Despite significant progress in reaching some milestones of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, neonatal and early infant morbidity and mortality remain high, and maternal health remains suboptimal in many countries. Novel and improved preventative strategies with the potential to benefit pregnant women and their infants are needed, with maternal and neonatal immunization representing effective approaches. Despite significant progress in reaching some milestones of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, neonatal and early infant morbidity and mortality remain high, and maternal health remains suboptimal in many countries. Novel and improved preventative strategies with the potential to benefit pregnant women and their infants are needed, with maternal and neonatal immunization representing effective approaches. Experts from immunology, vaccinology, infectious diseases, clinicians, industry, public health, and vaccine-related social sciences convened at the 5th International Neonatal and Maternal Immunization Symposium (INMIS) in Vancouver, Canada, from 15 to 17 September 2019. We critically evaluated the lessons learned from recent clinical studies, presented cutting-edge scientific progress in maternal and neonatal immunology and vaccine development, and discussed maternal and neonatal immunization in the broader context of infectious disease epidemiology and public health. Focusing on practical aspects of research and implementation, we also discussed the safety, awareness, and perception of maternal immunization as an existing strategy to address the need to improve maternal and neonatal health worldwide. The symposium provided a comprehensive scientific and practical primer as well as an update for all those with an interest in maternal and neonatal infection, immunity, and vaccination. The summary presented here provides an update of the current status of progress in maternal and neonatal immunization. Maternal and pediatric morbidity and mortality remain at the forefront of the international public health agenda. Vaccines are safe and highly effective at reducing death and disability in young children, but most vaccines are given weeks to months after birth, while the highest pediatric mortality occurs around the time of birth and, specifically, within the neonatal period (the first 28 days) . NeonataThe 5th International Neonatal and Maternal Immunization Symposium (INMIS) convened experts from immunology, infectious diseases, vaccinology, clinicians, industry, public health experts, and social scientists in Vancouver, Canada, from 15 to 17 September 2019 to review the most relevant advances in maternal and neonatal immunization. The overarching focus of the conference was to review how best to secure protection for the next generation  against potentially preventable infectious diseases via maternal and early-life immunization strategies. Over 250 participants attended the 2.5-day meeting that included 11 invited expert presentations, 28 oral presentations from submitted abstracts, 101 poster presentations, and 3 expert panel discussions. The meeting sessions were organized to begin with an opening overview keynote address. On the first day, there were sessions on the themes “Protecting newborns and infants through maternal immunization” and a “Multi-disciplinary approach to improve maternal vaccine uptake,” including a panel discussion, “Overcoming hurdles to increase maternal vaccination uptake.” The second day was dedicated to the themes “The mechanistic underpinnings of maternal and neonatal immunization” and “Promoting healthy infant life through optimizing neonatal immunization,” with the former including a panel and audience discussion, “How does the maternal-newborn immune dyad communicate?” Finally, the third day focused on the theme “The next generation of neonatal and maternal immunization research” with an audience discussion of “Is the field on the right path? What are we missing?” The closing keynote speech addressed the controversial issue of the ethics of maternal immunization research and implementation. A brief summary of the keynote presentations follows, with subsequent sections each dedicated to one of the themes of the symposium. In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the current state of knowledge on the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the maternal-infant dyad is briefly discussed to consider the output of the meeting in the perspective of the ongoing pandemic and given implications for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development and the inclusion of special populations, such as pregnant women.Shabir A. Madhi  highlighted that despite global progress in reducing under-5-year-old childhood deaths as part of the Millennium Development Goals agenda (1990 to 2015), reductions in mortality rates during the neonatal period lagged behind those for children 1 to 59 months of age. Furthermore, there has been limited focus on the prevention of stillbirths, despite the stillbirth rate exceeding neonatal mortality rate in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2 aspires to prevent all preventable deaths of newborns and children by 2030, as well as to reduce neonatal mortality to 12 per 1,000 live births. In addition, the Every Newborn Action Plan aims to reduce stillbirth rates from 20 to 10 per 1,000 births by 2035.Streptococcus (GBS) and Gram-negative bacteria. Such data are essential to inform the prioritization of research and interventions aimed at reducing maternal and childhood deaths.Dr. Madhi emphasized that quantifying the potential of maternal vaccines, or other prophylactic interventions, in reducing maternal morbidity, stillbirth rates, and early-infancy deaths requires in-depth and objective assessment of the causes of newborn and infant deaths. Recent surveillance using minimally invasive tissue sampling has unmasked the hitherto largely neglected contribution of infection as the dominant immediate cause of stillbirth and neonatal deaths, including deaths usually attributed to premature birth. This approach also has the potential to identify the potential contribution of pathogens for which there are no current vaccines, for example, group B The potential of maternal immunization (coupled with other possible changes) in reducing neonatal mortality is manifest by the near elimination of neonatal tetanus globally following the recommendation of routine tetanus vaccine immunization of pregnant women . FurtherIn recent years, outbreaks of the H1N1 pandemic influenza, Zika, and Ebola viruses have severely and uniquely affected pregnant women and their offspring. Ruth Karron  underlined that pregnant women must be proactively considered in research agendas and in efforts to deploy vaccines against emerging infectious diseases; these vaccines have rarely been designed or developed with pregnant women in mind. For this and other reasons, pregnant women have in some cases been denied vaccines that would have protected them and their offspring from severe epidemic threats. This has become particularly relevant now amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations to guide the development and deployment of appropriate vaccines in these situations did not exist prior to the recent Ebola outbreak. To address this need, the Pregnancy Research Ethics for Vaccines, Epidemics, and New Technologies (PREVENT) Working Group was formed. This is a multidisciplinary, international team of 17 experts specializing in bioethics, maternal immunization, maternal-fetal medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, philosophy, public health, and vaccine research and policy. After consultation with >100 additional experts in ethics, public health, vaccine science, maternal and child health, and regulatory affairs, the group developed a guidance document that put forth 22 recommendations across the domains of epidemic preparedness, vaccine research and development, and vaccine deployment. A key recommendation was the presumption of inclusion, suggesting a change to the traditionally default position, so that pregnant women would be included in vaccine development and deployment unless their exclusion can be justified from a scientific and ethical standpoint. The presumption of inclusion reframes decisions about investments in vaccine research, development, and delivery in ways that are profoundly important for public health and equity, and the principles are similarly applicable to neonates. The PREVENT Working Group recommendations and framework will be useful when weighing the potential risks and benefits for pregnant women and their newborns in the development and deployment of vaccines against current and emerging epidemic threats, such as COVID-19. Many of the PREVENT recommendations may also be relevant as the inclusion of pregnant women is more broadly considered in the context of biomedical research.Data were presented on the various challenges and opportunities related to implementation of maternal immunization programs in different settings, including LMICs and high-income countries (HICs). Philipp Lambach  highlighted the efforts by the WHO to support maternal immunization platforms in LMICs, using tetanus vaccination in pregnancy as a proof of concept of this approach. The Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis (MIACSA) project, a collaborative effort between the WHO Departments of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals (IVB) and Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (MCA), was undertaken in 2016 to 2019 . MIACSA Deshayne Fell  described how electronic health care data, such as insurance claims, health administrative databases, registries, and electronic health records, are being increasingly used to address important research on vaccine coverage and safety and the effectiveness of maternal immunization in HICs. In the United States, studies using the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) have shown the safety of influenza immunization during pregnancy, with no increases in risks of proximal adverse events in pregnant individuals or specific adverse obstetric events, such as hyperemesis, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or chorioamnionitis , 10. Sim11–Maternal and Neonatal Immunization Field Guide for Latin America and the Caribbean  illustrated how researchers and governments need to collaborate closely in the field of maternal and neonatal immunization to ensure that research findings are translated into policy. In 2017, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and WHO published the aribbean , positioAlba Vilajeliu  presented data from a study of the current state of maternal and neonatal immunization policies, strategies, and practices in Latin America and of the knowledge and perceptions of pregnant women and health workers in this regard, including the importance of integration between immunization and antenatal care services, similar to the goals of MIACSA. The study suggested an important role of health care provider (HCP) recommendations. Penda Johm  reported that high levels of acceptance of maternal immunization in The Gambia are based on previous vaccination experiences, sensitization messages from trusted HCPs, and monetary incentives. Further data reinforcing the importance of an HCP recommendation was provided by Neisha Sundaram ; recommendations from doctors were highly valued by pregnant women in Bengaluru, India. However, awareness of and access to vaccines other than that for tetanus were limited, highlighting the need for better information about maternal vaccines. Karina Top  presented data from an HIC setting, further examining the information provided about vaccines given to pregnant women in product monographs and demonstrating that clear, evidence-based product monographs could support increased vaccine uptake in pregnancy . Eliz KiA session on the mechanistic underpinnings of maternal and neonatal immunization was organized to (i) illustrate the potential of systems immunology for the understanding of the immunobiology of the mother-infant dyad, (ii) provide an update on the immunobiology of pregnancy and its relevance for vaccine responses, and (iii) communicate new findings on the rules and mechanisms underlying transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies. A successful pregnancy requires dynamic changes in the maternal and fetal immune systems. After birth, the immune systems of the newborn and young infant develop to meet the challenges of tolerance to commensals and immunity to infectious pathogens . The impJohn Tsang  discussed the potential of systems biology to discover new components regulating immune responses in pregnancy and infancy and to develop quantitative models of how these components interact at the level of the mother-infant dyad. Systems biology approaches have been successfully applied to the analysis of immune responses to influenza immunization in healthy adults. Baseline (preimmunization) and vaccine-induced parameters, including blood cell populations, genes, and serum proteins, are predictors of influenza vaccine responses . Dr. TsaTransfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta provides rapid protection to the infant against pathogens to which the mother is immune. Maternal antibodies of different specificities are not transferred equally, but the rules underlying variability in the transfer process remain poorly understood . Madeleiin vitro and that wP vaccination induced higher serum bactericidal activity than aP vaccination. Although maternal immunization was associated with lower titers of infant IgG versus pertussis antigens, its impact on serum bactericidal activity was limited, suggesting that high-quality infant antibodies may be produced even under the cover of maternal antibodies. Studies also suggested that maternal antibodies have a limited impact on infant T cell responses to vaccines  presented the results of a randomized trial evaluating the functional properties of antibodies induced by acellular pertussis (aP) versus whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines in infants born to mothers who received the Tdap vaccine during pregnancy . The stuvaccines . Marjolevaccines .in vitro models, to define mechanisms of action . A publication from The Gambia  highlighted the global variation in the etiology of community-acquired neonatal sepsis  and sugge Gambia  revealedin vitro. It is not currently known which BCG substrain/formulation offers the best protection.BCG remains a significant interest because of the potential for nonspecific (heterologous) immunomodulatory effects resulting in protection against a range of infections, as postulated for COVID-19 –36. Howe–Paul Heath  highlighted that preterm infants have lower-than-normal concentrations of maternal IgG, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection , includiRebecca Ford  explored approaches to protect infants in Papua New Guinea against pneumococcal disease through different vaccination schedules, including neonatal immunization with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), and suggested that there may be a benefit to a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine booster dose in such a strategy. Results of a randomized controlled trial in The Netherlands on modulation of infant immune responses after maternal Tdap vaccination were complemented with the opsonizing capacities of the elicited antibodies in infants. The opsonizing capacity of antibodies may help us to understand whether this modulation is clinically relevant. The opsonizing capacity was higher in the offspring of women receiving the Tdap vaccine before primary infant vaccination and lower after priming, with similar findings before and after the second-year-of-life booster. Differences resolved at 2 years of age.Bahaa Abu Raya  reported a meta-analysis of most of the globally available data on infant immune responses to pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, and pneumococcal vaccines after maternal Tdap vaccination. Although schedules, epidemiologies, and vaccines used differed among countries and trials, the modulatory effect of the Tdap vaccine in pregnancy was observed in most studies for all vaccine antigens.Plasmodium falciparum, leading to direct infant immunization and reduced malaria risk in breastfed infants.Lieke van den Elsen  presented data on the detection of malaria antigens in breastmilk and suggested that such antigens may promote immune defenses against Studies conducted in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have highlighted different contributions of various pathogens to neonatal sepsis, necessitating the development of new vaccines for maternal and neonatal immunization –47. Step–4). Mild-to-moderate local and systemic reactions were common, but none led to withdrawal from the trial. The vaccine yielded a robust antibody response, supporting progression to clinical trials in pregnant women.Kimberly Center  presented results of a first-in-human study of a hexavalent GBS conjugate vaccine (GBS6) (NCT03170609). Healthy adults were enrolled into a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a single dose of hexavalent GBS vaccine containing 5, 10, or 20 μg capsular polysaccharide of serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, and V, with or without aluminum phosphate  shared the results of a maternal immunization trial with a respiratory syncytial virus F protein vaccine . The vacShigella is an important cause of diarrhea in children; however, there is no licensed vaccine available yet. Esther Ndungo  presented the results of a 2-year longitudinal study of 100 mothers and infants conducted in Malawi to determine the repertoire, functional capacity, and maternal-infant transfer efficiency of antibodies against Shigella, identifying differences between levels of transfer of all Shigella-specific IgGs and functional antibodies; further understanding of this would be critical for any Shigella vaccine.During the current COVID-19 pandemic, concerns have been raised about the possibility of vertical or perinatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of the infection on the pregnant woman, the fetus, or the infant. Disease severity and complications of COVID-19 appear to be relatively low during pregnancy, although multiple international studies are ongoing . Multipl59–The most common clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnancy have been reported as fever (40%) and cough (39%). Pregnant women are less likely to report fever and myalgia than nonpregnant women of reproductive age. Increased maternal age, high body mass index, chronic hypertension, and prior diabetes have been linked with severe COVID-19 in pregnancy. Regarding obstetric complications, several publications suggest the possibility of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with COVID-19, including Caesarean section, premature birth, low birth weight, and adverse pregnancy events , 63. HowVertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the infant is a potential concern, for which initial case series did not show substantial evidence –67. Some–69–Maternal and neonatal immunization is an effective key strategy in reducing death and significant morbidity from infectious diseases globally. While significant progress has been made in the implementation of maternal immunization programs in various regions and settings worldwide, much remains to be done. The integration of maternal immunization and antenatal care programs is critical, and local solutions which can adapt to different specific needs and a variety of settings are required. Our increased understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of maternal and neonatal immunization will enable further vaccine development to be based on a bedrock of scientific evidence. Ongoing surveillance of known and emerging infectious diseases affecting women during pregnancy and infants in early life is required to ensure that the development and implementation of safe new vaccines remain relevant to the prevention of severe disease in these potentially highly susceptible populations. At a time of global challenges to health care systems worldwide due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, ensuring the continuation of vaccination programs for pregnant women and newborns must remain an international priority.


Moreover, the application of these nanoparticles can also help avoid systemic adverse effects on the body, as they can deliver the desired drug to the target tissue or organ, unlike usual drugs.For the last few years, metal and metal oxides nanoparticles have been receiving major interest due to their unique properties, especially in the field of medical science. These nanoparticles show significant potential Aziz et al. investigated the role of nanotechnology in the development of cosmeceuticals and their application in makeup and skincare products. They critically discuss the advantages, properties, and mechanisms of micellar nanoparticles in the formation of a nanoemulsion system. The specific benefits of the nanoemulsion system for cosmetic formulation and further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments were also discussed. Mujeeb, Khan et al. studied the biogenic synthesis of Ag-Cu nanocomposites using olax scandens and investigated their antimicrobial potential against less susceptible pathogens. They characterized samples using various techniques and also compared them to monometallic silver nanoparticles, in which significantly higher anti-microbial activity against both sensitive as well as drug resistant microbial isolates was recorded.In this special issue, we invited the researchers to contribute works that enable a better understanding of the role of nanoparticles in medical science. Yaqoob, Ahmad et al. have contributed a literature review on recent advances for metal decorated nanomaterials and their various biological applications. They present the role of various types of metal-supported nanomaterials such as metal oxide, metal doped-metal oxide, metal sulfide, and metal organic frameworks-based nanoparticles and their performance in different areas such as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer etc. Mujeeb, Alam et al. performed an in vitro study to assess the effect of as-synthesized biogenic fluorescent gold nanoparticles (B-AuNPs) on the aggregation behavior of the ovalbumin (OVA) and other related model proteins. Furthermore, they exploited as-synthesized B-AuNPs as a mean to prevent protein aggregation mediated toxicity in neuroblastoma cells.  Yaqoob, Adnan et al. reviewed gold, silver, and palladium nanoparticles as chemical tools with biomedical applications. They also highlight the multifunctional roles of Au/Ag/Pd NPs in the field of medical science such as physicochemical toxicity dependent properties, and the interaction mechanism.This special issue covers many important aspects, with current updates and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of various diseases, which provide a better understanding of the role of these nanoparticles  in the diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Noise reduction is one of the most important and still active research topics in low-level image processing due to its high impact on object detection and scene understanding for computer vision systems. Recently, we observed a substantially increased interest in the application of deep learning algorithms. Many computer vision systems use them, due to their impressive capability of feature extraction and classification. While these methods have also been successfully applied in image denoising, significantly improving its performance, most of the proposed approaches were designed for Gaussian noise suppression. In this paper, we present a switching filtering technique intended for impulsive noise removal using deep learning. In the proposed method, the distorted pixels are detected using a deep neural network architecture and restored with the fast adaptive mean filter. The performed experiments show that the proposed approach is superior to the state-of-the-art filters designed for impulsive noise removal in color digital images. Image denoising is a long-standing research topic in low-level image processing that still receives much attention from the computer vision community ,2. Over impulsive noise, which may appear due to electric signal instabilities, corruptions in physical memory storage, random or systematic errors in data transmission, electromagnetic interferences, malfunctioning or aging of camera sensors and low lighting conditions [In practice, we can observe various types of noise that significantly degrade the quality of captured images. One of them is the so-called nditions ,5,6,7. TIn the literature, impulse noise is typically classified into two main categories ,9,10. ThThe classical method for removal of impulsive noise is the median filter. Generally, the median concept for color images is based on vector ordering, in which image pixels are treated as three-dimensional vectors. Such an approach yields better results than processing image channels independently ,12,13,14To preserve image details and still efficiently suppress impulsive noise, a family of filters based on fuzzy set theory was also introduced, in which a combination of noise detection and a replacement scheme based on weighted averaging is performed ,29,30,31Among switching filters, an important group of methods is based on the concept of a peer group ,35,36, iRecently, thanks to easy access to large image datasets and advances in deep learning, the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have led to a series of breakthroughs in various computer vision problems such as image segmentation, object recognition and detection. Concurrently, CNNs have also been successfully applied for image denoising, focusing mainly on the problem of Gaussian noise suppression. The recently proposed filters significantly outperform classical, well established algorithms in terms of filtering efficiency and computational speed ,45,46. HIn one of the most promising approaches, called Denoising Convolutional Neural Network (DnCNN) , the autWe introduce a CNN architecture for impulse detection in noisy images,We propose a switching filter that applies deep learning for the localization of corrupted pixels and adaptive mean technique for their replacement,We analyze the impact of some network’s parameters on impulse detection accuracy,We also investigate the influence of impulse detection errors on the final restoration efficiency,We show that the proposed method is superior to the state-of-the-art denoising algorithms,http://github.com/k-radlak/IDCNN.We share the source code of the proposed approach at In the proposed approach, we added a sigmoid layer to distinguish noise-free pixels from impulses and we reformulated the residual learning to the classification problem. In this way, the deep neural network is used as the impulse detector, and afterward, the corrupted pixels are restored using an adaptive mean filter, due to its good balance between computational complexity and restoration efficacy. The main contributions of our paper are as follows:The paper is organized as follows. Recently, the application of deep learning for image denoising has received much attention from the computer vision community due to its significant performance improvement in comparison to the classical machine learning algorithms. One of the most interesting methods, intended for Gaussian noise suppression, is the Denoising Convolutional Neural Network (DnCNN), inspired by VGG network  and intrThe DnCNN contains a sequence of convolutional layers followed by Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)  and BatcThe DnCNN filter outperforms most of the state-of-the-art algorithms designed for Gaussian noise reduction, but due to the fact that it uses residual learning, the original DnCNN trained on impulsive noise model also alters non-corrupted pixels as was shown in . TherefoIn our approach, instead of the usage of residual learning, we employed all layers proposed in DnCNN for feature extraction and we added a sigmoid layer, which estimates for each pixel its impulsivity measure M . Then, in the training procedure we calculate the loss function utilizing the patches cropped from M and the noise map i the original and the estimated noise map, respectively, and N stands for the number of patches used in the training. Finally, the output of the IDCNN is a map of impulsivity measure The introduced architecture also requires a change in the training procedure. In the original DnCNN, during the training, the images are divided into small, square and non-overlapping patches of size Select initial window of size W by 2.Increase the size of W and if all pixels are corrupted, then go to step 2, otherwise go to step 4.Calculate the number of uncorrupted pixels in W.Replace the processed pixel by the average of clean pixels inside In order to restore the detected noisy pixels, we used the modified version of the adaptive arithmetic mean filter introduced in , which oThe proposed algorithm restores only pixels that were classified by the network as impulses. However, it is worth mentioning here that the corrupted pixels can be replaced using other, more efficient techniques, for example, an image restoration algorithm based on deep neural network introduced in . This isIn order to evaluate the performance of the proposed network, we started with the default parameters that were proposed for DnCNN . These pIn our experiments, we used a Berkeley segmentation dataset (BSD500)  that conFor testing purposes, we used the dataset introduced in , consisti determines the pixel position on the image domain and Q is the total number of image pixels. This model can be formally defined asFor training purposes, these images were contaminated using the CTRI model. In this model each RGB pixel M. Then, impulsive noise detection problem can be transformed into noisy vs. clean pixels classification and the results can be presented using the number of True Positives (TP), True Negatives (TN), False Positives (FP), False Negatives (FN):TP are pixels that were correctly recognized as impulses,TN are pixels that were correctly recognized as clean,FP are pixels that were incorrectly classified as noisy,FN are pixels that were incorrectly classified as uncorrupted.In order to evaluate the noise detection efficiency of the proposed network and impact of the network’s parameters, we propose to transform the problem into the classification domain, instead of using traditional measures for image denoising. In the proposed evaluation methodology, the result of noise detection is represented by the estimated noise map Finally, the network performance can be evaluated using weighted accuracy (wACC) defined as1-score, defined asWeighted accuracy considers the number of pixels that were correctly classified when the classes are unbalanced and their cardinalities depend on selected noise intensity 1-score for each image and then calculated their average values. To correctly localize impulses in the image using the output of the proposed IDCNN, in the first step it is necessary to estimate the proper value of the threshold, to decide which pixels are contaminated. Selection of the optimal threshold typically can significantly affect the final results, but we noticed that the values of the impulsivity degree To evaluate the network performance on the whole test dataset, we determined wACC, TPR, FPR and F1 score calculated on test database during the training are presented in In order to better understand the influence of different parameters on the final performance of the proposed network, we conducted some additional experiments. In the first one, we checked whether the network impulse detection efficiency is repeatable when we start the training procedure from scratch. The changes of the average wACC, FPR, FNR and Fp used in the training procedure on the final average performance  and GoogleV4 (IDCNNG). The state-of-the-art algorithms chosen for comparison are listed bellow:Adaptive Weighted Quaternion Color Distance (AWQD) ,DnCNN trained on impulsive noise model ,Fast Averaging Peer Group Filter (FAPGF) ,Fast Adaptive Switching Trimmed Arithmetic Mean Filter (FASTAMF) ,Fast Fuzzy Noise Reduction Filter (FFNRF) ,Fuzzy Rank-Ordered Differences Filter (FRF) ,Fuzzy Weighted Non-Local Means (FWNLM) ,Impulse Noise Reduction Filter (INRF) ,TV-based restoration method with y (L0TV) ,Patch-based Approach for the Restoration of Images affected by Gaussian and Impulse noise (PARIGI) ,Peer Group Filter (PGF) ,Quaternion-Based Switching Filter (QBSF) ,Two-stage Quaternion Switching VMF (TSQSVF) ,Blind Denoising CNN (BDCNN) ,Pixel-shuffle Down-sampling (PD) .The proposed switching filter was compared with the competitive methods in two variants of IDCNN trained on different datasets: BSD500  designed for color images [The assessment of selected filtering techniques performance was done using objective numerical measures. We used Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), defined as:r images , becauseG, trained on GoogleV4 dataset, provided the best results for every image and quality measure.In all cases, the proposed filter outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques and the IDCNNThe AWQD and FASTAMF filters can be distinguished as those that appear very often among the five best results (depicted in green color).Other techniques provide noticeably good results in a rather random manner, thus those may be efficient for certain images, noise ratios or applied quality measure.The numerical results are shown in Finally, the average values of selected metrics calculated on the test dataset  are presThe visual comparison of the obtained results is depicted in Additionally, in The performance of the proposed method was also evaluated on real noisy images. The first experiment was performed on a part of an image of the fresco “The Condemned in Hel” by Luca Signorelli and the second on a corrupted cDNA image, which are used for measuring the expression level of large number of genes. The restoration results are presented in To confirm that the main source of error is the method of pixel replacement, we presented the Aim Diagram (AD), which separates the distribution of errors that were caused by improper classification of impulses. Using traditional metrics, we are not able to judge whether the main source of the error is incorrect impulse detection or corrupted pixels restoration.In the proposed diagrams, the radius in the circle denote the proportion of the MAE metric calculated independently for pixels that are TP, FP and FN, respectively. The error for TN pixels is equal to zero and therefore it is not presented in the plots. The AD calculated for the MAE metric is presented in B and IDCNNG, trained on BSD500 and GoogleV4 datasets respectively, almost perfectly detected the impulses, and the main contribution to the MAE error comes from insufficient quality of the restoration of the noisy pixels. For the proposed method, the total MAE for the analyzed PEPPERS image is equal to 0.886, while error related to incorrectly detected impulses equals 0.056. In this way, the main contribution to the total error is made by the replacement (interpolation) of the correctly detected impulses. It shows that in further research, the efficiency of the proposed filter could be significantly improved if we used a better noisy pixel substitution method.The networks IDCNN® Core™ i7-3930K CPU 3.20 GHz and GeForce GTX 1080 Ti. In this setup, the training of the IDCNN detector with the default parameters (see N.All the experiments were performed in Tensorflow v1.8  environmters see  takes abc quality measures.In this work, we have introduced a switching filter that employs a deep neural network for impulsive noise removal in color images. The performed experiments reveal that the proposed filtering architecture, which operates using a modified version of DnCNN for impulsive pixels detection and adaptive mean filter for their restoration, outperforms or is comparable with the state-of-the-art filters in terms of PSNR, MAE and SSIMThe proposed IDCNN filter performs well on images contaminated by artificial impulsive noise and also on those affected by real noise process, keeping the undistorted pixels unchanged, without introducing visible artifacts. Apart from the high filtering efficiency, the proposed method is quite fast, and processing of an image of the standard Future work will be continued in two main directions. The first goal will be the improvement of the efficiency of the noisy pixel replacement using other suitable CNNs. Thus, a combination of the proposed IDCNN for impulse detection and a CNN for noisy pixel restoration will significantly increase the overall performance of noisy image enhancement. The performed experiments indicate that the BDCNN output  could be


Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) exhibiting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics, have been extensively studied in recent years. Because they have been shown to differentiate into lineages such as osteogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic or myogenic, the focus of most of the current research concerns either their potential to replace bone marrow as a readily available and abundant source of MSCs, or to employ them in regenerative and reconstructive medicine. There is close to consensus regarding the methodology used for ASC isolation and culture, whereas a number of molecular analyses implicates them in potential therapies of a number of pathologies. When it comes to clinical application, there is a range of examples of animal trials and clinical studies employing ASCs, further emphasizing the advancement of studies leading to their more widespread use. Nevertheless, in vitro studies will most likely continue to play a significant role in ASC studies, both providing the molecular knowledge of their ex vivo properties and possibly serving as an important step in purification and application of those cells in a clinical setting. Therefore, it is important to consider current methods of ASC isolation, culture, and processing. Furthermore, molecular analyses and cell surface properties of ASCs are essential for animal studies, clinical studies, and therapeutic applications of the MSC properties. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a population of multipotent, plastic adherent cells obtained through collagenase digestion of white adipose tissue . ExhibitTherefore, the focus of this review is placed on in vitro studies of ASCs, presenting the current methods of their isolation, culture, and processing. Furthermore, it summarizes the molecular analyses of these cells, as well as presents the currently available animal and clinical studies taking advantage of their MSC properties. All of the publications cited in the manuscript were sourced from reputable scientific databases, such as PubMed or Scopus, with inclusion in the review warranted by their overall recency, credibility, and comprehensiveness.Initially, ASC studies sourced these cells from adipose tissue fragments obtained through or during surgery. In this approach, the obtained fragments require mincing into very fine fragments, usually with the use of surgical blades . Then, tIn modern studies, because liposuction surgery is performed increasingly more often around the world, ASCs are usually sourced from the obtained lipoaspirate, which does not require further mechanical processing, as the procedure produces a saline suspension of very small tissue fragments . FurtherASCs obtained through the abovementioned methods can be further identified using two basic approaches. Firstly, cell surface proteins that are characteristic for this MSC population can be detected through methods such as flow cytometry. The available literature describes the minimal set of markers necessary for positive identification of MSCs ,15. The ASCs can be relatively easily maintained in culture, ready to be passaged or harvested after around 192 h . FBS  and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture conditions has been compared to analyze the influence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure. The osteogenic marker, CBFA-1, was quantified through real-time PCR and it was upregulated in both cultures. However, cells seeded on 3D cell culture, showed faster growth, and also greater expression of CBFA-1 and other osteogenic markers, suggesting that 3D cultures overstimulate osteogenic differentiation of ASCs as compared with 2D culture . BecauseFinally, studies focusing on miRNAs’ functions have examined their roles in the osteogenesis of ASCs and the key genes involved in the process ,37. GeneASCs’ differentiation ability towards neuron-like cells shows great potential in therapies treating diseases of the nervous system. The mechanisms underlying the in vitro differentiation of ASCs into immature neuron-like cells is similar to adult neurogenesis. In fact, ASC differentiated cells show similar neural markers expression to neural cells, including the proneural factors, such as Pax6, Mash1, Ngn2, NeuroD1, Tbr2, and Tbr1, and their pattern of expression is the same as in the intermediate stages of neuronal differentiation . MoreoveA study that investigated the effects of ECM molecules on proliferation, adhesion, and cell viability of SC-like differentiated ASC showed it increased the neurotrophic potential of stem cells. When exposed to apoptotic conditions, two key molecules, fibronectin and laminin, increased the viability and the adhesion of ASCs but had no effect on proliferation. Neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons was enhanced both when they were in direct contact with ASCs and when the latter were seeded on laminin and fibronectin, while they did not affect growth factor levels nor the secretion from ASC of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Overall, ECM molecules increased ASCs’ potentiality in nerve regeneration .Finally, a study analyzed the influence of different induction times on proliferation, differentiation, and secretion abilities of ASC-induced SC-like cells. According to the results, different induction times negatively impacted proliferation but positively impacted the expression of SCs. Application of induced SCs for nerve repair and functional reconstruction upon nerve injury appeared to be the most beneficial after 19 days of induction .Proteome analysis of primary cultures of ASCs has been carried out to further understand adipogenesis, especially in relation to energy metabolism and the etiology of obesity, and showed altered expression of protein typical of metabolism, redox, protein degradation, and heat shock protein/chaperones. Additional analysis correlated the induction of heat shock proteins with a possible role of ASCs in obesity and type 2 diabetes, indicating a need for further research . The adiSubcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue, responsible for metabolic diseases defense, are involved in fat tissue homeostasis. Although their differentiation, proliferation, and adipogenic potentials are fundamental for this process, by promoting adipocyte hyperplasia and limiting disorders, the molecular pathways regulating ASCs in these two types fat tissues, and their relative metabolic properties, is not yet well understood. However, different functions of visceral and subcutaneous ASCs are thought to be regulated by the key protein CD90, often anchored to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol of cells playing a key role in proliferation, mitotic clonal expansion, and homeostasis of adipose tissue and metabolism. CD90 was differently expressed in visceral and subcutaneous ASCs and further analysis could lead to advances in the treatments of multiple metabolic disorders .MSCs show great potential in the treatment of cardiac injury following myocardial loss, but the best source of MSCs and the optimal condition for the induction of in vitro cardiac differentiation is yet to be defined. ASCs present differentiation potential towards endothelial tissue and they are involved in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, showing possible applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. ASCs have the ability to differentiate towards cardiomyocytes and protect pre-existing cardiac cells through their paracrine activity, releasing antiapoptotic factors . MoreoveIn addition to their acclaimed osteogenic differentiation potential, ASCs’ plasticity can generate endothelial tissue, being involved in the process of angiogenesis. The ability of ASCs to promote capillary network development is involved in adipose tissue physiology which is required for tissue enlargement, and this property can be exploited for in vitro reconstruction of hard tissue, employing vasculogenic elements. The investigation of ASCs’ adhesion, distribution, proliferation, and gene expression showed osteogenic and vasculogenic commitment. The analysis of chromosomal stability showed no alteration in long-term in vitro cultures. Nonetheless, coculturing specific cells with endothelial cells increased vascularization which is a process often considered to be a burden in tissue engineered grafts, and ASCs’ co-commitment to osteogenic and endothelial cell lineages increased the expression of osteogenic markers, hence, osteogenesis was increased when its commitment co-occurred with the vasculogenic commitment .ASCs are widely studied in cancer progression and development. A study of ASCs from patients affected by ovarian cancer showed high expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Moreover, epithelial ovarian cancer cells (EOCCs) stimulated the expression of carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like markers in ASCs, while the latter promoted the proliferation and progression of EOCCs. The results suggested that ASCs were a source of CAFs and that they influenced the interaction of EOCCs with the microenvironment of the adipose tissue . TherefoASCs were analyzed to better understand the mechanisms underlying upper limb lymphedema complications upon axillary surgery in breast cancer patients, through the study of the stromal fraction of lymphedema-associated fat and the adipogenic transformation. Osteogenic, adipogenic, and vasculogenic gene expressions were examined. Lymphedema-associated stem cells showed enhanced adipogenic expression and a high ability to differentiate into adipose tissue, but low vasculogenic gene expression and no difference in osteogenic differentiation potential. These results suggested that the pathophysiology of lymphedema promoted the adipogenic differentiation of ASCs .FABP4, ADIPOQ, and PLIN4, and it revealed numerous changes in the mRNA expression profile throughout the maturation process. For example, the expression pattern of FGF11 suggested it influenced mature adipocyte phenotype maintenance. The expression of RSAD2 which is an interferon-inducible gene acting against multiple viral pathogens, suggested it could be synthesized together with depositories of accumulated lipids. Finally, both HES1 and periostin were inhibited. Although the downregulation of periostin still needed to be evaluated, lower expression of HES1 was associated with the maintenance of committed, but undifferentiated ASCs [Adipose tissue is accepted as a source of ASCs for regenerative medicine and tissue reconstruction. However, long lasting graft retention is not always successful. Transcriptome analysis of ASCs has been carried out to analyze the changes in cell functions during development into mature fat cells. Microarrays analysis of RNA from in vitro cultures of ASCs confirmed the expression of multiple genes associated with adipogenesis, such as the adipocyte-specific genes ted ASCs . The regted ASCs . An in vted ASCs .Moreover, the action of microRNAs, the regulatory activity they play on ASCs, and the ability they show to stimulate vascular network restoration, are beneficial for tissue repair; miR-92a is highly expressed in ASCs, and transfection of ASCs with pre-miR-92a or anti-miR-92a changed the expression of target genes. Elucidating paracrine mechanisms, genome, and secretome analysis of ASCs upon transfection with anti-miR-92a showed an increased expression of VEGF, angiogenin, and leptin and overexpression of miR-92a in ASCs showed a decreased secretion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and angiopoetin-1. It is clear that miR-92a affects ASCs and the underlying mechanisms need to be further investigated .Potential for novel therapeutic strategies of tissue repair can be found in the activity of exosomes derived from ASCs. These nanoscale vesicles of endocytic origin affect receptor cells influencing cell-to-cell communication. Proteomic analysis of exosomes originating from ASCs has revealed expression of proteins typical of cells responsible for protein binding, mostly participating in function prediction, posttranslational modification, and chaperoning. Some proteins detected are commonly involved in metabolic pathways, focal adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and microbial metabolism, together with tissue repair-related signaling pathways, such as putative paracrine effectors of angiogenesis including platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway proteins .Other applications of ASCs have focused on the treatment and prevention of dermis conditions. ASCs secrete soluble factors affecting skin biology in different ways, including protecting human dermal fibroblast from oxidative injury, through antioxidant and reduction activity in apoptotic cells. Proteomic analysis showed the activity of ascorbic acid activity on other antioxidant proteins, together with morphological changes, to increase resistance to free radicals, great advantage for skin damage prevention, and treatment of skin conditions . ASCs frIn conclusion, ASCs have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages and the analysis of the molecular pathways underlaying these processes could lead to a greater understanding of these mechanisms. Further research on this matter could expand the possible application of ASCs to a wide range of clinical therapies bringing advances to the treatment and diagnosis of multiple diseases.Animal models play a key role in the understanding of the biological activity of ASCs in a range of human diseases and disorders. Animal models allow the histological assessment of changes in the examined tissues post mortem. The aim of this review is to present a wide range of possible translations of laboratory findings into everyday medical practice. In recent years, because many studies have focused on clinical applications of culture expanded ASCs, we decided to refer to only selected conditions and trials, a list shown in The horse model of tendon lesion has been used to investigate the regenerative potential of ASCs in the treatment of that trauma ,67,68,69To evaluate the efficacy and possible benefits from stem cells application in the management of ischemic injuries, the state of acute ischemia has been provoked in experimental animal models. It was observed that the administration of ASCs could protect tissues against the consequences of acute ischemic injury and modulate their reorganization after myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or acute renal ischemic injury ,87,88,89The application of ASCs is also believed to have a positive impact on chronic wound treatment. It has been established that the administration of ASCs accelerated wound regeneration in animals with induced diabetes ,92,93,94ASCs were expected to have the ability to increase new bone formation which could be widely applied as a new strategy in reconstructive surgery, however, the obtained results have been ambiguous ,99,100. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, ASC transplantation has appeared to be an effective method for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in animal models ,109,110.Some authors have evaluated the potential of ASCs to treat experimentally induced asthma in murine and feline models. Stem cells were isolated from the harvested adipose tissue. Collected samples were subsequently culture expanded. ASCs were administered in intravenous infusions or intratracheally injected. ,116,117.Experimental animal studies have been crucial prior to the application of ASCs in humans. A great number of animal models have established the efficacy and safety of stem cell administration in various treatment protocols. Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that those results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans due to interspecies differences. Moreover, it should be said that further studies on the unification of cell preparation protocols are needed. Relatively small study groups are considered to be the main limitations of animal models’ reliability.The clinical application of in vitro cultured adipose-derived stem cells seems to be a new promising tool in the treatment of numerous medical conditions. After the appropriate preparation, the surgically obtained specimens of fat tissue are used as a source of ASCs for both autologous and homologous cell transfers and graft implantations. The list of the few recent experimental studies on ASC administration for various diseases in humans is shown in In vitro cultured ASCs have been widely used in orthopedics, especially in the process of production of various biomaterials, grafts, and scaffolds ,120,121.The properties of ASCs could also be used in the fields of regenerative and reconstructive medicine. Radiotherapy is commonly administered in patients with head and neck cancers, although the precise dosage treatment often leads to many complications such as salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Grønhøj et al. found that transplantation of previously cultured ASCs could successfully restore the function of submandibular glands as compared with a placebo group ,128. FurIt has been hypothesized that the administration of ASCs could alter the natural course of progressive neurodegenerative disorders. It is believed that application of this innovative therapy could reduce symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and delay the occurrence of the disability in many cases ,145,146.Moreover, it has been demonstrated that autologous stem cell enriched lipotransfer could significantly improve mouth function and subjective psychological measures in patients with systemic sclerosis. To elucidate the mechanism of the anti-fibrotic effect of ASCs, experimental in vitro co-cultures of ASCs and fibroblasts have been performed. ASCs’ paracrine activity reduces the secretion of profibrotic cytokines, modifies the expression of multiple fibrosis associated genes, and finally suppresses the proliferation of fibroblasts .It has been speculated that the application of ASCs could improve the visual parameters in patients with advanced keratoconus after decellularized human corneal lamina transplantation, however, the first trials have shown that the autologous ASC recellularization within corneal stroma did not lead to better treatment outcomes ,149.In summary, ASCs still hold great promise in regard to the treatment of numerous medical conditions. The application of either autologous cells or allogeneic grafts could be regarded as a safe procedure that hadwas not been linked to any serious adverse effects for the enrolled patients. The administration of ASCs was found to be an efficient alternative procedure to standard protocols in patients with skeletomuscular diseases and chronic wound management. Nonetheless, its clinical utility in several other conditions is still uncertain and requires further long-term observations.In summary, the above information strongly supports the notion that ASCs have a great potential to play a major role in the development of medicine of the 21st century. The methodology used for ASC isolation and culture is well known, with a number of respected regulatory bodies defining minimal criteria of their characterization. At the same time, a number of molecular analyses have implicated them in potential therapies for a number of pathologies. However, because different national regulatory bodies often assume different definitions of the criteria that ASCs need to fulfill to be applied and analyzed in clinical conditions, the procedures required for such research are still far from a worldwide consensus. Nevertheless, there is a range of examples of animal trials and clinical studies employing ASCs, further emphasizing the importance and advancement of studies that could potentially lead to their more widespread use. In addition, in vitro studies will most likely continue to play a significant role in understanding ASC function, both providing the molecular knowledge of their ex vivo properties and possibly serving as an important step in purification and application of those cells in a clinical setting.


The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for the GI microbiome of cats and dogs and plays a significant role in defining the composition and metabolism of the GI microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, facilitates the host’s nutrient digestion and the production of postbiotics, which are bacterially derived compounds that can influence pet health. Consequently, pet owners have a role in shaping the microbiome of cats and dogs through the food they choose to provide. Yet, a clear understanding of the impact these food choices have on the microbiome, and thus on the overall health of the pet, is lacking. Pet foods are formulated to contain the typical nutritional building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but increasingly include microbiome-targeted ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics. Each of these categories, as well as their relative proportions in food, can affect the composition and/or function of the microbiome. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary components may impact not only GI disease, but also allergies, oral health, weight management, diabetes, and kidney disease through changes in the GI microbiome. Until recently, the focus of microbiome research was to characterize alterations in microbiome composition in disease states, while less research effort has been devoted to understanding how changes in nutrition can influence pet health by modifying the microbiome function. This review summarizes the impact of pet food nutritional components on the composition and function of the microbiome and examines evidence for the role of nutrition in impacting host health through the microbiome in a variety of disease states. Understanding how nutrition can modulate GI microbiome composition and function may reveal new avenues for enhancing the health and resilience of cats and dogs. The word “microbiome” has been traditionally defined as “the aggregate genetic material of all microorganisms living in, or on, a defined habitat” . More geDevelopment of the microbiome begins before birth  and the The composition of the microbiome across the GI tract is not uniform, as qualitatively and quantitatively distinct communities have been identified in each ecological and anatomical niche . ResearcProteobacteria in the duodenum versus colon or rectum, and increases in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in the large intestine versus small intestine   .The proportions of phyla can also vary among individual animals of the same species due to factors such as breed, diet, age, living environment, and differing methods of analysis across studies . HoweverThere is also evidence that members of microbiomes from other portions of the GI tract are important reservoirs for the communities found in the intestine. For example, members of the oral microbiome have been found to colonize lower portions of the GI tract where they have been associated with disease .Given the potential impact of the GI microbiome on pet health, both directly and through its impact on the response to nutrition , as wellTo evaluate research on the microbiome, it is important to first consider how microbiome status is assessed. A variety of metrics have been used in the literature to characterize microbiome status, including measurements representing both compositional and functional characteristics of the microbiome . Most puThe health of the microbiome may be more meaningfully defined by how it functions, rather than its taxonomic or compositional makeup. Functional redundancy has been identified in multiple taxa from site-specific bacterial communities in humans, suggesting conservation of functional capability is of greater importance than community composition . While mAs noted earlier, the compostion of the gut microbiome is generally similar between cats and dogs, with some differences noted. There is a complex relationship between the gut microbiome and the host, which is certainly influenced by the unique anatomy and physiology of cats versus dogs. However, evidence on how the digestive and physiological differences between cats and dogs might affect the microbiome is limited. Nevertheless, intriguing opportunities to study how food influences the health of each species through the production of microbial postbiotics have emerged. For example, when provided with a variety of foods of similar palatability, but different macronutrient content, and allowed to self-select macronutrient intake through free-choice feeding among the foods, the microbial postbiotics generated by cats at their chosen protein level were different from the microbial postbiotics generated by dogs at their chosen protein level . This reOne example of the links between the microbiome, nutrition, and digestive physiology is the production of equol, an isoflavone-derived metabolite produced through the microbial metabolism of daidzein. Equol production is known to be enhanced by a high carbohydrate diet . In the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes and significantly increased proportions of Fusobacteria . While not all complex carbohydrates provide fiber, those commonly used in the pet food industry include traditional sources of fiber for cats and dogs, such as beet pulp, which contains a mix of insoluble and soluble fiber and cellulose, which is a non-fermentable, insoluble, non-viscous fiber . Other sAlthough multiple classification systems have been suggested for dietary fibers , the chaFaecalibacterium in the microbiome  fed to eight adult female dogs for a 14-day period . The addAlthough most prebiotics come from plant fibers, the chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods represent a potential novel source of fiber for dogs . In one Bifidobacterium spp. concentrations (P < 0.05) compared with the control diet (P < 0.05); there was no difference in fecal protein metabolites among the four diets. Overall, this study concluded that small amounts of these prebiotics had beneficial effects on various parameters of digestive health , or pectin . Anotherrol diet . In addie health . Lastly,e health .Subsequent sections in this article will review the impact of a variety of nutrition interventions, including fiber, probiotics, and synbiotics, in various disease states of cats and dogs.Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis but increased Bacteroides, Alistipes, Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Parasutterella  reduced tterella . Some ofTraditionally, protein quality has been defined by the amino acid composition of the protein, as well as digestibility and bioavailability of the protein source. Most pet foods use animal protein sources since they typically contain a more complete complement of amino acids, though plant protein sources are also used. Regardless of the source, dietary protein must undergo proteolysis, or the hydrolysis of intact proteins into individual amino acids, to be absorbed by the animal. In many cases, protein hydrolysis occurs as part of host digestion, though some specialized foods use hydrolyzed protein ingredients to reduce the potential for allergic response and ease digestion. Different protein sources vary not only in their amino acid composition, but also in their micro- and macronutrients, all of which affect the GI microbiome . The conIllustrating the concepts of quality and quotient, there is evidence to suggest that the source of protein  and ratio of protein to carbohydrate (quotient) can influence the composition of the GI microbiome . Among hPrevotella was abundant in microbiomes of cats fed the kibble diet, Clostridium and Fusobacterium were abundant in microbiomes of cats fed the RMBD, and Prevotella along with a group of unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae were abundant in the microbiomes of cats fed the RMB with added fiber. Based on the available evidence to date, research on RMBDs does not show clear benefit on the gut microbiome and may increase the risk of pathogen exposure.Raw meat-based diets (RMBD) are high protein diets that illustrate the concepts of protein quantity and quotient. Such diets include uncooked ingredients derived from animals ; these iIngestion of moderate quantities of highly digestible protein balances the concepts of quantity, quality, and quotient, optimizing protein utilization by the pet, while ingestion of large amounts of poorly digestible protein increases presentation of dietary protein to bacterial populations in the colon, where it undergoes putrefaction. Putrefaction is the process of microbial decomposition of amino acids into postbiotic products, some of which have been implicated in the initiation and progression of certain inflammatory diseases, such as atopy , chronic2S) are found in obese individuals , has been the subject of considerable research. Most research reported to date involving the microbiome in cats and dogs with GI enteropathies involves dogs, with relatively fewer studies in cats. Dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) have been shown to have lower concentrations and altered patterns of SCFAs, as well as changes in the fecal microbiota compared to healthy dogs . With relymphoma . While alymphoma , few autng sites . These fsia spp. . Interes animals .Two endoscopic studies examined the impact of dietary intervention in dogs diagnosed with IBD . These sBilophila and Burkholderia and enrichment in Bacteroides, while those that did not improve had a greater abundance of Neisseriaceae  significantly decreased allergen-specific IgE and partially prevented atopic dermatitis in the first 6 months of life (Lactobacillus sakei) administration for 2 months significantly reduced atopic disease severity in all dogs who received it .A primary distinction among commercial diets of cats and dogs is whether the food is dry or wet. Dry diets are often fed to promote oral health because of the abrasive nature of the dried kibble. Although such foods have been shown to reduce plaque and gingivitis, their impact on the microbiome was not evaluated . A studyObesity in pets is a significant problem. According to a recent report by the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, 60% of cats and 56% of dogs in the United States are classified as overweight or obese . ObesityActinobacteria and the genus Roseburia were significantly more abundant in obese dogs compared with lean dogs  in the gut contain the genes implicated in bile acid metabolism  weight loss. In addition, acetic and propionic acid concentrations decreased in those dogs with faster weight loss  the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1, which stimulates insulin secretion ; Table 1controls .Firmicutes and a decrease in the relative abundance of some Proteobacteria  is increasing in prevalence in cats and dogs . BetweenIn humans, it has been shown that a lack of appropriate microbiome-dependent maturation of the immune system may exacerbate a genetic predisposition to type 1 DM . If an aBacteroidetes  is one of the most common diseases in cats and dogs , yet litResearch to determine the cause and effect relationship between dysbiosis and kidney disease is ongoing. The underlying microbial composition is believed to affect the susceptibility of individuals to CKD, with evidence supporting this link found in cats and dogs. For example, an increased risk of kidney disease has been reported in animals with severe periodontal disease . FactorsOxalobacter and Lactobacillus spp. prevent stone formation through the degradation of oxalate salts (Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, is a condition common in cats and dogs that shortens the lifespan of cats by about 3 years on average . The majte salts . More reThe majority of the pre-existing literature described earlier in this article has focused on associations between compositional changes in the GI microbiome and adverse health effects, including the presence of disease. However, accumulating research suggests that future nutrition interventions that produce changes in microbiome function, which is evident from postbiotic metabolites, may provide significant beneficial impacts on health. Function-based approaches lay the foundation for microbiome-based therapeutics , a conceAlthough substantial evidence indicates that reducing excessive putrefaction of bypass protein may provide benefit, there appears to be a role for some putrefactive metabolites to contribute to improved host physiological function. Intriguingly, some putrefactive products may provide health benefits . For exaFuture research will determine the appropriate balance of saccharolysis and putrefaction to optimize health. A working hypothesis holds that delivery of tryptophan, branched chain amino acids, and adequate saccharolytic substrates into a gut microbiome with the appropriate genetic capacity for transforming these substrates into indole-3-propionate, isobutyrate, and straight SCFAs, will promote optimal health. Examples of the effects of postbiotics on the GI microbiome in several disease states are reviewed below.2S, which is derived from sulfur-containing amino acids, is a Janus-faced molecule that is associated with both toxic functions and potential health benefits (2S by the host generates an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing effect to promote vasorelaxation and promotes anti-inflammatory effects (2S generation in the colon by gut microbiota inhibits utilization of the SCFA butyrate by colonocytes through inhibition of mitochondrial metalloproteins and is associated with ulcerative colitis (2S generation, such that limiting delivery of sulfur-containing amino acids to the colon by increasing digestibility and reducing dietary levels may provide a benefit to the GI tract.The postbiotic metabolite, Hbenefits . For exa effects . In cont colitis . This apCertain GI bacteria produce precursors of uremic toxins through fermentation of protein and amino acids. Indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, and phenylacetylglutamine have been shown to negatively correlate with kidney function in observational studies . In addiBacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and increases in the genera Ruminococcus, Proteobacteria and Sutterella (There is a stronger association between the consumption of a high-fiber diet and lower inflammation in populations with CKD, an association that may be related to a reduction in the production and absorption of uremic toxins mediated by microbial metabolism . Prebiottterella . Moreovetterella , an outcRuminococcus, Oscillospira, Dorea, and Slackia, when compared with dogs consuming a control food (Diets high in fermentable fibers from vegetable and fruit sources resulted in a significant reduction in the advanced glycation end product, pyralline, as well as circulating levels of the postbiotic uremic toxin, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate in dogs and cats ; 4-ethylrol food . Furtherrol food .Diets specifically formulated for cats and dogs with kidney disease have been shown to increase the lifespan of pets by controlling signs of uremia . The usecis-12-octadecenoic acid, have generated interest due to their anti-allergic effects and anti-inflammatory activity in the intestine (cis-12-octadecenoic acid reduced clinical symptoms of allergic disease, including scratching behavior, hemorrhage, edema, and dryness (Emerging postbiotics, such as 10-hydroxy-ntestine . A study dryness , suggest dryness . While sThe role of the GI microbiome in both health and disease is an increasingly important field of study for researchers and area of clinical interest for veterinarians. The GI microbiome is now recognized as a metabolic organ that plays a critical role in numerous processes essential to the health and fitness of the host. Consequently, disturbances in the microbiome may contribute to or exacerbate illness, while the introduction of nutritional interventions that optimize the composition and function of the microbiome may improve the health of cats and dogs.The focus of microbiome research has shifted recently from the potential impact of compositional changes to understanding how functional changes achieved through nutrition can enhance overall pet health. This evolving research landscape aligns with the current perspective of the North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, which highlighted the need for evidence demonstrating an association between structural changes in the microbiome and function or markers of health . MoreoveVariations in the GI microbiome that have been observed among healthy pets and those with various diseases such as IBD, allergy, oral disease, overweight, diabetes, and kidney disease, suggests that nutritional components that effectively target the microbiome may require tailoring to the unique features of a given health condition. While foods can be formulated with ingredients generally recognized to protect against microbiome disturbances, additional study is needed to demonstrate the impact of such changes on disease in individual cats and dogs. Although use of microbiome-based health screening  and micrSW, JR, MJ, EE, DB, JM, and DJ wrote the manuscript. SW, JR, MJ, and JS edited and revised the manuscript.SW, JR, MJ, EE, DB, and JM were current employees and DJ was a former employee of the Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The image-forming properties of the eye can be described in terms of wave aberration. Understanding the link between aberrations and the anterior segment geometry is therefore of crucial importance for (i) comprehending how the eye works, (ii) modelling the optics of individual eyes, (iii) optimizing optical solutions, or (iv) designing surgical strategies. The eye has many innate adaptations that minimize optical aberrations. In most normal young eyes, the magnitude of aberrations of the cornea is significantly larger than for the whole eye, indicating a significant role of the crystalline lens in compensating corneal aberrations. However, due to geometrical and structural changes, this ocular compensation gets disturbed in different anterior segment conditions, such as keratoconus, presbyopia, or cataract. Keratoconus progressively degrades the corneal shape and, consequently, vision in the adolescence, with a prevalence of 0.05% in the general population. Meanwhile, presbyopia and cataract are conditions related to aging that affect the structure of the crystalline lens, one referring to a loss in accommodative amplitude (presbyopia) and the other to a progressive loss of transparency (cataract). Presbyopia affects 100% of the population older than 45 years of age, impairing reading and near work activities as a result of the loss of the eye's crystalline lens ability to focus at near objects, whereas cataracts affect more than 50% of the population over 75. Furthermore, the prevalence of myopia has alarmingly increased in recent years, especially in the developing economies of the East Asian area, making the identification of the optical changes in the eye associated with myopia particularly important.Given the large numbers of potential patients for optical correction of presbyopia and cataract, managing keratoconus, or slowing down the progression of myopia, the potential impact of new solutions based on personalized optical designs is undoubtedly tremendous and will offer both remarkable opportunities and challenges in a wide range of anterior segment applications. Combining the technological advances in aberrometry and three-dimensional anterior segment imaging techniques with dedicated ray-tracing and processing tools will allow building patient-specific eye models for the selection of the contact and/or intraocular lens design that provides the best optical quality –3.Furthermore, a better understanding of the optical corrections and how they interact with the patient's optics will help clinicians with selecting the correction that optimizes the visual performance in their patients, for example, using visual simulators that allow the patient to experience the difference in visual performance between monofocal or different multifocal solutions . With thIt is well established that favourable interactions between low- and high-order aberrations can improve the visual performance . In partThe replacement of the crystalline lens by an intraocular lens modifies the chromatic dispersion properties of the eye, depending on the dispersion properties of the IOL material. Moreover, different IOL materials have different tendencies to form small fluid-filled vacuoles (glistenings) within the bulk of the IOL with different effects on light scattering. Spiezio et al. proposed a new methodology based on high-magnification digital microscopy to quantitatively evaluate and characterize such IOL vacuoles using their critical optical characteristics, such as vacuole size, density, shape, and orientation within the IOL material. Elwan et al. showed a new technique for the treatment of primary posterior capsule opacification (PCO) or prevention of postoperative PCO based on a pneumatic technique to perform a posterior capsulorhexis.Progressive distortion of the cornea in keratoconus leads to abnormal corneal topography, resulting in irregular astigmatism, progressive myopia, and increased high-order aberrations. Although the anterior corneal surface supposes the dominant factor to corneal aberrations, the posterior corneal surface also has a remarkable implication in ocular aberrations. Therefore, an accurate three-dimensional quantification of both anterior and posterior corneal surfaces is critical for managing keratoconus. Velázquez-Blázquez et al. proposed a three-dimensional virtual model of the cornea by means of computational geometry as a novel tool for keratoconic classification. Corneal surface analysis in corneal topographers is usually based on fitting the elevation data to parametric models to obtain the relevant information. Regarding keratoconus classification based on Scheimpflug-imaging surface fitting, Garcerant et al. defined a toric ellipsoid with fixed eccentricity at the thinnest point as the best-performing parameter to discriminate between normal and keratoconus within a myopic population.J0 and could be an excellent tool to evaluate refractive errors in the clinical practice.In the contact lens field, Wang and Yang described the effect of decentration of the orthokeratology lens on myopia progression. Meanwhile, the review article by Remón et al. proposed novel experimental paradigms for presbyopia correction and myopia control, such as material platforms, optical designs, and computational simulations of bifocal and multifocal contact lenses. In a different study, Carracedo et al. compared the agreement and repeatability of binocular open-field and monocular closed-field wavefront autorefractor systems. The binocular open-field provided better results in terms of spherical equivalent and Interestingly, Montagud-Martínez et al. showed a novel concept of using diffractive corneal inlays for presbyopia correction. This design not only surpasses the multifocal performance of the commercial small aperture corneal inlays but also compensates their limitations in terms of degraded contrast sensitivity and stereoscopic acuity.


The mixed convection two-phase flow and heat transfer of nanofluids were addressed within a wavy wall enclosure containing a solid rotating cylinder. The annulus area between the cylinder and the enclosure was filled with water-alumina nanofluid. Buongiorno’s model was applied to assess the local distribution of nanoparticles in the host fluid. The governing equations for the mass conservation of nanofluid, nanoparticles, and energy conservation in the nanofluid and the rotating cylinder were carried out and converted to a non-dimensional pattern. The finite element technique was utilized for solving the equations numerically. The influence of the undulations, Richardson number, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, rotation direction, and the size of the rotating cylinder were examined on the streamlines, heat transfer rate, and the distribution of nanoparticles. The Brownian motion and thermophoresis forces induced a notable distribution of nanoparticles in the enclosure. The best heat transfer rate was observed for 3% volume fraction of alumina nanoparticles. The optimum number of undulations for the best heat transfer rate depends on the rotation direction of the cylinder. In the case of counterclockwise rotation of the cylinder, a single undulation leads to the best heat transfer rate for nanoparticles volume fraction about 3%. The increase of undulations number traps more nanoparticles near the wavy surface. Natural convection and heat transfer mechanisms in the annulus spaces have been the topic of many pioneer investigations due to its essential engineering applications. Such tools into enclosed spaces give strong non-linear behavior due to the effective coupling between the flow and heat equation. Shu et al.  modeled The present study involves the conjugate heat transfer, rotating cylinder, wavy wall enclosures and nanofluids. Hence, the literature works related to these topics are explored here. The natural convection heat transfer in enclosures containing solid thermal conductive blocks has been studied in some recent studies. The presence of a solid block contributes to the heat transfer inside the enclosure while it affects the fluid circulation. This type of problems is classified as conjugate heat transfer as the liquid and solid are in thermal interaction. Kuznetsov and Sheremet  modeled Sheremet  examinedThe presence of a moving or rotating object changes the natural convection flow to the mixed convection. The moving objects have found numerous applications in engineering designs. For instance, a shaft of turbine or pump enclosed in a shell, rotation of gears in a casing, vibration of a thermal fin in an enclosed space, and fluid bearings with a slow rotation, and the receiver of a solar collector are just a few examples. Costa and Raimundo  displayeEnclosures with wavy (curved) walls have numerous practical applications in solar systems, heat exchangers, and reactors. Hence, the convective heat transfer in enclosures with wavy walls has been investigated in numerous recent studies. Adjlout et al.  questionUsing nanotechnology in the improvement of heat transfer, by scattering nanosized solids with high conductivity such as metal, metal oxide, and carbon single- and multi-layer tube in such base fluids as water, oil, and other standard coolants has been investigated in the past decades . Using nThe accordance of mixed convection heat transfer due to the rigid rotating body is one of the challenges of nanofluids heat transfer, about which few articles have been published. In this study, by using Buongiorno’s model, mixed convection of a nanofluid in the cavity, along with warm corrugated wall and a rigid rotating body, was analyzed. To the authors’ knowledge and according to the literature mentioned above, the current study is unique and initiative. Moreover, when a nanofluid is synthesized, it is placed into the application to see how the synthesized nanofluid could improve the heat transfer. Various aspects, such as dynamic viscosity and migration of nanoparticles, would participate in the heat transfer behavior of a nanofluid.L and continues as a rotating solid cylinder inside the center with radius r, as outlined in 2O3 nanoparticles, and the Boussinesq approximation remains applicable. In the present laminar flow study, the surface effects on the concentration distribution of nanoparticles are neglected. Examining the assumptions mentioned above, the continuity, momentum, and energy equations regarding the laminar and steady convection are as follows: The mixed convective heat transfers into a wavy-walled cavity by length Since the inner cylinder denotes a moving mass block including an associated force, the energy equation up the solid cylinder is:The thermophysical properties of nanofluids including effective thermal diffusivity, heat capacitance, thermal expansion coefficient, and effective density are addressed as, respectively,2O3-water nanofluids calculated by the Corcione model [The thermal conductivity ratio of Alne model  is:(13)kshown as :(14)ReB=M denotes the molecular weight of the base liquid, Here, Corcione  as:(15)dWe propose the following non-dimensional variables:Applying the variables mentioned above, the following dimensionless governing equations are derived: ∇·V=0, con con21) cX-direction:The momentum equation in the Y-direction:The momentum equation in the The Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed to solve the governing equations. Applying the FEM to the momentum in Equations  and 32)32) leadsP) including a penalty parameter  formulation of the momentum equations was obtained by multiplying the equation with an internal domain , the maximum mean Nusselt number is observed at singular undulation R, the maximum significance of heat transfer is recognized at For the case of ruled natural convection (R, an optimum value of R, the following values for volume fraction can be offered, which result in the highest amount of the heat transfer rate: For all amounts of Combined convection flow and heat transfer mechanisms toward an enclosed cavity including heated wavy surface and rotating circular cylinder were examined numerically using Buongiorno’s two-phase approach. The current outcomes have directed the following concluding statements:


Global biodiversity hotspots are areas containing high levels of species richness, endemism and threat. Similarly, regions of agriculturally relevant diversity have been identified where many domesticated plants and animals originated, and co-occurred with their wild ancestors and relatives. The agro-biodiversity in these regions has, likewise, often been considered threatened. Biodiversity and agro-biodiversity hotspots partly overlap, but their geographic intricacies have rarely been investigated together. Here we review the history of these two concepts and explore their geographic relationship by analysing global distribution and human use data for all plants, and for major crops and associated wild relatives. We highlight a geographic continuum between agro-biodiversity hotspots that contain high richness in species that are intensively used and well known by humanity  and biodiversity hotspots encompassing species that are less heavily used and documented . Our contribution highlights the key considerations needed for further developing a unifying concept of agro-biodiversity hotspots that encompasses multiple facets of diversity (including genetic and phylogenetic) and the linkage with overall biodiversity. This integration will ultimately enhance our understanding of the geography of human-plant interactions and help guide the preservation of nature and its contributions to people. Biogeographers and conservation biologists have long been interested in identifying and characterizing geographic regions containing a higher concentration of biodiversity and derived natural resources than surrounding areas, ranging from within- and among-species diversity through to ecosystem services ,2,3, at Conservationists, constrained by finite resources, have used the concept of biodiversity hotspots to advocate for the allocation of international efforts and resources in regions of the world containing exceptionally diverse, unique and threatened biodiversity . HoweverAgro-biodiversity is a sub-component of biodiversity that accounts for the variety of life that contributes to food and agriculture . In the Here we explore the relationship between hotspots of wild plant diversity and regions containing high levels of agro-biodiversity by (i) reviewing the history of the two concepts, (ii) characterizing the degree to which they overlap in space and the human and biological drivers of these geographic (in-) congruencies, and (iii) considering how to better integrate the multi-faceted aspects of useful plant diversity, including genetic and phylogenetic diversity. Finally, we propose a new general framework and discuss future avenues for obtaining an improved understanding and preservation of global hotspots of useful plant diversity ,32.The distribution of life on Earth has long been investigated by naturalists aiming to understand, preserve and exploit the natural world ,34,35. TSince the definition of the hotspot concept by Myers, several other approaches have been explored to define and refine important biodiversity areas. Alongside terrestrial plants and vertebrates, other taxa have been considered to date, including marine mammals , phytoplPlants have been central to the definition of biodiversity hotspots since the pioneering work of Myers. Regions of high plant diversity have been investigated in multiple ways in the last decades, mainly by attempting to obtain finer continuous maps of (rare) plant species richness, as opposed to considering categorical hotspots. Barthlott and colleagues produced an influential estimate at the scale of ecoregions ,48,49. IStarting some 150 years ago, global botanical, geographic, linguistic, and archaeological evidence were combined to identify the geographic origins of crops, including distinctions among Old versus New World species . These wSince Vavilov, the regions of origin and diversity of different crops have been debated, investigated and refined, benefiting from an expanding body of archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and taxonomic information ,64,65,66There was an acceleration in the movement of crop plants across the globe between 1500–1700, as they were introduced to colonizing countries, their colonies and other regions with emerging export-oriented production ,70. AgriThe history of agro-biodiversity was primarily written by colonial powers and white male explorers, conferring little or no room to traditional knowledge holders . Moving The geographic distribution of biodiversity and agro-diversity hotspots has long been investigated, but rarely together. Very little is known about their spatial intricacies despite recent calls for their integration . SeveralVavilov provided an early spatial representation of the origins of cultivated plants by mapping the distribution of major food species. However, by restricting (justifiably) his focus mainly to selected food plants encountered in his field experiences, Vavilov was unable to produce a comprehensive assessment of the distribution of all plant species selected for use by humans across the world. Identifying which plant species are most selected by humans for a broader range of uses in addition to food, and characterizing their geographic distribution is, thus, key for defining agro-biodiversity hotspots and for relating their variation to the wider context of biodiversity.www.wikipedia.org), using search data as a proxy for cultural preference, knowledge of plant species, use by humans and domestication intensity. As Wikipedia can be edited by anyone at any given time, it cannot be considered a reliable source of information without critical evaluation. However, our analysis remains independent from the quality of Wikipedia articles as it only examines the interaction between users and the web platform by quantifying numbers of page views. Species names and occupied geographic regions were retrieved for 339,924 species from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) [In our currently globalized world and big data era, it is now possible to investigate human preferences for species more extensively. Here we assessed the popularity of most vascular plants on the free online encyclopaedia Wikipedia (s (WCVP) . Wikipeds (WCVP) . We retrThe global richness distribution of the 1000 most popular species is strikingly similar to the Vavilov primary centres with particularly high richness in subtropical regions of the Northern hemisphere a. There Alongside major crops, Vavilov was also interested in documenting, mapping, collecting, using, and preserving wild ancestors and closely related species . By consHere we assessed the current distribution of 222 major international crops and 2,731 of their wild relative species using comprehensive lists from the USDA ARS GRIN-Global Taxonomy and geographic data from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants, again retrieved at the national and sub-national level (level three) of the WGSRPD . Crop wiGeographic patterns in major crop species richness strongly overlap with the Vavilov centres a and areThe designation of hotspots of plant species richness and rarity has provided a way to focus attention on the intrinsic value of biodiversity at a global scale. However, the contributions of plants to livelihoods are rarely considered in this context, despite the predominance of utilitarian arguments in conservation. Going beyond species counts  to describe and understand structural and/or chemical properties of species and their diversity is of critical importance. The wide range of plant properties cannot currently be quantified across all species but is often related to genetic variation within and among species . CharactSome species are the sole remaining representative of ancient lineages, while others are part of recent and rapid radiations  that may comprise hundreds of closely related species. Therefore, conservation biologists now account for the fact that the evolutionary histories of species are not equivalent when setting priorities . To addrOne of the most important characteristics of PD is its potential to act as a surrogate for feature diversity , which encompasses the qualities of plants that are beneficial for humans. While the relationship between PD and feature diversity remains contentious ,98, it iGenetic diversity represents the raw material that humans have relied upon for millennia for the maintenance and improvement of crops. Plant breeding is a long-term process  aimed atThere have been recent efforts to identify the geographic regions where crop wild relative species are concentrated . CharactBuilding on historic advancements, it may be possible to incorporate the data currently used in heuristic approaches for crop wild relative identification into a more general framework to help the decision-making within breeding programmes. Such a framework could potentially be modelled from the Estimated Breeding Value (EBV), a common breeding programme metric that could expedite selection of donor species. An EBV is the potential of an individual as a genetic parent, considering the heritability of a given trait under selection . TypicalHotspots of both biodiversity and agro-biodiversity have long relied on counting numbers of species  to those harvested in the wild , we beliThe recognition of biodiversity hotspots and agro-biodiversity (Vavilov) centres have played important roles to raise public awareness, foster research and attract political action to preserve and use natural resources sustainably. Given the urgency and magnitude of the global challenges outlined by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and the recent report on biodiversity loss by the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem Services (IPBES) , it is m