Common criteria have been used in the risk assessment, considering (i) the presence of disease symptoms in field surveys, (ii) the host phenological susceptibility, (iii) the weather forecasts in the next week from the bulletin release date, (iv) the advice to apply a fungicide treatment and (v) the outputs of epidemiological models. The phenological observations are provided as BBCH codes (n = 1689), which have been either transcribed from the phytosanitary bulletins or derived from the narrative description of the visual observation. Phenological data refer to the main early and late grapevine varieties in the eight regions (NUTS-2 administrative unit). Each record is associated with the NUTS-2 and NUTS-3 (31 provinces) administrative unit of reference, to the growing season (2012–2017), and refers to the individual risk assessment by the six evaluators. The dataset is hosted by the Centre for Agriculture and Environment of the Italian Council for Agricultural Research and Economics. These data could be helpful to researchers who develop either grapevine phenological models or process-based epidemiological predictive algorithms in order to refine their calibration and evaluation, as well as being a valuable resource for stakeholders in charge of evaluating the effective implementation of Integrated Pest Management in the decision-making process of public plant protection services in Italy. The dataset is freely available here.Phytosanitary bulletins released at weekly interval by eight Italian regional plant protection services in the growing seasons 2012–2017 were used to derive an harmonized dataset of grapevine downy mildew infection risk and phenological observations. The downy mildew infection risk ( Further insights could entail the estimation of the number of fungicide treatments advised by the plant protection services as a function of the assessment of grapevine downy mildew risk.1The present dataset is organized in a table comprising 9007 records referred to an expert-based assessment of the risk of grapevine downy mildew infection released by Italian public plant protection services, and to grapevine phenological observations referred to eight regions (NUTS-2 administrative unit), 31 provinces (NUTS-3 administrative unit) and six years (2012–2017) . The dow2Eight Italian regional plant protection services shared with the Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment of the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AA) the weekly phytosanitary bulletins which were released at provincial scale in the period 2012–2017. This dataset has been used to calibrate and evaluate the MISFITS-DSS Six independent evaluators including researchers and technicians working at CREA-AA with domain expertise in phytopathology, agronomy and agrometeorology read the bulletins with the objective of deriving the risk of grapevine downy mildew infection according to common criteria Grapevine BBCH codes were either directly transcribed from the phytosanitary bulletins, or inferred from the description of the visual observation. When available, two observations were reported for the same bulletin, referred to the main early and late grapevine varieties in the cultivation areas. The BBCH codes present in the dataset are reported in A graphical overview of the dataset is provided in These data are neither involved with human subjects, animal experiments nor obtained from social media platforms.Simone Bregaglio: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing – original draft. Francesco Savian: Investigation. Elisabetta Raparelli: Investigation. Danilo Morelli: Investigation. Rosanna Epifani: Investigation. Gianni Fila: Investigation. Luisa M. Manici: Methodology, Investigation.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


Cement augmentation of pedicle screws is one of the most promising approaches to enhance the anchoring of screws in the osteoporotic spine. To date, there is no ideal cement for pedicle screw augmentation. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an injectable, bioactive, and degradable calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite (CaS/HA) cement could increase the maximum pull-out force of pedicle screws in osteoporotic vertebrae. Herein, 17 osteoporotic thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were obtained from a single fresh-frozen human cadaver and instrumented with fenestrated pedicle screws. The right screw in each vertebra was augmented with CaS/HA cement and the un-augmented left side served as a paired control. The cement distribution, interdigitation ability, and cement leakage were evaluated using radiographs. Furthermore, pull-out testing was used to evaluate the immediate mechanical effect of CaS/HA augmentation on the pedicle screws. The CaS/HA cement presented good distribution and interdigitation ability without leakage into the spinal canal. Augmentation significantly enhanced the maximum pull-out force of the pedicle screw in which the augmented side was 39.0% higher than the pedicle-screw-alone side. Therefore, the novel biodegradable biphasic CaS/HA cement could be a promising material for pedicle screw augmentation in the osteoporotic spine. Osteoporosis is the most common age-related bone disease. Over 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis . The preOver the past few decades, numerous techniques have been developed to improve the anchorage of pedicle screws in order to reduce the risk of screw failure. These techniques primarily suggested larger outer diameters or an extended length of screws, screws with different thread profiles, a cylindrical or conical core shape, expanding screws, bi-cortical pedicle screws, coated pedicle screws, or cement augmentation screws ,9. The cIn this study, we aim to show that a recently established injectable calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite (CaS/HA) biomaterial, which has been approved for human use both in Europe and North America , may meeWe hypothesized that CaS/HA cement could strengthen the interface between the pedicle screw and the vertebral trabecular bone with the potential to increase the pull-out force of the pedicle screw in the osteoporotic vertebrae in a preliminary proof-of-principle study.A male human cadaver was used in this study as a model of osteoporotic vertebrae to test the hypothesis that the CaS/HA cement could augment the pedicle screws with a potential improvement of the immediate anchorage in the osteoporotic vertebrae. The computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to measure the Hounsfield Units (HU). The fenestrated pedicle screws were implanted into the osteoporotic vertebrae, in which the right side of the vertebra was augmented with the CaS/HA cement and the left side of the vertebra was not augmented. During the procedure, the C-arm X-ray was used to evaluate cement distribution and cement leakage. After the pedicle screw augmentation, the specimens were embedded in epoxy resin for pull-out testing to evaluate the pull-out force. The maximum pull-out force was used to quantify the effect of cement augmentation by comparison with the non-augmented side. . A total of 17 vertebrae (12 thoracic and 5 lumbar) were obtained from a fresh-frozen cadaver of an 81-year-old male . All soft tissues on the vertebral body were completely removed and CT scans of all vertebral bodies were performed . The diameter of the pedicle and the length of the vertebral body were measured to determine the respective size of each pedicle screw. The radiodensity in Hounsfield Units (HU) of the vertebral body, screw trajectory, and augmentation area were also measured using AGFA HealthCare software . The HU of vertebral bodies was measured according to a method described by Li et al. , and theThe cortex and hyperplastic osteophytes of the lamina were removed with a rongeur, so that the polyaxial tulip-head of the pedicle screw could be rotated freely to prevent it from blocking the pedicle screw. A pilot hole was made by an awl oriented forward and inward along the pedicle axis. Then we checked the hole with a probe to ensure that the pedicle was not damaged. Each hole was tapped using a 4.5 mm tap, then each fenestrated pedicle screw  was implanted with a ratchet screwdriver using a free-hand technique until the hub of the screw had been firmly fixed on the posterior cortex. Because the trajectory of the screw during implantation affects the required extraction force later, the classical trajectory of passing the center of the pedicle parallel to the superior and inferior endplates was adopted in this study . All insAccording to the preparation protocol, the CaS/HA cement , which consists of a premixed powder of 60 weight% (wt%) CaS and 40 wt% HA, was mixed with iohexol (1 g CaS/HA:0.43 mL iohexol) in a 6-well plate for 30 s. The CaS/HA slurry was then transferred into the syringe used for injection. This process allowed the cement to cure for 4 min prior to injection ,19. DuriA customized metal container was used to hold the vertebra, while a band was used to fix the vertebra by insertion through the spinal canal. The vertebrae were then embedded in epoxy resin  with the embedded line of each vertebra under the pedicle to avoid interference with mechanical testing A,B. Thisp < 0.05 (*).Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed by using GraphPad Prism 8 . Significant differences between the groups were evaluated using the paired t-test. The level of significance was chosen at This study involved cadaveric specimens voluntarily donated by a donor to the Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden for the advancement of science. This study has been carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (WMA Statement on Organ and Tissue Donation) and the local ethics policy of Dresden University Hospital for experiments.For this cadaveric study, all thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from one cadaveric donor were collected. The T7 height was reduced which may have suffered a previous osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture, without previous cement-related surgical treatment. The applied individual, vertebra-specific pedicle screw sizes are listed in All pedicle screws were successfully implanted into the vertebrae. After pedicle screw implantation, X-ray images were taken in order to demonstrate that the placement of all pedicle screws was accurate, and that no pedicle or vertebral body was damaged during the operation .The CaS/HA cement was completely and successfully injected in all vertebrae (1 mL in the thoracic vertebrae and 2 mL in the lumbar vertebrae) under fluoroscopic guidance. After cement injection, X-ray images demonstrated that the CaS/HA cement was evenly distributed around the anterior hole of the fenestrated pedicle screws both in the coronal plane from the anteroposterior radiograph and in the sagittal plane from the lateral radiograph in all vertebrae. No obvious cement leakage was seen into the spinal canal. In addition, the irregular shape of the cement edges also indicated the adequate cement-bone interdigitation ability in the trabecular bone .Further visual observation of the vertebral appearance after cement injection revealed that the cement was exposed in the superior endplate plane of four vertebrae  and in the inferior endplate plane of three vertebrae  .All specimens were stabilized in the customized metal container to minimize variation. Regarding the maximum pull-out force, the determined force for the augmented screw was higher than the pull-out force of the pedicle screw without augmentation among 14 vertebrae. Whereas test outliers on the unenhanced side of T3 may be due to the destruction of the trabecular microstructure of the pedicle and vertebral body, cement augmentation significantly increased its pull-out resistance although the pedicle trabecular microarchitecture on the augmented side was also destroyed from the analysis of CT scans  . The maxPedicle screw failure occurred at the screw-bone interface in both the screw-alone and the augmented screw sides. After testing, 10 specimens could be retrieved from the epoxy resin while the other vertebrae were damaged during removal of the osteoporotic vertebral body from the container due to the tight adhesion of the vertebral body and the epoxy resin. The vertebral cross-section photographs along the midline of the pedicle demonstrated that the cement was evenly distributed within the trabecular network in the vertebral body, which densified the loose architecture of the osteoporotic vertebral body. At the screw trajectory area, a local cavity was formed inside the vertebrae after screw extraction at the screw-only side; cement was still filled within the screw trajectory at the augmented side A,B. AfteIn this study, we described the novel application of a recently established CaS/HA biomaterial cement for the augmentation of pedicle screws in the osteoporotic spine. By injecting CaS/HA cement into the internal channel of the fenestrated pedicle screws, the cement can be evenly distributed into the screw threads and into the surrounding trabecular in order to strengthen the interlocking effect at the bone-screw interface . Biomech3, the stability of the pedicle screws may be insufficient so that additional stabilization should be considered [Anchoring of pedicle screws in the spine with poor bone quality remains challenging. The success of a pedicle screw instrumentation depends on the implant design as well as on the quality of the bone which could provide adequate compression between the threads and surrounding bone; this proves to be a critical aspect of fixation stability . Previounsidered . Dual ennsidered . Howevernsidered . Some stnsidered . Two recnsidered ,32. The nsidered . There wAt present, pedicle screw augmentation techniques mainly include prefilling with cement prior to solid screw insertion and fenestrated pedicle screws injected with cement through the inner channel, but the biomechanical testing results of PMMA augmentation are controversial . CompareBiphasic CaS/HA biomaterials have different rates of degradation, as the CaS phase is rapidly absorbed within 6–8 weeks in vivo while the HA phase persists for 9–12 months, integrating with new bone ingrowth over time . The undBesides a successful outcome of the study, certain technical limitations need to be considered: the damaged cartilage endplate during specimen preparation due to the tight connection between the endplate and intervertebral disc in this study may affect the quantification of absolute pull-out force results. The anatomical variation of the pedicle in the available cadaveric vertebrae may also influence the biomechanical results. However, these limitations are not expected to affect a pairwise side-to-side comparison of individual vertebrae since specimen handling did not influence the morphology and macroscopic anatomy of the bone specimens . AnotherThis study demonstrates a novel application of the recently established injectable, biodegradable biphasic CaS/HA cement for augmentation of fenestrated pedicle screws in osteoporotic spine. In a cadaveric model, the CaS/HA augmentation was proven as an effective technique which significantly enhanced the required pull-out force of fenestrated pedicle screws in osteoporotic vertebrae in comparison with non-augmented screws. The technique allowed adequate cement distribution and interdigital ability to the surrounding trabecular bone. In addition, the CaS/HA material has been approved for clinical utilization, which could allow for an easier translation to the clinical application of this technique. In conclusion, this biodegradable biphasic CaS/HA cement could be a promising material for pedicle screw augmentation in the osteoporotic spine.


Odontogenic cyst is a common lesion that can happen after inflammation of the dental pulp. The therapeutic approach of these cysts is made at dentist's offices, and depending on their extension, they may develop oroantral fistula and chronic sinusitis. The objective of this study is to propose the videoendoscopic treatment of the odontogenic cyst with expression in the maxillary sinus. We made a retrospective study of four cases of cysts of dental origin, with intra-sinusal extension, complicated with oroantral fistula and chronic sinusitis of maxillary sinus after curettage in a dentist's office. We used the videoendoscopic technique through transmaxillary approach to access the intra-sinusal cyst. All the four patients presented resolution of the infectious manifestation and healing of the oroantral fistula, without recurrence within two years of follow-up. Videoendoscopic surgery is a safe and effective method for the management of odontogenic cysts with extension to maxillary sinus, and it may prevent oroantral fistula formation and chronic sinusitis. Odontogenic cysts are lesions that frequently rise in the maxilla and/or mandible, originating from epithelial remains associated with odontogenesis. The most frequent types are: periapical cyst (65%), dentigerous cyst (24%) and primordial or keratocyst (5 a 8%).2.The majority of these cysts are managed at dentist's offices using surgical approaches such as enucleation with use of Milton's solution or combined with cryotherapy, simple enucleation, curettage, marsupialization and tooth extraction.Intervention of cysts found in the maxillary sinus may lead to oroantral fistula formation and chronic rhinosinusitis. This study aims at proposing a videoendoscopic technique to treat odontogenic cyst with intrasinusal extension as a complementary approach of the odontological treatment.Four cases of dental cysts with intrasinusal extension were operated on  and 2. TPatients were surgically treated under general anesthesia. The procedure of choice was combined access through the canine fossa with lower meatotomy. Such approach is performed by means of a 10mm-circumferential antrotomy to allow simultaneous management of the optical fiber  and of small clamps , achieving cyst resection. The cyst should be removed in a way that only the bone bed remains on the sinusal wall at the implantation spot. In case of an oroantral fistula, curettage of the borders is also done. Occlusion is performed with a septal or conchal bone fragment as well as a flap rotation of the jugal or palatine mucosa  sutured Infections of all four patients were resolved and fistula healing was reached. No relapses were reported after 2 years of follow-up. Cyst fragments obtained during surgery were sent for clinical pathology analysis and the results were compatible to periapical cyst. No signs of malignancy were found in the analyzed cases.a)Epithelial fragments of the teeth crown.b)Epithelial debris of Malassez c)Epithelial debris of Seres (remains of teeth lamina)d)Fragments of teeth germ cells, including enamel, dental papilla and dental sac.A cyst is defined as a cavity layered by epithelium hosting liquid or semi-solid material originating from embryonic epithelial tissue. The epithelium of the odontogenic cyst may come from the following structures:The most accepted hypothesis for cyst development is proliferation of epithelial fragments with formation of islets. Due to its nonvascular aspect, degeneration occurs centrally. In addition, as it is distant from the adjacent connective tissue, release of enzymes leads to degeneration of its own cell protoplasm, and dead cells turn into liquid material. The intracystic liquid has higher osmotic pressure than that of surrounding tissues, which leads to progressive cyst growth.The dentigerous cyst occurs after development of the tooth crown with accumulation of liquid between the enamel epithelium and the tooth crown, directly linked to an unerupted tooth. This lesion frequently occurs in maxillary canine teeth and third lower molar teethRadiographically, this structure is characterized by a well-defined radiolucent image of bone cortical, involving an unerupted tooth crown and cervical onset. In order to differ from a dental sac image, the x-ray image should not be smaller than 2.5mm of extension. It may be central, lateral, circumferential or eruptionalCell degeneration of the enamel's starry reticulum gives rise to the primary cyst before the mineralized tissue is formed. This cyst appears in place of a normal, unerupted or supra-numerous toothThe periapical cyst, the most common type, is the result of an inflammatory stimulus promoted by the dental pulp. In general, they are asymptomatic, detected by x-ray, and occur in the third or fourth decade of life. They appear as a radiolucent image of homogenous, oval or round density, which is related to an intact radicular apex with rupture of the hard layer and a radio-opaque bone sclerosis liningWe observed that the videoendoscopic surgery is a feasible alternative to treat an odontogenic cyst with maxillary sinusal extension, which may be adopted simultaneously to prevent sinusal suppuration and complete cyst exeresis.Correction of oroantral fistulas caused by teeth extractions should be done by means of autologous bone graft and mucous flap rotation with suture.


Goldenhar syndrome is a rare congenital condition thought to arise from the first and second branchial arches and typically asymmetrically affects the eyes, ears, and spine. Portal vein thrombosis/cavernous transformation is one of the main causes of portal hypertension in children. It is often associated with risk factors such as catheterization of the umbilical vein in the neonatal period, omphalitis, intra-abdominal infections in the neonatal period and prothrombotic conditions. This is a challenging clinical scenario as it leads to portal hypertension and variceal bleed with no chronic liver disease stigmata and liver function is essentially normal. While previous European literature from the early-2000s reported associated portal vein anomalies in Goldenhar syndrome, we are not aware of any recent and/or Canadian pediatric cases.We report a Canadian case of cavernous transformation of the portal vein with resulting gastrointestinal bleeding in a child with Goldenhar syndrome.Case reportA pediatric patient with a postnatal suspicion of Goldenhar syndrome, with confirmation by 6 months of age, presented with an acute 3-day history of melena, on the context of a recent viral illness and ibuprofen use. Laboratory testing showed a normocytic anemia (Hb 68) with a normal INR (1.1). The rest of the workup was unremarkable. There was no history of catheterization of the umbilical vein on the neonatal period nor other hematological complications. To assess for potential duplication cyst as differential diagnosis, a computerized tomography of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was ordered and revealed suspected cavernous transformation of the portal vein with suspected varices near the gastroesophageal junction and within the abdomen, and hepatomegaly with spleen size at the upper limit of normal. Octreotide was started after the CT results. A gastroscopy was done 24h after presentation and found portal hypertensive gastropathy and esophageal varices (2 Grade II and 1 Grade I). Sclerotherapy was performed. Post-gastroscopy ultrasound supported earlier radiographic findings of cavernous portal vein transformation and hepatosplenomegaly. Moreover, the ultrasound noted normal flow direction in the portal and hepatic veins. The patient has not re-presented for further episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding.This case report supports the previously reported association between Goldenhar syndrome and portal venous anomalies. Early consideration may lead to prompt diagnosis and management of the potentially life-threatening complications of portal hypertension in this population.NoneNone Declared


Trichofolliculoma is a rare follicular hamartoma whose dermoscopic features have been scarcely reported. On the other hand, reflectance confocal microscopy features have not been described yet. In the present study, the authors report reflectance confocal microscopy features in a case of trichofolliculoma as squamous hyperplasia forming irregular finger-like protrusions around the hair follicle and papillomatous hyperplasia of the hair follicle epithelium, which correlated with histopathology. This case suggests that reflectance confocal microscopy may help incorrect in vivo diagnosis of trichofolliculoma in cases difficult to diagnose by morphology and dermoscopy. A 66-year-old man was referred to our department because of an asymptomatic slowly growing papule on the chin with 1-year of duration. Physical examination revealed a skin-colored, firm, non-tender papule measuring 4 × 5 mm A. The deTrichofolliculoma is a rare follicular hamartoma mostly seen as a solitary asymptomatic, skin-colored, dome-shaped papule or nodule and usually affects the face and the scalp. The morphologic features of the lesion are generally non-distinctive unless it has a centrally located small tuft of hairs or a central pore.Correct clinical diagnosis of solitary non-pigmented lesions may be difficult, and in vivo diagnostic techniques have great importance in such cases. Dermoscopy has been widely used for decades in the the differential diagnosis of skin lesions, in most of which dermoscopic features have been described in detail. However, dermoscopic features of trichofolliculoma have been reported in only 3 cases until now.RCM is another in vivo technique that has been relatively recently developed. It has advantages with giving cellular details of the upper layers of the skin and can be considered as “optical biopsy” of the living tissue. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report on RCM features of trichofolliculoma.In the present case, squamous hyperplasia forming irregular finger-like protrusions around the hair follicle and papillomatous hyperplasia in the hair follicle epithelium was the RCM findings that were concordant with histology. This case suggests that RCM may help incorrect in vivo diagnosis of trichofolliculoma in cases difficult to diagnose by morphology and dermoscopy.None declared.Isil Karaarslan: Data collection, or analysis and interpretation of data; Manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content; Effective participation in the research guidance; Critical review of the literature; Final approval of the final version of the manuscript.Gokturk Oraloglu: Data collection, or analysis and interpretation of data; Manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content; Critical review of the literature; Final approval of the final version of the manuscript.Banu Yaman: Data collection, or analysis and interpretation of data; Manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content; Effective participation in the research guidance; Critical review of the literature; Final approval of the final version of the manuscript.None declared.


In an earlier report, bone mineral reference values for young athletes were developed. This study addressed variations in bone mineral parameters of young athletes participating in sports with different mechanical loads. The bone mineral status of 1793 male and female athletes, 11 to 20 years of age, in several sports was measured with DEXA. Specific bone mineral parameters were converted to z-scores relative to age- and sex-specific reference values specified by the DEXA software. Z-score profiles and principal components analyses were used to identify body structural components in the young athletes and to evaluate the associations between the identified component and type of sport defined by mechanical load. A unique skeletomuscular robusticity of male wrestlers, pentathletes, and cyclists was noted: wrestlers had significantly more developed skeletomuscular robusticity and bone mineral density compared to the age-group average among elite athletes, while pentathletes and cyclists had lower bone mineral parameters than the age-group references among elite athletes. Among female athletes, bone mineral parameters of both the trunk and extremities of rhythmic gymnasts and pentathletes were significantly lower compared to the age-group means for elite athletes. The bone mineral development of elite young athletes varies with the impact forces associated with their respective sports. The skeletal development of cyclists, pentathletes, and rhythmic gymnasts should be monitored regularly as their bone development lags behind that of their athlete peers and the reference for the general population. Athletes are not a homogenous population as both intrinsic  and extrinsic  factors affect performance . Both reLongitudinal training studies indicate that strength training and high-impact endurance training (anaerobic exercises) are associated with an increase in BMD . On the The growth status of children and adolescents, including youth athletes, is routinely evaluated relative to an established growth reference appropriate for a geographical region and, perhaps for the time of study, a given population variability and secular trends in growth ,19. AlloReference values for several bone mineral parameters among youth athletes that are 10–20 years old have been developed . ThThe cross-sectional research was conducted between September 2015 and February 2020. Whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and body mass components  were measured with a GE Lunar Prodigy dual-energy X-ray scanner .Subjects were asked to avoid eating and drinking for at least 60 min prior to examination and to follow their habitual training regime during the week of the examination. All examinations took place between 9:00 and 12:00 in the morning.Had severe degenerative lesions or fractures/deformations in the measurement area;Were unable to reach the correct position and/or remain immobile during measurement;Had a very high or low body mass index ;Were exposed to an enhanced X-ray/CT scan several days prior to the study;Were pregnant.Several athletes were excluded from the study if they:The body mass components and bone mineral densities were expressed relative to height (m) to reduce the influence of body size on the specific parameters. The structural and bone mineral parameters of each athlete were converted to z-scores relative to age- and sex-specific mean and standard deviation values estimated for the total sample  / age-group standard deviation). Bone mineral densities of the upper extremities, lower extremities, and trunk were also expressed as a percentage of total BMD to address asymmetries in BMD by type of sport .Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the z-scores of components of body mass and of bone parameters in the athletes by sport . Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the L1–L4 BMD z-scores estimated by the GE Prodigy Lunar reference and the youth athlete reference series.Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the body parameters to a smaller set of components that accounted for most of the variance in the variables considered. Sex-specific PCAs were initially conducted; as the analyses showed similar components and loadings, the analysis was also conducted for the total sample. The original variables were log-transformed to approximate the normality assumption of PCA. Based on eigenvalues >1.0, loadings >0.90 were used to identify the variables characteristic of the respective components. Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate the reliability of the analysis. Principal component scores were also calculated for each athlete.The z-score profiles of body mass components and bone parameters indicated greater skeletal and muscular robustness of wrestlers compared with male participants in other sports, especially pentathletes, whose skeletomuscular robustness was the least developed among the sports represented in the sample. The skeletomuscular robustness of cyclists was also less developed compared to the age-group reference, but their muscular development was similar to the age-group mean value for males , Table 3The skeletomuscular development of female basketball and handball players was greater than the age-group average, although the bone mineral density of basketball players was slightly less compared to handball players , Table 3Results of the principal components analysis are summarized in The distribution of PC scores for each component  by sport is illustrated in Among female athletes, the position of rhythmic gymnasts and pentathletes relative to handball and basketball players stood out . In contMedian z-scores for BMC and for muscle mass of the upper and lower extremities and of the trunk are illustrated in The regional development of muscle mass showed a similar pattern . Major dIn contrast to BMC and muscle development, the fat mass of the youth athletes showed a similar pattern among the male athletes in different sports  in the total samples of male and female athletes suggested that the mechanical load on the human body varied by the position of the regions relative to posture . The higher the position of the region in the human body, the lower the BMD% .Mean z-scores for the BMD (expressed as a percentage of stature) of the extremities and trunk among athletes in the different sports are illustrated in p < 0.001), but z-scores based on the athlete reference underestimated those based on the GE Lunar unit by 0.59 z-score units in males and 1.1 z-score units in females. Since the BMD of athletes is usually greater than the 90th percentile of the non-athlete/general population reference [A DEXA scan usually includes the BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur region; both regions are commonly used to estimate the risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures. Z-scores for the BMD of the lumbar spine  were esteference , the enhThe median z-score of the BMD of lumbar vertebrae L1 to L4 estimated by the GE Lunar Prodigy DEXA software approached the low BMD category  in male cyclists , and/or high-impact activities over a shorter duration (10 min), are associated with enhanced BMC in children and adolescents ,42,43. C–60 min, It is important to study bone mineral characteristics of youth athletes in general and of elite athletes in sports characterized by variations in impact forces. The skeletal development of cyclists, pentathletes, and rhythmic gymnasts should be monitored more frequently since bone development among athletes in these sports tends to lag relative to elite athletes of the same chronological age and relative to population-based reference values. There is also a need to systematically consider the cortical and trabecular architecture of bone among youth athletes in different sports and how it relates to variations in training load.Given the limited number of female athletes, the analysis of sex differences in total body and regional BMD should be interpreted with caution. The lack of an indicator of maturity status in the younger athletes was also a limitation.Results of this study confirmed that youth athletes in sports without systematic weight-bearing tend to have reduced BMD compared to peers of the same chronological age in sports with systematic weight-bearing. Decreased skeletomuscular development and lower bone mineral parameters were noted among male pentathletes and cyclists and among female rhythmic gymnasts and pentathletes. In contrast, increased skeletomuscular development and enhanced bone mineral parameters were noted among male wrestlers, rowers, kayaker–canoeists, and handball players and among female basketball and handball players.Different loading patterns for specific bodily regions associated with the different sports were reflected in the skeletomuscular development of the respective bodily regions in young athletes. Asymmetry of skeletomuscular development was evident not only from the gradient of weight-bearing but also from the pattern of localization of activities associated with training in specific sports, i.e., the differences in the skeletomuscular development of the upper and lower extremities and the trunk reflected the different types of activities associated with the specific sports considered in the study. Of note, cyclists, pentathletes, and rhythmic gymnasts were at a higher risk for the development of inferior bone structure.Age-and sex-dependent critical cut-off values for the structural parameters of bone density, architecture, and mass should be specified by the type of sport to facilitate the development of training protocols for elite youth athletes and to reduce the risk of bone stress-related injuries. In addition to bone mineral parameters, indicators of bone geometry indicators should be considered in the screening of stress-related bone injuries since bone geometry is also a determinant of the mechanical resistance of bones .Reference values for indicators of body composition and bone mineral are potentially useful in examinations of athletes in specific sports. The observed differences among athletes in different sport types suggest a need for sport-specific reference values, but such references are not currently available.


Previous studies underline the importance of internalising disorders as risk factors of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), meanwhile only a few research draw the attention to the role of externalising disorders. The possible association between NSSI and pathological internet use (PIU) is also understudied.The purpose of this study was: 1) to investigate the frequency of NSSI among adolescents with different psychopathology and in different internet user groups of adolescents, 2) to understand the mediator role of psychiatric disorders between NSSI and PIU.Adolescents were enrolled from a clinical  and a school based population . The used measurements were: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, Young Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid.There was significant difference in the frequencies of NSSI in SDQ subgroups . There was also significant difference in NSSI frequency between normal- and pathological internet users . According to the mediator model there was no direct association between PIU and NSSI, however it was mediated by different psychiatric disorders .The results strengthen that both internalising- and externalising psychopathology are associated with NSSI. Moreover this study underlines the importance of careful screening and treating of comorbid disorders with PIU, which can have a role in the prevention of NSSI and suicide as well.No significant relationships.


Ependymoma is the third most common pediatric primary brain tumor, with its most aggressive subtype being posterior fossa group A (PFA). Extraneural metastasis of pediatric PFA ependymoma is rare. Herein, we present a case of a 9-year-old girl with PFA ependymoma characterized by a lack of trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 and elevated chromosome X open reading frame 67 expression. Despite multiple surgeries and radiotherapies, the patient had a rapid recurrence and developed osseous and pulmonary metastases, which may be attributed to the homozygous deletion of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor 2A/B and CDK12 mutation. Importantly, the CDK12 mutation observed in the patient may be indicative of the need for further work-up to consider chemotherapy rather than administering poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Taken together, this is the first report of pediatric PFA ependymoma with extraneural metastases, wherein we clarified the diagnostic procedures of this newly identified PFA ependymoma and provided new cues to study the invasiveness of this disease and treatment selection for such patients. Ependymoma is the third most common pediatric primary brain tumor, and 90% of childhood ependymoma occurs intracranially, with one-third occurring in the supratentorial area and two-thirds occurring in the posterior fossa (PF) . The 202Herein, we report the case of a 9-year-old girl with PFA ependymoma characterized by lack of H3 K27-me3 and elevated CXorf67 expression. Despite undergoing multiple tumor resections and radiotherapies, the patient had a rapid recurrence and developed osseous and pulmonary metastases. Besides resecting the metastasis lesion in the sphenoid sinus by transnasal endoscopic surgery, we gathered tumor specimens to perform genomic analysis. Genomic analysis revealed that the patient harbored cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 12 mutation and homozygous deletion of CDK inhibitor 2A/B (CDKN2A/B). We also performed a systematic review of the literature to identify potential factors leading to extraneural metastasis of PFA ependymoma.A 9-year-old girl visited our department in October 2021 owing to bilateral abducent paralysis. The timeline of the disease diagnosis and treatment are presented in ). Furthermore, transnasal endoscopic surgery was performed to resect the sphenoid sinus metastasis  revealed a tumor in the PF  and diffuse cytoplasmic glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoexpression  suggestive of ependymal differentiation. Ki-67 showed a high proliferation fraction of the tumor cells  as a loss of function mutation. A homozygous deletion spanning the CDKN2A/B locus at 9p21 was also identified in the tumor sample using multicolor interphase fluorescence Ependymoma, the third most common pediatric primary brain tumor, has a poor prognosis. Up to 50% of patients with ependymoma experience a relapse at the primary site, occasionally accompanied by metastasis within the CNS. However, based on our systematic literature review, pediatric ependymoma rarely metastasizes extraneurally, and to date, only 13 cases have been reported (including the present case) –17  dissemination of tumor cells caused by the extension of the tumor to the skull structure and seeding into the lymphatic system  polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, might serve as promising therapeutic drugs , 27. Ourethality , recent ethality , 30. In To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the case of a pediatric PFA ependymoma with extraneural metastases (osseous and pulmonary metastases). We further clarified the diagnostic procedures of this newly identified PFA ependymoma and provided new cues for the study of the disease invasiveness and treatment selection for such patients.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors.The human tissue study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the minor(s)’ legal guardian/next of kin for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.MZ: drafting/revision of the manuscript for content including medical writing for content. LW: interpretation of the pathological finding. PS: major role in the acquisition of data and performed the endoscopic surgery. YL: major role in the acquisition of data. GC: performed the endoscopic surgery and major role in the acquisition of data. GZ: study concept or design and Analysis or interpretation of data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.We are grateful to the patient and the families of the patient who have made this research possible. We thank Bullet Edits Limited for language editing of the manuscript. We also thank Genetron Health Inc., that supported genomic studies.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Case Presentation. An 86-year-old man presented with sudden-onset lower abdominal pain and distension. The patient was diagnosed with bladder perforation and bladder tumor on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor revealed an invasive urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation. Although radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection was planned, preoperative CECT and magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlargement of the bilateral iliac regional lymph nodes, multiple peritoneal nodules, and invasion of the bladder tumor to the ileocecum. Therefore, cystectomy and resection of ileocecum with palliative intent and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy were performed. However, the patient's general condition rapidly worsened after surgery, and he died 74 days after the initial diagnosis.  Spontaneous bladder rupture (SBR) is very rare and can be associated with advanced bladder cancer. Because of its rarity, the optimal management of bladder cancer with SBR has not been established. Herein, we report a case of SBR due to locally advanced bladder cancer, which rapidly invaded the ileum and caused peritoneal dissemination.  We encountered a case of SBR accompanied by bladder cancer with extremely rapid progression, which suggested the importance of short-interval repeat imaging examinations. Emergency surgery should be considered when bladder cancer is suspected in patients with SBR so as not to miss the window period of a possible cure. Spontaneous bladder rupture (SBR) is very rare and is associated with trauma, pelvic irradiation, urinary retention, chronic bladder infection, malignancy, and diverticulitis . It has An 86-year-old man was hospitalized in December 2019 with a chief complaint of sudden-onset severe lower abdominal pain. He had a medical history of appendicitis and no family history of notable medical conditions. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a thickening with calcification on the posterior wall of the bladder adjacent to the ileum along with ascites in the rectovesical pouch, suggesting a spontaneous bladder perforation into the peritoneal cavity potentially associated with a bladder tumor Figures . ContrasTransurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed on the 2nd day of hospitalization, and an elevated lesion with a whitish surface and calcification was observed at the posterior wall of the bladder. Removal of the calcification revealed a cavity with fat droplets at the bottom of the lesion, which was likely the perforation site . The patUnder the clinical diagnosis of cT4bN1M1b bladder cancer, open cystectomy, partial resection of the ileum, sampling of the peritoneal nodules, and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy were performed on the 26th day of hospitalization, mainly for palliative purposes. A lower abdominal midline incision was made, and an enlarged obturator lymph node and two nodules in the greater omentum were removed for intraoperative definitive pathological diagnosis, which indicated metastatic UC. The posterior wall of the bladder strongly adhered to the ileum, suggesting infiltration of the bladder tumor, and en bloc resection of the bladder and a segment of the infiltrated ileum was performed. The specimen was a raised lesion on the posterior wall of the bladder with an irregular surface with necrotic tissue and hemorrhage . The lesA CT scan on the 30th day of hospitalization showed enlargement of the left obturator lymph node and rapid growth of multiple peritoneal nodules, some of which had invaded the small intestine . The patSBR due to bladder cancer is very rare . BecauseAlthough surgical repair is generally the first choice for intraperitoneal bladder rupture , cystectOwing to the recent advancements in imaging modalities, cases in which bladder cancer is diagnosed or suspected based on imaging results before surgical repair of SBR are expected to become more common. However, there is no consensus on the next step after diagnosis. In the present case, we first performed transurethral tissue biopsy followed by cystectomy based on the pathological diagnosis. Although cystectomy was performed 23 days after the biopsy, multiple metastatic tumors were found during surgery. Based on our results, we recommend emergency laparotomy for the surgical repair of SBR. However, it may not be beneficial when the general condition of the patient is already very deteriorated. Additionally, the surgery will be only palliative and may not benefit the survival of the patient. A surgical repair should be accompanied by intraoperative pathologic examination of the bladder lesions. In case the lesion is found to be nonmalignant, a simple closure of the bladder perforation should be performed. Contrastingly, if bladder cancer is found, then the patient should undergo immediate palliative cystectomy and extensive peritoneal lavage. Considering the poor survival outcome of bladder cancer with SBR, adjuvant chemotherapy may also be considered for the survival benefit, provided the patient has a good general condition postsurgery.In conclusion, we encountered a case of SBR accompanied by bladder cancer that showed extremely rapid progression, which suggested the importance of short-interval repeat imaging examinations, although it was localized to the bladder at the initial diagnosis. Emergency surgery should be considered when bladder cancer is suspected in a patient with SBR to avoid missing the window period of a potential cure.


This research investigates robotically fabricated polychromatic float glass for architectural applications. Polychromatic glass elements usually require labor-intensive processes or are limited to film applications of secondary materials onto the glass. Previous research employs computer numerical control (CNC) based multi-channel granule deposition to manufacture polychromatic relief glass; however, it is limited in motion, channel control, and design space. To expand the design and fabrication space for the manufacture of mono-material polychromatic glass elements, this paper presents further advancements using a UR robotic arm with an advanced multi-channel dispenser, linear and curved-paths granule deposition, customized color pattern design approaches, and a computational tool for the prediction and rendering of outcomes. A large-scale demonstrator serves as a case study for upscaling. Robotic multi-channel deposition and tailored computational design tools are employed to facilitate a full-scale installation consisting of eighteen large glass panels. Novel optical properties include locally varying color, opacity, and texture filter light and view. The resulting product constructs sublime architectural experiences through light refraction, reflection, color, opacity - beyond mere transparency. While the float glass market for applications in construction is continuously growing Statista , traditiIn the history of architecture and construction, glass has played a crucial role in creating transparent building skins. In the 13th century BCE, the first polychromatic glass artifacts were manufactured Wight  and in 1Recent developments in additive manufacturing have enabled the customization of building components through robotic fabrication and computational design. For glass, additive manufacturing technologies are still limited to small-scale applications, and digital fabrication methods for uniform glass elements at the construction scale are still in their infancy due to the difficulty of processing both glass and heterogeneous properties in materials. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed a process for three-dimensional printing of free-form and multi-colored small-scale glass artifacts, employing an extrusion process in a heated chamber  setup to increase the freedom of tool and motion control beyond existing research; linear and curved path deposition as an advancement of pixel and line deposition methods, and custom computational design and tool path strategies for color pattern generation. Robotic deposition strategies for continuous pattern production along segments and beyond robot reach enables large-scale production. To predict outcomes of the robotic deposition process, a digital tool that visualizes granular deposition results is set up enabling rendering of design iterations prior to the fabrication process. To understand the trade-offs of the presented method and identify further steps of research required for the application of the technology at construction scale, energy consumption and cost of the resulting elements for the product stage are evaluated. A large-scale demonstrator serves as a case study to test the continuity of pattern, large-scale fabrication of a large number of panels, logistics, and installation process.This section gives an overview of the materials, hardware, and software used in this research. For all experiments, off-the-shelf float glass from St. Gobain with 8mm material thickness is used as base material  distance from the glass surface controls the spread of the granules on the glass surface; as the distance increases, the granules scatter more, creating a less dense coloring, while a smaller distance creates an opaque surface.Second, the robotic linear TCP velocity and tool motors’ angular velocity both have the effect of determining the number of granules that are deposited. To reduce the control parameters, the tool motor’s velocity is kept constant and the robot’s velocity varied instead.Figure A computational workflow can significantly aid the creation of a design process for a digitally fabricated artifact for approximately visualizing the result so that the need for physical prototypes is reduced. Such a workflow, which we call the pattern prediction, facilitates and accelerates the design process and can save material and energy by reducing the number of physical prototypes. Since the aim of the pattern prediction is to be helpful as a design tool, we opt for a quick and lightweight workflow to the expense of it being physically accurate. This trade-off between speed and accuracy is justifiable in a design process, where the need for quick design iterations surpasses the need for high accuracy of the visual feedback.The two parts of the fabrication process that determine the final result are; the deposition of granules and their scattering on the glass surface and the kilning process, which fuses granules and float glass. Instead of simulating the behavior of hundreds of thousands of granules landing on the surface and then the process of glass kilning, we opt for a simple pixel-based approach. Starting with a white canvas whose resolution matches the smallest granules’ size, pixels  around the centerline of the robot’s deposition path are colored using a random distribution. The physical calibration tests Fig.  are usedThis section gives an overview of production times, energy consumption and production costs to better understand the impact and trade-offs of the presented robotic fabrication method compared to off-the-shelf float glass.The granule deposition time per square meter of the fully colored glass surface is approximately 40 min. Depending on the toolpath strategy applied and the coloring intensity, the print time can slightly vary with a range of 50–80 min printing time per panel. Traveling and extrusion speed are highly dependent on the robotic process parameters and quantity of granules used.The costs for the multi-channel tool head are composed of the costs for off-the-shelf acrylic pipes, standard metal drill bits, and 3D printed poly lactic acid (PLA) parts. The toolhead provides a low-cost Do-It-Yourself solution at approximately 100 Euro hardware cost for the tool body and around 200 Euro for the electronics and motors, resulting in an overall one-time investment of 300 Euro. Robotic arms or CNC setup are not specific to the presented fabrication method, vary significantly by brand, thus are not separately specified in this cost overview. The granular glass raw material adds 44 Euro/mThis section investigates the energy consumption and cost of the process compared to conventional float glass to understand the trade-offs of this method for practice. Table mentclass2pt{minimA large-scale demonstrator serves as a case study for upscaling the presented technology. The pavilion is a forty square meter installation with a footprint of Among other color patterning approaches explored, the color and transparency patterns for the large-scale demonstrator are designed in relation to the site. This coloring approach aims to construct a heterogeneous material filter for light and view, targeting the superposition of the colored glass and the existing site. For this purpose site data is captured with the aid of a FARO Focus X330 scanner to provide context for the computational generation of pattern iterations. After the scanning operation, the scan data is converted to a point cloud through Autodesk Recap Autodesk  and filtTo create a rich and highly differentiated color pattern, a series of digital filters are deployed that translate and transform the captured site data.x, y) on the domain of a panel, pointing towards the boundaries. The four directions parallel to the coordinate axes correspond to the four available colors of granules. Colors are assigned to the vector field by calculating which of those four directions has the smallest angle with each vector. Subsequently, the vectors are unitized, and magnitudes are assigned based on the y coordinate of the vectors’ anchor point. This results in a gradation that peaks at eye level and fades towards the bottom and top of the panels  implemented in the Python Scikit library (Pedregosa et al. els Fig. . On the els Fig. .start and endpoints of the line segments extracted from the vectors’ directions and magnitudes,robot speeds for the execution of each line,and colors selected from the end effector’s four channels.To avoid mounds of granules and create a readable pattern, a threshold is defined for the minimum length of a line below, which is reduced to a single dot. Variations in velocity and distance are applied to the remaining lines, resulting in a progressive variation of blurriness and line thickness. Every production file is then divided into two parts since the robot’s reach cannot cover an entire panel (Fig. For the translation of the pattern into a robotic tool path for the fabrication of panels, each panel-specific file is converted into a JSON file containing the brush strokes with the following data:nel Fig. . Before After the granules are deposited on the first half of the panel, the panel is manually slid for the production of the second half. Deposited granules are steady enough to stay in place during the process. Figure Logistics, assembly, and maintenance differ slightly from procedures for off-the-shelf float glass applications. If the material relief imprinted into the glass panels is almost flat, the panels can be stored and transported on standard glass transport racks. In case of a more intense texture or relief, panels can be wrapped into bubble wrap and transported in the same manner to the construction site. The glass is lifted with vacuum suckers for the installation process and installed using punctual metal clamps with a soft foam inlay. Metal clamps with soft foam inlays hold each panel on four points Fig. a. The paThis approach enables a stable and straightforward installation on-site while also allowing for tolerances caused by the slight deformation of the glass corners during the kilning process. For cleaning the glass panels, standard manual cleaning procedures can be applied. However, automated cleaning methods would not be applicable in locations where relief is present.Challenges that were observed during the demonstrator fabrication and assembly include the challenge of installing panels with deformed edges, the milkiness of some panels resulting from dust contamination and the long kilning times of panels.This paper demonstrates that further advancing robotic setup, custom computational design, and prediction tools, collecting information on energy consumption and costs enables the construction of a large-scale demonstrator with a solid design-to-production workflow. The following paragraphs provide a detailed description of the contributions made:Robotic setup and multi-channel tool: The Universal Robotic UR10 arm and multi-channel setup present a novel setup compared to the CNC-based approach presented in previous research. The six axes of the robotic setup unfold a wide range of motion freedom and channel control. With the novel robotic approach, a universal approach for the fabrication of polychromatic glass is provided, motors can potentially be run simultaneously, and the additional degree of freedom can be used for creative explorations.Toolpath and parameter calibration: Novel toolpath approaches include linear and curved robotic brush strokes. These open up a range of design options beyond a pixel-based approach. Robotic process parameters become a creative tool for variation. The tests performed also prove fabrication process repeatability with only minimal deviations.Pattern Prediction: The custom pattern prediction presented in this research enables the accurate-enough production of visual outputs of the coloring process. This step is crucial for creating quick design iterations for the proposed fabrication system. Experiments above demonstrate that the minimal inaccuracies of the pattern prediction do not pose an obstacle to its role as a design tool.Custom computational tools for pattern design: Implementing site data as design input puts forward a new approach to the computational design of glass elements, its global color patterns, and transparencies. The presented fabrication workflow enables the translation from pattern design to robotic toolpath, including process parameters that implement different robotic brush strokes. The exemplary site-specific pattern design approach is transferable to other sites and scenarios. Filtering mechanisms through color could be customized concerning architectural requirements for the design of polychromatic panels.Cost and energy consumption: Cost and energy consumption calculations show that the color customization with the presented process at the prototyping stages increases the energy consumption by 115% and cost by 122% compared to fully-transparent standard float glass. It is relevant to understand the economic constraints and energy consumption of this customization method to evaluate the trade-offs of this method for building practice and compare competing products and technologies.Digital crafting of glass for construction: Digital crafting of glass enables the inscription of novel properties and functions into glass beyond mere transparency and beyond those of a standardized mass product. For the first time, this research enables the fabrication of robotically fabricated polychromatic glass resulting in a large-scale demonstrator.Repeatability and predictability: Implementing robotic tooling for dispensing glass granules opens up the questions of manual versus digital craft, material language, repeatability, and predictability. Robotic dispensing enables the production of repeatable results with only minor deviations while producing a material language and aesthetics controlled through robotic process parameters. Due to the granular nature of the input material, results are similar but never perfectly the same. Material language and process parameters become part of the robotic design space and form a digital crafting language.Novel design space and complexity: The presented method opens up a new design and fabrication space for glass to architects and engineers. The wide range of parameters for design—colors, opacities, textures, computational pattern design, and process parameters - unfolds a new form of complexity in informed and heterogeneous materials that can only be managed and fully explored with custom computational design and fabrication tools. This potential for heterogeneous materials in construction will require novel ways of modeling and thinking of the granular properties of architecture per se.Upscaling: Upscaling from prototype to construction scale brings new challenges in logistics, structural requirements, material parameters, joinery of parts, and pattern continuity. Pattern continuity is enabled by a controlled shifting of the glass panel and pattern segmentation, taking into account robotic reach. However, despite the larger fabrication and kilning setup needed, no fundamental up-scaling complications arise for the panel production process.Limitations and challenges: The fabrication process is linked to specific characteristics in resolution, sharpness and precision, and types of textures that can be produced. Granularity, robotic motion, and melting process in the kiln result in a particular material language. The parameter calibration tests present a range of those, but resolution, scale, and geometry limitations must be investigated in further experiments. Challenges in the production process include the repeatability of kilning results, specifically concerning the transparency of kilned glass panels. Dust contamination in some panels produces milky results caused by dust in the lab environment or the grinding of glass granules in the tool. It remains an open question how kilned colored float glass behaves structurally compared to off-the-shelf float glass; furthermore, the effect of deformations on the edges of the glass pane will have to be investigated.Outlook and future work: Future work will investigate the performance of results with quantitative methods, such as lab testing of structural and optical properties and long-term performance, to enable the application of robotically fabricated polychromatic glass for building projects. Further investigations could include the construction of hermetically closed facades with the produced panels. New approaches to pattern design and tool path generation for polychromatic glass could enable more sophisticated expressions in glass. And further investigations of three-dimensional relief could produce novel material expressions in colored glass architectures.


Considerable attention on plant microbiomes has been growing over the past decade featuring model plants, natural, and agricultural crop systems  to understand whether it influences structuring plant microbiome composition and diversity. This disease has worldwide occurrence in many tree nurseries, but there still remains a lack of knowledge about the cause and management of this complex disease  plants. They reported that the healthy plants exhibited higher microbial diversity than diseased plants with increased abundances of several bacteria such as Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer, Neorhizobium, and Lysobacter, which have been variously reported to be plant growth promoters and disease suppressor. There were increased abundances of bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum rhizosphere soil and root of diseased plants. In addition, several fungi commonly identified as plant pathogens, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Alternaria alternata, Thanatephorus cucumeris, and Fusarium sp., were encountered more frequently in the rhizosphere soil and root. They hypothesized that higher abundances of beneficial bacteria in the healthy plants and pathogenic fungi in diseased plants may be associated with the bacterial wilt disease in tobacco and that the complexity of bacterial and fungal communities possibly interact with each other (microbe–microbe) and host (host-microbe) to influence growth and induce resistance against bacterial wilt disease.Understanding the role of the microbiome in plant health is essential in pinpointing the etiology of disease and devising appropriate management solutions  causes significant alteration in the diversity and composition of root microorganisms in tobacco. While the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria was reduced, the diversity of rhizosphere fungi increased upon infection by RNK. In particular, the abundance of Rhizobiaceae and Chryseobacterium increased after RKN infection. Nematode infection altered the overall composition of root microbiome but only at specific growth stages of plants, indicating variable nematode-microbe-plant interactions at different development stages of plants. Farooq et al. conducted microbial profiling of rhizosphere soil and root endosphere of avocado plants infested or not infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi. They compared the changes in microbial diversity and community composition of infested and non-infested plants grown with various soil additives or by spraying plants with phosphite. The results revealed phosphite treatment or soil application of mineral mulch applied to the soil reduced Phytophthora infestation. Bacterial abundance and diversity were reduced in infested rhizospheres and root endospheres. The mineral mulch application significantly changed diversity and rhizosphere community composition more than any other treatment. Some rhizosphere bacterial groups, especially Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, had significantly higher relative abundance in the presence of Phytophthora. The bacterial communities of root endospheres were lower in abundance than rhizosphere communities and not affected by soil treatments or phosphite but increased in abundance after infection with P. cinnamomi. These findings suggested that adding silicate-based mineral mulch protects against Phytophthora root rot, which changes in rhizosphere bacterial community composition may partly mediate. However, the changes to the microbiome induced by spraying plants with phosphite are different from those resulting from applying mineral mulch to the soil. Plant fungal communities are diverse and influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors. The influence of biotic factors, however, is still poorly understood. Messal et al. investigated how insect infestation and gall formation on Eucalyptus foliage influence the diverse community composition of foliar fungi in Eucalyptus grandis trees. The infestation of the wasp Leptocybe invasa (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) indeed brought about significant changes in the composition and diversity of fungal communities and was correlated with the severity of infestations. Their network analysis indicated that the co-occurrence of potential pathogens differed significantly between no to mild and medium to heavy infestation. This study increased our microbial interactions, especially the role of pathogens which may help design management approaches for pests employing beneficial host-associated microbial communities.Lin et al. investigated the diversity and community composition of endophytic bacteria and fungi of tea plants using amplicon sequencing. Ecological niches shape the diversity of endophytic microorganisms. They found that bacterial diversity was highest in root tissues followed by the stem, old leaves, and new leaves, and fungal diversity was highest in the old leaves followed by new leaves, roots, and stems. The cooperative relationship between endophytic bacteria and fungi in the new leaves was more substantial than that in the old leaves, which can better participate in the metabolism of tea material. Microorganisms, specifically the endophytes of medicinal plants, are recognized as valuable sources of novel secondary metabolites. Maela et al. isolated and identified five bacterial endophytes, Alectra sessiliflora, an important medicinal plant. Bacillus was the most dominant bacterial endophyte with two other genera: Lysinibacillus and Peribacillus. The crude extracts of three bacterial strains showed more than 90% growth inhibition against all the cancer cell lines at a concentration of 1,000 μg/ml. They also performed untargeted secondary metabolite profiling and reported the presence of compounds known to have biological activity. In addition to various abiotic and biotic factors, plant-fungal communities are also shaped by management factors. Witzell et al. hypothesized that nitrogen fertilization (N) modulates the quality of aspen (Populus tremula) leaves and thus alters the internal “chemical landscape” for the fungi. The study suggested that nitrogen treatment reduced foliar concentrations of CT precursor catechin but not that of condensed tannins (CTs). The N application also boosted the level of the amino acids and lowered the level of certain sugars. When a beetle herbivore was used as a treatment, no significant alteration in chemical composition or endophyte diversity was noted. A few rare fungi were associated with and potentially vectored by the beetle herbivores. They inferred that under controlled conditions and in a short period, the growth conditions, not the internal chemical quality, are the moderators of the fungal diversity in aspen leaves. The production of bioactive metabolites by endosymbiotic fungi is particularly important to the fitness of the fungus and the host species. The benefits and costs of symbiosis are not well-understood in many cases. The fungal endosymbiont of several plants, locoweeds (Fabaceae), morning glories (Convolvulaceae), and two species of Malvaceae are known to produce swainsonine. Swainsonine has toxic effects on livestock that feed on these plants and has potential pharmaceutical applications. Quach et al. evaluated 244 morning glory species for the presence of swainsonine and built a phylogeny based on available internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Only a single morning glory clade has swainsonine, and this symbiosis developed ~5 million years. Various orders of swainsonine-producing fungal endosymbionts in different plant families are genetically diverse. Further research would be exciting to know whether different symbioses have similar effects on host plants from other families and fungal-host specificity.All plants in natural ecosystems appear to be symbiotic with fungal and bacterial endophytes, and their diversity is very high (Rodriguez et al., Gruet et al. provide an excellent review that sheds light on our current understanding of the microbiome of wheat root and rhizosphere based on pre-and post-domestication wheat history. Wheat, one of the major crops in the world, has had a complex history that includes genomic hybridizations between Triticum and Aegilops species and several domestication events. The author discusses differences between wild and domesticated wheat, ancient and modern types of cultivars, as well as individual cultivars within a given wheat species. Their analyses pointed out two significant trends. The majority of the investigations were carried out toward taxonomic diversity rather than the microbial functioning microbiota and more for bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Second, studies primarily compared wheat genotypes of T. aestivum cultivars, sometimes with little consideration for their particular genetic and physiological traits. The author hoped that the employment of current state-of-the-art sequencing technologies would enable revisiting the wheat microbiome's diversity to understand the wheat evolutionary history's significance better. This would provide the baseline information needed to develop microbiome-based breeding strategies for sustainable wheat farming.Plant Microbiome: Diversity, Functions, and Applications highlight the advances and progress in research on a great diversity of plant species globally. The rapid developments in omics technologies and bioinformatics analysis are continuing to evolve the microbiome science field forward. We can expect many more novel discoveries in the coming years featuring innovative experimentation and predictive analyses.The twelve articles comprising this special topic on KD: conceptualization and draft preparation. JK-K and SO: revision and modification. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


SRY gene. Cytogenetic analysis of skin fibroblasts revealed the presence of 78,XX cells exclusively, and PCR tests for the Y-linked SRY gene were negative in the hair and skin samples. These results are consistent with an XX/XY blood chimerism. This is one of the few case reports of a canine with the diagnosis of leukocyte chimerism with normal female phenotypic external genitalia. This case illustrates a distinct presentation for hormonally active Sertoli cell tumorigenesis and demonstrates surgery as a curative treatment option for clinically affected patients.A 10-year-old intact female Chinese Crested dog was presented for evaluation and further diagnostics due to persistent symptoms of vulvar swelling, vaginal discharge, and an 8-year history of acyclicity. At presentation, generalized hyperpigmentation and truncal alopecia were identified, with no aberrations of the female phenotype. Vaginal cytology confirmed the influence of estrogen at multiple veterinary visits, and hormonal screening of progesterone and anti-Mullerian hormone indicated gonadal presence. Based on findings from abdominal laparotomy and gonadectomy, the tissue was submitted for histopathology. Histopathologic evaluation identified the gonads to be abnormal testes containing multiple Sertoli and interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors. The histopathologic diagnosis of testes and concurrent normal external female phenotype in the patient lead to a diagnosis of a disorder of sexual development (DSD). Karyotype evaluation by conventional and molecular analysis revealed a two cell line chimeric pattern of 78,XX (80%) and 78,XY (20%) among blood leukocytes, as well as a positive PCR test for the Y-linked  The sexual determination of an individual animal begins at syngamy and continues through embryogenesis and organogenesis. The first step is establishment of the chromosomal sex and begins the differentiation process. Sexual differentiation continues in sequential order to gonadal and phenotypical differentiation throughout gestation as the fetus responds to the hormonal or molecular signaling for normal development , 2. In cA 10-year-old female intact powderpuff Chinese Crested was presented to the Theriogenology service at the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital (VMCVM) for a referral evaluation. The patient had a history of intermittent to persistent symptoms of vulvar swelling, opaque mucoid vaginal discharge, and increased attention from an intact male dog in the home beginning about 8 months prior. These clinical signs were intermittent for a total of 15 months but peaked on average every 6 months. Previously, the owner reported never noticing estrous cyclicity in the patient. The patient had been with her owner for about 8 years, with no documented ovariohysterectomy procedure performed. The only surgical history noted were hemilaminectomies  twice, and abdominal exploratory surgery with removal of a foreign body. At the time of the abdominal surgery no reproductive structures within the abdomen were noted by the surgeon nor scarring of the linea alba. There was also a progressive history of hyperpigmentation and truncal alopecia along the ventrum and hind limbs over the last 12 months, as reported by the owner.On presentation, the patient had vulvar swelling  as well On presentation for an abdominal exploratory surgery, a grade III out of VI heart murmur heard on both sides with equal intensity was noted which was not present on previous visits. An echocardiogram was performed, and the patient was diagnosed with myxomatous valvular degeneration (MMVD)-ACVIM stage B1 and cleared for surgery. Otherwise, her clinical signs were static from initial presentation to VMCVM.The following day, the patient was presented for an abdominal explore surgery. Two presumed gonadal structures were located near the level of the urinary bladder . These tHistopathologic evaluation revealed extremely irregular testicular tissue with distinct features . The tesin situ hybridization (FISH) was conducted from blood lymphocyte and primary skin fibroblast cultures as described elsewhere . An X-linked Androgen Receptor (AR) gene served as a positive PCR control with the following primers: F 5'- GCTACCTGGCTCTGGATGAG-3' and R 5'- AAGGAGTTGCATGGTTCCAG-3'; product size 266 bp  cells in the skin and hair.Karyotyping and molecular cytogenetic analysis of sex chromosomes by fluorescence lsewhere  5). Pri. Priin slsewhere  and arralsewhere . For sexlsewhere  and a diic probe . Genomice 266 bp . A totalAt time of publication, the patient is doing well clinically at home. Since recovering from gonadectomy, the patient's clinical symptoms have resolved. The patient's skin and coat changes reversed, and the patient has a normal powderpuff coat . At thisThis case report describes the diagnosis of a dog with a disorder of sexual development occurring at the gonadal level with no obvious external signs of the disorder. This patient can be classified as a 78,XX/78,XY blood chimera based on the genetic difference between blood leukocytes which contained both genetically female (XX) and male (XY) cells from skin fibroblasts and hair follicles which comprised of genetically female (XX) cells only . Based oIn the present study, genetic evaluation of the patient was conducted by karyotyping, FISH, and PCR which were appropriate and sufficient approaches to determine the genetic sex of cells in peripheral blood, skin fibroblasts, and hair follicles as well as for evaluating the ratio of XX and XY cells in blood. In a few previous studies, similar cases have been studied by genotyping for X- and Y-chromosome specific short tandem repeats (STRs), also known as microsatellite markers . While SDisorders of sexual development (DSD) may occur at any stage from syngamy through organogenesis –4. AccorSRY gene, must be upregulated to activate a cascade of other genes (SOX9) that trigger differentiation toward testis  and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary . This doOften in cases of testicular tumors in canines, there is a mixed cell population present. Such is the case for this patient who had multifocal interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors and intratubular Sertoli cell neoplasia present in both retained testes. Cryptorchidism is not a predisposing factor for interstitial (Leydig) cell neoplasm, which more likely was an incidental finding in this case, as it is not typically associated with the presenting clinical signs , 22. IntThis report documents the diagnosis, treatment and long term follow up of a dog with a disorder of sexual differentiation with mixed cell testicular neoplasia. This case highlights the variation in presentation for a disorder of sexual development and how clinical signs can present in older patients due to comorbidities.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.SRY analysis and results. All authors contributed to the final review. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.RS and NS contributed to writing the manuscript and literature review. KE assessed the gross and histopathologic findings. JC contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript, assisted with the surgery on the patient, and managed the clinical case. CC, MJ, and TR contributed to the cytogenetic and The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The hormonal system plays a decisive role in the control of plant growth and development. Alongside classical plant hormones , the hormonal function is now attributed to jasmonates, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids (BR). Plant hormones are capable of influencing vital processes, including plant growth and development, adaptation to the environment, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and productivity. Accordingly, plant hormones are attractive tools for biotechnology aimed at improving plant performance in line with human needs. The synthesis of plant hormones by rhizosphere microorganisms is the basis for their capacity to promote plant growth as well as for the application of their preparations in crop production. Still, the success of the use of plant hormones depends on the knowledge of the mechanisms of their action. Advances in the study of plant hormones include the discovery of their receptors and cascades of hormonal signal transduction, identification of their target genes and those controlling hormonal metabolism and signaling, revealing cross-talk between hormones and their interaction with calcium, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen oxide signaling.The scope of this Special Issue is to provide a broad and updated overview on original research and review articles focused on the implication of plant hormones in plant growth and development, their adaptation to the environment and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses , cross-talk between plant hormones and their interaction with other signaling systems, and the importance of hormones for plant growth promotion by soil microorganisms.Arabidopsis nuclear genes encoding plastid RNA polymerase-associated proteins (PAPs). CKs are known to regulate the biogenesis of chloroplasts, although, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The mechanisms include the influence of nuclear genes on the expression of plastome. In this study, the authors demonstrated that CK induced the expression of twelve Arabidopsis PAP genes. The disruption of the genes in pap1 and pap6 mutants led to the abolishment of positive CK effect on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid transcription. However, the CK regulatory circuit in the mutants remained practically unperturbed. The knock-out of PAP genes resulted in cytokinin overproduction as a consequence of the up-regulation of the genes for CK synthesis.The article of Andreeva et al.  reports One further article published in this issue addresses cytokinins . It demoThe article of Adeyemi et al.  extends The article of Hluska et al.  proposedRhodococcus sp. P1Y which was shown previously to assimilate ABA, thereby affecting its concentrations in plant roots. They identified the product of ABA decomposition by this bacterium as dehydrovomifoliol using different physico-chemical approaches. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the pathway of bacterial degradation and assimilation of ABA begins with a gradual shortening of the acyl part of the molecule.The next  article +/K+, nutrients, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inducing antioxidant defense in addition to elevating the assimilation of nitrates and sulfates. The review provides a comprehensive update on the prospects of ethylene signaling and its cross-talk with other phytohormones to regulate salinity stress tolerance in plants.The remaining seven articles in this issue are devoted to the role of hormones in plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The review in  exploredjai1. In addition, it was found that changes in hydrogen peroxide content, proteasomal activity, and lipid peroxidation are regulated by JA, while nitric oxide was not involved in ER stress and UPR signalling in leaves of tomato.The next article reports on the involvement of jasmonic acid in the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggered by disturbance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) in tomato plants . The artOnobrychis viciifolia to extreme environmental conditions in the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau (QTP) as revealed by transcriptome analysis. Unlike most transcriptome studies performed in model experiments, the investigation was carried out under natural conditions. The research uncovered the up-regulation of genes potentially leading to changes in hormone homeostasis and signaling, particularly abscisic acid-related ones. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study represent candidate targets for improving the stress resistance of O. viciifolia grown in higher altitudes of the QTP, and can provide deep insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of this plant species to extreme environmental conditions.The article of Jin et al.  demonstrAzospirillum brasilense Sp245 or Ochrobactrum cytisi IPA7.2. The growth and hormone content of the plants were evaluated under stress-free conditions and under a water deficit imposed with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). Inoculation with either bacterium promoted growth in terms of leaf mass accumulation. The effects were associated with increased concentrations of auxin and cytokinin hormones in the leaves and stems and with the suppression of an increase in the leaf abscisic acid that PEG treatment otherwise promoted in the potato microplants. O. cytisi had a greater growth-stimulating effect than A. brasilense on stressed plants, while A. brasilense Sp245 was more effective in unstressed plants.Arkhipova et al.  reportedIn the next paper , the autThe root system is a prime responder to stress conditions in soil. Adventitious roots (AR) and lateral roots (LR) formation is affected by soil pollution, causing substantial root architecture changes. It is known that stress hormones such as jasmonates (Jas), ethylene (ET) and brassinosteroids (BRs) can regulate the division rate of cells in root meristems. The next article  presentsStagonospora nodorum in response to their infection with fungal isolates, whose virulence depends on the presence of the necrotrophic effector SnTox3. Wheat susceptibility was shown to develop due to the decreased content of active cytokinins brought about by SnTox3-mediated activation of the ethylene signaling pathway. Exogenous zeatin enhanced wheat resistance against S. nodorum by inhibiting the ethylene signaling pathway and via the up-regulation of SA-dependent genes, while ethylene inhibited the triggering of the SA-dependent resistance mechanism, at least in part, by suppressing the cytokinin signaling pathway.Crosstalk between ethylene and cytokinins has not been sufficiently studied as an aspect of plant immunity and was addressed in the present research . The autNitric oxide (NO) is known to be involved in mediating hormonal signaling. The article of Gautam et al.  describe


The findings in epidemiological studies suggest that endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) is associated with obesity. However, evidence from gene expression data for the relationship between the two is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to explore the merits of establishing an obesity-related genes (ORGs) signature in the treatment and the prognostic assessment of EEC.Microarray data from GSE112307 were utilized to identify ORGs by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Based on the sequencing data from TCGA, we established the prognostic ORGs signature, confirmed its value as an independent risk factor, and constructed a nomogram. We further investigated the association between grouping based on ORGs signature and clinicopathological characteristics, immune infiltration, tumor mutation burden and drug sensitivity.P < 0.001). The results of the Cox regression analysis showed that ORGs score was an independent risk factor for OS in EEC patients . We further revealed significant disparities between scoring groups in terms of clinical characteristics, tumor immune cell infiltration, and tumor mutation burden. Patients in the low-scoring group may be potential beneficiaries of immunotherapy and targeted therapies.A total of 10 ORGs were identified as key genes for the construction of the signature. According to the ORGs score computed from the signature, EEC patients were divided into high and low-scoring groups. Overall survival (OS) was shorter in EEC patients in the high-scoring group compared with the low-scoring group (The ORGs signature established in this study has promising prognostic predictive power and may be a useful tool for the selection of EEC patients who benefit from immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent tumor in the female genital system, and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing . DespiteObesity is a growing hazard attracting tremendous attention. Meanwhile, its association with EC and the impact of weight loss on the prevention and prognosis of EC have been the focus of gynecologic oncologists and patients . The resThis study focused on endometrioid EC (EEC), the pathological subtype that is more strongly associated with obesity . ObesitySeries GSE112307 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was utilized to identify ORGs . Microarβ was then selected based on correlation coefficients to build the matrix and evaluate the correlation of gene expression patterns. On the basis of this, gene hierarchical and module clustering was performed to determine the correlation between gene modules and obesity based on the eigenvalues of the gene modules and the obesity or not of the samples. We then performed functional enrichment analysis and visualization of gene modules highly associated with obesity, using the clusterProfiler, org.Hs.eg.db and enrichplot R packages.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) is an algorithm that explores the relationship between expression and phenotype data based on correlation coefficients . In thisThe samples of EEC are divided, half for the training cohort and half for the test cohort. ORGs associated with the prognosis of EEC patients were screened by univariate Cox regression in the training cohort. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to further select variables and avoid model overfitting. Finally, a prognostic ORGs signature was established using stepwise multivariate Cox regression. ORGs score was calculated for each sample according to the following equation: We performed Cox regression analysis to elucidate whether ORGs score was independent of other relatively complete clinicopathological characteristics  and visualized as forest plots. In addition, we examined the predictive power of ORGs signature in different clinical subgroups. We integrated the available clinical information to develop a nomogram using regplot, rms and survivor R packages. The accuracy of the nomogram was assessed using calibration curves.Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to assess the infiltration and function of immune cells. We then investigated the differences in immune checkpoint gene expression between ORGs groups. Immune and stromal infiltration in the tumor microenvironment was evaluated in two groups based on the ESTIMATE algorithm .Somatic mutation data from TCGA were collated and analyzed using the maftools R package. The 15 genes with the highest tumor mutation frequency (TMF) in each ORGs group were visualized by waterfall plots. The tumor mutation burden (TMB) was calculated for each sample. After establishing subgroups based on median TMB, we compared the survival differences between TMB groups and confirmed the prognostic value of ORGs groups in TMB subgroups. The cBioPortalData R package was applied to download data about the microsatellite instability (MSI) status of EEC patients. Whereafter, differences in MSI status in ORGs groups, differences in ORGs score in MSI subgroups, and differences in prognosis were analyzed.The oncopredict R package was implemented to predict drug response in ORGs groups . Half maP < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The entire analysis was implemented using R (version 4.0.3). Cox regression and survival analyses were performed by the survivor and survminer R packages. The pheatmap R package was used to draw heat maps. Wilcoxon rank sum test was applied to test the discrepancies between quantitative data. We applied Pearson correlation analysis to calculate the correlation coefficients. The flow plot of this study was summarized in P < 0.001, P = 0.003, A total of 399 cases from the TCGA database were included in this study and were equally divided into training and test groups. Univariate regression analysis of ORGs combined with transcriptomic data and clinical data showed that a total of 36 ORGs were significantly associated with prognosis in EEC patients  that promote colorectal cancer metastasis  activate the immune system to kill tumors by relieving T-cell suppression through binding to their targets . Based oConsidering the promising results of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in the maintenance treatment of ovarian cancer, numerous studies have converged on the possibility of PARPi application in the treatment of EC , 31. TheThere are unavoidable limitations to this study. The data used to construct and validate the model were obtained from retrospective public databases and the conclusions of this study should be further validated by prospective data. In addition, the hypotheses established based on the results of immune, mutation and drug sensitivity analyses need to be further confirmed by functional experiments.In the present study, the ORGs signature was established and analyzed in terms of clinical characteristics, mutation data, immune correlation and drug sensitivity, which found new biomarkers for exploring the underlying mechanisms of obesity and EEC and provided new insights into the precise treatment of EEC patients.