological improvement", thus transforming the development advantages of a particular system into the overall development of the economy, society, and ecology, and accomplishing common prosperity in a global sense through "the richer bring along the less richer" approach. However, when the population aggregates to the central city to a certain extent, further promotion of aggregation may produce a negative effect on the surrounding cities through the siphon effect.Hypothesis 2: The spatial spillover effect of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity in surrounding cities exists and exhibits an inverted U-shaped characteristic. That means, after reaching a certain point, further increase in population aggregation may have a negative effect on the common prosperity of surrounding cities, namely, the siphon effect.The concept of fiscal self-sufficiency is commonly used to evaluate the financial soundness and autonomy of local governments. In China’s tax-sharing system, it is measured as the ratio of budgetary fiscal revenue to budgetary fiscal expenditure. Enhancing fiscal self-sufficiency can lead to better control of expenditure, greater efficiency in the use of fiscal funds, and a reduction in the negative effects of excessive local government debt on the economy. It also enables local governments to invest in areas that are most suitable for their actual conditions, thereby increasing future returns on fiscal funds. However, local governments often face pressure to increase expenditure to boost local economies, which may have short-term effects and reduce the efficiency of fund utilization and future development. This often leads to local governments relying on land finance and causing a vicious cycle of rising house prices and increased living costs .In the early stages of urbanization, local governments require significant funds for supporting facilities construction, which can lead to increased expenditures for social and ecological governance. In this context, increasing fiscal self-sufficiency may reduce local government expenditure funds and negatively impact the common prosperity effect of population aggregation. However, in the later stages of population aggregation, due to the large size of the city, it becomes necessary to alleviate the siphon effect caused by urbanization, increase fiscal self-sufficiency, and promote the balanced development of surrounding areas.Based on the above arguments, this paper proposes the following hypothesis.Hypothesis 3a: Fiscal self-sufficiency has a positive effect on common prosperity.Hypothesis 3b: In the primary stage of population aggregation, fiscal self-sufficiency is expected to have a negative moderating effect on the common prosperity effect, while in the subsequent stage of population aggregation, it is expected to have a positive moderating effect on the common prosperity effect of population aggregation.The data used in this paper mainly comes from China Urban Statistical Yearbook, China Statistical Yearbook, and the National Bureau of Statistics. Missing data is supplemented using the moving average method to fill in gaps from 4 years before and after. Following the method of Li (2022) , this pacorecour) are constructed as follows.The specific indicators of explained variables , Spatial Error Model (Formula 4), and Spatial Durbin Model (Formula 5) are shown as follows:yn represents the explained variable, xn is the explanatory variable, ωn is the spatial weight matrix, and ρ is the adjacent area of ωnyn for the dependent variable yn. And β1 is the coefficient of influence of xn on yn. β2 is the coefficient of influence of ωnxn on yn in the adjacent area. εn is the stochastic disturbance, which obeys εn~N.Where The spatial weight matrix is mainly divided into three categories: binary matrix, distance matrix, and economic matrix. The binary matrix is a 0–1 matrix that uses 0 to indicate non-neighboring regions and 1 to indicate neighboring regions, but it cannot reflect the strength of the spatial relationship of different geographic distances. The distance matrix is based on the different spatial distances of individual units and constructs a matrix that is more consistent with the distance attenuation law of spatial interaction. Therefore, the distance matrix used in this paper for spatial correlation analysis and spatial regression results is set as follows :Wij(d)Wij represents the spatial weight between city i and city j, and Where  follows :Wij(d)Where The empirical results of the three models are shown in The year-end unit employment rate (NOEYR) is not significant, which may be due to restrictions on the staffing and state-owned enterprise reforms, which have not resonated with economic development, and therefore have no significant effect on regional common prosperity development. Furthermore, using the Wald and LR tests to discriminate the models, the results of the spatial lag test and spatial error test of the Wald and LR tests shown in  are signPrevious research has confirmed that population aggregation and fiscal self-sufficiency ratio not only have a positive impact on common prosperity in central cities but also have spillover effects in neighboring areas. This paper will further empirically analyze the moderating effect of fiscal self-sufficiency ratio on the impact of population aggregation on common prosperity from the perspective of coordinated interaction. Does the fiscal self-sufficiency ratio promote or hinder the common prosperity effect when the population aggregation increases?PA*FSR) between fiscal self-sufficiency ratio and population aggregation and the interaction term (PA*FSR) between fiscal self-sufficiency ratio and the squared population aggregation are added to the baseline model, and the model is designed as follows  under two weight matrices are significantly negative at the level of 1%. Obviously, the fiscal self-sufficiency ratio has a negative impact on the effect of population aggregation on common prosperity. The direct effect, spatial effect, and total effect of the interaction term (PA2*FSR) are significantly positive at the level of 1%. The reason is that in the early stage of population aggregation , due to the large number of people aggregation in the central city, appropriately expanding fiscal expenditures and increasing capital construction efforts will promote the common prosperity effect of population aggregation. Increasing the fiscal self-sufficiency ratio and controlling expenditures will obviously have a negative moderating effect on the common prosperity effect of population aggregation, showing a substitution effect. When the population aggregation enters the later stage , the city has become very large, and overcrowding and siphon effects have occurred due to further population aggregation in the central city, which is not conducive to common prosperity. Increasing the fiscal self-sufficiency ratio can help control the debt scale, increase the city’s financial freedom to use funds, invest more in regions with good development prospects, and delay the overcrowding and siphon effects of the city. In summary, hypotheses 3a and 3b are proven.The spatial effect decomposition is shown in As the task of achieving common prosperity becomes increasingly urgent and important, the relationship between urbanization and common prosperity is crucial, and the population aggregation in central cities is undoubtedly the key factor in urbanization. What’s more, the role of finance in the process of population aggregation in the central city cannot be ignored. Based on the analysis of panel data from 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2019, this study clarifies the impact of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity, and uses the spatial Durbin model to explore the impact of population aggregation and fiscal self-sufficiency on urban common prosperity. Furthermore, this study analyzes the moderating effect of fiscal self-sufficiency on the impact of population aggregation in central cities on common prosperity. The results show that:The population aggregation in central cities has a significant promoting effect on urban common prosperity, but the impact exhibits an inverted U-shaped characteristic. And there is a positive spatial spillover effect, which also exhibits an inverted U-shaped characteristic.The deviation rate between registered population and permanent population, i.e., the expansion of the permanent non-registered population, has a significant negative impact on common prosperity, and there is also a negative spatial effect. The reason is that the permanent non-registered population has a high degree of mobility, which results in a large number of left-behind phenomena, affecting the stability and development of the social system. Moreover, household registration discrimination may lead to long-term inequality in employment, education, and other aspects, which often makes these people neglect investment in their children’s education and human resources, suppresses the efficiency improvement of labor, and is not conducive to the development of regional common prosperity.The fiscal self-sufficiency ratio has a significant positive impact on common prosperity, and there is a positive spatial spillover effect.There is a significant negative moderating impact on the effect of population aggregation on common prosperity in the early stage , because the process of increasing fiscal self-sufficiency may control spending. However, in the later stage of population aggregation in central cities , there is a significant positive moderating effect, because at this stage, the crowding effect and siphon effect of population aggregation in the city have already occurred, which is not conducive to common prosperity. Improving fiscal self-sufficiency can help control the size of debt, improve the freedom of urban funds use, invest more in regions with good development prospects, and alleviate the crowding effects and siphon effects of cities.Based on the above conclusions, the following suggestions are proposed:Adhere to the urbanization strategy and encourage population concentration in large and central cities, while paying attention to moderate urban size to prevent the negative effects of the "big city disease" .Some peoThe government should accelerate the reform of the household registration system, reduce the deviation between registered population and permanent population, eliminate household registration discrimination, and limit its adverse effects on common prosperity .he government should pay attention to the left-behind children and elderly people left behind by non-registered permanent residents, especially migrant workers, provide more financial assistance for their children’s education, and care more about the psychological, health, and medical conditions of the left-behind elderly people.The central government should reasonably and moderately delegate financial power to local governments, improve the financial self-sufficiency of local governments, so that local governments can use financial resources more flexibly in areas more suitable for local development . Local governments at all levels should increase their spending on science, speed up the reform of decentralization, improve the degree of marketization in cities, make the allocation of resources more efficient, and at the same time play a good redistributive role, strive to achieve equalization of the supply of public services, improve the governance capacity, and pay attention to environmental protection , leadingS1 Data(RAR)Click here for additional data file.