Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the influence of various beverages on the surface microhardness of a single-shade composite resin.Materials and methods: Seventy-five Omnichroma composite discs were fabricated and divided into five subgroups according to the beverages. The groups were Group A: tea; Group B: coffee; Group C: beer; Group D: whisky; and Group E: artificial saliva. The samples were immersed in their respective beverages for 15 minutes per day for 15 days. The Vickers microhardness values were taken before and after the immersion of the composite disc samples in their respective beverages. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 23 , with a statistical significance level of 5%.Results: It was observed that there was a reduction in the surface microhardness of the composite resin after immersion in most of the solutions. An increase in the mean percentage change of surface microhardness was observed in the beer group , followed by the coffee group . The least mean percentage change in microhardness was noted in group E, artificial saliva .Conclusion: The surface microhardness of composite resin can be influenced by the type of beverages used for immersion and the duration of immersion. However, it is important to note that the interaction between composite resin and various beverages is influenced by a complex interplay of multiple variables. The rising popularity of resin-based composite dental materials can be attributed to the growing demand for aesthetically pleasing, tooth-colored, and mercury-free restorations. However, there are several factors that may hinder their clinical efficacy . The mecThe basic qualities of composite materials, which are used in dental fillings, might alter over time due to frequent exposure to noxious elements  in the oral cavity ,3. ChemiMost of the time, the wearing of the dental restoration, along with the tooth structure and subsequent discoloration, causes the need for a change in the restoration. Consumption of certain beverages like tea, coffee, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages may impact the quality of the restoration and affect its surface hardness at different rates . The effClinicians often prefer restorative materials and techniques that allow for simplified restorative procedures, aiming to reduce chair time and minimize technique sensitivity. One particular challenge in restorative dentistry is shade selection, as it can be difficult and is influenced by the operator's skill and environmental conditions ,8. To adDental restorations, especially resin-based composites, are commonly used in dental practice. Understanding how various beverages can impact the microhardness of these restorations is clinically relevant. It provides insights into potential challenges that dentists and patients may face when exposed to certain everyday beverages and helps in making informed decisions about the choice of restorative materials for specific patients. This study evaluates a single-shade universal composite material claiming to match various tooth colors. Understanding how this material interacts with different beverages can help assess its performance and validate its claims. Such research contributes to the advancement of dental materials and encourages the development of more durable and aesthetically pleasing options for dental restorations. Overall, conducting this study helps bridge the gap in knowledge regarding the impact of beverages on composite resin restorations and provides essential information for better clinical decision-making, improved patient outcomes, and the advancement of dental materials.This study has been conducted to analyze the interaction of the above-mentioned composite resin with various beverages and determine the resultant surface characteristics. The aim of this investigation was to determine how various beverages affect the microhardness of a single-shade universal resin composite material. The null hypothesis was formulated, stating that the evaluated beverages would have no effect on the microhardness of the tested composite material.This in-vitro study was performed at Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India, in January 2022.Sample preparationThe sample size of the current study was calculated using G*Power  based on an in vitro assessment by Tanthanuch et al. with an effect size of 0.52, significance of 5%, and power of the study of 95% ,11.The Palfique Omnichroma  single-shade universal composite material was the composite resin that was evaluated in this investigation. The manufacturer's details and composition of the evaluated resin composite are described in Table Seventy-five composite disc-shaped samples were prepared using a stainless steel mold with dimensions of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. The resin composite was placed into the mold and sandwiched between the translucent mylar strips and two thin glass slides. The samples were then light-cured for 40 seconds using a light-emitting diode (LED) unit . Following that, the samples were polished using the Super-Snap polishing system  and polishing discs as per the manufacturer's instructions. After sample preparation, they were stored in distilled water for 24 hours in order to complete their polymerization process and rehydration.The resin-based composite material samples were randomly divided into five groups of 15 samples each, based on the beverages used. The groups were:Group A: Tea Group B: Coffee Group C: Beer Group D: Whisky Group E: Artificial Saliva After 24 hours of storage in distilled water, the samples were blotted dry with tissue paper. Baseline values of the surface microhardness of each sample were taken for each group.Sample immersion protocolThe immersion protocol was followed for 15 days, based on the assessment by Barve et al. . The bevMicrohardness evaluationThe microhardness evaluation was performed on the surface of the composite resin samples using a Vickers indenter . Three indentations were made for each specimen over the course of 15 seconds with a 50-gram weight . The rel(Microhardness Before - Microhardness After) X 100 / Microhardness BeforeStatistical analysisThe statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences software . The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine the distribution of values achieved for surface microhardness assessment. The surface microhardness values were tested for significance using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc analysis. All the statistical tests used in the present study consider a p-value less than 0.05 to be significant.A single-shade composite resin, Omnichroma, was used to assess its interaction with five different immersion solutions. The surface microhardness assessment was done based on the Vickers indentation method.A 15-day immersion protocol has been followed after recording the baseline microhardness values. The mean surface microhardness, along with standard deviation values at baseline and post-immersion (15th day) of the evaluated composite discs, is noted in Table The mean percentage change in surface microhardness of the different groups and the inter-group comparison of microhardness change in different groups are depicted in Tables Figure The percentage change in the microhardness was greatest when the samples were subjected to beer , followed by coffee , and the least change was reportedly seen in artificial saliva .The findings showed that Groups C (beer), B (coffee), and A (tea) presented the greatest change in surface microhardness. Following the 15-day immersion protocol, Group E  exhibited the least change in microhardness values. Figures A significant increase in the clinical usage of resin-based restorative materials has been observed over the past few years, owing to their improved formulations, ease of handling, and excellent aesthetic and bonding properties ,14. IdeaThe current in vitro study evaluates the effect of various beverages on the surface microhardness of a single-shade universal resin composite. Tokuyama Dental America has unveiled the Smart Chromatic Technology in the evaluated dental composite, Omnichroma. This innovation uses uniform spherical silica and zirconia filler particles to regulate light transmission in the red-to-yellow color range. As a result, Omnichroma seamlessly blends with surrounding teeth for a natural look.It is essential to determine and understand the mechanical properties of composite resins to comprehend and foresee their clinical behavior and durability . Based oThe hardness of the restorative material is regarded as a crucial characteristic as it corresponds favorably with the compressive strength, resistance to intraoral components, and conversion degree of the material ,19. DeclThe current investigation observed that immersion of the assessed resin composite in beer caused the maximum change in surface microhardness. This may be attributed to the absorption of alcohol molecules by the resin matrix, leading to a softening effect on the surfaces of the resin and consequently impacting the overall integrity of the restoration .The study findings indicate that there is a decrease in the microhardness of the evaluated composite resin upon interaction with coffee. Despite having a pH close to seven, the water present in coffee gets absorbed by the resin matrix, causing disintegration of the restorative material. This, in turn, affects the coupling agents, leading to hydrolysis and weakening of the chemical bond between the filler particles and resin matrix. The dislodgment of filler particles from the material's outer surface results in surface roughness and a decrease in hardness . FurtherDepending on the nature of the composite resin, the surface characteristics of the resin will vary . The maiThe current study investigated the surface microhardness of a single-shade universal composite resin, and the findings revealed no statistically significant difference in surface microhardness following immersion in the respective solution groups. Within the limitations of the study, the current in-vitro assessment leads to the following conclusions: All the solutions had an impact on the change in surface microhardness of the resin composite; immersion of this single-shade resin composite in beer for 15 days had an aggressive effect on surface wear characteristics when compared to other solutions evaluated; and the maximum change in surface microhardness upon immersion of the evaluated composite resin for 15 days was observed in Group C (beer) samples, followed by Group B (whisky). The current assessment suggests that the chemical composition of beverages can impact the surface microhardness of resin composites, with alcohol absorption and water absorption playing significant roles that may alter the clinical behavior and durability of the resin material.


The research is being suggested from the observation that the incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals with Lynch Syndrome did not entirely decrease as expected, despite the high quality colonscopies performed in the surveillance programs, according to current Guidelines. The authors would like to highlight that the factors responsible for these results are indipendent of both endoscopy surveillance and adherence to prevention programs of individuals affected by Lynch Syndrome. Probably, the peculiarity of carcinogenesis itself in Lynch Syndrome is responsible for the above mentioned unexpected decrease in incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals with Lynch Syndome. Therefore, rather than continuing to shorten the timing of endoscopic surveillance, other early diagnostic techniques and subsequent prevention strategies should be forecasted in order to allow a more effective and customized endoscopic surveillance of individuals with Lynch Syndome.The history of Lynch syndrome changed definitively in 2000, when a study published in Gastroenterology demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality among individuals with Lynch syndrome who undergo regular endoscopic surveillance. As a consequence of this clinical evidence, all scientific societies developed guidelines, which highlighted the role of colonoscopy in the management of Lynch syndrome, especially for individuals at high risk of colorectal cancer. Over the years, these guidelines were modified and updated. Specialized networks were developed in order to standardize endoscopic surveillance programs and evaluate all the clinical data retrieved by the results of colonoscopies performed for both the screening and the surveillance of individuals with Lynch syndrome. Recent data show that the impact of colonoscopy (with polypectomy) on the prevention of colorectal cancer in individuals with Lynch syndrome is less significant than previously thought. This narrative review summarizes the current discussion, the hypotheses elaborated and the algorithms depicted for the management of individuals with Lynch Syndrome on the basis of the recent data published in the literature. Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous germline mutations in DNA-mismatch repair (MMR) genes, including the MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM genes. The latter cause the epigenetic silencing of MSH2. Lynch syndrome presents high penetrance and variable expressivity. Patients with LS have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), with an estimated lifetime risk of 35–80% .,34.31,34The higher incidence of CRC among LS carriers, despite proper endoscopic surveillance and high-quality colonoscopy, raised the question of whether cancers arise rapidly through a non-adenoma pathway. Some hypotheses have been developed for the diagnosis of incident CRC in LS despite regular colonoscopy . A recen.At the molecular level, a higher proportion of APC mutations was found in incident CRCs compared to prevalent CRCs in subjects with LS. These mutations were significantly associated with signatures of MMR deficiency compared with prevalent CRCs . On the Other authors retrospectively evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics of both adenomas and early cancers that were endoscopically resected in subjects with LS and individuals without LS, respectively . The malThese hypotheses raise several questions: assuming that there is more than one pathway to CRC, what is the relative contribution of each? Are there different genetic backgrounds? Which are they?A higher incidence of CRC is observed at shorter intervals than expected in subjects with LS . This isRecently, some models of carcinogenesis particular to LS have been proposed ,50. An eAnother model instead hypothesizes that the lesions originate directly against a background of MMR-D. The MMR-DCF (Deficient Crypt Foci) is a colon crypt that is undetectable by endoscopy and with normal histology, but already lacks MMR protein expression. The gut surface appears normal before the formation of the lesion, but this is already an adenocarcinoma, although it is small in size when it originates ,50. This2 of mucosa has been observed in phenotypically normal intestinal mucosa. Most of these lesions do not seem to progress to malignancy, as suggested by the discrepancy between the large number of MMR-DCFs and the relatively small number of adenomas or carcinomas observed in LS carriers. The lesions originating from MMR-DCF can grow under intact mucosal surfaces and directly evolve into manifest cancer, without macroscopically visible non-invasive precursors [Approximately one MMR-DCF per cmecursors ,50. ThisUnlike the well-established germline pathogenic variants in MMR, which help to identify LS, much less is known about the acquired molecular alterations arising in the precursors of CRC, which may serve as early detection markers for both screening and surveillance. While colonoscopy is the best available screening test for CRC in the general population, individuals with LS need accurate and less invasive surveillance tests. Indeed, there are two specific problems: the peculiar pathways of LS carcinogenesis and the elevated lifetime risk of CRC, respectively. A possible solution may be the identification of blood and/or fecal biomarkers, which could be used to establish the proper timing of operative colonoscopy. The ideal characteristics of a biomarker involve a compromise between high sensitivity and accurate specificity, good patient acceptability, a simple sampling technique, rapid data analysis, and cost-effectiveness . IndividA retrospective study was published that identified methylated DNA markers (MDMs) for the detection of LS colorectal cancer by means of next-generation methylation sequencing . The MDMColonoscopy has failed to prevent CRC in individuals with LS. Is this in conflict with the results of the previous Finnish follow-up study? The answer is no.The survival pattern of individuals with LS has undoubtedly changed over generations. The survival rate is not correlated with the interval between colonoscopies and the 10-year survival after CRC is greater than 90% . ColonosTo continuously ameliorate the prevention strategy for individuals with LS, we need to critically review the current guidelines and set up a panel of specific markers for the surveillance of individuals with LS.


Inherited progressive degeneration of photoreceptors such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of blindness leading to severe vision impairment affecting ~1 in 5,000 people worldwide. Although the function and morphology of the photoreceptors get disrupted, there is evidence that the inner retinal neurons such as bipolar cells and the retinal ganglion cells are left intact until later stages. Among several innovative therapeutic options aiming to restore vision, optogenetic therapy can bestow light sensitivity to remaining retinal neurons by ectopic expression of light-sensitive proteins. Since the advent of this technique, a diverse class of opsins , chimeric proteins, ligand-gated ion channels, and switchable opsins have been used to study their potential in vision restoration. These proteins differ in their excitation spectra, response kinetics, and signal amplification cascade. Although most of the studies have reported high fidelity of responses in the retina, only a handful of them have achieved functional vision in the visual cortex. This review is a summary of the visuocortical and behavioral responses after optogenetic treatment of the degenerated retina. This clarifies to what extent improved and meaningful vision can be obtained for therapeutic efficacy and continued clinical progress. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye consisting of several layers of neurons for processing of light information . When light strikes the retina, the photoreceptors convert the light into an electrical impulse through a cascade of biochemical events. The retinal output is relayed through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and finally to the visual cortex for image processing and interpretation  in inner retinal neurons in rd1 mice at an advanced stage of degeneration  on the retinal cells can safely restore visual function in blind Targeting the inner retinal neurons established the proof of concept that optogenetics has the potential to restore visual processing even after retinal degeneration. The drawback in the above studies was that the recovery of vision was mostly suboptimal and not long term. A list of studies in inner retinal neurons is given in During RD, the cell loss is mostly confined to the outer retinal photoreceptors while the BCs and RGCs are spared and remain intact even at the end stage  of the retina via electroporation in neonatal rd1 mice . Until now, the focus had been to target only the ON-bipolar cells (rod and cone), and the OFF pathway has not been explored so far. Simultaneous targeting of both the cell types would help to attain better visual perception.rd1/rd1) could discriminate between bright and dark stimuli with no measurable cortical activation even with high-intensity stimulus similar to rd1/rd1 mice  was evaluated for visual function , with short latency compared to the ON responses of wild-type mice. CatCh had a higher transduction efficiency in the peri-foveolar RGCs in macaques exhibiting robust-spiking activity from a population of RGCs with light intensities from 1014 photons/cm2/s intensity and above  were developed in terms of improved light sensitivity by optimizing the kinetics such as an increase in deactivation time or off rate . This was consistent with optomotor responses elicited at ambient light intensities similar to the LCD monitor.The RGCs are the output neurons of the retina responsible for transmitting visual information to the cortex. The visual capability upon transduction of a transgene in RGCs has been investigated by several research groups. ChR2-YFP expressing in roughly 30% of RGCs in blind mice , upon treatment with a red-shifted channelrhodopsin, ChrimsonR showed robust, long-lasting responses to UV light and red light stimulation  which are G-protein-coupled receptors that are very sensitive to light. The goal was to achieve faster kinetics, sensitivity, and better adaptation to ambient light  that was approximately a log unit lower than that of BCs (2.4 × 1014 photons/cm2/s). Better performance with RGC transfection was also observed with optomotor responses displaying higher sensitivity with a lower threshold of light intensity. In a recent study, both mammalian  and microbial opsin (ReaChR) were targeted to the RGCs and bipolar cells to compare their kinetics and sensitivity (Gilhooley et al., The functional outcome of differential targeting of the BCs and RGCs of AAV-mediated optogenetic gene therapy was compared in a triple knock-out mouse model (Lu et al., Optogenetic strategies for vision restoration have gained impetus using a wide variety of transgene and vector combinations. The success of this approach has been through the continuous process of improving the transduction mechanism and cell-specific expression profile of the optogene. The initial studies that started with ChR2 gradually expanded to a safer and broader spectrum in addition to the G protein signaling cascade for better temporal resolution. With the proof of principle demonstrated by superior spatial and temporal visual resolution in animals and primates, these tools are utilized in clinical trials as viable treatment for inherited retinal degeneration. The outcome has been promising as the patients have shown partial functional recovery being able to recognize the pattern and presence of large objects. However, there are several factors that have limited the outcome of gene therapy. One such challenge is the selective targeting of the retinal cell types in healthy primates and degenerated human retina and its potential immune response with microbial opsins. Until now, there are no data about the performance of vertebrate opsins in primates or humans. Further development is required in designing promoters and engineering opsins will enable reliable targeting of different cell types yielding increased light sensitivity and better temporal kinetics. Next, extensive inner retinal rewiring at advanced stages of RD leads to the emergence of rhythmic activity and oscillations of the local field potentials in the retina that further affects the central visual circuitry (Biswas et al., AB contributed to conception, design of the study, and wrote the manuscript. AB and KP did literature collection and made the figures and tables. Both authors approved the submitted version.


With the explosive of communication technology, the optimization and application of multi-robot systems becomes a challenging issue. From an algorithm design perspective, evolutionary computation-based machine learning (ECML) methods show advantages over classical integer programming, Markov decision making, and auction algorithms in dealing with complex optimization problems, with the most prominent advantage being that ECML has a strong search capability that can largely reduce the computational cost of cluster node analysis. Therefore, this issue aims to provide a platform for the ECML methods and their application in multi-robot systems, demonstrating the possibilities of ECML as much as possible.Chen et al. design a quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO)-based model predictive control (MPC) tracking algorithm for cable-driven continuum robots (CDCR) to improve control stability and trajectory tracking accuracy under constraints. The researchers analyze the positive reflections between actuation space, joint space and working space using the segmented constant curvature method and the chi-square coordinate transformation for more accurate kinematic analysis of the CDCR. QPSO is employed in the rolling optimization of MPC because of its global optimization performance, robustness, and fast convergence and thus improves the performance of MPC in complex tracking tasks. After simulation and operational experiments, it is verified that the designed QPSO-MPC can meet the requirements of higher control stability and higher trajectory tracking accuracy compared with MPC and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based MPC.Li et al. focus on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide emergency rescue services for the affected people. For the problem of scattered distribution of people in the affected areas, the researchers propose a global optimal target poi clustering model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to centralize the population. In addition, a green energy consumption calculation model proposed in the paper considers the distance between each UAV and the target POI, the power of each UAV, and the priority of the target POI, and selects the appropriate UAVs to perform missions to the target POI to ensure that all UAVs have low energy consumption when completing their missions. Finally, the researchers design the cross-UTPA multi-drone collaborative path planning algorithm, which has no action space limitation for policy learning and can be multi-tasked in parallel, improving the efficiency and generalization of sample processing. Validation has shown that the study improves the success rate of the UAV in reaching the target location and reduces the energy requirements of the UAV, thus improving rescue efficiency.Jia et al. proposed a deep learning neural model called the Vital Information Matching Feedback Self-Tuning Network (VIM-Net) to overcome the problem of merely comprehensive feedback of intrinsic information through simple data augmentation or extension. VIM-Net consists of two main matching feedback modules, a visual matching feedback module (V-mat) and a trajectory matching feedback module (T-mat), where the former is responsible for matching the visually recognized target information with the entity information extracted by the command, and the latter is responsible for matching the serialized trajectory features with the direction of motion of the command. In an attempt to measure model better, the researchers select Matterport3D simulator and perform several ablation experiments and comparative experiments based on Room-to-Room (R2R) benchmark dataset, recording the final navigation effect information. The results of this investigation suggest that VIM-Net is effective on the task.Wan et al. provide a new approach to designing patterns that is conductive on multi-modal tasks. In order to improve the accuracy and speed of generation, the method chooses Max Pooling theory and discrete Laplacian differential operators as a means to compress and enhance the target background. The background pixel primitives are treated as objects before the sample data is computed. After considering the artifactual pattern and background, the researchers chose the K-means clustering principle to perform and iterate over the computed data, and evaluated the model using color similarity and shape similarity. The details in the results show that the new generation method works well and provides important insights into pattern generation.To sum up, four articles have been published on this Research Topic, including the findings of scholars and industry personnel in the relevant fields. These findings help readers to better understand and learn the latest knowledge in the related fields and thus stimulate more new discoveries.The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.


Monitoring lung function and lung injury severity in patients with respiratory failure  is a cruOver the years, the development of lung monitoring technology has increased the tools available to improve the diagnostics of respiratory failure and the consequent mechanisms of impairment of the respiratory system function. Of note, during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the need to better explore lung monitoring in the presence of respiratory failure increased .Lung monitoring in respiratory failure” of Frontiers in Medicine, putting them in the context of the current literature.In this Editorial, we highlight the key messages of the articles published in the Research Topic “Dilken et al. explored the role of PP on lung resting volume by using the nitrogen washin/washout technique during a 16 h cycle. The authors observed that in severe COVID-19 ARDS, EELV steadily increased over time after PP showed the highest level at 16 h.The beneficial role of prone positioning (PP) in COVID-19 patients on oxygenation was reported by Camporota et al.. This response was similar to the one observed in ARDS patients . In ARDSDilken et al.).Meanwhile, dynamic strain gradually decreased, and oxygenation increased over time. Improvements in strain and oxygenation at the end of PP—and when patients were placed back to SP—were strongly associated with increased lung resting volume. Interestingly, after stratifying patients as responders and non-responders by assessing the increase or decrease of respiratory system compliance after PP, the authors reported that responders had a lower driving pressure over time and a higher Vt than non-responders. Furthermore, EELV/predicted body weight was higher and more elevated over time in responders, and so was oxygenation, while the ventilatory ratio decreased over time  by stratifying patients who failed or succeeded in ventilatory weaning. The authors evaluated the electrical activity (EA) of the diaphragm, accessory, and expiratory muscles using non-invasive surface electromyography (sEMG) in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. The authors observed that the EA of respiratory muscles increased during SBT, regardless of SBT outcome. However, patients who failed the SBT showed a higher increase in the EA of all the inspiratory muscles than those who succeeded in the SBT. Furthermore, the recruitment of expiratory muscles—assessed by sEMG—was associated with SBT failure . A non-invasive technique of evaluating the EA of inspiratory and expiratory muscles by sEMG proved feasible during SBT. It confirmed similar findings using more invasive procedures such as invasive electromyography . Furthermore, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and pressure support levels were associated with the AL onset . This work confirms the role of elevated positive pressure ventilation as a potential contributor to patient-self inflicted lung injury in patients undergoing non-invasive ventilation (NIV) (The investigation of the inspiratory effort as a determinant of barotrauma was presented in an elegant paper by on (NIV) . Of noteQiu et al. assessed the desaturation rate by using peripheral oxygen saturation monitoring in a randomized controlled study that compared the use of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilator exchange (THRIVE group) immediately after extubation and the awake extubation (Control group). The THRIVE group decreased the incidence of desaturation of adverse hemodynamic events and increased patient comfort . This study confirmed the beneficial role of THRIVE reported in two randomized controlled trials conducted in patients undergoing non-laser laryngologic surgery ( surgery  and in e surgery .ER conceived and drafted the first version of the manuscript. LC and GB revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


The study demonstrates the potential of ANNs in predicting the impacts of various factors on hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transport, which can be useful in designing and optimizing heat transfer systems.This study explores the impacts of heat transportation on hybrid (Ag + MgO) nanofluid flow in a porous cavity using artificial neural networks (Bayesian regularization approach (BRT-ANN) neural networks technique). The cavity considered in this analysis is a semicircular shape with a heated and a cooled wall. The dynamics of flow and energy transmission in the cavity are influenced by various features such as the effect of magnetize field, porosity and volume fraction of nanoparticles. To explore the outcomes of these features on hybrid nanofluid thermal and flow transport, a BRT-ANN model is developed. The ANN model is trained using a dataset generated through numerical scheme. The trained ANN model is then used to predict the heat and flow transport characteristics for various input parameters. The accuracy of the ANN simulation is confirmed through comparison of the predicted results with the results obtained through numerical simulations. By maintaining the corrugated wall uniformly heated, we inspected the levels of isotherms, streamlines and heat transfer distribution. A graphical illustration highlights the characteristics of the Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers, permeability component in porous material, drag force and rate of energy transport. According to the percentage analysis, nanofluids (Ag + MgO/H Following extensive research, Choi2 concluded that a particular kind of nano-sized particle dispersing, also known as a nanofluid, can be added to a base liquid to increase thermal efficiency. As a result of the discovery of this novel idea, scientists are now extremely interested in exploring the applications of nanofluids. A comprehensive parametric simulation was used by Wakif et al.3 to investigate various sophisticated applications of nanofluids. With the help of nanofluid flow, the heat exchange was improved in the study of Elnaqeeb et al.4. References7 further illustrate the potential uses of many nanostructures in science and innovation.Improving the energy transmission rate of traditional base fluids is the primary issue faced by the contemporary disciplines of engineering and science. To promote the thermodynamic efficiency along with cooling processes, like energy transmission, cooling of electronics components and vehicle coolant with the highest thermal efficiency, the reduction of heating and the implementation of the accurate procedure for achieving increased constancy. Researchers and academics were therefore fascinated to examine why suspending solid' atoms transferred energy as compared to more ordinary working liquids. Maxwell8, a hybrid nanofluid is created when two or more separate nanostructures are mixed with a single conventional fluid. A possible increase in the rate of heat transfer has been shown for hybrid nanocomposites, a fascinating class of nanofluids used in a range of refrigerants, heat exchangers, thermal generators, and technological problems. Xian et al.9 studied the thermophysical features and durability of hybrid composites and some of their advanced characteristics. Nanofluids can be implemented into several possible purposes, such as heating systems, due to their characteristics11, pharmaceutical processes12, energy13, engine cooling15, electronics17, food and cosmetics18. Several experimental and numerical studies on the energy transfer and vibrational characteristics of NFs have been conducted, and the majority of these studies have shown that nanofluids can accelerate the rate of heat transfer because they have higher thermal conductivities21. On the other hand, research has demonstrated that the usage of permeable media has supplanted the dominant heat transfer24. A stable structure made up of interconnecting cavities or solid particles that are typically filled with liquid is referred to as a porous medium. Its wide contact area and tortuous shape are advantageous for accelerating heat transfer26. As a result, porous medium and nanofluids can be combined to improve heat transmission. As unique functional materials, porous media and nanofluids have important applications in improving heat transmission28. The use of both porosity and nanofluid has recently attracted a lot of interest and sparked in-depth research in this field. The area of contact between a liquid and a solid surface is increased by porous media, but heat conductivity is effectively increased by nanoparticles dispersed in nanofluid. So, it would seem that using both porous media and nanofluid might significantly boost the effectiveness of traditional thermal systems29.Scientists and engineers are attracted by the thermophysical features of nanocomposites due to the widespread utilization of nanofluids in advanced technology and industrial applications. The scattering of a unique nanocomposite, although does not offer the required heat transfer performance and has no applications in industrial or technological problems. So, hybrid nanofluid is working to guarantee adequate thermal properties. According to Makishima32. The nanoparticles were subjected to an electrical force, which may have an impact on the nanofluid's morphology and mobility, energy transmission is improved by an applied electric field34. The perks of such a modification involve modest design and control, and low energy consumption36.In order to fulfill the requirements of both industrial and daily tasks, the researchers focused their efforts on exploring diverse and cost-effective energy sources, which encompassed sustainable energy alternatives. Nanocomposites are the key sources used for various applications including the improvement of heat transfer, energy transmission, medication, and solar disciplines. Generally, the researchers to improve the rate of energy transportation in the exchangers used active and passive strategies. Passive processes demand surface models like a rough top and elongated interface of liquids, whereas active procedures need exterior forces like a spongy surface and permanent magnets37 employed an experimental method to determine presence of thermal waves in lagging proportion observations. They tackled a planner motion scenario by utilizing the Laplace transformation method, taking into account a tubular transmitter capable of heating an extensive volume with no apparent limit. They were used in trials to test the procedure, and it was discovered that the ratio in sand is lower than that in thin pork. Under appropriate scale uncertainty, the time delay rates for both intervals were just under 1, indicating that no thermal waves were generated. In a perforated aperture, the Sheikholeslami research38 modelled electrodynamic nanocomposites. In the presence of thermal radiations and an electric field, CVFEM was used to assist the modeling. Additionally, as the buoyancy forces and radiation factors climbed, the Nusselt number grows as well. Hamida et al.39 used the Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) to show heat transfer in a duct filled with hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) operating in an electromagnetic field.Yang et al.2O hybrid nanofluid flows inside of an enclosure. The inner circular boundary remains hot while the outside round boundary is turned frigid. The complete numerical simulation is carried out using the finite element method based on the control volume (CVFEM) which provide set of information for BRT-ANN. Analyze and evaluate the expected outcomes of BRT-ANNs that were developed using the training, testing and verification datasets with the recommended solutions provider. Both nanoparticles are used in various discipline like Nanocomposites are used in anti-cancer treatments, biosensors, heat exchangers, and other applications41, whereas MgO is used in a variety of other industries, including ceramics, electronics, petroleum products, catalysts, surface coating, and many more42. In this work Ag + MgO/H2O hybrid nanofluid has been permitted to grow the thermal performance. However, Ag + MgO resulted from the highest Nusselt number How do the velocity distributions and rate of heat transfer are affected by the Hartmann number, porosity factor, Rayleigh number and nanoparticle concentrations?What elements substantially change the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid?How can we minimize/improve the other engineering quantities of interest with the suggested hybrid nanofluid flow while proactively estimating the wall concentration?How are the simulation model and ANN model successfully connected?This study, which was motivated by the aforementioned studies, clarifies the hydrothermal consequences of naturally occurring, laminar, magnetically driven Ag + MgO/HTo accomplish hybrid nanofluids, Ag and MgO are dissolved in water. In the presence of a magnetic field, the flow of a hybrid nanofluid is taken into consideration in an amorphous enclosure. In a perpendicular orientation, magnetization has been introduced. The interpretation of the sinusoidal wall pattern is12:The boundary condition of flow and geometry is shown in Fig. The Here45:The Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model for Here 38:Employing the following variationsThe dimensionless form of partial differential system isGiven that the inner side is presumed to be heated, the boundary requirements are as follows:Here the local and average Nusselt number, when the wall is cold:6. Therefore, choosing the appropriate quantity of grids is important7. In several CFD studies, the ideal grid size was determined through grid independence analysis.  is then used on a sequence similar to that described in 50.Evaluating the predictive capability of ANN models is significant after the construction of ANN models and the obtaining of predicted results. The predictive performance of ANN models has been evaluated using the MSE (mean squared error), R (coefficient of determination) and error rate metrics. Below is a representation of the algorithms used to estimate the system performance35 and36 have been validated. Table A non-equilibrium simulation has been used to demonstrate how a magnetic field affects the mobility of hybrid nanofluids inside a perforated enclosure. For the high grid formulation, the computational technique (CVFEM) was employed. The results examine the impact of modifying the physical parameters like Rayleigh number, porosity factor and the Hartmann number. The thermophysical data of nanocomposites are presented in Table The influence of various model flow parameters such as mentclasspt{minimaThe observations show that the velocity of the fluids (Ag + MgO/Water) greatly decreases toward the middle of vessel due to an enhancement in the magnitude of flow parameters The temperature distribution for hybrid nanofluid seems to be consistently greater for traditional fluids.The cavity's design has a small impact on the flow and heat transport mechanisms. The rate of energy transmission is amplified in a cavity with sharper edges.The magnetic field's influence gradually slows down the rate of energy transmission. The performance of hybrid nanocomposites as an energy transmission medium in the cavity is not significantly impacted through the inclination angle of the magnetic field.Thermal efficiency of hybrid nanofluids massively increase with a little increment in volume fraction.The MSE value, R value and average error rate for the ANN design model to predict the Nusselt number have been calculated as In the upcoming analysis, research in the presented BRT-ANNs based single network might be performed to model the estimates of all benchmark results determined by the CVFEM procedure base numerical outcomes of various fluid models.The hybrid nanofluids flow considering Ag, and MgO nanoparticles are used for the augmentation of energy transformation in a lid-driven permeable enclosure and are exhibited utilizing CVFEM strength of AI based computing with BRT (Bayesian Regularization technique) of artificial neural networks. Due to its superiority over conventional mathematical models and their newfound success, ANNs are one of the engineering tools that are widely employed by many scientists. Consequences are conveyed for different magnitudes of


This dataset contains temperature variations observed on a building terrace that is partially covered with plantations on one side while the other side remains exposed. The study was conducted at a shelter named “Anbagham” in Tamil Nadu, India. Two sets of temperature and humidity sensors were utilized, with one set placed on the external roofs and the other set placed inside the rooms corresponding to these roofs. The analysis spanned over a period of two months, specifically during the hottest period of the year, totaling 66 days, with measurements taken every hour. The provided dataset can be effectively utilized to examine temperature disparities and patterns in the internal environment attributed to the presence or absence of roof gardens. This research and the accompanying dataset have significant implications for various disciplines. They can aid in the planning and design of energy-efficient buildings, assist green building engineers in estimating internal thermal comfort, enable city/urban planners to estimate land surface temperatures, allow botanists to evaluate the impact of foliage on temperature relief, aid civil engineers in proposing green and insulative roof assemblies, and help mechanical engineers estimate reduced cooling loads and corresponding energy savings. Specifications Table•Impact of Urban Heat Island Effect: The dataset provides an opportunity to analyze and estimate the reduction in heat ingress and cooling costs through the implementation of rooftop gardens. This has significant implications for addressing the global impact of the urban heat island effect, particularly in European countries where temperatures have exceeded the 40°C mark.•Enhancing Building Energy Efficiency: Researchers can leverage the dataset to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings by incorporating rooftop gardens, which offer shade and thermal insulation. This contributes to reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainable practices.•Scientific Studies and Horticulture: The dataset can be utilized in various scientific studies, including horticulture, to explore the potential benefits of green spaces and their impact on the environment. While further data on specific typology of greenery on rooftops and detailed temperature/humidity measurements may be required for in-depth ecosystem analysis, the dataset can still provide valuable insights into general patterns and trends related to promoting flora and fauna growth and potentially improving the air quality index (AQI) in urban areas.•Food Security Considerations: The dataset's insights have relevance for organizations like the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in terms of considering associated advantages, such as the potential mitigation of the heat island effect through rooftop gardens. Although the dataset may not include extensive temperature/humidity data for comprehensive ecosystem analysis, it can still contribute to a broader understanding of sustainable agricultural practices and their potential role in ensuring food security.•Global Temperature Reduction Estimation: The dataset can be employed in calibrating models to estimate global temperature reduction trends across multiple locations. This aids in understanding the broader impact of implementing rooftop gardens in mitigating climate change.•Planning and Designing Efficient Buildings: The paper and its dataset serve as valuable resources for master planners, green building engineers, city/urban planners, conservationists, botanists, civil engineers, and other professionals involved in planning and designing efficient buildings. It offers insights into incorporating sustainable and eco-friendly elements into architectural practices.1The objective was to evaluate the impact of rooftop gardens on temperature reduction for residents' benefit and explore the wider potential of green interventions in creating sustainable and thermally comfortable urban environments.2The urban heat island effect is a pressing challenge in cities worldwide, driven by factors such as urbanization and the loss of green spaces. Terrace plantations have emerged as a promising solution for mitigating urban heat. These rooftop gardens reduce surface and ambient temperatures, improve thermal comfort, and promote environmental sustainability. Research on the effectiveness of terrace plantations has highlighted their potential in heat mitigation, biodiversity enhancement, and social engagement The data for this study was collected from a rooftop garden project conducted by the Chennai Resilience Center (CRC) at the Anbagham homeless shelter in Otteri, Purasaiwakkam, Chennai. The purpose of the study was to examine the heat mitigation impact of the rooftop garden. The rooftop garden was set up in January 2023, covering an area of approximately 92.90sq. mt. It consisted of 185 mobile vegetable garden kits. The garden was located along the eastern wall of the building and was well established by the time measuring instruments were installed in April 2023. To measure temperature and humidity, two sets of sensors were installed. The first set recorded baseline data from the area of the terrace without the garden (baseline monitoring zone), while the second set recorded data from the area with the garden (green/heat mitigation monitoring zone). The sensors used were cased (IP67 rated) sensors for outdoor measurements and exposed sensors for internal regions. The precise locations of the four installed sensors were external baseline sensor, internal baseline sensor, external green roof sensor, internal green roof sensor. In addition to the installed sensors, secondary weather data for the Otteri neighborhood was sourced from Visual Crossing to provide a larger context for the study. The dataset available in the excel sheet named “UHIE Mitigation roof garden sensor data” which contains hourly data collected from sensors for the following parameters: Dry-bulb temperature (°C) , External relative humidity (%), External temperature in the garden area, External relative humidity in the garden area, Internal temperature in the garden area, Internal relative humidity in the garden area, External temperature in the exposed area, External relative humidity in the exposed area, Internal temperature in the exposed area, and Internal relative humidity in the exposed area. The data spans from April 1st, 2023, to June 6th, 2023, covering a period of 66 days.3In January 2023, Chennai Resilience Center (CRC) helped a homeless shelter for women with psychosocial challenges set up a ∼92.90 sq mt rooftop garden using around 185 mobile vegetables garden kits. This shelter, called Anbagham, is located in Otteri, a neighborhood in Purasaiwakkam, in the Western part of Chennai . The stuAt the time of installation of the measuring instruments (April 2023) the terrace garden located along the eastern wall of the building with 184 grow bags covering an approximate area of 92.90 sq. mtwas already well established, ensuring an adequate green density. To prevent water seepage from the planter bags and to prevent the area from acting as a thermal mass, empty white bags made of polypropylene polymer (plastic) were used to cover the planter bag area and the exposed eastern wall stretch.Two sets of temperature and humidity sensors were installed which included, cased (IP67 rated) sensors for outdoor and exposed sensors for internal regions. Both senseors Range and accurancy arre given in One set of sensors were used to record baseline data from the area of the terrace where there is no garden (the baseline monitoring zone) (41.80 sq. mt.) and the second set was Installed to record temperature in the area with the garden (the green/heat mitigation monitoring zone) .Fig. 2Ba•The Sensor measuring external baseline data was set up in the Southwest corner of the terrace in the exposed portion of the terrace.•The Sensor measuring internal baseline data was set up on the restroom ceiling, in the Southwest corner, below the external sensor.•The external sensor measuring data from the green roof was installed amidst the planter bags, close to the parapet wall.•A corresponding internal sensor to measure impact of the green terrace was installed on the ceiling of the store room directly below the planter bags.The precise location of the 4 installed sensors were as follows :•The SenApart from our own sensors, we also relied on secondary weather data for the larger Otteri neighborhood, sourced from Visual Crossing.st 2023 to June 6th, 2023 (66 days). The following steps were carried out the assess data recorded during this period:•Extreme measurements of low and high temperature (out of range data) were removed to ensure the results were not skewed.•This data was then compared with the area specific weather data (Otteri weather data) to estimate the variance between weather data, external and internal temperature.•-The heat retained by surfaces by comparing weather data with external surface temperature of the exposed terrace space and exposed space with garden over time.-The temperatures inside the building and on the corresponding surface space above.-Temperatures in the room below the exposed surface area and the terrace garden that would indicate the impact of the garden.This tabulation was then used to calculate the following:A simple system was used to process and calibrate the data captured through the sensors. A microcontroller programmed based on guidance from the sensor manufacturer was used to read the data signals. The controller interpreted these signals and processed the data using a web application called MATLAB. It then shared the data points via WIFI to a cloud application which was previously configured for this task. As such the sensors themselves do not need calibration unless a discrepancy or mismatch was observed in the collected data. However, we did calibrate the sensors to the extent of installing a new Wi-Fi dongle to ensure that reporting intervals of data were for the same time stamps. To ensure accuracy of data collected, the team used a handheld temperature measurement device to intermittently check the temperature and compare it with the recorded data and calibrate if needed. Data from the sensors were reported on an hourly basis collected for the period of April 1The Dataset provides accurate, objective, and real-time measurements, allowing for long-term monitoring, comparative analysis, and validation of design interventions. The dataset supports evidence-based decision-making, policy formulation, and the development of sustainable urban environments. The dataset provides the information of external relative humidity of the garden (Ext RH Garden), internal temperature of the garden , internal relative humidity of the garden , external temperature of the exposed area (Ext Temp Exposed), external relative humidity of the exposed area (Ext RH Exposed), internal temperature of the exposed area , internal relative humidity of the exposed area . The Temperature and humidity dataset is uploaded on Mendeley data The collected data from the sensors were processed and calibrated using a microcontroller programmed based on guidance from the sensor manufacturer. The data signals were interpreted and processed using MATLAB, a web application. The data points were then transmitted via Wi-Fi to a cloud application for storage and analysis. The sensors themselves did not require calibration unless a discrepancy or mismatch in the collected data was observed. However, a new Wi-Fi dongle was installed to ensure consistent reporting intervals of data. To ensure the accuracy of the collected data, handheld temperature measurement devices were used intermittently to cross-check the temperature readings and calibrate the sensors if necessary. Data were reported on an hourly basis for the period from April 1st, 2023, to June 6th, 2023, totaling 66 days. Before analysis, extreme low and high temperature measurements that fell outside the expected range were removed to ensure the integrity of the results.The data collected from the sensors were compared with the area-specific weather data for Otteri to estimate the variance between weather data, external and internal temperatures. This tabulation was then used to calculate the heat retained by surfaces, the temperatures inside the building and on the corresponding surface space, and the temperatures in the room below the exposed surface area and the terrace garden, which indicated the impact of the garden on heat mitigation.The collection of temperature and humidity data from the building terrace with rooftop gardens and the corresponding exposed areas followed ethical protocols. One of the author's building and terrace area was used in the study and data collection. The data collection process prioritized the privacy and confidentiality of the participants, with measures taken to anonymize and secure the collected data. We did not conducted the human or animal studies. We have purchased the professional subscription of the Visual Crossing for collecting weather data of particular area. We did not need a permission to use the primary data from Visual Crossing.Girish R. Visvanathan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data Collection, and Calibration Kailas Patil: Data curation, Writing- Original draft preparation, supervision. Yogesh Suryawanshi: Writing- Original draft preparation Prawit Chumchu: Visualization, Investigation reviewing.


Grassland degradation is a major ecological problem at present, leading to changes in the grassland environment and the soil microbial community. Here, based on full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we highlight the importance of small-scale environmental changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau grassland for the composition and assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterial taxa. The results showed that grassland vegetation coverage affected the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of rare bacterial taxa more than abundant bacterial taxa. The taxonomic composition and phylogenetic composition of rare bacterial taxa were also affected by soil nutrients. The relative contribution of deterministic processes (variable selection and homogeneous selection) to rare bacterial taxa was higher than that of the abundant bacterial taxa. The competitive potential within rare bacterial taxa was lower than that of the competitive potential between rare and non-rare bacterial taxa or within non-rare bacterial taxa. The assembly of rare bacterial taxa was more susceptible to environmental changes caused by grassland degradation than the abundant bacterial taxa. Furthermore, the distribution of rare bacterial taxa in the different degraded grassland soil was more local than that of abundant bacterial taxa. Thus, rare bacterial taxa could be considered an ecological indicator of grassland degradation. These findings help to improve our understanding of the composition and assembly mechanism of the bacterial communities in degraded grassland and provide a basis for the establishment of the grassland degradation management strategy. The grassland ecosystem covers more than 60% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and provides important ecosystem functions, such as pastoral production, soil and water conservation, and biodiversity protection . GrasslaMicrobial communities play a vital role in the soil biogeochemical cycles and in maintaining ecosystem sustainability . BacteriPrevious studies on the effects of grassland degradation on soil nutrients and microbial communities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have shown that grassland degradation can lead to changes in the composition of microbial communities ,15. ThesGiven the unique geographical and climatic conditions, clarifying the relationship of composition and the assembly of soil abundant and rare bacterial taxa with vegetation and soil characteristics on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is of great significance to understanding the ecological mechanism of soil bacterial communities under different degraded grasslands. Thus, this study takes the typical mountain meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Bailang County, Xigaze City, Tibet, China as the research object, highlighting the importance of small-scale environmental changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau grassland for the composition and assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterial taxa via full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We expect the results of this study to provide a basis for the health assessment and management of the grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by revealing the response of abundant and rare bacterial taxa to grassland degradation, and the identification of key soil environmental factors related to grassland degradation.2. Parallel quadrats were set up at each sampling site to measure the vegetation coverage of grassland. The vegetation coverage was 5.25% to 69.96% (mean = 29.36%). Detailed data on vegetation coverage were shown in 2 parallel quadrats were then collected by a stainless steel cylindrical ring knife. Five subsamples from each site were mixed evenly as soil samples for that site. Part of the soil sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C for the determination of the bacterial community composition. The other part of the sample was dried naturally for the determination of soil physicochemistry properties.The sampling area  is located in Bailang County, Xigaze City, Tibet, China, with an altitude of 4300 m, which is a typical mountain meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau . This reSoil physicochemical properties were discussed because of their importance in influencing the composition and structure of soil bacterial communities in cropland and grassland soil ecosystems ,16. In tTotal DNA was extracted from each sample using the DNeasy PowerSoil Kit , following the manufacturer’s instructions. Specific primers 27F (5′-AGRGTTYGATYMTGGCTCAG-3′) and 1492R (5′-RGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′) were designed to target full-length amplicon. . Target r|> 0.7) and significant  Spearman correlation at the ASVs level. The networks were visualized via Gephi, and the topological properties of the network were also calculated via Gephi.According to previous studies ,25, we dThe Shannon index curve of the sequence number showed that all soil samples were deeply sequenced and could be used to analyze soil bacterial communities in degraded grasslands A. A totaThe taxonomic similarity and phylogenetic similarity of the abundant bacterial taxa were higher than that of the whole bacterial community, while the taxonomic similarity and phylogenetic similarity of the rare bacterial taxa were lower than that of the whole bacterial community A,B. ThisWe further evaluated the responses of bacterial communities to vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical and nutrients . The taxWe evaluated the relationship between the assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterial taxa in degraded grassland soils with their corresponding vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical and nutrients . Pairwisp-value < 0.01) Spearman’s correlation relationships to understand the potential connections among different bacterial taxa in the degraded grassland soils (The co-occurrence network was constructed based on strong (r > 0.7) and significant (nd soils A. The cond soils . Figure nd soils B. The deThe abundant bacterial taxa in degraded grassland soils had a strong potential ecological function of environmental adaptation, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and metabolism of other amino acids A. HoweveGrassland degradation is a serious global ecological problem . In receA total of 129 ASVs of abundant bacterial taxa persisted in degraded grassland and occupied a significant portion of the abundant bacterial taxa G. This sThe high functional redundancy of rare bacterial taxa was to enhance the ability of the system to cope with complex environments and resist environmental disturbance. Even though the rare bacterial taxa had a high degree of functional redundancy, the rare bacterial taxa were more sensitive to grassland degradation. This indicates that the composition of rare species is highly responsive to grassland degradation. Furthermore, the taxonomic and phylogenetic similarities of abundant bacterial taxa were significantly higher than those of rare ones. Some studies suggested that the more susceptible the microbial community is to environmental variation, the more responsive the composition variation for the microbial community. This may indicate that rare bacterial taxa in different degraded grassland soils may be more susceptible to environmental variation than abundant bacterial taxa. This also suggested that the variation of soil environmental factors induced by grassland degradation may be responsible for the different distribution patterns of soil abundant and rare bacterial taxa on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Assessing the relative ecological contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes to the assembly of the microbial community is an important topic in microbial ecology ,33. ThisThe combined effects of abiotic environmental filtration and biological interactions on the bacterial community composition are well established. Cooperation between rare and non-rare bacterial taxa may contribute to the resilience of bacterial communities in changing environments ,36. HoweSome potential limitations warrant further discussion. Our results highlight the importance of small-scale grassland environmental changes to the composition and assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterial taxa. However, there is a wide variety of grassland types throughout the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, more studies on the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau need to be carried out in the future combined with remote sensing data sets.Grazing will lead to different grassland degradation of the same grassland types under the same climatic environmental region. In this study, we highlight the importance of small-scale grassland environmental changes for the composition and assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterial taxa. The taxonomic composition and phylogenetic composition of rare bacterial taxa were not only affected by grassland vegetation coverage, but also the assembly processes dominated by deterministic processes. This indicated that the composition and assembly of rare bacterial taxa were susceptible to grassland environmental changes caused by grassland degradation. In any case, the distribution of rare bacterial taxa in the different degraded grassland soil was more local than that of abundant bacterial taxa. Therefore, rare bacterial taxa could be considered as ecological indicators of grassland degradation.


Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of specific proteins in the brain. A recent study revealed that manipulating gut microbiota (GM) significantly reduced tau pathology and neurodegeneration in an apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent manner. The resilience of a healthy microbiota protects it from a variety of dysbiosis-related pathologies. Convincing evidence has demonstrated the roles of GM in the pathogenesis of AD, which are partly mediated by modified microglial activity in the brain. Therefore, modulation of GM may be a promising therapeutic option for AD prevention. In addition to providing the cells with energy and affecting microglial maturation, these microbial metabolites appear to influence neuronal function. One of the potential therapeutic approaches targeting GM may involve using probiotics. Additionally, human GM and its metabolites have also become potential therapeutic targets for developing interventions for the prevention of disorders. Synbiotics and postbiotics can also be used to treat AD by modulating GM. In addition, physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness are being considered as potential nonpharmacological therapies to reduce signaling pathways related to neuroinflammation. Therefore, interventions targeting GM might be promising strategies for health promotion. Neuroinflammation, such as microgliosis and astrogliosis, is one of the major hallmarks and pathological features associated with a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases . The rolOne of the mechanisms confirmed in an experimental model of AD involves the reduction in oxidative damage-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) . ROS, asStudies have shown that dietary choices could play a role in protecting against the neuroinflammation associated with AD . HoweverAD is characterized by the accumulation of specific proteins in the brain. Aβ protein is accumulated in the extracellular space, and tau protein is accumulated as intracellular aggregates . The onlThe maintenance of healthy GM is one of the important factors for the maintenance of the immune system and cognitive–emotional balance via the production of many biologically active metabolites, giving rise to the GM–brain axis . The comGM is reported to be closely related to a variety of cancers and neurological disorders. Intestinal dysbiosis also favors the growth of certain species of gut bacteria, which increases the risk of certain types of cancer through numerous mechanisms, including the production of many kinds of biological factors that degrade the products of tumor suppressor genes, the generation of oxidative stress, the activation of proinflammatory mechanisms, the alteration of cell proliferation, the modulation of survival pathways, and the alteration of the immune system . BecauseThe most well-known biological marker of neurodegeneration is the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins in the brain . These aA recent study revealed that the manipulation of GM resulted in significant mitigation of tau-related pathology and neurodegeneration in an apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent manner. Holtzman and colleagues at Washington University found that disruption of GM affects neuronal loss in a mouse tauopathy model and that this effect is dependent on the expression of apolipoprotein E4 . AstrocyBifidobacterium bifidum and B. longum, in patients with AD could improve their cognitive function [The role of GM in the pathogenesis of AD, which is partially mediated by altered microglial activity in the brain, has been demonstrated by compelling evidence . In factfunction . Therefofunction .Bacteroides sp. and Pseudomonas sp. can induce colitis, certain bacterial species may enhance the development of a good GM that helps in the inhibition of carcinogenesis [Clostridium butyricum have promoted the proliferation of macrophages that produce interleukin-10, which could promote the inhibition of inflammation in mouse intestines [GM could play a crucial role in promoting human health and ameliorating various diseases . While Bogenesis . We obtaogenesis . This miogenesis . In additestines .Microbe-derived metabolites not only provide cells with a source of energy and affect microglial maturation, they might also have the ability to influence neuronal function. SCFAs may modulate the levels of secretory neurotransmitter molecules and neurotrophic factors. For instance, acetate has previously been shown to alter the levels of neurotransmitter release including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the hypothalamus and increase neuropeptide expression . PropionThe potential approaches to practical therapeutic intervention for the improvement of microbiota-related diseases might target GM and/or their metabolites by following the alteration of pathological pathways in diseases . One of 3COOH), propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH), and butyric acid (CH3CH2 CH2COOH), are produced by GM, mainly through fermentation [Human GM and its metabolites also serve as potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions for the prevention of such disorders. SCFAs are carboxylic acids containing fewer than six C atoms, such as acetic acid  mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis [It is still unknown whether the manipulation of GM in the therapeutic application for AD can be achieved by using antibiotics or probiotics. The actions of antibiotics could be wide-ranging and even have the opposite effect, depending on the type of antibiotic used and the specific role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of AD . Recentlloidosis .The circadian clock (circadian rhythm) is persistent even under constant conditions, with a time period of around one day as an intrinsically working clock system. The master regulators for circadian clocks are the pacemaker neurons housing serve in a hierarchical network of internal clocks, driving sleep and awake cycles and orchestrating the rhythms present in peripheral tissues . With reSalmonella typhimurium [Recently, a research group at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center showed that the intestinal microbiota generates diurnal rhythms in innate immunity that synchronize with time-dependent patterns of food intake to anticipate in advance the exposure of the gut to new microbes in food . They shhimurium . Thus, thimurium . Chronichimurium . These fhimurium . Such sthimurium .Given that convincing evidence has demonstrated the roles of GM in the pathogenesis of AD, the modulation of GM may be a promising therapeutic option for AD prevention. However, most studies on gut microbiota have merely provided its relevance to AD, but the causal link between the activity of specific microorganisms and brain dysfunctions and/or AD pathology has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is critical to optimize different factors including combinations of microbe strains, micronutrients, and circadian rhythms, including time of treatment and physical exercise.Physical exercise is generally recognized as beneficial to almost all aspects of human health, slowing cognitive aging and neurodegeneration . The benFirmicutes sp. versus Bacteroidetes sp., and both actions could suppress the progression of obesity and diminish body weight [Álvarez-Mercado’s research group proposed that gut microbiota plays a significant role in obesity progression . They exy weight . The regy weight . To thisy weight .A pharmacological therapy significantly effective in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by impeding the progression of the disease has not yet been established. Thus, the development of novel therapies effective in mitigating Alzheimer’s disease and the elucidation of their neuroprotective mechanisms are intriguing for researchers. Recent studies, including those with experimental AD models, revealed that the manipulation of gut microbiota resulted in significant mitigation of tau-related Alzheimer’s disease pathology and neurodegeneration. This implies that the modulation of gut microbiota might be a promising therapeutic option to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. The potential approach to practical therapeutic intervention for the improvement of microbiota-related diseases might be probiotics. Synbiotics and postbiotics might be also applicable to treat Alzheimer’s disease by modulating gut microbiota. These diet-based interventions are generally regarded as safe, and thus potentially more advantageous than drug-based therapies. Beyond diet, circadian control of oxidative or proteotoxic stress may play a role in neurodegeneration. Such studies could lead to the development of novel time-based therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer’s disease.


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide. It is a leading cause of disability and suicide, severely affecting physical and mental health. However, the study of depression remains at an exploratory stage in terms of diagnostics and treatment due to the complexity of its pathogenesis. MicroRNAs are endogenous short-stranded non-coding RNAs capable of binding to the 3’untranslated region of mRNAs. Because of their ability to repress translation process of genes and are found at high levels in brain tissues, investigation of their role in depression has gradually increased recently. This article summarizes recent research progress on the relationship between microRNAs and depression. The microRNAs play a regulatory role in the pathophysiology of depression, involving dysregulation of monoamines, abnormalities in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and dysregulation of inflammatory responses. These microRNAs might provide new clue for the diagnosis and treatment of MDD, and the development of antidepressant drugs. MicroRNAs are endogenously encoded in the mammalian genome and are transcribed in the nucleus as primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) which are hundreds of nucleotides in length. Pri-miRNAs are then trimmed into precursor microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) within the nucleus by DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (DGCR8) and Drosha. After processing in the nucleus, pre-miRNA transcripts are transported to the cytoplasm via the transporter Exportin-5 (XPO5). Pre-miRNAs are further processed in the cytoplasm by the enzyme Dicer into approximately 22 nucleotide-long RNA duplexes. The RNA duplexes are incorporated into the RNA-induced gene silencing complex (RISC), and further processed to form mature microRNAs (MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short-stranded endogenous non-coding RNA molecules with a length of 19–25 nucleotides. A single microRNA can target hundreds of mRNAs and influence the expression of many genes . It is nicroRNAs . RISC biMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a common illness that severely limits psychosocial functioning and diminishes quality of life . MDD cauUp to now, first-line antidepressant drugs and other selected drugs in the clinic have low effectiveness, variable tolerance, adverse effects, and other disadvantages. Furthermore, large variations in therapeutic effects exist among individual drugs . Our curMany studies have confirmed that the level of microRNAs expression is associated with the onset of depression. These studies include both human and animal experiments. Postmortem human experiments were carried out to examine the expression levels of microRNAs in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and other regions, as well as the levels and identity of their downstream target genes and protein products  dysregulation is considered the most likely cause of MDD, and most of the drugs used in the clinic for the treatment of MDD are based on this principle. Monoamine-based antidepressants were the first drugs developed for the treatment of MDD . The monHtr1a and Slc6a4 genes in MDD patients , encoded by the Slc6a4 gene, contributed to aberrant monoamine neurotransmitters in patients with depression  and hypothalamic secretion of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which in turn activates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and finally stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids then interact with receptors in multiple target tissues, where they directly exert negative feedback regulation on ACTH secreted by the pituitary as well as CRF secreted by the hypothalamus . ChangesThe central nervous system responses are of greater concern regarding hyperactive HPA axis responses. via cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) (via circumventricular organs (CVOs)  , signalis (CVOs)  and peris (CVOs) . TNFα, Is (CVOs) . Recentls (CVOs) . MicroRNs (CVOs) .via the SOCS2-STAT3 axis. Since then, M1 subtype microglia has produced a large amount of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. It leads to and intensifies the damage of neurons and causes the occurrence and development of MDD. Recent studies on depression triggered by microbial dysbiosis has shed new light on the role of abnormal inflammatory responses in the pathophysiology of depression (via neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. Microbiota dysbiosis and an increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune responses seem to be at the root of chronic mild inflammation associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (pression . This peisorders .MicroRNAs are recognized as key epigenetic regulators of multiple functions in the brain and play a key role in MDD pathogenesis. As research continues to deepen, the roles of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of depression are gradually being elucidated. This review summarized recent research progress focusing on the role of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of depression, including dysregulation of monoamines, abnormalities in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and dysregulation of inflammatory responses. This suggests that an indispensable role for microRNAs occurs in these pathways. Several studies looking at changes in the levels of microRNAs and their downstream target genes before and after antidepressant treatment have confirmed a role for microRNAs in depression. Clearly, there are interactions between these different pathways and this exhibits the complexity in the pathogenesis of depression.Based on the above four pathophysiological mechanisms of depression, it can be found that MDD, whether caused by dysregulation of monoamines or hyperactivity of the HPA, have parts that interact and influence each other. It is difficult to explain by a single pathophysiological mechanism, either from the clinical presentation of MDD patients or from changes in laboratory experiments. For example, high levels of cortisol in patients with Cushing syndrome resulted in alterations of neurotransmitter function, such as reduced serotonin synthesis. This can also be detected in MDD patients with HPA axis hyperactivity induced by long-term chronic stress . In addiIt is important to note that current studies based on the role of microRNAs in depression have certain limitations, especially for the relationship between microRNAs and depression. Whether protective or injurious during the development of the disease, the levels of microRNAs in the brain tissue or peripheral tissues of patients do change when compared to normal individuals. Nevertheless, it is tough to confirm which of the varied microRNAs are responsible for the pathogenesis of MDD or that the major depressive disorder causes changes in certain microRNAs. If changes in specific microRNAs can be confirmed to contribute to the development of MDD, these microRNAs could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the disease. In the same way, if it can be confirmed that MDD causes changes in the expression of microRNAs, and at the same time, alterations in these microRNAs can cause changes in the expression of downstream mRNAs and then have favorable or adverse effects on patients, this finding will be very important for the potential treatment of the disease and in stopping its development.Since the discovery of the stable presence of free microRNAs in serum in 2018 , studiesFinally, it is clear that microRNAs play an integral role in the pathophysiology of depression and may perhaps be able to provide a reference for the diagnostics and prognostics in depression by examining microRNA levels in relevant tissues. Moreover, promoting or inhibiting the expression of microRNAs might provide new clues for the development of antidepressant drugs.


Purpose. The aim of this study was to compare the results of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) in comparison to high-tension pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (HTG) patients at the early stage of glaucoma. Material and methods. The studied groups consisted of patients in the early stage of NTG (70 eyes) and the early stage of HTG (71 eyes). In NTG and HTG groups, a detailed ophthalmic examination was performed. Optic disc OCT with peripapillary RNFL measurements and OCTA examination with the evaluation of the macula and optic disc were performed for all participants using Zeiss Cirrus 5000. Results. NTG and HTG groups were statistically similar as far as the MD was concerned, and both groups had early glaucoma. When evaluating the RNFL thickness, the only statistical difference between early NTG and HTG was observed in the thicknesses in the temporal sector of peripapillary RNFL, with thinner values in the NTG group . When the OCTA results of the macula and optic disc were evaluated, there were no statistical differences between early NTG and HTG. Conclusions. The vascular density and flow parameters assessed in OCTA were equal between early NTG and HTG, and therefore the involvement of vascular factors in NTG pathogenesis could not be confirmed. Our results confirm the preponderance of more frequent temporal RNFL involvement in early NTG. Glaucoma is a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and results in changes in the optic nerve head and the deterioration of the visual field, progressing from the periphery to the center, ultimately leading to irreversible blindness.The major risk factors for glaucoma are elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and advanced age. Elevated IOP is the only modifiable risk factor and all current therapies rely on its decrease using pharmaceutical or surgical methods . HoweverClinically, NTG is a subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Some studies report its frequency as high as 52–92% of all glaucoma cases, depending on the population . SeveralStudies directly evaluating small ocular vasculature have not been previously possible, and the results of applied techniques have been elusive. Ocular blood flow monitoring never gained clinical relevance due to its lack of feasibility, high interindividual variability, and a lack of reproducible quantitative measurement methods. This trend changed with the development of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), which allows for a quantitative and objective, dye-free, and non-invasive method to measure blood flow at the optic nerve head. It has been reported as a useful tool for evaluating optic disc perfusion in glaucomatous eyes since attenuated peripapillary and macular vessel density were detectable in preperimetric glaucoma patients . HoweverThe goal of this study was to evaluate the results of OCTA examination among patients with early visual field defects in two different types of glaucoma: NTG and pseudoexfoliative HTG. Additionally, we aimed to compare the RNFL measurements in OCT in these groups.The studied group consisted of 141 patients with early open-angle glaucoma treated in the Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, the Medical University of Lublin, Poland. Written consent was obtained from all patients before their enrollment in the study, and the consent form was included in each patient’s study documentation. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study design was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Lublin .Open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed with the presence of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim loss, glaucomatous visual field (VF) damage in at least three valuable perimetric tests, and an open angle in gonioscopy. The early stage of glaucoma was diagnosed when the value of mean defect (MD) in any VF tests did not exceed −6 dB, based on the Hodapp-Parish–Anderson classification. Only one eye of each patient was included in the study. If both eyes were eligible, the eye with earlier damage was included according to MD in the VF examination. If the glaucomatous damage in both eyes was equal, the right eye was included.The exclusion criteria were as follows: age less than 18 years old, refractive error worse than −6.0 D or higher than +3.0 D spherical equivalent, any pathology visible in the macula, diabetes mellitus, cataract with the best-corrected visual acuity (BVCA) less than 0.5, any visible retinopathy, history of trauma or uveitis, and inability to obtain reliable VF or optical coherence tomography (OCT) results. Patients with prior history of optic neuropathy or neurological disease or refractive surgery were not included in the study.According to the value of the initial IOP, the 141 included eyes were divided into two groups: NTG patients and HTG patients. Early NTG was diagnosed if the untreated IOP obtained three times during office hours did not exceed the limit of 21 mmHg. The group of NTG patients comprised 70 eyes. For the HTG group, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) patients were recruited. The diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome was based on the presence of dandruff-like exfoliative material on the anterior lens capsule in the central disc and peripheral band (double concentric ring) pattern and/or in the anterior segment of the eye. In the case of pseudophakic eyes without any detected PEX material on slit-lamp examination, the diagnosis was based on medical records. All the included patients from the PEXG group had HTG. The PEXG group comprised 71 eyes. The IOP values were not corrected according to central corneal thickness (CCT). However, in the process of inclusion, when IOP correction was obtained and was higher than 21 mmHg in NTG cases or lower than 21 mmHg in PEXG eyes, the patients were excluded to avoid possible bias. The healthy gender- and age-matched control was formed from 75 patients without ophthalmic disorders excluding primary early senile cataracts. The epidemiologic characteristics of the studied groups are presented in After inclusion, the following parameters were assessed: the BCVA, using Snellen charts with decimal scale; slit lamp biomicroscopy with the evaluation of the anterior segment of the eye; gonioscopy, using Zeiss four-mirror gonioscope; as well as the stereoscopic fundus examination of the eye with a detailed assessment of the optic disc morphology. IOP was measured using Goldman applanation tonometry.VF examinations were performed using a Humphrey Field analyzer II, model 720i , with the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm 24-2 SITA FAST program. VFs were considered reliable if the fixation losses and false-negative response rates were ≤20% and the false-positive response rates were ≤15%.SD-OCT and OCTA imaging were performed with Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 . Only reliable OCT scans with a scan quality rate better than 5 were included in the analysis. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness scanning was performed using the optic disc cube 200 × 200 procedure. The thickness of the RNFL was calculated using the ONH and RNFL OU Analysis mode. All patients were additionally scanned using the AngioPlex OCTA system  covering a 6 × 6 mm scanning area centered at the optic nerve head (ONH) and covering a 6 × 6 mm and 3 × 3 mm scanning area centered at the foveola. The superficial layer of the optic disc area and the macular area were evaluated. The analysis of OCTA was performed including the following OCTA parameters: macular , perfusion density (PVD), and vessel density (VD)) and optic nerve head (optic nerve head perfusion and capillary flux index).p = 0.0071). The details of the RNFL comparison are provided in NTG and HTG groups were statistically similar as far as the MD is concerned, and both groups had early glaucoma. When evaluating the RNFL thickness, the only statistical difference between early NTG and HTG was observed in the thicknesses in the temporal sector of peripapillary RNFL, with thinner values in the NTG group  than in the control group. In contrast, peripapillary OCTA parameters were lower in the glaucoma group than in the control group. There are two hypotheses that can explain this fact: the first points to possible compensatory mechanisms during early glaucoma, while the second indicates ineffective OCTA techniques.Additionally, the control group had significantly higher RNFL thickness than both glaucomatous groups in all quadrants. However, OCTA parameters were not statistically different between the control and glaucomatous groups in the nasal quadrant. In the temporal quadrant, the difference was also only observed in the NTG group but not the PEX group. This may suggest that vascular changes follow the RNFL pattern of involvement during glaucoma, as RNFL nasal quadrants are the last affected and may be normal in early glaucoma.The other surprising finding in this study is the lack of any differences in the OCTA of the macula and the optic disc in early NTG and HTG. We precluded that the vascular factors underlying NTG pathogenesis could be revealed in the OCTA small-vessel pattern. Our results may have some possible explanations. First, these results may indicate that the causative factors in at least a group of NTG patients are different from vascular factors , e.g., mAdditionally, the other explanation is the complexity of the vascular blood supplementation of the optic nerve head and the retina. The studies show that the short posterior ciliary arteries in particular supply the choroid and optic nerve head and are vulnerable to changes in systemic blood pressure, perfusion pressure, and vascular dysregulation . In OCTAIn this study, HTG patients with PEXG were recruited. The studied groups were chosen to maximally diversify the groups in terms of the level of IOP. Our PEXG patients were clearly HTG , with thFor the evaluation of systemic microcirculation, nailfold capillaries provide an accessible vascular bed visualization . AdditioAnd finally, OCTA may not be an adequate technique to study vascular patterns in glaucoma. OCTA undoubtedly has plenty of advantages, with high repeatability and reproducibility and good discriminatory power to differentiate normal eyes from glaucoma eyes. It is more strongly correlated with visual function than conventional OCT, reaches a floor effect at a more advanced stage of the disease, and is able to detect progression in glaucoma eyes . There aThe difference in gender between the studied groups reflects the difference in the epidemiology of the studied glaucoma subtypes in our population. As we have described previously, NTG is more frequent in females , in contTo summarize, in this study comparing early NTG and HTG, we found no differences in the peripapillary and macular parameters obtained in OCTA, and therefore the participation of local retinal vascular factors in NTG pathogenesis could not be confirmed. Our results confirm the preponderance of more frequent temporal RNFL involvement in NTG.


Post-traumatic testicular torsion is a rare condition, accounting for approximately 4%-8% of all reported cases of testicular torsion in the literature. Prompt clinical suspicion and intervention are crucial; as testicular torsion is considered a medical and surgical emergency that may lead to testicular necrosis. Ultrasound imaging plays an important role in assessing the integrity of the traumatized scrotum and facilitating early detection of associated testicular torsion. In this case report, we present a neglected post-traumatic testicular torsion in a 13-year-old child that led to orchiectomy. Testicular torsion is by far the most prevalent urological emergency before the age of 25. Trauma is an underappreciated cause of this pathology ,2.It occurs notably when predisposing anatomical factors are present, such as “bell clapper deformities” A traumatized testicle is often swollen, making a meticulous examination difficult, and symptoms can easily be mistakenly attributed to the trauma than torsion.Clinical examination findings vary with the duration and degree of spermatic cord rotation. Ultrasound imaging plays a crucial role in assessing the integrity of the contents of the traumatized scrotum. This evaluation is essential for the early detection of traumatic testicular torsion and the identification of any associated complications An early diagnosis can ensure testicular salvage and help avoid unnecessary complications such as testicle necrosis.In this case report, we present a case of post-traumatic testicular torsion in a 13-year-old boy. We will discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition based on a comprehensive review of the existing literature.We report the case of a 13-year-old male child admitted to the pediatric emergency room 32 hours after testicular trauma following a bicycle accident. The patient initially received analgesic treatment in the first few hours following the trauma. However, due to the persistence of pain and an increase in scrotal swelling, the patient sought medical attention on the second day.Clinical examination revealed a large, painful, reddish bursa , very teAn ultrasound exploration was immediately requested by the surgeon to explore the scrotal content.The ultrasound study was performed on both B-mode and Doppler modes. The findings revealed an ascended left testicle that appeared heterogeneous and hypoechoic. Small hypoechoic zones were also observed within the testicle  , and redIf an inconclusive finding is detected by an imaging technique, the patient must be recommended for urgent surgical exploration Orchiectomy is the terminal option in the management of testicular torsion, a necrotic and irrecoverable testis  should bPost-traumatic testicular torsion is a well-documented but poorly appreciated entity. Physicians must always try to think and see beyond the obvious because the clinical presentation can sometimes be misleading. Thus, torsion pathology should always be considered in any post-traumatic acute scrotal pain.In cases where there is suspicion of traumatic testicular torsion, conducting a thorough examination of the scrotum is crucial. When uncertainty persists, Doppler ultrasound is widely regarded as the “gold standard” for ruling out torsion in patients with blunt testicular injury.Preserving the testicles is indeed the ultimate goal in cases of testicular torsion, and it relies on 2 key factors: the duration of symptoms and the promptness of treatment. Time is of the essence in testicular torsion, as the longer the duration of torsion, the higher the risk of testicular damage and necrosis.Not applicable.Written informed consent was obtained from the child's parents, and legal guardian for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.The data sets are generated on the data system of the CHU Hassan II of Fes, including the biological data and the interventional report.