RNytwjotKWk-00000-00001203-00001872 Buying a car: what it really costs with finance charges. RNytwjotKWk-00001-00001888-00002476 There's a lot to know when buying a car. you will learn how to calculate monthly RNytwjotKWk-00002-00002476-00003082 payments and how to understand finance charges in the annual percentage rate or RNytwjotKWk-00003-00003082-00003321 APR. RNytwjotKWk-00004-00003422-00003956 So you've decided to buy a new car. you don't have enough cash to buy that car RNytwjotKWk-00005-00003956-00004364 so you know you will need to borrow money to do so. RNytwjotKWk-00006-00004364-00004920 anytime you borrow money to buy a car. you will have to pay finance charges on RNytwjotKWk-00007-00004920-00005498 that money. the more money put down on the car, the less the loan will be. a RNytwjotKWk-00008-00005498-00006009 money wise decision would be to save as much as possible to put towards RNytwjotKWk-00009-00006009-00006429 purchasing a new car thus your loan would be smaller and you RNytwjotKWk-00010-00006429-00006952 would pay less in finance charges. it is important to know your rights as a RNytwjotKWk-00011-00006952-00007456 consumer the truth-in-lending law states that car RNytwjotKWk-00012-00007456-00007998 dealers who lend money must tell the borrower's the amount or rate of the RNytwjotKWk-00013-00007998-00008652 finance charges. this rate is called the annual percentage rate RNytwjotKWk-00014-00008658-00009177 the annual percentage rate is already figured into monthly payments and the RNytwjotKWk-00015-00009177-00009449 down payment RNytwjotKWk-00016-00009481-00010070 so let's consider a few cars the first car you decide to look at is a RNytwjotKWk-00017-00010070-00010330 new sedan. RNytwjotKWk-00018-00010378-00011158 the monthly payment is 225 dollars for 60 months with $2,500 down the tax and RNytwjotKWk-00019-00011158-00011578 registration fee would be five hundred and seventy three dollars and sixty RNytwjotKWk-00020-00011578-00012268 cents and the APR is twelve point ten percent given that information you can RNytwjotKWk-00021-00012268-00012885 figure out the total cost of the car if you take out the loan for 60 months RNytwjotKWk-00022-00012900-00013234 car dealers will often give a customer a reduced price RNytwjotKWk-00023-00013234-00013910 if the buyer pays cash for the car for this sedan if you paid cash with no RNytwjotKWk-00024-00013910-00014375 loan you could buy this car for twelve thousand five hundred and ninety five RNytwjotKWk-00025-00014375-00015127 dollars plus tax and registration so the car if paid for with cash would cost RNytwjotKWk-00026-00015127-00015687 $13,168.60 RNytwjotKWk-00027-00015687-00016020 Now that you know the price of the car RNytwjotKWk-00028-00016020-00016584 if you paid cash and the price if you took out a 60 month loan, you can easily RNytwjotKWk-00029-00016584-00017115 calculate what you are paying for the loan. subtract the smaller price from the RNytwjotKWk-00030-00017115-00017661 larger one your answer will be the cost of the loan RNytwjotKWk-00031-00017697-00018344 so the interest cost is three thousand four hundred and five dollars RNytwjotKWk-00032-00018386-00018958 you decide to look at one more car this time you're considering a sports car RNytwjotKWk-00033-00018958-00019748 this car is 255 dollars per month for 60 months with $3,000 down the tax and RNytwjotKWk-00034-00019748-00020141 registration fee would be five hundred and seventy three dollars and sixty RNytwjotKWk-00035-00020141-00020731 cents and the APR is twelve point ten percent knowing this information RNytwjotKWk-00036-00020731-00021239 calculate the total cost of the car. if you choose to take out the sixty month RNytwjotKWk-00037-00021239-00021812 loan, the sports car would cost 14,500 dollars RNytwjotKWk-00038-00021812-00022409 plus tax and registration. if you paid cash for the car figure out what the RNytwjotKWk-00039-00022409-00022798 loan is costing you for this car. RNytwjotKWk-00040-00023184-00023740 You have now completed the learning object, buying a car: what it really costs RNytwjotKWk-00041-00023740-00024478 with finance charges. RNIGy2BlAsQ-00000-00001604-00002004 Good evening, Mr. Honeydew RNIGy2BlAsQ-00001-00002332-00002553 You're on in five, Mr. Honeydew RNIGy2BlAsQ-00002-00003664-00003875 And now the main event RNIGy2BlAsQ-00003-00003875-00004142 Please welcome to the stage RNIGy2BlAsQ-00005-00007004-00007227 Meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00006-00007227-00007585 Meow meow meow meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00007-00007585-00007856 Meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00008-00007856-00008136 Meow meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00009-00008136-00008335 Meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00010-00008335-00008530 Meow meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00011-00008530-00008712 Meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00012-00009810-00010010 Meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00013-00010010-00010354 Meow meow meow meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00014-00010354-00010589 Meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00015-00010589-00010894 Meow meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00016-00010894-00011120 Meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00017-00011120-00011301 Meow meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00018-00011301-00011535 Meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00019-00011707-00011882 Meow meow meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00020-00011882-00012078 Meow meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00021-00012332-00012451 Meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00022-00012451-00012632 Meow meow RNIGy2BlAsQ-00023-00012886-00013086 (Applause) RpCrFqn7clA-00000-00001142-00001520 Hey, everyone, this talk is about programming from an alternate timeline. RpCrFqn7clA-00001-00001520-00001639 So first, some background. RpCrFqn7clA-00002-00001639-00001884 I’m Matt Dockrey, also known as Fish. RpCrFqn7clA-00003-00001884-00002253 In my day job I work on software that controls industrial measuring systems. RpCrFqn7clA-00004-00002253-00002616 Otherwise I’m a metalworker and a kinetic sculptor who’s been doing a lot of public RpCrFqn7clA-00005-00002616-00002859 art installations over the last few years. RpCrFqn7clA-00006-00002859-00003198 But computers were my first passion, and I certainly still love making them do weird RpCrFqn7clA-00007-00003198-00003297 things. RpCrFqn7clA-00008-00003297-00003771 So, I've recently been reading a bunch of primary documents in the history of math. RpCrFqn7clA-00009-00003771-00004169 And one of the things his quickly teaches you is that we’re very lucky to have notational RpCrFqn7clA-00010-00004169-00004397 systems as standardized as they are today. RpCrFqn7clA-00011-00004397-00004857 As a programmer, I was particularly interested in tracing the development of logical notation. RpCrFqn7clA-00012-00004857-00005354 It’s Boolean logic, so maybe it goes all the way back to George Boole himself? RpCrFqn7clA-00013-00005354-00005468 Not really. RpCrFqn7clA-00014-00005468-00005763 The notation in his works is explicitly algebraic. RpCrFqn7clA-00015-00005763-00006243 He's really developing a concept of set theory and probability more than mathematical logic. RpCrFqn7clA-00016-00006243-00006695 He uses multiplication to mean both logical AND as well as set intersection. RpCrFqn7clA-00017-00006695-00006954 Addition is set union and so on. RpCrFqn7clA-00018-00006954-00007361 One of the first things he derives from this is his “Fundamental law of thought”. RpCrFqn7clA-00019-00007361-00008025 If x and y are identical, then x times y equals x, which is the same as x squared equals x. RpCrFqn7clA-00020-00008025-00008536 The only solutions to this are x = 1 and x = 0, which he interprets as “everything” RpCrFqn7clA-00021-00008536-00008636 and “nothing”. RpCrFqn7clA-00022-00008636-00009088 I can’t say I’m quite sure if I agree with his proof, but given how zero equals RpCrFqn7clA-00023-00009088-00009529 false and one equals true dominates our lives today, he does seem to have stumbled into RpCrFqn7clA-00024-00009529-00009690 something important. RpCrFqn7clA-00025-00009690-00010083 Skipping over the rest of the 19th century for a moment, the next work which dominates RpCrFqn7clA-00026-00010083-00010500 the logical landscape is Russel and Whitehead’s Principia Mathematica. RpCrFqn7clA-00027-00010500-00010982 This is an infamously complex and lengthy work, more influential in concept than in RpCrFqn7clA-00028-00010982-00011308 practice, but it’s also important for helping solidify notation. RpCrFqn7clA-00029-00011308-00011825 It rejects parentheses for grouping, howpever, instead using a tiered system of dots. RpCrFqn7clA-00030-00011825-00012247 But a lot happened between these two, including a glorious system that is almost entirely RpCrFqn7clA-00031-00012247-00012507 forgotten today. RpCrFqn7clA-00032-00012507-00012975 In 1879 Gottlob Frege published his Begriffsschrift, or “concept writing”. RpCrFqn7clA-00033-00012975-00013390 This was one of the first stabs at trying to derive basic mathematical concepts from RpCrFqn7clA-00034-00013390-00013670 logic, and in that sense it was immensely influential. RpCrFqn7clA-00035-00013670-00014097 It was also an almost complete break from any notational system that came before or RpCrFqn7clA-00036-00014097-00014231 after it. RpCrFqn7clA-00037-00014231-00014696 Often described as a flowchart or being “two dimensional”, it really is worth studying RpCrFqn7clA-00038-00014696-00015169 even if you have no interest in logicism or mathematical philosophy. RpCrFqn7clA-00039-00015169-00015601 He describes “judgments” which are either “affirmed” or “denied”. RpCrFqn7clA-00040-00015601-00016040 If a statement is a judgment it is preceded by this thick vertical line, which shows it RpCrFqn7clA-00041-00016040-00016279 to be something known to be affirmed. RpCrFqn7clA-00042-00016279-00016743 Without this stroke, it is a “mere combination of ideas” to be considered. RpCrFqn7clA-00043-00016743-00017144 Everything connected to the horizontal line is included as part of this judgment. RpCrFqn7clA-00044-00017144-00017576 Expressions can be negated using this symbol, the only part of his system that was adopted RpCrFqn7clA-00045-00017576-00017698 elsewhere. RpCrFqn7clA-00046-00017698-00018056 He also has “letters” which represent a value or a judgement. RpCrFqn7clA-00047-00018056-00018309 They’re basic variables except they’re not variable. RpCrFqn7clA-00048-00018309-00018551 Okay, now into the fun stuff. RpCrFqn7clA-00049-00018551-00018698 This is “conditionality”. RpCrFqn7clA-00050-00018698-00019174 To define it he sets out a truth table and says this symbol “stands for the judgment RpCrFqn7clA-00051-00019174-00019568 that the third of these possibilities does not take place, but one of the other three RpCrFqn7clA-00052-00019568-00019705 does.” RpCrFqn7clA-00053-00019705-00020120 While not otherwise naming it as such, he is describing the logical operator of implication RpCrFqn7clA-00054-00020120-00020220 here. RpCrFqn7clA-00055-00020220-00020578 While this is sometimes written as “If B then A”, it’s important to note that it RpCrFqn7clA-00056-00020578-00020859 is not the same thing as an if statement. RpCrFqn7clA-00057-00020859-00021148 Implication is only false if B is true but A is not. RpCrFqn7clA-00058-00021148-00021606 If B is false, the truth value of the operation is always true. RpCrFqn7clA-00059-00021606-00021948 That is, a false statement logically implies everything. RpCrFqn7clA-00060-00021948-00022245 Consider the statement "if it is raining, then I am wet". RpCrFqn7clA-00061-00022245-00022633 It only deals with the situation where it is raining, in which case I must be wet for RpCrFqn7clA-00062-00022633-00022798 the statement to be true. RpCrFqn7clA-00063-00022798-00023076 If it isn't raining, however, it has nothing to say. RpCrFqn7clA-00064-00023076-00023387 Maybe I'm dry, and maybe someone just dumped a bucket over my head. RpCrFqn7clA-00065-00023387-00023627 In either case the original statement is still true. RpCrFqn7clA-00066-00023627-00024102 I find it best to think of implication in modern terms of NOT-B OR A to keep from getting RpCrFqn7clA-00067-00024102-00024212 confused. RpCrFqn7clA-00068-00024212-00024688 Like all early logicians, this was his only logical operator beyond simple negation. RpCrFqn7clA-00069-00024688-00025116 And that works fine, you can formulate any statement you want with just those two. RpCrFqn7clA-00070-00025116-00025401 But it does seem deeply clumsy to the modern reader. RpCrFqn7clA-00071-00025401-00025756 This is one of the things that struck me most deeply when learning the early history. RpCrFqn7clA-00072-00025756-00026088 Good old AND and OR aren’t that old! RpCrFqn7clA-00073-00026088-00026614 Mathematical logic developed out of philosophical logic, and that meant Aristotelean syllogisms. RpCrFqn7clA-00074-00026614-00027026 For a long time, all they were trying to do was form a rigorous version of “1. RpCrFqn7clA-00075-00027026-00027126 All men are mortal. RpCrFqn7clA-00076-00027126-00027226 2. RpCrFqn7clA-00077-00027226-00027326 Socrates is a man. RpCrFqn7clA-00078-00027326-00027426 3. RpCrFqn7clA-00079-00027426-00027526 Therefore, Socrates is mortal.” RpCrFqn7clA-00080-00027526-00027856 It wasn't until mathematical logic started to be explored for its own sake that the greater RpCrFqn7clA-00081-00027856-00028208 expressiveness of AND and OR came to be appreciated. RpCrFqn7clA-00082-00028208-00028411 There was also the “generality”. RpCrFqn7clA-00083-00028411-00028861 In Frege’s words, “this stands for the judgment that, whatever we make take for its RpCrFqn7clA-00084-00028861-00029116 argument, the function is a fact.” RpCrFqn7clA-00085-00029116-00029639 This works exactly like the “universal quantifier” or “turned A” notation of predicate calculus. RpCrFqn7clA-00086-00029639-00030022 They’re both nothing more than a formal way to write Aristotle’s “all men are RpCrFqn7clA-00087-00030022-00030145 mortal”. RpCrFqn7clA-00088-00030145-00030606 There isn’t, as you might be expecting, an existential quantifier, such as the backward RpCrFqn7clA-00089-00030606-00030811 E of predicate calculus. RpCrFqn7clA-00090-00030811-00031177 This isn’t strictly needed, as it can be phrased in terms Frege has defined. RpCrFqn7clA-00091-00031177-00031695 To say “there is an immortal frog” is the same as saying “it is not true that RpCrFqn7clA-00092-00031695-00031995 for all frogs f, f is not immortal”. RpCrFqn7clA-00093-00031995-00032199 This lack was common for Frege’s era. RpCrFqn7clA-00094-00032199-00032547 The existential quantifier was another bit of syntactic sugar that took a while to be RpCrFqn7clA-00095-00032547-00032834 considered as a basic operator in its own right. RpCrFqn7clA-00096-00032834-00033213 The Begriffsschrift goes on to develop other terminology in terms of the above, but those RpCrFqn7clA-00097-00033213-00033369 are the basics. RpCrFqn7clA-00098-00033369-00033786 And reading it, while struggling through the interpretation, I couldn’t help but feel RpCrFqn7clA-00099-00033786-00034122 a bit sad that this amazing notation had never been picked up by other mathematicians. RpCrFqn7clA-00100-00034122-00034584 What if Russel and/or Whitehead had used it to write the Principia? RpCrFqn7clA-00101-00034584-00035016 What if Turing had used it when outlining the next 50 years of computer science? RpCrFqn7clA-00102-00035016-00035212 What would programming look like in that world? RpCrFqn7clA-00103-00035212-00035441 I decided I had to find out. RpCrFqn7clA-00104-00035441-00035752 The end result is Gottlob, my esoteric programming language. RpCrFqn7clA-00105-00035752-00036112 It is implemented in Javascript so it can be run in any browser. RpCrFqn7clA-00106-00036112-00036481 This was kind of a cheat, since it meant I didn’t have to write a lexer/parser -- and RpCrFqn7clA-00107-00036481-00036755 I really love writing lexer/parsers! RpCrFqn7clA-00108-00036755-00037105 But since it was alway going to need a custom editor for the notation, so I thought it was RpCrFqn7clA-00109-00037105-00037533 best to keep it as accessible for people as possible. RpCrFqn7clA-00110-00037533-00037957 Just like there isn’t a 1-to-1 mapping between mathematical notation and real programming RpCrFqn7clA-00111-00037957-00038424 languages, Frege’s system had to be adapted to turn it into somthing that can do things RpCrFqn7clA-00112-00038424-00038578 instead of just proving them. RpCrFqn7clA-00113-00038578-00038934 I made the letters be actually variable, for instance. RpCrFqn7clA-00114-00038934-00039334 Following his example, these are always single characters, typeset in Fraktur. RpCrFqn7clA-00115-00039334-00039598 They must be declared using the judgment stroke. RpCrFqn7clA-00116-00039598-00039974 Also following his example, functions are typically named as Greek letters, but this RpCrFqn7clA-00117-00039974-00040078 isn’t enforced. RpCrFqn7clA-00118-00040078-00040508 The namespace of Greek letters is limited enough that all the built-in utility functions RpCrFqn7clA-00119-00040508-00040775 are given normal English names. RpCrFqn7clA-00120-00040775-00041137 Conditionalities remained more or less the same, just interpreted in a functional context. RpCrFqn7clA-00121-00041137-00041588 B is evaluated, and only if it is affirmed is A evaluated. RpCrFqn7clA-00122-00041588-00042016 The entire thing remains a logical operator, however, whose judgment is always affirmed RpCrFqn7clA-00123-00042016-00042328 unless B is affirmed and A is denied. RpCrFqn7clA-00124-00042328-00042588 Generalities were obviously destined to become a loop operator. RpCrFqn7clA-00125-00042588-00042956 However, they couldn’t actually be universal quantifiers. RpCrFqn7clA-00126-00042956-00043347 Forcing for statements to loop over all the integers would present both implementation RpCrFqn7clA-00127-00043347-00043559 and application difficulties. RpCrFqn7clA-00128-00043559-00044071 In Gottlob the quantifier statement uses the pre-existing value of a and loops over every RpCrFqn7clA-00129-00044071-00044615 component, if it’s an array, or from 1 up to and including its value, if it’s an integer. RpCrFqn7clA-00130-00044615-00045005 Like conditionalities, the generality remains a logical operator. RpCrFqn7clA-00131-00045005-00045522 Its judgment is affirmed if and only if phi(a) is affirmed for each and every value of a. RpCrFqn7clA-00132-00045522-00045983 I also added a “matrix generality”, which instead of returning a judgement returns an RpCrFqn7clA-00133-00045983-00046352 array made up of the return value of every iteration. RpCrFqn7clA-00134-00046352-00046747 This was a complete fabrication on my part, but it proved useful and seemed true to the RpCrFqn7clA-00135-00046747-00047059 spirit of the alternate timeline I was trying to channel. RpCrFqn7clA-00136-00047059-00047531 The rest is more or less a standard programming language that uses standard mathematical notation RpCrFqn7clA-00137-00047531-00047693 wherever possible. RpCrFqn7clA-00138-00047693-00048086 The editor allows direct editing of any part of the program, with statements being entered RpCrFqn7clA-00139-00048086-00048437 either from the menu on the left or via keyboard shortcuts. RpCrFqn7clA-00140-00048437-00048828 Basic arithmetical operations are entered as Javascript, just to keep it simple. RpCrFqn7clA-00141-00048828-00048994 So what can you do with it? RpCrFqn7clA-00142-00048994-00049313 Here is a simple Sieve of Eratosthenes prime number function. RpCrFqn7clA-00143-00049313-00049797 The original value is saved in a letter C, which a generality then loops over. RpCrFqn7clA-00144-00049797-00050331 So for every number less or equal to A, the conditionalities must be affirmed if they RpCrFqn7clA-00145-00050331-00050822 are 1 or A itself, as those branches evaluate to denied and conditionalities are always RpCrFqn7clA-00146-00050822-00051050 affirmed if that branch is denied. RpCrFqn7clA-00147-00051050-00051569 So that just leaves the check to see if the value c does not divide evenly into A. If RpCrFqn7clA-00148-00051569-00051939 it doesn’t for all values of C, then A must be a prime. RpCrFqn7clA-00149-00051939-00052139 This is the classic Gregorian leap year calculator. RpCrFqn7clA-00150-00052139-00052760 A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 unless it is divisible by 100 unless it RpCrFqn7clA-00151-00052760-00053008 is also divisible by 400. RpCrFqn7clA-00152-00053008-00053273 This is compactly phrased in Gottlob as such. RpCrFqn7clA-00153-00053273-00053479 Which makes sense, if you pick it apart. RpCrFqn7clA-00154-00053479-00053858 The inner conditionality will only be denied in the situation when the year is divisible RpCrFqn7clA-00155-00053858-00054085 by 4 but not by 100. RpCrFqn7clA-00156-00054085-00054572 Thus the outer conditionality will be denied when the year is not divisible by 4, and also RpCrFqn7clA-00157-00054572-00054869 when divisible by 100 but not by 400. RpCrFqn7clA-00158-00054869-00055025 So what did I learn from all this? RpCrFqn7clA-00159-00055025-00055433 Well, I appreciate the link between classical logic and modern logic and programming languages RpCrFqn7clA-00160-00055433-00055602 a lot more now. RpCrFqn7clA-00161-00055602-00055967 Like a lot of science and math, that all tends to get taught in a very ahistorical way, and RpCrFqn7clA-00162-00055967-00056172 I wish I had learned about that connections earlier. RpCrFqn7clA-00163-00056172-00056655 And I definitely appreciate modern notation a lot more now, particularly the dominance RpCrFqn7clA-00164-00056655-00056849 of AND and OR over IMPLIES. RpCrFqn7clA-00165-00056849-00057255 I’m sure I’d get more comfortable with it if I used it all the time, but even after RpCrFqn7clA-00166-00057255-00057566 playing around all this time I do still find it fairly unintuitive. RpCrFqn7clA-00167-00057566-00058014 Discovering simplifications like that is an unsung glory of mathematical formalization. RpCrFqn7clA-00168-00058014-00058451 It’s easy to dismiss that as an academic thing, but writing things down in abstract RpCrFqn7clA-00169-00058451-00058751 notation can lead you to important discoveries. RpCrFqn7clA-00170-00058751-00059117 People had been working with classical syllogisms for literally two thousand years and they RpCrFqn7clA-00171-00059117-00059552 never noticed how much more simple it would be with AND and OR, but within decades of RpCrFqn7clA-00172-00059552-00059857 Boole’s first attempt those started to emerge. RpCrFqn7clA-00173-00059857-00060425 So, abstract notation can free you from assumptions you didn’t even know you had. RpCrFqn7clA-00174-00060425-00060492 Thank you. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00000-00000042-00000252 Elon Musk's Plans For The Future! RQ_oUA7b_6I-00001-00000252-00000732 Elon has his fingers in every pie, but which of his schemes RQ_oUA7b_6I-00002-00000732-00001242 will forever change our world? Despite his accomplishments, Musk is not one to RQ_oUA7b_6I-00003-00001242-00001764 rest on his laurels. And he has even bigger plans for the world in the coming years. So, RQ_oUA7b_6I-00004-00001764-00002172 what are Elon Musk's most daring future plans? Let’s take a look. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00005-00002172-00002406 Number 05 - Life on Mars RQ_oUA7b_6I-00006-00002406-00003006 No Earthling had ever set foot on Mars. Musk, on the other hand, intends to change that, RQ_oUA7b_6I-00007-00003006-00003558 and he intends to do so soon. SpaceX has already started developing a rocket to RQ_oUA7b_6I-00008-00003558-00004074 transport humans to the planet, which we have only recently begun to explore with machines. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00009-00004074-00004548 Humans have speculated for decades about whether we could live on Mars. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00010-00004548-00004830 The question of whether it is feasible is another. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00011-00004830-00005442 While the day/night cycle is similar to that of Earth, the terrain is likely too harsh for people RQ_oUA7b_6I-00012-00005442-00006036 to live outside of specially designed pods. It's also worth noting that nighttime temperatures on RQ_oUA7b_6I-00013-00006036-00006672 Mars can fall below -60o C, which is the average annual temperature in parts of Antarctica. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00014-00006672-00006906 Number 04 - Brain Technology RQ_oUA7b_6I-00015-00006906-00007452 Humankind has always been curious about what exists in the Solar System and beyond, RQ_oUA7b_6I-00016-00007452-00007914 and we have also been curious about how our bodies work. Some people have RQ_oUA7b_6I-00017-00007914-00008280 already implanted chips into their skin, and the brain could be next. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00018-00008280-00008754 Musk founded Neuralink in 2016 and has since developed a device that RQ_oUA7b_6I-00019-00008754-00009072 will allow people with spinal cord injuries to communicate RQ_oUA7b_6I-00020-00009072-00009450 with the technology we use every day. According to the company's website: RQ_oUA7b_6I-00021-00009450-00010020 "As a first application of this technology, we intend to assist people with severe spinal RQ_oUA7b_6I-00022-00010020-00010500 cord injury by allowing them to control computers and mobile devices directly RQ_oUA7b_6I-00023-00010500-00011010 with their brains." To begin, we would record neural activity in the brain's movement areas. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00024-00011010-00011568 "As users consider moving their arms or hands, we decode those intentions and send them over RQ_oUA7b_6I-00025-00011568-00012108 Bluetooth to the user's computer." Users would first learn to use a virtual mouse." RQ_oUA7b_6I-00026-00012108-00012624 Neuralink may also be made available to people suffering from other brain-related issues, RQ_oUA7b_6I-00027-00012624-00013013 with the potential to one day be used by healthy people as well. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00028-00013013-00013547 A surgeon will implant the Neuralink technology into the brain of a patient. The company has RQ_oUA7b_6I-00029-00013547-00014022 received hundreds of millions of dollars in funding, but human testing has not yet begun. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00030-00014022-00014202 Number 03 - Sustainability RQ_oUA7b_6I-00031-00014202-00014694 The debate over climate change has intensified in recent years. Musk RQ_oUA7b_6I-00032-00014694-00015041 has been a vocal supporter of sustainability and aspires to RQ_oUA7b_6I-00033-00015041-00015522 a more environmentally friendly future in a variety of ways. It's not unusual to see RQ_oUA7b_6I-00034-00015522-00015972 a Tesla vehicle on the road these days, but Musk's ambitions extend beyond that. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00035-00015972-00016392 Because of climate-related concerns, the company stated that it would not RQ_oUA7b_6I-00036-00016392-00016794 accept Bitcoin payments, and Musk stated on Twitter that Tesla was RQ_oUA7b_6I-00037-00016794-00017232 considering accepting more sustainable cryptocurrencies. Musk has also donated RQ_oUA7b_6I-00038-00017232-00017586 hundreds of millions of dollars to climate-change-related causes. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00039-00017586-00017808 Number 02 - Bot Besties RQ_oUA7b_6I-00040-00017808-00018384 Musk announced that he was moving Tesla's "AI Day" from August to September in order RQ_oUA7b_6I-00041-00018384-00018834 to unveil his Optimus bot. Many Twitter users were taken aback by the news, RQ_oUA7b_6I-00042-00018834-00019266 given Musk's previous prediction that the robot would be ready in 2023. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00043-00019266-00019830 Optimus is an unreleased product that is being developed to serve as a general-purpose robot RQ_oUA7b_6I-00044-00019830-00020172 capable of performing everyday tasks such as grocery shopping. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00045-00020172-00020652 Musk has stated that the Tesla bot is "meant to be friendly." It will RQ_oUA7b_6I-00046-00020652-00021222 be 5 feet 8 inches tall and weigh a reasonable 125 pounds. Optimus will RQ_oUA7b_6I-00047-00021222-00021642 be outfitted with a variety of cameras, sensors, and self-driving software. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00048-00021642-00022254 The "friendly" bot will be able to carry up to 45 pounds and travel at speeds of up to 5 miles RQ_oUA7b_6I-00049-00022254-00022704 per hour. To be safe, the billionaire has assured that the humanoid will be RQ_oUA7b_6I-00050-00022704-00023340 set at mechanical and physical levels that allow humans to easily run away from and overpower it. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00051-00023340-00023880 Number 01 - Elon Musk Is Set To Revolutionize The World Even More Than He Already Has RQ_oUA7b_6I-00052-00023880-00024180 It's sometimes difficult to comprehend how Musk RQ_oUA7b_6I-00053-00024180-00024624 manages to work on so many ambitious projects. But at the heart of it all, RQ_oUA7b_6I-00054-00024624-00025158 we see someone who is curious about life and genuinely wants to leave a positive legacy. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00055-00025158-00025650 As we have seen on numerous occasions, the CEO of multiple companies is clearly RQ_oUA7b_6I-00056-00025650-00026082 not afraid to adopt a vision and work tirelessly toward achieving it. And RQ_oUA7b_6I-00057-00026082-00026483 we're excited to see what happens after these projects are completed. RQ_oUA7b_6I-00058-00026483-00026748 Subscribe to the channel for more amazing RQ_oUA7b_6I-00059-00026748-00027089 videos like this. We'll see you with another interesting video. RTm6h-P39Ng-00000-00000048-00000342 [instrumental intro music] RTm6h-P39Ng-00001-00000736-00001248 Have you ever been accused of hating the West? I sure know I have. RTm6h-P39Ng-00002-00001288-00001880 But the people who often claim that I hate the West are often those of an identitarian movement. RTm6h-P39Ng-00003-00001932-00002344 I'm talking white nationalists. But the irony of this entire claim RTm6h-P39Ng-00004-00002344-00002778 is that from what I can tell, white nationalists hate the West. RTm6h-P39Ng-00005-00002820-00003364 They view the West as a superior culture that needs to be saved and so on. RTm6h-P39Ng-00006-00003388-00003861 But let's analyze a few pillars of this culture. We'll talk science, art, and politics. RTm6h-P39Ng-00007-00003861-00004360 In terms of science, white nationalists will take whatever suits them and their current narrative, RTm6h-P39Ng-00008-00004360-00004898 whether the science be cutting-edge, outdated, or pseudoscience. Take for instance: RTm6h-P39Ng-00009-00004898-00005338 [drum roll] RTm6h-P39Ng-00010-00005390-00005516 Race and IQ. RTm6h-P39Ng-00011-00005528-00006076 "You know, there are differences in intelligence between individuals, so why not between groups as well, y'know?" RTm6h-P39Ng-00012-00006076-00006174 "That's right." RTm6h-P39Ng-00013-00006174-00006409 "It's quite consistent from a logical perspective." RTm6h-P39Ng-00014-00006409-00006595 "Yes, that's right, that's right." RTm6h-P39Ng-00015-00006645-00007284 When it comes to discussing race, the white nationalist qualifies intelligence and correlates it with race. RTm6h-P39Ng-00016-00007316-00007523 This requires two leaps of logic: RTm6h-P39Ng-00017-00007544-00008230 1. The outdated IQ test is still at all relevant to how modern intelligence is qualified and measured. RTm6h-P39Ng-00018-00008230-00009018 2. That these have inherent things to do at all with race and not poverty or systemic conditions often caused by racism. RTm6h-P39Ng-00019-00009060-00009434 Sex and gender politics are often another example of the white nationalist worldview RTm6h-P39Ng-00020-00009434-00009676 in which the science tends to be outdated. RTm6h-P39Ng-00021-00009708-00010180 White nationalists view sex is inherently dimorphic and is seen as the same as gender. RTm6h-P39Ng-00022-00010180-00010578 Any the information that deviates from this, even if it's updated science, RTm6h-P39Ng-00023-00010578-00011346 is just Jewish degeneracy, or cultural Marxism, or globalists, or, accusing these cultural Marxists, RTm6h-P39Ng-00024-00011346-00011938 or in more recent times, postmodernists - as if postmodernism has anything to do with this somehow, RTm6h-P39Ng-00025-00011938-00012262 of having an agenda to put into universities. RTm6h-P39Ng-00026-00012262-00012832 All of these also mean the same thing: They're all targeted at meaning the Jews. RTm6h-P39Ng-00027-00012872-00013052 But let's talk about art. RTm6h-P39Ng-00028-00013100-00013706 When white nationalists talk art, they inherently mean "art that fits my worldview". To them, art has changed, RTm6h-P39Ng-00029-00013706-00014060 and it's caused by the aforementioned cultural Marxism. RTm6h-P39Ng-00030-00014090-00014834 Arts changing from classic beauty is caused from the same roots of free thinking and western values, RTm6h-P39Ng-00031-00014836-00015288 and the idea of provoking thought, which is kinda the point of modern art. RTm6h-P39Ng-00032-00015288-00015680 Their understanding of beauty and art is only surface deep. Their appreciation RTm6h-P39Ng-00033-00015680-00016119 is only in the immortalization of figures, and not the actual Western values around art. RTm6h-P39Ng-00034-00016144-00016396 For more on modern art, check out these videos. RTm6h-P39Ng-00035-00016500-00016832 The discussion of meaning and provoking thought is a nice segue RTm6h-P39Ng-00036-00016832-00017070 into discussing their value of political thought. RTm6h-P39Ng-00037-00017118-00017614 White nationalists, most damning to their credit of all, absolutely hate Western politics, RTm6h-P39Ng-00038-00017614-00017842 despite their mirage being centered all around it. RTm6h-P39Ng-00039-00017874-00018420 Especially democracy, a big part of the enlightenment was that society should evolve, RTm6h-P39Ng-00040-00018420-00019024 and democracy is a key part in evolving a society to be fair to those who live in it or in changing at all. RTm6h-P39Ng-00041-00019054-00019616 White nationalists want an ever-preserved bubble of a society - stale and stagnate. RTm6h-P39Ng-00042-00019672-00020130 White nationalists absolutely hate the West. RTm6h-P39Ng-00043-00020138-00020494 Thanks for watching! Please check out my Patreon below and donate if you can, RTm6h-P39Ng-00044-00020494-00020828 and thanks to my many patrons who are listed here. RW0V_6BZg7Q-00000-00000070-00000764 I will then analyze how to create a hidden folder on my phone and running the android RW0V_6BZg7Q-00001-00000764-00001362 operating system, no matter if this time samsung honor it is some other phone, the main thing RW0V_6BZg7Q-00002-00001362-00002252 is that it is on android that we need to do this for this we need a file manager to install RW0V_6BZg7Q-00003-00002252-00004221 it, we need to go to play market, we go to play market, we register just my files but RW0V_6BZg7Q-00004-00004221-00004865 also files, we click search and here we have various file managers I will use this samsung RW0V_6BZg7Q-00005-00004865-00005317 pay files file manager that I have samsung, you can click open, you can click install RW0V_6BZg7Q-00006-00005317-00005867 then whether I already have it installed, so there is nothing to do here, then we need RW0V_6BZg7Q-00007-00005867-00007245 to go to our file manager, that is, we will be displayed here, in principle, we can find RW0V_6BZg7Q-00008-00007245-00007788 it after installation, we go to our file manager, what we need to do next, for example, we want RW0V_6BZg7Q-00009-00007788-00008945 to save either on the memory card or on the device's memory, I will save in the device's RW0V_6BZg7Q-00010-00008945-00009532 memory, I will order in the device's memory and here we have all our different folders, RW0V_6BZg7Q-00011-00009532-00010992 then what we need to do, we need to go to the settings here at the top, we have these RW0V_6BZg7Q-00012-00010992-00011686 3 dots in the upper right corner, click on them, select settings went to settings then RW0V_6BZg7Q-00013-00011686-00011975 go down below and here we have RW0V_6BZg7Q-00014-00011975-00012541 display a hidden system files, that is, the display of system files, we click turn on RW0V_6BZg7Q-00015-00012541-00013256 everything we have turned on now we go out and see that we have such a different kind RW0V_6BZg7Q-00016-00013256-00013751 of barred folders that we have hidden files and folders and transparent to create a folder RW0V_6BZg7Q-00017-00013751-00014469 here on on click here on three dots to click create peace, we clicked create a folder a RW0V_6BZg7Q-00018-00014469-00015381 new folder but before this folder we have to put a dot put a dot clicked create here RW0V_6BZg7Q-00019-00015381-00016153 we have created a new folder, I will have it hidden and while we have hidden files and RW0V_6BZg7Q-00020-00016153-00016713 folders displayed, we can move anything to our folder and to move some pictures and you RW0V_6BZg7Q-00021-00016713-00017187 have something else on your phone and then turn off the display of hidden files and folders RW0V_6BZg7Q-00022-00017187-00017923 as you can see here here are all the folders the eye is passed going down there is not RW0V_6BZg7Q-00023-00017923-00019021 a single folder with the name new folder and now I will turn off the display of hidden RW0V_6BZg7Q-00024-00019021-00020375 files folders so go back to the settings went settings and here I click turn off what now RW0V_6BZg7Q-00025-00020375-00020734 we go back and look here this and new folders we do not turn on the construction site display RW0V_6BZg7Q-00026-00020734-00021696 of hidden systems and as we see here we have a new folder I can I also delete move and RW0V_6BZg7Q-00027-00021696-00022158 so on I will delete it delete everything to the trash, I deleted it, I will close the RW0V_6BZg7Q-00028-00022158-00022540 display of hidden systems, well, that's all in principle, so you can hide your photos RW0V_6BZg7Q-00029-00022540-00022942 and various files on your android phone, no matter what you want to show to strangers, RW0V_6BZg7Q-00030-00022942-00023549 well, that's it, I hope the video was useful to everyone, thank you for watching everyone RW0V_6BZg7Q-00031-00023549-00023600 so far RX4Fw7MIdbY-00000-00003000-00003900 Hey guys, Welcome back to our channel RX4Fw7MIdbY-00001-00004000-00004900 In this video I’m testing the McLaren 720S RX4Fw7MIdbY-00002-00005000-00005900 This car is in tier 14 of McLaren Speedtail festival RX4Fw7MIdbY-00003-00006000-00006900 In the Premium side RX4Fw7MIdbY-00004-00007000-00007900 I’m using a MaxPRO McLaren 720s in this video RX4Fw7MIdbY-00005-00008000-00008900 At MaxPro this car has the rank of 1793+53 RX4Fw7MIdbY-00006-00009000-00009900 And total speed: 441.7+47.7 = 489.4 kilometres per hour RX4Fw7MIdbY-00007-00010000-00010900 Acceleration: 1.35 Seconds RX4Fw7MIdbY-00008-00011000-00011900 At this rank 1793, the McLaren 720s will normally meet cars up to the rank 1830 RX4Fw7MIdbY-00009-00012000-00012900 This includes the Ford GT 2017, Rezvani beast x, Lamborghini terzo Millennio RX4Fw7MIdbY-00010-00013000-00013900 And a lot of other high performing cars RX4Fw7MIdbY-00011-00014000-00014900 And rarely will meet the S class kings RX4Fw7MIdbY-00012-00015000-00015900 After driving this car about 1 hour, I felt like you need a little more experience in driving this car RX4Fw7MIdbY-00013-00016000-00016900 I felt a like a little lag in acceleration at start RX4Fw7MIdbY-00014-00017000-00017900 But I see this car have the capability to catchup it’s opponents easily RX4Fw7MIdbY-00015-00018000-00018900 Has very good Nitro duration that make this car fight till the end of lap RX4Fw7MIdbY-00016-00019000-00019900 Handling also not bad RX4Fw7MIdbY-00017-00020000-00020900 This is it I want to tell you RX4Fw7MIdbY-00018-00021000-00021900 Keep watching the video RX4Fw7MIdbY-00019-00022000-00023000 So, you will understand the real situation of the car when you race RXWYabS67PU-00000-00000000-00000176 To our esteemed visitors RXWYabS67PU-00001-00000176-00000420 From near and afar RXWYabS67PU-00002-00000420-00000755 Greetings and Welcome RXWYabS67PU-00003-00000755-00001056 In awe of beauty RXWYabS67PU-00004-00001056-00001324 Paparoa RXWYabS67PU-00005-00001324-00001496 Trails of old RXWYabS67PU-00006-00001496-00001696 Steeped in richness RXWYabS67PU-00007-00001696-00001932 Waves glistening like Pounamu RXWYabS67PU-00008-00001932-00002283 from darkness, became light, cometh the day RXWYabS67PU-00009-00002283-00002567 Share the breath of Life RXWYabS67PU-00010-00002939-00003267 Welcome to Paparoa RXWYabS67PU-00011-00004084-00004352 Immerse yourself in this special place RXWYabS67PU-00012-00004352-00004584 together with nature RXWYabS67PU-00013-00004952-00005247 Where a warm welcome awaits you RXWYabS67PU-00014-00005903-00006200 Each day brings a new adventure RXWYabS67PU-00015-00006568-00006992 Share in our stories, walk in our footprints RXWYabS67PU-00016-00007204-00007515 Experience a truly unique treasure RXWYabS67PU-00017-00007787-00008115 Create memories that last a lifetime RXWYabS67PU-00018-00008215-00008443 A teardrop of love RXWYabS67PU-00019-00008443-00008635 For our Departed RXWYabS67PU-00020-00008635-00008956 Whom lay in these lands RYygDFXRbL0-00000-00002422-00002622 beleza?! RYygDFXRbL0-00001-00003266-00003401 Minha área, minha área ó! RYygDFXRbL0-00002-00003401-00003503 Pavuna. RYygDFXRbL0-00003-00023978-00024362 Quem sou eu para discordar de ti, ó Mestre Arthur? RYygDFXRbL0-00004-00024415-00024617 Sei que o teatro tem seu código próprio RYygDFXRbL0-00005-00024640-00024851 uma linguagem própria ou múltiplas linguagens RYygDFXRbL0-00006-00025075-00025338 é isso ai, psit! vamos com calma RYygDFXRbL0-00007-00025338-00025542 pra ver se dá para salvar este filme hein? RYygDFXRbL0-00008-00025578-00025750 vamos testar RYygDFXRbL0-00009-00025750-00025945 porque a vida hoje é teste. RYygDFXRbL0-00010-00026028-00026182 Mas o cinema também não o é? RYygDFXRbL0-00011-00026694-00026946 A câmera é boa é boa cara! A camera é boa! RYygDFXRbL0-00012-00027230-00027409 O que procuras Arthur? RYygDFXRbL0-00013-00027663-00027814 O que procuras? RYygDFXRbL0-00014-00029622-00029822 Estaria você buscando RYygDFXRbL0-00015-00029862-00030049 a violência RYygDFXRbL0-00016-00030132-00030215 no teatro? RYygDFXRbL0-00017-00030388-00030710 Assim como nas massas que procuram RYygDFXRbL0-00018-00030833-00030956 o cinema? RYygDFXRbL0-00019-00030990-00031150 O circo? RYygDFXRbL0-00020-00031478-00031673 Que violência seria essa? RYygDFXRbL0-00021-00031892-00032039 Qual a crueldade? RYygDFXRbL0-00022-00035105-00035291 Não seria no experimentalismo RYygDFXRbL0-00023-00035380-00035526 A busca RYygDFXRbL0-00024-00035526-00035776 dessa tão falada tão falada linguagem cifrada? RYygDFXRbL0-00025-00037465-00037716 Seria essa partitura RYygDFXRbL0-00026-00037725-00037810 que iria RYygDFXRbL0-00027-00037820-00038120 decodificar a linguagem musical e corporal RYygDFXRbL0-00028-00038125-00038274 que tanto tu procuras RYygDFXRbL0-00029-00038402-00038531 Na linguagem de cena, Arthur? RYygDFXRbL0-00030-00040530-00040976 quais meios são esses que precisamos anotar, RYygDFXRbL0-00031-00040976-00041180 para enfim buscar? RYygDFXRbL0-00032-00042953-00043153 aah os signos... RYygDFXRbL0-00033-00043215-00043362 os signos... RYygDFXRbL0-00034-00043716-00043916 Eles sim são importantes... RYygDFXRbL0-00035-00044000-00044200 Não como revelação! RYygDFXRbL0-00036-00044223-00044273 da cena RYygDFXRbL0-00037-00044358-00044443 Não como revelação! RYygDFXRbL0-00038-00044526-00044843 não como decodificador da transcrição RYygDFXRbL0-00039-00044866-00044955 de cena. RYygDFXRbL0-00040-00045035-00045115 Mas... RYygDFXRbL0-00041-00045152-00045202 como chaves... RYygDFXRbL0-00042-00045283-00045364 para se abrir a porta RYygDFXRbL0-00043-00045481-00045516 dos símbolos RYygDFXRbL0-00044-00045663-00045746 das simbologias RYygDFXRbL0-00045-00045746-00045938 dos enigmas RYOBlQkdQVk-00000-00000976-00001372 As an occupational therapist, I frequently meet power wheeclhair users RYOBlQkdQVk-00001-00001372-00001572 who would like to to play video games like everyone else. RYOBlQkdQVk-00002-00001722-00001978 If accessibility solutions exist on the market, RYOBlQkdQVk-00003-00001978-00002043 they are often expensive RYOBlQkdQVk-00004-00002043-00002260 and require complicated setups RYOBlQkdQVk-00005-00002261-00002416 with external hardware. RYOBlQkdQVk-00006-00003651-00003800 Joytojoy is an open assistive device RYOBlQkdQVk-00007-00003800-00004034 design to add mouse or video game stick capabilities RYOBlQkdQVk-00008-00004034-00004302 to your power wheelchair controller. RYOBlQkdQVk-00009-00007289-00007550 Wheelchairs users are familiar with their controller, RYOBlQkdQVk-00010-00007550-00007858 why not use them to play ? RYOBlQkdQVk-00011-00008305-00008658 We propose an out-of-the-box and affordable solution, that you can reproduce RYOBlQkdQVk-00012-00008658-00008912 and customize with a 3D printer RYOBlQkdQVk-00013-00008912-00009112 freely to tailor fit to you needs. RYOBlQkdQVk-00014-00011100-00011277 A gaming stick for video games, RYOBlQkdQVk-00015-00011277-00011477 or a mouse for PC and smartphone RYOBlQkdQVk-00016-00011500-00011800 Its principle of operation is quite simple, RYOBlQkdQVk-00017-00011800-00011973 It’s an add on joystick place right on the top RYOBlQkdQVk-00018-00011980-00012180 of the chair's joystick RYOBlQkdQVk-00019-00012216-00012389 a motion sensor detect the movement RYOBlQkdQVk-00020-00012389-00012526 and translate it into a signal RYOBlQkdQVk-00021-00012526-00012666 for each system to be controlled. RYOBlQkdQVk-00023-00013903-00014203 For yet, Joytojoy is avaible on a DIY mode RYOBlQkdQVk-00024-00014232-00014553 Soon we would like to offer our solution for sale RYOBlQkdQVk-00025-00018000-00018170 With Joytojoy, play again RajJfZ0b0n0-00000-00000227-00000599 Hi, I'm Laura Abate, the head of Library Operations at Himmelfarb Library. RajJfZ0b0n0-00001-00000599-00000852 I'm going to take you on a tour of the library today. RajJfZ0b0n0-00002-00000852-00001244 To start, we'll go into Ross Hall, and be sure to bring your ID card to scan at the RajJfZ0b0n0-00003-00001244-00001404 security desk. RajJfZ0b0n0-00004-00001404-00001878 Himmelfarb Library is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to students, faculty, and staff RajJfZ0b0n0-00005-00001878-00002393 in GW's School of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Nursing, and the Milken Institute RajJfZ0b0n0-00006-00002393-00002527 School of Public Health. RajJfZ0b0n0-00007-00002527-00002874 You'll find the entrance to Himmelfarb Library on the first floor. RajJfZ0b0n0-00008-00002874-00003592 Follow me! RajJfZ0b0n0-00009-00003592-00004036 Himmelfarb first floor has open study space, computer access, as well as help with research RajJfZ0b0n0-00010-00004036-00004767 projects. RajJfZ0b0n0-00011-00004767-00005239 Our circulation desk is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for you to check out materials RajJfZ0b0n0-00012-00005239-00006046 and get answers to basic questions. RajJfZ0b0n0-00013-00006046-00006500 If you need more in-depth help with a research project, you can consult one of our reference RajJfZ0b0n0-00014-00006500-00006600 librarians. RajJfZ0b0n0-00015-00006600-00007156 They're here most days of the week, and can also be reached via IM, email, and phone. RajJfZ0b0n0-00016-00007156-00007588 GW's Writing Center provides hours in Himmelfarb Library several days a week. RajJfZ0b0n0-00017-00007588-00008031 You can get specialized work on your projects and work with writing tutors who are experienced RajJfZ0b0n0-00018-00008031-00008253 with health sciences projects. RajJfZ0b0n0-00019-00008253-00008435 Himmelfarb Library's reference collection is behind me. RajJfZ0b0n0-00020-00008435-00008684 These are the books that stay in the library. RajJfZ0b0n0-00021-00008684-00009035 They're dictionaries, encyclopedias, and core reference works. RajJfZ0b0n0-00022-00009035-00009427 If you need a study break, check out Healthy Living @ Himmelfarb's collection. RajJfZ0b0n0-00023-00009427-00009952 We have exercise balls, hula hoops, board games, and books to focus on healthy living. RajJfZ0b0n0-00024-00009952-00010274 Himmelfarb Library's first floor is not a quiet study floor. RajJfZ0b0n0-00025-00010274-00010543 Here you can find students engaged in group study. RajJfZ0b0n0-00026-00010543-00010959 If you would like pristine quiet, head up to our second floor which is reserved for RajJfZ0b0n0-00027-00010959-00011132 graduate students. RajJfZ0b0n0-00028-00011132-00011640 Himmelfarb third floor has individual and group study rooms, open study space, as well RajJfZ0b0n0-00029-00011640-00011810 as some special areas. RajJfZ0b0n0-00030-00011810-00012225 Here we're in one of the computer labs that has specialized software, including statistical RajJfZ0b0n0-00031-00012225-00012839 software that you can use. RajJfZ0b0n0-00032-00012839-00013382 Here in the Bloedorn AV study center, you'll find skeletons, boxes of bones, use anatomical RajJfZ0b0n0-00033-00013382-00013503 models to learn. RajJfZ0b0n0-00034-00013503-00013881 You'll also be able to check out audiovisual materials here. RajJfZ0b0n0-00035-00013881-00014178 Himmelfarb has small group study rooms on the second and third floor. RajJfZ0b0n0-00036-00014178-00014615 You can reserve your space ahead of time by using our online reservation system. RajJfZ0b0n0-00037-00014615-00014982 Himmelfarb Library has extensive print and online collections. RajJfZ0b0n0-00038-00014982-00015634 Our online collection is available 24/7 at the website himmelfarb.gwu.edu, and our print RajJfZ0b0n0-00039-00015634-00016184 collection is also available to you 24/7 from here in the basement level of the library. RajJfZ0b0n0-00040-00016184-00016587 These books are all available for checkout and can be used in your coursework. RajJfZ0b0n0-00041-00016587-00016791 Thank you for joining me on the tour today! RajJfZ0b0n0-00042-00016791-00017047 Remember, Himmelfarb Library is here to serve you. RajJfZ0b0n0-00043-00017047-00017487 If you have suggestions for resources or questions, please don't hesitate to contact us. RicrmssPwIo-00000-00001962-00002668 In our last lecture, we had discussed the Doppler effect in light. As we had said that RicrmssPwIo-00001-00002668-00003250 Doppler effect is sound is well-known, we visualize many times in our daily life. But RicrmssPwIo-00002-00003250-00004246 in light, it is quite is like different treatment and probably not so much apparently known. RicrmssPwIo-00003-00004246-00004790 We also discussed a special Doppler effect, which you call as a transfer Doppler effect, RicrmssPwIo-00004-00004790-00005490 which is normally it is not have any classical law will not be sound for that matter. These RicrmssPwIo-00005-00005568-00006212 two aspects we discussed then we gave some flavor of some experiments in which Doppler RicrmssPwIo-00006-00006212-00006583 effect is used. Just to give an idea that you know the Doppler RicrmssPwIo-00007-00006583-00007240 effect that we have dop has certain usefulness as far as certain part of physics is concerned RicrmssPwIo-00008-00007240-00007839 effect. And even in medical science Doppler effect is used quite effectively. So, I think RicrmssPwIo-00009-00007839-00008324 Doppler effect is finding more and more uses, but what we did in last lecture just to give RicrmssPwIo-00010-00008324-00008955 some idea about the Doppler effect. Today we would like to go to a slightly different RicrmssPwIo-00011-00008955-00009655 concept basically it is for problem solving. We define what we call as a center of frame RicrmssPwIo-00012-00009663-00010363 of reference. Normally in classical mechanics when we are not dealing with relativity, center RicrmssPwIo-00013-00010389-00011089 of mass is always described in a fashion, such that we have a standard definition of RicrmssPwIo-00014-00011101-00011617 a center of mass how to find it out. And if we change our frame of reference to that center RicrmssPwIo-00015-00011617-00012211 of mass of a system of particles, then we call that particular frame of reference as RicrmssPwIo-00016-00012211-00012801 center of mass frame of reference. The advantage of dealing with center of mass frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00017-00012801-00013501 is that, if there is no external force with the system center of mass becomes an automatic RicrmssPwIo-00018-00013586-00014137 inertial frame of reference. Because if there is no external force to a RicrmssPwIo-00019-00014137-00014704 system of particles, the center of mass must be at rest or must moving with constant velocity RicrmssPwIo-00020-00014704-00015147 as seen from any other special frame of reference. So, if you move our self to the center of RicrmssPwIo-00021-00015147-00015719 mass automatically we are landing up ourselves into an inertial frame of reference. Now, RicrmssPwIo-00022-00015719-00016194 we slightly modify this particular definition as we have discussed earlier. RicrmssPwIo-00023-00016194-00016895 And we say that center of mass frame of reference is that frame of reference in which the sum RicrmssPwIo-00024-00016908-00017529 of the momentum of all the particles is 0, this center of mass frame of reference is RicrmssPwIo-00025-00017529-00018229 occasionally referred as C frame. So, what we have said that center of mass frame is RicrmssPwIo-00026-00018254-00018838 a frame in which the sum of momentum of a system of particle is zero. Normally as we RicrmssPwIo-00027-00018838-00019350 have already said that there is a set of particles which considered is a system in which we are RicrmssPwIo-00028-00019350-00019920 interested in. So, there could be a force inter in between the particles, it means a RicrmssPwIo-00029-00019920-00020468 force being applied by one particle on any other particle that we call as internal force, RicrmssPwIo-00030-00020468-00021006 and if f force is applied by a particle, which is not part of the system that is what we RicrmssPwIo-00031-00021006-00021643 call as external force. So, I repeat that if we find that some of RicrmssPwIo-00032-00021643-00022111 the moment, if we frame of reference in which the sum of momentum of all the particles of RicrmssPwIo-00033-00022111-00022683 the system is 0 that is what we call as C frame or center of mass frame. Similarly, RicrmssPwIo-00034-00022683-00023383 we can define or we generally call a L frame as a laboratory frame of reference. This frame RicrmssPwIo-00035-00023434-00023919 of reference is a frame in which you have describe your problem or you describe your RicrmssPwIo-00036-00023919-00024459 experiment or in which you were performed the experiment. RicrmssPwIo-00037-00024459-00024879 This frame of reference could be a C frame or center of mass frame of reference or could RicrmssPwIo-00038-00024879-00025508 be any other inertial frame of reference. So, I may describe a problem my problem in RicrmssPwIo-00039-00025508-00025969 a frame of reference which does not happen to be center of mass frame of reference or RicrmssPwIo-00040-00025969-00026443 I could choose to describe the problem only in a center of mass frame of reference. So, RicrmssPwIo-00041-00026443-00026959 laboratory frame of reference is generally a frame of reference in which we have described RicrmssPwIo-00042-00026959-00027562 my problem or my experiment. Now, why we talk specifically of C frame specially RicrmssPwIo-00043-00027562-00028170 relativity will see that many problems become very simple if we work it out in the C frame. RicrmssPwIo-00044-00028170-00028697 Though the problem may not have given to you C frame it might have been given in some other RicrmssPwIo-00045-00028697-00029370 frame, but still if you transform the problem into C frame the problem that is how to be RicrmssPwIo-00046-00029370-00029975 simpler. So, in today’s lecture we will be essentially discussing some problems in RicrmssPwIo-00047-00029975-00030488 which we will find the use of C frame to be convenient frame and problem easy frame. RicrmssPwIo-00048-00030488-00031075 So, this is what I have written. In STR which is special theory of relativity problems can RicrmssPwIo-00049-00031075-00031589 be simplified when transformed to C frame. I would also like to mention that when we RicrmssPwIo-00050-00031589-00032250 actually perform many HEP, HEP is stands for high energy physics, if you perform experiment RicrmssPwIo-00051-00032250-00032828 like collision experiments, scatter experiments in high energy physics. Many times we prefer RicrmssPwIo-00052-00032828-00033394 would design this experiment in C frame of reference in center mass frame of reference. RicrmssPwIo-00053-00033394-00033831 So, that overall there is energy which will be seen little later that you know energy RicrmssPwIo-00054-00033831-00034284 that is turns to be in smaller C frame of reference. Basically, because you do not have RicrmssPwIo-00055-00034284-00034799 spend energy to accelerated to mass frame of reference. Effectively means that if you RicrmssPwIo-00056-00034799-00035136 have an particular particle and you want to design an experiment, which another particle RicrmssPwIo-00057-00035136-00035590 comes and colloids it. In that case this frame of reference is not a center of mass frame RicrmssPwIo-00058-00035590-00035852 of reference because the net momentum is not zero. RicrmssPwIo-00059-00035852-00036202 So, you rather like to have an experiment in which both the particle as come together RicrmssPwIo-00060-00036202-00036775 and colloids such that center mass. So, that it become in a center of mass frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00061-00036775-00037466 or the net initial momentum is zero. So, let us come to one particular problem which is RicrmssPwIo-00062-00037466-00037937 actually simple problem, but it illustrates the fact that how it can become simple if RicrmssPwIo-00063-00037937-00038563 it is solved in C frame. And it is rather difficult to solve in L frame even though RicrmssPwIo-00064-00038563-00038968 the problem appears to be very simple. RicrmssPwIo-00065-00038968-00039668 Let us look at the problem; there is a particle of rest mass capital M naught, which has a RicrmssPwIo-00066-00039724-00040090 total energy of 3 M naught c square. Now, we must be clear that when we are talking RicrmssPwIo-00067-00040090-00040683 of total relativistic energy, it means it includes rest mass energy. So, the total energy RicrmssPwIo-00068-00040683-00041311 which means kinetic energy plus rest mass energy is 3 M naught c square. This particular RicrmssPwIo-00069-00041311-00041852 particle decays into two identical particles. So, this particular particle goes away and RicrmssPwIo-00070-00041852-00042325 eventually decays into two particles each one of them have a rest mass of M naught. RicrmssPwIo-00071-00042325-00042728 So, their identical particles whatever might be the particles may not be a relativistic RicrmssPwIo-00072-00042728-00043065 sort of experiment just for understanding the problem. RicrmssPwIo-00073-00043065-00043765 So, in decays into two masses two particles which both of them which have a rest mass RicrmssPwIo-00074-00043790-00044469 of M naught. Now, I have to find out what will be the velocity of these particular particles, RicrmssPwIo-00075-00044469-00045169 when they have decayed. Given the fact that the decay product, it means the both the particles, RicrmssPwIo-00076-00045347-00045781 move along the direction of the motion of the present of the parent particle. Let me RicrmssPwIo-00077-00045781-00046419 just read again, a particle of rest mass capital M naught and total energy 3 M naught c square, RicrmssPwIo-00078-00046419-00047019 decays into two identical particles of rest mass small M naught. Find the velocities of RicrmssPwIo-00079-00047019-00047719 the two particles given that the decay products move along the direction of the motion of RicrmssPwIo-00080-00047753-00047853 their parent particle. RicrmssPwIo-00081-00047853-00048356 If I want to draw into a small and simple picture essentially it means that, this is RicrmssPwIo-00082-00048356-00049056 a particle which is of mass rest mass capital M naught. This is moving in a given frame RicrmssPwIo-00083-00049484-00050127 and eventually decays into two particles two small particles. Each one of them has rest RicrmssPwIo-00084-00050127-00050827 mass M naught; obviously, because it has to conserve energy and conserve momentum. Therefore, RicrmssPwIo-00085-00051056-00051588 this particular particle also be moving what has been told that both these particles move RicrmssPwIo-00086-00051588-00051981 in this same direction as this particular particles, it means the this also moving in RicrmssPwIo-00087-00051981-00052238 this direction this direction or opposite direction. RicrmssPwIo-00088-00052238-00052824 But the total motion is confined only to one dimension which we can call for an example RicrmssPwIo-00089-00052824-00053161 direction that does not matter what direction. But everything the problem is just a single RicrmssPwIo-00090-00053161-00053594 dimension problem a one dimensional problem in which everything has been described. On RicrmssPwIo-00091-00053594-00054001 a traditional classical mechanics problem where we have to conserve energy and momentum RicrmssPwIo-00092-00054001-00054513 this problem would have been absolutely simple. But we will see that if we try to work out RicrmssPwIo-00093-00054513-00054906 this problem this particular fashion. You see that there are certain complications RicrmssPwIo-00094-00054906-00055352 and it is not easy to work out this particular problem, until we go to a different frame RicrmssPwIo-00095-00055352-00055786 of reference which is the center of mass frame of reference. Let us look at this particular RicrmssPwIo-00096-00055786-00056298 problem, first try to let us attempt to solve only in the L frame the laboratory frame the RicrmssPwIo-00097-00056298-00056851 weight has been described. We will discuss what are the difficulties which comes across. RicrmssPwIo-00098-00056851-00057358 So, as we said the idea is that we need to apply the conservation of energy and conservation RicrmssPwIo-00099-00057358-00057800 of momentum in this particular frame. Energy has been given because there is only one particular RicrmssPwIo-00100-00057800-00058286 particle initially, so energy has been given s 3 M naught c square. So, I have to find RicrmssPwIo-00101-00058286-00058670 out this energy and we have to find out corresponding what is a momentum of particular particle. RicrmssPwIo-00102-00058670-00059191 Once we find the momentum, I know the initial energy, I know the initial momentum it decays RicrmssPwIo-00103-00059191-00059631 into two particles. We have to write initial energy is equal to the sum of the energy of RicrmssPwIo-00104-00059631-00060206 the resultant particles. Similarly, initial momentum vector is equal to the initial the RicrmssPwIo-00105-00060206-00060610 final momentum that is what we have to do. RicrmssPwIo-00106-00060610-00061173 So, let us first find out the initial momentum, we have been given that E is equal to 3 M RicrmssPwIo-00107-00061173-00061873 naught c square. And if you remember what we have said that the energy is given by gamma RicrmssPwIo-00108-00062381-00062966 M naught c square, where M naught is a rest mass of any particular particle. RicrmssPwIo-00109-00062966-00063538 And in this particular case because the energy has been given as 3 M naught c square, it RicrmssPwIo-00110-00063538-00064238 is quite clear that gamma is equal to 3, only thing because this has been described in laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00111-00064326-00065026 frame of reference. So, let us write a subscript L to make it clear that this gamma that we RicrmssPwIo-00112-00065057-00065479 are talking or the velocity that I will be talking on which this particular gamma depends. RicrmssPwIo-00113-00065479-00066057 It is actually the velocity in the L frame or in the laboratory frame. RicrmssPwIo-00114-00066057-00066430 Now, once we have this particular gamma L, I can always find out what is velocity of RicrmssPwIo-00115-00066430-00066948 this particular particle. And once I find out the velocity of the particle I can always RicrmssPwIo-00116-00066948-00067370 find out the momentum of the particle. Of course, I can also use direct energy momentum RicrmssPwIo-00117-00067370-00067969 relationship that also I will use just to show that we get the same result. Let us first RicrmssPwIo-00118-00067969-00068408 try to find out the velocity value using this gamma L. RicrmssPwIo-00119-00068408-00069108 If you remember the value of gamma the expression for gamma is given as one upon under root RicrmssPwIo-00120-00069317-00069937 1 minus v square by c square, sometimes we are using v, sometimes we assume. But I should RicrmssPwIo-00121-00069937-00070637 be clear now when we use v when we use u. Now, I want to solve it for v upon c, I want RicrmssPwIo-00122-00070866-00071320 to know if I want to have I know the value of gamma I want to find out the value of v RicrmssPwIo-00123-00071320-00071922 by c. So, let me square it and take inverse of it, if I square and take inverse of it RicrmssPwIo-00124-00071922-00072461 I will get one upon gamma square, square it under this goes away. RicrmssPwIo-00125-00072461-00073148 Take inverse, so 1 minus v square upon c square comes on the numerator, this becomes 1 minus RicrmssPwIo-00126-00073148-00073720 v square by c square. So, I can solve this particular equation. So, this becomes v square RicrmssPwIo-00127-00073720-00074420 by c square is equal to 1 minus 1 by gamma square, which means v by c square is what RicrmssPwIo-00128-00074804-00075089 we call as beta square in our notation. RicrmssPwIo-00129-00075089-00075789 So, I can write this as beta square as sorry there is no do it here, beta square is equal RicrmssPwIo-00130-00076985-00077685 to gamma square minus 1 upon gamma square. So, this is the expression which I have written RicrmssPwIo-00131-00077806-00078289 this particular transparency that beta is equal to under root gamma square minus 1 upon RicrmssPwIo-00132-00078289-00078814 gamma square. So, this expression gives me the value of beta which is v by c, using the RicrmssPwIo-00133-00078814-00079375 value of gamma that we find, in the present case gamma is 3. So, I substitute it here RicrmssPwIo-00134-00079375-00079894 this becomes three square minus 1, this becomes under root 8 divided by gamma square which RicrmssPwIo-00135-00079894-00080523 is 9, this 9 can be taken out of the under root sign. So, this becomes under root 8 by RicrmssPwIo-00136-00080523-00080992 3. So, this p this beta is under root 8 by 3, which is v by c. RicrmssPwIo-00137-00080992-00081672 Now, once I know the speed I can always find out what will be the momentum of the particle. RicrmssPwIo-00138-00081672-00082306 And the momentum of the particle as we know is given by the momentum is equal to gamma RicrmssPwIo-00139-00082306-00083006 M naught v. We know gamma is equal to 3, M naught is M naught and v is under root 8 by RicrmssPwIo-00140-00083076-00083589 3, c we have just not found out. So, I have substituted this in this particular expression. RicrmssPwIo-00141-00083589-00084181 So, p L, L is again because I am describing this laboratory frame is equal to 3 multiplied RicrmssPwIo-00142-00084181-00084763 by M naught multiplied by root 8 by 3 c, which gives me root 8 M naught c. RicrmssPwIo-00143-00084763-00085382 Force as I said I could have found out this particular expression also by using directly RicrmssPwIo-00144-00085382-00085935 the energy momentum relationship, which is E square is equal to p square c square plus RicrmssPwIo-00145-00085935-00086386 M naught square c to the power 4 this is very commonly used relationship. So, from this RicrmssPwIo-00146-00086386-00086970 particular thing I have to evaluate momentum I know the energy. So, p square c square will RicrmssPwIo-00147-00086970-00087426 turn out to equal to be E square minus I take this on the other side, minus M naught square RicrmssPwIo-00148-00087426-00088043 c to the power 4, E being 3 M naught c square, E square will become 9 M naught square c to RicrmssPwIo-00149-00088043-00088466 the power 4. So, I substitute it here, I have to subtract RicrmssPwIo-00150-00088466-00088923 this expression minus M naught square c to the power 4. So, this becomes 8 M naught square RicrmssPwIo-00151-00088923-00089541 c to the power 4, c square I will cancel out and p I will get under root 8 M naught c. RicrmssPwIo-00152-00089541-00090093 So, what we have done so far I know the energy the initial energy of the system which happens RicrmssPwIo-00153-00090093-00090541 to be just one particular particle, which now eventually decays into two particles. RicrmssPwIo-00154-00090541-00091241 So, this particular particle has a total energy of 3 M naught c square and it has a total RicrmssPwIo-00155-00091262-00091929 momentum of under root 8 M naught c. So, once this particular particle decays into RicrmssPwIo-00156-00091929-00092529 two particles, the total energy must remain same. Similarly, the total momentum must remain RicrmssPwIo-00157-00092529-00092960 same because this purely one dimensional problem. So, I have not taken the x axis and y axis RicrmssPwIo-00158-00092960-00093511 because just described. I have not described it in the vector form or I need that this RicrmssPwIo-00159-00093511-00093817 particular value of momentum must be conserved. RicrmssPwIo-00160-00093817-00094320 So, I will be able to write the following equations which I have written in the next RicrmssPwIo-00161-00094320-00094755 transparency. First we have found out what is the energy and the momentum of the original RicrmssPwIo-00162-00094755-00095286 particle, what we have to do is to write the energy and momentum conservation equations. RicrmssPwIo-00163-00095286-00095986 We have seen it has been given in the problem that the initial energy is of is equal to RicrmssPwIo-00164-00096014-00096526 3 M naught c square, there is only one particular particle so there is only one particular particle RicrmssPwIo-00165-00096526-00096719 system. Once they are two particles, which have resulted RicrmssPwIo-00166-00096719-00097363 out of the decay of this particular particle if E 1 L and E 2 L are the energies, then RicrmssPwIo-00167-00097363-00098013 3 M naught c square must be equal to E 1 L plus E 2 L. Now, corresponding to 3 M naught RicrmssPwIo-00168-00098013-00098543 c square I have seen that the value of the momentum is under root 8 M naught c remember RicrmssPwIo-00169-00098543-00098968 this is original particle, so I have used capital M naught here. RicrmssPwIo-00170-00098968-00099489 This must be equal to the sum of the momentum of the two particles we have been told that RicrmssPwIo-00171-00099489-00099907 the particles move along the same direction its original direction. So, I can write just RicrmssPwIo-00172-00099907-00100381 in a scalar form, I do not have to use vector form because as we have said this is purely RicrmssPwIo-00173-00100381-00101031 one dimensional problem. So, this must be equal to p 1 L plus p 2 L, where p 1 L is RicrmssPwIo-00174-00101031-00101430 the momentum of the first particle, p 2 L is the momentum of the second particle. As RicrmssPwIo-00175-00101430-00101972 I have said E 1 L is the energy of the first particle E 2 L is the energy of the second RicrmssPwIo-00176-00101972-00102186 particle. In a traditional classical mechanics this RicrmssPwIo-00177-00102186-00102705 would been a very very simple trivial dissemble problem, all you have to do is to express RicrmssPwIo-00178-00102705-00103378 this energy into momentum in the form of momentum or this momentum get form of energy. And just RicrmssPwIo-00179-00103378-00103831 to solve this equation you have to one knows and two equations to solve it, this one dimension RicrmssPwIo-00180-00103831-00104428 is simple. Mainly because in traditional classical mechanics in which there are no relativity, RicrmssPwIo-00181-00104428-00104921 the relationship between E and p are purely simple. Of course, in that case rest mass RicrmssPwIo-00182-00104921-00105621 what we try to do is the conserve the kinetic energy, it not bother about that yes of course. RicrmssPwIo-00183-00105684-00106080 Now, in this particular case what will find out that energy and momentum relationships RicrmssPwIo-00184-00106080-00106775 are little more involved, which has been written in the next transparency. RicrmssPwIo-00185-00106775-00107267 So, the energy of the first particle is related to the momentum of the first particle by this RicrmssPwIo-00186-00107267-00107896 particular expression, E 1 L square is equal to p 1 L square c square plus m naught square RicrmssPwIo-00187-00107896-00108516 c to the power 4. Remember I am using small m not because the energy and momentum of the RicrmssPwIo-00188-00108516-00109113 particle that I am going to relate has rest mass of small m naught. This is not the original RicrmssPwIo-00189-00109113-00109463 particle, the original particle has decayed\ the resultant particle, which I have got which RicrmssPwIo-00190-00109463-00109870 has rest mass of M naught. And originality in this particular problem the two particles RicrmssPwIo-00191-00109870-00110365 have the same rest mass of this M naught that is what I have given. So, I am using small RicrmssPwIo-00192-00110365-00110972 m naught here in both these expressions. Exactly similar equation I write for as a RicrmssPwIo-00193-00110972-00111454 relationship between energy and momentum of the second particle, E 2 L square is equal RicrmssPwIo-00194-00111454-00112096 to p 2 L square c square plus m naught square c to the power 4. Remained that this L has RicrmssPwIo-00195-00112096-00112774 written just to make sure that I am talking of laboratory frame of reference. As we will RicrmssPwIo-00196-00112774-00113258 see that this is not easy to solve this equations because if I try to express this particular RicrmssPwIo-00197-00113258-00113875 equation in that particular form, let us say let us try to express energy in terms of the RicrmssPwIo-00198-00113875-00114355 momentum. Then I have to take under root of this particular expression to find out what RicrmssPwIo-00199-00114355-00114425 this E 1 L. RicrmssPwIo-00200-00114425-00115125 So, I must write E 1 L is equal to under root of p 1 L square c square plus m naught square RicrmssPwIo-00201-00115819-00116519 c to the power 4. Similarly, for E 2 L I have to write under root p 2 L square c square RicrmssPwIo-00202-00117041-00117741 plus m naught square c to the power 4. When I write in the conservation of energy expression, RicrmssPwIo-00203-00117804-00118504 I have to write M naught c square is equal to this plus this so this becomes this under RicrmssPwIo-00204-00118680-00119380 root plus this under root. If you can solve this equation of course, you will get a energy RicrmssPwIo-00205-00119780-00119925 and momentum in fact, will get p 1 L and p 2 L. RicrmssPwIo-00206-00119925-00120282 Taking the other two other equation also to consideration writing p 1 L also in terms RicrmssPwIo-00207-00120282-00120750 of the initial momentum I will be able to solve it. But as you can see because of the RicrmssPwIo-00208-00120750-00121186 presence of these square roots etcetera these are not very straight forwarding equations RicrmssPwIo-00209-00121186-00121671 to solve. On the other hand this equation becomes fairly this problem becomes fairly RicrmssPwIo-00210-00121671-00122176 simple if I go to the center of mass frame of reference. So now, let us attempt to solve RicrmssPwIo-00211-00122176-00122629 this particular problem in center of mass frame of reference of course, here the problem RicrmssPwIo-00212-00122629-00122917 fairly simple because there is only originally one particle. RicrmssPwIo-00213-00122917-00123411 So, if I have to find out what is the velocity of the center of mass it is going to the velocity RicrmssPwIo-00214-00123411-00123875 of the particle the initial particle that I am talking about. So, I go to a frame of RicrmssPwIo-00215-00123875-00124502 reference in which the initial particle is at rest and because in this frame the particle RicrmssPwIo-00216-00124502-00124975 is at rest the momentum is 0, there is only one particle. So, that automatically becomes RicrmssPwIo-00217-00124975-00125425 the C frame or the center of mass frame of reference. So, let us describe let us go to RicrmssPwIo-00218-00125425-00125973 a frame of reference in which the original incident particle or un-decayed particle will RicrmssPwIo-00219-00125973-00126309 not be incident, but un-decayed particle was at rest. RicrmssPwIo-00220-00126309-00127009 So, this what I have said, let us go to C frame as there is only one single particle RicrmssPwIo-00221-00127188-00127574 we shall have the following conditions. I know very clearly because if I have gone to RicrmssPwIo-00222-00127574-00127992 the frame of reference of that particle itself the particle if not moving in that frame. RicrmssPwIo-00223-00127992-00128414 Therefore, its total energy has to only the rest mass energy that cannot be any other RicrmssPwIo-00224-00128414-00129114 energy therefore, the total energy C frame will have to be just m naught c square. And RicrmssPwIo-00225-00129265-00129784 of course, if the speed of the particle is 0, then momentum is also 0. So, therefore, RicrmssPwIo-00226-00129784-00130433 the C frame the initial value of momentum is zero which has to be if it is to be called RicrmssPwIo-00227-00130433-00131133 as C frame and the total initial energy is just capital M naught c square. RicrmssPwIo-00228-00131237-00131841 Now, let us try to see if I have to conserve energy and momentum in this particular frame RicrmssPwIo-00229-00131841-00132516 of reference, remember because the rest mass of the two particles that I am getting as RicrmssPwIo-00230-00132516-00133079 a result of decay happened to be same. The only way these particular particles can decay RicrmssPwIo-00231-00133079-00133779 is when they move back-to-back, it means one particle goes in this particular fashion, RicrmssPwIo-00232-00133979-00134501 another particle of course, goes in this particular fashion. That is only way that they can conserve RicrmssPwIo-00233-00134501-00134816 and make momentum 0, because remember initial the momentum is 0. RicrmssPwIo-00234-00134816-00135374 So, the final momentum also has to be 0, if both the particles moves in the same direction RicrmssPwIo-00235-00135374-00135959 there cannot be momentum cannot be 0, we have been told that a only one line. So, there RicrmssPwIo-00236-00135959-00136529 is only possibility is that one goes in this particular fashion, another goes in this particular RicrmssPwIo-00237-00136529-00137229 fashion. And because their rest mass is happened to be same therefore, there energy has to RicrmssPwIo-00238-00137246-00137888 be equally shared because in order to conserve momentum both must have same momentum obviously. RicrmssPwIo-00239-00137888-00138342 And energy and momentum relationship depends on their rest masses, their rest masses being RicrmssPwIo-00240-00138342-00138862 same in forces that their energy is also same. Let me just explain this particular particle RicrmssPwIo-00241-00138862-00139017 little bit more. RicrmssPwIo-00242-00139017-00139680 So, we have E square is equal to p square c square plus m naught square c to the power RicrmssPwIo-00243-00139680-00140380 4. If first particle p’s is same as the second particle, m naught is same as a second RicrmssPwIo-00244-00140447-00140989 particle, then E of that particle also has to be same as second particle. Therefore, RicrmssPwIo-00245-00140989-00141542 the two particles in the center of mass frame of reference must have same energy as well RicrmssPwIo-00246-00141542-00141996 as the same momentum. Same momentum because the initial momentum was 0, so final momentum RicrmssPwIo-00247-00141996-00142521 also has to be 0 and energy have to be same because the rest mass is also happened to RicrmssPwIo-00248-00142521-00142775 be same. Therefore, we can see that the problem has RicrmssPwIo-00249-00142775-00143475 to be simple, it means each one of the particles must be having the energy of half m naught RicrmssPwIo-00250-00143488-00144042 c square. So, this is what I have written here that M naught c square should be equal RicrmssPwIo-00251-00144042-00144737 to 2, this is I can write as gamma c m naught c square. So, this m naught c square these RicrmssPwIo-00252-00144737-00145012 are the total energies have to be equally shared. RicrmssPwIo-00253-00145012-00145712 And this energy of each particle can always be written as we just now have said gamma RicrmssPwIo-00254-00145746-00146236 M naught c square and because this center of mass frame of reference, so I am writing RicrmssPwIo-00255-00146236-00146873 gamma c. So, each particle must be having the same energy this two must be equal to RicrmssPwIo-00256-00146873-00147397 the total initial energy in this frame, which is M naught c square. So, this is what I have RicrmssPwIo-00257-00147397-00147952 written M naught square M naught c square is equal to 2 gamma c m, small m naught c RicrmssPwIo-00258-00147952-00148536 square. It immediately gives me the value of gamma c, which is c square cancels here RicrmssPwIo-00259-00148536-00149213 M naught divided by 2 small m naught. Once we have found out the value of gamma c I can RicrmssPwIo-00260-00149213-00149584 immediately find out what will be this p’s of this particular particle, in this particular RicrmssPwIo-00261-00149584-00150192 frame of reference by using the expression which you have just written earlier. RicrmssPwIo-00262-00150192-00150687 So, the two particles will move in a opposite direction with the following speed, this expression RicrmssPwIo-00263-00150687-00151171 is same expression which we just now I have worked out little bit earlier. And if I substitute RicrmssPwIo-00264-00151171-00151585 the value of gamma c which I have obtained, I will get that this speeds of the particle RicrmssPwIo-00265-00151585-00152155 will be like this, by will given by this expression. One moving in plus direction another moving RicrmssPwIo-00266-00152155-00152582 in minus direction, you can call it x direction one moving in plus x direction another moving RicrmssPwIo-00267-00152582-00152987 in minus x direction. So, these are the two velocities. RicrmssPwIo-00268-00152987-00153540 But what we have found out are the velocities in C frame of reference, if I have to find RicrmssPwIo-00269-00153540-00154102 out 11 laboratory frame of reference, all I have to do is simple velocity transformation. RicrmssPwIo-00270-00154102-00154732 I have to know what is the velocity of the C frame, which by the way we have found out RicrmssPwIo-00271-00154732-00155134 earlier. Once we know the velocity of that particular frame take care of proper science RicrmssPwIo-00272-00155134-00155834 and you can transform and obtain the values of speeds or some velocities in laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00273-00155848-00156379 frame of reference. So, we transform into C frame then brought it back to L frame, but RicrmssPwIo-00274-00156379-00156667 remember the problems very simple, we do not have deal with all those under roots and time RicrmssPwIo-00275-00156667-00157144 to work out and trained to solve those equations problems essentially very simple. RicrmssPwIo-00276-00157144-00157751 So, these I have I have written these speeds have only to be transformed back to L frame RicrmssPwIo-00277-00157751-00158374 taking care of appropriate sign. The speed of C frame in L frame needed to apply transformation RicrmssPwIo-00278-00158374-00159074 this was already found out earlier, if you remember earlier, the earlier case which we RicrmssPwIo-00279-00159089-00159789 have done here. We already found out that beta is equal to under root 8 by 3, so from RicrmssPwIo-00280-00159872-00160229 that we can found out p is equal to under root 8 by 3 c. Once we know the relative velocity RicrmssPwIo-00281-00160229-00160787 between the frames we know the velocities of the particles and C frame moves a velocity RicrmssPwIo-00282-00160787-00161239 transformation bring it back to laboratory frame. So, will not work it out further I RicrmssPwIo-00283-00161239-00161546 think this work go out roots simply. RicrmssPwIo-00284-00161546-00162246 Now, let us go to a slightly more involved problem it is not really involved it is slightly RicrmssPwIo-00285-00162287-00162987 more in the sense that instead of one initial particle we have two particles and things RicrmssPwIo-00286-00163026-00163726 are not really one dimension equation. So, let us read the problem, an electron of total RicrmssPwIo-00287-00163863-00164512 energy 1.4 MeV, again when we say total energy it means it is root less mass energy is total RicrmssPwIo-00288-00164512-00165212 energy is 1.4 MeV. M is stands about 6, electron volt collides with another electron, which RicrmssPwIo-00289-00165223-00165592 is at rest in L frame. So, in laboratory frame of reference there is one electron which is RicrmssPwIo-00290-00165592-00165824 at rest, another electron comes and hits it. Colloids it or it can scatter or gets scattered RicrmssPwIo-00291-00165824-00166524 whatever you want to call it that is what important. RicrmssPwIo-00292-00166816-00167196 After the collision the target electron, which means the electron which is originally at RicrmssPwIo-00293-00167196-00167896 rest is found to get scattered at an angle of 45 degrees, but not in the laboratory frame, RicrmssPwIo-00294-00167921-00168379 but in the C frame in the center of mass frame of reference. So, the problem involves both RicrmssPwIo-00295-00168379-00168883 laboratory frame and C frame. So, in that sense the problem is little more involved. RicrmssPwIo-00296-00168883-00169527 So, after the collision the target electron which has originally the electron which is RicrmssPwIo-00297-00169527-00169869 at rest is found to get scattered at an angle of 45 degree in C frame. RicrmssPwIo-00298-00169869-00170374 So, from the nature of the problem itself, particular problem itself is cleared that RicrmssPwIo-00299-00170374-00170979 we have to give talking about C frame. Find the energy and the momentum components of RicrmssPwIo-00300-00170979-00171679 target electron after the scatter in S and C in C and L frames. So, after this scatter RicrmssPwIo-00301-00171745-00172445 after the scattering has taken place what are the momentum and energies of target electron RicrmssPwIo-00302-00172699-00173173 in the frames of course, rest mass energy of the electron has been given as 0.51 MeV. RicrmssPwIo-00303-00173173-00173695 So, I think the problem is clear that this one particular electron, which is being hit RicrmssPwIo-00304-00173695-00174373 by an another electron, one electron is at rest, another electron comes and hits here RicrmssPwIo-00305-00174373-00174709 hits it. The electron which was at rest is found to RicrmssPwIo-00306-00174709-00175342 move it an angle of 45 degrees in center of mass frame of reference, k of because when RicrmssPwIo-00307-00175342-00175661 you are talking of 45 degrees. It means it no longer a one dimension it has to be you RicrmssPwIo-00308-00175661-00176319 have to work out in two-dimension. And then you have to find out what will be the energy RicrmssPwIo-00309-00176319-00176745 and momentum of the particle, work out for the both the particles necessary or target RicrmssPwIo-00310-00176745-00177380 electron in laboratory frame of reference as well as C frame of reference. RicrmssPwIo-00311-00177380-00177870 What are the issues in this thing; first of all it is a two particle system from the beginning RicrmssPwIo-00312-00177870-00178388 as we have said lets no longer a one particle system. So, like an one particle is very easy RicrmssPwIo-00313-00178388-00178690 to find out what is center of mass frame of reference, because you have to just go to RicrmssPwIo-00314-00178690-00178983 the reference frame of reference of that particle itself in which this particle has to be at RicrmssPwIo-00315-00178983-00179683 rest. So, here it is not so obvious, but we have to work it out. RicrmssPwIo-00316-00179813-00180299 The first method which is slightly I mean it is straight forward method, but little RicrmssPwIo-00317-00180299-00180833 more longer method in fact will give you a comparatively more straight forward method. RicrmssPwIo-00318-00180833-00181455 Let us assume that C frame travels in the laboratory frame of reference with a speed RicrmssPwIo-00319-00181455-00181946 v. Find the momentum and energy on both the particles in the C frames. So, assume could RicrmssPwIo-00320-00181946-00182591 in an arbitrary frame of reference, which moves relative to L frame with a speed v. RicrmssPwIo-00321-00182591-00183044 Then find the momentum and energy on both the particles in the C frame, then take the RicrmssPwIo-00322-00183044-00183530 sum of the momentum put it equal to 0. Because, I am looking for that particular frame of RicrmssPwIo-00323-00183530-00183845 reference in which the sum of momentum is 0. RicrmssPwIo-00324-00183845-00184315 So, once I put I take the momentum of first particle and momentum of second particle in RicrmssPwIo-00325-00184315-00184834 a frame of reference, which is moving with a speed v relative to L. And equate this particular RicrmssPwIo-00326-00184834-00185534 momentum sum of the momentum to 0 and solve for v that will be the velocity of the center RicrmssPwIo-00327-00185575-00185858 of mass frame. So, this is very straight forward standard method of finding out even if we RicrmssPwIo-00328-00185858-00186371 had n particles that is what I am doing principle. If I want to do in most simple fashion then RicrmssPwIo-00329-00186371-00186919 find out the momentum go to a particular frame of reference with moves with a speed v. RicrmssPwIo-00330-00186919-00187359 Transform all the momentum to that particular frame of reference, takes summation of momentum RicrmssPwIo-00331-00187359-00188030 put it equal to zero. That velocity that will obtain will be the velocity of the center RicrmssPwIo-00332-00188030-00188521 of mass frame of reference. So, let us first work it out that that way, before we go to RicrmssPwIo-00333-00188521-00189079 more involved little more trickier way, but at simple method. RicrmssPwIo-00334-00189079-00189545 So, let us first find out the total initial energy of the two electrons, as we have seen RicrmssPwIo-00335-00189545-00190245 that one electron is at rest in the laboratory frame. So, I am doing this particular problem RicrmssPwIo-00336-00190323-00190948 first in L frame. So, that is 0.15 electron MeV and the other electron, which is at which RicrmssPwIo-00337-00190948-00191541 is coming and hitting it that has a total energy 1.4 MeV. So, total energy in the laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00338-00191541-00191855 frame is 1.91 MeV. So, this is the total energy which is available to me in the laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00339-00191855-00191861 frame of reference. RicrmssPwIo-00340-00191861-00192561 Let us work out on momentum. Second particle is at rest and the target particle is at rest RicrmssPwIo-00341-00192911-00193340 in the laboratory frame of reference. So obviously, this is momentum is zero or we have to work RicrmssPwIo-00342-00193340-00193904 out the momentum of the other particle which is coming and hitting it here, find out what RicrmssPwIo-00343-00193904-00194317 is the momentum of that particular particle. I know the energy of that particle which is RicrmssPwIo-00344-00194317-00194778 1.4 MeV, I use the same standard expression E square is equal to p square c square plus RicrmssPwIo-00345-00194778-00195339 m naught square c to the power 4. M naught square c to the power 4 will just 0.51 square, RicrmssPwIo-00346-00195339-00195763 0.51 MeV square, so this is what I have written 0.51 MeV square. RicrmssPwIo-00347-00195763-00196346 So, this is p square c square plus M naught square c to the power 4 and this was E square RicrmssPwIo-00348-00196346-00196821 which is the total energy. So, I am solving for momentum like we have did for earlier RicrmssPwIo-00349-00196821-00197436 problem. So, this becomes 1.4 square minus 0.51 square, only thing which I have done RicrmssPwIo-00350-00197436-00198010 I have taken a special units here. So, that this particular normal issue had been p L RicrmssPwIo-00351-00198010-00198646 c, but I have taken units of MeV by c. So, this value of c I did not writing here. So, RicrmssPwIo-00352-00198646-00199167 these this very conventional unit I would traditional units sorry, in which we express RicrmssPwIo-00353-00199167-00199676 momentum in the units of MeV by c energy by c. RicrmssPwIo-00354-00199676-00200322 So, energy we express in MeV or g E v whatever depending upon the type of problem and express RicrmssPwIo-00355-00200322-00200880 momentum in MeV by c or g V by c. So, the momentum of this particular particle is one RicrmssPwIo-00356-00200880-00201580 point we yes work it out sort it 1.304 MeV by c of course, the momentum the second electron RicrmssPwIo-00357-00201862-00202191 is 0 that is what we have just now said. RicrmssPwIo-00358-00202191-00202515 Now, transform it; go to a frame of reference which is moving with a speed v in the L- frame, RicrmssPwIo-00359-00202515-00203215 I use momentum transformation. Momentum transformation standard, gamma, what is the original momentum RicrmssPwIo-00360-00203422-00204122 p x, p 1 x prime is equal to gamma p x minus v e by c square. This is the momentum transformation RicrmssPwIo-00361-00204212-00204912 equation momentum, we have just find out 1.304. I am writing the unit to make it clear minus RicrmssPwIo-00362-00205111-00205767 v is the speed relative speed between the frames the energy is 1.4 MeV divided by c RicrmssPwIo-00363-00205767-00206126 square. For the second particle the initial momentum RicrmssPwIo-00364-00206126-00206826 0. So, gamma multiplied by 0 into 0 minus 0, v into its energy is only is rest mass RicrmssPwIo-00365-00206892-00207589 energy. So, v multiplied by 0.51 MeV divided by c square. In fact, you just take the sum RicrmssPwIo-00366-00207589-00208146 of these two put it equal to 0 solve for v. That will give me immediately the velocity RicrmssPwIo-00367-00208146-00208804 of the center of mass frame of reference. That is what I have written for C frame E RicrmssPwIo-00368-00208804-00209190 1 x prime plus p 2 x prime is equal to 0. RicrmssPwIo-00369-00209190-00209890 So, just sum these things and work out for v you will get v is equal to 0.683 c from RicrmssPwIo-00370-00209955-00210471 this particular way of working it out. And then once you know the velocity you can find RicrmssPwIo-00371-00210471-00211089 out gamma, once you have found out gamma then you can transform the energy and find out RicrmssPwIo-00372-00211089-00211754 what is the energy of these particles in the center of mass frame of reference. Then center RicrmssPwIo-00373-00211754-00212069 of mass frame of reference initial some momentum is anyway 0, energy momentum conservation RicrmssPwIo-00374-00212069-00212769 and you will be able to solve the problem. But as I told that is slightly quicker method RicrmssPwIo-00375-00212876-00213442 to work it out by using the convention of the 4 vectors. So, let us adopt the method RicrmssPwIo-00376-00213442-00213885 two of working out this particular problem going to center of mass frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00377-00213885-00214451 by using the concept of four vectors. As we will see that this is slightly tricky, but RicrmssPwIo-00378-00214451-00214669 it is much more simpler. RicrmssPwIo-00379-00214669-00215183 So, this is what I have said method two, one can use the fact that the length of four vector RicrmssPwIo-00380-00215183-00215729 would be same in all the frames. We have discussed it earlier, when we describe the concept of RicrmssPwIo-00381-00215729-00216233 four vectors that the length of four vectors is what we call as a four scalar. Thus we RicrmssPwIo-00382-00216233-00216777 change the frame of reference the individual components of the four vector may change, RicrmssPwIo-00383-00216777-00217288 but its length is unchanged that is a four scalar. So, once I go from one frame one initial RicrmssPwIo-00384-00217288-00217621 frame to another initial frame of reference length is going to be same. RicrmssPwIo-00385-00217621-00218130 So, what I can do now calculate the length of energy momentum four vector in the laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00386-00218130-00218767 frame of reference for the system of the particles. And I know that this particular length is RicrmssPwIo-00387-00218767-00219267 going to be same in the center of mass frame of reference and I know in the center of mass RicrmssPwIo-00388-00219267-00219669 frame of reference summation of momentum would be 0. So, it will have session of only four RicrmssPwIo-00389-00219669-00220125 terms of energy if you remember the four terms of the energy momentum four vectors, where RicrmssPwIo-00390-00220125-00220825 p 1, p 2, p 3 and rather p x, p y and p z and fourth term is i E upon c. So, fourth RicrmssPwIo-00391-00220851-00221491 term depends on energy, let us just work it out and see how similar this particular problem RicrmssPwIo-00392-00221491-00221529 becomes. RicrmssPwIo-00393-00221529-00222229 So, first let us write the length of the four vector for this summation for the system of RicrmssPwIo-00394-00222236-00222936 the particle. So, first three terms you are taking the length. So, it will E 1 square RicrmssPwIo-00395-00223056-00223546 plus E 2 square plus E 3 square plus a 4 square, first three terms are only the momentum terms. RicrmssPwIo-00396-00223546-00223981 So, essentially it means the first three terms will give me a summation of summation of p RicrmssPwIo-00397-00223981-00224623 L I square where L is the momentum the laboratory frame of reference. Some over the all particles RicrmssPwIo-00398-00224623-00225015 this case they are only two particles. So, what I will do? I will add the momentum RicrmssPwIo-00399-00225015-00225706 of the two particles and this particular term will be obtained from that. Similarly, this RicrmssPwIo-00400-00225706-00226148 particular term depends on the summation of the energy of two particles because I am applying RicrmssPwIo-00401-00226148-00226566 this particular I am calculating the length of energy momentum four vector for the system RicrmssPwIo-00402-00226566-00227041 of the particles, for two particles together, not for the individual particles. So, when RicrmssPwIo-00403-00227041-00227630 I am writing for the two particles together this summation will be the sum of the energies RicrmssPwIo-00404-00227630-00228242 of two particles; first particle has the energy of 1.4 MeV, the second particle is at rest, RicrmssPwIo-00405-00228242-00228579 it has only rest mass energy which is 0.51 MeV. RicrmssPwIo-00406-00228579-00229166 So, summation of p L i will be only 1.91. sum of first energy of first particle plus RicrmssPwIo-00407-00229166-00229596 sum of energy sum of energy first particle and the second particle, first particle having RicrmssPwIo-00408-00229596-00230254 energy of 1.4, second particle having energy 0.51. Similarly, here summation of the momentum RicrmssPwIo-00409-00230254-00230865 magnitude of the momentum for the first particle, which is 1.4 and for other particle is 0. RicrmssPwIo-00410-00230865-00231429 So, this becomes 1. Sorry, I am sorry… The momentum of the first particle is 1.304 for RicrmssPwIo-00411-00231429-00231664 the second particle is 0. So, just because 1.304 square. RicrmssPwIo-00412-00231664-00232269 I calculate this number, this turns out to be an imaginary number, the length of four RicrmssPwIo-00413-00232269-00232716 vector can always be an imaginary, we have discussed this problems earlier. So, this RicrmssPwIo-00414-00232716-00233416 will be given by 1.396 i MeV by c. Now, I know if I go to any other frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00415-00233678-00234202 this length is for the same system of particle is going to remain same. But if I go to a RicrmssPwIo-00416-00234202-00234667 specific frame which is called center of mass frame of reference in that summation of momentum RicrmssPwIo-00417-00234667-00235367 will be zero, it means this particular term would be 0. So, if I want to write in center RicrmssPwIo-00418-00235455-00235956 of mass frame of reference, this term is 0 and only the energy terms will be present. RicrmssPwIo-00419-00235956-00236502 So, it is much easier to find out the energy in the center of mass frame of reference, RicrmssPwIo-00420-00236502-00237001 let us see how? First let us realize that because the two particles that I am talking RicrmssPwIo-00421-00237001-00237701 are 1 electrons. So, what will happen in the center of mass frame of reference; one particle RicrmssPwIo-00422-00237902-00238485 comes like this, another particle comes like this, both are electrons. They have to come RicrmssPwIo-00423-00238485-00238892 in opposite direction because they have to make the total momentum 0, so their momentum RicrmssPwIo-00424-00238892-00239592 must be in opposite direction. Now, they can scattered one of the electron goes this way, RicrmssPwIo-00425-00239669-00240201 another electron goes this way. We have been told that this angle 45 degree, RicrmssPwIo-00426-00240201-00240784 this has been given in the problem that is angle is 45 degrees, all right? Now, the only RicrmssPwIo-00427-00240784-00241271 way because initial momentum same as the final momentum. So, this is the term goes this way RicrmssPwIo-00428-00241271-00241729 making an angle of 45 degree, the other electron has to go opposite back to back just like RicrmssPwIo-00429-00241729-00242173 in earlier case, except for the fact that is not in the same line. But now, tilted at RicrmssPwIo-00430-00242173-00242769 an angle of 45 degree, but otherwise this electron also to go to back to back because RicrmssPwIo-00431-00242769-00243398 the rest mass of this electron is same, this is electron. So, rest mass is same therefore, RicrmssPwIo-00432-00243398-00244035 the energy has to be same and the momentum is also same. So, once we realize that this RicrmssPwIo-00433-00244035-00244673 is what is going to happen, then I realize that this particular energy, must be same RicrmssPwIo-00434-00244673-00245215 as this particular energy as we have discussed earlier. RicrmssPwIo-00435-00245215-00245851 Now, what would summation of the what will be length of the four vector in C frame, summation RicrmssPwIo-00436-00245851-00246551 of p i is 0. It means it must be minus summation of E c i square by c square, when the symbol RicrmssPwIo-00437-00246651-00247331 c here, to demonstrate that this is centre mass frame of reference. So, this particular RicrmssPwIo-00438-00247331-00247852 thing because the E c is 0 some of the I am applying again I am reminding I am applying RicrmssPwIo-00439-00247852-00248313 from the system of the particle and for the system of the particle is centre of mass frame RicrmssPwIo-00440-00248313-00248950 of reference summation E is 0. So, it contains only one term which is this RicrmssPwIo-00441-00248950-00249471 and this must have exactly the same value as we have done earlier, because the length RicrmssPwIo-00442-00249471-00249991 is going to be same in this frame for the same system of particles. So, I just evaluate RicrmssPwIo-00443-00249991-00250519 this particular thing and in peaceful I get summation of E c i and I realize I take under RicrmssPwIo-00444-00250519-00251041 root. And this is sum of the two energies and because energies are going to be shared RicrmssPwIo-00445-00251041-00251532 equally by the two electrons. So, each one of them will have an energy of 1.396 divided RicrmssPwIo-00446-00251532-00252194 by 2. Let me repeat this length of the four vector has only one term which is here which RicrmssPwIo-00447-00252194-00252733 contains the submission of energy of two electrons. The submission of the energy of the two electrons RicrmssPwIo-00448-00252733-00253433 and with the energy of both equal of two electrons, it means E c i is just… By this particular RicrmssPwIo-00449-00253477-00253944 summation is just the double of the energy of the individual electron. So, this one particular RicrmssPwIo-00450-00253944-00254529 1.396 if I divide divided by 2 and I will get the energy of the two electrons. RicrmssPwIo-00451-00254529-00255100 This is what I have written the energy of the two scattered electrons of the magnitude RicrmssPwIo-00452-00255100-00255800 of the momentum are same. We therefore, get E c is just as 1.396 divided by 2 is equal RicrmssPwIo-00453-00255923-00256494 to 0.698 MeV. So, each of the electron will have this much energy because of the symmetry RicrmssPwIo-00454-00256494-00256998 involved in the centre of mass frame of reference. The two particles have to go back to back RicrmssPwIo-00455-00256998-00257419 and both being the same particles with same same rest mass have to have the same energy RicrmssPwIo-00456-00257419-00257910 and of course, they have to have a same momentum. I can calculate what will be momentum of the RicrmssPwIo-00457-00257910-00258367 particle by just using exactly the same relationship. I will get that the momentum of the individual RicrmssPwIo-00458-00258367-00259067 particles individual electrons will be 0.477 MeV by c in C frame of reference this centre RicrmssPwIo-00459-00259165-00259865 of mass frame of reference, I found out energy and momentum. Now, is C frame will have laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00460-00259919-00260491 frame of reference make a transformation. Again you have to find out the speed of C RicrmssPwIo-00461-00260491-00260889 frame with respect to L frame of course, if you have adopted the second method we have RicrmssPwIo-00462-00260889-00261416 so not obtained the speed on the first method we found out, the speed of the centre of mass RicrmssPwIo-00463-00261416-00261646 frame of reference. But in this particular method we have not RicrmssPwIo-00464-00261646-00262164 yet found out, but we can now find out because in this particular C frame the energy of the RicrmssPwIo-00465-00262164-00262830 electron is 6.98 MeV, while its rest mass energy was 0.51 MeV. So, the gamma will be RicrmssPwIo-00466-00262830-00263322 0.698 divided by 0.51, once I know gamma I can calculate what will be the speed. RicrmssPwIo-00467-00263322-00263874 This what I have done of course, before that let me let me also tell that we have to calculate RicrmssPwIo-00468-00263874-00264355 x component and the y component of the momentum. Because now, make an angle of 45 degrees and RicrmssPwIo-00469-00264355-00264745 because it is an angle of 45 degrees. So, x component and y component will be just whatever RicrmssPwIo-00470-00264745-00265428 is the momentum divide by root 2 cos 45 or sine 45 both are under 1 upon root 2. So, RicrmssPwIo-00471-00265428-00265919 these are the x component and the y component of the momentum and I must you know we should RicrmssPwIo-00472-00265919-00266401 be clear, that we have to transform not just one momentum, we have to transform x component RicrmssPwIo-00473-00266401-00267003 of momentum and y component of momentum and also the energy of the particle to L frame. RicrmssPwIo-00474-00267003-00267675 So, as I said relative speed of c can be obtained by 0.698 divided by 0.51, which gives me the RicrmssPwIo-00475-00267675-00268347 value of gamma is equal to 1.369. And I can calculate the beta as we have done using the RicrmssPwIo-00476-00268347-00268782 expression gamma square minus 1 divided by gamma square, which gives me same value, which RicrmssPwIo-00477-00268782-00269482 I obtained by the first method which is 0.683 c. I know the velocity I know p x, I know RicrmssPwIo-00478-00269680-00270125 p y, I know E the centre of mass frame of reference, applied transformation equations RicrmssPwIo-00479-00270125-00270543 go back to laboratory frame of reference. You know all the energy all the momentum back RicrmssPwIo-00480-00270543-00270948 to laboratory frame of reference if you are not very sure you have done mat everything RicrmssPwIo-00481-00270948-00271322 correctly. Again apply conservation of energy and momentum in that frame they have to be RicrmssPwIo-00482-00271322-00271691 obeyed in that frame of reference if you have done any mistake. RicrmssPwIo-00483-00271691-00272242 So, that is what I have said the energy and momentum can be obtained in laboratory frame RicrmssPwIo-00484-00272242-00272671 using energy momentum transformation standard transformation, we have been using those equations RicrmssPwIo-00485-00272671-00273124 earlier. One can also assert in that the energy and momentum are also conserved in that L RicrmssPwIo-00486-00273124-00273608 frame which they have to, but that is not a part of problem to show that. But if one RicrmssPwIo-00487-00273608-00274140 wants to be show to see that I have done no mistake, this is the way we can calculate. RicrmssPwIo-00488-00274140-00274735 I just wanted to point you out one particular thing that, once we did when described the RicrmssPwIo-00489-00274735-00275245 experiment on centre of mass frame of reference the energy that we got was much less, in the RicrmssPwIo-00490-00275245-00275856 laboratory frame of reference it was 1.4 plus 0.51 MeV. While in the case of the centre RicrmssPwIo-00491-00275856-00276180 of mass frame of reference is 1.396 MeV. RicrmssPwIo-00492-00276180-00276631 So, just let us state this particular fact this if we have to decide this particular RicrmssPwIo-00493-00276631-00277103 experiment, then in the centre of mass frame of reference the energy that is being used RicrmssPwIo-00494-00277103-00277672 only 1.396 MeV, while in the laboratory frame of reference its 1.91 MeV. So, this is what RicrmssPwIo-00495-00277672-00278145 sort of illustrates what I have been dealing earlier, which I told earlier that many times RicrmssPwIo-00496-00278145-00278608 it is simple it is energetic favorable to design the experiment centre of mass frame RicrmssPwIo-00497-00278608-00279308 of reference. So, do not spend energy in accelerating or letting this centre of mass. Now, let us RicrmssPwIo-00498-00279568-00280249 take one more problem in which also we are using the concept of four vectors and the RicrmssPwIo-00499-00280249-00280691 concept of centre of mass frame of reference, this is also very simple problem, but involve RicrmssPwIo-00500-00280691-00280901 many more particles. RicrmssPwIo-00501-00280901-00281595 So, problem is as follows; that there is a proton p which has a kinetic energy K, this RicrmssPwIo-00502-00281595-00282016 problem has been given in terms of kinetic energy. Most of the time there problems are RicrmssPwIo-00503-00282016-00282453 given in terms of total energy, in this it happens to be given in terms of kinetic energy, RicrmssPwIo-00504-00282453-00282881 no issues we know how to convert it, no problem. We also know the expression between energy, RicrmssPwIo-00505-00282881-00283581 kinetic energy and the momentum, so we can use that expression in. So, we have a proton RicrmssPwIo-00506-00283589-00284169 it has a kinetic energy K and this is incident on another proton, which is rest in the laboratory RicrmssPwIo-00507-00284169-00284553 frame of reference. And even if I would not accept L frame, I would have realized that RicrmssPwIo-00508-00284553-00285021 this one is centre of mass frame of reference. Because, one particle at rest, another particle RicrmssPwIo-00509-00285021-00285401 is moving, so obviously, the centre of mass cannot be at rest. So, this obviously, not RicrmssPwIo-00510-00285401-00285620 a centre of mass frame of reference. RicrmssPwIo-00511-00285620-00286320 Now, this proton when it incidents on the another proton results into four different RicrmssPwIo-00512-00286674-00287144 particles. After the interaction four particles are formed not two particles as in the earlier RicrmssPwIo-00513-00287144-00287749 case. The four particles we have found, three of which them are proton and the fourth one RicrmssPwIo-00514-00287749-00288449 is an anti-proton. Just to you sure anti-proton is has a same mass as a proton same rest mass RicrmssPwIo-00515-00288618-00289228 as a proton. But it has a charge which is negative to it, it has a charge which is negative, RicrmssPwIo-00516-00289228-00289513 protons are positively charged particles, while anti-proton is a negatively charged RicrmssPwIo-00517-00289513-00289944 particle. So, you get three protons and one anti-proton. RicrmssPwIo-00518-00289944-00290543 Now, question is little more tricky; what should be the least value of kinetic energy RicrmssPwIo-00519-00290543-00291103 K? What should be least kinetic energy that you must supply to that incident proton? So, RicrmssPwIo-00520-00291103-00291791 that this particular reaction becomes possible. See from two protons you are generating four RicrmssPwIo-00521-00291791-00292285 particles; three of which are protons and one of them is anti-proton. So obviously, RicrmssPwIo-00522-00292285-00292879 if you at the both the protons were at rest you could have not done it, because the energy RicrmssPwIo-00523-00292879-00293355 that was available to you is only two M naught c square, where M naught is a rest mass of RicrmssPwIo-00524-00293355-00293652 the proton. You are getting four particles, each one of RicrmssPwIo-00525-00293652-00294352 which has a rest mass of M naught as mass of rest mass of proton it was not possible. RicrmssPwIo-00526-00294443-00294753 Obviously, we require certain amount of energy, you cannot just make of conservation of energy, RicrmssPwIo-00527-00294753-00295352 because momentum also has to be conserved. But if you go back to the center of mass frame RicrmssPwIo-00528-00295352-00295874 of reference there certain amount of easiness. Because, in centre of mass frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00529-00295874-00296465 I am very clear initial momentum is 0 and in that particular frame of reference, to RicrmssPwIo-00530-00296465-00296903 a require least amount of energy is that I can create all 4 protons at rest. RicrmssPwIo-00531-00296903-00297529 If I think in terms of centre of mass frame of reference I have 2 protons, which are coming RicrmssPwIo-00532-00297529-00297997 back-to-back like this and hitting it. They have to have equal momentum because this is RicrmssPwIo-00533-00297997-00298484 centre of mass frame of reference they have the same rest mass. Now, if you are giving RicrmssPwIo-00534-00298484-00299081 them too much of energy you have 4 protons, which may move anywhere else, 4 protons plus RicrmssPwIo-00535-00299081-00299583 3 protons plus 1 anti-proton, 4 particles. But if I want this particular thing to have RicrmssPwIo-00536-00299583-00300268 least amount of energy I can have such a velocity, such that these 4 particles are all at rest. RicrmssPwIo-00537-00300268-00300555 And because all the four particles are at rest then momentum is still 0. RicrmssPwIo-00538-00300555-00301245 So, this is what I am trying to explain I have written the transparency the least energy RicrmssPwIo-00539-00301245-00301875 required would be when all the four particles are created at rest. But that is only possible RicrmssPwIo-00540-00301875-00302251 in the C frame of reference, because it is only in that particular frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00541-00302251-00302710 that the momentum 0. In laboratory frame the two particles, the four particles not be created RicrmssPwIo-00542-00302710-00303150 at rest, because the momentum will not be conserved. Because, initial momentum is non-zero, RicrmssPwIo-00543-00303150-00303698 it is only in C frame that the initial momentum is 0. So, you can imagine that all the four RicrmssPwIo-00544-00303698-00303990 particles are created at rest. So, we go to center of mass frame of reference. RicrmssPwIo-00545-00303990-00304690 The energy is C frame corresponding to the case when all four of them are at rest must RicrmssPwIo-00546-00304905-00305428 be equal to 4 m naught c square, where m naught is the rest mass of the proton. Because, each RicrmssPwIo-00547-00305428-00306049 four all the four particles are at the same rest mass m naught and they are not moving, RicrmssPwIo-00548-00306049-00306501 because I want the least amount of energy. So, the total energy which will be generated RicrmssPwIo-00549-00306501-00307044 in the centre of mass frame of reference has to be 4 m naught c square. Therefore, the RicrmssPwIo-00550-00307044-00307499 square of the length of the four vector this frame, because this momentum 0 is minus E RicrmssPwIo-00551-00307499-00308172 square by c square. So, it must be minus 16 m naught square c square. So, this will be RicrmssPwIo-00552-00308172-00308702 the length of the four vector in the centre of mass frame of reference after the reaction RicrmssPwIo-00553-00308702-00308816 is over when we have got four particles. RicrmssPwIo-00554-00308816-00309516 But what will be the length in the laboratory frame of reference, before the interaction RicrmssPwIo-00555-00309821-00310521 we have momentum which is not equal to 0, I can find out what is a momentum, there is RicrmssPwIo-00556-00310627-00310977 only one particle which is moving. So, I can find out what will be the total momentum of RicrmssPwIo-00557-00310977-00311496 that particular particle moving its energy. I will know the energy of the first particle, RicrmssPwIo-00558-00311496-00311850 I know the energy of the second particle. I can find out the length of the four vector RicrmssPwIo-00559-00311850-00312302 just like I did in the previous problem. RicrmssPwIo-00560-00312302-00312771 Because, there is only one term I have not written summation here, here of course, I RicrmssPwIo-00561-00312771-00313344 have write the totally, not put the summation sign makes things simple. So, this p square RicrmssPwIo-00562-00313344-00313720 will be given by K square by c square plus 2 m naught K, this is the standard expression RicrmssPwIo-00563-00313720-00314420 relating momentum to the kinetic energy, what we did earlier. The total energy, energy of RicrmssPwIo-00564-00314428-00314840 the first particle which is coming with the speed is kinetic energy plus rest mass energy. RicrmssPwIo-00565-00314840-00315294 So, K plus m naught c square there is another proton, which is at rest which has energy RicrmssPwIo-00566-00315294-00315886 of just m naught c square. So, total energy is K plus 2 m naught c square, RicrmssPwIo-00567-00315886-00316270 this is summation of E, I have not written summation sign here, this is the total energy RicrmssPwIo-00568-00316270-00316777 of the four vector. So, that the length of the four vector in laboratory frame of reference RicrmssPwIo-00569-00316777-00317477 is minus 2 m naught K, minus 4 m naught square c square. Now, this length of four vector RicrmssPwIo-00570-00317603-00318075 after collision has to be or after the interaction has to be same in the length frame in the RicrmssPwIo-00571-00318075-00318422 laboratory frame of reference and has also be described in the in the center of mass RicrmssPwIo-00572-00318422-00318763 frame of reference. So, what I do I take the length of the four RicrmssPwIo-00573-00318763-00319463 vector of the system of the particles before interaction in L frame and equate it to the RicrmssPwIo-00574-00319527-00320055 length of the four vector after reaction in C frame. So, this is what I am doing I am RicrmssPwIo-00575-00320055-00320575 taking before interaction the length laboratory frame and equating it to the length of the RicrmssPwIo-00576-00320575-00321123 four vector, in after the reaction in C frame, which I know is minus 16 m naught square c RicrmssPwIo-00577-00321123-00321463 to the power 4, if I want the least energy. RicrmssPwIo-00578-00321463-00322163 This is what I have written equating the length in L before interaction to the length in C RicrmssPwIo-00579-00322197-00322699 frame after interaction. I must have minus 16 m naught square c to the power m naught RicrmssPwIo-00580-00322699-00323170 square c square, given by this particular expression, I solve this K terms out to be RicrmssPwIo-00581-00323170-00323769 equal to 6 m naught c square. So, this is the least k needed in laboratory frame. So, RicrmssPwIo-00582-00323769-00324244 in laboratory frame of reference this particular particle must have kinetic energy of at least RicrmssPwIo-00583-00324244-00324944 6 m naught c square in order that reaction becomes possible. In summary we have discussed RicrmssPwIo-00584-00325175-00325703 some problems in center of mass frame of reference and demonstrated how it becomes easy to solve RicrmssPwIo-00585-00325703-00326199 these problems and we also gave some examples of the use of four vector concept. RicrmssPwIo-00586-00326199-00326276 Thank you. RnVSwm4CvGA-00000-00000426-00001220 Sadhguru: From here, I appeal to every one of you – if a child is born plant a tree, RnVSwm4CvGA-00001-00001220-00001724 if he stands up plant a tree, if he goes to school plant a tree, RnVSwm4CvGA-00002-00001724-00002124 if he gets married… he or she gets married plant a tree, RnVSwm4CvGA-00003-00002124-00002350 if somebody dies plant a tree – RnVSwm4CvGA-00004-00002350-00003274 just find an excuse to plant a tree because what we exhale they inhale, what they exhale we inhale. RnVSwm4CvGA-00005-00003274-00003747 Or in other words one half of our breathing equipment is out there. RnVSwm4CvGA-00006-00003747-00004452 Or in other words what we call as environment is not environment; it is just part of our lives. RnVSwm4CvGA-00007-00004452-00005170 The planet that we walk upon, this earth, the very body that we carry is a piece of this earth. RnVSwm4CvGA-00008-00005170-00005566 Let us walk gently and gracefully upon this planet. RnVSwm4CvGA-00009-00005566-00006032 Let people of Tamil Nadu and the rest of the country and the world RnVSwm4CvGA-00010-00006032-00006576 be inspired by the work that common people of Tamil Nadu have done RnVSwm4CvGA-00011-00006576-00007004 and made a phenomenal change in bringing back green cover. RnVSwm4CvGA-00012-00007004-00007658 And we thank the forest department, the authorities, the government of Tamil Nadu RnVSwm4CvGA-00013-00007658-00008258 and everybody else, who have supported and assisted us in making this happen. S0Lqq2xc9FM-00000-00000000-00000811 choose HD quality S1vuGkQI2z8-00000-00000564-00001122 Welcome to BMC's Control-M Application Pack Deployment video. S1vuGkQI2z8-00001-00001146-00001752 In this video you will learn how to automatically deploy, install, or upgrade application plugins, S1vuGkQI2z8-00002-00001752-00002146 on multiple Control-M agents from one single point of access, S1vuGkQI2z8-00003-00002146-00002876 using the Application Pack Deployment tool. The Application Pack is a single installation S1vuGkQI2z8-00004-00002876-00003544 that includes: Control-M for Backup, Control-M for Databases, and Control-M Application Integrator S1vuGkQI2z8-00005-00003604-00004154 In future releases, the Application Pack will include additional application plugins S1vuGkQI2z8-00006-00004334-00004838 The Application Pack Installation Package is stored on the Control-M/EM server. S1vuGkQI2z8-00007-00004838-00005212 When you install Control-M/EM 9.0.18 or higher. S1vuGkQI2z8-00008-00005328-00005878 From the CCM, you can transfer the Application Pack to multiple Control-M agents. S1vuGkQI2z8-00009-00005944-00006636 After the transfer, you can then install the application pack to version 9.0.18 and higher on UNIX and Windows. S1vuGkQI2z8-00010-00006788-00007190 Here are a few things to note before you start the deployment: S1vuGkQI2z8-00011-00007190-00007672 To run a deploy activity in the CCM, you must have full access permissions S1vuGkQI2z8-00012-00007672-00008118 for configuration and operation privileges in the Privileges window. S1vuGkQI2z8-00013-00008150-00008820 Control-M Agent 9.0.18 or higher must be installed to install Application Pack 9.0.18. S1vuGkQI2z8-00014-00008820-00009176 For more information, see the Control-M Help. S1vuGkQI2z8-00015-00009218-00010104 To start the Application Pack deploy in the CCM, Click the Manage tab and then select Deployment S1vuGkQI2z8-00016-00010110-00010874 From the Deployment window, select New Activity > Application Pack > Upgrade/Install S1vuGkQI2z8-00017-00011036-00011574 Enter an Activity Name, a Description, and the E-mail addresses of those that you want S1vuGkQI2z8-00018-00011574-00012068 to notify about the success or failure of this deployment activity. S1vuGkQI2z8-00019-00012206-00012838 If you want to transfer the Application Pack to Control-M Agent computers, but upgrade at a later time, S1vuGkQI2z8-00020-00012838-00013284 select Send Application Pack to Control-M Agent(s). S1vuGkQI2z8-00021-00013302-00013800 After the package is transferred, you can manually start the upgrade process at any time, S1vuGkQI2z8-00022-00013860-00014400 from the deployment window. If you want to transfer the application pack to S1vuGkQI2z8-00023-00014400-00014922 Control-M Agent computers and begin the upgrade process automatically select S1vuGkQI2z8-00024-00014936-00015360 Send And Install Application Pack To Control-M Agent(s). S1vuGkQI2z8-00025-00015390-00015972 For this video, we'll send and install. Select the Control-M that you S1vuGkQI2z8-00026-00015972-00016418 want to deploy the Application Pack to, and click Install. S1vuGkQI2z8-00027-00016536-00017010 The transfer process starts, and progress messages appear in the right pane of the S1vuGkQI2z8-00028-00017010-00017526 deployment activity. To view and troubleshoot the internal stages of the upgrade, S1vuGkQI2z8-00029-00017526-00017989 click Log from the Deployment Window. If you select it to transfer the S1vuGkQI2z8-00030-00017989-00018504 Installation Package, you can install the Application Pack at any time. S1vuGkQI2z8-00031-00018504-00019062 After the transfer is complete, a job runs on the Control-M agent to verify that it S1vuGkQI2z8-00032-00019062-00019630 installed or upgraded successfully. When the status changes to Completed, S1vuGkQI2z8-00033-00019636-00020162 the Application Pack is installed on the Control-M Agents, and ready for use. S1vuGkQI2z8-00034-00020163-00020807 Thank you for watching this video. For more information, see the Control-M Help. S1vuGkQI2z8-00035-00021454-00021659 you S2sj7YKSoJy-00000-00000091-00000548 Hi, It’s Elizabeth here in the Library. S2sj7YKSoJy-00001-00000548-00000974 I am working with Chris Blackmore to pilot the chrome digital sign builder. S2sj7YKSoJy-00002-00000974-00001428 I am hoping you can help to create some content for “Dolphin Day” and the content we create S2sj7YKSoJy-00003-00001428-00001996 will be played on the screens in the 4th floor conference room and on the TV by Admissions. S2sj7YKSoJy-00004-00001996-00002500 Each slide will cycle for 9 seconds so keep that in mind when you add content. S2sj7YKSoJy-00005-00002500-00002796 You can see the current pilot playing on the TV by Admissions. S2sj7YKSoJy-00006-00002796-00003220 I have sent a shared link to a google slide presentation in the email with this video S2sj7YKSoJy-00007-00003220-00003639 link and anyone with the link can contribute and edit the slide show. S2sj7YKSoJy-00008-00003639-00003932 Google Slides is Google’s version of powerpoint. S2sj7YKSoJy-00009-00003932-00004457 As of this date there are 19 groups participating in Dolphin Day, so I created 19 slides. S2sj7YKSoJy-00010-00004457-00004873 Please identify someone from each area to work on a slide. S2sj7YKSoJy-00011-00004873-00005015 It is fairly easy. S2sj7YKSoJy-00012-00005015-00005506 Click the link and you will be in the google presentation for Dolphin Day. S2sj7YKSoJy-00013-00005506-00005955 Find a slide that hasn’t been edited and start working on your slide. S2sj7YKSoJy-00014-00005955-00007330 You can pick a layout and if you have a logo, I would encourage starting with that and then S2sj7YKSoJy-00015-00007330-00008031 adding some content. S2sj7YKSoJy-00016-00008031-00009286 You can get as fancy as you want, but don’t change the THEME as it will change everyone’s S2sj7YKSoJy-00017-00009286-00010070 slide. S2sj7YKSoJy-00018-00010070-00010521 I am happy to help anyone who would like it and can enhance some slides if asked. S2sj7YKSoJy-00019-00010521-00010928 Also, if you feel more comfortable with Powerpoint, you can create one slide in there and email S2sj7YKSoJy-00020-00010928-00011028 it to me. S2sj7YKSoJy-00021-00011028-00011434 I am not sure who will be in charge of digital content in the future for chrome digital signs S2sj7YKSoJy-00022-00011434-00011867 but I think we have a great opportunity to see how it works for Dolphin Day. S2sj7YKSoJy-00023-00011867-00012090 I am excited to see how this turns out. S2sj7YKSoJy-00024-00012090-00012384 Let me know if you have any questions. S2DTCQe43fo-00000-00000000-00000200 Song of Horrors | Female Gameplay S3u3ngTEqP0-00000-00000364-00000780 Hello, Jean-Paul Chapeleau, PRESTIGE and Jeanneau CEO'S. S3u3ngTEqP0-00001-00000780-00001352 I'm very glad to welcome you for our PRESTIGE Exclusive Days. S3u3ngTEqP0-00002-00001604-00001812 Customers who come to an event like this, S3u3ngTEqP0-00003-00001812-00002248 have the chance to spend quality time with the whole team here at PRESTIGE. S3u3ngTEqP0-00004-00002996-00003400 Raymarine has been a partner with PRESTIGE now for about 30 years. S3u3ngTEqP0-00005-00003415-00003747 And we are very fortunate to work with PRESTIGE. S3u3ngTEqP0-00006-00003747-00004008 The event is a unique event S3u3ngTEqP0-00007-00004008-00004552 and we don’t see it with other boatbuilders. All the customers now get to see how the boat are being built. S3u3ngTEqP0-00008-00004552-00004844 It shows the quality and processes. S3u3ngTEqP0-00009-00005296-00005784 We love the PRESTIGE very much. Cruising with the boat on sea, it’s very good. S3u3ngTEqP0-00010-00005784-00006076 The elegancy inside of the boat. S3u3ngTEqP0-00011-00006076-00006576 We also enjoy being on our boat with friends, with family. S3u3ngTEqP0-00012-00006759-00007292 PRESTIGE is all about bringing people together. We try to bring as many people as possible to the water. S3u3ngTEqP0-00013-00007292-00007672 But what it’s all about for us, it’s to providing with the quality of life. S3u3ngTEqP0-00014-00007672-00008216 A way of living their lives, which is a different way once you are on board of one of the PRESTIGE Yachts. S3u3ngTEqP0-00015-00008440-00008808 It’s good that you can see all the different kind of ships, S3u3ngTEqP0-00016-00008808-00009500 so that you can make a good impression on how people want their boat but also the customization you can get with such a boat. S3u3ngTEqP0-00017-00009736-00010256 We are here at our Exclusive Days. It’s a way that we can have people come to the yard. S3u3ngTEqP0-00018-00010256-00010692 Show off all of the technology that we use to build the boats, show all of our new models. S3u3ngTEqP0-00019-00010692-00011072 Have a moment where we can sit with our suppliers, with our partners. S3u3ngTEqP0-00020-00011276-00011732 Coming here to the shipyard at Les Herbiers shows first what we are able to do S3u3ngTEqP0-00021-00011732-00012280 because we have a French Yard with a real luxury “à la française” environment. S3u3ngTEqP0-00022-00012280-00012704 We are truly in a mini private lounge where there is no pressure. S3u3ngTEqP0-00023-00012704-00013032 There is everything: we can see the manufacture of the boats, we visit the finished boats, S3u3ngTEqP0-00024-00013032-00013291 and we enjoy the whole range without any stress! S3u3ngTEqP0-00025-00013291-00013644 Having lunch in front of the boats, well… it’s just magical. SqxgqSlUnyc-00000-00000080-00001104 Narcissists are obtuse. Narcissists are insensitive. They're blind. Narcissists SqxgqSlUnyc-00001-00001104-00002192 are boorish. They are slow dim-witted, unfeeling, and tactless. Narcissists SqxgqSlUnyc-00002-00002192-00002984 are not sensitive, except for themselves. They don't notice many things. SqxgqSlUnyc-00003-00003048-00004384 They are dull. And many things have to be spelled out to a narcissist. SrHeDAh43g4-00000-00000000-00000310 Electra X Bank Presets Electrax expansion preview SrHeDAh43g4-00001-00000315-00000415 Electra X Bank Presets Electrax expansion preview SrX_8Spz4Hy-00000-00000100-00000600 Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Arithmetic Operators in C 'C++'. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00001-00000700-00000900 In this tutorial, we will learn about SrX_8Spz4Hy-00002-00001000-00001066 Arithmetic operators like SrX_8Spz4Hy-00003-00001100-00001300 + Addition: eg. a+b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00004-00001400-00001700 - Subtraction: eg. a-b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00005-00001800-00001900 / Division: eg. a/b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00006-00002000-00002300 * Multiplication: eg. a*b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00007-00002400-00002600  % Modulus: eg. a%b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00008-00002700-00003100 To record this tutorial, I am using:Ubuntu 11.10 as the operating system SrX_8Spz4Hy-00009-00003200-00003700 gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1 in Ubuntu. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00010-00003800-00004300 I will now demonstrate the use of these arithmetic operations with the help of a C program. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00011-00004400-00004600 I have already written the program. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00012-00004700-00004800 So I will open the editor and explain the code. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00013-00004900-00005500 Here is the C program for arithmetic operators. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00014-00005600-00006100 the first two statements the variables are declared and defined. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00015-00006200-00006300 In the next two statements, SrX_8Spz4Hy-00016-00006400-00006500 a is assigned the value of 5. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00017-00006600-00006900 b is assigned the value of 2. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00018-00007000-00007300 Now let's see how the addition operator works. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00019-00007400-00007800 c holds the sum of a and b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00020-00007900-00008700 This printf statement displays the sum of a and b on the screen. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00021-00008800-00009600 Here % dot 2f provides the precision of two digits after the decimal point. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00022-00009700-00010200 In the next statement, c holds the product of a and b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00023-00010300-00010700 This printf statement displays the product of a and b on the screen. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00024-00010800-00011100 Let's see how these two operators work. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00025-00011200-00011400 We will comment out the following lines SrX_8Spz4Hy-00026-00011500-00012000 Type /* SrX_8Spz4Hy-00027-00012100-00012400 */ SrX_8Spz4Hy-00028-00012500-00012600 Click on 'Save SrX_8Spz4Hy-00029-00012700-00012900 Save the file with extension .c SrX_8Spz4Hy-00030-00013000-00013400 I have saved my file as arithmetic.c SrX_8Spz4Hy-00031-00013500-00014100 Open the terminal window by pressing Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00032-00014200-00014600 To compile the code, type the following on the terminal. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00033-00014700-00015700 gcc space arithmetic dot c space minus o space arith SrX_8Spz4Hy-00034-00015800-00015900 Press Enter SrX_8Spz4Hy-00035-00016000-00016700 To execute the code, type ./arith SrX_8Spz4Hy-00036-00016800-00016900 press Enter SrX_8Spz4Hy-00037-00017000-00017200 The output is displayed on the screen. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00038-00017300-00017400 It shows, SrX_8Spz4Hy-00039-00017400-00017800 Sum of 5 and 2 is 7.00 and SrX_8Spz4Hy-00040-00017900-00018200 Product of 5and 2 is 10.00 SrX_8Spz4Hy-00041-00018300-00018700 Now you should try the subtraction operator on your own SrX_8Spz4Hy-00042-00018800-00019200 Try replacing the addition operator with subtraction operator. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00043-00019300-00019700 You should get the result as 3. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00044-00019800-00020200 Coming back to the program and the last set of statements. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00045-00020300-00020500 Now, I will explain the code for division. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00046-00020600-00021300 Remove the multi line comments here and here. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00047-00021400-00021900 In these statements, c holds the value of integer division of a by b. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00048-00022000-00022600 Please note that in integer division the fractional part is truncated. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00049-00022700-00023600 The printf statement displays the division output on the screen. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00050-00023700-00024100 In this statement we are performing real division. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00051-00024200-00024900 Here one of the operands has to be cast as float SrX_8Spz4Hy-00052-00025000-00025200 We have type-cast variable a. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00053-00025300-00026100 Now a will behave as a float variable for a single operation. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00054-00026200-00026900 The printf statement displays the output of real division on the screen. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00055-00027000-00027600 Type return 0 and close the ending curly bracket. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00056-00027700-00027900 Click on Save. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00057-00028000-00028400 Coming back to the terminal to compile and execute the code. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00058-00028500-00029800 To compile, typegcc space arithmetic dot c minus o space arith. Press Enter SrX_8Spz4Hy-00059-00029900-00030400 To execute the code, type ./arithPress Enter SrX_8Spz4Hy-00060-00030500-00030700 The output is displayed on the screen: SrX_8Spz4Hy-00061-00030800-00031500 We have the previous outputs of addition and multiplication operators. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00062-00031600-00032100 we have the integer Division of 5 by 2 is 2. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00063-00032200-00032800 We can see that in integer division the fractional part is truncated. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00064-00032900-00033400 then we have the real division of 5 by 2 is 2.5. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00065-00033500-00033600 In real division the result is as expected. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00066-00033700-00034400 We used type-casting to obtain these result. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00067-00034500-00034900 Now suppose, I want to write the same program in C++. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00068-00035000-00035300 Let see if i can use the same code in C++, too? SrX_8Spz4Hy-00069-00035400-00035500 Let's find out. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00070-00035600-00035900 Let me go back to the editor. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00071-00036000-00036400 Here is a C++ code. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00072-00036500-00037100 Notice that the header is different from the C file header. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00073-00037200-00037700 namespace is also used here. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00074-00037800-00038400 Also, notice that the output statement in C++ is cout. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00075-00038500-00039100 So, apart from these differences, the two codes are very similar. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00076-00039200-00039300 Click on Save. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00077-00039300-00039600 Make sure the file is saved with the extension .cpp SrX_8Spz4Hy-00078-00039700-00040000 I have saved my file as arithmetic.cpp SrX_8Spz4Hy-00079-00040100-00040800 Let's execute the code and see what results we get. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00080-00040900-00042800 Open the terminal and type g++ space arithmetic dot cpp space minus o arith .'Press Enter SrX_8Spz4Hy-00081-00042900-00043500 To execute the code Type ./ arithPress Enter SrX_8Spz4Hy-00082-00043600-00043800 Here the output is displayed: SrX_8Spz4Hy-00083-00043900-00044200 So, we see that the results are similar to the C program. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00084-00044300-00044800 The only difference is in the precisions of outputs. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00085-00044900-00045100 Let us now summarize the tutorial. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00086-00045200-00045500 In this tutorial we learnt how to use the arithmetic operators. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00087-00045600-00045700 As an assignment: SrX_8Spz4Hy-00088-00045800-00046100 Write a program to demonstrate the use of modulus operator. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00089-00046200-00046900 Please note that Modulus operator finds the remainder of division. eg. c = a % b; SrX_8Spz4Hy-00090-00047000-00047400 You should obtain the result as 1. SrX_8Spz4Hy-00091-00047500-00047600 Watch the video available at the following link SrX_8Spz4Hy-00092-00047700-00047900 It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project SrX_8Spz4Hy-00093-00048000-00048400 If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it SrX_8Spz4Hy-00094-00048500-00048800 The Spoken Tutorial Project Team . Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials SrX_8Spz4Hy-00095-00048900-00049300 Gives certificates for those who pass an online test SrX_8Spz4Hy-00096-00049400-00049900 For more details, please write to contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org SrX_8Spz4Hy-00097-00050000-00050400 Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project SrX_8Spz4Hy-00098-00050500-00050900 It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India SrX_8Spz4Hy-00099-00051000-00051200 More information on this Mission is available at SrX_8Spz4Hy-00100-00051300-00052000 spoken hyphen tutorial dot org slash NMEICT hyphen Intro SrX_8Spz4Hy-00101-00052100-00052600 This is Ritwik Joshi from IIT Bombay. Thank you for joining. Sti5Zga6n7A-00000-00000000-00000320 Like share and subscribe our channel......... Sti5Zga6n7A-00001-00000320-00000370 Like share and subscribe our channel......... Sti5Zga6n7A-00002-00000370-00000420 Like share and subscribe our channel......... StUiUF5CXko-00000-00000003-00000594 hello everyone I'm the salty hyena and I'm gonna explain to you how the new StUiUF5CXko-00001-00000594-00001349 black market works so in 2.5 we got this new feature it's called black market and StUiUF5CXko-00002-00001349-00002397 it's something that triggers after a match like normally you'll get an amount StUiUF5CXko-00003-00002397-00002958 of EC after you finish a game depending if you win or you lose if you have StUiUF5CXko-00004-00002958-00003657 premium or not but after that you get a random delivery of stuff that you can StUiUF5CXko-00005-00003657-00004734 purchase this is called the black market and you can buy this now or you could StUiUF5CXko-00006-00004734-00005487 save up cash for it the black market resets on a global clock once every 24 StUiUF5CXko-00007-00005487-00006393 hours that means you have 24 hours to purchase one of your items well not StUiUF5CXko-00008-00006393-00007020 necessarily because one of the items might drop four minutes before the StUiUF5CXko-00009-00007020-00007620 global clock resets and then you'd better pray that you have enough EC to StUiUF5CXko-00010-00007620-00008546 buy it or you basically fucked you don't have enough cash you're gonna cry StUiUF5CXko-00011-00008546-00009222 otherwise you're gonna be a happy camper it's important to note that you will StUiUF5CXko-00012-00009222-00009740 only get parts for the Titans currently equipped in your hangar StUiUF5CXko-00013-00009740-00010806 same with weapons you currently equipped in your hangar so usually you'll try to StUiUF5CXko-00014-00010806-00011399 grind parts through the black market for what you got currently got equipped StUiUF5CXko-00015-00011399-00012207 you'll also have an opportunity to get any Titan and any weapon dropping for StUiUF5CXko-00016-00012207-00013179 you and most of these items will be t1 you will have better a slight chance of StUiUF5CXko-00017-00013179-00013947 getting T2's and t3's they're really rare so you StUiUF5CXko-00018-00013947-00014577 you won't see many t3's dropping for you during a day it's important to StUiUF5CXko-00019-00014577-00015323 note that you can also get in-app purchase weapons and titans through the StUiUF5CXko-00020-00015323-00015747 black market so like currently you can win both the StUiUF5CXko-00021-00015747-00016503 Vulcan and the Cyclops skin not the legendary Martian skins I hope that StUiUF5CXko-00022-00016503-00017112 helped you understand how the black market works thank you for watching see StUiUF5CXko-00023-00017112-00017357 you next time SwajunRPpPU-00000-00000155-00000505 >> Narrator: Live from Las Vegas, it's The Cube SwajunRPpPU-00001-00000505-00000747 covering Dell EMC World 2017. SwajunRPpPU-00002-00000847-00001080 Brought to you buy Dell EMC. SwajunRPpPU-00003-00001312-00001605 >> Welcome back here live in Las Vegas SwajunRPpPU-00004-00001605-00001880 on The Cube at Dell EMC 2017. SwajunRPpPU-00005-00001880-00002137 We are live from The Venetian continuing SwajunRPpPU-00006-00002137-00002325 our Day One coverage here on the show SwajunRPpPU-00007-00002325-00002526 along with Keith Townsend, I'm John Walls. SwajunRPpPU-00008-00002526-00002661 Did you have a good lunch? SwajunRPpPU-00009-00002661-00002846 >> I'm ready to go, John. SwajunRPpPU-00010-00002846-00002971 >> Excellent, excellent. SwajunRPpPU-00011-00002971-00003202 It's all about data protection right now SwajunRPpPU-00012-00003202-00003367 and with us to talk about that is Beth Phalen, SwajunRPpPU-00013-00003367-00003495 who is the President SwajunRPpPU-00014-00003495-00003681 of the Data Protection Division at Dell EMC SwajunRPpPU-00015-00003681-00004143 and Jim Clancy, the SVP of Sales in Data Protection as well. SwajunRPpPU-00016-00004143-00004283 Jim, good to see you, sir. SwajunRPpPU-00017-00004283-00004377 >> Thanks for having us, guys. SwajunRPpPU-00018-00004377-00004550 >> Alright, so big news for you today. SwajunRPpPU-00019-00004550-00004736 Led off with a couple of key announcements. SwajunRPpPU-00020-00004736-00005002 Beth, take us through those, what was the news SwajunRPpPU-00021-00005002-00005112 that you were making from the stage? SwajunRPpPU-00022-00005112-00005281 >> Absolutely, two big announcements today. SwajunRPpPU-00023-00005281-00005545 First, is the Integrated Data Protection Appliance SwajunRPpPU-00024-00005545-00005751 which is an end-to-end appliance SwajunRPpPU-00025-00005751-00006055 that gives you box to backup in less than three hours. SwajunRPpPU-00026-00006055-00006279 While the customers are looking for simplicity SwajunRPpPU-00027-00006279-00006520 but they still need the fantastic dedup, SwajunRPpPU-00028-00006520-00006784 up to 55:1, the performance, the scales SwajunRPpPU-00029-00006784-00007004 they get with our Data Protection Suite, SwajunRPpPU-00030-00007004-00007158 our data protection portfolio, SwajunRPpPU-00031-00007158-00007428 so now we're bringing it to them as an integrated appliance. SwajunRPpPU-00032-00007428-00007582 Couldn't be happier about it. SwajunRPpPU-00033-00007582-00007879 >> Great, so big news there, and announcement number two. SwajunRPpPU-00034-00007879-00008086 >> We had a second one, too, which was cloud data protection. SwajunRPpPU-00035-00008086-00008369 With a special focus on cloud Disaster Recovery, SwajunRPpPU-00036-00008369-00008581 our customers want to leverage the cloud to have SwajunRPpPU-00037-00008581-00008975 the DR site in a cloud, a public cloud, or perhaps SwajunRPpPU-00038-00008975-00009162 a separate private cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00039-00009162-00009431 They also want to be able to run Data Domain SwajunRPpPU-00040-00009431-00009563 in the cloud environment. SwajunRPpPU-00041-00009563-00009830 So as of today, you can run Data Domain Virtual Edition SwajunRPpPU-00042-00009830-00010014 on AWS Or Azure and soon SwajunRPpPU-00043-00010014-00010255 you'll be able to run it in Virtustream. SwajunRPpPU-00044-00010255-00010486 >> So Jim, put that into practice for me now. SwajunRPpPU-00045-00010486-00010900 If I'm one of your partners and I know that I've got SwajunRPpPU-00046-00010900-00011106 some extra layers or extra opportunities, SwajunRPpPU-00047-00011106-00011249 now what does that mean to me? SwajunRPpPU-00048-00011249-00011466 >> Well firstly, we start with our partners. SwajunRPpPU-00049-00011466-00011687 I think we've had such an incredible journey together SwajunRPpPU-00050-00011687-00011934 supporting our customers' requirements. SwajunRPpPU-00051-00011934-00012221 Well those continue to change and they struggle with things SwajunRPpPU-00052-00012221-00012504 like the amount of information that they need SwajunRPpPU-00053-00012504-00012779 to recover from, they need to back up, they need to store. SwajunRPpPU-00054-00012779-00013092 For us, we're giving them that next conversation SwajunRPpPU-00055-00013092-00013226 with their customers. SwajunRPpPU-00056-00013226-00013452 So the new challenges are being met by data protection SwajunRPpPU-00057-00013452-00013766 from Dell Technologies and our partners are going to SwajunRPpPU-00058-00013766-00014007 benefit from that because they have the trusted advisors SwajunRPpPU-00059-00014007-00014165 in their accounts. SwajunRPpPU-00060-00014165-00014412 They want to be able to go and work with their customers SwajunRPpPU-00061-00014412-00014616 and the new challenges and deliver. SwajunRPpPU-00062-00014616-00014853 So Beth and her team have delivered from a technology SwajunRPpPU-00063-00014853-00015127 to allow us to go and capture that mind share SwajunRPpPU-00064-00015127-00015504 with our customers working together with our partners. SwajunRPpPU-00065-00015504-00015812 >> So Jim, backup appliance, very high market. SwajunRPpPU-00066-00015812-00016128 A lot of investments and a lot of startups in that market. SwajunRPpPU-00067-00016128-00016482 What differentiates this solution over those competitors? SwajunRPpPU-00068-00016482-00016838 >> Well first off, we're in the number one position SwajunRPpPU-00069-00016838-00017012 in this market for a reason. SwajunRPpPU-00070-00017012-00017239 It really comes down to our technology. SwajunRPpPU-00071-00017239-00017421 So our customers have been pushing us saying, SwajunRPpPU-00072-00017421-00017685 We need it to be simple, make it simple, make it simple. SwajunRPpPU-00073-00017685-00017922 Because then they're running out of time every day SwajunRPpPU-00074-00017922-00018084 on what they can do. SwajunRPpPU-00075-00018084-00018370 I think we're taking our industry-leading technology SwajunRPpPU-00076-00018370-00018688 and bundling it together as a simple, high-performance SwajunRPpPU-00077-00018688-00018928 solution is the first thing. SwajunRPpPU-00078-00018928-00019155 The second thing is the total experience that Dell SwajunRPpPU-00079-00019155-00019286 brings to the marketplace. SwajunRPpPU-00080-00019286-00019549 Our customers always are counting on us SwajunRPpPU-00081-00019549-00019756 that if there ever is a challenge, SwajunRPpPU-00082-00019756-00019974 who's going to be there to help us, right? SwajunRPpPU-00083-00019974-00020322 If I ever need that next application comes on the line SwajunRPpPU-00084-00020322-00020515 and how am I going to protect it? SwajunRPpPU-00085-00020515-00020713 Who can come in a design that? SwajunRPpPU-00086-00020713-00020850 That's what we deliver. SwajunRPpPU-00087-00020850-00021056 So the things that we deliver are the experience SwajunRPpPU-00088-00021056-00021234 vs. a point product. SwajunRPpPU-00089-00021234-00021388 And by the way, from a point product, SwajunRPpPU-00090-00021388-00021633 with our new announcement we're going to be able to take on SwajunRPpPU-00091-00021633-00021812 any competitor in this marketplace. SwajunRPpPU-00092-00021812-00022033 But it's the full experience that separates us SwajunRPpPU-00093-00022033-00022274 from anybody in this marketplace today SwajunRPpPU-00094-00022274-00022412 which is why we're number one SwajunRPpPU-00095-00022412-00022605 and we're going to continue that leadership. SwajunRPpPU-00096-00022605-00022889 >> So Beth mentioned the second announcement, cloud, SwajunRPpPU-00097-00022889-00023305 which is a huge part of our new hybrid portfolios. SwajunRPpPU-00098-00023617-00023900 What cloud services are we compatible with out the gate SwajunRPpPU-00099-00023900-00024152 with your new solution? SwajunRPpPU-00100-00024152-00024278 >> The cloud services that we're developing SwajunRPpPU-00101-00024278-00024473 at the end of the gate, is that what you said? SwajunRPpPU-00102-00024473-00024713 So first of all, if we take a step back SwajunRPpPU-00103-00024713-00024982 the cloud is really multi-steps for customers SwajunRPpPU-00104-00024982-00025155 to take advantage of it. SwajunRPpPU-00105-00025155-00025323 Some customers are extending to the cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00106-00025323-00025608 So they may have a full on-prem Data center SwajunRPpPU-00107-00025608-00025842 that they want to leverage the cloud SwajunRPpPU-00108-00025842-00025998 for perhaps long-term retention. SwajunRPpPU-00109-00025998-00026141 That's one thing you can do. SwajunRPpPU-00110-00026141-00026302 The second is a lift and shift. SwajunRPpPU-00111-00026302-00026478 When they may choose to move SwajunRPpPU-00112-00026478-00026674 some of their applications to the cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00113-00026674-00026960 Now for that, they can run DD VE with NetWorker SwajunRPpPU-00114-00026960-00027306 and CloudBoost and still have that same operations SwajunRPpPU-00115-00027306-00027544 for the data protection that they did from on-prem. SwajunRPpPU-00116-00027544-00027755 So the first is extent of the cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00117-00027755-00027934 The second is lift and shift to the cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00118-00027934-00028200 The third is something that you'll hear us talk more about. SwajunRPpPU-00119-00028200-00028445 It's beginning to refactor their applications SwajunRPpPU-00120-00028445-00028610 to be more cloud-native. SwajunRPpPU-00121-00028610-00028772 Which is another area that we're SwajunRPpPU-00122-00028772-00028956 very engaged and working on. SwajunRPpPU-00123-00028956-00029119 >> So for a lift and shift scenario SwajunRPpPU-00124-00029119-00029353 one of the things that we're concerned about SwajunRPpPU-00125-00029353-00029492 on the customer side, is cost. SwajunRPpPU-00126-00029492-00029700 When we're backing up to the cloud, SwajunRPpPU-00127-00029700-00029952 it doesn't cost must to get it there SwajunRPpPU-00128-00029952-00030061 but getting it back. SwajunRPpPU-00129-00030061-00030214 Do you guys help with that scenario? SwajunRPpPU-00130-00030214-00030480 >> We do, because first of all, all of the data SwajunRPpPU-00131-00030480-00030702 is going to be deduped before it gets sent out to the cloud SwajunRPpPU-00132-00030702-00030922 so it's a small amount of data that needs to come back. SwajunRPpPU-00133-00030922-00031116 And second, with this most recent announcement SwajunRPpPU-00134-00031116-00031308 if you're using the cloud DR capabilities SwajunRPpPU-00135-00031308-00031482 you can bring that application back up SwajunRPpPU-00136-00031482-00031793 in the cloud itself without having to bring the data back. SwajunRPpPU-00137-00031793-00032179 So the data is stored and it's sort of format on the cloud SwajunRPpPU-00138-00032179-00032416 is certainly the best value. SwajunRPpPU-00139-00032416-00032615 Then you could actually bring that application up SwajunRPpPU-00140-00032615-00032739 in AWS, as an example. SwajunRPpPU-00141-00032739-00032932 >> So let's talk too SwajunRPpPU-00142-00032932-00033359 from a staff retention, or staff training rather, SwajunRPpPU-00143-00033359-00033645 what do my staff have to learn new SwajunRPpPU-00144-00033645-00033976 of these solutions, if anything? SwajunRPpPU-00145-00033976-00034073 >> It's a great question. SwajunRPpPU-00146-00034073-00034227 Because of the things we pride ourselves on SwajunRPpPU-00147-00034227-00034471 is making them seamless extensions of the products SwajunRPpPU-00148-00034471-00034594 that we already sell. SwajunRPpPU-00149-00034594-00034766 So that you don't have to introduce SwajunRPpPU-00150-00034766-00034923 a brand new product to your environment. SwajunRPpPU-00151-00034923-00035249 You can manage from NetWorker from Data Protection Suite SwajunRPpPU-00152-00035249-00035652 to initiate the launch and retention or the Cloud DR. SwajunRPpPU-00153-00035652-00035915 >> So the look and feel is what they're using today. SwajunRPpPU-00154-00035915-00036305 What we've done is we've just extended the use cases SwajunRPpPU-00155-00036305-00036540 that our customers are coming to us on, saying, SwajunRPpPU-00156-00036540-00036727 I need to move data to the cloud, SwajunRPpPU-00157-00036727-00036949 I want to make sure that I can leverage SwajunRPpPU-00158-00036949-00037189 my existing technology and get that done. SwajunRPpPU-00159-00037189-00037328 That's a big advantage to us SwajunRPpPU-00160-00037328-00037520 because our customers are comfortable, SwajunRPpPU-00161-00037520-00037755 understand the tools that they leverage today, SwajunRPpPU-00162-00037755-00037918 and if they can just extend it SwajunRPpPU-00163-00037918-00038085 instead of bringing something new in SwajunRPpPU-00164-00038085-00038225 and learning something new, SwajunRPpPU-00165-00038225-00038438 because every one of our customers does not have time SwajunRPpPU-00166-00038438-00038627 to learn new tools, new products-- SwajunRPpPU-00167-00038627-00038762 >> Well they really don't want that. SwajunRPpPU-00168-00038762-00038847 >> Yeah, they don't want that. SwajunRPpPU-00169-00038847-00039041 >> That's the last thing they want, right. SwajunRPpPU-00170-00039041-00039327 >> Yeah, and I wanted to add on to what Beth said. SwajunRPpPU-00171-00039327-00039601 We've been selling in the cloud for well over a year now. SwajunRPpPU-00172-00039601-00039957 So this is just another few use cases SwajunRPpPU-00173-00039957-00040222 that we're adding to our customers' requirements. SwajunRPpPU-00174-00040222-00040473 So we have hundreds of petabytes SwajunRPpPU-00175-00040473-00040688 that are being protected in the cloud today, SwajunRPpPU-00176-00040688-00040856 whether it's some of the ones that Beth mentioned SwajunRPpPU-00177-00040856-00041115 or Virtustream, so we're already in the cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00178-00041115-00041387 This is just a more thought leadership. SwajunRPpPU-00179-00041387-00041601 This is more of a technology leadership SwajunRPpPU-00180-00041601-00041779 that we're announcing today. SwajunRPpPU-00181-00041779-00041926 So we're extending our leadership SwajunRPpPU-00182-00041926-00042122 as we extend our customers to the cloud. SwajunRPpPU-00183-00042122-00042317 >> So what are the big picture stuff? SwajunRPpPU-00184-00042317-00042598 We're talking about people moving more work. SwajunRPpPU-00185-00042598-00042817 You've got tons of data, right? SwajunRPpPU-00186-00042817-00042963 We have so much more. SwajunRPpPU-00187-00042963-00043307 How is all this coming together in terms of SwajunRPpPU-00188-00043307-00043667 where your section of the business is going, SwajunRPpPU-00189-00043667-00043935 how you're responding to those kinds of trends, SwajunRPpPU-00190-00043935-00044138 and what do you see coming down the road? SwajunRPpPU-00191-00044138-00044263 >> It's a great question. SwajunRPpPU-00192-00044263-00044437 So one of the things we talk about is SwajunRPpPU-00193-00044437-00044597 people moving away from data centers SwajunRPpPU-00194-00044597-00044732 to centers of data. SwajunRPpPU-00195-00044732-00044996 When you look at with IOT, with all the distribution SwajunRPpPU-00196-00044996-00045246 of where data is stored or coming from right now, SwajunRPpPU-00197-00045246-00045413 it becomes more and more of a challenge SwajunRPpPU-00198-00045413-00045655 to make sure A) You know where all your data is SwajunRPpPU-00199-00045655-00045875 and B) That you're confident that it's protected. SwajunRPpPU-00200-00045875-00046152 So given the capabilities and more and more SwajunRPpPU-00201-00046152-00046422 distributive services giving people the ability SwajunRPpPU-00202-00046422-00046646 to see where all of the data resides SwajunRPpPU-00203-00046646-00046820 and the protection state, is one thing. SwajunRPpPU-00204-00046820-00047244 I think the term data fog is beginning to start SwajunRPpPU-00205-00047244-00047391 coming into the conversation. SwajunRPpPU-00206-00047391-00047597 People have been mentioning it. SwajunRPpPU-00207-00047597-00047803 It makes a point, right? SwajunRPpPU-00208-00047803-00048070 It's not in one place anymore, it's not a lake. SwajunRPpPU-00209-00048070-00048270 It's all over the place. SwajunRPpPU-00210-00048442-00048565 Think about the challenge for CIOs SwajunRPpPU-00211-00048565-00048735 to have the confidence that it's still protected SwajunRPpPU-00212-00048735-00048916 and that they could get it back. SwajunRPpPU-00213-00048916-00049080 >> So with all this distributed data SwajunRPpPU-00214-00049080-00049253 one of the challenges that we have SwajunRPpPU-00215-00049253-00049394 is the metadata around that data. SwajunRPpPU-00216-00049394-00049649 Knowing what's where, analytics around that. SwajunRPpPU-00217-00049649-00049900 Do you guys help solve that challenge? SwajunRPpPU-00218-00049900-00050124 >> We do, in a few different ways. SwajunRPpPU-00219-00050124-00050431 >> One thing in particular is, as of last year, SwajunRPpPU-00220-00050431-00050601 we have a SaaS offering SwajunRPpPU-00221-00050601-00050961 which is ECDA, Enterprise Copy Dating Analytics. SwajunRPpPU-00222-00050961-00051202 That lets you have a global view SwajunRPpPU-00223-00051202-00051431 of where your data is SwajunRPpPU-00224-00051431-00051707 and it's really moving into more machine learning. SwajunRPpPU-00225-00051707-00051846 So it's not just reporting. SwajunRPpPU-00226-00051846-00052019 It's allowing the customer to get SwajunRPpPU-00227-00052019-00052236 smarter and smarter about where his or her data SwajunRPpPU-00228-00052236-00052555 is maybe not as protected as it could be SwajunRPpPU-00229-00052555-00052768 and where they might want to take some actions SwajunRPpPU-00230-00052768-00053002 to increase their levels of protection. SwajunRPpPU-00231-00053002-00053220 >> We're pretty exited about it SwajunRPpPU-00232-00053220-00053456 because we've gotten an overwhelming response SwajunRPpPU-00233-00053456-00053676 from our partners and our customers SwajunRPpPU-00234-00053676-00053868 that this is where we need to go. SwajunRPpPU-00235-00053868-00054048 So everything we're talking about has been SwajunRPpPU-00236-00054048-00054268 things that we've been going through with SwajunRPpPU-00237-00054268-00054428 our customers for years saying, SwajunRPpPU-00238-00054428-00054673 Okay we need to get here, we need to get here. SwajunRPpPU-00239-00054673-00054982 and how do you help us get to that path vs. SwajunRPpPU-00240-00054982-00055261 doing these individual things? SwajunRPpPU-00241-00055261-00055427 There's a strategy behind all of this SwajunRPpPU-00242-00055427-00055716 but it really comes back from our customers SwajunRPpPU-00243-00055716-00055840 and our partners saying, SwajunRPpPU-00244-00055840-00056098 This is what we need, we know you're going to get us here SwajunRPpPU-00245-00056098-00056300 but let's try to get there sooner than later. SwajunRPpPU-00246-00056300-00056511 I think Beth and team have delivered on that again. SwajunRPpPU-00247-00056511-00056650 >> So this is a transformation. SwajunRPpPU-00248-00056650-00056816 Again, big theme of this show. SwajunRPpPU-00249-00056816-00057036 Help us with the big picture. SwajunRPpPU-00250-00057036-00057295 How does this copy data, secondary data market SwajunRPpPU-00251-00057295-00057479 that you guys are helping us with SwajunRPpPU-00252-00057479-00057871 solve that support that digital transformation? SwajunRPpPU-00253-00058073-00058337 >> We heard Michael talk about it on stage today, right? SwajunRPpPU-00254-00058337-00058523 The ability of what we can do SwajunRPpPU-00255-00058523-00058733 having a greater amount of leverage SwajunRPpPU-00256-00058733-00058958 around the data that we all have right now SwajunRPpPU-00257-00058958-00059391 is mind blowing in terms of accelerating medical diagnosis, SwajunRPpPU-00258-00059391-00059652 driving more capability around awareness, SwajunRPpPU-00259-00059652-00059969 around risks and sometimes of security. SwajunRPpPU-00260-00059969-00060334 There's a level of knowledge that we've become SwajunRPpPU-00261-00060334-00060619 more adept at mining the data that we have SwajunRPpPU-00262-00060619-00060900 and then leveraging, machine learning, to analyze it. SwajunRPpPU-00263-00060900-00061195 It's going to give us leaps and bounds of acceleration SwajunRPpPU-00264-00061195-00061664 in whatever business objective we're looking out to achieve. SwajunRPpPU-00265-00061664-00061927 >> If you had to pick a use case you're most proud of SwajunRPpPU-00266-00061927-00062185 when it comes to your new solution set, SwajunRPpPU-00267-00062185-00062369 give us the best one. SwajunRPpPU-00268-00062369-00062589 >> I'll let you go first. SwajunRPpPU-00269-00062589-00062821 >> I love the new things that we've done SwajunRPpPU-00270-00062821-00062987 with the cloud data protection. SwajunRPpPU-00271-00062987-00063374 Giving people the ability to be able to extend seamlessly SwajunRPpPU-00272-00063374-00063598 is something that they've been asking for SwajunRPpPU-00273-00063598-00063819 and to have it now and be able to offer it SwajunRPpPU-00274-00063819-00064018 is really fantastic. SwajunRPpPU-00275-00064018-00064178 >> I'd have to agree. SwajunRPpPU-00276-00064178-00064384 Our customers want data protection everywhere. SwajunRPpPU-00277-00064384-00064625 They don't care where that data sits. SwajunRPpPU-00278-00064625-00064795 They don't want to be handcuffed SwajunRPpPU-00279-00064795-00065010 on where they can actually protect their data SwajunRPpPU-00280-00065010-00065221 or recover from that data. SwajunRPpPU-00281-00065221-00065507 So they're working really strongly and tightly with us SwajunRPpPU-00282-00065507-00065690 because we are the leader in this market SwajunRPpPU-00283-00065690-00065835 and we just proved it again SwajunRPpPU-00284-00065835-00066019 that we're going to keep up that leadership. SwajunRPpPU-00285-00066019-00066179 Data protection everywhere is important SwajunRPpPU-00286-00066179-00066357 and I think the cloud extension SwajunRPpPU-00287-00066357-00066587 and leadership is what puts us in that position. SwajunRPpPU-00288-00066587-00066758 We're really excited about that. SwajunRPpPU-00289-00066758-00066930 >> It's an asset no matter where it is, right? SwajunRPpPU-00290-00066930-00067055 So you have to protect it. SwajunRPpPU-00291-00067055-00067156 >> That's right. SwajunRPpPU-00292-00067156-00067362 >> Data fog, though, I think I live my life in data fog. SwajunRPpPU-00293-00067362-00067468 (laughter) SwajunRPpPU-00294-00067468-00067633 >> I like that, that's cool. SwajunRPpPU-00295-00067633-00067799 >> Beth and Jim, thanks for being with us. SwajunRPpPU-00296-00067799-00068076 We appreciate the time on The Cube and best of luck. SwajunRPpPU-00297-00068076-00068185 >> Thank you. SwajunRPpPU-00298-00068185-00068286 >> Nice talking to you. SwajunRPpPU-00299-00068286-00068498 >> We'll continue live here from Las Vegas SwajunRPpPU-00300-00068498-00068711 with Dell EMC World 2017 SwajunRPpPU-00301-00068711-00068961 and you're watching The Cube. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00000-00000032-00000102 Welcome! SxAfW9BLJdQ-00001-00000102-00000732 In today’s tutorial, we’re gonna go through two helpful ways how to remove spaces in Excel. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00002-00000732-00001355 The first one comes handy when you need to ‘tidy up’ numbers or continuous chunks of text. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00003-00001355-00002181 The second one is perfect for texts consisting of two or more words where you just need to remove the leading or trailing spaces, SxAfW9BLJdQ-00004-00002181-00002513 but you want to keep a space between the words. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00005-00002513-00002839 Sounds interesting? Let’s get started then! SxAfW9BLJdQ-00006-00003192-00003772 Hello! And welcome to EasyClick Academy! My name’s Frank and together with our EasyClick team, SxAfW9BLJdQ-00007-00003772-00004593 we’re here to make sure you’ll be able to use Excel in a quick and easy way, thanks to our digestible video tutorials. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00008-00004593-00005295 Let’s start straight away with the first way to remove spaces and sort out the data here in this table. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00009-00005295-00006266 If the data consists of numbers only or there are continuous chunks of text in the table, the best way’s to go for the option ‘Find and Replace’ SxAfW9BLJdQ-00010-00006266-00006842 which is a quick and effective help when it comes to removing spaces in a data set. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00011-00006842-00007532 Here’s how it works. Go to the Home tab, click on ‘Find & Select’ and choose ‘Replace’. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00012-00007532-00008668 Alternatively, you can press the hot keys Ctrl + H and the same window opens. Once done, there are two bits of information that needs to be entered in the two text fields. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00013-00008668-00009800 First we need to find each space in the data table. So in the field ‘Find what’, we need to specify the character we’re looking for, which is a space. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00014-00009800-00010685 Then we need to enter the character which is to replace the space. This bit of information will go in the text field ‘Replace with’. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00015-00010685-00011204 Since we want to remove the spaces, we’ll leave this field empty. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00016-00011204-00012171 This is an instruction for Excel to look for each space and replace it with nothing, which basically means it will delete the spaces. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00017-00012171-00013005 Now, once everything’s been set, click on ‘Replace All’ and all spaces have been removed as needed. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00018-00013005-00013355 But let’s have a look at the second way. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00019-00013355-00014063 We’ll change sheets and use this data table containing texts which consist of more than one word. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00020-00014063-00014823 In this case, we need to remove only the leading and trailing spaces and redundant spaces between the words, SxAfW9BLJdQ-00021-00014823-00015304 but we want to keep a single space to separate two words. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00022-00015304-00016494 If we remove the spaces the same way as previously, Excel will remove each space throughout the table indiscriminately and the names and surnames will blend like this, SxAfW9BLJdQ-00023-00016494-00016840 which is what we definitely don’t want. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00024-00016840-00017430 Let’s undo the changes and have a look at the other way to remove the spaces correctly. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00025-00017430-00017780 For that, we’ll use the function ‘TRIM’. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00026-00017780-00019152 Click into the cell C3, enter the equal sign and type in ‘TRIM’. Then use brackets to specify the cell in which you want to remove the spaces – in our case, it’s B3. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00027-00019152-00020151 Close the brackets, hit ‘Enter’ and that’s it! All redundant spaces present in B3 have now been removed in C3. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00028-00020151-00021123 The function can be copied by dragging the bottom right-hand corner of the cell down the column. However, there’s one little thing to bear in mind. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00029-00021123-00021693 If you copy the data from column C to column B, you’ll see the table empty. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00030-00021693-00022619 The reason behind this is very simple – Excel copies the function itself, not the values which are the results of the function. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00031-00022619-00023487 Go back and let’s have a look at how to copy the data correctly to see the values not the function in column B. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00032-00023487-00024268 We begin – as before – by selecting the area to copy. Then we select ‘Copy’ through a right-click. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00033-00024268-00025232 However, instead of regular pasting, we’ll click on ‘Paste’ up here at the top now and select ‘Paste Values’ from the options. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00034-00025232-00026049 This way, Excel will paste only the values which are the results of the function TRIM we entered a while ago. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00035-00026049-00026908 By pasting values, the correct data will show in the original B column and we can simply get rid of the additional column C. SxAfW9BLJdQ-00036-00026908-00027851 If you found this tutorial helpful, give us a like and watch other tutorials by EasyClick Academy. Learn how to use Excel in a quick and easy way! SxAfW9BLJdQ-00037-00027851-00028672 Is this your first time on EasyClick? We’ll be more than happy to welcome you in our online community. Hit that Subscribe button and join the EasyClickers! SxAfW9BLJdQ-00038-00028672-00028886 Thanks for watching and I’ll see you in the next video! SyfCCUAoMgQ-00000-00000010-00000340 FINAL SCORE OF THAT ONE SyfCCUAoMgQ-00001-00000340-00000347 FINAL SCORE OF THAT ONE SyfCCUAoMgQ-00002-00000347-00000383 FINAL SCORE OF THAT ONE 42-NOTHING. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00003-00000383-00000390 FINAL SCORE OF THAT ONE 42-NOTHING. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00004-00000390-00000537 FINAL SCORE OF THAT ONE 42-NOTHING. DULUTH DENFELD ON THE ROAD SyfCCUAoMgQ-00005-00000537-00000543 42-NOTHING. DULUTH DENFELD ON THE ROAD SyfCCUAoMgQ-00006-00000543-00000690 42-NOTHING. DULUTH DENFELD ON THE ROAD TAKING ON GRAND RAPIDS. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00007-00000690-00000697 DULUTH DENFELD ON THE ROAD TAKING ON GRAND RAPIDS. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00008-00000697-00000867 DULUTH DENFELD ON THE ROAD TAKING ON GRAND RAPIDS. AFTER THE THUNDER HAWKS WOULD SyfCCUAoMgQ-00009-00000867-00000874 TAKING ON GRAND RAPIDS. AFTER THE THUNDER HAWKS WOULD SyfCCUAoMgQ-00010-00000874-00000974 TAKING ON GRAND RAPIDS. AFTER THE THUNDER HAWKS WOULD FUMBLE ON THEIR FIRST SyfCCUAoMgQ-00011-00000974-00000980 AFTER THE THUNDER HAWKS WOULD FUMBLE ON THEIR FIRST SyfCCUAoMgQ-00012-00000980-00001277 AFTER THE THUNDER HAWKS WOULD FUMBLE ON THEIR FIRST POSSESSION, THE FIRST PLAY FOR SyfCCUAoMgQ-00013-00001277-00001284 FUMBLE ON THEIR FIRST POSSESSION, THE FIRST PLAY FOR SyfCCUAoMgQ-00014-00001284-00001571 FUMBLE ON THEIR FIRST POSSESSION, THE FIRST PLAY FOR DENFELD, THE HAND OFF IS TAKEN. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00015-00001571-00001578 POSSESSION, THE FIRST PLAY FOR DENFELD, THE HAND OFF IS TAKEN. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00016-00001578-00001805 POSSESSION, THE FIRST PLAY FOR DENFELD, THE HAND OFF IS TAKEN. THE CORNER IS TURNED. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00017-00001805-00001811 DENFELD, THE HAND OFF IS TAKEN. THE CORNER IS TURNED. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00018-00001811-00002048 DENFELD, THE HAND OFF IS TAKEN. THE CORNER IS TURNED. THE 2 POINT TRY IS GOOD. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00019-00002048-00002055 THE CORNER IS TURNED. THE 2 POINT TRY IS GOOD. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00020-00002055-00002085 THE CORNER IS TURNED. THE 2 POINT TRY IS GOOD. 8-NOTHING. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00021-00002085-00002092 THE 2 POINT TRY IS GOOD. 8-NOTHING. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00022-00002092-00002582 THE 2 POINT TRY IS GOOD. 8-NOTHING. SECOND NOW, GR FACING A THIRD SyfCCUAoMgQ-00023-00002582-00002589 8-NOTHING. SECOND NOW, GR FACING A THIRD SyfCCUAoMgQ-00024-00002589-00002612 8-NOTHING. SECOND NOW, GR FACING A THIRD DOWN. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00025-00002612-00002619 SECOND NOW, GR FACING A THIRD DOWN. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00026-00002619-00002742 SECOND NOW, GR FACING A THIRD DOWN. THE FIRST DOWN, SPINNING ALONG SyfCCUAoMgQ-00027-00002742-00002749 DOWN. THE FIRST DOWN, SPINNING ALONG SyfCCUAoMgQ-00028-00002749-00002792 DOWN. THE FIRST DOWN, SPINNING ALONG THERE. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00029-00002792-00002799 THE FIRST DOWN, SPINNING ALONG THERE. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00030-00002799-00002959 THE FIRST DOWN, SPINNING ALONG THERE. THUNDER HAWKS DRIVING STILL. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00031-00002959-00002966 THERE. THUNDER HAWKS DRIVING STILL. SyfCCUAoMgQ-00032-00002966-00003386 THERE. THUNDER HAWKS DRIVING STILL. BUT BRENDON MORLAND WANTS IT ALL SyfCCUAoMgQ-00033-00003386-00003393 THUNDER HAWKS DRIVING STILL. BUT BRENDON MORLAND WANTS IT ALL SyfCCUAoMgQ-00034-00003393-00003446 THUNDER HAWKS DRIVING STILL. BUT BRENDON MORLAND WANTS IT ALL BUT THE PICK IS IN TEND ZONE -- SA6Ux7XBC9g-00000-00000053-00000465 NARRATOR: What are the risks and rewards associated with experiential learning? SA6Ux7XBC9g-00001-00000465-00000948 “Managing risk effectively helps organizations to perform well in an environment full of SA6Ux7XBC9g-00002-00000948-00001048 uncertainty.” SA6Ux7XBC9g-00003-00001048-00001473 (The International Organization for Standardization) SA6Ux7XBC9g-00004-00001473-00001772 Experiential Learning is, by its very nature, risky. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00005-00001772-00002102 Risk is something to anticipate, plan for, and manage. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00006-00002102-00002545 Risk management is a an exercise in preparedness for the unknown in order to achieve quality SA6Ux7XBC9g-00007-00002545-00002801 outcomes regardless of the experience at hand. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00008-00002801-00003332 It is essential to identify areas or circumstances surrounding your EL activity where a level SA6Ux7XBC9g-00009-00003332-00003539 of risk may be evident. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00010-00003539-00004076 In planning EL, it is important to consider risks alongside the potential rewards. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00011-00004076-00004461 The rewards associated with EL are many and various. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00012-00004461-00004937 In a well-planned EL activity, rewards outweigh the work it takes to mitigate risk and plan SA6Ux7XBC9g-00013-00004937-00005129 for all eventualities. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00014-00005129-00005544 As you begin your planning, keep in mind that there are many benefits to EL for everyone SA6Ux7XBC9g-00015-00005544-00005644 involved. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00016-00005644-00006100 LEIGH HAROLD: Our touch points in experiential learning really come into the insurance coverage SA6Ux7XBC9g-00017-00006100-00006965 as well as assisting faculty members and other staff members who are arranging for placements SA6Ux7XBC9g-00018-00006965-00007631 and really empowering them with information on assessing risk. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00019-00007631-00007911 How do they go about that? SA6Ux7XBC9g-00020-00007911-00008342 And then, as a resource as well to them for any step in the process. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00021-00008342-00009060 LEIGH HAROLD: I think sometimes people take it for granted in placements. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00022-00009060-00009620 In placements, the placement employer is responsible for those students, but as the university SA6Ux7XBC9g-00023-00009620-00010140 we obviously have a duty of care for our students and want to ensure that it's the best placement SA6Ux7XBC9g-00024-00010140-00010715 possible for them and that they get out of it what they need to and enjoy it and is a SA6Ux7XBC9g-00025-00010715-00010944 healthy and safe environment for them. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00026-00010944-00011527 TRACY MITCHELL-ASHLEY: So now when I talk to faculty, it's that idea of ... that there SA6Ux7XBC9g-00027-00011527-00012211 might be risk involved, however, the pay off for that risk is exponentially higher. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00028-00012211-00013022 LEIGH HAROLD: We are a resource for faculty and staff who arrange them, so we're here SA6Ux7XBC9g-00029-00013022-00013375 to take away any of those barriers. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00030-00013375-00013897 We as an institution are a team and what we need to do is present these learning opportunities SA6Ux7XBC9g-00031-00013897-00014320 for our students to get these amazing experiences. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00032-00014320-00014441 We're a piece of that puzzle. SA6Ux7XBC9g-00033-00014441-00015016 We're a piece of the puzzle to make sure that these experiences are safe and that the students SA6Ux7XBC9g-00034-00015016-00015504 have the proper coverages that they need to to make it successful and get the most out SA6Ux7XBC9g-00035-00015504-00015530 of it. SADlVpkEH0o-00000-00002232-00002764 and then I think the mine is both inner so it's fully embodied not just in skull SADlVpkEH0o-00001-00002764-00003343 and it's injured between you and other people in the planet and we start SADlVpkEH0o-00002-00003343-00003802 thinking this way you can really show from a scientific point of view how the SADlVpkEH0o-00003-00003802-00004309 system is a complex system and then if the mine is indeed a self-organizing SADlVpkEH0o-00004-00004309-00004792 emergent embodied and relational process you can understand why the number one SADlVpkEH0o-00005-00004792-00005160 predictor of our health is our social relationships that are integrated SADlVpkEH0o-00006-00005160-00005950 you know because relationships are in part where the mind is so we live in a SADlVpkEH0o-00007-00005950-00006691 world of energy and information flow and that's you know that's kind of a view of SADlVpkEH0o-00008-00006691-00007075 energy now energy has a whole other thing Cynthia and if you want me to get SADlVpkEH0o-00009-00007075-00007513 into it I can it takes us into the nature of awareness which would be SADlVpkEH0o-00010-00007513-00008128 really fun to do I don't know if Feldenkrais folks would find this SADlVpkEH0o-00011-00008128-00008464 useful but I'm happy to talk about it if you want because there's a whole nother SADlVpkEH0o-00012-00008464-00008868 dimension of energy that when I did the ten thousand person study of the wheel SADlVpkEH0o-00013-00008868-00009226 of awareness and people started having this experience when they got into the SADlVpkEH0o-00014-00009226-00010179 hub it really became important to ask physicists what exactly is energy itself SADlVpkEH0o-00015-00010179-00010657 even though there's many forms of it so there's no one thing but what do they SADlVpkEH0o-00016-00010657-00011110 all share in common and they share this fundamental quality which is it's the SADlVpkEH0o-00017-00011110-00011662 movement from possibility to actuality and then when you graph out that SADlVpkEH0o-00018-00011662-00012192 possibly the actuality on what's called a probability curve so it goes from a SADlVpkEH0o-00019-00012193-00012727 hundred percent with actuality down to near zero for possibly suddenly you get SADlVpkEH0o-00020-00012727-00013447 a graph that when it's mapped out onto the wheel's findings suddenly everything SADlVpkEH0o-00021-00013447-00014001 becomes clear it's kind of remarkable wow that's very interesting talking SADlVpkEH0o-00022-00014001-00014437 about that and they sort of gives us a window into what where consciousness SADlVpkEH0o-00023-00014437-00014923 might arise from and why choice and change may arise from SADlVpkEH0o-00024-00014923-00015613 consciousness because it looks like the very experience of being aware may SADlVpkEH0o-00025-00015613-00016106 emerge when this probability position is in the lowest point which is the SADlVpkEH0o-00026-00016106-00016817 ultimate source of all forms it's this formless source of all forms which is in SADlVpkEH0o-00027-00016817-00017318 physics terms it's called a quantum vacuum or the see of the potential and I SADlVpkEH0o-00028-00017318-00017715 think that that's with a million question marks before and after this SADlVpkEH0o-00029-00017715-00018203 could this be true that consciousness arises from there and if it's true it's SADlVpkEH0o-00030-00018203-00018853 why dropping into awareness is not only the subjective experience of knowing SADlVpkEH0o-00031-00018853-00019625 it's dropping the probability position of energy into the sea of potential from SADlVpkEH0o-00032-00019625-00020298 which all new options arrives and the natural push of a complex system is to SADlVpkEH0o-00033-00020298-00020987 enable integration to arise that's natural ways self-organizing systems SADlVpkEH0o-00034-00020987-00021585 move so that when you drop into consciousness you're enabling SADlVpkEH0o-00035-00021585-00022865 integration to be freed up.. so that amazing... if it's true, it'll be really fun to play with that as a field... so you know SADlVpkEH0o-00036-00022865-00023519 as you're speaking my mind is kind of going to these places where we have in a SADlVpkEH0o-00037-00023519-00024034 free association a free associative way to what we do in the Feldenkrais SADlVpkEH0o-00038-00024034-00024793 Method imagine for a moment lying on the floor for hours and hours and hours SADlVpkEH0o-00039-00024793-00025429 you know we are training programs sometimes are eight weeks in a row ten SADlVpkEH0o-00040-00025429-00026104 days at least sometimes shorter but for very long periods of time people do lots SADlVpkEH0o-00041-00026104-00026608 of movements that it becomes smaller and smaller and smaller and sometimes then SADlVpkEH0o-00042-00026608-00027103 larger and larger but the muscle tonus and the whole system becomes even and SADlVpkEH0o-00043-00027103-00027488 Dr. Doidge talks about the significance of this in the book is SADlVpkEH0o-00044-00027488-00028202 book the brain that uh, what is it The Brain's Way of Healing SADlVpkEH0o-00045-00028202-00028694 anyway so he talks about the significance of the evenness of SADlVpkEH0o-00046-00028694-00029366 muscle tonus because it's not about a muscle being strong but it's about SADlVpkEH0o-00047-00029366-00029909 everything becoming even so because you potentiate the system for new neuronal SADlVpkEH0o-00048-00029909-00030497 firing patterns when you have this evenness of tonus and so we spend enough SADlVpkEH0o-00049-00030497-00031034 time to actually achieve those states where we begin to move with a brand new SADlVpkEH0o-00050-00031034-00031559 self-image in ways that we would never experience ourselves so we create new SADlVpkEH0o-00051-00031559-00032208 states of being and within those states we feel extremely well healthy capable SADlVpkEH0o-00052-00032208-00032903 confident stable connected to others we feel sometimes like we don't have a body SADlVpkEH0o-00053-00032903-00033533 so to speak that we're floating because we're unencumbered by the usual tethers SADlVpkEH0o-00054-00033533-00033893 that pull us this way and that. SADlVpkEH0o-00055-00036012-00036218 you SADlVpkEH0o-00056-00037843-00038049 you SCq8uYJ0DA8-00000-00015154-00015213 Secret world name : BWRTP22 SFikZ8CDaNc-00000-00000932-00001144 Well, we're here. SFikZ8CDaNc-00001-00001144-00001388 You and me, me and you. SFikZ8CDaNc-00002-00001388-00001735 We're there in the darkness, waiting start this. SFikZ8CDaNc-00003-00001735-00001906 Then you ask me. SFikZ8CDaNc-00004-00001929-00002170 Why the hell this movie has narrator? SFikZ8CDaNc-00005-00002211-00002318 Then I tell you. SFikZ8CDaNc-00006-00002338-00002976 Scorsese's casino is a fucking film and a masterpiece and it has two narrators. SFikZ8CDaNc-00007-00003004-00003151 Well, this is it. SFikZ8CDaNc-00008-00003191-00003336 I think you understood me. SFikZ8CDaNc-00009-00003344-00003467 Or not. SFikZ8CDaNc-00010-00003502-00003814 Let's run this tape because the show will begin. SFikZ8CDaNc-00011-00007627-00008134 POP CULTURE AND BEERS SFikZ8CDaNc-00012-00008684-00009077 SATURDAY,04:30 A.M. SFikZ8CDaNc-00013-00009221-00009466 And then it happened that way. what do you think? SFikZ8CDaNc-00014-00009630-00009841 Because you guys continue hounding these girls? SFikZ8CDaNc-00015-00009901-00010258 I don't know man , I had hopes things would change after so many years. SFikZ8CDaNc-00016-00011962-00012260 Now forget this,let's drink to life. SFikZ8CDaNc-00017-00013673-00014023 I was in need of even a beer. SFikZ8CDaNc-00018-00014823-00015059 It is always important to offer the source. SFikZ8CDaNc-00019-00015111-00015482 You guys don't know what I discovered. SFikZ8CDaNc-00020-00015543-00015630 What? SFikZ8CDaNc-00021-00015680-00016300 All of us are monitored by the illuminati. SFikZ8CDaNc-00022-00016348-00016467 Really? SFikZ8CDaNc-00023-00016432-00016728 Yeah man if you want I'll show a video on the Internet That says that. SFikZ8CDaNc-00024-00016796-00016983 Needs no, I believe. SFikZ8CDaNc-00025-00017182-00017435 Now I'm curious. SFikZ8CDaNc-00026-00018328-00018738 But how that works? they're like the agents of the Matrix? SFikZ8CDaNc-00027-00018826-00019072 That movie is good.The first. SFikZ8CDaNc-00028-00019138-00019438 Gives me the ashtray there. someone. SFikZ8CDaNc-00029-00019824-00020014 Oh wait.The first? SFikZ8CDaNc-00030-00020071-00020233 Why?You don't like the others? SFikZ8CDaNc-00031-00020297-00020595 Dude, the second film decays a lot SFikZ8CDaNc-00032-00020617-00020924 The third movie saves trilogy with style of anime SFikZ8CDaNc-00033-00020967-00021029 Deserves attention. SFikZ8CDaNc-00034-00021087-00021315 But dammit. SFikZ8CDaNc-00035-00021315-00021581 The conversation of Architect makes no sense! SFikZ8CDaNc-00036-00021632-00021923 Only the third time I saw the movie I began to understand. SFikZ8CDaNc-00037-00022279-00022505 In this I agree. SFikZ8CDaNc-00038-00022737-00023354 Man, do you like Lost and comes to tell me that the architect doesn't make sense? SFikZ8CDaNc-00039-00023540-00023736 Don't talk about Lost ,dude. SFikZ8CDaNc-00040-00023864-00024334 Do you want to give your opinion about the end of Lost? SFikZ8CDaNc-00041-00025326-00025476 Okay. SFikZ8CDaNc-00042-00026212-00026426 What we was talking about? SFikZ8CDaNc-00043-00026484-00026689 Illuminati controlling our minds. SFikZ8CDaNc-00044-00026765-00027168 Illuminati aren't the enemies of Langdon in Angels and Demons? SFikZ8CDaNc-00045-00027226-00027488 Yes,but this is just conspiracy theory. SFikZ8CDaNc-00046-00027515-00028095 These theories feed the books of dan brown,do not care about this nonsense. SFikZ8CDaNc-00047-00028133-00028879 You know who really controls our minds? capitalist products. SFikZ8CDaNc-00048-00028994-00029133 How? SFikZ8CDaNc-00049-00029242-00029356 Did knew not of this? SFikZ8CDaNc-00050-00029396-00029562 We are puppets of capitalism. SFikZ8CDaNc-00051-00029640-00029894 We're manipulated by their tentacles! SFikZ8CDaNc-00052-00030037-00030219 Gotcha! SFikZ8CDaNc-00053-00030219-00030345 Like it? SFikZ8CDaNc-00054-00030366-00030501 Suckers. SFikZ8CDaNc-00055-00030501-00030739 And I thinking it was something serious. SFikZ8CDaNc-00056-00030874-00031214 But there's one other thing I had to talk to you guys. SFikZ8CDaNc-00057-00031271-00031396 what? SFikZ8CDaNc-00058-00031611-00032150 Paul McCartney has died and was replaced by a lookalike. SFikZ8CDaNc-00059-00032205-00032629 Damn, now you will tell me that paul mccartney is dead and was replaced by a lookalike of a shit? SFikZ8CDaNc-00060-00032681-00032945 It is quite possible. SFikZ8CDaNc-00061-00033007-00033248 Oh no,Here we go again. SFikZ8CDaNc-00062-00033353-00033633 Since I have to hear this, give me a cigarette someone there. SFikZ8CDaNc-00063-00034498-00034683 Come on, tell me your theory. SFikZ8CDaNc-00064-00034683-00035240 Guys, we are victims of multiple conspiracies, and the paul is awesome, you guys need to hear. SFikZ8CDaNc-00065-00035464-00035615 We really need? SFikZ8CDaNc-00066-00035662-00035773 We can vote. SFikZ8CDaNc-00067-00035796-00036009 If you don't want don't need to hear! SFikZ8CDaNc-00068-00036009-00036357 Now, the experiment was angry. SFikZ8CDaNc-00069-00036455-00036792 Well anyway,he's a singer fucked. SFikZ8CDaNc-00070-00036862-00036971 He's singing like a fucker? SFikZ8CDaNc-00071-00036971-00037078 A singer fucked! SFikZ8CDaNc-00072-00037663-00037817 He has won a prize in music? SFikZ8CDaNc-00073-00038016-00038234 If there's one thing that the universe has taught us. SFikZ8CDaNc-00074-00038275-00038663 Is that only rough bands that Channels of shit sponsors who make these awards. SFikZ8CDaNc-00075-00038801-00039252 Longing of the '60s, everything was more beautiful and poetic. SFikZ8CDaNc-00076-00039644-00039960 What? I can't feeling miss of a season that I didn't lived? SFikZ8CDaNc-00077-00039979-00040356 To feel miss, implies you have been there before. SFikZ8CDaNc-00078-00040460-00040818 Band of motherfuckers Orthodox. SFikZ8CDaNc-00079-00040986-00041306 "Band of motherfuckers Orthodox." Where do you get these phrases? SFikZ8CDaNc-00080-00041394-00042195 I dunno, I think my sentences have a line next to my filosofia.It's all about expanding your mind a bit. SFikZ8CDaNc-00081-00042394-00042775 Well, I think it's about time. SFikZ8CDaNc-00082-00042934-00043040 Agree. SFikZ8CDaNc-00083-00043194-00043466 It's time to go, beer is over. SFikZ8CDaNc-00084-00044089-00044180 Guys? SFikZ8CDaNc-00085-00044285-00044492 Hey guys have beer here yet! SFikZ8CDaNc-00086-00044713-00044953 Beer. SFikZ8CDaNc-00087-00045441-00045754 And the show finally ended. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00000-00000183-00000769 Want to know you can and can't do with material that you find in the Dalhousie Libraries online databases? SGOwkgT-Xzc-00001-00000770-00001336 For example, can you use an article that you found in a particular database as part of course pack? can you SGOwkgT-Xzc-00002-00001336-00001839 Can you include it as part of an electronic reserves or posted in Brightspace? SGOwkgT-Xzc-00003-00001839-00002120 Can you link directly to the article in the database? SGOwkgT-Xzc-00004-00002120-00002660 This video will give you an introduction to library licenses, why they are important, and SGOwkgT-Xzc-00005-00002660-00003063 and then introduce you to the library licenses database and how to use it SGOwkgT-Xzc-00006-00003063-00003643 Dalhousie University licenses many electronic resources for use by its staff, faculty, and SGOwkgT-Xzc-00007-00003643-00004176 current students including indexes, databases, e-journals, and e-books. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00008-00004176-00004729 Access to these resources is governed by contractual agreements or license agreements SGOwkgT-Xzc-00009-00004730-00005220 with resource providers or vendors, like EBSCO or ProQuest, for example. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00010-00005220-00005790 The agreements, in most cases, stipulate that access to the resource is restricted to current SGOwkgT-Xzc-00011-00005790-00006173 students, faculty and staff of Dalhousie University. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00012-00006173-00006683 These licenses may also limit the use of material in the database for certain purposes, SGOwkgT-Xzc-00013-00006683-00007256 such as use for electronic reserves, course packs, or sharing with other researchers. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00014-00007256-00007759 In general, use of these resources may only be used for educational and research purposes SGOwkgT-Xzc-00015-00007759-00008386 within the Dal community only, and not shared externally or shared for commercial purposes. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00016-00008386-00009176 It is important that we abide by the terms of our licenses – this is a responsibility shared by faculty, students, and staff. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00017-00009176-00009906 Not doing so can result in the cancellation of or suspending access to the particular database. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00018-00009906-00010906 There are a couple of ways to access the libraries’ licenses database. One way is to simply type in the URL: licenses.library.dal.ca SGOwkgT-Xzc-00019-00010906-00011486 If you access the licenses database this way, you will need to know the database associated SGOwkgT-Xzc-00020-00011486-00012279 with the article or book you want to use. However, there is also an easier way to find the appropriate license information. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00021-00012280-00012840 Let’s look at an example, with the article “Theory Construction in Qualitative Research: SGOwkgT-Xzc-00022-00012840-00013460 From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis” by Timmermans and Tavory. After finding this SGOwkgT-Xzc-00023-00013460-00014130 article in the Novanet catalogue, I can click on the full text available link associated with the article SGOwkgT-Xzc-00024-00014130-00014850 It then brings me to the SFX link resolver page where I can see the options for accessing this resource. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00025-00014850-00015683 If I click on “Copyright and Permissions Information” below the options, it will bring me to the license page associated with the article. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00026-00015683-00016383 Let’s click on the “Copyright and Permissions Information” link below the SAGE Complete version of this article. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00027-00016383-00017159 This brings me to the license page for SAGE Journals Online. From the information provided on this page, I can tell a few things: SGOwkgT-Xzc-00028-00017160-00017780 I can use it as part of an e-reserve for a course, I can incorporate it into a course pack, SGOwkgT-Xzc-00029-00017780-00018163 and I can provide links to other Dalhousie University personnel. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00030-00018163-00018956 Further, if I am a library staff member, I can also send this article via Interlibrary loan (or document delivery). SGOwkgT-Xzc-00031-00018956-00019763 Let’s look at another example. This time, I’ll click “Copyright & Permissions” under the JSTOR version of the article. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00032-00019763-00020349 With this version, I note that I cannot use PDF versions of this article for e-reserves or in SGOwkgT-Xzc-00033-00020350-00020820 course packs. I can only provide links to other Dalhousie Personnel. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00034-00020820-00021376 Some resources, like articles published in the Harvard Business Review, don’t even allow linking. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00035-00021376-00022306 For these articles, you can link to the Harvard Business Review through Novanet, or contact copyright.office@dal.ca for assistance. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00036-00022306-00022996 It’s important to note that articles and other resources are often available from several different sources. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00037-00022996-00023486 If you really want to use an article for an e-reserve but it is not allowed from a particular SGOwkgT-Xzc-00038-00023486-00024009 database, see if it might be available in a different database that does allow that use. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00039-00024010-00024520 By default, these uses are intended for internal use within Dalhousie University, SGOwkgT-Xzc-00040-00024520-00024906 and there are some uses that are not covered on the license page. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00041-00024906-00025806 For example, some licenses allow sharing with external faculty or researchers from other institutions, sometimes called scholarly sharing. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00042-00025806-00026276 If your intended use is not covered by the license page, or appears to be forbidden, SGOwkgT-Xzc-00043-00026276-00026769 please contact copyright.office@dal.ca for assistance. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00044-00026770-00027496 Another limitation is that the license page does not cover the copying or sharing limits for e-reserves and course packs. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00045-00027496-00028133 By default, you should apply Dalhousie’s Fair Dealing guidelines when sharing physical or digital copies of works. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00046-00028133-00028803 This means, if the license allows e-reserves or course packs, you can share one article per journal issue. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00047-00028803-00029373 However, some licenses allow more. If your use exceeds the fair dealing guidelines, please SGOwkgT-Xzc-00048-00029373-00030093 contact copyright.office@dal.ca for assistance. We can seek permission for your use or find alternatives. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00049-00030093-00030653 Whenever possible, we recommend linking to material over physical or digital copying. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00050-00030653-00031353 Linking is almost always allowed for most databases, and when done appropriately can be a very effective way to provide SGOwkgT-Xzc-00051-00031353-00031843 students direct access to the resources found in the libraries’ databases. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00052-00031843-00032389 The fair dealing limitations on copying do not apply to linking, and linking provides both the SGOwkgT-Xzc-00053-00032389-00033090 vendor and libraries with useful data about what resources are being used most often and what resources should be renewed. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00054-00033090-00033790 For more information on best practices for linking, please watch our Stable linking video found in the description below. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00055-00033790-00034490 Dalhousie Libraries staff can assist you with providing access to resources from our databases within your courses in Brightspace. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00056-00034490-00035180 With our e-reserve service our staff will research licenses and provide PDFs or links where appropriate. SGOwkgT-Xzc-00057-00035180-00036260 To learn more about this service visit https://libraries.dal.ca/services/course-reserves.html SGOwkgT-Xzc-00058-00036260-00036720 Thanks for watching! For subject guides, Live Help, other online tutorials, and contact SGOwkgT-Xzc-00059-00036720-00037563 information for the five Dalhousie Libraries, check out the links in the description below.  SKhjV7ovpAy-00000-00000013-00000063 I've been a SKhjV7ovpAy-00001-00000063-00000233 popular investor on eToro SKhjV7ovpAy-00002-00000233-00000409 for nearly six years, SKhjV7ovpAy-00003-00000409-00000550 and in these six years SKhjV7ovpAy-00004-00000550-00000730 there have been a lot of changes SKhjV7ovpAy-00005-00000730-00000806 in my assets under management SKhjV7ovpAy-00006-00000806-00001050 and in my number of copiers. SKhjV7ovpAy-00007-00001070-00001383 At some point it reached over $400,000, SKhjV7ovpAy-00008-00001423-00001683 crashed to $60 000, SKhjV7ovpAy-00009-00001683-00001966 went back to $2.4 million, SKhjV7ovpAy-00010-00001966-00002183 and now it's around $1 million. SKhjV7ovpAy-00011-00002203-00002396 So you see there's always going to be SKhjV7ovpAy-00012-00002396-00002503 these variations SKhjV7ovpAy-00013-00002503-00002743 if you want to be a popular investor, SKhjV7ovpAy-00014-00002743-00002940 but what you should always do SKhjV7ovpAy-00015-00002940-00003136 is keep posting on eToro, SKhjV7ovpAy-00016-00003136-00003266 keep communicating SKhjV7ovpAy-00017-00003266-00003346 with your copiers, SKhjV7ovpAy-00018-00003346-00003486 with your followers, SKhjV7ovpAy-00019-00003486-00003603 because if you don't do that, SKhjV7ovpAy-00020-00003603-00003776 eventually you will lose everything. SKhjV7ovpAy-00021-00003776-00003926 The way that the market works, SKhjV7ovpAy-00022-00003926-00004196 the way that eToro is structured, SKhjV7ovpAy-00023-00004196-00004320 it is normal for you SKhjV7ovpAy-00024-00004320-00004523 to be losing copiers sometimes, SKhjV7ovpAy-00025-00004523-00004736 but make sure it doesn't matter SKhjV7ovpAy-00026-00004753-00004923 if you are losing copiers or not. SKhjV7ovpAy-00027-00004923-00005080 You're always communicating. SNIfYd0z4AE-00000-00000000-00000050 Hello SNIfYd0z4AE-00001-00000050-00000250 Hi SNIfYd0z4AE-00002-00000250-00001050 We come from Oreka English Club so, and today we want to ask you some questions but first What's your name? SNIfYd0z4AE-00003-00001050-00001250 My name is Olga SNIfYd0z4AE-00004-00001250-00001300 And you? SNIfYd0z4AE-00005-00001300-00001500 And My name is Edgars SNIfYd0z4AE-00006-00001500-00001560 Where are you from? SNIfYd0z4AE-00007-00001560-00001670 We come from Latvia SNIfYd0z4AE-00008-00001700-00002550 Yeah! Ok! So we're so happy to talk to you today and now we're gonna ask you some questions about Learning English SNIfYd0z4AE-00009-00002550-00003150 How do you feel about Vietnamese Students when they speak English? SNIfYd0z4AE-00010-00003150-00003550 We have heard a lot of Vietnamese speaking English to us SNIfYd0z4AE-00011-00003550-00004350 It was in restaurants, in hotels, just in the streets and shops, in everywhere. SNIfYd0z4AE-00012-00004350-00005150 And i have to say that sometimes we have difficulties to understand them because of their phonetics, because of their pronunciation SNIfYd0z4AE-00013-00005150-00005700 And i can understand that because we tried to learn how to say Thank you in Vietnamese and we couldn't do it SNIfYd0z4AE-00014-00005700-00005850 It was too difficult for us SNIfYd0z4AE-00015-00005850-00006700 So i think as an European it is easier for us to learn to speak it but the Grammar is the same. SNIfYd0z4AE-00016-00006700-00006850 Is the same? SNIfYd0z4AE-00017-00006850-00007550 Yeah! I mean it doesn't matter if you learn the Grammar in Europe or in Viet Nam. I...think SNIfYd0z4AE-00018-00007550-00007750 I guess it could be quite different as well SNIfYd0z4AE-00019-00007750-00008000 Yeah! I don't know anything about Europe Language so... SNIfYd0z4AE-00020-00008000-00008700 Ok! So, Could you please share with us a little bit about the way of your learning English? SNIfYd0z4AE-00021-00008700-00009100 The way we learn English? Well, we use English everyday. SNIfYd0z4AE-00022-00009100-00009850 We go on the Internet a lot, on Youtube. I watch Youtube an hour a day,probably. SNIfYd0z4AE-00023-00009850-00010350 And we listen to English music. And this is how we learned. We just listened. SNIfYd0z4AE-00024-00010350-00011150 And then we had jobs. We have to speak English everyday. Elgars speaks English, only English at his work. SNIfYd0z4AE-00025-00011150-00011250 Really? SNIfYd0z4AE-00026-00011250-00011550 Yeah! So that's how you learn. Just listen and practice SNIfYd0z4AE-00027-00011550-00011900 Do you think Travelling is the best way for students to learn English? SNIfYd0z4AE-00028-00011900-00012300 If you're travelling to English Speaking Countries, sure... SNIfYd0z4AE-00029-00012300-00012500 In Vietnam, we have one problem: Some students always complain that they don't have environment to practice SNIfYd0z4AE-00030-00012500-00014000 They don't have many chances to meet foreigners. That's why their pronunciation is not good. So what is your advice for them? SNIfYd0z4AE-00031-00014000-00014700 I don't think that it's the reason because i didn't have anyone to practice with either SNIfYd0z4AE-00032-00014700-00015650 When I was learning English at school and at university, I didn't have any native speakers to talk to. And we still did it. I mean. SNIfYd0z4AE-00033-00015650-00015950 Of course, having a somebody to talk to is the best plus. SNIfYd0z4AE-00034-00015950-00016900 It is an advantage.I think. And you are doing a great job. Just coming to us here, talking to people. SNIfYd0z4AE-00035-00016900-00017150 So the next questions were? What were the questions? The questions were? SNIfYd0z4AE-00036-00017150-00017700 What can you do better to improve your pronunciation? Right? SNIfYd0z4AE-00037-00017700-00017900 And your advice for students? Yeah! SNIfYd0z4AE-00038-00017900-00018600 So number one was: Watching and Listening to native speakers. SNIfYd0z4AE-00039-00018600-00019550 It must not be a person . It can be your TV, Movies, Internet, Youtube videos , anything...Right? That's number one SNIfYd0z4AE-00040-00019550-00020450 And number two. I don't know. I have never learned as Olga did. SNIfYd0z4AE-00041-00020450-00021250 And from what i've heard, is that Olga had a particular focus on phonetics, on how you pronounce words SNIfYd0z4AE-00042-00021250-00021650 Are there any resources that they can use that are available? SNIfYd0z4AE-00043-00021650-00022050 Youtube probably. That must be some videos on that. SNIfYd0z4AE-00044-00022050-00022950 So not only that you hear how things are said and then you try to repeat it but you really dig into the techniques SNIfYd0z4AE-00045-00022950-00023950 Like when you say "th" then..ok. Where do you put the tounge? What will you do with the air flow in your mouth? SNIfYd0z4AE-00046-00023950-00024650 All those things...Because all technical details are the ones which make the sounds authetic. Right? SNIfYd0z4AE-00047-00024650-00025250 Yeah! It's like doing sports. Not everyone can do with split.You know with the legs open. Not everyone can do it. SNIfYd0z4AE-00048-00025250-00026450 If you practice everyday, you just know how to do that. And that's the same with how you feel in your mouth and how do you move your mouth to get the sounds SNIfYd0z4AE-00049-00026450-00027650 Alright! One more question. Do you think that Patience and Determination are the keys for students to learn? SNIfYd0z4AE-00050-00027650-00027900 Absolutely, SNIfYd0z4AE-00051-00027900-00028250 I agree.Yeah! You can not learn without Patience and Determination SNIfYd0z4AE-00052-00028250-00029150 Nevertheless, there is a saying that i've heard from a lot of British people...is that.. SNIfYd0z4AE-00053-00029150-00029550 Don't work hard. Work smart SNIfYd0z4AE-00054-00029550-00030250 Right? So that it's not only the Patience and Determination but you have to take the right direction. SNIfYd0z4AE-00055-00030250-00031100 "And it's very important to plan out your rules to your success and whatever you're doing, learning Language or anything else". SNIfYd0z4AE-00056-00031100-00031650 And to see that Gather information and Understand what is the best way of doing it. SNIfYd0z4AE-00057-00031650-00031950 JUST AS YOU DO RIGHT NOW ACTUALLY SNIfYd0z4AE-00058-00031950-00032250 YEAH! YOU"RE ON YOUR WAY SNIfYd0z4AE-00059-00032250-00033550 Yeah! Some final words that you wanna say to Vietnamese People or Vietnamese Students or Vietnam generally when you come here? SNIfYd0z4AE-00060-00033550-00034850 Thank you very much for being so nice and friendly to us, for offering so much hospitality and letting us here having a good time that we've had. SNIfYd0z4AE-00061-00034850-00035250 And letting us know, learn about you SNIfYd0z4AE-00062-00035250-00035650 Yeah! And for English Students SNIfYd0z4AE-00063-00035650-00036150 Just go on... And keep on the good work. SNIfYd0z4AE-00064-00036150-00036350 You're doing a really good job! SNIfYd0z4AE-00065-00036350-00036550 We love you so much. SNIfYd0z4AE-00066-00036550-00036600 We love you too SNIfYd0z4AE-00067-00036600-00036800 Thank you very much!!! ^-^ SNJSVizJW-4-00000-00006008-00006552 although there are 53 tall buildings in uptown charlotte with more than 212 feet in height SNJSVizJW-4-00001-00006552-00007184 according to wikipedia i will only talk about the first five skyscrapers in charlotte north carolina SNJSVizJW-4-00002-00007488-00007792 interested to see the skyscrapers in charlotte north carolina SNJSVizJW-4-00003-00007848-00008424 the tallest building in uptown charlotte is bank of america corporate center which rises 871 feet SNJSVizJW-4-00004-00008424-00009032 with 60 floors it's the 37th tallest in the united states and the tallest in north carolina SNJSVizJW-4-00005-00009112-00009552 duke energy comes in second tallest building in charlotte and north carolina which has SNJSVizJW-4-00006-00009552-00010272 48 floors and is 786 feet tall duke energy building is known for its l.e.d. light show SNJSVizJW-4-00007-00010328-00010880 during key moments of sporting events played there for example if the carolina panthers are playing SNJSVizJW-4-00008-00010880-00011664 it lights up blue for panther's touchdowns true is formerly known as hearst tower with 659 feet SNJSVizJW-4-00009-00011664-00012216 in height and 47 floors and the third tallest building in north carolina tourists bought the SNJSVizJW-4-00010-00012216-00012872 building last year for 455 million dollars the signage at the top of the building that says SNJSVizJW-4-00011-00012872-00013424 truist and logo are being petitioned to be removed the fourth tallest building is bank SNJSVizJW-4-00012-00013424-00014263 of america tower stands at a height of 632 feet and 35 floors it broke ground on august 4 2017 SNJSVizJW-4-00013-00014263-00014856 honeywell will relocate its corporate headquarters to the site one wells fargo SNJSVizJW-4-00014-00014856-00015344 center is a skyscraper in charlotte north carolina it is the headquarters for wells SNJSVizJW-4-00015-00015344-00016112 fargo's east coast division at 588 feet tall and 42 stories it is the fifth tallest building SNJSVizJW-4-00016-00016112-00016680 in charlotte when it was opened on september 14, 1988 it was the tallest building in north SNJSVizJW-4-00017-00016680-00016984 carolina SNJSVizJW-4-00018-00020984-00021384 hi there come with me for a driving tour of uptown charlotte SNJSVizJW-4-00019-00021384-00021816 there are so many things to do and places to see in uptown charlotte SNJSVizJW-4-00020-00021872-00022392 find out what the four giant statues standing at the queen city's four corners are SNJSVizJW-4-00021-00022464-00023984 why was it called uptown charlotte and not downtown charlotte coming up next SNJSVizJW-4-00022-00026768-00027360 there are four figures you will always find standing at the queen city center have you noticed SNJSVizJW-4-00023-00027360-00028095 the massive status guarding the city center's four corners the status represent commerce industry SNJSVizJW-4-00024-00028095-00028736 transportation and the future what's the story behind the four giant statues keep watching SNJSVizJW-4-00025-00029224-00029672 bring your kids at discovery place and learn about the exploration of science SNJSVizJW-4-00026-00029672-00030983 and the natural world through extraordinary exhibits and educational programs SNJSVizJW-4-00028-00039520-00040128 for commerce that was based on the fact that there was gold discovered in the 1830s SNJSVizJW-4-00029-00040128-00040832 and that's why the mint was developed for industry the textile industry was big in north carolina SNJSVizJW-4-00030-00040832-00041440 and charlotte was the crossroads trade and trying is the center of the town it was and SNJSVizJW-4-00031-00041440-00042120 is a crossroads as a transportation hub so that's a genesis of the transportation figure SNJSVizJW-4-00032-00042120-00042472 celebrating the workers who built the transportation network SNJSVizJW-4-00033-00042528-00043096 while honoring charlotte's past the three figures all look toward the fourth figure the SNJSVizJW-4-00034-00043096-00043584 future SNJSVizJW-4-00035-00044976-00045026 foreign SNJSVizJW-4-00036-00046984-00047616 so why is it called uptown charlotte and not downtown charlotte here's how it happened the SNJSVizJW-4-00037-00047616-00048112 early residents of charlotte would walk or ride their horses to trade and tryon SNJSVizJW-4-00038-00048112-00048776 to buy and sell their goods they literally had to go uphill so they would say they were going SNJSVizJW-4-00039-00048840-00050584 up to town it later was shortened to just going uptown SNJSVizJW-4-00040-00051488-00052144 levine museum is a history museum where exhibits focus on life in the north carolina piedmont SNJSVizJW-4-00041-00052144-00053384 after the american civil war SNJSVizJW-4-00042-00054008-00054632 romare bearden park is a 5.4 acre public park located at 300 south church SNJSVizJW-4-00043-00054632-00055208 street in charlotte north carolina named for charlotte born artist romare bearden SNJSVizJW-4-00044-00055208-00055736 it opened in late august 2013. this fountain lights up at night with SNJSVizJW-4-00045-00055736-00056288 different colors and sometimes there is a free live music performed by musicians SNJSVizJW-4-00046-00057064-00057408 truist field formerly known as bb&t ballpark SNJSVizJW-4-00047-00057408-00058984 the home of the international league charlotte knights baseball team SNJSVizJW-4-00049-00067352-00067832 the nascar hall of fame is a shrine to the history and heritage of nascar SNJSVizJW-4-00050-00067832-00068784 under one roof with ever evolving exhibits for you to explore SNJSVizJW-4-00051-00073432-00074024 the bechtler museum of modern art houses more than 1400 artworks created by major SNJSVizJW-4-00052-00074024-00075784 figures of 20th century modernism such as pablo picasso, andy warhol, max ernst, and many others SNJSVizJW-4-00053-00080208-00080728 if you want to see the map of uptown charlotte please click on the description below SNJSVizJW-4-00054-00081096-00081592 if you enjoyed this video please give it a like share and subscribe to our channel SNJSVizJW-4-00055-00081592-00081984 so you won't miss the fresh content we post here on youtube every week SNJSVizJW-4-00056-00082248-00082656 here are the videos about charlotte you may want to watch next and if you haven't SNJSVizJW-4-00057-00082656-00083104 subscribed to our channel yet please click on our photo and ring the bell so you'll SNJSVizJW-4-00058-00083104-00083640 be notified when we upload a new video thanks for watching i will see you next SNJSVizJW-4-00059-00083640-00084024 time SNSUbHsvAGy-00000-00000000-00000582 The six members of NMIXX, who are presently on their showcase tour, continue to dazzle SNSUbHsvAGy-00001-00000582-00001110 audiences with their stage presence and vocal prowess.However, a show highlight alarmed SNSUbHsvAGy-00002-00001110-00001800 Netizens who were both pleased with Kyujin's professionalism and worried.Fans were shocked to SNSUbHsvAGy-00003-00001800-00002322 witness a mother laying her infant on the stage corner in a number of social media videos.The SNSUbHsvAGy-00004-00002688-00003311 six members of NMIXX, who are presently on their showcase tour, continue to dazzle audiences with SNSUbHsvAGy-00005-00003311-00003744 their stage presence and vocal prowess. Without thinking, Kyujin grabbed up the SNSUbHsvAGy-00006-00003744-00004368 youngster and returned it to its mother when he was on stage. Fortunately, the baby didn't seem SNSUbHsvAGy-00007-00004368-00004962 scared or anxious and was actually grinning. Nevertheless, it raised questions because NMIXX SNSUbHsvAGy-00008-00004962-00005526 had no restrictions for the front row.Internet users expressed their outrage by saying that SNSUbHsvAGy-00009-00005526-00006024 what happened was dangerous and may have gone wrong. SO DO YOU THINK KYUJIN WAS QUICK WITH SNSUbHsvAGy-00010-00006024-00006456 HER ACTIONS AS SHE RETURNED THE BABY BACK TO THE MOTHER? LET US KNOW IN THE COMMENTS. STdQp5Gdakc-00000-00000629-00001116 Democrats Just Blindsided With Major Evidence Revealing Their Deepest Skeletons STdQp5Gdakc-00001-00001116-00001602 The Supreme Court Justice nomination process has been one of the largest political disasters STdQp5Gdakc-00002-00001602-00001702 ever. STdQp5Gdakc-00003-00001702-00002088 Especially given the divisive nature of the Senate Judiciary Committee hearings. STdQp5Gdakc-00004-00002088-00002568 However, Republican Senators have now revealed information regarding the negative machinations STdQp5Gdakc-00005-00002568-00002957 of Democratic Senators to undermine the Kavanaugh nomination. STdQp5Gdakc-00006-00002957-00003411 As Reported By Fox News, Democrats in the Senate Judiciary Committee are making a lot STdQp5Gdakc-00007-00003411-00003900 of noise about an FBI investigation into Judge Brett Kavanaugh, claiming that if he isn’t STdQp5Gdakc-00008-00003900-00004369 guilty of gang rape and attempted rape in his teenage years, he should join their call. STdQp5Gdakc-00009-00004369-00004892 Republicans, being weaklings, caved in, thinking they can buy off Democrats with a week-long STdQp5Gdakc-00010-00004892-00005327 FBI probe which we all know Democrats will immediately dismiss as insufficient. STdQp5Gdakc-00011-00005327-00005729 We also know that they will use the delay to dredge up a bevy of other scurrilous allegations STdQp5Gdakc-00012-00005729-00006296 which of course, will also warrant investigations that Judge Kavanaugh himself must agree to. STdQp5Gdakc-00013-00006296-00006684 Since the Democrats’ line of reasoning is that all allegations of dubious activity by STdQp5Gdakc-00014-00006684-00007159 anyone holding or seeking a government job should be fully investigated by the FBI, and STdQp5Gdakc-00015-00007159-00007602 subjects who don’t agree must be assumed guilty., here are some questions for them: STdQp5Gdakc-00016-00007602-00008134 Sen. Dianne Feinstein, why aren’t you calling for a more complete FBI investigation into STdQp5Gdakc-00017-00008134-00008572 the alleged Chinese spy in your San Francisco office who served as your driver as well as STdQp5Gdakc-00018-00008572-00008915 a liaison to the Asian-American community in California? STdQp5Gdakc-00019-00008915-00009389 You say the FBI never informed you of any compromise of national security information, STdQp5Gdakc-00020-00009389-00009800 and that the staffer “never had access” to classified or sensitive information. STdQp5Gdakc-00021-00009800-00010159 But how could they know that without interviewing you and all the members of your staff? STdQp5Gdakc-00022-00010159-00010632 You have yet to call for an investigation into your own behavior, so obviously, you’re STdQp5Gdakc-00023-00010632-00010732 guilty. STdQp5Gdakc-00024-00010732-00011215 Why not just have the FBI investigate every allegation against everyone in public life? STdQp5Gdakc-00025-00011215-00011404 And if you object, you’re guilty. STdQp5Gdakc-00026-00011404-00011668 That’s how this works, right? STdQp5Gdakc-00027-00011668-00011899 Or, how about you, Sen. Dick Durbin? STdQp5Gdakc-00028-00011899-00012471 In 2014, an investigation by the Chicago Tribune found that your wife lobbied on behalf of STdQp5Gdakc-00029-00012471-00012785 clients who then received federal funding you promoted. STdQp5Gdakc-00030-00012785-00013159 Your office announced the grants, but you claimed you did “nothing in terms of securing STdQp5Gdakc-00031-00013159-00013262 the money.” STdQp5Gdakc-00032-00013262-00013631 So, how about a full investigation to get to the bottom of the matter? STdQp5Gdakc-00033-00013631-00014362 Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand: In 2015, you received a gift worth nearly $500,000 from your husband’s STdQp5Gdakc-00034-00014362-00014490 British parents. STdQp5Gdakc-00035-00014490-00014812 That was more than the gross income of you and your husband that year. STdQp5Gdakc-00036-00014812-00015184 Your spokesperson declined to say why your in-laws gave the money or what you did with STdQp5Gdakc-00037-00015184-00015284 it. STdQp5Gdakc-00038-00015284-00015432 So, how about it? STdQp5Gdakc-00039-00015432-00015851 Full FBI investigation or you’re guilty of something nefarious, right? STdQp5Gdakc-00040-00015851-00016115 What about you, Sen. Richard Blumenthal? STdQp5Gdakc-00041-00016115-00016545 You asked Judge Kavanaugh whether he knew the legal term “falsus in uno, falsus in STdQp5Gdakc-00042-00016545-00016878 omnibus” – false on one thing, false on all. STdQp5Gdakc-00043-00016878-00017320 Well, senator, you’ve stated that you served in Vietnam despite the fact that you sought STdQp5Gdakc-00044-00017320-00017784 multiple deferments and then signed up for the Marine Reserve to avoid going to war. STdQp5Gdakc-00045-00017784-00017968 That seems rather dishonest. STdQp5Gdakc-00046-00017968-00018243 How about the FBI checks into your comments? STdQp5Gdakc-00047-00018243-00018495 You know, for the sake of honesty. STdQp5Gdakc-00048-00018495-00018719 And you, Sen. Cory Booker? STdQp5Gdakc-00049-00018719-00019215 What about an FBI investigation into an admission you made in 1992, writing for the Stanford STdQp5Gdakc-00050-00019215-00019376 student newspaper? STdQp5Gdakc-00051-00019376-00019579 You said that you groped one of your friends. STdQp5Gdakc-00052-00019579-00020001 “After having my hand pushed away once, I reached my mark,” you wrote. STdQp5Gdakc-00053-00020001-00020484 “Our groping ended soon and while no ‘relationship’ ensued, a friendship did. STdQp5Gdakc-00054-00020484-00020868 You see, the next week in school she told me that she was drunk that night and didn’t STdQp5Gdakc-00055-00020868-00021037 really know what she was doing.” STdQp5Gdakc-00056-00021037-00021308 Sounds just like something Spartacus would do. STdQp5Gdakc-00057-00021308-00021749 How about an FBI investigation into your admitted sexual assault against a drunk girl in high STdQp5Gdakc-00058-00021749-00021849 school? STdQp5Gdakc-00059-00021849-00022131 And what about you, Sen. Kamala Harris? STdQp5Gdakc-00060-00022131-00022519 When you took over the California atttorney general’s office you announced a statewide STdQp5Gdakc-00061-00022519-00022777 task force to tackle mortgage fraud. STdQp5Gdakc-00062-00022777-00023068 Then your mortgage fraud office did pretty much nothing. STdQp5Gdakc-00063-00023068-00023168 For years. STdQp5Gdakc-00064-00023168-00023768 So, how about an FBI investigation into what looks like a slam-dunk case of … something. STdQp5Gdakc-00065-00023768-00024290 And you, Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse: According to Politico, as lawmakers closed in on a deal STdQp5Gdakc-00066-00024290-00024829 over a bill called the 21st Century Cures Act, you bought shares in pharmaceutical companies. STdQp5Gdakc-00067-00024829-00025170 You were sitting on a Senate committee overseeing health care at the time. STdQp5Gdakc-00068-00025170-00025647 The day president Obama signed the bill, you started selling your pharmaceutical stock. STdQp5Gdakc-00069-00025647-00025987 How about we have the FBI check out your phone logs? STdQp5Gdakc-00070-00025987-00026337 These are just a few of the Democrats on the Judiciary Committee. STdQp5Gdakc-00071-00026337-00026783 We could go on, because they all seem to have something deeply disturbing to hide. STdQp5Gdakc-00072-00026783-00026904 But why bother? STdQp5Gdakc-00073-00026904-00027410 Why not just have the FBI investigate every allegation against everyone in public life? STdQp5Gdakc-00074-00027410-00027966 And if you object, you’re guilty. STdQp5Gdakc-00075-00027966-00028794 That’s how this works, right? SUrwWmMMg_y-00000-00000252-00000780 For joining a conversation here, feel free to realize that we've got all this stuff SUrwWmMMg_y-00001-00000780-00001122 on that community site that you can check into later but in the meantime SUrwWmMMg_y-00002-00001182-00001692 what we're going to do today is proceed with the IFTDSS, the interagency fuels treatment decision SUrwWmMMg_y-00003-00001692-00002214 support modules, and Kim has some great news to share with us and some awesome training so SUrwWmMMg_y-00004-00002214-00002850 Kim take it away. All right hi everybody good to see, well I guess I'm not seeing you all again, SUrwWmMMg_y-00005-00002850-00003750 but I'm back again for another round of talking about IFTDSS and spatial modeling and I've invited SUrwWmMMg_y-00006-00003750-00004434 Wes Hall from the RDNA and Jennifer Anderson from Yosemite National Park to help me with this and SUrwWmMMg_y-00007-00004434-00005244 we've got quite a bit of stuff to cover today so what I want to do and I kind of want to go through SUrwWmMMg_y-00008-00005244-00005844 the first part fairly quickly because I really want to get to Jen and Wes's stuff because it's to SUrwWmMMg_y-00009-00005844-00006384 me it's really where the rubber hits the road here so. But I wanna just point out a couple things so SUrwWmMMg_y-00010-00006384-00007026 let me see if I can get the screen sharing worked out so I'm just for you all I know I'm sure we've SUrwWmMMg_y-00011-00007140-00007614 been on calls and stuff together but I'm Kim Ernstrom I work for the Wildland Fire Management SUrwWmMMg_y-00012-00007614-00008316 RDNA. I'm actually in the detail right now with NWCG, but I'm doing some of my day job as well SUrwWmMMg_y-00013-00008316-00008850 back and forth with some of the IFTDSS and fuels tech transfer stuff as well but I've mostly been SUrwWmMMg_y-00014-00008850-00009414 working on IFTDSS over the past you know five six years but do, you know, all the other RDNA SUrwWmMMg_y-00015-00009414-00009834 things as they come along through the summer. So I'm really excited to show you guys some of the SUrwWmMMg_y-00016-00009834-00010428 things we've got today as it ties to the National Prescribed Fire Review and just things to think SUrwWmMMg_y-00017-00010428-00010890 about going forward with a lot of this fuels planning stuff. So I'm going to kill my camera SUrwWmMMg_y-00018-00010962-00011394 and I'm going to hop over real quick I just want to point out a couple of things SUrwWmMMg_y-00019-00011574-00011904 if we can get the right darn window up here okay SUrwWmMMg_y-00020-00012000-00012474 this should be IFTDSS I want to start with that one you guys seeing the IFTDSS website there? SUrwWmMMg_y-00021-00012678-00013068 Yep we're good okay great all right so I got that right that's a good start SUrwWmMMg_y-00022-00013068-00013469 so I just wanted to point out some things on the website here real quick SUrwWmMMg_y-00023-00013566-00013913 we're going to talk a lot about IFTDSS, we're going to do some comparisons with Behave SUrwWmMMg_y-00024-00013913-00014544 and stuff but there's a few little things that are kind of sort of breaking news but SUrwWmMMg_y-00025-00014544-00015113 we've increased... so this is the IFTDSS homepage and I recommend people stop here every once in a SUrwWmMMg_y-00026-00015113-00015636 while to see what's new so we always try to have our announcements that are new things you can see SUrwWmMMg_y-00027-00015636-00016134 we uh says create large Landscapes and what we were able to do is increase our landscape SUrwWmMMg_y-00028-00016134-00016680 size and Nifty disk from three and a half million acres to now up to 12 million acres for different SUrwWmMMg_y-00029-00016680-00017292 uh types of analyzes and creating Landscapes so that's that's quite a jump from what we used to SUrwWmMMg_y-00030-00017292-00017826 do and I know a lot of folks were hoping to be able to do that to look at say an entire an entire SUrwWmMMg_y-00031-00017826-00018498 forest or an entire unit of some kind so that's a that's a big change and then we've added the new SUrwWmMMg_y-00032-00018498-00019170 um landfire layers in here so we've got the most current which is the landfire 2020 and we've also SUrwWmMMg_y-00033-00019170-00019626 added I'm going to scroll back here just real quick um we've done some map enhancements things SUrwWmMMg_y-00034-00019626-00020202 people were asking for the ability to change the symbology on the map um was a real kind of SUrwWmMMg_y-00035-00020202-00020820 a a buzz kill sometimes because you couldn't see what was behind your polygon so we're now able to SUrwWmMMg_y-00036-00020820-00021456 change a lot of the polygon colors and and fills and and transparencies and things like that so SUrwWmMMg_y-00037-00021456-00022020 check that out on the map Studio that's some new stuff um the other things I want to point out is SUrwWmMMg_y-00038-00022020-00022566 some of the user support that we have and Josh Hyde who works for University of Idaho and works SUrwWmMMg_y-00039-00022566-00023304 with has worked with us for many years now and is the brains behind our help our help system he has SUrwWmMMg_y-00040-00023304-00023748 some amazing resources on here if you haven't looked through the help in iftidus that's the SUrwWmMMg_y-00041-00023748-00024438 place to go we did add a new thing in the support forums that I wanted to show you guys and uh we've SUrwWmMMg_y-00042-00024438-00024942 always we've had these community be forums up here for questions and answers and ideas to exchange SUrwWmMMg_y-00043-00024942-00025488 ideas and stuff but we added a new one called the prescribed fire planning Forum so you'll SUrwWmMMg_y-00044-00025488-00026112 have to you get a separate login for this site we haven't been able to um to tie it into the login SUrwWmMMg_y-00045-00026112-00026694 with Nifty disk due to security things but so if you click on that you'll just you can set up your SUrwWmMMg_y-00046-00026694-00027330 um if you don't have that account just use this click this button here to click you can set it up SUrwWmMMg_y-00047-00027330-00027864 and then you can get into that burn plan forum and the idea is there just to specifically talk about SUrwWmMMg_y-00048-00027864-00028410 using ifkey disk for burn plans so just wanted to point those couple things out to everybody let you SUrwWmMMg_y-00049-00028410-00028842 know that those are some new things and we'd love feedback as always we we really like to hear from SUrwWmMMg_y-00050-00028842-00029376 you guys the other thing I want to point out is the Wildland fire learning portal and we have two SUrwWmMMg_y-00051-00029376-00030030 this is the home page so this is before you log in but once you log in um you have access to all SUrwWmMMg_y-00052-00030030-00030498 of these self enroll courses on the right hand side and you can see there's two of them right SUrwWmMMg_y-00053-00030498-00031098 here right in the middle if you just overview 2022 and that's a great empty this intro if SUrwWmMMg_y-00054-00031098-00031608 you've never used if you use before or you need a refresher on some things that little uh it's SUrwWmMMg_y-00055-00031608-00032027 about a two hour course we'll walk you through a whole bunch of all the different parts of it this SUrwWmMMg_y-00056-00032027-00032622 and you can see right next door we've got the how to use a few disk for prescribed fire plans and SUrwWmMMg_y-00057-00032622-00033270 that's a new course that we developed this spring we're using parts of it in the RX 340 341 course SUrwWmMMg_y-00058-00033390-00033846 um but and I'd love to get feedback on it I I kind of feel like it's still in very much SUrwWmMMg_y-00059-00033846-00034458 a test mode and I've got a little um survey in there for people to answer some questions and SUrwWmMMg_y-00060-00034458-00035034 give feedback on the courses by no means finalized uh would love feedback on what y'all think about SUrwWmMMg_y-00061-00035034-00035616 it and if there's things we can change or add or do differently that would be great so anyway I SUrwWmMMg_y-00062-00035616-00036216 just want to point those resources out before we get rolling into our presentation so with that SUrwWmMMg_y-00063-00036342-00037020 um I'm going to go ahead and switch over to my PowerPoint and hopefully I'll get this part SUrwWmMMg_y-00064-00037020-00037620 right because okay well actually let me do this let me stop sharing that let's go to PowerPoint SUrwWmMMg_y-00065-00037842-00038262 okay um oops you can share here SUrwWmMMg_y-00066-00038466-00038946 sorry this is I'm doing it through the web is a little bit too tricky for me SUrwWmMMg_y-00067-00039048-00039300 okay let me go back to the screen SUrwWmMMg_y-00068-00039768-00040086 and let me hit present SUrwWmMMg_y-00069-00040344-00041004 okay wait you guys are not saying that still I'm sure not yet okay hold on standby I'm getting SUrwWmMMg_y-00070-00041004-00041544 there I just got to move some windows around here I think there we go okay if I say share that SUrwWmMMg_y-00071-00041736-00042306 okay so now you're seeing PowerPoint I hope it's coming up Bingo let me pull it up to SUrwWmMMg_y-00072-00042306-00042882 presentation mode hopefully that'll work there we go is that is that full size now yeah four SUrwWmMMg_y-00073-00042882-00043440 by four all right all right that's amazing we did it okay all right here we go so what we SUrwWmMMg_y-00074-00043440-00043812 want to talk about today is using fds for prescribed fire planning and like I said SUrwWmMMg_y-00075-00043812-00044316 I'm going to whip through the first handful of slides so we can get to Jen and and Wes's stuff SUrwWmMMg_y-00076-00044376-00044706 um we want to talk about kind of comparing some things I know a lot of questions have SUrwWmMMg_y-00077-00044706-00045246 come up about using behave and Nifty disks as it relates to prescribed fire burn plans SUrwWmMMg_y-00078-00045354-00045870 um so hopefully this will help dial that in just a little bit and then Jen's going to talk a little SUrwWmMMg_y-00079-00045870-00046590 bit more about um some stuff as far as using Nifty disk for some uh the planning process leading up SUrwWmMMg_y-00080-00046590-00047130 to doing a burn plan like how you prioritize and how you decide where to burn and things like that SUrwWmMMg_y-00081-00047130-00047610 so we're going to cover a lot of things that are sort of high level and I think the idea behind SUrwWmMMg_y-00082-00047610-00048126 that was to to show everybody this high level view of a lot of things and then if there's SUrwWmMMg_y-00083-00048126-00048702 interest down the road and we can work with Jen on certain parts of this maybe we could do another SUrwWmMMg_y-00084-00048786-00049242 um talk or something where we could dive a lot deeper into any of these pieces so SUrwWmMMg_y-00085-00049338-00049854 um let's let's keep that conversation open as well okay so we're going to talk a little bit SUrwWmMMg_y-00086-00049854-00050208 about modeling we're going to talk about some comparisons Jen's going to go through SUrwWmMMg_y-00087-00050208-00050778 some examples from Yosemite and then Wes what participated on the Lost dispenses prescribed SUrwWmMMg_y-00088-00050778-00051354 Fire review and uh did a lot of work using some of the spatial modeling to identify SUrwWmMMg_y-00089-00051354-00051948 those critical factors in that escape but then also thinking forward on how to use that more SUrwWmMMg_y-00090-00051948-00052566 for building better burn plans so that'll be the focus there so I pulled these from SUrwWmMMg_y-00091-00052566-00052955 the national prescribed fire program review I'm not going to go through each one of these but SUrwWmMMg_y-00092-00053046-00053448 um this is from the PowerPoint that was sent out that's that quality assurance checklist SUrwWmMMg_y-00093-00053448-00053976 that came out of appendix B and these are some of the pieces that we're going to touch on today SUrwWmMMg_y-00094-00054078-00054516 um not in great depth but I think we'll at least kind of Breeze through them so you get SUrwWmMMg_y-00095-00054516-00054900 sort of the connection of what we're talking about with how it ties into this checklist SUrwWmMMg_y-00096-00055026-00055428 um so we're going to talk a little bit about element four and how to use some of the tools SUrwWmMMg_y-00097-00055428-00055955 and Nifty disks to look at the landfire data and uh and maybe beef up that section of your plan SUrwWmMMg_y-00098-00056046-00056579 um and uh like I said perhaps down the road we can talk more about editing your data and stuff but SUrwWmMMg_y-00099-00056579-00057041 we're not going to talk about that today um but I will point a few things out and then of course SUrwWmMMg_y-00100-00057041-00057654 there's the prescription part and this talks about a lot about behave plus and using um behave SUrwWmMMg_y-00101-00057654-00058122 for those prescription pieces which is great I mean that is certainly a way to to do business SUrwWmMMg_y-00102-00058229-00058620 um if you just have some very visual ways to do that as well so I'm going to show you SUrwWmMMg_y-00103-00058620-00059208 some comparisons there um and then the and then the organization equipment contingency SUrwWmMMg_y-00104-00059208-00059562 and holding to me I always think of those sort of as a as a altogether SUrwWmMMg_y-00105-00059694-00059994 um we'll talk a little bit about that and then these other two pieces SUrwWmMMg_y-00106-00060084-00060510 um using behave plus these are some of the common mistakes that were outlined in that PowerPoint SUrwWmMMg_y-00107-00060624-00061229 um and then also how to document some of your modeling and where how you can do that as you SUrwWmMMg_y-00108-00061229-00061728 write a burn plan so anyway I just wanted to tie some of this back to that National prescribed SUrwWmMMg_y-00109-00061728-00062178 Fire review and like I said we're not going to talk about any one of these in depth but I think SUrwWmMMg_y-00110-00062178-00062874 we'll touch on some things so so the first thing I want to talk about is just remind everybody that SUrwWmMMg_y-00111-00062928-00063467 these models we're talking about and I don't care if it's behave or a nomogram or iftidus SUrwWmMMg_y-00112-00063467-00064116 or with the stuff in wiftis or flammap it's all based off of the same spread equation right this SUrwWmMMg_y-00113-00064116-00064704 is all the surface spread stuff that we talk about it's the same assumptions everything is SUrwWmMMg_y-00114-00064704-00065196 still in play regardless of which Oneness of these you use so I know sometimes people think SUrwWmMMg_y-00115-00065196-00066036 well well behaves easier than you know then um 50 discs or flammap is different than you know and SUrwWmMMg_y-00116-00066036-00066648 it certainly the outputs are but the underlying thing we're doing when it comes to modeling fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00117-00066648-00067212 is all the same so I just want to remind everybody that we're all starting on the same sheet of music SUrwWmMMg_y-00118-00067278-00068106 the differences come in as to how we display this stuff and uh and it's really no more complicated SUrwWmMMg_y-00119-00068106-00068736 than going back to nomogram days and I know we don't really teach these really anymore but to SUrwWmMMg_y-00120-00068736-00069168 me this was always the foundational piece of understanding fire behavior when you use a SUrwWmMMg_y-00121-00069168-00069726 nomogram and you put your inputs in so for example your you know your fuel moisture and then you have SUrwWmMMg_y-00122-00069726-00070350 to run around the nomogram and draw your box the size of that box is really the size of your output SUrwWmMMg_y-00123-00070350-00070950 right so as behave plus has been developed and then empty this really all we're doing at least SUrwWmMMg_y-00124-00070950-00071424 for the basic fire Behavior outputs when I'm talking about that I'm talking about this image SUrwWmMMg_y-00125-00071424-00072216 here on the top right um for the iftidus piece it's just a nomogram we're put into behave and SUrwWmMMg_y-00126-00072216-00072798 so it behaves a computerized version of nomograms essentially for the surface spread stuff and then SUrwWmMMg_y-00127-00072798-00073542 the Nifty disk the basic fire Behavior output is just it's just behave on a map so it's looking at SUrwWmMMg_y-00128-00073542-00074130 those individual values pixel by pixel by Fuel model it's really no more complicated than that SUrwWmMMg_y-00129-00074244-00074574 um so I just want to remind everybody sort of where this all comes from SUrwWmMMg_y-00130-00074670-00075048 um this image down in the bottom right now this is a spread model and this is a little bit SUrwWmMMg_y-00131-00075048-00075564 different this is the minimum travel time model and I'll talk a little bit more about that um but SUrwWmMMg_y-00132-00075564-00076116 essentially what we're doing here is is taking this our Basics from a numagram and displaying SUrwWmMMg_y-00133-00076116-00076620 it essentially on a map or on the numbers that we get in the in the table from behave SUrwWmMMg_y-00134-00076806-00077496 so how are things different in iftidisc versus behave just to do some comparisons so you can SUrwWmMMg_y-00135-00077496-00077850 look down through the inputs that we use for these again I'm talking mostly about SUrwWmMMg_y-00136-00077850-00078462 the basic surface spread stuff flame length rate of spread fire line intensity that type of thing SUrwWmMMg_y-00137-00078558-00079218 um um so you can see what we what we use in inputs for a nomogram how behave handles those things you SUrwWmMMg_y-00138-00079218-00079698 can do single or multiple fuel models and behave and then iftidisc of course uses the the fuel SUrwWmMMg_y-00139-00079698-00080280 models in a spatial sense we look at them pixel by pixel on a map uh fuel moisters we always have SUrwWmMMg_y-00140-00080280-00080724 to enter fuel moistures doesn't matter which tool you're using if this does allow you to SUrwWmMMg_y-00141-00080724-00081186 use fuel moisture conditioning and I'm not going to explain necessarily what that is here but you SUrwWmMMg_y-00142-00081186-00081582 can look at that up in the empty this help and that'll that'll walk you through basically it's SUrwWmMMg_y-00143-00081582-00082398 adjusting your fuel moistures based on terrain aspect elevation Etc uh wind speed you always SUrwWmMMg_y-00144-00082398-00082884 need that for running any of these models if you just happens to use the gridded wins model which SUrwWmMMg_y-00145-00082884-00083544 allows it to correct for terrain influence um and then for our Crown fire we've got some options for SUrwWmMMg_y-00146-00083544-00084072 both behave and for uh for empty desks when you're selecting those so that's the inputs SUrwWmMMg_y-00147-00084072-00084654 so the outputs again that's kind of where things look different um the outputs here is a Nifty disk SUrwWmMMg_y-00148-00084654-00085254 example of the basic fire behavior on the map and then this is the exact I use the exact same agree SUrwWmMMg_y-00149-00085254-00085734 on these the other night and these are the exact same numbers essentially I ran it and behaved and SUrwWmMMg_y-00150-00085734-00086304 you can see it's broken down by Fuel model here on the left with the rate of spread and Flame length SUrwWmMMg_y-00151-00086304-00086820 and then in iftidis it's the same thing it's just displaying it on the map in colors so that's SUrwWmMMg_y-00152-00086820-00087522 really that's that's the difference we can see it um so the outputs here uh again rate of spread SUrwWmMMg_y-00153-00087522-00088032 you get that in a nomogram you get it in behave and Nifty disks fire line intensity flame length SUrwWmMMg_y-00154-00088110-00088674 um you can get those as well Crown fire you can do that in behave or fddis uh spotting distance SUrwWmMMg_y-00155-00088674-00089106 I say sort of because we don't have a direct output you have to actually download it and SUrwWmMMg_y-00156-00089106-00089700 look at it in arcmap um and then behave does allow you to do Scorch height mortality and SUrwWmMMg_y-00157-00089700-00090246 probability of ignition and we don't have those modules in Nifty disks right now so as you can SUrwWmMMg_y-00158-00090246-00090654 see there are some things that that there are differences and depending on what you're trying SUrwWmMMg_y-00159-00090654-00091308 to use it for you're going to pick and choose the right tool for the job so that's that's kind of SUrwWmMMg_y-00160-00091308-00091974 what I want to remind everybody is how these things compare so they can yeah real quick um SUrwWmMMg_y-00161-00092280-00092712 and the outputs or the uh the model that's that and it's my understanding that FPS is still using SUrwWmMMg_y-00162-00092712-00093336 rothermore as well yeah you know that I don't know a whole lot I would defer to somebody here that SUrwWmMMg_y-00163-00093336-00093990 could ask yes it does it does use rather mouth okay yeah thanks Wes yeah so that's really the SUrwWmMMg_y-00164-00093990-00094464 only spread equation we have right now you know like the guys in the fire lab are working on a SUrwWmMMg_y-00165-00094464-00094992 lot of new stuff but right now we're still pretty much any fire spread model out there for the most SUrwWmMMg_y-00166-00094992-00095466 part there's stuff that's being used that's a little different but for the the mainstream ones SUrwWmMMg_y-00167-00095466-00096288 that we all use we're still using that that same model from 1972 so keep that in mind so the way I SUrwWmMMg_y-00168-00096288-00096894 think about empty this and it's use these are the five elements the primary elements I think of you SUrwWmMMg_y-00169-00096894-00097368 can use it for other things but when I think of using empty this in a burn plan these are the five SUrwWmMMg_y-00170-00097368-00097848 I think of and I'm just going to really quickly show you a couple examples like I said I really SUrwWmMMg_y-00171-00097848-00098598 want to get to Jen and and Wes's info here so and this this we go over a lot of this in the online SUrwWmMMg_y-00172-00098598-00099024 class with the burn boss on the learning portal so if you want some more in-depth information SUrwWmMMg_y-00173-00099024-00099432 for each of these elements I really recommend you go and take a look at that online course SUrwWmMMg_y-00174-00099588-00100494 okay so let me make now my screen doesn't bonus trade here we go hey oh I think I got locked up SUrwWmMMg_y-00175-00100494-00101178 here shoot that's fine while you're while you're troubleshooting that I just want to put the plug SUrwWmMMg_y-00176-00101178-00101742 in that 3D Pro if you're using our fuels to this 3D Pro is trying to use that Dynamic physics model SUrwWmMMg_y-00177-00101802-00102414 so yeah thanks yeah there are like I said there is some new stuff coming out and within several years SUrwWmMMg_y-00178-00102414-00102918 here we're gonna we're gonna have to learn a whole bunch of new stuff when it comes to fire modeling SUrwWmMMg_y-00179-00102918-00103476 and spread modeling and things so it's neat I mean we've got a lot of dynamic um things happening in SUrwWmMMg_y-00180-00103476-00103950 the research world so be curious to see how that all comes about but right now this is still what SUrwWmMMg_y-00181-00103950-00104502 we're using so so for element four just real quick this is a quick snapshot of how you could SUrwWmMMg_y-00182-00104502-00105246 use the uh the fuel model and looking at a map in iftidis and the 40 fuel models from landfire SUrwWmMMg_y-00183-00105330-00105720 um this is a burn plan actually one that was written when I worked down in South Florida but SUrwWmMMg_y-00184-00105785-00106224 um you can see this was one way to do it we just broke out all the names of the different types SUrwWmMMg_y-00185-00106224-00106758 of fuels and we put the percentages well a heck of a in my opinion a heck of a lot better way to SUrwWmMMg_y-00186-00106758-00107340 do that is just show the map um that to me is a lot better representation of what we've got and SUrwWmMMg_y-00187-00107340-00107880 you can still show the percentages of things um through the report system and Nifty disks SUrwWmMMg_y-00188-00107880-00108558 by downloading that so one quick and dirty way to save yourself a lot of um text and typing is SUrwWmMMg_y-00189-00108558-00109026 perhaps think about using one of these Maps instead to display your fuel models and your SUrwWmMMg_y-00190-00109026-00109626 distribution this is a behaved version I'm going to talk now a little bit about prescription um so SUrwWmMMg_y-00191-00109626-00110268 this is element seven these are the outputs from behave plus version six and um so I'm going to SUrwWmMMg_y-00192-00110268-00110826 show you a same example in Nifty disk but this is the behave way to do business um you put in your SUrwWmMMg_y-00193-00110826-00111342 fuel models you put in your inputs same inputs we use a Nifty disk fuel moistures wind speed SUrwWmMMg_y-00194-00111450-00112008 um and then we get our output and that's you see that here in the table and we also get that in our SUrwWmMMg_y-00195-00112080-00112608 um in the graphs that we get from behave so rate of spread flame length and surface spread distance SUrwWmMMg_y-00196-00112608-00113322 and once you give it a time um the cool thing about using the same deal in iftidiscs is this SUrwWmMMg_y-00197-00113322-00113898 is the input page here on the right uh same kind of thing it's asking for the exact same inputs SUrwWmMMg_y-00198-00113988-00114432 um you you hit you do your run these are the choices of models that you can use in SUrwWmMMg_y-00199-00114432-00114828 Nifty disks I'm focusing here on this one the landscape fire Behavior the basic one SUrwWmMMg_y-00200-00114924-00115422 um because that matches up with what we get in behave and rather than getting the table SUrwWmMMg_y-00201-00115422-00116166 of numbers now we get the map and now I can see my this this case is flame length I can see my SUrwWmMMg_y-00202-00116166-00116711 flame lengths on the map in different colors and when you click on it there's a tool and Nifty disk SUrwWmMMg_y-00203-00116711-00117264 the little identify tool if you want the actual numbers for each pixel you can just click on each SUrwWmMMg_y-00204-00117264-00117870 pixel and that'll bring up the uh you know the output here for with the actual numbers you can SUrwWmMMg_y-00205-00117870-00118404 also see your inputs as well so that's really the same I just want to show you this is the behave SUrwWmMMg_y-00206-00118404-00118896 way this is the if Jesus way they're they're the same they really are it's just a representation SUrwWmMMg_y-00207-00118896-00119598 on the map rather than a table of numbers um it's really no more complicated than that so SUrwWmMMg_y-00208-00119700-00120102 um I just wanted to point that out to folks and there's a lot of help in Nifty this if SUrwWmMMg_y-00209-00120102-00120509 this is new to you you can go in there and do some reading on on how this all works SUrwWmMMg_y-00210-00120702-00121254 uh this is the compare weather module in Nifty disks and it's um if I did three of those SUrwWmMMg_y-00211-00121254-00121668 different runs that I just showed you and if you just say the low the moderate and the high for my SUrwWmMMg_y-00212-00121668-00122220 prescription we have a compare weather um function where it allows you to look at them next to each SUrwWmMMg_y-00213-00122220-00122898 other which is a really nice way to compare um very easily very quickly and then you can start SUrwWmMMg_y-00214-00122898-00123492 to see what happens in this case we're looking at flame length again what happens to my flame length SUrwWmMMg_y-00215-00123492-00124158 visually spatially when I change my inputs here down in the fuel moisture Department that's really SUrwWmMMg_y-00216-00124158-00124638 the big and the wind those are the two biggies so that's the compare weather and Nifty this SUrwWmMMg_y-00217-00124811-00125285 um then when you go to The Element 11 and 16 this is the organization equipment and holding SUrwWmMMg_y-00218-00125364-00125783 um you know this is another way just to use the basic module and Nifty this this isn't the more SUrwWmMMg_y-00219-00125783-00126240 advanced spread model this is just the basic same as behave again but again I can look at SUrwWmMMg_y-00220-00126240-00126732 this on the map this is a burn unit the green line on here is the forest boundary this is SUrwWmMMg_y-00221-00126732-00127361 down on the Sawtooth south of Twin Falls and you can see now I can look what is my distance to my SUrwWmMMg_y-00222-00127361-00127878 boundary and what am I dealing with rate of spread so I could identify problem areas you SUrwWmMMg_y-00223-00127878-00128376 know if I'm if I'm trying to stick all this on a map so again this is just the basic fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00224-00128376-00129066 behavior model in Nifty disk similar to behave um so if you have values in you now you want to see SUrwWmMMg_y-00225-00129066-00129672 see it spatially represented where would I have issues with rate of spread outside of my Burn Unit SUrwWmMMg_y-00226-00129882-00130278 and then finally a little more advanced like I talked about doing something with SUrwWmMMg_y-00227-00130278-00130698 contingency planning and I know Jen and Wes are going to talk about this further but is SUrwWmMMg_y-00228-00130698-00131172 looking at our uh the fire spread model in Nifty disk which is the low moderate High SUrwWmMMg_y-00229-00131172-00131580 idea with a prescription and looking at what happens if I get a spot fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00230-00131712-00132048 um so this again is a spread model this is a little more advanced if you're not SUrwWmMMg_y-00231-00132132-00132636 um as as skilled in this this might be something you might want some help with with an ltan or SUrwWmMMg_y-00232-00132636-00133200 an f-band that that locally or or to do some extra reading or have some review your outputs SUrwWmMMg_y-00233-00133290-00133794 um but this is one way to represent that using iftidis and uh I think it does a pretty good idea SUrwWmMMg_y-00234-00133794-00134328 taking those same prescription parameters and and gaming out what what issues you might have SUrwWmMMg_y-00235-00134388-00134760 um in the contingency type of plan foreign SUrwWmMMg_y-00236-00134760-00135234 if there's anybody that has any questions and then we're going SUrwWmMMg_y-00237-00135234-00135606 to move on and let Jen talk about how she's using this in Yosemite SUrwWmMMg_y-00238-00135846-00136356 any thoughts and we can we'll have some time for discussion at the end too so um SUrwWmMMg_y-00239-00136608-00137238 anything Jen you see I think we're good right yeah no we're we're good um oh Craig just uh raised SUrwWmMMg_y-00240-00137238-00138150 his hand Craig go ahead yeah so um quick question um maybe two questions um so I was always taught SUrwWmMMg_y-00241-00138264-00138882 um many years ago that if you have a few model that's less than 10 percent in your Burn Unit SUrwWmMMg_y-00242-00138882-00139704 to to not model that um you know I don't know if other people do that as well uh but is there a SUrwWmMMg_y-00243-00139704-00140442 way in empty this to tell the algorithm that you know something isn't you know I saw some SUrwWmMMg_y-00244-00140442-00141036 fractions that presents in there and and things like that is that really affecting overall create SUrwWmMMg_y-00245-00141036-00141594 a spread and is it gonna you know you had a lot of different fuel models shown in your in your table SUrwWmMMg_y-00246-00141708-00142626 um that's one question the other question is um what type of so in in relating it to behave SUrwWmMMg_y-00247-00142728-00143502 what type of two model or two plus few model runs are being utilized with the spread is SUrwWmMMg_y-00248-00143502-00143958 it a you know two-dimensional where it hits one band and hits another is it SUrwWmMMg_y-00249-00144024-00144456 taking the two two two three models and mixing them together so it's SUrwWmMMg_y-00250-00144456-00145218 now a contiguous set of two Cube models uh is that can the user input that and specify that SUrwWmMMg_y-00251-00145422-00145950 okay help me sorry help me understand your last let's see your last question first restate that SUrwWmMMg_y-00252-00145950-00146490 one if you don't mind the two fuel models I'm not tracking with you just so so and behave SUrwWmMMg_y-00253-00146490-00146982 when we do too few models you can say Well they're bands of fuels they're not they're not SUrwWmMMg_y-00254-00146982-00147438 intermixed and so behavior is going to run one field model for one band and then another band SUrwWmMMg_y-00255-00147438-00148122 and kind of give you that that that output versus taking too few models and squashing them together SUrwWmMMg_y-00256-00148122-00148950 and then having behaved run that model as if it's dealing with two separate fields in one footprint SUrwWmMMg_y-00257-00148950-00149640 and so I'm wondering what what what what what option is emptiness using that okay I'm I'm SUrwWmMMg_y-00258-00149640-00150042 following you so you know behave is just taking the fuel model for example we've got in this case SUrwWmMMg_y-00259-00150042-00150594 this behave output we have gr3 right and we're getting a surface spread of 23 chains per hour SUrwWmMMg_y-00260-00150678-00151224 so it just said it has no spatial representation at all and behave it's just saying for that type SUrwWmMMg_y-00261-00151224-00151896 of fuel model anywhere in the world under these inputs that's how fast the fire would spread SUrwWmMMg_y-00262-00151968-00152574 empty this is taking this the same thing but it's looking at a 30 meter pixel essentially and in SUrwWmMMg_y-00263-00152574-00153288 land fire it's identified that 30 meter pixel as um you know as perhaps it's a gr it is a gr3 SUrwWmMMg_y-00264-00153402-00154128 um so it's running all is it's doing it the pixels are not interacting on if in Nifty disks SUrwWmMMg_y-00265-00154218-00154716 um because this is not a spread model it's only identifying it's just taking that same SUrwWmMMg_y-00266-00154716-00155406 23 chains per hour from behave but now it's just showing it on the pixel that's representing it SUrwWmMMg_y-00267-00155526-00156186 um from landfire for that fuel model so it's not blending any fuel models or anything like that SUrwWmMMg_y-00268-00156186-00156948 it's literally one fuel model per pixel does that make sense it does I think um SUrwWmMMg_y-00269-00157158-00157860 yeah but I think that the behave too too model you can say Okay 60 of the unit is one one Fuel SUrwWmMMg_y-00270-00157860-00158388 and forty percent is the other um and it does some kind of computation to to give a final SUrwWmMMg_y-00271-00158388-00159060 rate of spread um right and it's but it's only giving a rate of spread for each individual pixel SUrwWmMMg_y-00272-00159126-00159546 it's not this is like I said where I'm not talking about a spread model here SUrwWmMMg_y-00273-00159546-00159960 we're keeping it very basic it's still not blending I think is the takeaway SUrwWmMMg_y-00274-00159960-00160518 for that that is correct yeah um Mike you got some input or some a quick question SUrwWmMMg_y-00275-00160806-00161526 uh just a quick question what and see what your thoughts are just redid two burn plans for the SUrwWmMMg_y-00276-00161526-00162204 new uh you know under the new template we need to update some things and was using empty discs for SUrwWmMMg_y-00277-00162204-00162792 the first time which was nice A little bit of a learning curve but one of the issues I ran into SUrwWmMMg_y-00278-00162792-00163464 was the fuel models out of land fire versus what we've traditionally used on the ground SUrwWmMMg_y-00279-00163464-00164178 primarily we're in Ponderosa and I'm not talking so much like open Ponderosa where the grass is SUrwWmMMg_y-00280-00164178-00165066 the carrier but like a tl8 and no tlh show up in the in a land fire data under empty this SUrwWmMMg_y-00281-00165066-00165798 and just it was you know really different fuel models and a lot of them yep liquids just said SUrwWmMMg_y-00282-00165858-00166452 um any thoughts on that yeah absolutely and this is a topic I think we want to go we could spend SUrwWmMMg_y-00283-00166452-00167022 it I think we're planning on spending a whole session just talking about editing so in your SUrwWmMMg_y-00284-00167022-00167496 right on when you get your land fire data the first thing you should always do is critique it SUrwWmMMg_y-00285-00167496-00168042 is it doesn't match what I know is on the ground you know landfire is a great representation of SUrwWmMMg_y-00286-00168042-00168618 what we have initially but we always need to make adjustments based on what we know is out there so SUrwWmMMg_y-00287-00168618-00169212 just like you said and there's some simple tools and Nifty disks to go in and say hey that tl8 and SUrwWmMMg_y-00288-00169212-00169614 Wes is going to talk about this this is actually quite an important part from the Lost dispenses SUrwWmMMg_y-00289-00169614-00170280 report what's representing on the ground versus what landfire is showing needs to be adjusted so SUrwWmMMg_y-00290-00170280-00170844 I need to go in there and say hey landfire you said your tl8 well I actually know you're more SUrwWmMMg_y-00291-00170844-00171342 of a you know either maybe you're more of a grass Model A faster spreading grass model so I'm going SUrwWmMMg_y-00292-00171342-00171906 to change you TLA I'm going to change you to a gr2 and you can do that in Nifty disks so you can SUrwWmMMg_y-00293-00171906-00172362 make sure it represents your reality on the ground and there's some simple tools to do that in Nifty SUrwWmMMg_y-00294-00172362-00173064 disk and that's a very important step in doing any of this fire Behavior go ahead I was going SUrwWmMMg_y-00295-00173064-00173952 to say I did change like it had basically tu5 for all the Pondo and I changed that to the tl8 but I SUrwWmMMg_y-00296-00174030-00174468 when you start looking across the landscape and all the different fuel models it has and stuff SUrwWmMMg_y-00297-00174660-00175230 um you know it's hard to correct some of that and then if it's a more complex fuels SUrwWmMMg_y-00298-00175356-00175830 you're kind of like well you know what do we got here and so I SUrwWmMMg_y-00299-00175992-00176592 it it's a great I don't know what to say exactly yeah no no it's a good exercise anyway it's a SUrwWmMMg_y-00300-00176592-00177054 great exercise to go through it's absolutely necessary and you would do it anyway if you SUrwWmMMg_y-00301-00177054-00177414 were using behave right because you need to know which fuel models you're going to push into the SUrwWmMMg_y-00302-00177414-00177894 behave system right I got to pick the right ones and it's the same thing if you're looking at that SUrwWmMMg_y-00303-00177894-00178398 represented on the map and Nifty disks and you go no that's not right I know you know I know we've SUrwWmMMg_y-00304-00178398-00178848 got more grass except you know up in up in this corner which is going to change my fire Behavior SUrwWmMMg_y-00305-00178848-00179484 so I need to change that and make it represent reality and uh land fire the new land fire data SUrwWmMMg_y-00306-00179484-00179898 does a pretty good job of representing what's out there but there's always going to need to SUrwWmMMg_y-00307-00179898-00180462 be some adjustments yeah and that's a standard step in any sort of spatial analysis yeah SUrwWmMMg_y-00308-00180522-00181212 then one last question this may be outside your lane but we have those adjusted landfire SUrwWmMMg_y-00309-00181212-00181896 fuel models and a bunch of other analysis from the coal uh Project in Colorado that they did SUrwWmMMg_y-00310-00182016-00182832 okay yeah contracted out yep I know what I'm talking about I do yeah um do you think that is SUrwWmMMg_y-00311-00182910-00183624 that seems like you know the best science data Etc at the time if that could be loaded into SUrwWmMMg_y-00312-00183798-00184254 um empty this for Colorado or yes I just got that SUrwWmMMg_y-00313-00184548-00185076 we were talking with Henry Bastian from landfire and uh and the gifted his team about we know SUrwWmMMg_y-00314-00185076-00185652 there's some other layers like that that are out there uh for different states and uh we are SUrwWmMMg_y-00315-00185652-00186234 talking about ways to get those made available somehow in Nifty disk so it's definitely on the SUrwWmMMg_y-00316-00186234-00186618 radar we realize it's a it's a it's a thing that would save a lot of people a lot of time SUrwWmMMg_y-00317-00186738-00187356 um not that you you still need to critique it but um but yes I I we our desire is to SUrwWmMMg_y-00318-00187356-00187710 get that in there at some point but they're not there now but we're hoping to be able to do that SUrwWmMMg_y-00319-00187800-00188076 okay thank you you bet great questions SUrwWmMMg_y-00320-00188322-00188706 okay I'm gonna go ahead and stop and turn things over to Jen and let her SUrwWmMMg_y-00321-00188706-00189096 walk through some of her examples that she how she uses some of this stuff in Yosemite SUrwWmMMg_y-00322-00189222-00189732 Jen just holler at me to swap slides for you okay great yeah if you're gonna keep trying that's SUrwWmMMg_y-00323-00189732-00190278 great I'll turn on my camera for just a second just to say hi um and introduce myself I'm Jen SUrwWmMMg_y-00324-00190278-00190872 Anderson and I'm the division chief for prescribed fire and fuels at Yosemite National Park and SUrwWmMMg_y-00325-00190932-00191346 um I've been using Nifty just for a while I used it when I worked in the Southeast and then also SUrwWmMMg_y-00326-00191346-00191994 here in California so I've had a lot of uh great opportunities to to use it so I'm going to share SUrwWmMMg_y-00327-00191994-00192504 a few of those with you today so I'll turn off my camera just so I don't get draggy or anything SUrwWmMMg_y-00328-00192504-00193176 with the internet all right so like I said I'm going to show you a few examples using if you SUrwWmMMg_y-00329-00193176-00193680 just uh to for our prescribed fire planning process here at Yosemite National Park and SUrwWmMMg_y-00330-00193680-00194208 um it's in just three examples one would be burn prioritization um how we use it with compliance SUrwWmMMg_y-00331-00194208-00194802 and then lastly uh but not least how we use it to help us with our burn plan preparation SUrwWmMMg_y-00332-00195102-00195726 next oh whoops sorry this thing's jumping ahead on me I'm sorry no you have to go back one now SUrwWmMMg_y-00333-00195726-00196698 all right so first we'll talk about how to use uh if you just for burn plan prioritization uh and SUrwWmMMg_y-00334-00196698-00197148 you know there's multiple ways you can do this but here at the park we we use a multiple stage SUrwWmMMg_y-00335-00197148-00197766 process and part of it uses emptiness and part of it doesn't um so so one thing we look at is Fred SUrwWmMMg_y-00336-00197766-00198276 the fire return and the interval departure just to kind of see where we are in the landscape how SUrwWmMMg_y-00337-00198276-00198978 far departed um the landscape is from its natural interval and then we use um we use if you disks SUrwWmMMg_y-00338-00198978-00199488 to look at integrated Hazard which basically is running models and uses that landscape file SUrwWmMMg_y-00339-00199488-00200124 the topography vegetation field models weather ignitions and then also a wildfire simulation SUrwWmMMg_y-00340-00200190-00200868 and then from there it assigns that integrated Hazard based on the burn probability model and SUrwWmMMg_y-00341-00200868-00201330 the conditional flame length so you can kind of see on this map those colors they go from like SUrwWmMMg_y-00342-00201330-00201780 a really cool blue all the way up to a red and it just shows you where that that high Hazard is SUrwWmMMg_y-00343-00201882-00202278 um you can also see I've I've highlighted two areas on the park that we're going to look at SUrwWmMMg_y-00344-00202278-00202986 today which also kind of are coincidentally red on both of these parts of the model SUrwWmMMg_y-00345-00203088-00203778 so the next I'm sorry it's lagging on me again oh no that's okay SUrwWmMMg_y-00346-00203886-00204426 I don't know why it gets stuck well I'll keep talking a little bit so really so the SUrwWmMMg_y-00347-00204426-00205056 probability model looks at that probability of a fire occurring under specific conditions and the SUrwWmMMg_y-00348-00205056-00205596 intensity at that specific point given the fire occurs so just a little kind of sidebar on what SUrwWmMMg_y-00349-00205596-00206219 the burn probability model does and now okay now we're at our next steps so then um another SUrwWmMMg_y-00350-00206219-00206766 step we use um if you just for is to look at where our highly valued resource and assets are on the SUrwWmMMg_y-00351-00206766-00207510 landscape uh so things such as wui your endangered species habitat here we have giant Square Groves SUrwWmMMg_y-00352-00207510-00208056 invasive species those are just to name a few and if he just has some reference layers that's that SUrwWmMMg_y-00353-00208056-00208644 are pre-loaded but you can also upload your own layers so that's really useful um and we do that SUrwWmMMg_y-00354-00208644-00209376 here uh and then the next step would be to look at what I call approved units so you know a unit SUrwWmMMg_y-00355-00209376-00209862 that has a burn plan a current burn plan that's approved um is the compliance done on it you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00356-00209862-00210414 as the survey are all the surveys completed um and is that unit prepped so that just kind of SUrwWmMMg_y-00357-00210414-00210780 gives us another that one doesn't give us as much weight but that's part of that process SUrwWmMMg_y-00358-00210960-00211836 and then lastly sorry no no no it's okay I can I can do a drum roll for the uh foreign SUrwWmMMg_y-00359-00212034-00212448 can you see the next one where to burn yeah yeah I'll just pause and continue SUrwWmMMg_y-00360-00212448-00213023 speaking when I see it so um so lastly like so looking at combining that that fire return anal SUrwWmMMg_y-00361-00213023-00213617 departure the integrated Hazard the hvras and the approved units this is kind of what shows SUrwWmMMg_y-00362-00213617-00214296 us where we want to burn uh and so this goes into our multi-year fuel plan and what that is in the SUrwWmMMg_y-00363-00214296-00214817 Park Service we're required by policy to have a multi-year fuel plan that looks at the next five SUrwWmMMg_y-00364-00214817-00215490 years uh of places we can burn and of course we update that annually which is a nice thing in if SUrwWmMMg_y-00365-00215490-00215928 you just because you can go in and update the landscape let's see you have a wildfire or you SUrwWmMMg_y-00366-00215928-00216330 burned different units or other things change on the landscape you can go in and up make SUrwWmMMg_y-00367-00216330-00216930 those updates rerun the models and then you have another um you can update your fuel plan with that SUrwWmMMg_y-00368-00217398-00217506 oh there it is SUrwWmMMg_y-00369-00217848-00218550 all right so then I wanted to show you an example um this was a kind of a you know a neat thing SUrwWmMMg_y-00370-00218550-00219017 that happened one neat thing I shouldn't say that about a fire but just an example of looking at the SUrwWmMMg_y-00371-00219017-00219750 burn probability uh from empty discs with the burn units that we chose and um the Washburn fire which SUrwWmMMg_y-00372-00219750-00220308 is a pretty large wildfire that we had this this year so this is really showing you the the real SUrwWmMMg_y-00373-00220308-00221052 world effect translated through through the burn probability model so on the right there is you SUrwWmMMg_y-00374-00221052-00221669 can kind of see those units um they're kind of a faded green color and then that big outline red is SUrwWmMMg_y-00375-00221669-00222414 the Washburn fire so you can see where you know it showed a higher probability uh from from the model SUrwWmMMg_y-00376-00222414-00223080 and iftidus in that area so it just was kind of cool that it aligned um and we had areas proposed SUrwWmMMg_y-00377-00223080-00223536 to to burn in that area although we hadn't got to them yet so now one of our units is taken care of SUrwWmMMg_y-00378-00223536-00224346 not a bad thing sometimes right right and then now we'll use the black to burn other areas around um SUrwWmMMg_y-00379-00224346-00225414 in this area as well but the next okay sorry I'm getting there oops I guess those were okay yeah SUrwWmMMg_y-00380-00225414-00225966 and this is just showing some area like just the back one um it just shows with the little Flames SUrwWmMMg_y-00381-00225966-00226421 areas on the landscape where the probability is lower and those are areas where we have treated SUrwWmMMg_y-00382-00226421-00227058 in the past so it's just kind of shown again that real world effect uh so you know when you're using SUrwWmMMg_y-00383-00227058-00227723 models it's important to test their accuracy and so this example allowed us to do that in this area SUrwWmMMg_y-00384-00228366-00229038 okay so second part is how we use if you just with compliance and this was something SUrwWmMMg_y-00385-00229038-00229721 that has been really useful for us here um it's allowed us to actually increase our burn Windows SUrwWmMMg_y-00386-00229806-00230358 um so it's it so while it's a widely agreed that prescribed fire is needed to reduce the SUrwWmMMg_y-00387-00230358-00230892 risk of wild of high severity wildfire in Fisher habitat Fisher is a Pacific Fisher is one of our SUrwWmMMg_y-00388-00230892-00231473 endangered species I guess I should start out with that um so we all agree that but there was SUrwWmMMg_y-00389-00231473-00232002 a lot of uncertainty what the fire effects would be so by using the fire Behavior models and if SUrwWmMMg_y-00390-00232002-00232656 you just and um and then very well describing what we're doing and what those outputs were we we were SUrwWmMMg_y-00391-00232656-00233358 able to paint that picture of how fire behavior um reacts on the on the landscape like a burn SUrwWmMMg_y-00392-00233358-00233856 like a burn prescription compared to a wildfire prescription and the effects that it would have SUrwWmMMg_y-00393-00233856-00234671 to that habitat would what it would have so moving here this this is showing the results um out of 50 SUrwWmMMg_y-00394-00234671-00235212 discs using that basic model in an area where it was some compliance that we had done in an area SUrwWmMMg_y-00395-00235212-00235698 where there was Fisher habitat and what this is showing you is the flame links um on the left the SUrwWmMMg_y-00396-00235698-00236364 low intense with the low intensity uh prescribed prior prescription versus uh the flame links on SUrwWmMMg_y-00397-00236364-00236916 the right which would be high maybe a wildfire situation so I put these in with the Compliance SUrwWmMMg_y-00398-00236916-00237486 Document and explain this to the fish and wildlife service in order to again show kind of what SUrwWmMMg_y-00399-00237606-00238032 you know how these low intensity shows more like a mosaic pattern and it's and it's going to be SUrwWmMMg_y-00400-00238032-00238392 more of a beneficial thing for the Fisher and is also meeting our objectives on our burn plan SUrwWmMMg_y-00401-00239040-00239466 real quick Jen just to cross the uh the language barrier between agencies SUrwWmMMg_y-00402-00239466-00240017 just for clarification compliance in the Park Service world is akin to or similar SUrwWmMMg_y-00403-00240017-00240492 to Wildlife consultation Endangered Species Act and all the NEPA that we do on our side SUrwWmMMg_y-00404-00240552-00241050 yes thank you Jen yeah I probably should have been a little bit more clear on it's all good SUrwWmMMg_y-00405-00241050-00241710 it's all good which is basically yeah doing Nipa um and I think even states have some compliance SUrwWmMMg_y-00406-00241710-00242369 but yeah for us it's you know section seven consultation um doing uh shippo which is the the SUrwWmMMg_y-00407-00242454-00242898 um it's a State Historical preservation act and then tribal consultation so it's a big SUrwWmMMg_y-00408-00242982-00243306 um three different it's a three-step process for us it may be a little slightly different SUrwWmMMg_y-00409-00243306-00243780 for other agencies this is what you'd put into a burn specialist report contributing to you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00410-00243780-00244650 supporting or maybe poking a hole in some of your Alternatives of NEPA yes yes and so this is just SUrwWmMMg_y-00411-00244650-00245190 um the first slide was uh the flame length in this is just showing you rate of spread same SUrwWmMMg_y-00412-00245190-00245688 thing you know just you can see that that spatial representation and then also you have those graphs SUrwWmMMg_y-00413-00245688-00246192 too so you can kind of show the percentage of of what kind of fire Behavior you would have on SUrwWmMMg_y-00414-00246192-00246719 the landscape and not only within your unit but also outside your unit which is really important SUrwWmMMg_y-00415-00247169-00247866 yeah and so prior to using if you do this we were using the behave outputs and SUrwWmMMg_y-00416-00247866-00248280 um it just wasn't quite having the same effect in our communication with our with SUrwWmMMg_y-00417-00248280-00248658 our local biologists and with the fish and wildlife service who we do section SUrwWmMMg_y-00418-00248658-00249119 7 consultation with so having those maps and actually showing them the the spatial SUrwWmMMg_y-00419-00249119-00249660 representation was was being used a little bit having a little bit better um reaction for that SUrwWmMMg_y-00420-00250044-00250560 and then lastly for this is uh one of the critical habitat elements for the Fisher SUrwWmMMg_y-00421-00250560-00251046 is canopy cover so again by illustrating it especially in the map using these fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00422-00251046-00251628 Behavior models on the left you can see on the landscape where there's you know surface either SUrwWmMMg_y-00423-00251628-00252228 it stays on the surface or you have passive or active ground fire so in this instance you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00424-00252228-00252780 using the the prescription it doesn't have any active it has surface fire and it's impassive SUrwWmMMg_y-00425-00252882-00253314 um and then again on the right what we were using before um are the outputs from behave which again SUrwWmMMg_y-00426-00253380-00253830 um but using the spatial models um allows us to have that better communication with SUrwWmMMg_y-00427-00253830-00254334 our biologists and our partners um from the fire Behavior results for our burning SUrwWmMMg_y-00428-00255066-00255521 so with uh with all that you know we know that we use prescribed fire to reduce the service SUrwWmMMg_y-00429-00255521-00255966 fuels and with with this with the spatial fire Behavior modeling it allows us to SUrwWmMMg_y-00430-00255966-00256452 model that surface fire across the landscape under different prescriptions and then also SUrwWmMMg_y-00431-00256452-00256956 using that probabilistic model that that you know that burn probability model that I showed earlier SUrwWmMMg_y-00432-00257034-00257496 um that helped us you know Assist us on where to apply those prescribed fire treatments SUrwWmMMg_y-00433-00257669-00258234 um and so we also do other monitoring to to accompany the spatial modeling with with uh SUrwWmMMg_y-00434-00258234-00258773 on the ground habitat monitoring we have GPS coloring and stuff like that but I guess what SUrwWmMMg_y-00435-00258773-00259314 I'm trying to tell you is that by doing all the the extra modeling and explanation of SUrwWmMMg_y-00436-00259314-00259836 the spatial fire Behavior models we were able to get a determination for a may effect not likely SUrwWmMMg_y-00437-00259836-00260226 to adversely affect and those of you that work with compliance probably understand that language SUrwWmMMg_y-00438-00260340-00260867 um basically that what we're doing is not gonna you know make this the species go go extinct or SUrwWmMMg_y-00439-00260867-00261426 anything um the other part of it in the southern Sierra Nevada Fisher conservation strategy one SUrwWmMMg_y-00440-00261426-00261948 of the goals is that additional models should be developed to help highlight areas where prescribed SUrwWmMMg_y-00441-00261948-00262596 fire and use of Wildland fire are priority management tools uh so we did that I mean we we SUrwWmMMg_y-00442-00262596-00263208 use different models to help highlight those areas so by again using if you just we were you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00443-00263208-00263610 helping meet these strategies and goals outlined in this in this conservation strategy SUrwWmMMg_y-00444-00263766-00264294 all right Jim let me get to the next one here okay SUrwWmMMg_y-00445-00264486-00265074 okay and lastly um we're going to talk a little bit how to use if you just in burned plan SUrwWmMMg_y-00446-00265074-00265830 development and um you know Kim talked about uh some some elements that you can use when uh Nifty SUrwWmMMg_y-00447-00265830-00266502 does when When developing your burn plan 4 7 11 16 and 17 those elements but I'm I was just going to SUrwWmMMg_y-00448-00266502-00267150 talk a little bit more how we use it almost even before we we start writing the burn plan so so SUrwWmMMg_y-00449-00267228-00267834 you know I know there's a lot of talk out there people and about using like unit level burn plans SUrwWmMMg_y-00450-00267834-00268488 versus landscape level plans and uh and I think that a lot of people are moving to that landscape SUrwWmMMg_y-00451-00268488-00269076 level so before you do that you need to make sure that you know when you do that complexity analysis SUrwWmMMg_y-00452-00269076-00269766 that you know you're you're working on under the same complexity so you know here we use if you SUrwWmMMg_y-00453-00269766-00270246 just to assist uh with that you can start using it within the complexity analysis looking at your SUrwWmMMg_y-00454-00270246-00270720 values risk and difficulty so you can use that map studio and look at some of where your values are SUrwWmMMg_y-00455-00270846-00271344 um and then but what I'm going to focus on for this is how we use the the fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00456-00271344-00271962 Behavior portion for element seven uh and then so go ahead and move to the next one SUrwWmMMg_y-00457-00272406-00273270 so the first one is um the a burn unit level plan so this is just showing you that like let's say SUrwWmMMg_y-00458-00273270-00273720 you're just looking at the fire Behavior portion of it and so you can look at this SUrwWmMMg_y-00459-00273720-00274140 especially on the landscape and say you know what can I you know we were actually writing SUrwWmMMg_y-00460-00274140-00274584 a burn plan for each individual unit here this is actually the Mariposa Grove the units range SUrwWmMMg_y-00461-00274584-00275424 from like 14 acres to 158 Acres so that's 14 units that's 14 burn plans so do you need to SUrwWmMMg_y-00462-00275424-00275916 write 14 burn plans you know and you know again I know that a lot more goes into the complexity SUrwWmMMg_y-00463-00275916-00276354 analysis but again just focusing on this you know on the left look at that flame length on SUrwWmMMg_y-00464-00276354-00276978 the right rates of spread and to me you know yeah we can probably combine these um or start SUrwWmMMg_y-00465-00276978-00277488 thinking about whether or not we can combine these just based on looking at these outputs SUrwWmMMg_y-00466-00277992-00278586 so then zooming out just a little bit more um this would be you know the landscape level plan SUrwWmMMg_y-00467-00278646-00279276 um this includes um that Grove area we just talked about kind of in the you know bottom right there SUrwWmMMg_y-00468-00279378-00279750 um it includes that but it includes eight larger units SUrwWmMMg_y-00469-00279804-00280494 um so now we're talking 8 000 Acres um is this doable you know maybe maybe not all eight of SUrwWmMMg_y-00470-00280494-00280986 these uh maybe that one that's showing kind of that retinol red in the middle there maybe that's SUrwWmMMg_y-00471-00280986-00281442 not a good one to include in this but I think you can see where I'm going with this is that this is SUrwWmMMg_y-00472-00281442-00281886 just a tool that you can help helps you look at these fire Behavior outputs on a larger scale SUrwWmMMg_y-00473-00282018-00282546 and then lastly we'll look at even one more step larger I don't know how many people have SUrwWmMMg_y-00474-00282546-00283056 have heard about pods but I feel like um it's been around long enough that these potential SUrwWmMMg_y-00475-00283056-00283584 operational Wildland fire delineation units um some people used to you know they're kind SUrwWmMMg_y-00476-00283584-00284106 of similar to a fire shed back in the day but it's just even a larger landscape where SUrwWmMMg_y-00477-00284160-00284892 um these these pods are pre-identified um by looking at roads and rivers and ridges and SUrwWmMMg_y-00478-00284892-00285342 and we're starting to use them a lot more in the in the Wildland Community but starting to SUrwWmMMg_y-00479-00285342-00285744 see it trickle into the firefighter Community too and so I mean if we're already using them SUrwWmMMg_y-00480-00285744-00286212 for a wildfire why why shouldn't we use them for prescribed fire so you can see here again you're SUrwWmMMg_y-00481-00286212-00286830 even zooming out more and so these are just three pods and um they range from 5 000 to 31 SUrwWmMMg_y-00482-00286830-00287292 000 Acres so you know is it something that you can you know write a burn plan for that and so SUrwWmMMg_y-00483-00287292-00287766 again by looking at it just from the fire Behavior perspective this kind of gives you that that idea SUrwWmMMg_y-00484-00288024-00288822 so there's there's various tools out there to develop our prescriptions SUrwWmMMg_y-00485-00288912-00289332 um you know some of them you know kind of going off this of climatology you know you can use fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00486-00289332-00289878 family plus look at your climatology um you can you can enter your prescription ranges into fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00487-00289878-00290454 claiming plus and see how many days you're in prescription um you can use um empty this and SUrwWmMMg_y-00488-00290454-00291084 behave to look at your low and high intensity uh prescriptions I know some people do like a low SUrwWmMMg_y-00489-00291084-00291414 and ideal and a high I mean there's there's various ways you can look at that but here SUrwWmMMg_y-00490-00291414-00291984 we just use low and high and then of course the fire Behavior modeling again just looking at uh SUrwWmMMg_y-00491-00291984-00292458 what kind of results you're getting to meet your objectives using either Behavior or emptiness SUrwWmMMg_y-00492-00293190-00293988 so Kim touched on this earlier um using that compare weather this is is pretty useful you SUrwWmMMg_y-00493-00293988-00294564 can run uh two different weather scenarios uh or using two different using comparing SUrwWmMMg_y-00494-00294564-00295074 two different prescriptions again using that spatial landscape so you know all SUrwWmMMg_y-00495-00295074-00295740 those landscape features topography fuel models uh are used at that predetermined pixel level SUrwWmMMg_y-00496-00295740-00296364 which it starts at a 30 meter but you can always change that based on how larger landscape is and SUrwWmMMg_y-00497-00296364-00296808 you can view these outputs side by side um and this is just showing you a screenshot SUrwWmMMg_y-00498-00296808-00297288 of the flame length but you all can also can look at rate of spread and violin intensity SUrwWmMMg_y-00499-00297384-00297900 and then so then like for using behave um if you're trying to do that kind of same thing you SUrwWmMMg_y-00500-00297900-00298482 can only use multiple variables for two values at a time so you'd have to rerun a bunch of different SUrwWmMMg_y-00501-00298482-00298962 scenarios to kind of get the same outputs um and then also you wouldn't have them spatially SUrwWmMMg_y-00502-00298962-00299526 on the screen like that but one feature that is is nice and behave is that table that shows those SUrwWmMMg_y-00503-00299526-00300144 acceptable fire conditions which is I'm sure people have used but that's also a nice feature SUrwWmMMg_y-00504-00300714-00301476 and then lastly is contingency and and how how you can use uh the different fire Behavior models to SUrwWmMMg_y-00505-00301476-00302010 determine determine what contingency resources you may need so on the left you can see iftidis SUrwWmMMg_y-00506-00302112-00302478 um this is actually looking at that minimum travel time that Kim talked SUrwWmMMg_y-00507-00302478-00302892 about that fire spread and you can also use the basic which I don't have in this the screenshot SUrwWmMMg_y-00508-00303006-00303546 um and just to kind of get an idea of if you were to have issues outside the unit and what I did in SUrwWmMMg_y-00509-00303546-00304032 this scenario is I created uh points of ignition there's different ways you can do it Wes is going SUrwWmMMg_y-00510-00304032-00304482 to show you another way um but our prevailing winds are out of the Southwest so I thought hey SUrwWmMMg_y-00511-00304482-00304878 there's probably going to be an issue here so I just did multiple ignitions to kind of get an idea SUrwWmMMg_y-00512-00304992-00305514 um so then using those rates of spread then applying them to the production tables SUrwWmMMg_y-00513-00305514-00305898 um and then you can look at different combinations of resource using the SUrwWmMMg_y-00514-00305898-00306264 production tables to figure out you know what it is that you'll need for those contingency SUrwWmMMg_y-00515-00306396-00306888 um and then it's it's just much more powerful to show the potential on a map versus SUrwWmMMg_y-00516-00306960-00307560 um you can also use the contained model and behave so I guess in summary you know just if you just SUrwWmMMg_y-00517-00307560-00308136 has been really useful to for us in our prescribed fire planning process uh I've shared with you SUrwWmMMg_y-00518-00308136-00308658 these these couple of examples but um these are just a few and and I know there's there's probably SUrwWmMMg_y-00519-00308658-00309192 tons more that I could share with you but um maybe on another one but that's all I had for today SUrwWmMMg_y-00520-00309312-00310044 awesome Jen yeah it's always nice to have to see this in action and uh a lot of people ask SUrwWmMMg_y-00521-00310044-00310428 you know how do I take these and then put them into my actual document and that's a SUrwWmMMg_y-00522-00310428-00310812 great question and I know a lot of people put this into the appendix for that documentation SUrwWmMMg_y-00523-00310932-00311460 um part which is fine I've seen people embed these in their actual page you know like at the SUrwWmMMg_y-00524-00311460-00312042 contingency plan they have their discussion and they put an image in just like this showing their SUrwWmMMg_y-00525-00312042-00312516 you know critical holding points for example so there's lots of ways you can take these SUrwWmMMg_y-00526-00312516-00313020 outputs then and put them into your actual plan or even like Jen was talking about with her NEPA SUrwWmMMg_y-00527-00313092-00313596 um sort of compliance work same thing taking those inputs and putting them or those outputs SUrwWmMMg_y-00528-00313596-00314076 and putting them actually into the the NEPA document or the you know if you're doing the SUrwWmMMg_y-00529-00314076-00314646 the fuel specialist report for one of those ID teams again just inserting those images into SUrwWmMMg_y-00530-00314646-00315162 the into the body of the text can really help a reader as they're reading through you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00531-00315162-00315660 rather than having to flip the appendix they can just read look at the screenshot with the SUrwWmMMg_y-00532-00315660-00316188 caption and then keep going on it kind of brings the story together often so that's another great SUrwWmMMg_y-00533-00316188-00316590 topic that I like to talk about is how do we actually take these then and utilize them in SUrwWmMMg_y-00534-00316590-00316932 our documents and maybe that's something we can talk about in another session as well SUrwWmMMg_y-00535-00317088-00317640 so I want to shift gears now and turn things over to West Hall and if you guys keep throwing stuff SUrwWmMMg_y-00536-00317640-00318150 into the chat we will have some time to discuss after Wes is done too on any of these topics SUrwWmMMg_y-00537-00318264-00318792 um so yeah I want to turn it over to West West again was part of the review for lost dispenses SUrwWmMMg_y-00538-00318792-00319380 and uh and did a lot of work using some of these spatial tools to dig into what happened there and SUrwWmMMg_y-00539-00319380-00319950 what we can learn from that so take it away Wes and good morning everybody uh just to introduce SUrwWmMMg_y-00540-00319950-00320706 myself real quick my name is Wesley Hall I work for the Wildfire management rdna Mike Kim does SUrwWmMMg_y-00541-00320706-00321372 I am not on detail like she is though so I am here with the RDA my primary job with the RDA SUrwWmMMg_y-00542-00321372-00322086 is actually the development of next generation of Loftus but for this specific project I was brought SUrwWmMMg_y-00543-00322086-00322872 in as a subdramatic expert as an ltan to look at the fire behavior and some of the modeling that SUrwWmMMg_y-00544-00322872-00323580 was done in the planning of the Lost dispenses escaped prescribed fire and I'm going to focus SUrwWmMMg_y-00545-00323580-00324324 today mostly on the learning aspect of that escape not so much of about you know what may have gone SUrwWmMMg_y-00546-00324324-00324960 right or wrong we will touch on a few things but more more so than anything just showing how tools SUrwWmMMg_y-00547-00324960-00325554 and especially empty this as a tool can help inform some of the potential and some of the SUrwWmMMg_y-00548-00325554-00326316 consequences that they saw as you can see by that image on the screen that is uh well was the last SUrwWmMMg_y-00549-00326316-00326904 expenses prescribed fire over on the the left hand side you can see there's a little low Ridge before SUrwWmMMg_y-00550-00326904-00327360 you get into that rocky area which is actually Wilderness boundary but I wanted to show this SUrwWmMMg_y-00551-00327360-00327744 picture because it really shows the complexity of the terrain and the perplexity of the fuels SUrwWmMMg_y-00552-00327744-00328314 in the entire environment for this specific prescribed Fire Let's jump to the next slide SUrwWmMMg_y-00553-00328800-00329466 okay A little background I'm gonna briefly kind of go over what happened the day of the SUrwWmMMg_y-00554-00329466-00329976 escape and this will be from my perspective as like I said one of the smes on the review team SUrwWmMMg_y-00555-00329976-00330558 as we interviewed the participants in the burn organization on site during that day and some SUrwWmMMg_y-00556-00330558-00331314 of the things they conveyed to me so please keep that in mind as I go through here this map that SUrwWmMMg_y-00557-00331314-00331908 I'm showing here on the screen and actually I want to back up um after this presentation we'll share SUrwWmMMg_y-00558-00331908-00332598 the PowerPoint and for folks that may you can stay on that same slide cam folks that may want to see SUrwWmMMg_y-00559-00332598-00333264 the guy in this loss dispenses prescribed fire declared Wildfire review that link on the upper SUrwWmMMg_y-00560-00333264-00333804 left is hyperlink so you can go straight to the document there on the Lessons Learned site but SUrwWmMMg_y-00561-00333804-00334494 back to the map so you can see kind of uh in the center of this Burn Unit 10 there's that SUrwWmMMg_y-00562-00334494-00335064 red outline okay that's where they initiated their test fire and they initiated at 11 34 am SUrwWmMMg_y-00563-00335202-00335682 with the goal of not burning the entire unit the first day but only in the northern portion of SUrwWmMMg_y-00564-00335682-00336180 the unit which was along some critical holding line um so you see that hand line that kind of SUrwWmMMg_y-00565-00336180-00337032 circles along the green there that green polygon that's inside the line that represents line prep SUrwWmMMg_y-00566-00337032-00337566 fuels that they had previously prepped the line and had actually a contract crew prep SUrwWmMMg_y-00567-00337566-00338100 the line and pulled all of that fuel that they took off that end line in interior into the burn SUrwWmMMg_y-00568-00338196-00338790 Okay so they started that test fire like I said at 11 34 in the morning SUrwWmMMg_y-00569-00338880-00339450 um at 13 35 they had their first spot fire which is that bigger spot fire kind of on that left-hand SUrwWmMMg_y-00570-00339450-00340170 side there yep right there um no no concerns there you know in the southwest uh spotting is is very SUrwWmMMg_y-00571-00340272-00340950 probable and very often especially with prescribed fire and I'm gonna I'm gonna kind of frame the SUrwWmMMg_y-00572-00340950-00341520 Fire season two a little bit while I'm here and talk a little bit about the you know what was SUrwWmMMg_y-00573-00341520-00342252 going on so Southwest um spring burning is is very difficult at times to begin with and burn SUrwWmMMg_y-00574-00342252-00342726 windows are often very short and you kind of have to look for these windows of opportunity when they SUrwWmMMg_y-00575-00342726-00343488 present themselves so they chose um the specific day April 6th of this year to burn this unit SUrwWmMMg_y-00576-00343560-00344172 um it was on the tail end of a leaving um low pressure front where they had red flag warnings SUrwWmMMg_y-00577-00344172-00344850 and then they had potential for red flag warnings a few days later within that same area but that's SUrwWmMMg_y-00578-00344850-00345246 not uncommon down here there's plenty of days that I've done burning implemented burning SUrwWmMMg_y-00579-00345300-00345822 um either right after or right before a red flag event so it's not anything out of the ordinary SUrwWmMMg_y-00580-00345822-00346584 for us primary fuels they were burning is mixed Conifer and ponderosa pine but uh back to kind SUrwWmMMg_y-00581-00346584-00347088 of that timeline like say said that that first spot fire at 1335 they were able to get around SUrwWmMMg_y-00582-00347088-00347568 that no issues they continued burning into that kind of that dog leg so to speak kind of SUrwWmMMg_y-00583-00347568-00348090 on that upper North piece of the burn with that horseshoe so we had a horseshoe with fuels that SUrwWmMMg_y-00584-00348090-00348774 were that were prep fuels that they were starting to burn into at 1606 they had multiple spots over SUrwWmMMg_y-00585-00348774-00349458 the line kind of on that Eastern side there and they were not able to get around all of the spots SUrwWmMMg_y-00586-00349458-00350028 they had some interior torching which caused a lot of those spots to continue to grow and SUrwWmMMg_y-00587-00350028-00350724 then by 1634 that upper spot to the right there yeah that became pretty established and that's SUrwWmMMg_y-00588-00350724-00351114 when they went ahead and with concurrence for the wine officer they declared it a SUrwWmMMg_y-00589-00351114-00351600 wildfire so they could get extra resources on scene and try to get it the following day SUrwWmMMg_y-00590-00351762-00352278 um after that happened and this is beyond the purview of the Wildfire review but after that SUrwWmMMg_y-00591-00352278-00353172 happened um unfortunately this that area in New Mexico um had some very severe uh I would say SUrwWmMMg_y-00592-00353172-00353910 critical Wildfire um kind of environment that we typically don't see they had well over 30 SUrwWmMMg_y-00593-00353910-00354528 days of continuous red flag warnings and red flag conditions leading to the days after the escape SUrwWmMMg_y-00594-00354528-00355164 and none of that was really forecasted prior to like I said they did have a chance for some SUrwWmMMg_y-00595-00355164-00355662 red flag conditions after the burn but nobody knew that it was going to last as long as it SUrwWmMMg_y-00596-00355662-00356154 did so that turned into the Hermits Peak fire which burned for quite some time this spring SUrwWmMMg_y-00597-00356316-00356772 we can uh let's go to the well I want to talk about the picture real quick so that SUrwWmMMg_y-00598-00356772-00357408 1618 picture you know that's really where um back up one more one slide back um that SUrwWmMMg_y-00599-00357408-00357870 picture on the left that's that's kind of in that transition phase where they started getting spots SUrwWmMMg_y-00600-00357870-00358452 across the line and started started seeing some holding problems um right before they declared SUrwWmMMg_y-00601-00358452-00359046 the Wildfire Escape but as you can see with the smoke you know the winds were not significant SUrwWmMMg_y-00602-00359046-00359724 they didn't see significant winds on site it was merely a mostly a fuels-driven environment SUrwWmMMg_y-00603-00359952-00360060 let's go to the next one SUrwWmMMg_y-00604-00360420-00360876 okay um so I pulled some of the critical findings out of the report and like I said SUrwWmMMg_y-00605-00360876-00361446 everybody I would encourage everybody to read the report and look at what was found but the SUrwWmMMg_y-00606-00361446-00361908 the key thing there is that number one you know all elements were consistent with agency policy SUrwWmMMg_y-00607-00361908-00362874 and guideline guidance outlined in the in the pms44 and the pms424 and so they were not outside SUrwWmMMg_y-00608-00362874-00363522 of their scope in terms of burning they followed all of their their burn plan they followed their SUrwWmMMg_y-00609-00363522-00364038 complexity rating um every all the t's were crossed and all eyes were dotted so to speak SUrwWmMMg_y-00610-00364116-00364656 um and then I put in some of the other nuanced critical findings associated with fuels but for SUrwWmMMg_y-00611-00364656-00365142 today I'm going to focus on those three bottom bullets that are bolded so I'm going to talk about SUrwWmMMg_y-00612-00365142-00365538 few models that may have not have been adequately represented in the development of the burn plan SUrwWmMMg_y-00613-00365538-00366162 which will be they used 8 9 10 11 they used the 13 fuel models which is okay we often do that down SUrwWmMMg_y-00614-00366162-00366594 here in the southwest I'm going to talk about no space facial analysis of the fire behaviors SUrwWmMMg_y-00615-00366594-00367158 was used again that's not required by any means I'm not trying to elude that it is required but SUrwWmMMg_y-00616-00367158-00367500 spatial fire analysis definitely could have showed them that they could have had problems SUrwWmMMg_y-00617-00367638-00368004 and then finally I'm going to talk about suppression resources holding SUrwWmMMg_y-00618-00368004-00368298 a contingencies that were not calculated adequately SUrwWmMMg_y-00619-00368976-00369738 oops go ahead and click on it again hey no that was going to happen sorry about that guys I had SUrwWmMMg_y-00620-00369738-00370182 a last minute change I made a presentation and I kind of mucked it up but basically I wanted to SUrwWmMMg_y-00621-00370182-00370668 show the fuel models that they had represented in the burn plan they identified dry mixed Conifer as SUrwWmMMg_y-00622-00370668-00371202 fuel model 10 which is about 33 percent of the unit letter mixed Conifer that's fuel Model 8 SUrwWmMMg_y-00623-00371202-00371838 which is another 30 percent um and then gladro supine at 21 which they use to a model 9 which SUrwWmMMg_y-00624-00371838-00372510 is very common and then they use dry mix Conifer with Slash to represent those prep fuels as fuel SUrwWmMMg_y-00625-00372510-00373218 model 11. let's move on from there so those were the initial field models now in the review process SUrwWmMMg_y-00626-00373218-00374028 click again please Kim um we we did pull uh land fire fuels to look at what was represented in SUrwWmMMg_y-00627-00374028-00374814 the unit and we did this for one specific reason when we were on site uh during the the field trip SUrwWmMMg_y-00628-00374814-00375378 so to speak where the burn organization kind of recreated those events of what happened that day SUrwWmMMg_y-00629-00375468-00376002 um everybody in that area kind of talked about this the fact that there was more grass than SUrwWmMMg_y-00630-00376002-00376548 they had seen in previous years now this was coming off of a monsoon season for much of New SUrwWmMMg_y-00631-00376548-00376956 Mexico that was either average or above average I believe up there in the northern portion of SUrwWmMMg_y-00632-00376956-00377472 the state it was around average but we had a bad winter we didn't have a lot of snowpack SUrwWmMMg_y-00633-00377562-00378132 um it wasn't it wasn't a it was kind of a below average winner and we had an early season melt SUrwWmMMg_y-00634-00378132-00378618 off of that snow and so the snowpack really didn't have an effect of pushing down those SUrwWmMMg_y-00635-00378618-00379404 grass fuels so you can see um when I pulled the landfire fuel models and looked at the area and SUrwWmMMg_y-00636-00379404-00379956 now this is a raw pool from landfire I did not do any editing to it and I do support the fact SUrwWmMMg_y-00637-00379956-00380472 and notion of editing your film models where appropriate but you can see there that that SUrwWmMMg_y-00638-00380472-00381120 turquoise color is represented by a field model two the fuel model 2 for those I'm pretty sure SUrwWmMMg_y-00639-00381120-00381744 everybody here is very familiar with it you know it represents that open um Pine type stand with SUrwWmMMg_y-00640-00381744-00382224 a lot of grass understory where the grass is a primary carrier of the fuel and this unit prior SUrwWmMMg_y-00641-00382224-00382764 to them implementing the prescribed burn had been pretty heavily mechanically thinned and they had SUrwWmMMg_y-00642-00382764-00383364 open canopies which allowed that grass to come in and and reflect that and so we did identify SUrwWmMMg_y-00643-00383364-00383868 that fuel model 2 could have been a contributing factor because there was a significant amount of SUrwWmMMg_y-00644-00383868-00384486 grass loading on the unit prior to the burn um and and it definitely had an impact on the SUrwWmMMg_y-00645-00384486-00384906 rates of spreading their flight length and I'll throw that next so let's switch to the next slide SUrwWmMMg_y-00646-00385362-00385788 again okay so this is a compare compare fuel model chart SUrwWmMMg_y-00647-00385854-00386388 um looking at flamelink specifically and you can see the the yellow the teal the red and the pink SUrwWmMMg_y-00648-00386388-00386904 those are the few models that they included in the burn plan prescription all appropriate SUrwWmMMg_y-00649-00387000-00387438 um all are the same few models I would have done as well but if they had the chance to SUrwWmMMg_y-00650-00387438-00387966 look at the the fuels spatially and pull up that landfire fuel model data set in Nifty disk they SUrwWmMMg_y-00651-00387966-00388554 may have seen that potential for fuel model 2 and field model 2 definitely has higher flame SUrwWmMMg_y-00652-00388554-00389172 lengths given the same same inputs there so I wanted to highlight that and then the next one SUrwWmMMg_y-00653-00389466-00389916 oh whoops it looks like it went behind your side behind bummer well I was going to show SUrwWmMMg_y-00654-00389916-00390288 Ray to spread um and it basically shows the same thing fuel model 2 SUrwWmMMg_y-00655-00390288-00390672 definitely has a higher rate of spread uh than the other few models that they SUrwWmMMg_y-00656-00390672-00391020 included in the burn plan so as a learning aspect on this whole thing SUrwWmMMg_y-00657-00391080-00391584 um utilizing empty disks and spatial tools to kind of give you an idea of what view models might be SUrwWmMMg_y-00658-00391584-00392016 available on your unit you know if they had the chance to look at those fields they may have seen SUrwWmMMg_y-00659-00392016-00392478 that that fuel model 2 and then did some ground true thing to determine whether or not that field SUrwWmMMg_y-00660-00392478-00393264 model would indeed impact uh their prescribed fire plans let's go to the next slide foreign SUrwWmMMg_y-00661-00393702-00394308 okay uh so here is uh outputs from behave for their prescription as you can see a SUrwWmMMg_y-00662-00394308-00394674 few models eight nine and ten there and you can see their their rates are spread SUrwWmMMg_y-00663-00394758-00395112 um you know fireline intensity flame links that sort of thing this is how SUrwWmMMg_y-00664-00395112-00395568 they establish their low and their high end for their prescription SUrwWmMMg_y-00665-00395670-00396282 um nothing out of the ordinary here very common and then jump to the next slide SUrwWmMMg_y-00666-00396600-00396786 foreign SUrwWmMMg_y-00667-00397050-00398454 potential across the fire area given a different weather prescription scenarios right that's how SUrwWmMMg_y-00668-00398454-00398970 we develop the prescription we want to see you know what is our threshold where fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00669-00398970-00399354 Behavior gets too intense and we won't be able to keep the fire within the unit SUrwWmMMg_y-00670-00399504-00399900 um so the cool thing about spaceship with higher behavior and if you'll remember back when I was SUrwWmMMg_y-00671-00399900-00400320 talking to that very first picture when I introduced myself you know it's very complex SUrwWmMMg_y-00672-00400320-00400926 Terrain in this area there's a lot of topography there's a lot of um local factors that influence SUrwWmMMg_y-00673-00400926-00401634 the wind the our age the temperature it's a very complex piece of country and from my experience SUrwWmMMg_y-00674-00401712-00402222 um unfortunately behave can't account for a lot of that complexity within the SUrwWmMMg_y-00675-00402222-00402894 system but empty this because it does use the landfire landscape and includes slope aspect SUrwWmMMg_y-00676-00402996-00403530 um your fuel moistures your field models and the complexity of the few models across the landscape SUrwWmMMg_y-00677-00403530-00403974 it gives you more of that that complexity to match up with your complex landscape SUrwWmMMg_y-00678-00404046-00404508 um when it's when it's available so you can see on the left there that would be flame length rate SUrwWmMMg_y-00679-00404508-00404934 of spread and then on the bottom Crown fire activity on their to their low prescription SUrwWmMMg_y-00680-00404934-00405576 and then under their higher prescription which is similar to where they burned um for for several SUrwWmMMg_y-00681-00405576-00406146 other parameters you can also see flame length rate of spread and Crown fire intensity and so I SUrwWmMMg_y-00682-00406146-00406644 just wanted to show that because it does highlight some of the areas outside of the unit specifically SUrwWmMMg_y-00683-00406644-00407262 that northern northern piece above the units is primarily Wilderness and so you can see SUrwWmMMg_y-00684-00407262-00407862 that within the Wilderness obviously because there has been no previous treatment there's higher uh SUrwWmMMg_y-00685-00407862-00408378 higher flame links higher rates of spread and more criminal fire probability as you leave the unit SUrwWmMMg_y-00686-00408492-00409080 hey Wes just real quick there had been a question in the chat earlier about just just uh maybe SUrwWmMMg_y-00687-00409080-00409800 reviewing that one more time so with 50 discs the uh each pixel the question was does if you just SUrwWmMMg_y-00688-00409800-00410550 capture the aspect the slope the elevation within that pixel um so when it calculates the fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00689-00410550-00411096 Behavior it takes those things into account and the answer that to that is yes and that's what Wes SUrwWmMMg_y-00690-00411096-00411666 was just pointing out that behave is not a because it's not spatial it's not able to capture slope SUrwWmMMg_y-00691-00411666-00412416 aspect and elevation um like gifty this does so it does give a little better representation of of SUrwWmMMg_y-00692-00412416-00413135 um fire Behavior given those additional pieces of the puzzle if you will um versus behave given SUrwWmMMg_y-00693-00413135-00413952 it's just a single fuel model fire Behavior relationship so yeah that's absolutely correct SUrwWmMMg_y-00694-00413952-00414384 thank you for that comment and I would add to that also that landscape file that you do pull SUrwWmMMg_y-00695-00414443-00414960 um in empty desk to run this this basic model does also include canopy characteristics and SUrwWmMMg_y-00696-00414960-00415439 tree characteristics so you get stand height you get canopy base height you get canopy bulk density SUrwWmMMg_y-00697-00415439-00415968 and Crown cover um which really help for the that Crown fire activity modeling on the bottom there SUrwWmMMg_y-00698-00415968-00416700 but it does give you a more holistic uh view of of the scenario for each pixel yeah thank you yeah I SUrwWmMMg_y-00699-00416700-00417174 think that's a great point so when you're using a fuel model too that has a higher flame length SUrwWmMMg_y-00700-00417174-00417689 and you have a canopy base height you know which is where the bowels of the tree it's basically SUrwWmMMg_y-00701-00417689-00418218 the the height of the bowels of the tree above the ground right so if you have a higher flame length SUrwWmMMg_y-00702-00418218-00418854 and you have a low canopy base height that's why you get increased uh Crown fire potential so and SUrwWmMMg_y-00703-00418854-00419297 again if you just can capture that because it has those elements in the landfire data SUrwWmMMg_y-00704-00419376-00420030 um that it uses to to produce the outputs here or so that's a that's a that's a good way to SUrwWmMMg_y-00705-00420030-00420389 think about it that each of those pixels and Nifty this has all of those different SUrwWmMMg_y-00706-00420389-00420960 pieces that allow you to look at different outputs related to your uh your normal inputs SUrwWmMMg_y-00707-00421206-00421589 thanks Kim and Kim yeah perfect okay so finally SUrwWmMMg_y-00708-00421589-00422364 um this is uh kind of the last type of uh modeling scenario we did during the review and this really SUrwWmMMg_y-00709-00422364-00422808 answers you know your question of given a scenario where there was an escaped escape to SUrwWmMMg_y-00710-00422808-00423335 the plan prescribed fire unit with the established rolling lines what are the major paths to spread SUrwWmMMg_y-00711-00423335-00423774 and how successful would suppression actions be in the event that that does get established SUrwWmMMg_y-00712-00423774-00424380 outside the unit so this is the minimum travel time fire spread model in empty this SUrwWmMMg_y-00713-00424464-00425070 um it's just placed on a aerial photo there and you can see that in this case the entire unit was SUrwWmMMg_y-00714-00425070-00425622 used as an ignition so rather than the way Jen explained it where she put some spot fires in SUrwWmMMg_y-00715-00425622-00426120 some key locations that they had concerns to see where those grow instead on this one we took that SUrwWmMMg_y-00716-00426120-00426678 whole unit and made that whole unit active to see two things right we wanted to see how far it could SUrwWmMMg_y-00717-00426678-00427218 go within an eight hours of burning and then what are the major flow pass where was that fire likely SUrwWmMMg_y-00718-00427218-00427782 to spread and how could that have helped them for inform that potential for escape and so if SUrwWmMMg_y-00719-00427782-00428460 jump to the final slide real quick just a real quick explanation so the flow paths just so SUrwWmMMg_y-00720-00428460-00429018 folks are aware that this this spread mod again this is a spread model so it's not just pixel by SUrwWmMMg_y-00721-00429018-00429546 pixel but it's spreading the model from Pixel 2 pixel and the flow paths are basically pointing SUrwWmMMg_y-00722-00429546-00430289 out where is the path of least resistance meaning where is the fuel most continuous uh where is the SUrwWmMMg_y-00723-00430289-00430800 slope aligned things like that so that's why the flow pass are really useful because it it shows SUrwWmMMg_y-00724-00430800-00431322 you where all of those pieces come together and allow the fire to want to go that way think of it SUrwWmMMg_y-00725-00431322-00431976 almost like water running downhill this would be fire running uphill you know or across a a SUrwWmMMg_y-00726-00431976-00432552 slope based on where the fuels are so that's why the flow pass are useful correct thank you Kim SUrwWmMMg_y-00727-00433110-00433770 okay so that I wanted to show this final um image here and this the red uh line SUrwWmMMg_y-00728-00433770-00434226 you see above the unit that was the I believe it was the second day morning SUrwWmMMg_y-00729-00434297-00434934 um after the Escape was declared the estimated perimeter um for the fire uh using satellite SUrwWmMMg_y-00730-00434934-00435443 imagery to to sketch out that perimeter we weren't able to get an actual perimeter on the fire SUrwWmMMg_y-00731-00435534-00436170 um at this time I was actually supporting the the forest as an ltan um helping them out with their SUrwWmMMg_y-00732-00436170-00436638 wooftus and and this was prior to me even knowing that an escape actually occurred all I knew was SUrwWmMMg_y-00733-00436638-00437118 there was a wildfire in the landscape it was up in their Wilderness and they had some they had SUrwWmMMg_y-00734-00437118-00437580 some concerns over the next you know few weeks of where the fire was going to go so we went in and SUrwWmMMg_y-00735-00437580-00438102 we sketched in an initial perimeter for the folks to see where that fire was and where it was active SUrwWmMMg_y-00736-00438102-00438822 and then I overlaid that after the review process and just to see how accurate that MTT run could SUrwWmMMg_y-00737-00438822-00439439 actually be and it does line up very very well and the areas that they did have problems in terms of SUrwWmMMg_y-00738-00439439-00439938 that showing that potential for that upward slope movement Into the Wilderness following SUrwWmMMg_y-00739-00439938-00440418 those major flow paths and that higher fire line intensity so I really feel like that was a that SUrwWmMMg_y-00740-00440418-00441024 was a good you know a good way of showing that potential uh for spread if an escape did occur SUrwWmMMg_y-00741-00441120-00441432 and and that's pretty much what I have to show to tell everybody SUrwWmMMg_y-00742-00441528-00442193 um like again I I encourage you all to read the report please um it is it has a lot of SUrwWmMMg_y-00743-00442193-00442722 good nuggets in there um a lot of very skilled people were were in the review and participated SUrwWmMMg_y-00744-00442722-00443189 in the review process and the outlining of of the findings and the recommendations and Lessons SUrwWmMMg_y-00745-00443189-00443789 Learned moving forward and ultimately like I said this is a learning experience for this specific SUrwWmMMg_y-00746-00443789-00444354 unit and for all of us you know as an organization and as a fire community at a whole you know there SUrwWmMMg_y-00747-00444354-00445068 are tools out there that can help us but things do happen and know all we have to do is kind of SUrwWmMMg_y-00748-00445068-00445584 go back and and reevaluate our process and our methods to ensure that we're we're taking all SUrwWmMMg_y-00749-00445584-00446196 of the potential into account appreciate everybody's time thanks Wes that's great SUrwWmMMg_y-00750-00446364-00447084 yeah I think again just sort of summing up everything from from our last uh hour here you SUrwWmMMg_y-00751-00447084-00447582 know thinking about you know preemptively what are the tools we can use how can we continue to you SUrwWmMMg_y-00752-00447582-00448139 know keep that student of fire sort of uh thought in our head as we move forward with with planning SUrwWmMMg_y-00753-00448139-00448722 and I know there's some new requirements now with the uh with the National Review that came out and SUrwWmMMg_y-00754-00448722-00449322 um again spatial modeling is one of those tools we have in the tool chest and uh you know we'd like SUrwWmMMg_y-00755-00449322-00449880 folks to to learn about it and if there's things we can do on the empty this team side of the house SUrwWmMMg_y-00756-00449880-00450389 or the rdna you know those are those are things we're real interested in being able to help folks SUrwWmMMg_y-00757-00450389-00450996 with so we are here to help you guys and here to um work with everybody so we can all do a better SUrwWmMMg_y-00758-00450996-00451614 job in this in this world because it's it's to me it's I have huge respect for all of for all SUrwWmMMg_y-00759-00451614-00452058 the folks that that Implement these Burns and are willing to take that risk on because it's SUrwWmMMg_y-00760-00452147-00452670 definitely not as we all know um it's exciting and it's it's something we need to be doing more SUrwWmMMg_y-00761-00452670-00452982 of but we've got we've got to make sure we're doing our homework ahead of time so SUrwWmMMg_y-00762-00453066-00453474 so I'll stop there Jen and um we have some time for discussion I think SUrwWmMMg_y-00763-00453539-00454146 um and we're gonna make this uh um presentation available for everybody and I also think what SUrwWmMMg_y-00764-00454146-00454560 I'll do is in that same message Jen I'll send out a little list of places to go so SUrwWmMMg_y-00765-00454560-00454985 you can learn more about some of this stuff um so I know I put some links in the chat SUrwWmMMg_y-00766-00454985-00455484 and sometimes those are really hard to find later on so um make sure we get those yarded SUrwWmMMg_y-00767-00455484-00455970 up for everybody in a in an easy place that you guys can find that stuff okay SUrwWmMMg_y-00768-00456276-00456924 okay also shifting gears you'll notice I just to put the the Community Practice Link in there SUrwWmMMg_y-00769-00456924-00457368 again in case uh you're wanting to reference or grab some of these tools a lot of links on SUrwWmMMg_y-00770-00457368-00457818 that page in addition to then our recordings if you've missed this episode or one of our previous SUrwWmMMg_y-00771-00457818-00458346 the recordings are getting stored there in that folder um and we can go from there so Richard SUrwWmMMg_y-00772-00458580-00458988 let's tackle your question and then I have uh Pascal's question in the hopper here SUrwWmMMg_y-00773-00459102-00459666 uh it's kind of a comment and a question um here's the comment with the new changes SUrwWmMMg_y-00774-00459666-00460085 through the forest service anyways is particularly considering the contingency requirement changes SUrwWmMMg_y-00775-00460193-00460920 you know I think we're going to have a real hard time for a lot of our folks modeling this out and SUrwWmMMg_y-00776-00460920-00461382 actually being able to justify contingency or lack of contingency what the models are saying SUrwWmMMg_y-00777-00461435-00461958 particularly given the way that these calculations were calculated so far ago and we're not doing SUrwWmMMg_y-00778-00461958-00462660 Dynamic fuel models and I my question is is for example we have a burn that's in plastic SUrwWmMMg_y-00779-00462660-00463758 GS2 bordering a line on GS3 landfire models it as a gr1 uh and that's not accurate right you SUrwWmMMg_y-00780-00463758-00464460 know the contingency for that requires like two hot shot Crews and six engines on a 735 acre burn SUrwWmMMg_y-00781-00464526-00465402 potential right we can't do that so any advice for folks out there uh on how to get around that and SUrwWmMMg_y-00782-00465468-00466122 not a requirement or get around it but how we justify doing that when our science is SUrwWmMMg_y-00783-00466122-00466560 saying one thing but our local knowledge and experience and things like that are we're SUrwWmMMg_y-00784-00466560-00466992 trying to justify out not having 150 people is contingency within 30 minutes of a burn SUrwWmMMg_y-00785-00467093-00467562 I just see a lot of problems with that so is there any advice that you can give folks out SUrwWmMMg_y-00786-00467562-00468288 there that might not be F bands or have access to a known f-ban or L10 anybody here thanks SUrwWmMMg_y-00787-00468797-00469338 Jen I don't know if I that sounds uh a little in the forest service Policy Department if you SUrwWmMMg_y-00788-00469338-00470064 will I'm not I'm not going to try it for you um so so when it comes to contingency SUrwWmMMg_y-00789-00470064-00470628 planning the 30-minute issue um yeah we're aware of it um we pushed back hard on that SUrwWmMMg_y-00790-00470628-00471126 realizing that that the likelihood of having resources on most national forests within 30 SUrwWmMMg_y-00791-00471126-00471726 minutes is a slim to none right so most of folks are now shifting to contingency on site SUrwWmMMg_y-00792-00471828-00472278 um which will have some of its advantages and disadvantages and I think this will be a little SUrwWmMMg_y-00793-00472278-00472776 bit of growing pain right now for all of us in terms of figuring out how to better navigate this SUrwWmMMg_y-00794-00472776-00473358 new requirement but in your discussion you did mention that you said that the outside layer there SUrwWmMMg_y-00795-00473358-00473718 was a grass one and you didn't agree with that your local knowledge told you something different SUrwWmMMg_y-00796-00473826-00474372 um and so I think you need to also whatever edits we do inside the unit we need to also make sure SUrwWmMMg_y-00797-00474372-00474768 we're doing those edits outside the units and that would be my recommendation if you're seeing SUrwWmMMg_y-00798-00474768-00475193 different fire Behavior especially if it's a grassy field model but you burn it in Spring SUrwWmMMg_y-00799-00475193-00475728 and you're kind of incorporating this that wet spring soil that maybe dumbs down the fire spread SUrwWmMMg_y-00800-00475793-00476346 make sure you're editing it that you know provide some some level of visual for that SUrwWmMMg_y-00801-00476346-00476832 this is really not going to run like a rapid fire uh in the grass it's actually going to SUrwWmMMg_y-00802-00476832-00477264 slow and moderate or be a mosaic that you can catch up with I that would be my my SUrwWmMMg_y-00803-00477264-00477666 Approach is to just modify that fuel layer to better reflect what you see on the ground SUrwWmMMg_y-00804-00477768-00478278 um but it can't be a wild guess it has to be at least some way shape or form your assumptions SUrwWmMMg_y-00805-00478278-00478650 that you're putting into your burn plans just capture it in the fire Behavior section of your SUrwWmMMg_y-00806-00478650-00479112 prescription and then again in contingency that yeah it looks like grass but it doesn't burn like SUrwWmMMg_y-00807-00479112-00479706 grass so we're not Staffing for the grass rate of spread of resources we're planning for you SUrwWmMMg_y-00808-00479706-00480300 know a modified eight uh resources that may or may not be needed and that that came up in the SUrwWmMMg_y-00809-00480300-00480918 chat too I think um the question was can you in Nifty disk if you're editing your landscape right SUrwWmMMg_y-00810-00481008-00481842 um you of course you can edit the entire landscape so I want to change my gr gr3 to a gr1 across my SUrwWmMMg_y-00811-00481842-00482489 entire landscape so yes you can do that you can also draw a polygon and say I only want SUrwWmMMg_y-00812-00482489-00482982 to change the fuel models so in this case I think the example would be drawing a polygon like say SUrwWmMMg_y-00813-00482982-00483462 outside of your unit so like for the slide I'm showing here perhaps this is where you had a SUrwWmMMg_y-00814-00483462-00484085 holding I'm looking at the low uh prescription output up here right now so say that that grass SUrwWmMMg_y-00815-00484085-00484632 that you're talking about is outside of the burn unit and you know it's not re that's not reflected SUrwWmMMg_y-00816-00484632-00485280 correctly I need to change just that area to say that's a much lower spreading grass model so in SUrwWmMMg_y-00817-00485280-00485820 Nifty disk you could draw a polygon and say I only want to change the fuels just in that area to show SUrwWmMMg_y-00818-00485820-00486420 that that is not accurate and it's really a low spreading gr1 so you could make that edit within SUrwWmMMg_y-00819-00486420-00487104 a polygon just in that spot on your map and then then you could run your model and show that well SUrwWmMMg_y-00820-00487104-00487584 we know that this is what the fuels are out there and I can show you that based on this calculation SUrwWmMMg_y-00821-00487685-00488118 um the the spread rate is quite a bit lower than uh than what's showing in SUrwWmMMg_y-00822-00488118-00488543 the in the the raw data so you know that's sort of that back and forth SUrwWmMMg_y-00823-00488628-00489132 um you can use with these models is is making those edits as appropriate and then re-running SUrwWmMMg_y-00824-00489132-00489618 the model to say to say or perhaps you're able to go in there and do some mechanical treatment ahead SUrwWmMMg_y-00825-00489618-00490062 of the burn you know say it is a taller grass and you're going to go in and mow or whatever SUrwWmMMg_y-00826-00490062-00490560 you can say well before we do the mitigation and this could go back to your complexity analysis as SUrwWmMMg_y-00827-00490560-00490962 well you know before we mitigate this is the fire Behavior but we're going to go in and SUrwWmMMg_y-00828-00490962-00491447 mitigate and do some sort of little mechanical treatment action and that's how that's why the SUrwWmMMg_y-00829-00491447-00491982 fire Behavior outside of the unit is going to be a lot a lot more reduced hence needing fewer SUrwWmMMg_y-00830-00491982-00492612 contingency resources so yeah that's a that's an exercise that can be done as well showing SUrwWmMMg_y-00831-00492612-00493026 that mitigation effort or just showing what you know is is really reality on the ground SUrwWmMMg_y-00832-00493128-00493632 hopefully that helps a little I think that's a great explanation for sure um and kind of on the SUrwWmMMg_y-00833-00493632-00494196 heels of that earlier hold on Jen earlier there was a question about integrating facts into the SUrwWmMMg_y-00834-00494196-00494796 landfire later you know on the forest service side we have a requirement that has a spatial uh layers SUrwWmMMg_y-00835-00494796-00495342 if you will for all of our activities and I've got Henry in the room and so he's our landfire Guru SUrwWmMMg_y-00836-00495342-00495978 right now um I guess I'd reached it out to Henry uh Bastion and ask Henry is there any intent to SUrwWmMMg_y-00837-00495978-00496476 start I guess gut checking some of the landfire layers with the fact spatial and activity codes SUrwWmMMg_y-00838-00496626-00497106 so that's a great question Jen and I maybe just to build on you know the comment about gr1 versus SUrwWmMMg_y-00839-00497106-00498066 gsxyz um you know lamp fire does accept feedback so in addition to what Kim is saying hey you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00840-00498066-00498654 do these adjustments definitely you can do that because it will take some time but in addition to SUrwWmMMg_y-00841-00498654-00499392 that just don't wait and say uh I'm not too happy with landfire blah blah blah you know go ahead and SUrwWmMMg_y-00842-00499392-00500016 send that type of feedback in so that landfire can adapt and become better so I'm now moving to your SUrwWmMMg_y-00843-00500016-00500778 facts comment um so facts that our part online fire um we we are currently not in the process SUrwWmMMg_y-00844-00500778-00501210 of you know taking all of that extra what I'll call extra attribute um data that you're talking SUrwWmMMg_y-00845-00501210-00501762 about Jen um and working through the process of decompleting that but that is on the radar SUrwWmMMg_y-00846-00501846-00502368 um you know jiminakis and I have talked about how to more fully leverage what is in facts SUrwWmMMg_y-00847-00502434-00503076 um because there's a ton of information um you know within facts and so it is on the radar it's SUrwWmMMg_y-00848-00503076-00503556 currently you know where we're at currently right now we take you know all of the polygon you know SUrwWmMMg_y-00849-00503556-00504114 data information that is in facts and bring that in then also take some of that attribute data SUrwWmMMg_y-00850-00504114-00505026 that helps um with the ranking the hierarchical ranking of where do particular disturbances fall SUrwWmMMg_y-00851-00505026-00505722 within the update process to say okay well this particular disturbance and it takes precedence SUrwWmMMg_y-00852-00505722-00506160 over you know this type of disturbance because you got to think through that logic and the SUrwWmMMg_y-00853-00506160-00506766 Ecology of how different you know changes on the landscape will affect you know not only SUrwWmMMg_y-00854-00506766-00507258 the vegetation but ultimately the fuels and you know the resulting fire behavior that we see so SUrwWmMMg_y-00855-00507347-00507822 um maybe not the full answer what you're looking for but um like I said it is definitely on the SUrwWmMMg_y-00856-00507822-00508697 radar of what we're working on great Dan Anderson do you have something quick before we go yeah just SUrwWmMMg_y-00857-00508697-00509214 just real quick um just for what Richard said you know I've worked in a lot of Grassfield models SUrwWmMMg_y-00858-00509214-00509766 too and and the models do commonly over predict them and that's where you know monitoring comes SUrwWmMMg_y-00859-00509766-00510239 in having a female having monitoring and using that data that you collect from that burn and SUrwWmMMg_y-00860-00510239-00510647 putting that back into the models and kind of going off what Jen Croft said of adjusting that SUrwWmMMg_y-00861-00510647-00511122 stuff don't just go with the answer of what the model gives you because it isn't always correct SUrwWmMMg_y-00862-00511122-00511800 you have to kind of tweak it sometimes foreign Richard let's get your question in the room SUrwWmMMg_y-00863-00512112-00512693 all right uh good morning Kim this question is for you um is are there any plans to integrate SUrwWmMMg_y-00864-00512693-00513366 a uh sort of map print feature similar to what's in the RMA dashboard and if it is so you can get SUrwWmMMg_y-00865-00513366-00514097 like geo-reference PDFs based on the map Studio or jpegs or or you know stuff of that nature SUrwWmMMg_y-00866-00514170-00514572 you know we don't we don't have anything on the list just yet Richie but if SUrwWmMMg_y-00867-00514572-00514932 you know if that's something that folks would find really helpful SUrwWmMMg_y-00868-00514932-00515256 so you could take these and take them in the field with you or something like that SUrwWmMMg_y-00869-00515358-00515928 um you know we could certainly get that on our kind of request list for the future so so no SUrwWmMMg_y-00870-00515928-00516347 you could do the screen capture thing and you know you'd have to manipulate it to get it to SUrwWmMMg_y-00871-00516414-00516876 vgo referenced but um but that's something we could think about for sure if that would be a SUrwWmMMg_y-00872-00516876-00517464 useful feature yeah I mean it's something I like in the dashboard and one other question I have for SUrwWmMMg_y-00873-00517464-00518154 you is all right so you referenced earlier talking about integrating some like state level um like uh SUrwWmMMg_y-00874-00518154-00518693 data landscape data uh kind of that might be something they could complement or contrast SUrwWmMMg_y-00875-00518693-00519239 against the landfire data for the BLM stuff that I'm looking at you know and now that we have the SUrwWmMMg_y-00876-00519239-00519996 12 million acre uh landscape uh limit you know I can look at some field office level Landscapes SUrwWmMMg_y-00877-00519996-00520704 and what I'm seeing is is some of the Alternatives that we have for rangeland data in the um for fuel SUrwWmMMg_y-00878-00520704-00521328 cast and the rangeland analysis platform are kind of seemed to be more representative to the field SUrwWmMMg_y-00879-00521328-00521958 offices than what's in land fire for for the for the BLM lands and I'm just wondering if though any SUrwWmMMg_y-00880-00521958-00522342 of those are being under consideration in that kind of batch you were talking about earlier SUrwWmMMg_y-00881-00522462-00523080 yeah that's it's a good question and uh I think we would like to be able to offer some SUrwWmMMg_y-00882-00523080-00523638 alternative you know edited Landscapes perhaps if someone has a better landscape that they're using SUrwWmMMg_y-00883-00523704-00524106 um that has sort of been vetted you know we don't want to just throw a whole bunch of data in there SUrwWmMMg_y-00884-00524106-00524820 that we're not certain is you know that everyone's good to use but um yeah we definitely want to come SUrwWmMMg_y-00885-00524820-00525402 up with a way for folks to be able to to um use some some so that way not everybody has to go SUrwWmMMg_y-00886-00525402-00525852 in and make the same edits all the time you know like we've established this for our unit we want SUrwWmMMg_y-00887-00525852-00526530 to use this landscape um so we've been talking about some collaboration tools um where once you SUrwWmMMg_y-00888-00526530-00527106 can edit a landscape for example you could say okay you know rest of my unit here you guys go SUrwWmMMg_y-00889-00527106-00527550 this is the landscape we're going to be using for our modeling you know we've we've tested it we've SUrwWmMMg_y-00890-00527550-00528078 validated it and and we're giving this the thumbs up so whether that's you develop it in Nifty disk SUrwWmMMg_y-00891-00528078-00528582 or you develop it outside and then bring it into the program and are able to share it um that is SUrwWmMMg_y-00892-00528582-00529002 that's something we're talking about we've had a lot of questions about collaboration and it's SUrwWmMMg_y-00893-00529002-00529524 rising pretty high on our list right now so we're talking some design features to be able to do that SUrwWmMMg_y-00894-00529524-00530034 so so both of those things using outside data and and then being able to collaborate on it SUrwWmMMg_y-00895-00530142-00530712 all right thanks thanks okay so um we did hit the hour and a half mark despite the extra half SUrwWmMMg_y-00896-00530712-00531072 hour and I'm excited about that because we had some good questions and discussion today SUrwWmMMg_y-00897-00531186-00531612 um you know we we have maybe time for maybe one more question here because it's very specific SUrwWmMMg_y-00898-00531612-00532140 to the empty this application camera are there any plans to integrate some of our SUrwWmMMg_y-00899-00532140-00532596 Firefox monitoring efforts that are out there you know so that we can better reflect and at SUrwWmMMg_y-00900-00532596-00532950 least document maybe some of the decisions or the reasons why we're changing landfire SUrwWmMMg_y-00901-00533034-00533580 yeah we we uh we talked a little bit we've talked a little bit there's the feature in ftem right SUrwWmMMg_y-00902-00533580-00534192 now where you can attach a picture or you know some type of external document in F10 that's SUrwWmMMg_y-00903-00534192-00534582 very separate of course from what we're talking about here but we have people have asked well SUrwWmMMg_y-00904-00534582-00535014 what if we were able to do that just a niftiness and attach a picture or some sort of thing that SUrwWmMMg_y-00905-00535014-00535548 people could then reference on the map and uh so that is that's actually on our list also SUrwWmMMg_y-00906-00535548-00536286 um so um the the more we hear from folks about the things that you guys want the the easier it SUrwWmMMg_y-00907-00536286-00536844 is for us to justify spending the time and money to do it you know so um these are great comments SUrwWmMMg_y-00908-00536844-00537342 and uh I've got notes going on here as well and I know some of my other colleagues are listening so SUrwWmMMg_y-00909-00537426-00537942 um so yes we actually have talked about that just a little bit and I really encourage folks we just SUrwWmMMg_y-00910-00537942-00538530 come through our Forum actually to pull out a bunch of user feedback to say what are what are SUrwWmMMg_y-00911-00538530-00539004 users really wanting and because as we get into the next set of development that's where we want SUrwWmMMg_y-00912-00539004-00539574 to start with the things you guys want so when you have ideas like this please let us know about them SUrwWmMMg_y-00913-00539574-00540024 you can do it through the help ticket system in Nifty disk itself we all see those tickets SUrwWmMMg_y-00914-00540102-00540582 um you can post them in the Forum you can just contact us directly if you want but um yeah so the SUrwWmMMg_y-00915-00540582-00541224 Fimo thing has been mentioned and and we agree it's it could be a really a great value great SUrwWmMMg_y-00916-00541560-00541962 so any other questions out there yeah and we'll provide this PowerPoint and SUrwWmMMg_y-00917-00541962-00542358 like I said please keep interacting we want to keep talking to you guys SUrwWmMMg_y-00918-00542358-00542988 and and helping everybody learn more about this and and ways to utilize these tools so SUrwWmMMg_y-00919-00543078-00543444 um let's keep chatting Jen if there's things that come out from this presentation where SUrwWmMMg_y-00920-00543444-00543936 people want to dig in more let us know hopefully we could provide some more uh presentation too SUrwWmMMg_y-00921-00544008-00544560 sounds good so I'm gonna kill the recording then and uh thank you guys again and all as usual SUrwWmMMg_y-00922-00544560-00545058 stick around for those informal uh discussions in five minutes of fun we can always have at the end SUrwWmMMg_y-00923-00545112-00545424 thanks Sarah thanks everyone for joining and I'll yeah thank you very much SV8nFryX8Zk-00000-00000577-00000663 good morning SV8nFryX8Zk-00001-00000663-00001074 this is communicative grammar to in today we are going to review some SV8nFryX8Zk-00002-00001074-00001241 important aspects based SV8nFryX8Zk-00003-00001241-00001689 on grammar structure first the present of be SV8nFryX8Zk-00004-00001698-00002023 sentences have a subject and a verb SV8nFryX8Zk-00005-00002023-00002489 as you know when we are writing or speaking in English SV8nFryX8Zk-00006-00002489-00002823 we need to form a grammar structure with this SV8nFryX8Zk-00007-00002823-00003151 subjects or verbs, the present of be SV8nFryX8Zk-00008-00003151-00003798 has three forms am,is or are we'd use the be before nouns SV8nFryX8Zk-00009-00003798-00004255 adjectives or prepositional phrases when we are talking about SV8nFryX8Zk-00010-00004255-00004778 am is or are you know that it is important to understand SV8nFryX8Zk-00011-00004778-00005115 the personal pronouns since all of them SV8nFryX8Zk-00012-00005115-00005474 not necessarily are related with the first SV8nFryX8Zk-00013-00005474-00005806 or third singular or personal pronouns SV8nFryX8Zk-00014-00005806-00006329 let's see some examples My father is from Venezuela SV8nFryX8Zk-00015-00006329-00006812 in this case we are using is because my father is a third person SV8nFryX8Zk-00016-00006812-00007187 singular so if I change for example SV8nFryX8Zk-00017-00007187-00007667 my mother is or my friend is I can use these verb SV8nFryX8Zk-00018-00007667-00007991 or i can use this part of be SV8nFryX8Zk-00019-00007991-00008296 because we are talking about a third person SV8nFryX8Zk-00020-00008296-00008638 instead of my father I can have he SV8nFryX8Zk-00021-00008638-00009072 or she or it and a complement SV8nFryX8Zk-00022-00009072-00009436 when I am saying this second sentence I'm a teacher SV8nFryX8Zk-00023-00009436-00009785 notice that we are using am in this case SV8nFryX8Zk-00024-00009785-00010175 we use an because this is the first person okay SV8nFryX8Zk-00025-00010175-00010566 and next we have another example he is a singer SV8nFryX8Zk-00026-00010566-00011004 they are friends they are friends, here we are using are SV8nFryX8Zk-00027-00011004-00011516 because this is a plural and it means that if we change this they SV8nFryX8Zk-00028-00011516-00011624 by we or SV8nFryX8Zk-00029-00011624-00011947 maybe another one we have to use SV8nFryX8Zk-00030-00011947-00012287 are because it depends on singular SV8nFryX8Zk-00031-00012287-00012758 or plural nouns SV8nFryX8Zk-00032-00012758-00013156 but when do we do use anigation of be+not SV8nFryX8Zk-00033-00013156-00013525 we use be+not to make negative statements SV8nFryX8Zk-00034-00013525-00013881 in the previous slides we were analyzing SV8nFryX8Zk-00035-00013881-00014208 afirmative statements in a very basic way SV8nFryX8Zk-00036-00014208-00014608 but we can also use contractions in speaking SV8nFryX8Zk-00037-00014608-00014975 and informal writing as for example SV8nFryX8Zk-00038-00014975-00015416 I'm I'm a teacher I'm an engineer this is a contraction SV8nFryX8Zk-00039-00015416-00015722 which means that instead of saying I am SV8nFryX8Zk-00040-00015722-00016129 I can say I'm with a contraction she is SV8nFryX8Zk-00041-00016129-00016453 she`s he`s for example SV8nFryX8Zk-00042-00016453-00016830 it`s, it's a car it's a house SV8nFryX8Zk-00043-00016830-00017248 she's a singer or any other way or any other example SV8nFryX8Zk-00044-00017248-00017559 and at the end you can notice that we have SV8nFryX8Zk-00045-00017559-00018030 they`re the pronunciation changes a little bit because we don't say SV8nFryX8Zk-00046-00018030-00018340 they are when we are saying they are SV8nFryX8Zk-00047-00018340-00018650 it means that we are not using a contraction but SV8nFryX8Zk-00048-00018650-00019052 please be careful with this contractions because SV8nFryX8Zk-00049-00019052-00019556 as I have explained here they are use with informal writing SV8nFryX8Zk-00050-00019556-00020080 not in a formal one, for example if you are writing a paper or a thesis or SV8nFryX8Zk-00051-00020081-00020144 something SV8nFryX8Zk-00052-00020144-00020475 that is gonna be presented to a public SV8nFryX8Zk-00053-00020475-00020950 population you need to be careful and write the correct grammar structure SV8nFryX8Zk-00054-00020950-00021420 and is not mandatory or not SV8nFryX8Zk-00055-00021420-00021890 not very good to use this contractions in those kind of writings SV8nFryX8Zk-00056-00021890-00022433 but not is that when we are speaking in informal enviroments specially SV8nFryX8Zk-00057-00022433-00022766 we can use these contractions or we use them every day SV8nFryX8Zk-00058-00022766-00023162 if you notice to conversation or free speakings SV8nFryX8Zk-00059-00023162-00023644 you will understand their use but pay attention to the pronunciation of each SV8nFryX8Zk-00060-00023644-00024153 one of them so we have here are some examples: SV8nFryX8Zk-00061-00024153-00024694 of negatives of be+not, and notice the first one she is not a good person SV8nFryX8Zk-00062-00024694-00024777 here i`m SV8nFryX8Zk-00063-00024777-00025150 and using is and not because we are talking about SV8nFryX8Zk-00064-00025150-00025543 a woman she they are not friends or SV8nFryX8Zk-00065-00025543-00025889 i`m from France I can also say I'm not from France SV8nFryX8Zk-00066-00025889-00026207 or I can use or not SV8nFryX8Zk-00067-00026207-00026579 contractions in the previous examples for instance they are not friends, SV8nFryX8Zk-00068-00026579-00026683 she is not a good person SV8nFryX8Zk-00069-00026683-00026998 the only thing that changes here is SV8nFryX8Zk-00070-00026998-00027311 the negative because if you are not using SV8nFryX8Zk-00071-00027311-00027777 anigation you have to say she is a good person but in order to do SV8nFryX8Zk-00072-00027777-00028143 or to transmit a negative sentence SV8nFryX8Zk-00073-00028143-00028506 you have to include not after the vere be SV8nFryX8Zk-00074-00028506-00029206 which means is are or am as for personal pronounce I have included here some SV8nFryX8Zk-00075-00029266-00029374 examples SV8nFryX8Zk-00076-00029374-00029777 that related with them notice on the right on your screen SV8nFryX8Zk-00077-00029777-00030113 that you have the following personal pronous I, SV8nFryX8Zk-00078-00030113-00030502 you,he,she,it,we,you and they SV8nFryX8Zk-00079-00030502-00030900 so in order to use them in clear examples SV8nFryX8Zk-00080-00030900-00031227 we are at analyzing the first one David Beckham is a SV8nFryX8Zk-00081-00031227-00031539 soccer players here I'm using is because SV8nFryX8Zk-00082-00031539-00032014 I'm talking about a third person singular which is a man SV8nFryX8Zk-00083-00032014-00032435 or i can say instead of saying David Beckham I can say he SV8nFryX8Zk-00084-00032435-00032783 David and Victoria are rich and famous SV8nFryX8Zk-00085-00032783-00033147 in this case this is a plural that is why we are using are SV8nFryX8Zk-00086-00033147-00033538 or here I can say SV8nFryX8Zk-00087-00033538-00033894 they at rich and famous so it means that SV8nFryX8Zk-00088-00033894-00034326 you can use this personal pronouns in order not to say SV8nFryX8Zk-00089-00034326-00034671 are not to repeat names for example because SV8nFryX8Zk-00090-00034671-00035172 these words are used to short or they help us SV8nFryX8Zk-00091-00035172-00035550 to classify sentences or to understand them better SV8nFryX8Zk-00092-00035550-00035890 Beckham isn`t his favorite soccer player, SV8nFryX8Zk-00093-00035890-00036337 notice here that we have a contraction also SV8nFryX8Zk-00094-00036337-00036879 he's from England but in the previous example we had a negative form of be SV8nFryX8Zk-00095-00036879-00037250 instead of saying Beckham is not i use a SV8nFryX8Zk-00096-00037250-00037586 contraction isn`t his favorite soccer player SV8nFryX8Zk-00097-00037586-00038119 or you can you use he instead of Beckham notice that personal pronouns can be using SV8nFryX8Zk-00098-00038119-00038424 any other in any other sentence SV8nFryX8Zk-00099-00038424-00038860 especially in writing but be careful about contraction SV8nFryX8Zk-00100-00038860-00039232 he`s from England is another example or I can say SV8nFryX8Zk-00101-00039232-00039699 she`s or they are from England, David`s married to posh spice, here SV8nFryX8Zk-00102-00039699-00040058 not is this this is very important because SV8nFryX8Zk-00103-00040058-00040404 it says that we can also use contractions with names SV8nFryX8Zk-00104-00040404-00040865 not necessarily with personal pronouns so if I had used here SV8nFryX8Zk-00105-00040865-00041219 Victoria`s married to David Beckham SV8nFryX8Zk-00106-00041219-00041590 it is also a correct sentence but everything depends on the use of SV8nFryX8Zk-00107-00041590-00041716 contractions SV8nFryX8Zk-00108-00041716-00042071 and on the correct use of am is or are SV8nFryX8Zk-00109-00042071-00042513 depending on singular and plural nouns SV8nFryX8Zk-00110-00042513-00042936 as for yes/no questions remember that yes/no questions can be using SV8nFryX8Zk-00111-00042936-00043347 any tense for example in the present in the past tense or with any other SV8nFryX8Zk-00112-00043347-00043488 grammar structure SV8nFryX8Zk-00113-00043488-00043908 in yes/no questions with be, a form of be comes before the subject SV8nFryX8Zk-00114-00043908-00044378 this is a very important rule because you need to notice that we use short SV8nFryX8Zk-00115-00044378-00044828 answers we're talking about yes/no questions and that long answers SV8nFryX8Zk-00116-00044828-00045272 or any other phrase are use when you are not so sure SV8nFryX8Zk-00117-00045272-00045600 about the answer that you have to give SV8nFryX8Zk-00118-00045600-00046096 to any person so we would notice some examples but pay attention to these SV8nFryX8Zk-00119-00046096-00046202 explanations SV8nFryX8Zk-00120-00046202-00046644 in order to understanding let`s see the first one SV8nFryX8Zk-00121-00046644-00047000 am i late for class? SV8nFryX8Zk-00122-00047000-00047311 no you are not notice here that SV8nFryX8Zk-00123-00047311-00047687 in order to answer these kind of questions SV8nFryX8Zk-00124-00047687-00048003 you use a short answer no SV8nFryX8Zk-00125-00048003-00048355 comma, plus you're not the negative way SV8nFryX8Zk-00126-00048355-00048659 Are they new here? yes, they are SV8nFryX8Zk-00127-00048659-00048997 it is not necessary to repeat for example here SV8nFryX8Zk-00128-00048997-00049375 yes they are new here this explanations are not SV8nFryX8Zk-00129-00049375-00049712 common in english because the grammar structure says SV8nFryX8Zk-00130-00049712-00050124 that we use a short form even if it is a negative or afirmative SV8nFryX8Zk-00131-00050124-00050191 answer SV8nFryX8Zk-00132-00050191-00050544 or yes I think so in the previous slide SV8nFryX8Zk-00133-00050544-00050894 in the previous slide we SV8nFryX8Zk-00134-00050894-00051321 we were noticing that long answers or other phrases can be use when you are SV8nFryX8Zk-00135-00051321-00051474 not sure about them SV8nFryX8Zk-00136-00051474-00051958 so here remembered this, this is very important where SV8nFryX8Zk-00137-00051958-00052392 when you don`t know an answer SV8nFryX8Zk-00138-00052490-00052932 it is not so common to to try to repeat SV8nFryX8Zk-00139-00052932-00053283 the structure that is that apears in the question SV8nFryX8Zk-00140-00053283-00053635 for example here when you say in this one SV8nFryX8Zk-00141-00053635-00053962 are they newhere? if you say for example SV8nFryX8Zk-00142-00053962-00054298 they are not they are not in SV8nFryX8Zk-00143-00054298-00054658 they are not from Loja they are from Quito for example SV8nFryX8Zk-00144-00054658-00055001 it means that you are not sure about the answer SV8nFryX8Zk-00145-00055001-00055291 and that is all about this presentation SZhrUS3j8lE-00000-00000091-00000520 Hey there, I'm Chad Boeninger, the business librarian at ohio university libraries SZhrUS3j8lE-00001-00000520-00000791 this video is designed to help the opie SZhrUS3j8lE-00002-00000791-00001083 those tennis in ohio program for instance in english SZhrUS3j8lE-00003-00001083-00001533 do your research on how to do business in another country their research in SZhrUS3j8lE-00004-00001533-00002061 country facts and also information about a country's culture business climb that SZhrUS3j8lE-00005-00002061-00002541 of business complacent issues things like that so this video showcases some SZhrUS3j8lE-00006-00002541-00002700 of the key resources SZhrUS3j8lE-00007-00002700-00003031 to help them and doing the research for that project so SZhrUS3j8lE-00008-00003031-00003226 here you go SZhrUS3j8lE-00009-00003226-00003652 so the first resource a look at europa world plus and this is a great resource SZhrUS3j8lE-00010-00003652-00004113 we know nothing about your country in need basic good encyclopedic like SZhrUS3j8lE-00011-00004113-00004255 information so SZhrUS3j8lE-00012-00004255-00004609 really good resource for you know like history putting in conditions history SZhrUS3j8lE-00013-00004609-00004738 the economy SZhrUS3j8lE-00014-00004738-00005067 basis is to six of your comp country things like that so SZhrUS3j8lE-00015-00005067-00005394 the way works used to appeared basically select a country SZhrUS3j8lE-00016-00005394-00005739 and for my example i'll use india i here SZhrUS3j8lE-00017-00005739-00006303 so find any of their list could go and texas to the india home page if you will SZhrUS3j8lE-00018-00006303-00006581 within europa world plus years you can see there's SZhrUS3j8lE-00019-00006581-00007000 all kind of a racially ron on finance cover politics there's a nice country SZhrUS3j8lE-00020-00007000-00007140 profile here SZhrUS3j8lE-00021-00007140-00007354 which gives you your basic kind of SZhrUS3j8lE-00022-00007354-00007706 uh... land climate things like that you can get there SZhrUS3j8lE-00023-00007706-00007844 uh... forget about SZhrUS3j8lE-00024-00007844-00007965 uh... one SZhrUS3j8lE-00025-00007965-00008188 um... you can see there it is SZhrUS3j8lE-00026-00008188-00008385 all kinds of stuff on history SZhrUS3j8lE-00027-00008385-00008922 loads and loads and loads and loads of history information about india there SZhrUS3j8lE-00028-00008922-00009323 what i like particularly for doing a kind of a country and houses come SZhrUS3j8lE-00029-00009323-00009424 assignments SZhrUS3j8lE-00030-00009424-00009725 as all really like this country statistics SZhrUS3j8lE-00031-00009725-00010081 this a good place to go in and say well looking for things on trade statistics SZhrUS3j8lE-00032-00010081-00010470 and here's external trade SZhrUS3j8lE-00033-00010470-00010857 and we go in there and we see what kind of termination is available for us now SZhrUS3j8lE-00034-00010857-00011261 this uh... resources updated at least annually at least ah... SZhrUS3j8lE-00035-00011261-00011670 uh... once a year and so you can see um... there's all come from a shinde SZhrUS3j8lE-00036-00011670-00011772 within here now SZhrUS3j8lE-00037-00011772-00011997 wanting to be careful of you'll notice that SZhrUS3j8lE-00038-00011997-00012367 um... this actually is in the indian SZhrUS3j8lE-00039-00012367-00012747 currency here so you won't don't wanna say compare that to you like the u_s_ SZhrUS3j8lE-00040-00012747-00012903 dollar so uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00041-00012903-00013340 you one of make sure you're careful when comparing or when when they rotating SZhrUS3j8lE-00042-00013340-00013560 uh... how much for example SZhrUS3j8lE-00043-00013560-00014024 other imports of animal invest wobbles worry and two thousand ten two thousand SZhrUS3j8lE-00044-00014024-00014309 levin so you will be careful that sort of thing so SZhrUS3j8lE-00045-00014309-00014517 all kinds of stuff you can get for SZhrUS3j8lE-00046-00014517-00014791 for nice statistics with here SZhrUS3j8lE-00047-00014791-00015236 unites things as far as uh... exchange rates information on uh... principal SZhrUS3j8lE-00048-00015236-00015349 industries SZhrUS3j8lE-00049-00015349-00015952 things like that all within are one is easy use place called europa world plus SZhrUS3j8lE-00050-00015952-00016293 the next resources called country watches as yet another place to get good SZhrUS3j8lE-00051-00016293-00016606 general country-specific information here SZhrUS3j8lE-00052-00016606-00017021 anway works once you click the login linked far from our website it'll take SZhrUS3j8lE-00053-00017021-00017291 you to hear working then select your country SZhrUS3j8lE-00054-00017291-00017579 and i want to get into z india here SZhrUS3j8lE-00055-00017579-00017946 anil tickets to the the country uh... home page if you will hear within SZhrUS3j8lE-00056-00017946-00018128 country watch SZhrUS3j8lE-00057-00018128-00018478 and you can see on the front page here is who come to our or recent news of SZhrUS3j8lE-00058-00018478-00018608 your country SZhrUS3j8lE-00059-00018608-00018926 did a nice map here what you could use in a powerpoint presentation just make SZhrUS3j8lE-00060-00018926-00019077 sure you site SZhrUS3j8lE-00061-00019077-00019434 what where you get the actual uh... information from SZhrUS3j8lE-00062-00019434-00019853 oswego delegates in key data including some population information SZhrUS3j8lE-00063-00019853-00020143 uh... religion things like that okay SZhrUS3j8lE-00064-00020143-00020334 sought to give him a shoot fine air SZhrUS3j8lE-00065-00020334-00020713 uh... on the left hand side we get things like little conditions SZhrUS3j8lE-00066-00020713-00021071 you know how politically stable uh... is the country SZhrUS3j8lE-00067-00021071-00021440 amicus to touch larger sure conceivably better here within this within the SZhrUS3j8lE-00068-00021440-00021673 screen SZhrUS3j8lE-00069-00021673-00022072 if we go down there sings like political stability how stable is is the area SZhrUS3j8lE-00070-00022072-00022475 which might impact uh... how well you were able to do business in the area SZhrUS3j8lE-00071-00022475-00022681 you'll see a gives racing's comparing SZhrUS3j8lE-00072-00022681-00022947 uh... to other countries in the world as well SZhrUS3j8lE-00073-00022947-00023273 uh... there's a nice information on economic conditions within the country SZhrUS3j8lE-00074-00023273-00023501 so we'll talk about the g_d_p_ in the country SZhrUS3j8lE-00075-00023501-00023760 how fast the economy is growing or not SZhrUS3j8lE-00076-00023760-00024096 uh... issues affecting the economy things like that so so they were getting SZhrUS3j8lE-00077-00024096-00024393 more into like a business perspective here rather than just like you know a SZhrUS3j8lE-00078-00024393-00024538 history of the country SZhrUS3j8lE-00079-00024538-00024673 things like that SZhrUS3j8lE-00080-00024673-00025108 uh... within invest over a section is a nice little uh... uh... area here for SZhrUS3j8lE-00081-00025108-00025418 the investment climate this is a great place to look SZhrUS3j8lE-00082-00025418-00025537 for information on SZhrUS3j8lE-00083-00025537-00026069 how open the country is to foreign investment in the country is open to SZhrUS3j8lE-00084-00026069-00026502 uh... for investment from all countries or justice of the country's and what SZhrUS3j8lE-00085-00026502-00026633 kind of uh... uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00086-00026633-00027175 of of countries or or industries a looking to two god to be open to SZhrUS3j8lE-00087-00027175-00027458 sodri place alot intended you to tennessee SZhrUS3j8lE-00088-00027458-00027815 things like you know how a transfer of the regulatory system is SZhrUS3j8lE-00089-00027815-00027930 um... SZhrUS3j8lE-00090-00027930-00028104 uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00091-00028104-00028446 difference using offered attended technology infrastructure things like SZhrUS3j8lE-00092-00028446-00028583 that as well SZhrUS3j8lE-00093-00028583-00028955 finally under the social review section understand some of the high points of SZhrUS3j8lE-00094-00028955-00029227 automotive finish i can't find in here SZhrUS3j8lE-00095-00029227-00029502 um... there is a nice section within here for SZhrUS3j8lE-00096-00029502-00029844 um... cultural etiquette SZhrUS3j8lE-00097-00029844-00030266 and this gives you base it was referred to is cultural dues and taboos SZhrUS3j8lE-00098-00030266-00030580 what to do and what not to do in a particular country SZhrUS3j8lE-00099-00030580-00030888 and this can be useful to business researchers because SZhrUS3j8lE-00100-00030888-00031230 obviously in business you're gonna shake a lot of hands even a patio on the back SZhrUS3j8lE-00101-00031230-00031345 you're going to SZhrUS3j8lE-00102-00031345-00031657 bien business meetings you going to be out to dinner with people you're SZhrUS3j8lE-00103-00031657-00031883 probably going to go and give them a gift SZhrUS3j8lE-00104-00031883-00032145 things like that so you want to make sure SZhrUS3j8lE-00105-00032145-00032377 that you know um... SZhrUS3j8lE-00106-00032377-00032724 uh... how to treat people in another country and how it isn't expected the SZhrUS3j8lE-00107-00032724-00032880 street as well so SZhrUS3j8lE-00108-00032880-00033262 uh... so for example we have things like you know how to deal with titles SZhrUS3j8lE-00109-00033262-00033574 you know how do you address someone he meet for the first time right SZhrUS3j8lE-00110-00033574-00033753 uh... things like that so SZhrUS3j8lE-00111-00033753-00034216 also i've got a bad um... uh... habit of doing both these SZhrUS3j8lE-00112-00034216-00034589 one showed what does that stand in one's hands once hips i did a lot to him teach SZhrUS3j8lE-00113-00034589-00034715 a class SZhrUS3j8lE-00114-00034715-00035037 as it stands may be entered as angry aggressive posture SZhrUS3j8lE-00115-00035037-00035439 or things like it's uh... don't put your finger people so i do them occasions so SZhrUS3j8lE-00116-00035439-00035612 you shouldn't do that as well so SZhrUS3j8lE-00117-00035612-00036063 so all come together mation two tim learned what not to do or what to do and SZhrUS3j8lE-00118-00036063-00036161 don't people SZhrUS3j8lE-00119-00036161-00036355 in your particular country so SZhrUS3j8lE-00120-00036355-00036661 tulasi information within herewith in-country watch once again saw left SZhrUS3j8lE-00121-00036661-00037056 inside of the database there SZhrUS3j8lE-00122-00037056-00037402 annex resort a look at is a free resource a fantastic resource called SZhrUS3j8lE-00123-00037402-00037593 global edge SZhrUS3j8lE-00124-00037593-00038015 and redoing country information research the best way to get started here SZhrUS3j8lE-00125-00038015-00038297 it's a go down under country insights SZhrUS3j8lE-00126-00038297-00038677 and then choose your country they're in the military is there so we will choose SZhrUS3j8lE-00127-00038677-00038874 uh... india SZhrUS3j8lE-00128-00038874-00039389 right here in center click go texas to all confirmation to find on SZhrUS3j8lE-00129-00039389-00039696 our country here so we just want to know statistics SZhrUS3j8lE-00130-00039696-00039996 uh... here's all kinds of a racially economy things like that SZhrUS3j8lE-00131-00039996-00040486 now you may notice that some this day they hear also we found an uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00132-00040486-00040759 the first resource we talked about europa world plus SZhrUS3j8lE-00133-00040759-00041064 and in some cases here are the world may actually have more recent data than SZhrUS3j8lE-00134-00041064-00041199 what's available here SZhrUS3j8lE-00135-00041199-00041561 and vice versa this may have more rescinded in some categories in europa SZhrUS3j8lE-00136-00041561-00041953 passing may have to use both resources we're looking at they like that SZhrUS3j8lE-00137-00041953-00042352 uh... information economy how well it's doing things like that SZhrUS3j8lE-00138-00042352-00042708 um... there's some information for history SZhrUS3j8lE-00139-00042708-00042999 grease for source for that there's a commission on culture SZhrUS3j8lE-00140-00042999-00043322 and he's basically give you things like you know what to wear SZhrUS3j8lE-00141-00043322-00043643 guidelines for business dress things like that's a good of general SZhrUS3j8lE-00142-00043643-00044100 information uh... on how to how to dress for business how to keep up one learns SZhrUS3j8lE-00143-00044100-00044234 how to around SZhrUS3j8lE-00144-00044234-00044513 uh... what kind of gifts usa give in SZhrUS3j8lE-00145-00044513-00044919 uh... into a person in india or your country things like that so altogether SZhrUS3j8lE-00146-00044919-00045354 mission find there there's a nice information for trade statistics SZhrUS3j8lE-00147-00045354-00045678 so here are some the principal trading partners how what the value is in things SZhrUS3j8lE-00148-00045678-00045902 like that and i scrap fickle format SZhrUS3j8lE-00149-00045902-00046103 uh... things like that so uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00150-00046103-00046477 i can see this is the last updated tourney tennis has updated you know it's SZhrUS3j8lE-00151-00046477-00046813 a little bit longer than a year since then so you may have to look for other SZhrUS3j8lE-00152-00046813-00047066 resources for example euro corps old SZhrUS3j8lE-00153-00047066-00047459 has more recent for mation than what's available but in this particular SZhrUS3j8lE-00154-00047459-00047600 are resource book SZhrUS3j8lE-00155-00047600-00048024 but uh... global is a great resource to to uh... to get started with as well and SZhrUS3j8lE-00156-00048024-00048258 when analyzing a particular country SZhrUS3j8lE-00157-00048258-00048771 in order to ascertained how well it is to do business and sell so there you go SZhrUS3j8lE-00158-00048771-00049129 inter source country and sizes a resource here from the foreign affairs SZhrUS3j8lE-00159-00049129-00049531 international trade canada is basically good really good for SZhrUS3j8lE-00160-00049531-00049894 uh... cultural specific permission business culture confirmations or SZhrUS3j8lE-00161-00049894-00050087 windows like their country SZhrUS3j8lE-00162-00050087-00050480 and choose choosing india i here SZhrUS3j8lE-00163-00050480-00050824 alright and it takes us to have her mission here now to be honest with this SZhrUS3j8lE-00164-00050824-00051018 information up at the top SZhrUS3j8lE-00165-00051018-00051343 we can already find in all the other resources which we've talked about SZhrUS3j8lE-00166-00051343-00051427 already SZhrUS3j8lE-00167-00051427-00051833 what i like to come to enter source for are these culture for mation SZhrUS3j8lE-00168-00051833-00051980 yahoo dot here below SZhrUS3j8lE-00169-00051980-00052325 and you see there's things like uh... information on preferred managerial SZhrUS3j8lE-00170-00052325-00052521 qualities or things like SZhrUS3j8lE-00171-00052521-00052863 how to handle conflict in the workplace and these are all really really SZhrUS3j8lE-00172-00052863-00053008 interesting SZhrUS3j8lE-00173-00053008-00053196 in looking at SZhrUS3j8lE-00174-00053196-00053638 how-to deal with workplace issues in another country so for example if you SZhrUS3j8lE-00175-00053638-00053887 have a work-related probly colleague SZhrUS3j8lE-00176-00053887-00054108 you confront him or her directly SZhrUS3j8lE-00177-00054108-00054359 and this case um... SZhrUS3j8lE-00178-00054359-00054683 this paisley says you should call me when your colleague and friend and her SZhrUS3j8lE-00179-00054683-00054774 directly SZhrUS3j8lE-00180-00054774-00055111 but you don't wanna nvidia embarrass this person in front of a whole book SZhrUS3j8lE-00181-00055111-00055459 conference room of other employees so you know when i do that SZhrUS3j8lE-00182-00055459-00055703 uh... but they say tells you you know what to do SZhrUS3j8lE-00183-00055703-00056058 you'll notice is written from a canadian perspective that's okay it's not that SZhrUS3j8lE-00184-00056058-00056253 different from what the u_s_ may SZhrUS3j8lE-00185-00056253-00056773 uh... uh... how usr deal for america what would interact with folks in india SZhrUS3j8lE-00186-00056773-00056969 as well so still a good resource SZhrUS3j8lE-00187-00056969-00057266 even though it does this mean canadian perspective but it's it's really good SZhrUS3j8lE-00188-00057266-00057523 for for this kind of business cultural SZhrUS3j8lE-00189-00057523-00057884 uh... information kind of things complex the workplace had a mullet local SZhrUS3j8lE-00190-00057884-00058022 colleagues SZhrUS3j8lE-00191-00058022-00058424 preferred man zero call is what people see in a leader how do they regard ceo SZhrUS3j8lE-00192-00058424-00058857 seniority or education or professional status or background SZhrUS3j8lE-00193-00058857-00059164 things like that so all good for miss you know if you're going to be SZhrUS3j8lE-00194-00059164-00059636 a manager or a leader or do business in another country SZhrUS3j8lE-00195-00059636-00059937 an excellent uh... here's password g_-men when you get the passport the SZhrUS3j8lE-00196-00059937-00060142 first thing if you do scroll down SZhrUS3j8lE-00197-00060142-00060499 and accept their their terms of use basically you're saying about use it for SZhrUS3j8lE-00198-00060499-00060796 school work and not to make a bunch of money off of the resource that you're SZhrUS3j8lE-00199-00060796-00060962 going to go and click accept SZhrUS3j8lE-00200-00060962-00061264 and so i think it's to the passport g_-men home page here SZhrUS3j8lE-00201-00061264-00061699 sort of my favorite resources for the opi assignment and here is the country's SZhrUS3j8lE-00202-00061699-00062067 or the cup consumer lifestyle reports in password cement and to get to these SZhrUS3j8lE-00203-00062067-00062261 consumer lifestyle reports SZhrUS3j8lE-00204-00062261-00062454 he go to countries are consumers SZhrUS3j8lE-00205-00062454-00062771 the click on consumer trends in lifestyles SZhrUS3j8lE-00206-00062771-00063100 and the next page here you can actually going to say i want honor all else s SZhrUS3j8lE-00207-00063100-00063416 list resent consumer lifestyles SZhrUS3j8lE-00208-00063416-00063678 an intruder geography there will choose india SZhrUS3j8lE-00209-00063678-00063846 and then click go SZhrUS3j8lE-00210-00063846-00064235 and this is not a kiss to the consumer lifestyles report for india SZhrUS3j8lE-00211-00064235-00064624 now what i like about this particular for the business aspect of this doing SZhrUS3j8lE-00212-00064624-00064747 business report SZhrUS3j8lE-00213-00064747-00065099 is is working habits and working conditions and things like that so all SZhrUS3j8lE-00214-00065099-00065269 kind of information here SZhrUS3j8lE-00215-00065269-00065646 on women the workplace working conditions uh... commuting things like SZhrUS3j8lE-00216-00065646-00066042 that's a great place to look for for that kind of relation may also find SZhrUS3j8lE-00217-00066042-00066324 other information left inside SZhrUS3j8lE-00218-00066324-00066586 as well for example consumer confidence how SZhrUS3j8lE-00219-00066586-00066777 uh... how uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00220-00066777-00067265 how is your product will sell in any of these like that and see if you want to SZhrUS3j8lE-00221-00067265-00067476 happy with the way the economy's going to SZhrUS3j8lE-00222-00067476-00067816 of things like that he can see there's all kind of racial it inside for eating SZhrUS3j8lE-00223-00067816-00067994 habits reading habits SZhrUS3j8lE-00224-00067994-00068348 uh... health and wellness smoking shopping things like that but uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00225-00068348-00068559 primarily the consumer around SZhrUS3j8lE-00226-00068559-00068982 confidence area and also the uh... working habits uh... sex would be good SZhrUS3j8lE-00227-00068982-00069250 for you're doing business section of your report SZhrUS3j8lE-00228-00069250-00069587 another way to use password jim is going to come to consumers and click on SZhrUS3j8lE-00229-00069587-00069876 economy finance and trade SZhrUS3j8lE-00230-00069876-00070322 and this will take us to ah... the calmly five century home page here SZhrUS3j8lE-00231-00070322-00070587 or have a couple options what we can choose from work and there is actually SZhrUS3j8lE-00232-00070587-00070825 go under all analysis here SZhrUS3j8lE-00233-00070825-00071184 anything high like these cuts you pre freeze country profiles in this month SZhrUS3j8lE-00234-00071184-00071474 the economic abuse let's just do the country briefing SZhrUS3j8lE-00235-00071474-00071697 i think it will click information here SZhrUS3j8lE-00236-00071697-00071945 cheeser geography list in india SZhrUS3j8lE-00237-00071945-00072181 their analysts and then click go SZhrUS3j8lE-00238-00072181-00072618 it'll take us to basically come a quick country briefing risking vulnerabilities SZhrUS3j8lE-00239-00072618-00072785 of what's going on in india SZhrUS3j8lE-00240-00072785-00073124 of the major components of the top of the economy things like that's a good SZhrUS3j8lE-00241-00073124-00073233 information SZhrUS3j8lE-00242-00073233-00073416 uh... they're if thats SZhrUS3j8lE-00243-00073416-00073933 not her may she looking for it can also go under analysis country profile SZhrUS3j8lE-00244-00073933-00074283 and changes to india as well SZhrUS3j8lE-00245-00074283-00074667 clean give here and get our country profile from passport g_-men SZhrUS3j8lE-00246-00074667-00074926 on our country they're so here we have SZhrUS3j8lE-00247-00074926-00075312 you know things is the talk about in a g_d_p_ things about uh... SZhrUS3j8lE-00248-00075312-00075449 uh... inflation SZhrUS3j8lE-00249-00075449-00075774 youngest son some facts and figures of the good of the country political SZhrUS3j8lE-00250-00075774-00076043 structure last erectile elections SZhrUS3j8lE-00251-00076043-00076371 uh... political stability in risk international issues SZhrUS3j8lE-00252-00076371-00076572 all come to get from asia's confined SZhrUS3j8lE-00253-00076572-00076904 uh... within their in that report there SZhrUS3j8lE-00254-00076904-00077261 the last resource that that's when our police is called as a source complete SZhrUS3j8lE-00255-00077261-00077545 number was that the celeste because you don't SZhrUS3j8lE-00256-00077545-00077959 uh... do use the other resources first you may just be staring at this point SZhrUS3j8lE-00257-00077959-00078208 search boxes for uh... of example SZhrUS3j8lE-00258-00078208-00078624 you want to have additional terms to search in addition to get your country SZhrUS3j8lE-00259-00078624-00078874 if we go i just type in india SZhrUS3j8lE-00260-00078874-00079269 in here and do a search for india we're gonna get a whole lot of stuff SZhrUS3j8lE-00261-00079269-00079742 rightly that goes as high and forty six thousand articles way too many things SZhrUS3j8lE-00262-00079742-00080227 so overly uses these others search terms are search boxes here so it's just too SZhrUS3j8lE-00263-00080227-00080605 uh... let's try to do uh... business climate here SZhrUS3j8lE-00264-00080605-00080853 and see if we get in there SZhrUS3j8lE-00265-00080853-00081309 new business climate we get fifty results there right uh... or can do SZhrUS3j8lE-00266-00081309-00081820 uh... or a business culture SZhrUS3j8lE-00267-00081820-00082072 sincerely gets there SZhrUS3j8lE-00268-00082072-00082286 so you two hundred twenty six articles SZhrUS3j8lE-00269-00082286-00082683 are just by looking for that now if you want a limit that down just a magazines SZhrUS3j8lE-00270-00082683-00082846 cordialement by date SZhrUS3j8lE-00271-00082846-00083276 uh... you can go over here left hand side it's it's a let's limit to the past SZhrUS3j8lE-00272-00083276-00083600 uh... past six years maybe will update that SZhrUS3j8lE-00273-00083600-00083947 uh... we get eighty four goals that led to a litigious newspapers and magazines SZhrUS3j8lE-00274-00083947-00084205 which may be able to be easy to read SZhrUS3j8lE-00275-00084205-00084466 we can do that in click update there as well SZhrUS3j8lE-00276-00084466-00084806 and so now we're down to twenty four uh... articles SZhrUS3j8lE-00277-00084806-00085360 uh... from the last uh... six years about india and my topic there see SZhrUS3j8lE-00278-00085360-00085722 private changer topic to something that maybe work more relevant to your paper SZhrUS3j8lE-00279-00085722-00086093 the builders terms i thought i would do in my search there but you can see SZhrUS3j8lE-00280-00086093-00086254 what's available within here SZhrUS3j8lE-00281-00086254-00086579 uh... if you like the article if you click on the article here SZhrUS3j8lE-00282-00086579-00086888 it'll give you more information about the article giving abstract which is SZhrUS3j8lE-00283-00086888-00087151 basically a summary of the article SZhrUS3j8lE-00284-00087151-00087485 and and you know your fun at the uh... fault actually put in here SZhrUS3j8lE-00285-00087485-00087702 but he clicked there will take you to you SZhrUS3j8lE-00286-00087702-00087839 the actual article SZhrUS3j8lE-00287-00087839-00088121 uh... here and um... SZhrUS3j8lE-00288-00088121-00088423 here and as a source complete there's a great way to find SZhrUS3j8lE-00289-00088423-00088804 uh... full tax information uh... in business or simply from a variety of SZhrUS3j8lE-00290-00088804-00089142 magazines newspapers trade publications and things like that so SZhrUS3j8lE-00291-00089142-00089585 all converted from a she could find their in business were simply SZhrUS3j8lE-00292-00089585-00090045 hope this helps you understand some the resource in mailed to you in researching SZhrUS3j8lE-00293-00090045-00090232 doing business in another country SZhrUS3j8lE-00294-00090232-00090579 to be more help what further contact with the numbers wobbly but helvey SZhrUS3j8lE-00295-00090579-00090836 anyway can't take care and best slightly research SaygW8643XI-00000-00000104-00000621 That about wraps up how to embed an image into your discussion thread. Don't SaygW8643XI-00001-00000621-00000951 forget that no matter what option you choose you can always go into the HTML SaygW8643XI-00002-00000951-00001362 code and if you can find the width and the height you can adjust those. When SaygW8643XI-00003-00001362-00001694 choosing a percentage do not choose a percentage for the width and the height. SaygW8643XI-00004-00001694-00002118 Only choose a percentage for the width and erase the height and then your image SaygW8643XI-00005-00002118-00002517 will scale depending on what the width becomes. So, if your image is supposed to SaygW8643XI-00006-00002517-00003035 be 1000 pixels wide and 500 pixels tall and you tell it to be 50% of the width SaygW8643XI-00007-00003035-00003714 and that causes the width become 500px the height will automatically become 250px because the aspect ratio will SaygW8643XI-00008-00003714-00004148 be constrained. You can see here that it looks the same but if I was to SaygW8643XI-00009-00004148-00004593 scale the page the image gets smaller or bigger depending on how big the screen, SaygW8643XI-00010-00004593-00005060 the computer monitor, your cell phone, etc is that's looking at the project. SaygW8643XI-00011-00005060-00005498 Last, if you decide that you've done something wrong and you want to add to SaygW8643XI-00012-00005498-00005907 your post please do your best to edit the post. That's perfectly OK in our SaygW8643XI-00013-00005907-00006237 class. In some classes your teacher will tell you you're not allowed to edit your SaygW8643XI-00014-00006237-00006633 posts but you're allowed to in ART1280. Please try to only have one post SaygW8643XI-00015-00006633-00007083 per discussion. You can reply to other students and provide feedback but for SaygW8643XI-00016-00007083-00007595 your post if there are 5 images that have to be embedded for your project SaygW8643XI-00017-00007595-00008018 don't hit reply on your own post over and over and over. It creates a really SaygW8643XI-00018-00008018-00008520 long discussion thread. Just put all 5 images inside one post. If you think maybe SaygW8643XI-00019-00008520-00008931 you're gonna run out of time so you want to post the apples image but you don't SaygW8643XI-00020-00008931-00009264 have the oranges and the bananas done yet you can always come back and hit the SaygW8643XI-00021-00009264-00009696 little 3 buttons in the top right-hand corner and choose to edit your post. Your goal SaygW8643XI-00022-00009696-00010128 during the first week and a half or so of the semester is to feel comfortable SaygW8643XI-00023-00010128-00010500 with this. If you have any issues on the first submissions for the SaygW8643XI-00024-00010500-00011100 discussion posts please email me or your instructor asap. Come to online office SaygW8643XI-00025-00011100-00011493 hours. We really need to get this situated so that you're not having SaygW8643XI-00026-00011493-00011996 issues. You're going to do this for 23 skills practice activities and all 6 SaygW8643XI-00027-00011996-00012317 of your creative projects. ShA8pNT1sOY-00000-00000776-00000969 [Carol] Hi! I'm Carol Elsen. ShA8pNT1sOY-00001-00000969-00001438 I'm a librarian at Andersen Library and also the liaison to the chemistry department. ShA8pNT1sOY-00002-00001438-00001843 [Steve] And I'm Steve Anderson. I'm a professor of chemistry. ShA8pNT1sOY-00003-00001843-00002259 I teach mainly organic chemistry and some introductory chemistry. ShA8pNT1sOY-00004-00002261-00002579 [Carol] Great! This is an episode of the Warhawk Book Talks ShA8pNT1sOY-00005-00002579-00002883 where we talk to faculty about some of the books they're reading. ShA8pNT1sOY-00006-00002883-00003346 So Steve, tell me about a book that you've been reading that you would recommend to students. ShA8pNT1sOY-00007-00003347-00003965 [Steve] Well, one book that I recently finished reading was Linus Pauling in His Own Words ShA8pNT1sOY-00008-00003965-00004982 and this was edited by Barbara Marinacci and this looks at Linus Pauling in terms of an anthology. ShA8pNT1sOY-00009-00004982-00005623 It looks at his career in four major portions, mainly his education and his ShA8pNT1sOY-00010-00005623-00006254 views on education for chemistry and also, this looks at his views on the ShA8pNT1sOY-00011-00006254-00006851 nuclear age because he was present at the time that nuclear weapons were ShA8pNT1sOY-00012-00006851-00007273 developed and he was concerned about their effects on the atmosphere. ShA8pNT1sOY-00013-00007273-00008152 He also did work in molecular medicine, particularly diseases such as sickle cell anemia. ShA8pNT1sOY-00014-00008153-00008681 He was also involved in the race to find the structure of DNA. ShA8pNT1sOY-00015-00008681-00009640 And then lastly, this deals with his work in vitamin therapy where he is looking at vitamin C ShA8pNT1sOY-00016-00009640-00010508 and other medicine to look at health aspects in and helping people. ShA8pNT1sOY-00017-00010508-00011680 But this is a very interesting book because it's all talks and messages, speeches, that Pauling gave, ShA8pNT1sOY-00018-00011680-00012626 and also papers that he wrote, and it gives you insight into how he developed as a scientist. ShA8pNT1sOY-00019-00012627-00013497 And I think it's a very useful book for students because they can see how science is looked at by ShA8pNT1sOY-00020-00013497-00014406 a world-renowned chemist and he also talks about how science can help society in many ways. ShA8pNT1sOY-00021-00014406-00014886 [Carol] Great! Alright. Well Steve, thank you so much for sharing this book with us today. ShA8pNT1sOY-00022-00014887-00015259 I just want to let our listeners note that the library has a number of books ShA8pNT1sOY-00023-00015259-00015819 about Linus Pauling, books by him and books about him, and we don't actually ShA8pNT1sOY-00024-00015819-00016188 have this particular book of Linus Pauling in His Own Words, but you can ShA8pNT1sOY-00025-00016188-00016498 borrow it through the UW System borrowing. ShA8pNT1sOY-00026-00016498-00017058 So, this has been an episode of Warhawk Book Talks. Thanks for listening! SiBKOMs_K5g-00000-00001552-00001838 Too bad this passion fruit is not ripe for eathing yet. SiBKOMs_K5g-00001-00001855-00002108 But I hope you're ready for this next lecture, SiBKOMs_K5g-00002-00002108-00002496 because this time we're looking at the integrated rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00003-00002496-00002852 which explains the rate from a different point of view. SiBKOMs_K5g-00004-00002852-00003150 In that respect I thought it appropriate to show you SiBKOMs_K5g-00005-00003150-00003426 the island of O'ahu from a different perspective. SiBKOMs_K5g-00006-00003426-00003814 So as you prepare, check out some of this cool underwater life SiBKOMs_K5g-00007-00003814-00004188 from the island of O'ahu. Aloha! SiBKOMs_K5g-00008-00009342-00009740 In our previous lecture we discussed the Differential Rate Law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00009-00009740-00010280 And if you recall, for some reaction, A forms B, SiBKOMs_K5g-00010-00010280-00010763 the reaction rate is expressed as, rate equals a constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00011-00010763-00011274 times the concentration of the reactant raised to some exponent, SiBKOMs_K5g-00012-00011274-00011693 which is called the order with respect to reactant A. SiBKOMs_K5g-00013-00011693-00011963 If you know the differential rate law of a reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00014-00011963-00012411 meaning you know the constant and the order, SiBKOMs_K5g-00015-00012411-00012788 then you can substitute in any concentration of reactant SiBKOMs_K5g-00016-00012788-00013094 and calculate the corresponding reaction rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00017-00013094-00013637 In other words, you tell me the reactant concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00018-00013637-00014040 and I will calculate and tell you the reaction rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00019-00014040-00014516 And in general, plugging in larger concentrations SiBKOMs_K5g-00020-00014516-00014986 means you'll calculate larger reaction rates. SiBKOMs_K5g-00021-00014986-00015425 This should make sense because if you have more reactant in the container SiBKOMs_K5g-00022-00015425-00015769 then the chemical reaction would be proceeding more often, SiBKOMs_K5g-00023-00015769-00016043 therefore the faster the reaction would be. SiBKOMs_K5g-00024-00016043-00016653 Now, in this lecture, we'll discuss a new formulation of the reaction rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00025-00016653-00016920 which is called the Integrated Rate Law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00026-00016920-00017224 Now the differential rate law and integrated rate law SiBKOMs_K5g-00027-00017224-00017449 are very closely related to each other. SiBKOMs_K5g-00028-00017449-00018045 And to better understand this relation let's look at the simplest case first, SiBKOMs_K5g-00029-00018045-00018459 which is that of a zero-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00030-00018459-00019128 A chemical reaction is zero-order when the exponent 'n' is 0, SiBKOMs_K5g-00031-00019128-00019354 in the differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00032-00019354-00019790 And since anything raised to the 0 power is 1 SiBKOMs_K5g-00033-00019790-00020197 we would simply get, the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00034-00020197-00020691 So for a zero-order reaction the differential rate law tells us SiBKOMs_K5g-00035-00020691-00021049 that the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00036-00021049-00021585 Now don't forget that we previously defined the rate SiBKOMs_K5g-00037-00021585-00022025 as the rate of change of concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00038-00022025-00022456 And since we're talking about the reactant concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00039-00022456-00022838 we precede this by a negative symbol. SiBKOMs_K5g-00040-00022838-00023196 Because the rate of change of reactant concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00041-00023196-00023679 since the reactant decreases, this would be negative. SiBKOMs_K5g-00042-00023679-00023939 And that's why we need this negative symbol SiBKOMs_K5g-00043-00023939-00024129 since the negative times the negative, SiBKOMs_K5g-00044-00024129-00024404 that would give us a positive rate overall, SiBKOMs_K5g-00045-00024404-00024653 and we want positive rates. SiBKOMs_K5g-00046-00024653-00025195 So our rate is constant for a zero-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00047-00025195-00025672 Now what we'll do at this point is we'll take our differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00048-00025672-00026178 for a zero-order reaction, and derive the corresponding integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00049-00026178-00026535 And we'll do this using two different methods, SiBKOMs_K5g-00050-00026535-00026991 an algebraic derivation, and also a calculus derivation SiBKOMs_K5g-00051-00026991-00027308 for you students of calculus. SiBKOMs_K5g-00052-00027308-00027864 Now if you have not yet taken calculus, then do not be too concerned; SiBKOMs_K5g-00053-00027864-00028318 this is not a course in chemistry, which is calculus-based. SiBKOMs_K5g-00054-00028318-00028827 But once you do take calculus, and I encourage you to do so, SiBKOMs_K5g-00055-00028827-00029089 since many areas of science utilize it, SiBKOMs_K5g-00056-00029089-00029624 and it would help to better understand the language in those areas, SiBKOMs_K5g-00057-00029624-00029837 once you do take it, you can come back SiBKOMs_K5g-00058-00029837-00030302 and check this derivation to see that it makes sense. SiBKOMs_K5g-00059-00030302-00030438 But for you students of calculus, SiBKOMs_K5g-00060-00030438-00030800 you will, perhaps, appreciate this derivation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00061-00030800-00030994 And it also help you understand SiBKOMs_K5g-00062-00030994-00031708 why we call it differential and integrated; these are calculus terms. SiBKOMs_K5g-00063-00031708-00031969 Let's first go through the algebraic derivation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00064-00031969-00032439 So, starting with our differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00065-00032439-00032771 The rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00066-00032771-00033146 We'll move the negative symbol over to the other side. SiBKOMs_K5g-00067-00033146-00033456 And the change in concentration over change in time SiBKOMs_K5g-00068-00033456-00034129 becomes final minus initial concentration over final minus initial time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00069-00034129-00034365 So that equals -k. SiBKOMs_K5g-00070-00034365-00034813 Now, the denominator over here, we'll move it to the right side. SiBKOMs_K5g-00071-00034813-00035166 And so we're left with final minus initial concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00072-00035166-00035619 equals -k times final minus initial time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00073-00035619-00036203 At this point we will set our initlal time equal to 0 seconds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00074-00036203-00036734 So, at the very beginning of the reaction, we'll call that 0 seconds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00075-00036734-00037238 We'll count from 0 instead of some other time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00076-00037238-00037837 Doing that, we have minus 0, which we can ignore. SiBKOMs_K5g-00077-00037837-00038203 And also, instead of calling it the final time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00078-00038203-00038444 we'll just call it the time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00079-00038444-00038790 And instead of calling it the final concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00080-00038790-00038994 we'll call it the concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00081-00038994-00039302 And so we have this simpler equation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00082-00039302-00039494 Now we're almost there, SiBKOMs_K5g-00083-00039494-00039730 and I'll go ahead and draw a box around this SiBKOMs_K5g-00084-00039730-00040166 because we'll take a closer look at this form in a moment. SiBKOMs_K5g-00085-00040166-00040478 But to get to the final form, let's go ahead and move SiBKOMs_K5g-00086-00040478-00040690 our initial concentration over. SiBKOMs_K5g-00087-00040690-00040987 And we're left with the integrated rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00088-00040987-00041549 which tells us that the concentration, which is the final concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00089-00041549-00042218 the concentration is equal to -k times t plus the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00090-00042218-00042643 Now, the integrated rate law is a little bit different SiBKOMs_K5g-00091-00042643-00042863 than differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00092-00042863-00043249 In the integrated rate law, what you do, SiBKOMs_K5g-00093-00043249-00043694 if you know the initial concentration and, of course, the rate constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00094-00043694-00044021 then you can substitute in any value of time SiBKOMs_K5g-00095-00044021-00044233 and calculate the new concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00096-00044233-00044865 So, you me how much time has passed and I will calculate and tell you SiBKOMs_K5g-00097-00044865-00045104 how much reactant you have left. SiBKOMs_K5g-00098-00045104-00045554 It's a little bit different than what we did up here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00099-00045554-00046041 Now, the integrated rate law and differential rate law SiBKOMs_K5g-00100-00046041-00046284 are very closely related to each other. SiBKOMs_K5g-00101-00046284-00046727 In fact, they should tell us the same information. SiBKOMs_K5g-00102-00046727-00047104 Because, because we took the differential rate law SiBKOMs_K5g-00103-00047104-00047354 and derived the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00104-00047354-00047669 And if you wanted to do so on your own time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00105-00047669-00047908 you should be able to take the integrated rate law SiBKOMs_K5g-00106-00047908-00048357 and work backward to rederive the differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00107-00048357-00049050 So whatever these two equations tell us, we should understand the same thing. SiBKOMs_K5g-00108-00049050-00049474 Now the differential rate law is telling us that the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00109-00049474-00049874 So that's what the integrated rate law should also explain. SiBKOMs_K5g-00110-00049874-00050541 Before we look at that a little bit more closely to see that, SiBKOMs_K5g-00111-00050541-00051006 let's first derive the integrated rate law using calculus. SiBKOMs_K5g-00112-00051006-00051538 So we take our differential rate law, over here, and we turn it into SiBKOMs_K5g-00113-00051538-00051908 into the corresponding calculus equation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00114-00051908-00052764 Now, on the left hand side we have the negative rate of change of reactant A, SiBKOMs_K5g-00115-00052764-00052995 and that's equal to a constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00116-00052995-00053604 So we turn that into a calculus form, which is the negative derivative SiBKOMs_K5g-00117-00053604-00054077 of the concentration with respect to time. And that's constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00118-00054077-00054449 Now over here we have the instantaneous rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00119-00054449-00054808 That's what the derivative is; it's the instantaneous rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00120-00054808-00055091 And we can compare that with this, SiBKOMs_K5g-00121-00055091-00055573 which is the average rate over some finite time interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00122-00055573-00055883 But what happens, when you take these time intervals, SiBKOMs_K5g-00123-00055883-00056154 and you make them smaller and smaller and smaller, SiBKOMs_K5g-00124-00056154-00056579 approaching zero, then the corresponding changes in concentration would get SiBKOMs_K5g-00125-00056579-00057314 smaller and smaller and smaller, and so you just call that d[A] over dt. SiBKOMs_K5g-00126-00057314-00057789 So that's what the derivative is; it's basically your instantaneous rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00127-00057789-00058257 when the time intervals and concentrations changes SiBKOMs_K5g-00128-00058257-00058624 are really really small - so it's just different notation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00129-00058624-00059196 Anyway, we take this calculus equation and we simplify it a little bit, SiBKOMs_K5g-00130-00059196-00059914 move the negative sign over and dt, and we're left with d[A] equals -k dt. SiBKOMs_K5g-00131-00059914-00060266 Now this is a straightforward integration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00132-00060266-00060585 And so we integrate both sides of the equation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00133-00060585-00060927 the left hand side from initial to final concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00134-00060927-00061292 and the right hand side from initial to final time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00135-00061292-00061657 The constant, of course, comes outside the integral. SiBKOMs_K5g-00136-00061657-00062129 And so we solve this and we get the integrated forms, SiBKOMs_K5g-00137-00062129-00062495 the left side from the initial to the final concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00138-00062495-00063095 and the right side, -kt, from the initial to the final time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00139-00063095-00063657 Now, we end up with final minus initial concentration, on the left, SiBKOMs_K5g-00140-00063657-00064127 equals -k times final time minus k times initial time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00141-00064127-00064583 At this point we've reached the same equation, really, SiBKOMs_K5g-00142-00064583-00064802 as we have over here, so we'll end up SiBKOMs_K5g-00143-00064802-00065124 with the same integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00144-00065124-00065773 Now you can, of course, use either derivation, they both work. SiBKOMs_K5g-00145-00065773-00066331 When we get to first and second order...reactions, SiBKOMs_K5g-00146-00066331-00066608 then we'll see that it's a little bit more tricky SiBKOMs_K5g-00147-00066608-00066999 to derive the integrated rate law using algebra SiBKOMs_K5g-00148-00066999-00067292 it's much easier to use calculus. SiBKOMs_K5g-00149-00067292-00067817 But at this point, for zero-order, they're basically the same difficulty. SiBKOMs_K5g-00150-00067817-00068517 Now, let's go back and understand a little better how these two are related. SiBKOMs_K5g-00151-00068517-00068952 The differential rate law tells us that the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00152-00068952-00069275 So how do we see that down here? SiBKOMs_K5g-00153-00069275-00070112 Well we see that by recognizing that concentration is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00154-00070112-00070612 This is a y = m x + b type of an equation; SiBKOMs_K5g-00155-00070612-00070827 it's the equation of a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00156-00070827-00071385 And when your concentration is linearly related with time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00157-00071385-00071941 that should tell you that it's a constant rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00158-00071941-00072581 Perhaps we can better see this by looking at that previous form, SiBKOMs_K5g-00159-00072581-00072891 where the final minus initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00160-00072891-00073498 which is the change in concentration, is equal to -kt. SiBKOMs_K5g-00161-00073498-00073843 So this tells us that the the change in concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00162-00073843-00074285 is directly proportional to how much time has passed. SiBKOMs_K5g-00163-00074285-00074539 If you double the amount of time that's passed SiBKOMs_K5g-00164-00074539-00074926 you should double the change in the concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00165-00074926-00075174 and if you triple the amount of time that's passed SiBKOMs_K5g-00166-00075174-00075536 you should triple the change in concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00167-00075536-00075917 So that's a constant rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00168-00075917-00076610 But perhaps we can even better see that by taking these two forms SiBKOMs_K5g-00169-00076610-00076829 and observing them on a graph. SiBKOMs_K5g-00170-00076829-00077635 So let's go ahead and graph the rate versus concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00171-00077635-00078164 The differential rate law tells us how the rate depends on concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00172-00078164-00078855 So let's plot concentration on the x axis and rate on the y axis. SiBKOMs_K5g-00173-00078855-00079501 And since for the zero-order reaction the rate is constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00174-00079501-00079887 when we plot rate versus concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00175-00079887-00080287 if the rate is constant, then the rate should never change, SiBKOMs_K5g-00176-00080287-00080677 it's always constant, it's always the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00177-00080677-00081183 So, for a zero-order reaction, rate versus concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00178-00081183-00081482 we should simply get a horizontal line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00179-00081482-00081751 And so it's obvious how the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00180-00081751-00082350 Now, for the integrated rate law, if we know the time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00181-00082350-00082655 then we can calculate the new concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00182-00082655-00083069 So this tells us how concentration depends on time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00183-00083069-00083651 So let's plot time as the x-variable and concentration as the y-variable. SiBKOMs_K5g-00184-00083651-00084067 And since concentration is linear with time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00185-00084067-00084504 what we would see when we plot concentration versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00186-00084504-00084920 using this integrated rate law right here again, SiBKOMs_K5g-00187-00084920-00085295 we should see a straight line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00188-00085295-00085725 because concentration is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00189-00085725-00086431 Now, we can see the initial concentration is the y-intercept, SiBKOMs_K5g-00190-00086431-00086845 which should make sense because at the very beginning of the reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00191-00086845-00087117 the concentration is the initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00192-00087117-00087557 and as time progresses the concentration decreases, SiBKOMs_K5g-00193-00087557-00088052 and it decreases along a constant slope, SiBKOMs_K5g-00194-00088052-00088408 which is the negative of the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00195-00088408-00088997 Now think about this, when you have concentration versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00196-00088997-00089445 we know that the rate is change in concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00197-00089445-00089937 over change in time, which simplifies to this. SiBKOMs_K5g-00198-00089937-00090545 But when concentration is your y-variable and time is your x-variable, SiBKOMs_K5g-00199-00090545-00091131 then change in y over change in x, that's simply the slope. SiBKOMs_K5g-00200-00091131-00091567 Albeit a negative slope, but it's still the slope. SiBKOMs_K5g-00201-00091567-00092162 And since when you have a straight line the slope never changes, SiBKOMs_K5g-00202-00092162-00092579 and the rate is the slope, then the rate never changes. SiBKOMs_K5g-00203-00092579-00092935 So when you plot concentration versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00204-00092935-00093301 and you get a straight line, the slope doesn't change, SiBKOMs_K5g-00205-00093301-00093906 therefore the rate doesn't change. And so the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00206-00093906-00094252 Deriving the integrated rate law for a first order reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00207-00094252-00094638 is more tricky if we use an algebraic derivation SiBKOMs_K5g-00208-00094638-00095210 versus a calculus derivation, nevertheless, we're going to do both. SiBKOMs_K5g-00209-00095210-00095655 So starting with our generic reaction, A forms B, SiBKOMs_K5g-00210-00095655-00096432 the differential rate law, is rate, which is this expression right here, SiBKOMs_K5g-00211-00096432-00096813 it's equal to the rate constant times the concentration of the reactant SiBKOMs_K5g-00212-00096813-00097014 raised to the first power. SiBKOMs_K5g-00213-00097014-00097404 Now, we're going to take this differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00214-00097404-00097907 and using both an algebraic derivation, which is rather tricky, SiBKOMs_K5g-00215-00097907-00098432 and a calculus derivation, we'll obtain the corresponding SiBKOMs_K5g-00216-00098432-00098787 integrated rate law for a first order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00217-00098787-00099093 Now the integrated rate law for a first order reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00218-00099093-00099438 looks different that it does for a zero order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00219-00099438-00099993 So, let's see how we get this equation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00220-00099993-00100320 Let's go through the algebraic derivation first. SiBKOMs_K5g-00221-00100320-00101076 If we use the same sort of starting point that we used in the zero order case, SiBKOMs_K5g-00222-00101076-00101632 we would take our differential rate law over here and simplify it a little bit SiBKOMs_K5g-00223-00101632-00101864 to solve for the change in concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00224-00101864-00102415 So the change in concentration equals all of this over here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00225-00102415-00102840 Now this concentration term, concentration of A, SiBKOMs_K5g-00226-00102840-00103176 was not present in the zero order case. SiBKOMs_K5g-00227-00103176-00103709 And this is going to cause us trouble, but let's go ahead and proceed. SiBKOMs_K5g-00228-00103709-00104167 The change in concentration is final minus initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00229-00104167-00104629 and change in time is final minus the initial time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00230-00104629-00104910 But we still have this concentration term here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00231-00104910-00105283 And we cannot say that this is initial concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00232-00105283-00105688 or final concentration, because it's neither. SiBKOMs_K5g-00233-00105688-00106329 If we derive the integrated rate law, what we're trying to get to is an equation SiBKOMs_K5g-00234-00106329-00106858 with the final concentration on one side and everything else on the other. SiBKOMs_K5g-00235-00106858-00107425 We want to see how the final concentration depends on the time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00236-00107425-00107703 Now we can solve for final concentration here SiBKOMs_K5g-00237-00107703-00108316 by go ahead and moving the initial concentration over to the right, SiBKOMs_K5g-00238-00108316-00108623 but we would still have this term here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00239-00108623-00109151 So this is not going to work. We cannot get rid of that term. SiBKOMs_K5g-00240-00109151-00109558 We don't want that term in the final form of the integrated rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00241-00109558-00109983 so this is a stopping point for us. SiBKOMs_K5g-00242-00109983-00110384 We're going to use a different method to get the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00243-00110384-00111339 And that method is to use.. or really solve a problem, SiBKOMs_K5g-00244-00111339-00111629 which is very similar to the extra credit problem SiBKOMs_K5g-00245-00111629-00112003 that we used, or we saw in Lecture 12. SiBKOMs_K5g-00246-00112003-00112423 So, if you go back to Lecture 12, and you look at the slide SiBKOMs_K5g-00247-00112423-00112701 where we talked about first order reactions, SiBKOMs_K5g-00248-00112701-00113271 there's an extra credit problem, and this is very similar to that problem. SiBKOMs_K5g-00249-00113271-00113784 So if you go through this solution you can go back and probably solve SiBKOMs_K5g-00250-00113784-00114038 that extra credit problem much more easily, SiBKOMs_K5g-00251-00114038-00114233 by doing the same method. SiBKOMs_K5g-00252-00114233-00114508 So, let's read this problem. SiBKOMs_K5g-00253-00114508-00115250 If 64 atoms of A react, with a half-life of 10 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00254-00115250-00115530 then how long until 1 atom remains? SiBKOMs_K5g-00255-00115530-00116072 Now, a half-life of 10 seconds, let's remember that the half-life SiBKOMs_K5g-00256-00116072-00116428 is the time that it takes for half of the reactant SiBKOMs_K5g-00257-00116428-00116723 to turn into product. SiBKOMs_K5g-00258-00116723-00117365 So, if you start with 64 atoms of A, then after 10 seconds passes, SiBKOMs_K5g-00259-00117365-00117659 you'll have 32 atoms remaining. SiBKOMs_K5g-00260-00117659-00118092 And another 10 secons passes means half of that reacts, SiBKOMs_K5g-00261-00118092-00118527 and you'll left..or you'll be left with 16 atoms remaining. SiBKOMs_K5g-00262-00118527-00119014 So, we'll see that the solution to this problem SiBKOMs_K5g-00263-00119014-00119452 will actually provide us with the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00264-00119452-00120010 In order to solve this problem you might construct a table like this, SiBKOMs_K5g-00265-00120010-00120563 where at the very beginning, 0 seconds, you have all 64 atoms. SiBKOMs_K5g-00266-00120563-00121091 After 10 seconds passes, half of your reactant reacts, SiBKOMs_K5g-00267-00121091-00121354 and you're left with 32 atoms of A. SiBKOMs_K5g-00268-00121354-00121729 Another 10 seconds passes, you're left with 16. SiBKOMs_K5g-00269-00121729-00122255 Another 10...8. Another 10...4. SiBKOMs_K5g-00270-00122255-00122371 Another 10...2. SiBKOMs_K5g-00271-00122371-00122833 And finally, after 60 seconds passes you have 1 atom remain. SiBKOMs_K5g-00272-00122833-00123258 So the answer to this question is that it takes 60 seconds SiBKOMs_K5g-00273-00123258-00123526 for 1 atom to remain. SiBKOMs_K5g-00274-00123526-00123941 But, you may not want to construct a table like this. SiBKOMs_K5g-00275-00123941-00124253 You may realize what's actually being done SiBKOMs_K5g-00276-00124253-00124669 is that you're taking your initial number of atoms, SiBKOMs_K5g-00277-00124669-00125174 and you're multiplying it by one half, times another half, SiBKOMs_K5g-00278-00125174-00125429 times another half, times another, SiBKOMs_K5g-00279-00125429-00125951 times another, and finally times 6 halves. SiBKOMs_K5g-00280-00125951-00126388 So, you want to take your initial number of atoms, SiBKOMs_K5g-00281-00126388-00126807 and multiply it by 1/2 a certain number of times SiBKOMs_K5g-00282-00126807-00127076 in order to get to 1 atom. SiBKOMs_K5g-00283-00127076-00127644 And for this problem we see that n is going to be equal to 6. SiBKOMs_K5g-00284-00127644-00128166 So it takes 6 half-lives for 1 atom to remain. SiBKOMs_K5g-00285-00128166-00128390 Once you know how many half-lives it takes SiBKOMs_K5g-00286-00128390-00128728 then it's easy to calculate the time that it takes. SiBKOMs_K5g-00287-00128728-00129121 The time is simply the number of half-lives, n, SiBKOMs_K5g-00288-00129121-00129427 times the length of a half-life. SiBKOMs_K5g-00289-00129427-00130057 So, here we would take our 6 half-lives, multiplied by 10 seconds per half-life, SiBKOMs_K5g-00290-00130057-00130270 to get 60 seconds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00291-00130270-00130720 So again, we can use the equation to get the answer. SiBKOMs_K5g-00292-00130720-00131217 Now this equation is going to lead to the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00293-00131217-00131494 But before we do that derivation SiBKOMs_K5g-00294-00131494-00132144 let's go ahead and, and really verify that for first-order reactions, SiBKOMs_K5g-00295-00132144-00132473 the half-life is always 10 seconds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00296-00132473-00132770 Because that's what we're counting on here; SiBKOMs_K5g-00297-00132770-00133390 every 10 seconds passes, half of the reactant disappears again. SiBKOMs_K5g-00298-00133390-00133698 So that's sort-of assumed. SiBKOMs_K5g-00299-00133698-00134223 Now, this is unique to a first-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00300-00134223-00134553 First-order reactions do have constant half-lives; SiBKOMs_K5g-00301-00134553-00135023 a zero-order and a second-order reaction do not. SiBKOMs_K5g-00302-00135023-00135387 So a first-order reaction has a constant half-life. SiBKOMs_K5g-00303-00135387-00135697 And that's what allows us to solve the problem SiBKOMs_K5g-00304-00135697-00136086 using this equation. But can we verify that? SiBKOMs_K5g-00305-00136086-00136715 Can we make sure that first-order reaction has a constant half-life? SiBKOMs_K5g-00306-00136715-00136834 Well yes we can. SiBKOMs_K5g-00307-00136834-00137517 And we'll do that by doing another quick experiment, SiBKOMs_K5g-00308-00137517-00137799 kind of simlar to the first one. SiBKOMs_K5g-00309-00137799-00138228 This time we'll start with 1 mole of A, SiBKOMs_K5g-00310-00138228-00138650 and assuming that the half-life is 10 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00311-00138650-00138949 let's go ahead and see what happens. SiBKOMs_K5g-00312-00138949-00139428 After 10 seconds reacts, half of it disappears, SiBKOMs_K5g-00313-00139428-00139703 and we're left with 0.5 moles of A. SiBKOMs_K5g-00314-00139703-00140198 Another 10 seconds passes, we're left with 0.25. SiBKOMs_K5g-00315-00140198-00140691 And another 10 seconds passes, we're left with 0.125 moles of reactant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00316-00140691-00140991 So using this information right here, SiBKOMs_K5g-00317-00140991-00141316 which corresponds with a constant half-life, SiBKOMs_K5g-00318-00141316-00141949 can we check to see if this also corresponds with first-order kinetics? SiBKOMs_K5g-00319-00141949-00142441 And the way we would do that is to calculate the rates SiBKOMs_K5g-00320-00142441-00142750 over these 10-second intervals. SiBKOMs_K5g-00321-00142750-00143205 So over the first 10-second interval, what is the average rate? SiBKOMs_K5g-00322-00143205-00143590 And, let's remember that we calculate the rate SiBKOMs_K5g-00323-00143590-00144257 as negative change in concentration of reactant divided by change in time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00324-00144257-00144974 So although these are, technically, moles, we can just assume that our reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00325-00144974-00145458 is taking place in a one-liter container, and therefore our moles would be the same SiBKOMs_K5g-00326-00145458-00145774 as concentrations, or molarities. SiBKOMs_K5g-00327-00145774-00146324 So to calculate negative change in concentration over change in time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00328-00146324-00146844 we would do change in concentration as final minus initial. SiBKOMs_K5g-00329-00146844-00147437 That would give us 0.5 minus 1 would be -0.5 molarity. SiBKOMs_K5g-00330-00147437-00148091 Dividing by the change in time, 10 minus 0, that's 10 seconds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00331-00148091-00148938 So, -0.5 molarity divided by 10 seconds would be -0.05 molarity per second. SiBKOMs_K5g-00332-00148938-00149325 And since we take the negative of that, we would end up with a rate SiBKOMs_K5g-00333-00149325-00149742 of positive 0.05 molarity per second. SiBKOMs_K5g-00334-00149742-00150196 And over the next 10-second interval, the final minus initial concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00335-00150196-00150709 gives us -0.25 molarity, divided by another 10 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00336-00150709-00151176 that would be -0.025 molarity per second. SiBKOMs_K5g-00337-00151176-00151784 And then with the negative sign we get positive 0.025 molarity per second. SiBKOMs_K5g-00338-00151784-00152053 And doing this again for the third 10-second interval, SiBKOMs_K5g-00339-00152053-00152674 we'd be left with positive 0.0125 molarity per second. SiBKOMs_K5g-00340-00152674-00153094 So what we want to check is, SiBKOMs_K5g-00341-00153094-00153550 do these rates correspond with first-order kinetics? SiBKOMs_K5g-00342-00153550-00153913 And let's remember what first-order kinetics is. SiBKOMs_K5g-00343-00153913-00154528 It tells us that the rate is linearly related to the concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00344-00154528-00154999 Doubling the concentration doubles the rate, and so on. SiBKOMs_K5g-00345-00154999-00155305 So, does that happen here? SiBKOMs_K5g-00346-00155305-00155701 If we double the concentration, does the rate double? SiBKOMs_K5g-00347-00155701-00156228 Well, yes it does. Look at the first 10-second interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00348-00156228-00156510 The concentrations are twice as much SiBKOMs_K5g-00349-00156510-00156936 as they are during the next 10-second interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00350-00156936-00157191 And the rate is twice as fast SiBKOMs_K5g-00351-00157191-00157530 as it is during the next 10-second interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00352-00157530-00158084 And again, going from 10 to 20 seconds, versus 20 to 30 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00353-00158084-00158378 We see the concentration is twice as much SiBKOMs_K5g-00354-00158378-00158778 during this interval as it is during that interval, SiBKOMs_K5g-00355-00158778-00159221 and the rate is also twice as fast as it is during that interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00356-00159221-00159892 So yes, a constant half-life corresponds with first-order kinetics. SiBKOMs_K5g-00357-00159892-00160377 Doubling the concentration doubles the rate, and that is first order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00358-00160377-00160714 So this is a very important yes here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00359-00160714-00161136 Now this is not normally done in a text in general chemistry, SiBKOMs_K5g-00360-00161136-00161375 but it's done right here for you. SiBKOMs_K5g-00361-00161375-00161766 So, the answer is yes, first order reactions SiBKOMs_K5g-00362-00161766-00162330 do have a constant half-life, and yes we can use this equation SiBKOMs_K5g-00363-00162330-00162563 to get to the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00364-00162563-00163159 So this equation is valid. The half-life is always constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00365-00163159-00163421 And that's why we use this equation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00366-00163421-00163807 So let's continue on now with our algebra. SiBKOMs_K5g-00367-00163807-00164278 Let's take this equation and rearrange it a little bit. SiBKOMs_K5g-00368-00164278-00164850 If we multiply this equation by 2 to the n, on both sides, SiBKOMs_K5g-00369-00164850-00165415 then we would be left with this equation right here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00370-00165415-00165727 So again, we get from this one to that one SiBKOMs_K5g-00371-00165727-00166104 by multiplying both sides by 2 to the n power. SiBKOMs_K5g-00372-00166104-00166532 2 to the n times 1/2 to the n would just give you 1, SiBKOMs_K5g-00373-00166532-00167047 and so on the right-hand-side, we would be left with 1 times 2 to the n. SiBKOMs_K5g-00374-00167047-00167433 So this is the same equation; it looks just a little bit different. SiBKOMs_K5g-00375-00167433-00167974 Now, we're going to take this equation and work our way down here, SiBKOMs_K5g-00376-00167974-00168360 which is basically our integrated rate law for this problem. SiBKOMs_K5g-00377-00168360-00168869 So, the first thing we do is take the natural log of both sides. SiBKOMs_K5g-00378-00168869-00169658 And, the natural log of a product is the sum of the natural logs. SiBKOMs_K5g-00379-00169658-00169933 So we're left with this right here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00380-00169933-00170290 And we're going to solve for the natural log of 1 SiBKOMs_K5g-00381-00170290-00170509 by moving everything else to the other side, SiBKOMs_K5g-00382-00170509-00170792 and then flipping the entire equation around. SiBKOMs_K5g-00383-00170792-00171112 And so we're left with this, right here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00384-00171112-00171764 And then, finally, this exponent, n, we're going to bring that in front SiBKOMs_K5g-00385-00171764-00172048 of the natural log; we can do that. SiBKOMs_K5g-00386-00172048-00172447 And so we're left with this equation right here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00387-00172447-00172782 Now this is almost the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00388-00172782-00173485 The last thing to do is to realize that n, which represents the number of half-lives, SiBKOMs_K5g-00389-00173485-00173759 can be expressed in a different way. SiBKOMs_K5g-00390-00173759-00174576 Let's go back and see that n is related to the total time that it takes SiBKOMs_K5g-00391-00174576-00174804 as well as the half-life. SiBKOMs_K5g-00392-00174804-00175354 If we divide both sides by the half-life, we see that n is the total time SiBKOMs_K5g-00393-00175354-00175841 divided by the half-life; so let's rewrite it like that over here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00394-00175841-00176287 n is the total time, divided by the half-life. SiBKOMs_K5g-00395-00176287-00176544 Now we have our integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00396-00176544-00176952 So what we have with this equation SiBKOMs_K5g-00397-00176952-00177402 really corresponds with that equation over there. SiBKOMs_K5g-00398-00177402-00177688 And in that equation we see SiBKOMs_K5g-00399-00177688-00178070 that the natural log of the final concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00400-00178070-00178610 is equal to negative rate constant times the time that it takes SiBKOMs_K5g-00401-00178610-00179100 plus the natural log of the initial concentration. So let's check. SiBKOMs_K5g-00402-00179100-00179716 The natural log of the final number of atoms is equal to... SiBKOMs_K5g-00403-00179716-00180164 now here the rate constant, the constant k, SiBKOMs_K5g-00404-00180164-00180609 that's going to be the natural log of 2 divided by the half-life. SiBKOMs_K5g-00405-00180609-00181062 The natural log of 2 never changes, and the half-life never changes, SiBKOMs_K5g-00406-00181062-00181230 for a first-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00407-00181230-00181939 So we can just call these two numbers 'k', for our constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00408-00181939-00182390 So we're left with -t times the rate constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00409-00182390-00182712 plus the natural log of the initial number of atoms, SiBKOMs_K5g-00410-00182712-00183041 or the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00411-00183041-00183583 So this equation does lead to our integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00412-00183583-00183977 Now, you can see that it was pretty difficult SiBKOMs_K5g-00413-00183977-00184423 to get there using algebra, but we were still able to do it. SiBKOMs_K5g-00414-00184423-00184790 Let's do the calculus derivation, very quickly. SiBKOMs_K5g-00415-00184790-00185499 We take our differential rate law, and write the corresponding calculus form. SiBKOMs_K5g-00416-00185499-00186001 So our negative derivative of concentration with respect to time SiBKOMs_K5g-00417-00186001-00186429 is equal to k times the concentration of A, SiBKOMs_K5g-00418-00186429-00186980 and rearranging this a little bit, we are left with the following equation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00419-00186980-00187335 and this is a straightforward integration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00420-00187335-00187601 And so, we're left with the integrated form. SiBKOMs_K5g-00421-00187601-00188087 On the left hand side we have the natural log of the concentration of A, SiBKOMs_K5g-00422-00188087-00188450 integrated from initial to final concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00423-00188450-00189067 On the right we have -kt integrated from the initial to the final time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00424-00189067-00189352 And so doing that definite integral, SiBKOMs_K5g-00425-00189352-00189688 we're left with natural log of the final concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00426-00189688-00190019 minus natural log of the initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00427-00190019-00190555 that equals -k times the final time minus k times the initial time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00428-00190555-00190923 And we're, basically, almost home. SiBKOMs_K5g-00429-00190923-00191375 What we do at this point is we set our initial time to 0 SiBKOMs_K5g-00430-00191375-00191832 like we did for the zero-order reaction in the last slide. SiBKOMs_K5g-00431-00191832-00192130 That would cancel this term. SiBKOMs_K5g-00432-00192130-00192363 And instead of calling it the final concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00433-00192363-00192676 we'll just call it the concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00434-00192676-00193010 and we're left with our integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00435-00193010-00193501 Now, the integrated rate law is a different way of expressing SiBKOMs_K5g-00436-00193501-00193919 how fast the reaction goes. SiBKOMs_K5g-00437-00193919-00194397 What we have here is a relation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00438-00194397-00195123 which tells us how the natural log of the concentration depends on the time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00439-00195123-00195652 If we know the initial concentration, and we know the rate constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00440-00195652-00196151 then we can plug in any time and then calculate the new... SiBKOMs_K5g-00441-00196151-00196383 natural log of the new concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00442-00196383-00196742 But, of course, if you know the natural log of the new concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00443-00196742-00196916 you can figure out the new concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00444-00196916-00197823 So, really, what we have is the ability to plug in any time that has passed, SiBKOMs_K5g-00445-00197823-00198191 and then calculate how much concentration we have left. SiBKOMs_K5g-00446-00198191-00198473 And that's what the integrated rate laws tell us. SiBKOMs_K5g-00447-00198473-00198921 If you tell me how much time has passed I will calculate and tell you SiBKOMs_K5g-00448-00198921-00199163 how much concentration remains. SiBKOMs_K5g-00449-00199163-00199847 Now, again, this is compared with the differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00450-00199847-00200223 Using the differential rate law to describe the reaction rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00451-00200223-00200497 you tell me how much concentration there is SiBKOMs_K5g-00452-00200497-00200910 and I will tell you how fast it's going. SiBKOMs_K5g-00453-00200910-00201416 So two different ways to describe the reaction rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00454-00201416-00201764 Perhaps a better way to see how these ways are related SiBKOMs_K5g-00455-00201764-00202069 is to plot them on a graph. SiBKOMs_K5g-00456-00202069-00202727 Since the differential rate law tells us how the rate depends on the concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00457-00202727-00203254 let's go ahead and plot rate versus concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00458-00203254-00203715 And since the integrated rate law tells us how concentration depends on time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00459-00203715-00204079 let's plot concentration versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00460-00204079-00204438 Now, here's our differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00461-00204438-00205013 and plotting rate versus concentration for several different concentrations, SiBKOMs_K5g-00462-00205013-00205425 we should see that our points fall on a line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00463-00205425-00205808 and that's because rate is linearly related to concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00464-00205808-00206090 So the points should fall on a straight line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00465-00206090-00206476 and the slope of this line is the rate constant, k. SiBKOMs_K5g-00466-00206476-00206905 You have y = m x type of equation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00467-00206905-00207429 and so the slope in the line equals the rate constant, k. SiBKOMs_K5g-00468-00207429-00207895 Now, if you recall our zero-order differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00469-00207895-00208105 the rate was constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00470-00208105-00208449 and when we plotted rate versus concentration in that case, SiBKOMs_K5g-00471-00208449-00208827 the rate never changed; it was a horizontal line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00472-00208827-00209328 But here, it's a... it has a slope. SiBKOMs_K5g-00473-00209328-00209802 Now, if we plot concentration versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00474-00209802-00210240 and I've written the integrated rate law up here for you, SiBKOMs_K5g-00475-00210240-00210653 the integrated rate law tells us that concentration is not SiBKOMs_K5g-00476-00210653-00211215 linearly related to the time, as it was in the zero case. SiBKOMs_K5g-00477-00211215-00211501 So if we plot concentration versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00478-00211501-00211988 we should not get points that fall on a straight line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00479-00211988-00212344 We would get this sort-of curved relationship. SiBKOMs_K5g-00480-00212344-00212666 And at the very beginning, that would, or course, SiBKOMs_K5g-00481-00212666-00213031 be our initial concentration, but as time progresses, SiBKOMs_K5g-00482-00213031-00213523 the drop in the concentration would not be a linear drop; SiBKOMs_K5g-00483-00213523-00213900 it would have this sort-of curved nature to it. SiBKOMs_K5g-00484-00213900-00214296 So this is not the plot that we want. SiBKOMs_K5g-00485-00214296-00214596 Using a first-order reaction integrated rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00486-00214596-00214746 we see that we should be plotting SiBKOMs_K5g-00487-00214746-00215188 natural log of concentration versus the time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00488-00215188-00215583 This is our y = m x + b type of an equation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00489-00215583-00216104 And so rather than plotting the concentrations versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00490-00216104-00216385 we calculate the natural logs of the concentrations, SiBKOMs_K5g-00491-00216385-00216711 and we plot them versus time, and then those points SiBKOMs_K5g-00492-00216711-00216886 would fall on a straight line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00493-00216886-00217282 And, in this case, at the very beginning, SiBKOMs_K5g-00494-00217282-00217694 we would have the natural log of our initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00495-00217694-00217895 which makes sense, because at the beginning, SiBKOMs_K5g-00496-00217895-00218095 that's our initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00497-00218095-00218541 so that would be natural log of the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00498-00218541-00218898 And the slope would be the negative rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00499-00218898-00219222 And we can see that from the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00500-00219222-00219860 So, it's a little bit different than it is for a zero-order reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00501-00219860-00220499 but you can still see the relation between integrated and differential. SiBKOMs_K5g-00502-00220499-00220898 A reaction is second order with respect to its reactant SiBKOMs_K5g-00503-00220898-00221372 if the rate law tells us that the rate, which is this expression, SiBKOMs_K5g-00504-00221372-00221819 is a constant times the concentration squared. SiBKOMs_K5g-00505-00221819-00222155 Now, we can take this differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00506-00222155-00222510 and using the same sort of calculus derivation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00507-00222510-00222831 derive the corresponding integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00508-00222831-00223083 And I'll remind you what we did. SiBKOMs_K5g-00509-00223083-00223597 We turned our differential rate law into it's calculus form, SiBKOMs_K5g-00510-00223597-00224041 and then using the power rule, we got to the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00511-00224041-00224203 And that's what we do here again. SiBKOMs_K5g-00512-00224203-00224577 Now, I'm not going to go through the steps in this case; SiBKOMs_K5g-00513-00224577-00224958 you can stop the video and check them if you like. SiBKOMs_K5g-00514-00224958-00225592 But the point is that we used the same technique in calculus, SiBKOMs_K5g-00515-00225592-00225896 but this time it's not easy to do using algebra. SiBKOMs_K5g-00516-00225896-00226236 In fact, I don't know how to do it. SiBKOMs_K5g-00517-00226236-00226664 If any of you out there in the audience know of an algebraic derivation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00518-00226664-00226936 or if you see one, then please let me know, SiBKOMs_K5g-00519-00226936-00227442 and I'll probably cite it in the notes below this video, on YouTube. SiBKOMs_K5g-00520-00227442-00227923 But when you're dealing with second, or even higher-order reactions, SiBKOMs_K5g-00521-00227923-00228492 it's much easier to use calculus to get to the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00522-00228492-00228974 However, it's not as important to be able to derive the integrated rate law SiBKOMs_K5g-00523-00228974-00229225 as it is to be able to use it. SiBKOMs_K5g-00524-00229225-00229524 So let's have a look at this rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00525-00229524-00229727 The integrated rate law tells us SiBKOMs_K5g-00526-00229727-00230367 that the inverse concentration, which is 1 over the new concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00527-00230367-00230742 is equal to the rate constant times the time that is passed SiBKOMs_K5g-00528-00230742-00231081 plus 1 over the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00529-00231081-00231652 Now, again, the integrated rate law tells us the relation SiBKOMs_K5g-00530-00231652-00232053 between time and concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00531-00232053-00232530 If you tell me how much time has passed I can plug it in, SiBKOMs_K5g-00532-00232530-00232894 as long as I know the rate constant and initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00533-00232894-00233288 I can calculate the new, inverse concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00534-00233288-00233552 And, of course, if you know the inverse concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00535-00233552-00233828 you can get back to the new concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00536-00233828-00234295 Again, the integrated rate law explains the relationship SiBKOMs_K5g-00537-00234295-00234606 between time and concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00538-00234606-00234990 whereas the differential rate law explains the relationship SiBKOMs_K5g-00539-00234990-00235244 between concentration and rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00540-00235244-00235744 Two alternative ways to express the reaction rate. SiBKOMs_K5g-00541-00235744-00236408 Now, the integrated rate law, again, has a linear form. SiBKOMs_K5g-00542-00236408-00236769 But this time it's the inverse concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00543-00236769-00237121 which plays our y-variable. SiBKOMs_K5g-00544-00237121-00237773 So if we're to compare these two rate laws on a graph, SiBKOMs_K5g-00545-00237773-00238157 the differential rate law, we are going to, again, SiBKOMs_K5g-00546-00238157-00238586 plot concentration as our x-variable and rate as our y-variable. SiBKOMs_K5g-00547-00238586-00239154 But for the integrated rate law we can see that it's the inverse concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00548-00239154-00239638 which is our y-variable, and again time is our x-variable. SiBKOMs_K5g-00549-00239638-00239945 So let's see these plots. SiBKOMs_K5g-00550-00239945-00240146 Here's our differential rate law again. SiBKOMs_K5g-00551-00240146-00240686 And we can see that the rate is a constant times the concentration squared. SiBKOMs_K5g-00552-00240686-00241156 So if we plot the rates of several concentrations SiBKOMs_K5g-00553-00241156-00241824 then these points should fall on a parabola, and that's what they do. SiBKOMs_K5g-00554-00241824-00242379 And as the concentration increases the rate really starts to increase; SiBKOMs_K5g-00555-00242379-00242732 it's related to the concentration squared. SiBKOMs_K5g-00556-00242732-00243500 But for the concentration versus time, if we try to plot that, SiBKOMs_K5g-00557-00243500-00243921 just concentration versus time for several points, SiBKOMs_K5g-00558-00243921-00244141 then they would not fall on a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00559-00244141-00244394 And that's because for a second-order reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00560-00244394-00244833 it's not concentration which is linear with time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00561-00244833-00245207 but it's the inverse concentration which is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00562-00245207-00245541 And that's what the integrated rate law is telling us. SiBKOMs_K5g-00563-00245541-00246113 Now, if we take this same data and we calculate the inverse concentrations, SiBKOMs_K5g-00564-00246113-00246544 and we plot them versus time, then they would fall on a line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00565-00246544-00246955 and this time that line would be sloped upwards. SiBKOMs_K5g-00566-00246955-00247230 And we can see that. SiBKOMs_K5g-00567-00247230-00247891 At the very beginning our y-intercept would be 1 over the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00568-00247891-00248121 And that's what the equation also tells us. SiBKOMs_K5g-00569-00248121-00248792 And also the slope of this line, we can see is simply the rate constant, k. SiBKOMs_K5g-00570-00248792-00249177 Now, before we move on, let's go ahead and have a look SiBKOMs_K5g-00571-00249177-00249797 at one more important equation, and that's the half-life equation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00572-00249797-00250110 Recall that the half-life is the time, t, SiBKOMs_K5g-00573-00250110-00250597 that it takes for one-half of the initial concentration to react. SiBKOMs_K5g-00574-00250597-00251276 So it's the amount of time that it takes for half of the reactant to disappear. SiBKOMs_K5g-00575-00251276-00251652 Now, in order to reach that point, SiBKOMs_K5g-00576-00251652-00252053 the new concentration will end up being equal SiBKOMs_K5g-00577-00252053-00252321 to 1/2 of the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00578-00252321-00253094 So that's the situation that occurs when you've reached the half-life time; SiBKOMs_K5g-00579-00253094-00253707 your new concentration is simply 1/2 of the previous concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00580-00253707-00254109 Now if we want to figure out how much time it takes to get there, SiBKOMs_K5g-00581-00254109-00254627 what we can do is we can use this as our new concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00582-00254627-00254917 and plug that into the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00583-00254917-00255613 So, 1 over the new concentration is k times the time SiBKOMs_K5g-00584-00255613-00255894 plus 1 over the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00585-00255894-00256484 Now, if we solve for the time that's going to be the half-life time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00586-00256484-00257165 So, doing that, solving for the time, you do a little bit of algebra, SiBKOMs_K5g-00587-00257165-00257782 and the time is 1 over the rate constant over the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00588-00257782-00258395 But this time let's observed that the half-life time is not constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00589-00258395-00258780 as it was during the first-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00590-00258780-00259283 If you recall from our previous slide, the half-life was always constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00591-00259283-00259645 The half-life never changed; it was always 10 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00592-00259645-00260072 or whatever it is, so every 10 seconds that passes, SiBKOMs_K5g-00593-00260072-00260383 half of your reactant disappears again. SiBKOMs_K5g-00594-00260383-00260671 But this time the half-life changes SiBKOMs_K5g-00595-00260671-00261151 depending on what your previous concentration was. SiBKOMs_K5g-00596-00261151-00261591 Now, perhaps this is a little bit difficult to comprehend, SiBKOMs_K5g-00597-00261591-00261926 without looking at some experimental data. SiBKOMs_K5g-00598-00261926-00262299 So here's some sample data for us to look at. SiBKOMs_K5g-00599-00262299-00263089 At different times we have the measured concentrations of the reactant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00600-00263089-00263471 Now, before we look at the half-life SiBKOMs_K5g-00601-00263471-00263820 let's first make sure this is a second-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00602-00263820-00264106 And for second-order reactions, you recall SiBKOMs_K5g-00603-00264106-00264494 that if you double the concentration of the reactant SiBKOMs_K5g-00604-00264494-00264869 then it should go four times as fast. SiBKOMs_K5g-00605-00264869-00265245 So let's make sure that's happening over here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00606-00265245-00265549 So at different times here are the corresponding concentrations. SiBKOMs_K5g-00607-00265549-00266153 Now let's calculate a couple of rates and compare them with the concentrations. SiBKOMs_K5g-00608-00266153-00266585 So over the first 10-second interval, the rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00609-00266585-00266816 which is this expression right here, SiBKOMs_K5g-00610-00266816-00267246 would be final minus initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00611-00267246-00267647 which would give us -0.64 molarity. SiBKOMs_K5g-00612-00267647-00268038 That's divided by the final minus the initlal time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00613-00268038-00268605 So we would end up getting -0.064 molarity per second, SiBKOMs_K5g-00614-00268605-00269175 but with the negative sign, we get positive 0.064 molarity per second, SiBKOMs_K5g-00615-00269175-00269552 and that's the average rate over the first interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00616-00269552-00269915 Now the next interval is actually 20 seconds long, SiBKOMs_K5g-00617-00269915-00270336 but we can still calculate the average rate over this. SiBKOMs_K5g-00618-00270336-00271032 The final minus the initial concentration would give us -0.32 molarity, SiBKOMs_K5g-00619-00271032-00271765 dividing by 20 seconds would give us -0.016 molarity per second, SiBKOMs_K5g-00620-00271765-00272344 but with the negative sign we get positive 0.016 molarity per second. SiBKOMs_K5g-00621-00272344-00272639 Now let's see if this is second-order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00622-00272639-00273245 We can see that the first interval, the concentrations are twice as much SiBKOMs_K5g-00623-00273245-00273572 as they are during the second interval, SiBKOMs_K5g-00624-00273572-00274114 and the rate is four times as fast as it is during the second interval. SiBKOMs_K5g-00625-00274114-00274541 So this is a second-order situation right here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00626-00274541-00274761 Now let's check out the half-life. SiBKOMs_K5g-00627-00274761-00275165 Well the half-life is almost automatically given to us in this case. SiBKOMs_K5g-00628-00275165-00275746 It's simply the time that it takes for half of the reactant to disappear. SiBKOMs_K5g-00629-00275746-00276131 And we can see that right here, during this interval, SiBKOMs_K5g-00630-00276131-00276628 it's 10 seconds that it takes for half of the reactant to disappear, SiBKOMs_K5g-00631-00276628-00277089 but during the next interval, it's 20 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00632-00277089-00277605 to go 0.64 to 0.32 it takes us 20 seconds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00633-00277605-00277892 So, the half-life is growing; SiBKOMs_K5g-00634-00277892-00278336 the longer the reaction progresses the longer the half-life is. SiBKOMs_K5g-00635-00278336-00278721 Now I've added some more data for you to look at if you like, SiBKOMs_K5g-00636-00278721-00279076 and you can see that as the reaction progresses, SiBKOMs_K5g-00637-00279076-00279375 the half-life increases. SiBKOMs_K5g-00638-00279375-00279656 So that's what occurs for a second-order reaction; SiBKOMs_K5g-00639-00279656-00279901 the half-life does change. SiBKOMs_K5g-00640-00279901-00280357 Now, one final point, which is sort-of as an aside, SiBKOMs_K5g-00641-00280357-00280577 if you wanted to calculate the rate constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00642-00280577-00280879 given this experimental data, SiBKOMs_K5g-00643-00280879-00281194 we can see that the rate constant is related to the half-life SiBKOMs_K5g-00644-00281194-00281510 and the previous concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00645-00281510-00281853 and you can use any two pairs of points to get this. SiBKOMs_K5g-00646-00281853-00282376 So, we can use the first two sets of data, SiBKOMs_K5g-00647-00282376-00282766 and using this equation, solve for the rate constant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00648-00282766-00283203 which is 1 over the half-life, over the initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00649-00283203-00283529 and here the half-life is 10 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00650-00283529-00283903 and the initial concentration is 1.28 molarity. SiBKOMs_K5g-00651-00283903-00284136 So calculating this we would get a rate constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00652-00284136-00284948 of 0.0781 molarity to the negative 1, second to the negative 1. SiBKOMs_K5g-00653-00284948-00285340 Since we're covered so much ground involving the reaction rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00654-00285340-00285725 it's probably a good idea to summarize what we've been through. SiBKOMs_K5g-00655-00285725-00286191 So, let's begin with our old friend, the generic reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00656-00286191-00286468 A plus B forms C. SiBKOMs_K5g-00657-00286468-00286853 Now here, there are three ways to define the reaction rate; SiBKOMs_K5g-00658-00286853-00287102 that's because we have three different species. SiBKOMs_K5g-00659-00287102-00287381 For instance, the rate of change of reactant A SiBKOMs_K5g-00660-00287381-00287915 would be change in concentration of A over change in time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00661-00287915-00288339 But these three rates are not equivalent SiBKOMs_K5g-00662-00288339-00288730 unless we precede them by the proper factors. SiBKOMs_K5g-00663-00288730-00289205 And the reactants are preceded by negative 1 over their coefficients SiBKOMs_K5g-00664-00289205-00289619 and the product by positive 1 over it's coefficient. SiBKOMs_K5g-00665-00289619-00289875 Then the three rates would be equivalent, SiBKOMs_K5g-00666-00289875-00290225 and we can call that the rate of the reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00667-00290225-00290730 But there's a different way to determine the reaction rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00668-00290730-00291057 and that's using the differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00669-00291057-00291406 The differential rate law tells us how the rate SiBKOMs_K5g-00670-00291406-00291824 depends on the concentrations of the reactants. SiBKOMs_K5g-00671-00291824-00292250 And specifically, it says that the rate equals a constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00672-00292250-00292702 times the concentrations raised to certain exponents. SiBKOMs_K5g-00673-00292702-00293196 These exponents are called the orders with respect to the reactant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00674-00293196-00293390 and this is called the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00675-00293390-00293893 Now, every reaction has its own differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00676-00293893-00294203 And if you know what the differential rate law is, SiBKOMs_K5g-00677-00294203-00294673 meaning you know what the exponents are, and you know what the rate constant is, SiBKOMs_K5g-00678-00294673-00294978 then you can substitute in any concentrations SiBKOMs_K5g-00679-00294978-00295293 and calculate how fast it would be going. SiBKOMs_K5g-00680-00295293-00295625 So it's a pretty useful equation to know. SiBKOMs_K5g-00681-00295625-00295924 Now, when we talked about the differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00682-00295924-00296452 in our previous lecture, we went through the three cases, SiBKOMs_K5g-00683-00296452-00296768 zero-order, first-order and second-order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00684-00296768-00297097 So let's recall those, briefly. SiBKOMs_K5g-00685-00297097-00297799 A reaction is zero-order when the exponent with respect to the reactant, equals 0. SiBKOMs_K5g-00686-00297799-00298268 And since the concentration raised to the 0 power is simply 1, SiBKOMs_K5g-00687-00298268-00298743 then that would not be involved in the differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00688-00298743-00299210 And so, for a zero-order reaction the rate is constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00689-00299210-00299463 with respect to that reactant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00690-00299463-00299829 So this is a pretty simple differential rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00691-00299829-00300166 It simply says that the rate is constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00692-00300166-00300544 It does not depend on the concentration at all. SiBKOMs_K5g-00693-00300544-00300989 So, we say that that's the case for an enzyme system. SiBKOMs_K5g-00694-00300989-00301456 For an enzyme it doesn't matter how much reactant you have in there, SiBKOMs_K5g-00695-00301456-00301768 the rate of the reaction is always the same. SiBKOMs_K5g-00696-00301768-00301939 So it's a pretty interesting case. SiBKOMs_K5g-00697-00301939-00302419 You can go back and look at Lecture 12 to see how the enzyme works. SiBKOMs_K5g-00698-00302419-00302827 Now in this differential rate law the units of the rate constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00699-00302827-00303504 are molarity to the 1 power, seconds to the -1 power. SiBKOMs_K5g-00700-00303504-00304153 We saw that nuclear decay is a first-order situation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00701-00304153-00304668 And a reaction is first order when the rate is equal to a constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00702-00304668-00305047 times the concentration raised to the 1 power. SiBKOMs_K5g-00703-00305047-00305473 Now this time, if you double the concentration of the reactant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00704-00305473-00305770 the rate would double - it would be twice as fast. SiBKOMs_K5g-00705-00305770-00306280 And if you triple the concentration, the rate would triple, and so on. SiBKOMs_K5g-00706-00306280-00306901 Again, that's nuclear decay - it exhibits first-order kinetics. SiBKOMs_K5g-00707-00306901-00307531 Now, here the rate constant has units of seconds to the -1 power. SiBKOMs_K5g-00708-00307531-00308377 Now, we saw that a second-order situation is exhibited by the collision model. SiBKOMs_K5g-00709-00308377-00308943 This time the rate is equal to a constant times the concentration squared. SiBKOMs_K5g-00710-00308943-00309418 And here if you double the concentration, the rate quadruples. SiBKOMs_K5g-00711-00309418-00309610 So that's the collision model. SiBKOMs_K5g-00712-00309610-00310276 Here, the rate constant has units of molarity to the -1, seconds to the -1. SiBKOMs_K5g-00713-00310276-00310976 Now, the differential rate law, no matter which case you're talking about, SiBKOMs_K5g-00714-00310976-00311574 it tells us how the rate of the reaction depends on the concentrations. SiBKOMs_K5g-00715-00311574-00312035 So, rate depends on concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00716-00312035-00312490 But, what we can do is we can take these three differential rate laws SiBKOMs_K5g-00717-00312490-00312830 and derive the corresponding integrated rate laws, SiBKOMs_K5g-00718-00312830-00313450 and the integrated rate laws tells us how the concentration depends on the time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00719-00313450-00313700 And if you have a zero-order reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00720-00313700-00314091 it's the concentration, which is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00721-00314091-00314519 If it's first-order it's natural log, which is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00722-00314519-00314865 And if it's second-order it's the inverse concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00723-00314865-00315059 which is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00724-00315059-00315527 So, we'll compare these two types of rate laws SiBKOMs_K5g-00725-00315527-00315772 using graphs in just a moment. SiBKOMs_K5g-00726-00315772-00316145 But first let's take a look at the corresponding half-life equations SiBKOMs_K5g-00727-00316145-00316427 for zero, first and second order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00728-00316427-00316808 Now, in our previous slide we derived the half-life expression SiBKOMs_K5g-00729-00316808-00317026 for a second-order reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00730-00317026-00317644 And, you can see that it depends on the rate constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00731-00317644-00318016 as well as the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00732-00318016-00318403 You can use the same sort-of technique to get the half-life equation SiBKOMs_K5g-00733-00318403-00318701 for first and zero-order reactions. SiBKOMs_K5g-00734-00318701-00319233 But, what you want to notice here is that if the reaction is first-order, SiBKOMs_K5g-00735-00319233-00319734 then the half-life does not depend on the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00736-00319734-00320066 It's just the natural log of 2 divided by the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00737-00320066-00320593 And, since it doesn't depend on the initial concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00738-00320593-00321039 the half-life is always going to give you the same number. SiBKOMs_K5g-00739-00321039-00321544 It's always constant. So it's always 10 seconds, or whatever. SiBKOMs_K5g-00740-00321544-00321898 So if it's 10 seconds, then every 10 seconds, SiBKOMs_K5g-00741-00321898-00322189 then half of your reactant reacts. SiBKOMs_K5g-00742-00322189-00322785 So that was the case for nuclear decay. The half-life was always the same. SiBKOMs_K5g-00743-00322785-00323158 So, if you have a zero-order, or second-order reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00744-00323158-00323520 the half-life changes as the reaction proceeds. SiBKOMs_K5g-00745-00323520-00323827 But for first-order reactions the half-life is always constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00746-00323827-00324225 So that's an interesting situation. SiBKOMs_K5g-00747-00324225-00324506 Now let's take these differential and integrated rate laws, SiBKOMs_K5g-00748-00324506-00324943 and compare them, using graphs. SiBKOMs_K5g-00749-00324943-00325442 And since differential rate laws tell us how rate depends on concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00750-00325442-00325741 we'll plot rate versus concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00751-00325741-00325873 And for the integrated rate laws SiBKOMs_K5g-00752-00325873-00326347 we'll plot the corresponding terms versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00753-00326347-00327171 So, here are the plots, for zero, first and second order reactions. SiBKOMs_K5g-00754-00327171-00327607 Here are the differential rate law plots and the integrated rate law plots. SiBKOMs_K5g-00755-00327607-00327934 So, if a reaction is zero-order, SiBKOMs_K5g-00756-00327934-00328438 and you plot rate versus concentration for several points, SiBKOMs_K5g-00757-00328438-00328896 then we should see that those points fall along a horizontal line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00758-00328896-00329159 And that's because the rate is always constant SiBKOMs_K5g-00759-00329159-00329620 for a zero-order reaction; it's always the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00760-00329620-00330084 So again, the rate is simply constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00761-00330084-00330271 If a reaction is first-order SiBKOMs_K5g-00762-00330271-00330650 then the rate is linear with concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00763-00330650-00331191 So we should see the points fall along a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00764-00331191-00331478 And we do. If you plot rate versus concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00765-00331478-00331642 for a first-order reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00766-00331642-00331958 then you would get the points falling along a line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00767-00331958-00332490 and the slope of this line we can see is the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00768-00332490-00332697 If a reaction is second-order SiBKOMs_K5g-00769-00332697-00333048 then the rate depends on the concentration squared. SiBKOMs_K5g-00770-00333048-00333425 So this time the points should fall along a parabola. SiBKOMs_K5g-00771-00333425-00333705 And that's what we see happen. SiBKOMs_K5g-00772-00333705-00334024 We see the points falling along a parabola. SiBKOMs_K5g-00773-00334024-00334472 And as the concentration increases the rate really starts to increase, SiBKOMs_K5g-00774-00334472-00334796 since it depends on the concentration squared. SiBKOMs_K5g-00775-00334796-00335115 Now the corresponding integrated rate laws SiBKOMs_K5g-00776-00335115-00335775 for a zero order reaction we see that the concentration is linear with time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00777-00335775-00336272 And so the points, if you plot concentration versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00778-00336272-00336433 should fall along a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00779-00336433-00336764 Now, here you want to notice that the y-intercept SiBKOMs_K5g-00780-00336764-00337338 is the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00781-00337338-00338000 And the slope of this line, we can see is the negative rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00782-00338000-00338405 If a reaction is first-order then we should be plotting SiBKOMs_K5g-00783-00338405-00338817 the natural logs of the concentraions versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00784-00338817-00339229 And only then would the points fall along a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00785-00339229-00339563 If you have a first-order reaction and you try plotting SiBKOMs_K5g-00786-00339563-00340003 concentration versus time the points would not fall along a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00787-00340003-00340519 So if it's first-order you have to plot natural log of concentrations versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00788-00340519-00340749 Then they would fall along a straight line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00789-00340749-00341066 And this time the y-intercept would be the natural log SiBKOMs_K5g-00790-00341066-00341271 of the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00791-00341271-00341675 And again, the slope of the line would be the negative rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00792-00341675-00342104 Now, a second order reaction, it's the inverse concentration, SiBKOMs_K5g-00793-00342104-00342400 which is linear versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00794-00342400-00342844 So, here the points would fall along a line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00795-00342844-00343097 which is sloped upwards this time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00796-00343097-00343752 Now, the y-intercept is simply the inverse of the initial concentration. SiBKOMs_K5g-00797-00343752-00344239 And this time the slope is simply k. SiBKOMs_K5g-00798-00344239-00344855 So there is a lot of information on this slide in regards to kinetics. SiBKOMs_K5g-00799-00344855-00345210 But before we continue on in our next video, SiBKOMs_K5g-00800-00345210-00345792 let's do one more example in which we determine the order of a reactant, SiBKOMs_K5g-00801-00345792-00346256 but this time we'll use the integrated rate laws. SiBKOMs_K5g-00802-00346256-00346601 If a chemist needs to determine the reaction order SiBKOMs_K5g-00803-00346601-00346989 and/or the rate constant of a chemical reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00804-00346989-00347359 then it's probably easier to do an experiment SiBKOMs_K5g-00805-00347359-00347822 and then use the integrated rate law versus the differential rate law, SiBKOMs_K5g-00806-00347822-00348131 as we did in our previous lecture. SiBKOMs_K5g-00807-00348131-00348584 Let's take a look at how we do this using the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00808-00348584-00349268 Given this simple reaction, cyclobutane, C4H8, SiBKOMs_K5g-00809-00349268-00349534 forms two ethylene molecules. SiBKOMs_K5g-00810-00349534-00349986 Now, we can get a better look at this reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00811-00349986-00350647 Cyclobutane is a four-member carbon ring, and each carbon has two hydrogens. SiBKOMs_K5g-00812-00350647-00351197 And what happens during the reaction is this molecule splits apart SiBKOMs_K5g-00813-00351197-00351809 into two equivalent pieces, which are the ethylene molecules. SiBKOMs_K5g-00814-00351809-00352152 Now suppose we want to determine the order of the reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00815-00352152-00352572 with respect to the cyclobutane, as well as the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00816-00352572-00353267 Well, what you can do in the laboratory is you can run this experiment, SiBKOMs_K5g-00817-00353267-00353848 and at several different times measure the corresponding concentrations SiBKOMs_K5g-00818-00353848-00354207 of the reactants, and given this set of data, SiBKOMs_K5g-00819-00354207-00354445 which is pretty simple to collect, SiBKOMs_K5g-00820-00354445-00354772 we can then go on to determine the reaction order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00821-00354772-00355408 Now, what we'll need in addition to the concentrations at these times SiBKOMs_K5g-00822-00355408-00356050 are the natural logs of the concenrations and also the inverse concentrations. SiBKOMs_K5g-00823-00356050-00356489 So we would calculate the natural log of 1, which is 0, SiBKOMs_K5g-00824-00356489-00356873 and the corresponding natural logs of the rest of the concentrations, SiBKOMs_K5g-00825-00356873-00357120 and also the inverse concentrations. SiBKOMs_K5g-00826-00357120-00357445 So, 1 divided by the concentration SiBKOMs_K5g-00827-00357445-00357884 would give us this set of numbers right here. SiBKOMs_K5g-00828-00357884-00358493 Now, these three sets of numbers are going to help us determine SiBKOMs_K5g-00829-00358493-00358991 if it's zero-order, first-order or second-order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00830-00358991-00359225 And it's pretty simple to do at this point; SiBKOMs_K5g-00831-00359225-00359457 once you have the proper numbers SiBKOMs_K5g-00832-00359457-00359796 all you have to do is plot the proper graphs. SiBKOMs_K5g-00833-00359796-00360093 So let's look at these three graphs. SiBKOMs_K5g-00834-00360093-00360431 If we want to check if the reaction is zero-order, SiBKOMs_K5g-00835-00360431-00360933 then we would plot the concentrations versus times. SiBKOMs_K5g-00836-00360933-00361297 So, these would be our x-y points. SiBKOMs_K5g-00837-00361297-00361570 Here's one point, and the rest of the points. SiBKOMs_K5g-00838-00361570-00362014 And if you plot these points on a concentration versus time plot SiBKOMs_K5g-00839-00362014-00362588 you would see that the points form this sort-of curved shape. SiBKOMs_K5g-00840-00362588-00362951 Now remember that we're looking for a line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00841-00362951-00363632 So, that may not be it right there; that might be a little bit too curved. SiBKOMs_K5g-00842-00363632-00364235 So, we'll take our next set of numbers, and we'll plot these versus those, SiBKOMs_K5g-00843-00364235-00364560 the natural log of the concentration versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00844-00364560-00364941 And this time the points do look like they fall on a straight line. SiBKOMs_K5g-00845-00364941-00365328 But let's go ahead and check the third set of numbers. SiBKOMs_K5g-00846-00365328-00365705 So we'll plot the inverse concentration versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00847-00365705-00365986 So these will be our x-y points. SiBKOMs_K5g-00848-00365986-00366474 And doing that we get this third plot, which now is sloped upwards. SiBKOMs_K5g-00849-00366474-00366865 But it looks like the yellow points, sort-of are curved again. SiBKOMs_K5g-00850-00366865-00367358 Now, if we're not quite sure which one looks the most linear, SiBKOMs_K5g-00851-00367358-00367925 what we can do is draw the best-fit line, SiBKOMs_K5g-00852-00367925-00368420 or the linear least squared regression line through those points. SiBKOMs_K5g-00853-00368420-00368960 And what the computer would do would be to take these set of points SiBKOMs_K5g-00854-00368960-00369558 and draw the most representative line going through those points. SiBKOMs_K5g-00855-00369558-00369950 And, you can ask the computer to give you the equation of the line SiBKOMs_K5g-00856-00369950-00370157 as well as the R-squared value. SiBKOMs_K5g-00857-00370157-00370577 And the R-squared value tells you how linear your points are. SiBKOMs_K5g-00858-00370577-00371148 So, R-squared values closer to 1 mean that the points are more linear. SiBKOMs_K5g-00859-00371148-00371504 So, if we draw the best-fit line through these points SiBKOMs_K5g-00860-00371504-00371848 we get the following equation with it's R-squared value. SiBKOMs_K5g-00861-00371848-00372245 And if we do it for the natural log versus time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00862-00372245-00372495 we get it's equation and R-squared value, SiBKOMs_K5g-00863-00372495-00372921 and also for the inverse concentrations versus time. SiBKOMs_K5g-00864-00372921-00373090 And what you look for at this point SiBKOMs_K5g-00865-00373090-00373431 is the R-squared value that's closest to 1. SiBKOMs_K5g-00866-00373431-00373871 And comparing these three we see that it's going to come from this plot, SiBKOMs_K5g-00867-00373871-00374136 because our R-squared value is 0.999. SiBKOMs_K5g-00868-00374136-00374571 And that's telling us that these points are very linear. SiBKOMs_K5g-00869-00374571-00375190 So, this is the equation of the line that we get. SiBKOMs_K5g-00870-00375190-00375722 Now don't forget that this equation represents the integrated rate law. SiBKOMs_K5g-00871-00375722-00376338 When you plot natural log versus time, well, if it's first-order, SiBKOMs_K5g-00872-00376338-00376738 then the natural log of the concentration is linear with time, SiBKOMs_K5g-00873-00376738-00377275 and that's why these points fall on a line, because it is first-order. SiBKOMs_K5g-00874-00377275-00377621 So we have identified this as a first-order reaction, SiBKOMs_K5g-00875-00377621-00377940 since the R-squared value is closest to 1 here, SiBKOMs_K5g-00876-00377940-00378407 and at this point we can simply read off the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00877-00378407-00378866 We know from the integrated rate law that the slope of the line SiBKOMs_K5g-00878-00378866-00379570 would be the negative rate constant, which is -0.0112, SiBKOMs_K5g-00879-00379570-00380244 and therefore the rate constant is the opposite of that, and it's +0.0112. SiBKOMs_K5g-00880-00380244-00380618 So you see it's a pretty simple procedure to determine the reaction order SiBKOMs_K5g-00881-00380618-00380827 as well as the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00882-00380827-00381630 Now, in our next lecture we're going to study several factors that affect the reaction SiBKOMs_K5g-00883-00381630-00381697 rate, SiBKOMs_K5g-00884-00381697-00382018 and the most important one is the temperature. SiBKOMs_K5g-00885-00382018-00382523 So far we've been leaving the temperature out of the equation, SiBKOMs_K5g-00886-00382523-00382864 but in our next video we'll see how the temperature SiBKOMs_K5g-00887-00382864-00383124 can help speed up a reaction. SiBKOMs_K5g-00888-00383124-00383380 And what it actually affects is the rate constant. SiBKOMs_K5g-00889-00383380-00383823 So, the rate constant does depend on temperature, SiBKOMs_K5g-00890-00383823-00384091 and we'll see exactly what that relation is. SiBKOMs_K5g-00891-00384091-00384308 So stay tuned for that. Aloha! Sk4FNSFLCgu-00000-00000100-00000340 Hi, in today's episode of three tips in three minutes Sk4FNSFLCgu-00001-00000342-00000560 we're going to be talking about using dates Sk4FNSFLCgu-00002-00000562-00000720 to do your history research Sk4FNSFLCgu-00003-00000722-00000969 The first tip is really straight forward Sk4FNSFLCgu-00004-00000972-00001200 think about using dates Sk4FNSFLCgu-00005-00001202-00001300 in your searches Sk4FNSFLCgu-00006-00001302-00001470 Can be something very simple Sk4FNSFLCgu-00007-00001472-00001660 so for instance, we're looking here at JSTOR Sk4FNSFLCgu-00008-00001662-00001880 Let's say you're searching for scholary articles Sk4FNSFLCgu-00009-00001882-00002190 There's going to be so much content here Sk4FNSFLCgu-00010-00002192-00002340 and you're going to be getting back Sk4FNSFLCgu-00011-00002342-00002550 so many results for a lot of topics Sk4FNSFLCgu-00012-00002552-00002770 just stop and think about the dates Sk4FNSFLCgu-00013-00002772-00003010 so, articles in JSTOR Sk4FNSFLCgu-00014-00003012-00003220 Think about the publication date Sk4FNSFLCgu-00015-00003222-00003520 Do you just want to see current scholary articles Sk4FNSFLCgu-00016-00003522-00003690 from maybe the past ten years Sk4FNSFLCgu-00017-00003692-00003820 or the past twenty years? Sk4FNSFLCgu-00018-00003822-00004079 Go ahead and enter a date range Sk4FNSFLCgu-00019-00004082-00004310 like 1990 to 2012 Sk4FNSFLCgu-00020-00004312-00004550 anything you can do to cut down the number of Sk4FNSFLCgu-00021-00004552-00004720 results that you're going to get back Sk4FNSFLCgu-00022-00004722-00004880 when you're first starting out your searches Sk4FNSFLCgu-00023-00004882-00005150 and also potentially focusing Sk4FNSFLCgu-00024-00005152-00005540 your research on more relevant perspectives Sk4FNSFLCgu-00025-00005542-00005700 more recent perspectives on the research. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00026-00005702-00005930 The second tip Sk4FNSFLCgu-00027-00005932-00006100 be sure that you're distinguishing Sk4FNSFLCgu-00028-00006102-00006420 between the date that something was actually Sk4FNSFLCgu-00029-00006422-00006580 written and published Sk4FNSFLCgu-00030-00006582-00006730 and the date that Sk4FNSFLCgu-00031-00006732-00006870 something is about. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00032-00006872-00006990 So, as an example Sk4FNSFLCgu-00033-00006992-00007170 let's say I write an article this year about Sk4FNSFLCgu-00034-00007172-00007320 The Civil War Sk4FNSFLCgu-00035-00007322-00007490 The article is published in 2012 Sk4FNSFLCgu-00036-00007492-00007690 but the article is not about 2012 Sk4FNSFLCgu-00037-00007692-00007920 It's about the 1860's Sk4FNSFLCgu-00038-00007922-00008250 When you're searching in particulary the two databases Sk4FNSFLCgu-00039-00008252-00008550 America: History and Life and Historical Abstracts Sk4FNSFLCgu-00040-00008552-00008740 you're going to have options Sk4FNSFLCgu-00041-00008742-00009040 to separately enter publication dates Sk4FNSFLCgu-00042-00009042-00009400 or historical period dates. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00043-00009402-00009660 So you can say you're interested in articles Sk4FNSFLCgu-00044-00009662-00010150 that are about 1861 to 1865. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00045-00010152-00010300 You're not going to find stuff Sk4FNSFLCgu-00046-00010302-00010560 that was written then, but modern articles that Sk4FNSFLCgu-00047-00010562-00010760 are about that period. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00048-00010762-00011110 This is distinct from the publication dates Sk4FNSFLCgu-00049-00011112-00011350 where you could say I want things published Sk4FNSFLCgu-00050-00011352-00011600 from 2000 to 2012 Sk4FNSFLCgu-00051-00011602-00012090 and you'll get just that most current twelve years of research. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00052-00012092-00012450 Now the third tip is to always take a minute to Sk4FNSFLCgu-00053-00012452-00012600 really look at the database you're searching Sk4FNSFLCgu-00054-00012602-00012840 and see what kind of special options Sk4FNSFLCgu-00055-00012842-00012990 it might give you for searching dates. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00056-00012992-00013280 Here, we're looking at America's Historical Newspapers. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00057-00013282-00013480 Anything you might search in readex Sk4FNSFLCgu-00058-00013482-00013719 like these newspaper collections Sk4FNSFLCgu-00059-00013722-00013940 or the African American periodicals Sk4FNSFLCgu-00060-00013942-00014119 The American State papers Sk4FNSFLCgu-00061-00014122-00014410 congressional serial set, or a lot of our other collections. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00062-00014412-00014650 These are going to give you really unique options. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00063-00014652-00014869 You can just type in a date range Sk4FNSFLCgu-00064-00014872-00015250 and it will retrieve primary documents Sk4FNSFLCgu-00065-00015252-00015430 that were written between those dates. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00066-00015432-00015719 Or, it also gives you these great check boxes Sk4FNSFLCgu-00067-00015722-00015880 for eras in American history. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00068-00015882-00016319 So instead of you stopping to think well what are the years that I want to look at? Sk4FNSFLCgu-00069-00016322-00016460 Just look at the periods. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00070-00016462-00016780 Each period will have a name, like the U.S. Civil War Sk4FNSFLCgu-00071-00016782-00016920 or the roaring twenties Sk4FNSFLCgu-00072-00016922-00017270 and it will give you the list of some of the key events that define that period. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00073-00017272-00017650 So all you have to do is check one or more of these check boxes Sk4FNSFLCgu-00074-00017652-00018030 and you'll be sure to get documents only from those periods. Sk4FNSFLCgu-00075-00018032-00018510 Anything that you can do to narrow in the time period Sk4FNSFLCgu-00076-00018510-00018860 will really help you to get more relevant results out of your searching. SlszYenIwwo-00000-00000089-00000452 Hi! It's the 7th episode of the second series of swimming lessons with Neptune. SlszYenIwwo-00001-00000467-00000694 We will devote it to exercises that will allow you SlszYenIwwo-00002-00000697-00000970 to increase the efficiency of legs work in the breaststroke. SlszYenIwwo-00003-00000972-00001118 I invite you to watch it carefully. SlszYenIwwo-00004-00002171-00002563 "Swimming lessons with Neptune" Season 2 SlszYenIwwo-00005-00002622-00002850 Breaststroke, together with the butterfly stroke, SlszYenIwwo-00006-00002853-00003108 are included in the so-called short axis styles. SlszYenIwwo-00007-00003145-00003418 When learning to swim, both styles are often combined. SlszYenIwwo-00008-00003450-00003642 Rotation takes place from the hips SlszYenIwwo-00009-00003644-00003808 around the transverse axis of the body SlszYenIwwo-00010-00003810-00003995 as opposed to the crawl and backstroke, SlszYenIwwo-00011-00003998-00004257 where rotation occurs along the vertical axis. SlszYenIwwo-00012-00004259-00004568 The main driving force in the frog is the work of the legs SlszYenIwwo-00013-00004591-00004856 it's about 70% - 85% SlszYenIwwo-00014-00004879-00005090 A correct analysis of the swimming technique SlszYenIwwo-00015-00005093-00005307 will allow you to eliminate errors, SlszYenIwwo-00016-00005309-00005656 which in turn will allow the swimmer to effectively move in the water. SlszYenIwwo-00017-00005716-00005954 Legs' work can be divided into 3 phases SlszYenIwwo-00018-00006011-00006165 the phase of pulling up SlszYenIwwo-00019-00006168-00006275 catching the water SlszYenIwwo-00020-00006278-00006527 and pushing away, i.e. kick along with glide. SlszYenIwwo-00021-00006611-00007050 In the pull-up phase, the legs begin to flex at the knee joint, SlszYenIwwo-00022-00007053-00007453 and the heels move up towards the buttocks. SlszYenIwwo-00023-00007505-00007819 The feet are pointing backwards at this stage. SlszYenIwwo-00024-00007878-00008234 Hiding your heels behind your buttocks reduces water resistance. SlszYenIwwo-00025-00008385-00008672 Do not bend the hip joint! SlszYenIwwo-00026-00008741-00009169 a common mistake is to pull your thighs and knees towards your torso. SlszYenIwwo-00027-00009172-00009452 Such movements lead to a disturbance of the body shape SlszYenIwwo-00028-00009454-00009716 and, as a result, increase water resistance. SlszYenIwwo-00029-00009820-00010041 In the next phase, the water catch, SlszYenIwwo-00030-00010044-00010236 when the heels are closest to the buttocks, SlszYenIwwo-00031-00010239-00010563 the feet bend dorsally at the ankle joint SlszYenIwwo-00032-00010586-00010758 and lean outwards SlszYenIwwo-00033-00010760-00011047 to "catch" as much water as possible. SlszYenIwwo-00034-00011074-00011380 The knees are close together at this stage SlszYenIwwo-00035-00011383-00011674 and the feet are wide, SlszYenIwwo-00036-00011676-00012065 toes pointing outwards just below the waterline SlszYenIwwo-00037-00012109-00012338 but they do not come out above the waterline. SlszYenIwwo-00038-00012685-00012936 In the next stage, pushing away takes place SlszYenIwwo-00039-00012939-00013098 by straightening the legs SlszYenIwwo-00040-00013144-00013452 The feet in dynamic motion join with each other SlszYenIwwo-00041-00013454-00013693 by moving along the circumference of the circle, SlszYenIwwo-00042-00013695-00013942 and catching as much water as possible. SlszYenIwwo-00043-00013979-00014206 The feet in the last stage of the movement SlszYenIwwo-00044-00014209-00014648 should be tucked and placed as close to each other as possible. SlszYenIwwo-00045-00014822-00014989 After the legs movement, SlszYenIwwo-00046-00014991-00015228 the body takes a streamlined position. SlszYenIwwo-00047-00015247-00015467 The head is between the arms, SlszYenIwwo-00048-00015470-00015779 forming a single line with the torso and legs, SlszYenIwwo-00049-00015781-00015967 the toes are pulled down. SlszYenIwwo-00050-00016013-00016329 When gliding, the body performs a wave motion SlszYenIwwo-00051-00016350-00016714 that reduces the drag and increases style efficiency. SlszYenIwwo-00052-00016940-00017283 I think that after such an analysis of the individual phases of the leg work, SlszYenIwwo-00053-00017286-00017614 it will be easier for you to go through the exercises we have prepared for you. SlszYenIwwo-00054-00017616-00017717 Let's start! SlszYenIwwo-00055-00017815-00018069 One of the best exercises that we can perform SlszYenIwwo-00056-00018071-00018368 to improve the efficiency of the water catch in the breaststroke SlszYenIwwo-00057-00018371-00018673 is to work with the legs in a vertical position. SlszYenIwwo-00058-00018705-00018935 However, we must bear in mind a few points: SlszYenIwwo-00059-00019010-00019299 First of all, about the correct position of the body SlszYenIwwo-00060-00019350-00019652 we do not bend over, we are upright, SlszYenIwwo-00061-00019654-00020034 we also watch the hips which we push slightly forward SlszYenIwwo-00062-00020101-00020467 We must also remember that when doing the water grab with our legs, SlszYenIwwo-00063-00020491-00020787 we do not pull our knees up to the chest, SlszYenIwwo-00064-00020789-00021101 but we pull our heels up to the buttocks. SlszYenIwwo-00065-00021167-00021569 The knees are pointing inwards and close together. SlszYenIwwo-00066-00021775-00022154 At the beginning, the exercise can be performed with the arms along the body, SlszYenIwwo-00067-00022157-00022503 focusing all the time on the correct work of the legs SlszYenIwwo-00068-00022758-00022959 We can make this exercise more difficult SlszYenIwwo-00069-00022962-00023201 by stretching our hands above the water surface, SlszYenIwwo-00070-00023557-00023940 And going one step further, we extend our hands high above the head. SlszYenIwwo-00071-00023974-00024268 By raising our arms higher, we increase the load SlszYenIwwo-00072-00024271-00024515 and force the legs to work even more. SlszYenIwwo-00073-00024543-00024833 Remember, however, that increasing the difficulty level SlszYenIwwo-00074-00024844-00025205 certainly should not cause you to lose proper technique. SlszYenIwwo-00075-00025265-00025655 The second exercise is a "frog walk" in a semi-standing position. SlszYenIwwo-00076-00025749-00026129 We take a vertical position gently leaning forward. SlszYenIwwo-00077-00026205-00026447 As in the previous exercise, SlszYenIwwo-00078-00026449-00026805 the knees are close to each other and do not go beyond the hip line, SlszYenIwwo-00079-00026815-00027036 and the heels are directed to the buttocks. SlszYenIwwo-00080-00027124-00027325 By catching the water with an outward movement, SlszYenIwwo-00081-00027328-00027572 the feet can move beyond the hip line. SlszYenIwwo-00082-00028420-00028575 We can do the same exercise SlszYenIwwo-00083-00028578-00028903 with our arms straight and put forward. SlszYenIwwo-00084-00028920-00029105 Thumbs are pointing up. SlszYenIwwo-00085-00029805-00030219 We perform the third exercise in the same position as in the previous exercises. SlszYenIwwo-00086-00030270-00030628 This time, after making a few breaststroke kicks, SlszYenIwwo-00087-00030630-00030864 we finish this series of catching the water SlszYenIwwo-00088-00030867-00031020 with a strong jump up. SlszYenIwwo-00089-00031064-00031575 This exercise will begin to build your awareness of the water to jump and glide. SlszYenIwwo-00090-00031633-00031994 Belly, hips and thighs must be in line. SlszYenIwwo-00091-00033785-00034189 We may also perform this exercise with our hands facing forward. SlszYenIwwo-00092-00035215-00035623 In the next exercise, we will add glide to the water catch and jump. SlszYenIwwo-00093-00035700-00036063 We will use the energy generated from the catch of the water and jump SlszYenIwwo-00094-00036065-00036354 and bring it forward into a glide. SlszYenIwwo-00095-00036405-00036716 The hips should cut through the surface of the water, SlszYenIwwo-00096-00036718-00036995 creating wavy movement in the breaststroke. SlszYenIwwo-00097-00039600-00039915 Now is the time to do some exercises in the prone position SlszYenIwwo-00098-00039950-00040214 Remember that you can modify these exercises, SlszYenIwwo-00099-00040216-00040495 for example, by swimming with your head above or below the water, SlszYenIwwo-00100-00040497-00040869 you can place your hands in front of you close to the surface of the water SlszYenIwwo-00101-00040871-00041021 or in the back along your torso. SlszYenIwwo-00102-00041023-00041295 All this will also add variety to the classes. SlszYenIwwo-00103-00041298-00041410 Check it out SlszYenIwwo-00104-00041413-00041668 After taking a prone position SlszYenIwwo-00105-00041670-00042081 we place the arms straightened forward and the head under the water. SlszYenIwwo-00106-00042117-00042306 We start working with our legs, SlszYenIwwo-00107-00042325-00042567 we take a breath after each three kicks. SlszYenIwwo-00108-00045456-00046031 In the second exercise, your arms are straightened backwards along the torso. SlszYenIwwo-00109-00046088-00046298 We perform the task in cycles: SlszYenIwwo-00110-00046314-00046621 two grips of water with the head on the surface SlszYenIwwo-00111-00046624-00047083 and two full breaststroke kicks with the head underwater. SlszYenIwwo-00112-00047112-00047699 Note that the kick ends with the feet together and the toes are pulled down. SlszYenIwwo-00113-00050168-00050460 In the next exercise, we will emphasize the hips more. SlszYenIwwo-00114-00050463-00050821 We will use a board in it which we grab by the far edge. SlszYenIwwo-00115-00050870-00051184 We place our arms straight on a board SlszYenIwwo-00116-00051186-00051491 and our head is raised slightly above the water's surface. SlszYenIwwo-00117-00051520-00051704 We make the breaststroke kicks. SlszYenIwwo-00118-00051762-00052262 In this case, a deeper finish and the exit of the hip above the water surface SlszYenIwwo-00119-00052264-00052527 accentuates the so-called "dolphin hip" SlszYenIwwo-00120-00055579-00055929 This was the episode devoted to effective legs' work in the breaststroke. SlszYenIwwo-00121-00055952-00056275 Remember how much driving force the legs are in this stroke, SlszYenIwwo-00122-00056278-00056571 so when perfecting it, repeat these exercises regularly. SlszYenIwwo-00123-00056594-00056810 If you see progress in your swimming, SlszYenIwwo-00124-00056827-00057123 and your hard work and our videos are paying off, SlszYenIwwo-00125-00057126-00057379 subscribe to our channel, click the bell, SlszYenIwwo-00126-00057381-00057581 and YouTube will remind you about the next videos. SlszYenIwwo-00127-00057584-00057886 That's it for today. Thanks and see you later. T7y0XQE7ziY-00000-00000023-00000194 Hey guys, today I'm really excited because T7y0XQE7ziY-00001-00000198-00000389 I think we nailed it. I think we have a T7y0XQE7ziY-00002-00000399-00000499 new instant classic: Vegan parm. Parmesan T7y0XQE7ziY-00003-00000654-00000796 cheese. Oh man it's good. T7y0XQE7ziY-00004-00000810-00000996 Here's Shalva who grew up on quote T7y0XQE7ziY-00005-00001023-00001235 shaky parm, who'll still eat cheese out of T7y0XQE7ziY-00006-00001236-00001360 the house. I think it's perfect. It's delicoius. Here we go T7y0XQE7ziY-00007-00001508-00001618 let's make it. T7y0XQE7ziY-00008-00001619-00001709 It's so easy. T7y0XQE7ziY-00009-00001710-00001866 One quarter cup of pine nuts. T7y0XQE7ziY-00010-00001884-00002091 Three quarters cup raw cashews. T7y0XQE7ziY-00011-00002097-00002364 Three tablespoons of nutritional yeast. T7y0XQE7ziY-00013-00002430-00002599 One quarter teaspoon of onion powder. T7y0XQE7ziY-00014-00002616-00002826 One quarter teaspoon garlic powder. T7y0XQE7ziY-00015-00002844-00002994 One teaspoon of salt. T7y0XQE7ziY-00016-00003001-00003195 Now we are using the Dry Grains Container. T7y0XQE7ziY-00017-00003202-00003350 But this will work okay in a regular T7y0XQE7ziY-00018-00003351-00003547 container. It just works a little better T7y0XQE7ziY-00019-00003576-00003710 in a Dry Grains Container because it T7y0XQE7ziY-00020-00003711-00003857 throws the ingredients up in the air. T7y0XQE7ziY-00021-00003872-00004011 It's made to do stuff like this. T7y0XQE7ziY-00022-00004020-00004214 Either way, the trick is to keep a little T7y0XQE7ziY-00023-00004215-00004343 bit of texture. T7y0XQE7ziY-00024-00004350-00004574 We don't want chunks but we also don't T7y0XQE7ziY-00025-00004575-00004746 want powder. So we started on variable T7y0XQE7ziY-00026-00004747-00004947 speed one, went to two, and we found that T7y0XQE7ziY-00027-00004953-00005157 about four or five pulsed T7y0XQE7ziY-00028-00005166-00005379 a handful of times got you that perfect T7y0XQE7ziY-00029-00005382-00005648 parmesan cheese from a, what do you call it? T7y0XQE7ziY-00030-00005648-00005758 Is it a shaker? T7y0XQE7ziY-00031-00005805-00006031 It's not a can. Processed parmesan cheese. T7y0XQE7ziY-00032-00006114-00006225 Sawdust cheese. T7y0XQE7ziY-00033-00006237-00006411 Guys this stuff is so good. T7y0XQE7ziY-00034-00006426-00006518 You can put it on anything. T7y0XQE7ziY-00035-00006519-00006666 You could just eat handfuls of it. T7y0XQE7ziY-00036-00006669-00006865 Great on top of pasta and red sauce. T7y0XQE7ziY-00037-00006881-00007004 If you have someone in your house that T7y0XQE7ziY-00038-00007005-00007218 likes butter noodles, great on that, too. T7y0XQE7ziY-00039-00007230-00007475 And our favorite application is Caesar T7y0XQE7ziY-00040-00007476-00007637 salad. Sprinkles some on top. T7y0XQE7ziY-00041-00007641-00007856 And now your Caesar salad is T7y0XQE7ziY-00042-00007856-00008035 legit. Guys throw it in the fridge it'll T7y0XQE7ziY-00043-00008037-00008202 last probably a week or two at least. T7y0XQE7ziY-00044-00008208-00008308 Pretty much everything is non-perishable. T7y0XQE7ziY-00045-00008379-00008487 And if you havdn't subscribed to our T7y0XQE7ziY-00046-00008496-00008651 channel already definitely do that. T7y0XQE7ziY-00047-00008654-00008790 Hit that bell to get notified. T7y0XQE7ziY-00048-00008809-00008963 If you appreciate videos like this, hit T7y0XQE7ziY-00049-00008967-00009122 that thumbs up. Thank you so much for T7y0XQE7ziY-00050-00009123-00009341 watching. And we will see you in the next. T7y0XQE7ziY-00051-00010910-00011010 It fell out of my mouth. It's really good. T7y0XQE7ziY-00052-00011338-00011538 This is really good. T7y0XQE7ziY-00053-00011802-00011892 Yum. T7y0XQE7ziY-00054-00012250-00012360 It tastes legit cheesy. T7y0XQE7ziY-00055-00012430-00012530 That's awesome. T7y0XQE7ziY-00056-00012676-00012856 Like funky cheese. T7y0XQE7ziY-00057-00012919-00013072 Funky funky. Tqg3s8xrooI-00000-00000000-00000504 Hi I'm Nicola Debnam the new director for highways and transport for west sussex Tqg3s8xrooI-00001-00000504-00000986 county council I've had most of my career and their local government even Tqg3s8xrooI-00002-00000986-00001355 had obtained with the private sector as well mostly across highways in Tqg3s8xrooI-00003-00001355-00001896 construction but regeneration works and transport planning so yeah a varied Tqg3s8xrooI-00004-00001896-00002343 background but they've been working for over 20 years now I went on to our Tqg3s8xrooI-00005-00002343-00002724 website to check a post that I had put on from my previous Tqg3s8xrooI-00006-00002724-00003119 authority was there and low and behold I came across an advert for Tqg3s8xrooI-00007-00003119-00003543 director of highways and transport so i read it and i thought you know what i Tqg3s8xrooI-00008-00003543-00004011 think i can do that and i guess the fact that i'm sitting here today it shows Tqg3s8xrooI-00009-00004011-00004425 that i was successful so yeah really looking forward to starting here i'm Tqg3s8xrooI-00010-00004425-00004875 most excited about the fact that we're in the middle of a big restructure for my Tqg3s8xrooI-00011-00004875-00005387 team and it really is about embedding a new structure and taking a new team Tqg3s8xrooI-00012-00005387-00005871 forward a to make sure that we customer right at the very heart of everything Tqg3s8xrooI-00013-00005871-00006255 that we do across highways and transport for the residents and business of Tqg3s8xrooI-00014-00006255-00006761 west sussex an interesting fact okay here's one not many people will Tqg3s8xrooI-00015-00006761-00007226 know that a behind the scenes i'm actually a qualified massage therapist Tqg3s8xrooI-00016-00007226-00007597 but most of all a keen scare TtCo3y9m1zk-00000-00000000-00000294 Congratulations to Microsoft from the USA. TtCo3y9m1zk-00001-00000294-00000902 Microsoft - a U.S. multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington. TtCo3y9m1zk-00002-00000902-00001270 The organization has developed Microsoft Office 365, ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00003-00001270-00001805 ... a cloud-based subscription service for Windows, MacOS, iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. TtCo3y9m1zk-00004-00001805-00002458 To simplify the utilization for persons with disabilities, Microsoft 365 has been made accessible ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00005-00002458-00002818 ... by including accessible templates, built-in learning checking tools, ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00006-00002818-00003278 ... intelligent suggestions for alternative image text, and an accessibility checker. TtCo3y9m1zk-00007-00003278-00003646 - Hi, I'm Hector Minto. - Hello, I'm Adina Braha from Microsoft. TtCo3y9m1zk-00008-00003646-00003886 And we're delighted to be here at the Zero Project this week, ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00009-00003886-00004322 ... here to receive this award on behalf of the Office 365 team at Microsoft ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00010-00004322-00004618 ... for all the hard work that they're doing on accessibility all around the world. TtCo3y9m1zk-00011-00004618-00005142 It's been fantastic to see how accessibility and what we're doing can really capture ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00012-00005142-00005682 ... the imagination of our customers and really tackle the issue of unemployment ... TtCo3y9m1zk-00013-00005682-00005974 ...for people with disabilities. So, thank you so much. - Yeah, thank you. TwamFneqOmU-00000-00000318-00000422 Picans. TwamFneqOmU-00001-00000724-00001076 Съедобные пиканы растут только в русских деревнях. TwamFneqOmU-00002-00001422-00001830 Пиканы в любом виде вкусно Вы можете добавить пиканы в салат. TwamFneqOmU-00003-00002120-00002576 Переросшие Пиканы из них могу сделать музыкальную трубу забавой для детей. TwamFneqOmU-00004-00002820-00003062 Пиканы полезны, а природа угощает людей! TwamFneqOmU-00005-00003320-00003460 Вкусная реклама. TyTy2ExxJgU-00000-00000000-00000300 Egypt's Mothers March to Parliament 5th February, 2012 TyTy2ExxJgU-00001-00000600-00001400 [Chants] The police are killing my child, TyTy2ExxJgU-00002-00001600-00001900 [Chants] They killed my son, TyTy2ExxJgU-00003-00001900-00002300 [Chants] They killed my daughter, TyTy2ExxJgU-00004-00002300-00002600 [Chants] They dragged my sister in the streets, TyTy2ExxJgU-00005-00002600-00003400 [Chants] The police are killing my child. TyTy2ExxJgU-00006-00003400-00004200 [Chants] Down, down with military rule, TyTy2ExxJgU-00007-00004200-00005100 [Chants] Where is Katatny?! The mothers are here. TyTy2ExxJgU-00008-00005100-00005500 [Sign] This country is our country, and these martyrs are our children. [Chants] One... TyTy2ExxJgU-00009-00005500-00005900 [Chants] Stop killing our children. [Sign] Stop killing our children. TyTy2ExxJgU-00010-00005901-00006401 [Sign] Egypt is in mourning until retribution. [Chants] Stop killing our children. TyTy2ExxJgU-00011-00006401-00006701 [Sign] Enough of your bloodshed. [Chants] Stop killing our children. TyTy2ExxJgU-00012-00006701-00007101 [Chants] Two... TyTy2ExxJgU-00013-00007101-00007901 [Chants] Hand over our country. TyTy2ExxJgU-00014-00007901-00008701 [Chants] Stop killing our children... hand over our country. Hand over our country. TyTy2ExxJgU-00015-00008701-00009201 Tomorrow, Monday 6th February, 2012 Starting 11 am Protest for the mothers of Egypt in front of Parliament TyTy2ExxJgU-00016-00009201-00010001 Our demands are clear: An end to the killing, And the transfer of power to civilians. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00000-00000190-00000430 (griddle sizzling) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00001-00000433-00000620 - Bro, I got something for ya. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00002-00000623-00000824 - Huh? - Mexican hands. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00003-00000850-00000930 Chécalo! T-UJzkAx-Uu-00004-00000934-00001074 - Taco tip number 85. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00005-00001077-00001411 - The ability to flip a tortilla without burning yourself. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00006-00001414-00001748 (jazzy accordion music) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00007-00002782-00002949 - I'm Jarod Neece. - I'm Mando Rayo. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00008-00002952-00003113 - And we're taco journalists exploring T-UJzkAx-Uu-00009-00003116-00003333 the most iconic tacos of Texas T-UJzkAx-Uu-00010-00003336-00003513 through the eyes of the people who make them. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00011-00003516-00003730 - [Mando] We're in San Antonio, Texas, where you wake up T-UJzkAx-Uu-00012-00003733-00004060 to warm breakfast tacos, barbacoa and Big Red, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00013-00004063-00004244 and you root for the Spurs. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00014-00004247-00004367 - But today, we're exploring T-UJzkAx-Uu-00015-00004370-00004584 the most iconic taco San Antonio. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00016-00004587-00004798 - The puffy taco. - Let's go. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00017-00005355-00005568 - [Mando] This is the original puffy taco place, right? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00018-00005572-00005945 - Yes, but they used to be called crispy tacos. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00019-00005949-00006082 My husband thought of the name T-UJzkAx-Uu-00020-00006086-00006292 because he said it's what the taco does, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00021-00006296-00006549 it puffs up, so he named it puffy taco. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00022-00006553-00006770 - [Mando] And what is a puffy taco? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00023-00006773-00006916 - [Gloria] A puffy taco is a taco, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00024-00006920-00007200 but we make the shell from scratch. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00025-00007203-00007377 It's made out of corn masa. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00026-00007380-00007584 - [Mando] And do you say that you also have T-UJzkAx-Uu-00027-00007587-00007777 some long time employees here? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00028-00007781-00007977 - [Woman] Oh god, yes, and that's why the food T-UJzkAx-Uu-00029-00007981-00008311 stays the same because it's the same cooks. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00030-00008314-00008471 - [Mando] And it still tastes the same? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00031-00008475-00008638 - [Woman] That's what they always say. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00032-00008641-00008828 Some move away and then when they come back again, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00033-00008832-00009089 that's what they say, oh I remember this, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00034-00009092-00009295 it still tastes like I remember. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00035-00009299-00009476 - [Jarod] We'll we've eaten five times. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00036-00009596-00009739 - We're ready for course number six. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00037-00009742-00009979 - Yeah, we're gonna be that you are what you eat, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00038-00009983-00010193 and I think puffy is the right word. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00039-00010196-00010313 - Puffy. - It's good. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00040-00010457-00010697 - In its truest form, puro means to keep it real, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00041-00010700-00010907 to be legit, to be authentic. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00042-00010910-00011277 You know, puro is raised eating puffy tacos T-UJzkAx-Uu-00043-00011281-00011441 in the heart of the west side of San Antonio, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00044-00011444-00011715 in very poor area, but keeping it real T-UJzkAx-Uu-00045-00011718-00012072 to family traditions and meals and things like that. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00046-00012075-00012305 I've been coming here probably since I was T-UJzkAx-Uu-00047-00012308-00012612 old enough to eat puffy tacos, which in Mexican, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00048-00012615-00012889 that's like what, six months old? (laughing) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00049-00012892-00013149 And there's just a lot of history and culture T-UJzkAx-Uu-00050-00013153-00013616 here at Ray's, so it is a true puro San Antonio gem. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00051-00013620-00013903 There are so many great families that have been here T-UJzkAx-Uu-00052-00013907-00014150 for decades, hundreds of years, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00053-00014154-00014531 like the families here at Ray's that really celebrate T-UJzkAx-Uu-00054-00014534-00014824 our culture around food, around tacos, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00055-00014828-00015055 around that being the center of the table T-UJzkAx-Uu-00056-00015058-00015228 and we share our meals together. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00057-00015321-00015705 (singing in Spanish) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00058-00016272-00016399 - [Mando] Let's go to Mi Tierra T-UJzkAx-Uu-00059-00016402-00016623 in San Antonio's market district T-UJzkAx-Uu-00060-00016626-00016833 because you can't have a puffy taco T-UJzkAx-Uu-00061-00016836-00017050 without talking about the significance T-UJzkAx-Uu-00062-00017053-00017260 of the masa and the tortilla. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00063-00017373-00017817 - My father, Don Pedro Cortez, founded T-UJzkAx-Uu-00064-00017821-00018121 the first restaurant in 1941. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00065-00018211-00018458 When he saw this space, he said, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00066-00018461-00018885 "Son, I want a Mexican restaurant T-UJzkAx-Uu-00067-00018888-00019389 "that our people can be proud of their culture." T-UJzkAx-Uu-00068-00019536-00019819 - Well, Mi Tierra I think reflects the biculturalness T-UJzkAx-Uu-00069-00019823-00020176 of San Antonio by having a strong emphasis T-UJzkAx-Uu-00070-00020180-00020353 on corn tortillas T-UJzkAx-Uu-00071-00020356-00020777 and on flour tortillas because that is very bicultural. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00072-00020780-00020904 The corn tortilla's, of course, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00073-00020907-00021237 going back 3,000 years in our history. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00074-00021241-00021431 - [Mando] And what about flour tortillas, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00075-00021434-00021908 that it's like a nice warm blanket, it's like yeah. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00076-00022058-00022238 - [Ellen] Well that comes much, much later, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00077-00022242-00022505 much, much later when wheat flour T-UJzkAx-Uu-00078-00022509-00022806 comes in from Europe, the Spaniards bring that over. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00079-00022809-00023056 - [Mando] Well, all roads lead to San Antonio, no? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00080-00023059-00023156 (laughing) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00081-00023319-00023703 (singing in Spanish) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00082-00024461-00024654 - [Jarod] Hey ya all, we're here at Henry's Puffy Tacos. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00083-00024657-00024794 - [Mando] Where puffy tacos has been T-UJzkAx-Uu-00084-00024798-00025198 a family tradition for three generations. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00085-00025201-00025388 - My parents opened up the restaurant, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00086-00025391-00025648 Cinco de Mayo, May 5, 1978. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00087-00025652-00025872 I would get out of school, take the bus, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00088-00025875-00026052 straight to work, six days a week. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00089-00026169-00026399 - Well I worked at my father's restaurant T-UJzkAx-Uu-00090-00026402-00026649 at a young age when I was 16 years old. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00091-00026653-00026826 Throughout the years, we've grown up T-UJzkAx-Uu-00092-00026830-00027050 and our kids have worked with us too. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00093-00027053-00027197 - [Rick] So every day, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00094-00027200-00027393 you'll see a family member at our restaurant. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00095-00027397-00027731 - What's the difference between what most people T-UJzkAx-Uu-00096-00027734-00028124 would consider a crispy taco and what you call a puffy taco? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00097-00028127-00028628 - A crispy taco is your store bought corn tortilla. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00098-00028688-00028832 - So pre-cooked? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00099-00028835-00029112 - Yeah, pre-cooked and fried made into a taco shell. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00100-00029115-00029616 Ours is handmade, in-house, starting with the masa. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00101-00029666-00029793 - So the corn? - Yeah. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00102-00029796-00029966 Roll the dough balls by hand, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00103-00029969-00030193 smash them by hand, each one individually. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00104-00030196-00030310 - [Imelda] Throw it in the fryer T-UJzkAx-Uu-00105-00030313-00030493 it will puff up, and then we form it. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00106-00030497-00030677 - [Jarod] And you do it by hand, right, you form it by hand? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00107-00030680-00030787 - [Rick] We do by hand, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00108-00030790-00030910 individually, each one single. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00109-00030914-00031054 - So there's not a puffy taco maker back there? T-UJzkAx-Uu-00110-00031057-00031197 - No. - Like a button. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00111-00031291-00031434 (laughing) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00112-00031438-00031578 - [Rick] There's only one way T-UJzkAx-Uu-00113-00031581-00031661 to make puffy tacos and it's the old fashioned way. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00114-00031664-00031825 - The old fashioned way. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00115-00031828-00031945 - [Rick] There's no other secrets, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00116-00031948-00032082 I mean it's just doing it this way. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00117-00032215-00032405 - [Jarod] I'm pretty sure mine's better. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00118-00032408-00032575 - Ah, sure (laughs). T-UJzkAx-Uu-00119-00032792-00032892 Yeah, yeah (laughs). T-UJzkAx-Uu-00120-00033062-00033153 - It's gonna fall apart. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00121-00033156-00033333 - Puffy, not puffy (laughing). T-UJzkAx-Uu-00122-00033450-00033576 - It's great just to see the generations T-UJzkAx-Uu-00123-00033580-00033740 of families coming through our restaurant. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00124-00033743-00033980 So this has been a great experience for us, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00125-00033983-00034127 knowing that we're part of San Antonio T-UJzkAx-Uu-00126-00034130-00034287 and just growing up with our community. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00127-00034290-00034464 - We take a lot of pride in our puffy tacos. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00128-00034467-00034804 It is a staple in San Antonio. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00129-00034808-00034974 I mean, if you're gonna visit San Antonio, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00130-00034978-00035155 you've got to try a puffy taco. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00131-00035158-00035492 (jazzy accordion music) T-UJzkAx-Uu-00132-00035608-00035742 - That's a wrap on San Antonio, y'all. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00133-00035745-00035909 We just ate a whole lot of tacos. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00134-00035912-00036065 - And they were puffy. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00135-00036069-00036346 Personally, I love digging deep into those stories T-UJzkAx-Uu-00136-00036349-00036539 and getting my hands into that masa T-UJzkAx-Uu-00137-00036543-00036773 and making my first puffy taco. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00138-00036776-00037066 - And whether it was Mi Tierra or Henry's or Ray's, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00139-00037070-00037353 I loved hearing from the generations of taco makers, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00140-00037357-00037524 doing what they do best and just keeping it T-UJzkAx-Uu-00141-00037527-00037734 really real here in San Antonio. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00142-00037737-00037904 - [Mando] So next time, you're in San Antonio, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00143-00037907-00038301 remember eat puffy tacos and keep it puro. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00144-00038304-00038384 - [Jarod] Because the tacos taste better T-UJzkAx-Uu-00145-00038388-00038501 when you know the story. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00146-00038611-00038731 - [Mando] All right Jarod, here's T-UJzkAx-Uu-00147-00038735-00038935 some San Antonio street knowledge. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00148-00038938-00039125 - Órale - Órale T-UJzkAx-Uu-00149-00039129-00039355 - That means ay. - Ay. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00150-00039359-00039609 - Híjole. - Híjole. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00151-00039612-00039769 - No way. - No way. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00152-00039772-00040049 - Check it out. - Chécalo. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00153-00040053-00040326 (laughing) - That was perfect. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00154-00040346-00040557 - [Mando] In the next proximo show, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00155-00040560-00040670 we'll visit Corpus Christi, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00156-00040673-00040874 where they do "Anything for Selenas!" T-UJzkAx-Uu-00157-00040877-00041007 - [Jarod] And breakfast tacos. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00158-00041010-00041191 We'll talk to a group of creatives and see how T-UJzkAx-Uu-00159-00041194-00041444 they are standing up for their culture through their art. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00160-00041448-00041728 - I want my culture to go from generation to generation. T-UJzkAx-Uu-00161-00041731-00041875 - [Mando] And we'll see the biggest, T-UJzkAx-Uu-00162-00041878-00042105 baddest breakfast taco in Texas. T_hs4qTTdJg-00000-00000022-00000254 - [Joyce] Future soldiers may march longer, T_hs4qTTdJg-00001-00000254-00000568 carry heavier gear and be more mentally sharp T_hs4qTTdJg-00002-00000568-00000963 thanks to DOD funded research into what's known as T_hs4qTTdJg-00003-00000963-00001163 the Warrior Web Program. T_hs4qTTdJg-00004-00001174-00001378 - An example of where this might benefit a soldier T_hs4qTTdJg-00005-00001378-00001667 would be if they're doing a very long duration T_hs4qTTdJg-00006-00001667-00002010 ^physically demanding task where they require T_hs4qTTdJg-00007-00002010-00002136 ^a lot of endurance. T_hs4qTTdJg-00008-00002136-00002414 ^By having a suit that is providing physical assistance, T_hs4qTTdJg-00009-00002414-00002609 they're able to maintain their level of T_hs4qTTdJg-00010-00002609-00002845 physical performance over a much longer duration. T_hs4qTTdJg-00011-00002845-00003186 - [Joyce] The suit has pulleys and gears designed to prevent T_hs4qTTdJg-00012-00003186-00003553 and reduce injuries caused by dynamic events T_hs4qTTdJg-00013-00003576-00003892 typically found in the war fighter's environment. T_hs4qTTdJg-00014-00003892-00004264 - These physical augmentation technologies have the ability T_hs4qTTdJg-00015-00004264-00004554 to provide just a reduced physical workload T_hs4qTTdJg-00016-00004554-00004936 during the very high demand tasks that these soldiers do. T_hs4qTTdJg-00017-00004936-00005221 ^- [Joyce] Scientists and engineers from the US Army Research T_hs4qTTdJg-00018-00005221-00005584 ^Laboratory have been testing variations of the suit T_hs4qTTdJg-00019-00005584-00005776 ^for more than 3 years at the T_hs4qTTdJg-00020-00005776-00006112 Soldier Performance and Equipment Advanced Research, T_hs4qTTdJg-00021-00006112-00006480 or SPEAR facility, at Aberdeen Proving Ground. T_hs4qTTdJg-00022-00006480-00006649 - I think longer term, the systems have T_hs4qTTdJg-00023-00006649-00006972 ^benefits to be integrated in the larger soldier systems T_hs4qTTdJg-00024-00006972-00007200 ^and that can be integrated with other subsystems, T_hs4qTTdJg-00025-00007200-00007498 ^other capabilities to provide a marked advantage T_hs4qTTdJg-00026-00007498-00007782 for our soldiers and war fighters in the future. T_hs4qTTdJg-00027-00007782-00007951 - [Joyce] The project, funded by the T_hs4qTTdJg-00028-00007951-00008235 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, T_hs4qTTdJg-00029-00008235-00008568 or DARPA, has many partner organizations T_hs4qTTdJg-00030-00008571-00008805 across the DOD and academia. T_hs4qTTdJg-00031-00008937-00009349 ^- What we're trying to do is look at a way to collaborate T_hs4qTTdJg-00032-00009349-00009546 ^in the final phase of this program, T_hs4qTTdJg-00033-00009546-00009871 ^to prevent the program from closing as a DARPA program. T_hs4qTTdJg-00034-00009871-00010288 That we can keep it going in multiply beneficial way T_hs4qTTdJg-00035-00010301-00010523 for the Army and the services. T_hs4qTTdJg-00036-00010523-00010774 - [Joyce] Research has tested the same group of soldiers T_hs4qTTdJg-00037-00010774-00011190 in April and again in June, with and without the suit T_hs4qTTdJg-00038-00011213-00011454 ^and gathered massive amounts of data. T_hs4qTTdJg-00039-00011454-00011693 ^- We have an indoor lab capability where we can T_hs4qTTdJg-00040-00011693-00012076 instrument up the soldiers and keep them in a, T_hs4qTTdJg-00041-00012097-00012514 an environment where you can just get pure data in, T_hs4qTTdJg-00042-00012556-00012806 on things like treadmills, motion capture, T_hs4qTTdJg-00043-00012806-00013119 and be able to analyze everything in the lab. T_hs4qTTdJg-00044-00013119-00013424 - [Joyce] Officials are still discussing the path forward. T_hs4qTTdJg-00045-00013424-00013553 - I think it will be at least another good T_hs4qTTdJg-00046-00013553-00013875 five to 10 years to be ready for the infantry soldier. T_hs4qTTdJg-00047-00013875-00014133 - For ARL TV, I'm Joyce Conant. T_hs4qTTdJg-00048-00014163-00014421 (upbeat music) T_eYRNCgYyk-00000-00000118-00000580 The New Handbook of Syriac Literature is a reference tool for the study of Syriac literature. T_eYRNCgYyk-00001-00000580-00000825 It is online at syriaca.org/nhsl. T_eYRNCgYyk-00002-00000825-00001666 NHSL is divided into volumes based on themes or genres. T_eYRNCgYyk-00003-00001666-00002592 The first volume of NHSL covers hagiographic works and is called Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Electronica or BHSE. T_eYRNCgYyk-00004-00002610-00002928 Several other volumes are in preparation. T_eYRNCgYyk-00005-00002928-00003236 In the NHSL, each Syriac work has its own entry. T_eYRNCgYyk-00006-00003236-00003609 If you’re looking for a specific entry, the easiest way to get to it is to search T_eYRNCgYyk-00007-00003609-00003982 for it using the box in the top right corner. T_eYRNCgYyk-00008-00003982-00004723 This will turn up entries from all of the volumes in the handbook, such as BHSE. T_eYRNCgYyk-00009-00004723-00005118 If you want to look in a specific volume, you can select it from the drop-down menu T_eYRNCgYyk-00010-00005118-00005355 here. T_eYRNCgYyk-00011-00005355-00006098 Let’s try searching for the life of the Barhadbeshabba who was commemorated in T_eYRNCgYyk-00012-00006098-00006886 John of Ephesus’ Lives of the Eastern Saints. T_eYRNCgYyk-00013-00006886-00007353 Here it is. T_eYRNCgYyk-00014-00007353-00008310 At the top you can see and copy the URI that is the unique identifier for this particular work. T_eYRNCgYyk-00015-00008312-00008506 Titles are listed in multiple languages. T_eYRNCgYyk-00016-00008507-00008973 We’re always happy to get additional titles that are attested in any language. T_eYRNCgYyk-00017-00008973-00009391 To submit one, you can click on the “Corrections/Additions?” button. T_eYRNCgYyk-00018-00009681-00010132 When an author or translator is attested, you’ll see that here, with a link to that T_eYRNCgYyk-00019-00010132-00010435 person in the Syriac Biographical Dictionary. T_eYRNCgYyk-00020-00010435-00011127 You’ll also see links to the entries for saints who are commemorated in this work. T_eYRNCgYyk-00021-00011127-00011530 For more information about the Syriac Biographical Dictionary, please watch the separate video T_eYRNCgYyk-00022-00011530-00011781 about it. T_eYRNCgYyk-00023-00011781-00012264 There are reference numbers here that can help you find this work in other standard T_eYRNCgYyk-00024-00012264-00013162 resources, such as the Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis (BHO) or the Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG). T_eYRNCgYyk-00025-00013172-00013694 The rest of the entry provides information that may help to locate or identify the text T_eYRNCgYyk-00026-00013694-00013812 but is not exhaustive. T_eYRNCgYyk-00027-00013812-00014488 First, there may be incipits, explicits, or other excerpts from the text. T_eYRNCgYyk-00028-00014488-00014903 Then there are several sections for finding the text in Syriac (through editions and manuscript T_eYRNCgYyk-00029-00014903-00015406 witnesses) or in other languages, ancient or modern. T_eYRNCgYyk-00030-00015406-00016159 Each of these has not only a standard citation, but also links to the record in the Syriaca.org T_eYRNCgYyk-00031-00016159-00016666 Works Cited module and often in other systems. T_eYRNCgYyk-00032-00016666-00017240 The WorldCat icon can direct you to library holdings, and the archive.org link will take T_eYRNCgYyk-00033-00017240-00017475 you to a scan. T_eYRNCgYyk-00034-00017475-00018022 Finally, we have listed the sources we consulted for creating the entry and sometimes additional T_eYRNCgYyk-00035-00018022-00018348 secondary literature. T_eYRNCgYyk-00036-00018348-00019073 At the very bottom is a citation you can copy and paste for a footnote or bibliography, T_eYRNCgYyk-00037-00019073-00020222 as well as detailed credit to the other contributors and information about our open-access license. T_eYRNCgYyk-00038-00020222-00020800 Now that you know the types of things that are contained in each entry, let me show you T_eYRNCgYyk-00039-00020800-00021001 the advanced search. T_eYRNCgYyk-00040-00021001-00021518 You can get to it by clicking the gear in the top right, next to the search box. T_eYRNCgYyk-00041-00021518-00022039 Here you can limit your search to specific parts of the entry. T_eYRNCgYyk-00042-00022039-00022881 For example, you could find all the entries that mention haymenutha or “faith” in T_eYRNCgYyk-00043-00022881-00023160 the explicit. T_eYRNCgYyk-00044-00023160-00024757 You can use the keyboard icon on the right side to enter text in Syriac or other languages. T_eYRNCgYyk-00045-00024757-00025333 Or you could find all the works by a certain author, using that author’s URI from the T_eYRNCgYyk-00046-00025333-00026769 Syriac Biographical Dictionary. Here we have John of Ephesus. T_eYRNCgYyk-00047-00026769-00027738 Or you might want to look up an entry using the reference number from BHO or CPG. T_eYRNCgYyk-00048-00027738-00027879 Thanks for watching. T_eYRNCgYyk-00049-00027879-00028241 If you are looking to reuse any part of this video, please know that it is available for T_eYRNCgYyk-00050-00028241-00028677 reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution license. T_eYRNCgYyk-00051-00028677-00028976 Attribution and copyright information follow. T_eYRNCgYyk-00052-00028976-00029547 Specifically, this video is copyright Nathan Gibson, 2017, and released under a Creative T_eYRNCgYyk-00053-00029547-00029877 Commons CC-BY Attribution 4.0 license. T_eYRNCgYyk-00054-00029877-00030401 Screenshots are copyright Syriaca.org and the Syriaca.org contributors and also reused T_eYRNCgYyk-00055-00030401-00030789 here under the Creative Commons CC-BY license. T_eYRNCgYyk-00056-00030789-00030852 Please reuse. TCXPXKltQhA-00000-00000000-00000996 You can pick any two planets in a chart and look at them as a pair. That pair started TCXPXKltQhA-00001-00001086-00001626 working together sometime in the past, before you looked at them. TCXPXKltQhA-00002-00001710-00002364 For example, if we pick Jupiter and Saturn, this pair, but we can do any pair we want. TCXPXKltQhA-00003-00002430-00003024 Jupiter and Saturn right now on the sky will be in some sort of angular relationship to TCXPXKltQhA-00004-00003024-00003636 one another, in some sort of aspect, even if that aspect is not a major one, one of those TCXPXKltQhA-00005-00003636-00004218 that we study. But they are always in some sort of aspect to one another. It's not about that,though TCXPXKltQhA-00006-00004218-00004938 It's about, ''when did they last meet''? When was the last conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn? TCXPXKltQhA-00007-00005034-00005886 And, in our case, that was uh, I think December 2020, when they conjuncted in 0 degrees Aquarius. TCXPXKltQhA-00008-00005946-00006558 Which happens to be the place where right now Pluto is, interestingly. So, very Aquarian. TCXPXKltQhA-00009-00006558-00007234 That's part of the overall Aquarian pattern of the times. Anyway, so, going back to our example. TCXPXKltQhA-00010-00007234-00007908 Saturn and Jupiter met and they started a new cycle together, a new circle of relationship between them. TCXPXKltQhA-00011-00007998-00008800 And now, 3 years down the line, almost, we are 2023, middle of the year, like two and a half years down the line from that TCXPXKltQhA-00012-00008800-00009328 moment when they met. So, both of them have moved forward in the Zodiac, obviously. TCXPXKltQhA-00013-00009340-00009858 But because Jupiter isfaster than Saturn, Jupiter has moved forward more TCXPXKltQhA-00014-00009942-00010584 and basically, covered more distance forward. Saturn also covered some distance since then, TCXPXKltQhA-00015-00010584-00011190 but if we look at the chart of today and we spot where is Jupiter today where is Saturn today, TCXPXKltQhA-00016-00011256-00011694 we will find them in a particular stage, a particular step TCXPXKltQhA-00017-00011778-00011828 of that journey they started in 2020. So, they would now be uh, maybe square to each other. TCXPXKltQhA-00018-00012587-00013122 They aren't, but I'm just making it up. They might be in a sextile, they might be in a trine, they might have TCXPXKltQhA-00019-00013122-00013716 already reached the opposition between them. And then, those aspects - trines, sextiles - they may be TCXPXKltQhA-00020-00013716-00014262 happening on the other side, after the opposition, which has a different meaning. If you have a TCXPXKltQhA-00021-00014262-00014963 Jupiter-Saturn conjunction in your birth chart, in December 2020 when that happened again as an event, TCXPXKltQhA-00022-00015113-00015780 there would have been a support for you, a reinforcement. Some sort of uh opportunity TCXPXKltQhA-00023-00015780-00016482 to be yourself more. In that moment, those people that had it by birth, the same thing going on in TCXPXKltQhA-00024-00016482-00017142 their charts, they were not fighting a battle with the aspect. They were the other way around, they TCXPXKltQhA-00025-00017142-00017790 were aligned with it, because their individual nature coincides, in this respect, when we talk TCXPXKltQhA-00026-00017790-00018546 about Jupiter and Saturn, with the um uh state of the sky. But if it's a different situation, TCXPXKltQhA-00027-00018546-00019074 if they're in a square and you have them by birth in a conjunction or in an opposition, or TCXPXKltQhA-00028-00019074-00019836 something like that, then the world will demand from these functions called Saturn and Jupiter TCXPXKltQhA-00029-00019836-00020400 to be played out in a particular way. But you would want to play them out in your own way. TCXPXKltQhA-00030-00020472-00020916 Which one is going to be stronger and how? How will they reconcile together? TCXPXKltQhA-00031-00021000-00021618 This is really the essence of how everything that changes in the environment is constantly TCXPXKltQhA-00032-00021618-00022122 challenging us, or supporting us every now and then, but challenging us most of the time. TCXPXKltQhA-00033-00022194-00023016 Not to overcome it, but to discover who we are, what our combinations are and how they TCXPXKltQhA-00034-00023016-00023658 need to be applied based on the opposition or tension that the world creates on us. TCXPXKltQhA-00035-00023736-00024300 It's very often requesting a different solution and if we don't like that solution, TCXPXKltQhA-00036-00024354-00024978 this is a discovery for us. That we don't like it, because our birth chart is pointing out to TCXPXKltQhA-00037-00024978-00025608 another way of doing it. And then we discover how we can potentially take advantage of that. TG3B_KZuoMA-00000-00000307-00000629 Hi travellers, I'm Anne's daughter, Lileko and welcome to Hong Kong TG3B_KZuoMA-00001-00000721-00000940 Qantas business class lounge. TG3B_KZuoMA-00002-00000940-00001430 I'm just gonna take a shower I have flown in from Mainland China. TG3B_KZuoMA-00003-00001430-00001736 Oh the China dream is all over. TG3B_KZuoMA-00004-00001736-00001957 I'm gonna take a shower for this night flight. TG3B_KZuoMA-00005-00001959-00002270 Please check out my flight review, it's coming next. TG3B_KZuoMA-00006-00002474-00002650 They provide a shower cap. TG3B_KZuoMA-00007-00003292-00003564 And more Colgate toothpaste. TG3B_KZuoMA-00008-00004456-00004664 You can just walk into this one. TG3B_KZuoMA-00009-00004688-00004840 Towels are right here. TG3B_KZuoMA-00010-00004861-00005183 I always like to know what amenities they provide it really does TG3B_KZuoMA-00011-00005184-00005478 help me pick my carry-on luggage better. TG3B_KZuoMA-00012-00005478-00005762 And there is a rain shower head. TG3B_KZuoMA-00013-00005762-00005992 They do have a little stool, I can put my luggage. TG3B_KZuoMA-00014-00006090-00006458 Towel rack, this is much more spacious than the one in Sydney. TG3B_KZuoMA-00015-00006522-00006858 So that's cool, and there's a loo. TG3B_KZuoMA-00016-00006894-00007428 They also provide a hanger, which is lovely. TG3B_KZuoMA-00017-00007492-00007740 All righty, let me get changed. TG3B_KZuoMA-00018-00007920-00008112 Look, I'm going from shorts. TG3B_KZuoMA-00019-00008170-00008818 You can see better here, going from shorts because it's gonna be cold at the other end. TG3B_KZuoMA-00020-00009150-00009350 Yes, very handy to just hang your towel. TG3B_KZuoMA-00021-00009448-00010188 All right, what am I wearing? Please check out my video of my long haul flight outfits. You will recognize them. TG3B_KZuoMA-00022-00010698-00011012 So I bring my own cleanser. TG3B_KZuoMA-00023-00011012-00011378 Just in case they don't provide, which they don't. TG3B_KZuoMA-00024-00011378-00011588 It's nice to have another shelf here. TG3B_KZuoMA-00025-00013038-00013280 All righty, I'm ready for my flight. TG3B_KZuoMA-00026-00013482-00013644 Ready to sleep. TG3B_KZuoMA-00027-00013644-00013904 Got my H and M tights on. TG3B_KZuoMA-00028-00013904-00014086 For those of you looking following along my story TG3B_KZuoMA-00029-00014150-00014440 I haven't been well in China. TG3B_KZuoMA-00030-00014440-00015116 My ability to walk through Hong Kong Airport has been challenging and I'm at a bit of a shuffle. TG3B_KZuoMA-00031-00015141-00015341 So it's get on board! TGk3DVCW4Fo-00000-00000018-00000278 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00001-00000278-00000407 Hello again. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00002-00000407-00000668 You know that it is quite easy for a magician TGk3DVCW4Fo-00003-00000668-00000823 to make thing disappear. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00004-00000823-00001203 Well, I won't anything disappear today, at least for now. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00005-00001203-00001513 What I really want is to show how magicians TGk3DVCW4Fo-00006-00001513-00001740 move things around here. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00007-00001740-00001926 Watch me carefully. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00008-00001926-00002144 Here are four dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00009-00002144-00002367 here are four regular dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00010-00002367-00002460 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00011-00002460-00002616 One...two...three...four. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00012-00002616-00003055 OK. I am gonna cover two dice with my hands TGk3DVCW4Fo-00013-00003055-00003388 abra-cadabra-baramboom! TGk3DVCW4Fo-00014-00003388-00003583 The dice moved. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00015-00003583-00003829 I gonna cover dice with my hands. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00016-00003829-00004203 Abra-cadabra-baramboom! TGk3DVCW4Fo-00017-00004203-00004393 The dice moved. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00018-00004393-00004634 I gonna cover dice with my hands. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00019-00004634-00005016 Abra-cadabra-baramboom! TGk3DVCW4Fo-00020-00005016-00005139 The dice moved. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00021-00005139-00005447 That's how magicians move things around here. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00022-00005447-00005600 Please be carefully using your words. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00023-00005600-00005980 There are many words that have hidden magic meaning. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00024-00005980-00006336 You can make things move absolutely far, far away. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00025-00006336-00006588 And it would take real magic to bring them back TGk3DVCW4Fo-00026-00006588-00006827 where they belong to. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00027-00006827-00006980 How we do it? TGk3DVCW4Fo-00028-00006980-00007156 Well, the answer is simple. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00029-00007156-00007254 By magic. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00030-00007254-00007521 And yes, you may find out how we do magic at TGk3DVCW4Fo-00031-00007521-00007738 www.fewdoit.com TGk3DVCW4Fo-00032-00007738-00007843 Have fun :) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00033-00007843-00008069 You will need 5 dice to perform this magic. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00034-00008069-00008386 Your audience will see only 4 dice on the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00035-00008386-00008727 The 5th dice you will hide from your audience view TGk3DVCW4Fo-00036-00008727-00008944 in your palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00037-00008944-00009080 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00038-00009080-00009543 That's what we call palming. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00039-00009543-00009801 Magicians use palming for many different tricks. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00040-00009801-00010102 It is very important for you to master this technique. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00041-00010102-00010418 Practice to palm objects with either hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00042-00010418-00010616 Look on your open palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00043-00010616-00010760 You will see a crease on your palm TGk3DVCW4Fo-00044-00010760-00011033 if you bring the thumb closer to the palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00045-00011033-00011328 The crease makes a semicircle around the thumb TGk3DVCW4Fo-00046-00011328-00011493 across the palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00047-00011493-00011990 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00048-00011990-00012252 Stretch your fingers. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00049-00012252-00012711 Place a dice on your palm at the center of the semicircle. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00050-00012711-00013132 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00051-00013132-00013360 Press the dice firmly into your palm with TGk3DVCW4Fo-00052-00013360-00013728 a middle finger. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00053-00013728-00014016 Bring the thumb closer to your palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00054-00014016-00014402 The dice should be hold by the flesh of your palm now. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00055-00014402-00014607 Keep the thumb close to your palm and TGk3DVCW4Fo-00056-00014607-00014844 stretch your fingers. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00057-00014844-00015272 You hold the dice only by fleshy part of your palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00058-00015272-00015653 That is the palming. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00059-00015653-00015840 Do some exercises. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00060-00015840-00016511 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00061-00016511-00016777 Try to palm the dice and hold any object TGk3DVCW4Fo-00062-00016777-00017046 at the same time in the same hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00063-00017046-00017307 Writing with a dice palmed in your hand is TGk3DVCW4Fo-00064-00017307-00017552 another good exercise. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00065-00017552-00017664 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00066-00017664-00018085 You may want to try to palm any small objects. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00067-00018085-00018376 Objects that can be covered by your hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00068-00018376-00018754 Say...a coin, a key, a small ball or any thing TGk3DVCW4Fo-00069-00018754-00019404 that smaller than your palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00070-00019404-00019633 Practice! TGk3DVCW4Fo-00071-00019633-00019770 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00072-00019770-00020089 Palming the dice on a table seems to be even easier. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00073-00020089-00020379 Put the dice on any flat surface. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00074-00020379-00020710 Cover the dice with your palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00075-00020710-00020996 Press your palm firmly into the dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00076-00020996-00021147 Palm the dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00077-00021147-00021332 You may want to shake your fingers slightly TGk3DVCW4Fo-00078-00021332-00021697 when you palming the object. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00079-00021697-00022072 It helps to hide what you are doing under your palm. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00080-00022072-00022312 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00081-00022312-00022448 Practice! TGk3DVCW4Fo-00082-00022448-00022693 Now you are ready to do your magic. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00083-00022693-00023016 I am going to show my palms to you TGk3DVCW4Fo-00084-00023016-00023277 only for purpose of this instruction. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00085-00023277-00023639 You should never ever show your palm to your audience. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00086-00023639-00023955 Even if you have nothing hidden in your palms. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00087-00023955-00024326 It is very important to keep your palms always hidden TGk3DVCW4Fo-00088-00024326-00024544 from the view of your audience. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00089-00024544-00025286 Hold your palms facing your body or the floor. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00090-00025286-00025503 If you feel confident doing the palming, TGk3DVCW4Fo-00091-00025503-00025742 then it's time to do the magic. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00092-00025742-00026050 Let's see how this trick is done. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00093-00026050-00026570 You start by putting four dice on the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00094-00026570-00026940 And you palm the 5th dice in your right hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00095-00026940-00027382 The audience don't see it. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00096-00027382-00027669 Cover the left nearest dice with your right palm TGk3DVCW4Fo-00097-00027669-00027866 holding the hidden dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00098-00027866-00028398 Cover the remote right dice with your empty left hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00099-00028398-00028665 Shake slightly fingers of both hands simulating TGk3DVCW4Fo-00100-00028665-00028832 some magic forces. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00101-00028832-00029157 Release the hidden dice from your right hand TGk3DVCW4Fo-00102-00029157-00029511 at same time palm the dice covered by your left hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00103-00029511-00029774 Lift your hands of the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00104-00029774-00030062 The audience sees that one of those dice TGk3DVCW4Fo-00105-00030062-00030339 have magically moved across the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00106-00030339-00030736 The hidden dice is in your left hand now. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00107-00030736-00031011 The audience don't know about it. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00108-00031011-00031313 Cover the two dice with your left hand TGk3DVCW4Fo-00109-00031313-00031762 palming your hidden dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00110-00031762-00032328 Cover the remote left dice with your empty right hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00111-00032328-00032605 Release the hidden dice from your left hand TGk3DVCW4Fo-00112-00032605-00032892 and palm the dice covered by your right hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00113-00032892-00033157 Lift your hands off the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00114-00033157-00033395 Your audience sees that another dice TGk3DVCW4Fo-00115-00033395-00033635 has magically moved across the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00116-00033635-00033943 The hidden dice is in your right hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00117-00033943-00034540 Now, cover the three dice with your right palm TGk3DVCW4Fo-00118-00034540-00034856 holding the hidden dice. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00119-00034856-00035056 Cover the single right dice TGk3DVCW4Fo-00120-00035056-00035446 with your empty left hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00121-00035446-00035746 Release the hidden dice from your right hand TGk3DVCW4Fo-00122-00035746-00036157 and palm the dice covered by your left hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00123-00036157-00036401 Lift your hands off the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00124-00036401-00036525 Your audience sees TGk3DVCW4Fo-00125-00036525-00036903 that all dice have magically moved across the table. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00126-00036903-00037216 You may drop the hidden dice into your pocket. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00127-00037216-00037607 And pick the rest dice with other hand at the same time. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00128-00037607-00038256 Or do it just with one hand. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00129-00038256-00038496 Congratulations. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00130-00038496-00038725 You have made the magic. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00131-00038725-00039168 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00132-00039168-00039453 Let's do it one more time quickly. TGk3DVCW4Fo-00133-00039453-00040845 (birds chirping) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00134-00040845-00040981 Have fun:) TGk3DVCW4Fo-00135-00040981-00042182 (birds chirping) TJeMXEJn9w8-00000-00000010-00000123 >> Josh: OVER 300 PEOPLE TJeMXEJn9w8-00001-00000123-00000130 >> Josh: OVER 300 PEOPLE TJeMXEJn9w8-00002-00000130-00000457 >> Josh: OVER 300 PEOPLE ATTENDED THE DEBATE, WHICH WAS TJeMXEJn9w8-00003-00000457-00000463 >> Josh: OVER 300 PEOPLE ATTENDED THE DEBATE, WHICH WAS TJeMXEJn9w8-00004-00000463-00000650 >> Josh: OVER 300 PEOPLE ATTENDED THE DEBATE, WHICH WAS MODERATED BY TOM HAUSSER. TJeMXEJn9w8-00005-00000650-00000657 ATTENDED THE DEBATE, WHICH WAS MODERATED BY TOM HAUSSER. TJeMXEJn9w8-00006-00000657-00000927 ATTENDED THE DEBATE, WHICH WAS MODERATED BY TOM HAUSSER. THE MINNESOTA STATE ARTS BOARD TJeMXEJn9w8-00007-00000927-00000934 MODERATED BY TOM HAUSSER. THE MINNESOTA STATE ARTS BOARD TJeMXEJn9w8-00008-00000934-00001194 MODERATED BY TOM HAUSSER. THE MINNESOTA STATE ARTS BOARD AWARDS HUNDREDS OF GRANTS. TJeMXEJn9w8-00009-00001194-00001201 THE MINNESOTA STATE ARTS BOARD AWARDS HUNDREDS OF GRANTS. TJeMXEJn9w8-00010-00001201-00001444 THE MINNESOTA STATE ARTS BOARD AWARDS HUNDREDS OF GRANTS. MANY OF THE GRANTS GO TO ARTISTS TJeMXEJn9w8-00011-00001444-00001451 AWARDS HUNDREDS OF GRANTS. MANY OF THE GRANTS GO TO ARTISTS TJeMXEJn9w8-00012-00001451-00002135 AWARDS HUNDREDS OF GRANTS. MANY OF THE GRANTS GO TO ARTISTS AND PROJECTS IN TWIN CITIES. TJeMXEJn9w8-00013-00002135-00002142 MANY OF THE GRANTS GO TO ARTISTS AND PROJECTS IN TWIN CITIES. TJeMXEJn9w8-00014-00002142-00003019 MANY OF THE GRANTS GO TO ARTISTS AND PROJECTS IN TWIN CITIES. WITH THE GRANT MONEY, DEVRIES IS TJeMXEJn9w8-00015-00003019-00003026 AND PROJECTS IN TWIN CITIES. WITH THE GRANT MONEY, DEVRIES IS TJeMXEJn9w8-00016-00003026-00003159 AND PROJECTS IN TWIN CITIES. WITH THE GRANT MONEY, DEVRIES IS OPENING AN EXHIBITION. TJeMXEJn9w8-00017-00003159-00003166 WITH THE GRANT MONEY, DEVRIES IS OPENING AN EXHIBITION. TJeMXEJn9w8-00018-00003166-00003373 WITH THE GRANT MONEY, DEVRIES IS OPENING AN EXHIBITION. HE TYPICALLY WORKS IN PORCELAIN, TJeMXEJn9w8-00019-00003373-00003379 OPENING AN EXHIBITION. HE TYPICALLY WORKS IN PORCELAIN, TJeMXEJn9w8-00020-00003379-00003523 OPENING AN EXHIBITION. HE TYPICALLY WORKS IN PORCELAIN, BUT WITH THE GRANT MONEY, IT TJeMXEJn9w8-00021-00003523-00003530 HE TYPICALLY WORKS IN PORCELAIN, BUT WITH THE GRANT MONEY, IT TJeMXEJn9w8-00022-00003530-00003670 HE TYPICALLY WORKS IN PORCELAIN, BUT WITH THE GRANT MONEY, IT ALLOWED HIM TO TEST OUT A NEW TJeMXEJn9w8-00023-00003670-00003676 BUT WITH THE GRANT MONEY, IT ALLOWED HIM TO TEST OUT A NEW TJeMXEJn9w8-00024-00003676-00003833 BUT WITH THE GRANT MONEY, IT ALLOWED HIM TO TEST OUT A NEW MATERIAL BY USING RED STONE. TJeMXEJn9w8-00025-00003833-00003840 ALLOWED HIM TO TEST OUT A NEW MATERIAL BY USING RED STONE. TJeMXEJn9w8-00026-00003840-00004084 ALLOWED HIM TO TEST OUT A NEW MATERIAL BY USING RED STONE. >> TESTS DON'T WORK OUT. TJeMXEJn9w8-00027-00004084-00004090 MATERIAL BY USING RED STONE. >> TESTS DON'T WORK OUT. TJeMXEJn9w8-00028-00004090-00004300 MATERIAL BY USING RED STONE. >> TESTS DON'T WORK OUT. PLACES BLISTER. TJeMXEJn9w8-00029-00004300-00004307 >> TESTS DON'T WORK OUT. PLACES BLISTER. TJeMXEJn9w8-00030-00004307-00004467 >> TESTS DON'T WORK OUT. PLACES BLISTER. THERE'S JUST A LOT OF ISSUES. TJeMXEJn9w8-00031-00004467-00004474 PLACES BLISTER. THERE'S JUST A LOT OF ISSUES. TJeMXEJn9w8-00032-00004474-00004631 PLACES BLISTER. THERE'S JUST A LOT OF ISSUES. HAVING THE TIME TO TAKE THOSE TJeMXEJn9w8-00033-00004631-00004637 THERE'S JUST A LOT OF ISSUES. HAVING THE TIME TO TAKE THOSE TJeMXEJn9w8-00034-00004637-00004751 THERE'S JUST A LOT OF ISSUES. HAVING THE TIME TO TAKE THOSE RISKS IS HUGE. TJeMXEJn9w8-00035-00004751-00004758 HAVING THE TIME TO TAKE THOSE RISKS IS HUGE. TJeMXEJn9w8-00036-00004758-00004891 HAVING THE TIME TO TAKE THOSE RISKS IS HUGE. I DON'T REALLY TYPICALLY HAVE TJeMXEJn9w8-00037-00004891-00004898 RISKS IS HUGE. I DON'T REALLY TYPICALLY HAVE TJeMXEJn9w8-00038-00004898-00005141 RISKS IS HUGE. I DON'T REALLY TYPICALLY HAVE THAT KIND OF TIME BECAUSE TJeMXEJn9w8-00039-00005141-00005148 I DON'T REALLY TYPICALLY HAVE THAT KIND OF TIME BECAUSE TJeMXEJn9w8-00040-00005148-00005628 I DON'T REALLY TYPICALLY HAVE THAT KIND OF TIME BECAUSE EVERYTHING THAT GOES INTO THE TJeMXEJn9w8-00041-00005628-00005635 THAT KIND OF TIME BECAUSE EVERYTHING THAT GOES INTO THE TJeMXEJn9w8-00042-00005635-00005729 THAT KIND OF TIME BECAUSE EVERYTHING THAT GOES INTO THE KILN HAS TO COME OUT. TJeMXEJn9w8-00043-00005729-00005735 EVERYTHING THAT GOES INTO THE KILN HAS TO COME OUT. TJeMXEJn9w8-00044-00005735-00005785 EVERYTHING THAT GOES INTO THE KILN HAS TO COME OUT. >> Josh: THE EXHIBITION OPENS TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00000-00000173-00000802 In the 2008 Olympics, the women's 100 meter was won by three women from the same country. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00001-00000802-00001267 Shelly-Ann Fraser, Sherone Simpson, and Kerron Stewart are all three from Jamaica and placed TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00002-00001267-00001689 Gold, and a two way tie for Silver, respectively. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00003-00001689-00002217 Jamaica has a population of 2.7 million people, one one hundredth of the population of the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00004-00002217-00002843 US and an economy about one thousand times smaller than the US, yet they outperformed TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00005-00002843-00003041 the US team in this event. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00006-00003041-00003536 Jamaica, in general, does well in Olympic sprinting events for a country of their size TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00007-00003536-00003636 and economy. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00008-00003636-00003929 It's a matter of national pride. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00009-00003929-00004518 The question I'd like to answer in this video is why are Jamaicans so good at sprinting. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00010-00004518-00004912 Do they have some racial ability for fast sprints? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00011-00004912-00005453 Is there some genetic variation, crafted by natural selection, that has lent them a slight TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00012-00005453-00005571 advantage? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00013-00005571-00005942 It's an interesting question, and should be something we can answer from the science of TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00014-00005942-00006198 human population genetics. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00015-00006198-00006442 We'll ask some other related questions as well. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00016-00006442-00007020 For example, Ethiopians and Kenyans tend to be over-represented in marathon events, but TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00017-00007020-00007537 not Jamaicans, or for that matter Ugandans or Tanzanians. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00018-00007537-00008023 It's also been pointed out that there's a gap in the IQ measurements of people who self-describe TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00019-00008023-00008240 as White vs. Black Americans. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00020-00008240-00008810 Why does this gap also exist between and within countries of the world? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00021-00008810-00009335 Why are Jewish people supposedly over-represented in Nobel Prize recipients and on the high TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00022-00009335-00009657 end of the IQ scale? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00023-00009657-00010028 Let's dispose of a few hypotheses: 1. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00024-00010028-00010224 The myth of the pure population. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00025-00010224-00010787 Look, outside of a few isolated islands in the Indian Ocean or Northern Pacific, there TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00026-00010787-00011260 are no groups of people who have not been actively marrying outside their own small TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00027-00011260-00011446 tribal unit. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00028-00011446-00011954 The human gene pool is a shared gene pool across the entire globe. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00029-00011954-00012422 This does not mean that ancient Romans were marrying Aboriginal Australians. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00030-00012422-00012850 The process is analogous to a bucket chain, with each tribe only marrying into the group TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00031-00012850-00013462 proximal to itself, but this creates a flow of genes that spans the globe, jumping from TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00032-00013462-00013997 Old to New World at the northern extremes of Alaska-Siberia and Iceland. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00033-00013997-00014515 Humans are one of those rare species that span the globe without geographic isolation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00034-00014515-00015120 Thus, whenever we apply markers of ancestry to any population, there is always evidence TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00035-00015120-00015323 of significant mixing of heritage. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00036-00015323-00015956 Each person, regardless of self-identified ethnicity, is a mix of multiple continental TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00037-00015956-00016079 races. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00038-00016079-00016542 There are, therefore, no pure races anywhere. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00039-00016542-00017028 How many commenters on white supremacy websites are aware of the fact that they likely have TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00040-00017028-00017582 5 percent or more ancestry from Africa in the very recent past, probably back about TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00041-00017582-00017823 six to ten generations. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00042-00017823-00018112 We are all mutt blends. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00043-00018112-00018687 This was demonstrated very clearly in the following incident: In 2006, James Watson, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00044-00018687-00019256 who received the Nobel for his work in discovering the structure of DNA, in a newspaper interview, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00045-00019256-00019771 made comments that linked the social problems in Africa to the lower genetic potential of TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00046-00019771-00019948 Africans. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00047-00019948-00020455 It was an off-the-cuff comment, the kind of thing that pops up in casual chat with someone TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00048-00020455-00020667 who grew up in a different era. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00049-00020667-00021409 The controversy he sparked led to his resignation as head of Cold Spring Harbor Labs in 2007. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00050-00021409-00021868 James Watson was one of the first people to have his genome sequenced, so his genetic TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00051-00021868-00022199 markers are publically available on the Internet. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00052-00022199-00022745 The Icelandics genomics company, deCODE, was reported as claiming that the Watson genome TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00053-00022745-00023109 showed greater than 15% recent African ancestry. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00054-00023109-00023670 The data is still somewhat questionable, since the early genomes were very poorly annotated TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00055-00023670-00024023 and aligned, but this would not be out of the ordinary. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00056-00024023-00024595 What that means for Dr. Watson is that he has a 1 in 6 chance of having won his Nobel TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00057-00024595-00025097 thanks to genes inherited from his recent African ancestor. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00058-00025097-00025666 It also shows that, no matter how European someone appears, you can't imagine that they TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00059-00025666-00026077 are by any measure of pure ancestry. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00060-00026077-00026510 Let's test this idea of a pure population against our Jamaican athletes. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00061-00026510-00027081 None of them are entirely African or entirely European; all of them contain significant TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00062-00027081-00027642 markers of both ancestries and also Asian and Indigenous American markers. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00063-00027642-00028217 The terms for this blending of different groups in our recent genetic past is called admixture. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00064-00028217-00028783 This is also the name of a program that calculate and represents the genetic mixing of populations. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00065-00028783-00029269 Here we have one such graph, sometimes called a waterfall graph, that represents the global TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00066-00029269-00029661 admixture by cultural ethnicity or tribe. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00067-00029661-00030172 Each bar on the graph within the brackets represents a single individual, and the colors TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00068-00030172-00030375 represent groupings. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00069-00030375-00030876 The human analyst tells the program how many clusters or groupings to create. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00070-00030876-00031502 Recall that this arbitray and inferred number of groupings is called K, and ADMIXTURE represents TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00071-00031502-00031941 membership in these groupings that best explain the total diversity. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00072-00031941-00032511 Notice, for example, in this global population, that none of the bars is entirely of a single TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00073-00032511-00033076 color when we allow for a larger number of inferred groups, that is high value of K. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00074-00033076-00033789 Every tribe or ethnicity contains within its gene pool plenty of mixtures of markers from TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00075-00033789-00034026 adjoining groups. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00076-00034026-00034326 Let's take a look at ADMIXTURE in Jamaica. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00077-00034326-00034920 The average Jamaican has 20% or more European genetic markers, slightly higher than the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00078-00034920-00035139 rest of the Carribean. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00079-00035139-00035705 Does this European ancestry explain their apparently superior athletic performance at TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00080-00035705-00035805 sprinting? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00081-00035805-00036263 One recent paper addressed this question by measuring ancestry in both elite athletes TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00082-00036263-00036754 and non-athlete controls, and the answer was a definitive no. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00083-00036754-00037120 The percentage of ancestry was almost identical in both groups. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00084-00037120-00037679 However, in the same paper, elite African-American athletes possessed significantly more European TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00085-00037679-00038244 ancestry than non-athlete controls, which is the opposite of what most biological race TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00086-00038244-00038493 proponents would have expected. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00087-00038493-00038885 It also raises interesting questions about why this should be so. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00088-00038885-00039313 Feel free to leave your own hypothesis in the comments. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00089-00039313-00039464 2. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00090-00039464-00039894 Natural selection has guided different groups to be good at something. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00091-00039894-00040571 Evolution is constantly occurring in the human population, that much is certain. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00092-00040571-00041094 Natural selection is also constantly occurring in the human population. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00093-00041094-00041652 However, if we scan our genome for evidence of certain genetic variants differing in frequency TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00094-00041652-00042068 between two populations, the results are surprising. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00095-00042068-00042449 The scientific phrasing for this is "high Fst" alleles. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00096-00042449-00043043 Recall from the last video that Fst is a measure of variation between groups. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00097-00043043-00043665 Taking the genome as a whole, about 11% of human variation can be best explained by variation TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00098-00043665-00043928 between the classical races. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00099-00043928-00044423 The remaining 89% is the result of variation within those groups. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00100-00044423-00044897 This is an important fact, and I hope you'll keep it in mind when we get to some calculations TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00101-00044897-00045059 later. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00102-00045059-00045562 If we zoom in on just a few genetic variations that happen to be very different between, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00103-00045562-00046193 in this example, the Yoruba people of Africa, the French people of Europe and the Han people TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00104-00046193-00046747 of Asia, we can see that there are some that show a strong difference in frequency depending TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00105-00046747-00047054 on who we compare to each other. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00106-00047054-00047451 These are the race-specific or high Fst alleles. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00107-00047451-00047806 So, how many of them would we predict? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00108-00047806-00048378 There are about 3 million of a class of genetic variations called SNPs, single nucleotide TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00109-00048378-00048876 polymorphisms, but a lot of them are only measured in a few individuals in the whole TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00110-00048876-00049501 world, so we should consider the total variation is about 900,000, which I'll round to a million TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00111-00049501-00049718 for this narrative. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00112-00049718-00050528 Of the million shared variations, about 70, (total, not 70 percent) are found to have TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00113-00050528-00051090 undergone what we could call race-specific or region-specific natural selection. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00114-00051090-00051388 70 out of a million. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00115-00051388-00052101 Zero point zero zero 7 percent of human variation is the result of strong natural selection TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00116-00052101-00052780 acting differently on people as far apart as France, Nigeria and China. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00117-00052780-00053216 What genes do we find that show evidence of positive selection in different areas of the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00118-00053216-00053316 world? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00119-00053316-00054064 Well, you won't be too surprised: skin color, hair texture, resistance to malaria and poxvirus, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00120-00054064-00054666 lactose intolerance, salivary amylase and a few blood antigens related to maintaining TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00121-00054666-00054920 inter-group pregnancy. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00122-00054920-00055316 That is, the only human genes that we can detect that have been under racial selection TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00123-00055316-00055733 are the ones you might have learned about in freshman biology. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00124-00055733-00056212 There were no genes associated with athletic performance or brain development that were TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00125-00056212-00056707 identified as being under positive selection in a single group. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00126-00056707-00056991 This makes sense in our understanding of evolution. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00127-00056991-00057519 Can you imagine an environment that wouldn't select for smart, athletic people over dumb, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00128-00057519-00057982 slow people, other than the modern United States ... no, just kidding, even here the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00129-00057982-00058481 person most likely to pass their genes on to many offspring are the ones who are successful TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00130-00058481-00058907 for reasons of intellect, personality or physique. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00131-00058907-00059529 For most of our history, hunting skills, long-distance endurance, disease resistance, fertility and TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00132-00059529-00060247 cunning have been positively selected to about the same degree in all environments. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00133-00060247-00060716 Then again, the degree of selection of these types of traits tends to be pretty low. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00134-00060716-00061216 Even dumb people are quite capable of locating a mate, producing an offspring, and surviving TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00135-00061216-00061516 long enough to raise those children to independence. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00136-00061516-00061972 Thus, the degree of selection is expected to be quite low. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00137-00061972-00062554 Scientists measure the presence of positive selection by what are called selective sweeps. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00138-00062554-00063108 This means that random junk DNA just around a gene that is being "selected for" tend to TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00139-00063108-00063614 be highly conserved across the entire group, where it would normally just randomly mutate TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00140-00063614-00064063 in the background if it weren't right next to a gene variation that is being preserved TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00141-00064063-00064274 by selection. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00142-00064274-00064779 When we measure those genes that show selective sweeps, then back-calculate the degree of TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00143-00064779-00065485 selection needed to explain the conserved variations, it comes out to less than 1% fitness TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00144-00065485-00065664 increase. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00145-00065664-00066137 That is, in those genes which are acted on by natural selection differently between different TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00146-00066137-00066862 population groups the effect is really, really weak, less than 1 in 100 difference in relative TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00147-00066862-00066962 survival. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00148-00066962-00067593 So, what this allows us to do is to toss out strong selection on human populations on anything TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00149-00067593-00067958 other than disease resistance and skin pigmentation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00150-00067958-00068492 There could still be even weaker selection than 1 in 100 difference, but it would be TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00151-00068492-00068835 hard to distinguish from background variation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00152-00068835-00069368 What many proponents of biological race differences are really saying is that running from lions TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00153-00069368-00070025 in Africa produces superior runners but inferior brains, where the European or Asian was less TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00154-00070025-00070580 reliant on physical prowess, and more likely to need social or intellectual skills at the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00155-00070580-00070793 expense of brawn. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00156-00070793-00071443 This is a ridiculous, unscientific idea, and smacks of Lamarckism, the idea that the struggles TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00157-00071443-00071916 and desires of the parents produce advantageous changes in the children. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00158-00071916-00072469 The genomics data suggests very little adaptive change in human populations, and very little TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00159-00072469-00072808 positive selection for desirable traits. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00160-00072808-00073498 So, if strong, positive natural selection accounts for about 1% of differences between TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00161-00073498-00074117 groups, and the total variation between continental groups is about 11%, why are those two numbers TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00162-00074117-00074298 so different? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00163-00074298-00074924 The remaining variation is the result of founder effects, genetic drift, as well as what is TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00164-00074924-00075183 called background selection. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00165-00075183-00075837 That is, when ancient humans left Africa to colonize Asia, Europe, Australia and the Americas, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00166-00075837-00076563 they represented only a small group of individual sampled from a much larger, more diverse population. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00167-00076563-00077019 In most cases, what happened is a natural bottleneck in the population. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00168-00077019-00077583 Gene variations that had been present in the African population never made it to Asia or TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00169-00077583-00077683 Australia. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00170-00077683-00078204 Thus, if we were to generate a proper family tree of humanity, and it was to represent TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00171-00078204-00078642 all of human diversity, it would have to be rooted in Africa. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00172-00078642-00079239 Out of every ten branches, a good 7 or 8 would still reside in Africa. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00173-00079239-00079775 Europeans, Asians, Australians and the First Americans would all be twigs off a single TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00174-00079775-00079943 branch. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00175-00079943-00080619 We might call the branches, for example, Pygmy, San, Yoruba, Bantu, and then all the non-Africans TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00176-00080619-00081148 would be lumped into Amero-Eurasian, with Australian Aborigines possibly being their TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00177-00081148-00081364 own branch. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00178-00081364-00081800 There is one other contribution that is still the subject of active research, and that is TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00179-00081800-00082072 ancient hominid admixture. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00180-00082072-00082474 You may be familiar with the fact that Neanderthal markers are suspected to be present in all TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00181-00082474-00082927 living humans, though far more in non-African groups. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00182-00082927-00083481 While this has not been definitely established, and may be the subject of a future video, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00183-00083481-00083958 we have reason to believe that there was some intermixing between anatomically modern humans TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00184-00083958-00084382 and the Neanderthal and possibly other ancient hominids. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00185-00084382-00084942 We can set an upper bound to this contribution at about 3% of markers. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00186-00084942-00085466 There are some pretty silly ideas that Europeans somehow contain genes from Neanderthals that TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00187-00085466-00085706 Africans do not posses. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00188-00085706-00085963 This is simply not the case. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00189-00085963-00086467 At most, there are some variations in certain groups of modern humans that are best explained TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00190-00086467-00086708 by admixture with these ancient hominids. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00191-00086708-00087504 These same variations are also found in Africans, but at a much lower statistical frequency. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00192-00087504-00087987 If you're relying on Google or the popular press for the facts on this topic, you mostly TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00193-00087987-00088323 likely have them completely wrong. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00194-00088323-00088835 Let's return to the topic of why Jamaicans do so well at Olympic sprinting events. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00195-00088835-00089231 How much of that is cultural and how much heritable? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00196-00089231-00089693 We already have the numbers we need to make an approximate calculation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00197-00089693-00090201 We established early on that about 11% of genetic diversity is best explained by differences TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00198-00090201-00090622 between continental groups, the Fst measurement. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00199-00090622-00090981 To what degree is athleticism heritable? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00200-00090981-00091610 If we propose a very large number like 50%, for example, then the racial sprinting ability TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00201-00091610-00092449 of a Jamaican can at most be one half of the Fst value of 11%, or about 5-6%. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00202-00092449-00092956 If the heritability is more like 20%, a more realistic number, then we're talking about TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00203-00092956-00093468 2% of someone's talent being the result of their membership in a particular continental TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00204-00093468-00093611 group. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00205-00093611-00094055 At the level of Olympic performance, where the difference between a silver and gold medal TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00206-00094055-00094691 is measured in microseconds, this slight genetic advantage could translate to something actually TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00207-00094691-00094791 measurable. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00208-00094791-00095341 A large country, though, should still have an advantage as there are no performance genes TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00209-00095341-00095693 denied to any population anywhere. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00210-00095693-00096301 We see this in the sudden dominance of Chinese athletes in all categories of Olympic sport. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00211-00096301-00096992 At best, we could say that there are 2-6% more people per capita in Jamaica vs. Ecuador TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00212-00096992-00097462 with exceptional genetics for sprinting, but this small difference certainly doesn't account TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00213-00097462-00097735 for the large imbalance in Olympic medals. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00214-00097735-00098339 Instead, we have to look to the interplay of culture, environment and the genetic landscape. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00215-00098339-00098998 I started with 50% as an example because that is one proposed measure of heritability in TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00216-00098998-00099138 IQ. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00217-00099138-00099625 In identical twins, there can be a pretty strong correlation between IQ values. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00218-00099625-00100044 We can't distinguish, though, what effect sharing the womb has on both developing brains TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00219-00100044-00100589 in maintaining this correlation, and how much is strictly the result of shared genetic variation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00220-00100589-00101142 50% heritability is a pretty high degree of genetic correlation, but it's important to TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00221-00101142-00101645 note that 50% is how much your parents' genes determine your phenotype. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00222-00101645-00102132 The "unit" that this gene travels in is a direct family line. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00223-00102132-00102557 Let's take the best case scenario: If Albert Einstein and Marilyn Monroe were your among TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00224-00102557-00103106 your grandparents, you would have only a 1 in 4 chance of getting Einstein's genes for TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00225-00103106-00103590 intellect or Marilyn Monroe's genes for looks, if such genes existed. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00226-00103590-00104072 Then, you would have only a 50% chance of those genes putting you on the same intellectual TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00227-00104072-00104442 or physical potential level as either one. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00228-00104442-00105001 So your chances of either being exceptionally smart or attractive are only 1 in 8 if the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00229-00105001-00105348 degree of heritability were 50% for both traits... TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00230-00105348-00105976 I would not expect Einstein's grandson to be exceptionally smart, even if such ability TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00231-00105976-00106453 were inherited according to the Mendelian rules of genetics. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00232-00106453-00107094 The statistical models suggest that everyone alive today is, at most, 50th cousins. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00233-00107094-00107653 That is, if we go back only about 50 generations, everyone alive has an ancestor in common. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00234-00107653-00108240 That's about our hereditary relatedness, not our genetic relatedness. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00235-00108240-00108605 Our genetic ancestry is diluted very rapidly. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00236-00108605-00109108 It's therefore unlikely that anything more than third or fourth cousins are likely to TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00237-00109108-00109334 be genetically very similar. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00238-00109334-00109899 If we take the idea of a few hundred races, they are constructed of groups of people with TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00239-00109899-00110497 some arbitrary degree of relatedness that is higher than that of more distant people. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00240-00110497-00111024 What we really are talking about with race are very, very extended families that blend TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00241-00111024-00111164 together at the edges. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00242-00111164-00111705 You may notice similar characteristics in your own extended family; a certain type of TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00243-00111705-00112236 nose, or eyebrows, or in my own case, abnormally large craniums run in my family, at least TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00244-00112236-00112461 on my father's side. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00245-00112461-00112975 If we want to view race as the intermediate between proximal family relationships and TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00246-00112975-00113545 our relatedness by common ancestry, then we need to understand why one extended family TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00247-00113545-00113829 would have different attributes from another. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00248-00113829-00114384 We've discarded the idea of natural selection and instead acknowledged that founder effect, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00249-00114384-00115033 drift and negative selection dominate those small differences that exist between groups. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00250-00115033-00115148 3. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00251-00115148-00115449 Myth: Statistical differences are inherently meaningful TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00252-00115449-00116163 I think it's important we discard the idea that a statistical inequality has any special TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00253-00116163-00116263 meaning. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00254-00116263-00116808 If I divide any group of people into any arbitrary groups, there will always be one group with TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00255-00116808-00117147 more of some exceptional or unusual trait. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00256-00117147-00117582 The error is assuming that this difference is somehow the result of the nature of the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00257-00117582-00117714 grouping. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00258-00117714-00118235 For example, if I take the US population and divide them into left and right handed, one TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00259-00118235-00118664 of those two groups will have a higher income, or more criminality. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00260-00118664-00119024 In the former case, it might be right-handed people, and we find that left-handed people TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00261-00119024-00119269 are more likely to end up in jail. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00262-00119269-00119895 We can create from that an entire mythos or narrative of how handedness creates biological TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00263-00119895-00120514 tendencies towards social success or failure, but the statistical difference is a false TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00264-00120514-00120614 lead. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00265-00120614-00120875 It lacks biological plausibility. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00266-00120875-00121389 I might even find a correlation, like the relationship between African-Americans and TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00267-00121389-00121505 heart disease. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00268-00121505-00122124 Is it then a fair assumption that this correlation between two factors is causative? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00269-00122124-00122480 To do so is to confuse correlation and causation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00270-00122480-00122966 It could be that African Americans are more likely to eat a high risk diet, or to recieve TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00271-00122966-00123451 poor medical care, or the amount of stress they experience in daily life. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00272-00123451-00123847 These are all confounding factors we cannot discard. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00273-00123847-00124403 The issue of race is so bound up in culture, geography and environment. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00274-00124403-00124838 This doesn't mean that it's impossible for genetic differences to exist between groups, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00275-00124838-00125345 after all we know of some very well documented cases where they do, but it means we approach TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00276-00125345-00125759 each of these cases with a high degree of skepticism. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00277-00125759-00126427 This isn't about political correctness, it's about our ability to fool ourselves; our tendency TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00278-00126427-00126846 to fall victim to our own confirmation bias. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00279-00126846-00127340 Biological race is an idea that dominated human population genetics and anthropology TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00280-00127340-00127645 for the last several hundred years. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00281-00127645-00128175 We found all sorts of evidence to prop it up, and it wasn't until the modern era, when TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00282-00128175-00128776 we were first able to peer into our own genetic history, that we began to realize how little TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00283-00128776-00129247 these apparent differences were manifested in our DNA. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00284-00129247-00129913 On to Myth 4: The benefit of racialized medicine A landmark medicine, called BilDil, was released TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00285-00129913-00130554 in 2004, specifically marketed to be used in African Americans to reduce the risk of TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00286-00130554-00130804 congestive heart failure. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00287-00130804-00131254 It was deemed to act on a genetic variant that affected nitrous oxide signaling in the TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00288-00131254-00131369 blood vessels. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00289-00131369-00132102 African Americans, as a self-identified group, are more than twice as likely to develop CHF, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00290-00132102-00132749 and they are also 20% more likely than European Americans to posses a high risk marker. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00291-00132749-00133432 The numbers are 35% of African Americans, and 15% of European Americans. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00292-00133432-00134101 20% seems like a pretty small difference to me on which to base a racialized marketing TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00293-00134101-00134761 program for a drug that could benefit 15% of European patients as well. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00294-00134761-00135295 It also begs the question: if we know the variant responsible for the improved performance TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00295-00135295-00135964 of the drug, and if that test exists, why are we guessing using a self-identified race? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00296-00135964-00136501 To say that this drug performs best in black people is to miss the real point: it performs TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00297-00136501-00136952 best in people with a particular genetic variation. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00298-00136952-00137395 Race is just a poor approximation of probability. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00299-00137395-00138177 The drug will fail to yield additional benefit in 65% of African Americans, a clear majority. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00300-00138177-00138722 This kind of thinking is actually harmful to medical treatment of both African and European TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00301-00138722-00139065 Americans, and I'm not the only one who thinks so. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00302-00139065-00139672 Don't confuse a clever marketing ploy with good science or medicine. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00303-00139672-00140009 So let me return to the question at the beginning of this video. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00304-00140009-00140284 Why are Jamaicans such good sprinters? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00305-00140284-00140962 I have no doubt that in every population, every race or tribe, the potential for great TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00306-00140962-00141129 sprinters exists. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00307-00141129-00141734 It is in the interaction between the raw genetic potential and the cultural and environmental TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00308-00141734-00142142 factors that champions are forged. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00309-00142142-00142647 Exceptional Jamaican athletes are encouraged to take up sprinting from a young age. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00310-00142647-00143087 If they were encouraged to take up tennis or beach volleyball, if those were a matter TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00311-00143087-00143573 of national pride, I have no doubt that their exceptional athletes would perform as well TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00312-00143573-00143919 at those sports as they do at sprinting. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00313-00143919-00144194 What about Kenyan and Ethopian runners? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00314-00144194-00144613 Well, when genetically tested, they turn out to be little different from non-elite athletes TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00315-00144613-00144875 from the same general region. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00316-00144875-00145395 What *is* explanatory is what altitude they train at, their personal level of commitment, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00317-00145395-00145686 and the number of hours spent training. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00318-00145686-00146119 Their exceptional performance seems to be partly a product of living in the mountains TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00319-00146119-00146638 of Kenya, rather than the genetic gifts, or else their non-mountainous neighbors would TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00320-00146638-00146833 be just as competitive. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00321-00146833-00147596 Likewise, if Jewish or Europeans or Asian-Americans have dominated academic pursuits, it could TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00322-00147596-00148151 very well be that exceptional intellects from those areas are encouraged to use their intellects TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00323-00148151-00148633 in certain ways; are given opportunities denied to others. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00324-00148633-00149337 These are cultural differences acting on biological diversity, not the destiny of a people. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00325-00149337-00149821 If there is any lesson to be taken from these examples, it's that much of our potential TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00326-00149821-00150294 as a species is wasted for lack of opportunity. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00327-00150294-00150862 The person with the greatest intellectual potential, the next Stephen Hawking or Einstein, TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00328-00150862-00151334 may be alive at this very moment as a young girl living in the Sudan. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00329-00151334-00151875 Will she be able to use her tremendous intellect to solve social problems, to discover a unified TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00330-00151875-00152097 theory of physics? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00331-00152097-00152583 Given the environment she's been born into, it's unlikely she'll even be allowed to attend TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00332-00152583-00152713 school. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00333-00152713-00153099 How many of these exceptional people will never develop their special skills for lack TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00334-00153099-00153611 of opportunity, access to resources and equal rights? TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00335-00153611-00154027 Racial discrimination is harmful in one simple way. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00336-00154027-00154596 By preventing everyone equal access to the opportunity to be truly exceptional, it limits TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00337-00154596-00155005 the total potential of the human species. TJPJ8nxz9cQ-00338-00155005-00156123 Thanks for watching. TLneHNOOYDU-00000-00000000-00000723 Hello, I hope you're having a good day. TLneHNOOYDU-00001-00000743-00001286 This is Tariq Aljassir. Today's review is about a product that I introduce to you for the first time. TLneHNOOYDU-00002-00001306-00001910 It's a portable mini projector, an astonishing device with incredible features. TLneHNOOYDU-00003-00001930-00002513 Its small size encourages you to take it everywhere. TLneHNOOYDU-00004-00002536-00002976 This is a smart mini projector from Switch, TLneHNOOYDU-00005-00003003-00003453 a brand that is under the Axiom Telecom Group. TLneHNOOYDU-00006-00003465-00004070 It's one of the major companies in the Middle East. TLneHNOOYDU-00007-00004083-00004670 Anyway, let's talk about this device in detail. TLneHNOOYDU-00008-00004680-00005513 This is the case where you can find the projector and all its accessories. TLneHNOOYDU-00009-00005533-00005876 It makes it easier to take it with you everywhere. TLneHNOOYDU-00010-00005876-00006490 It comes with a 40-50 inches portable screen with a case. TLneHNOOYDU-00011-00006503-00007540 I'll open the case to check the projector and its accessories. TLneHNOOYDU-00012-00007559-00008426 First, there is the remote control which has a keyboard on one of the sides. TLneHNOOYDU-00013-00008440-00009106 It becomes useful since this projector is powered by Android. TLneHNOOYDU-00014-00009113-00009773 You can search for apps on Google Play and download them. TLneHNOOYDU-00015-00009790-00010206 I'll talk about all this in detail. TLneHNOOYDU-00016-00010216-00010956 There are also a mini tripod and Bluetooth external speakers. TLneHNOOYDU-00017-00010976-00011860 They are magnetic speakers with flashlights. TLneHNOOYDU-00018-00011870-00012283 You can put them separated; one on the left and the other on the right. TLneHNOOYDU-00019-00012300-00012703 The projector has built-in speakers. TLneHNOOYDU-00020-00012713-00013266 That means you have 3 speakers. TLneHNOOYDU-00021-00013280-00014346 There's also a 20,000 mAh power bank. TLneHNOOYDU-00022-00014363-00015319 You can charge the projector and your smartphone as well. TLneHNOOYDU-00023-00015340-00016276 The amazing thing about this projector is the battery life. TLneHNOOYDU-00024-00016286-00017510 Here’s the projector and this is the keyboard-remote control port. TLneHNOOYDU-00025-00017536-00018076 The body of the projector also houses HDMI, headphones jack, TLneHNOOYDU-00026-00018093-00019336 and DC or power input. This is the USB charger. TLneHNOOYDU-00027-00019363-00020580 These are the memory card slot, navigation buttons, and power button. TLneHNOOYDU-00028-00020630-00020956 This is the lamp. TLneHNOOYDU-00029-00021026-00021956 Watch this! The top part can flip 90 degrees. TLneHNOOYDU-00030-00021976-00022420 So, it can project to a wall or ceiling with ease. TLneHNOOYDU-00031-00022440-00023226 I switched it on. This is the sound of the fan. TLneHNOOYDU-00032-00023290-00024026 I'll talk now about the features which distinguishes this projector from others. TLneHNOOYDU-00033-00024036-00024740 First, its small size and lightweight makes it possible to carry with you or store it in a drawer. TLneHNOOYDU-00034-00024760-00025556 It's small and light, so it can be used anywhere. TLneHNOOYDU-00035-00025570-00026820 You can use it in the living room and business meetings or for outdoor entertainment. TLneHNOOYDU-00036-00026826-00027743 A full charge can give you around 3 hours of battery life. TLneHNOOYDU-00037-00027763-00028300 I watched a 90-minute movie. TLneHNOOYDU-00038-00028326-00029010 The projector was on and the image didn't fade. Everything was okay. TLneHNOOYDU-00039-00029026-00030545 You can still charge it while working with the charger or the power bank. TLneHNOOYDU-00040-00030552-00031186 It chargers either way. TLneHNOOYDU-00041-00031210-00031910 Amazingly, it has 30,000 hours lamp life. TLneHNOOYDU-00042-00031920-00033096 I'll do the maths. It's 1250 days TLneHNOOYDU-00043-00033120-00034000 equal to three and half years. TLneHNOOYDU-00044-00034036-00034426 It works just like a TV. TLneHNOOYDU-00045-00034436-00035526 The image size is 20-150 inches. TLneHNOOYDU-00046-00035546-00036733 As you see, I used it on a white wall to give a clear image. TLneHNOOYDU-00047-00036743-00037713 It's powered with Android so you can download apps directly from the Google Play store TLneHNOOYDU-00048-00037720-00038773 such as live streaming, Netflix, and YouTube apps. TLneHNOOYDU-00049-00038786-00039336 You can also watch live channels on YouTube. TLneHNOOYDU-00050-00039350-00040103 There's a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi connection. TLneHNOOYDU-00051-00040113-00040740 I watch live video on YouTube without pausing or interruption. TLneHNOOYDU-00052-00040753-00041393 You can watch YouTube or other live streaming apps. TLneHNOOYDU-00053-00041406-00042230 such as programs, matches, or live events. TLneHNOOYDU-00054-00042230-00042846 You can connect the projector to Wi-Fi through your phone or the router. TLneHNOOYDU-00055-00042863-00043740 There are many apps on it like Chrome browser and Google Play store. TLneHNOOYDU-00056-00043760-00044853 You can enter the searching words with this keyboard. TLneHNOOYDU-00057-00044863-00045480 There's also an HDMI port which is very important TLneHNOOYDU-00058-00045530-00046490 in a business meeting to connect the projector to your laptop. TLneHNOOYDU-00059-00046503-00047733 If you have windows powered Laptop, Macbook, Android phone, iPhone or IOS iPod, TLneHNOOYDU-00060-00047753-00048213 this projector supports screen mirroring feature. TLneHNOOYDU-00061-00048230-00048680 That means you don't have to carry cables with you wherever you need to make a presentation. TLneHNOOYDU-00062-00048703-00049316 You only need the projector and your smartphone. TLneHNOOYDU-00063-00049316-00050293 Use screen mirroring feature to mirror content from your device. TLneHNOOYDU-00064-00050306-00051026 As you see, the image from my iPhone is on the screen through wireless mirroring. TLneHNOOYDU-00065-00051040-00051700 You can change the screen from vertical to horizontal. TLneHNOOYDU-00066-00051716-00052353 It also works on iPhone or Android devices and windows or MacBook. TLneHNOOYDU-00067-00052353-00053229 Use HDMI cable for outdoor entertainment or gaming. TLneHNOOYDU-00068-00053240-00054250 You can mirror content on a wall or the portable screen. TLneHNOOYDU-00069-00054255-00055792 Your kids can connect it to their devices for gaming especially on vacations. TLneHNOOYDU-00070-00055800-00056642 Just give them the projector with the charging cable and it will last for 3 hours. TLneHNOOYDU-00071-00056653-00057213 The price is 1699 SAR only. TLneHNOOYDU-00072-00057233-00058483 You'll find the purchasing links and all features and specifications in the description box. TLneHNOOYDU-00073-00058492-00058955 It includes the case with all accessories; TLneHNOOYDU-00074-00058963-00060020 the cables, the tripod the speaker, the projector, the charging cable, TLneHNOOYDU-00075-00060029-00060553 the remote control, and the portable screen with its case. TLneHNOOYDU-00076-00060570-00060953 This is a Switch mini portable projector. TLneHNOOYDU-00077-00060970-00061800 The purchasing link in the description box. I hope you enjoyed this video on the Switch projector. TLneHNOOYDU-00078-00061813-00062060 See you next video. Goodbye. Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00000-00000407-00000563 some Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00001-00001378-00001519 would Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00002-00002292-00002431 go Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00003-00003111-00003246 their Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00004-00003948-00004095 than Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00005-00004703-00004847 he Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00006-00005380-00005518 in Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00007-00006111-00006260 had Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00008-00006973-00007138 first Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00009-00007834-00007977 do Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00010-00008644-00008804 find Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00011-00009440-00009586 see Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00012-00010214-00010359 make Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00013-00011037-00011192 was Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00014-00011847-00011994 been Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00015-00012699-00012848 you Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00016-00013502-00013653 an Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00017-00014288-00014424 they Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00018-00015111-00015257 by Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00019-00015892-00016025 her Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00020-00016669-00016814 that Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00021-00017449-00017608 use Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00022-00018183-00018339 as Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00023-00018974-00019112 each Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00024-00019807-00019946 this Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00025-00020667-00020813 will Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00026-00021467-00021607 at Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00027-00022294-00022456 sound Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00028-00023264-00023407 many Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00029-00024113-00024274 one Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00030-00024919-00025063 then Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00031-00025690-00025841 so Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00032-00026451-00026589 up Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00033-00027231-00027375 them Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00034-00028062-00028190 with Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00035-00028903-00029037 who Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00036-00029784-00029935 come Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00037-00030641-00030794 of Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00038-00031433-00031581 him Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00039-00032235-00032375 out Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00040-00033183-00033331 people Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00041-00034105-00034253 she Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00042-00034847-00034977 the Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00043-00035612-00035760 said Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00044-00036471-00036614 write Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00045-00037242-00037367 it Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00046-00037979-00038127 may Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00047-00038833-00038976 like Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00048-00039648-00039796 did Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00049-00040484-00040632 most Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00050-00041430-00041570 which Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00051-00042316-00042466 has Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00052-00043188-00043341 know Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00053-00044164-00044294 your Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00054-00045067-00045193 have Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00055-00045865-00046016 my Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00056-00046629-00046774 to Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00057-00047426-00047575 how Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00058-00048399-00048545 could Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00059-00049240-00049388 I Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00060-00049956-00050102 were Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00061-00050797-00050943 way Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00062-00051706-00051852 long Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00063-00052657-00052803 call Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00064-00053507-00053660 no Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00065-00054380-00054527 about Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00066-00055274-00055428 side Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00067-00056082-00056222 but Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00068-00056952-00057100 from Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00069-00057897-00058045 down Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00070-00058724-00058850 if Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00071-00059534-00059678 word Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00072-00060355-00060506 be Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00073-00061159-00061300 over Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00074-00061945-00062089 is Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00075-00062784-00062925 look Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00076-00063689-00063824 hot Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00077-00064493-00064647 can Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00078-00065351-00065503 more Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00079-00066266-00066399 other Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00080-00067101-00067254 his Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00081-00067870-00068006 or Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00082-00068616-00068764 on Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00083-00069417-00069573 now Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00084-00070227-00070380 are Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00085-00070956-00071096 we Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00086-00071612-00071768 a Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00087-00072350-00072504 these Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00088-00073208-00073372 for Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00089-00074085-00074225 day Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00090-00074922-00075064 two Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00091-00075759-00075903 there Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00092-00076598-00076733 all Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00093-00077513-00077663 number Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00094-00078461-00078604 what Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00095-00079284-00079432 and Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00096-00080138-00080294 thing Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00097-00081060-00081203 water Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00098-00081935-00082088 when Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00099-00082761-00082914 time Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00100-00083586-00083739 when Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00101-00084419-00084565 by Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00102-00085211-00085359 him Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00103-00086021-00086163 two Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00104-00086885-00087028 water Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00105-00087682-00087823 we Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00106-00088439-00088575 all Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00107-00089236-00089385 did Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00108-00090064-00090200 they Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00109-00090895-00091048 can Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00110-00091709-00091853 then Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00111-00092583-00092736 know Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00112-00093498-00093648 how Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00113-00094350-00094499 said Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00114-00095136-00095280 to Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00115-00095925-00096051 have Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00116-00096798-00096931 other Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00117-00097592-00097736 is Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00118-00098286-00098413 if Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00119-00099169-00099316 people Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00120-00100209-00100356 about Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00121-00101078-00101231 are Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00122-00101961-00102101 which Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00123-00102796-00102937 at Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00124-00103599-00103747 down Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00125-00104460-00104622 one Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00126-00105241-00105392 so Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00127-00106061-00106205 write Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00128-00106839-00106983 he Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00129-00107603-00107749 make Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00130-00108436-00108582 were Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00131-00109258-00109412 these Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00132-00110142-00110293 come Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00133-00110988-00111124 or Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00134-00111811-00111952 over Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00135-00112605-00112756 an Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00136-00113350-00113503 of Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00137-00114183-00114318 their Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00138-00114980-00115128 she Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00139-00115704-00115859 as Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00140-00116469-00116615 that Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00141-00117310-00117466 some Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00142-00118085-00118210 it Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00143-00118823-00118966 like Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00144-00119678-00119812 who Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00145-00120560-00120703 many Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00146-00121409-00121559 my Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00147-00122306-00122448 look Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00148-00123278-00123422 word Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00149-00124178-00124326 may Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00150-00124981-00125133 no Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00151-00125795-00125958 for Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00152-00126722-00126867 long Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00153-00127657-00127821 first Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00154-00128595-00128751 thing Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00155-00129558-00129689 your Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00156-00130573-00130718 could Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00157-00131534-00131677 there Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00158-00132271-00132426 a Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00159-00132993-00133147 was Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00160-00133748-00133894 see Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00161-00134511-00134657 than Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00162-00135369-00135517 most Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00163-00136212-00136366 side Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00164-00137113-00137275 sound Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00165-00137929-00138077 I Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00166-00138635-00138785 had Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00167-00139430-00139568 go Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00168-00140248-00140386 each Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00169-00141125-00141274 you Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00170-00141961-00142100 up Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00171-00142741-00142881 this Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00172-00143543-00143690 been Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00173-00144319-00144466 on Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00174-00145154-00145299 will Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00175-00146046-00146206 find Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00176-00146927-00147073 way Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00177-00147837-00147983 call Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00178-00148693-00148826 her Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00179-00149504-00149657 more Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00180-00150343-00150493 has Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00181-00151146-00151287 out Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00182-00151949-00152089 but Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00183-00152769-00152925 now Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00184-00153579-00153737 use Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00185-00154346-00154489 do Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00186-00155252-00155393 would Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00187-00156142-00156271 the Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00188-00156967-00157115 from Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00189-00157851-00157995 them Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00190-00158691-00158834 what Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00191-00159514-00159667 time Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00192-00160293-00160445 his Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00193-00161106-00161234 with Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00194-00161906-00162054 and Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00195-00162648-00162799 be Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00196-00163511-00163661 number Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00197-00164451-00164591 day Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00198-00165279-00165414 hot Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00199-00166015-00166153 in Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00200-00166798-00166939 over Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00201-00167706-00167856 come Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00202-00168646-00168792 call Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00203-00169488-00169633 to Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00204-00170279-00170419 day Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00205-00171091-00171239 did Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00206-00171894-00172038 that Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00207-00172828-00172968 would Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00208-00173776-00173919 there Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00209-00174633-00174768 their Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00210-00175508-00175657 you Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00211-00176403-00176547 write Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00212-00177277-00177420 what Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00213-00178055-00178196 we Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00214-00178745-00178896 an Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00215-00179489-00179638 and Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00216-00180358-00180502 word Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00217-00181256-00181383 have Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00218-00182002-00182143 at Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00219-00182718-00182856 up Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00220-00183430-00183574 is Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00221-00184168-00184308 but Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00222-00184995-00185129 who Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00223-00185917-00186059 look Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00224-00186883-00187030 down Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00225-00187846-00188007 sound Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00226-00188815-00188958 many Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00227-00189687-00189836 said Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00228-00190539-00190685 way Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00229-00191363-00191513 has Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00230-00192133-00192281 she Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00231-00193002-00193133 your Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00232-00193873-00194026 of Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00233-00194705-00194841 they Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00234-00195555-00195708 when Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00235-00196369-00196520 his Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00236-00197062-00197210 I Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00237-00197917-00198064 people Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00238-00198871-00199015 them Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00239-00199677-00199825 been Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00240-00200487-00200627 out Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00241-00201281-00201431 my Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00242-00202092-00202239 than Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00243-00202950-00203103 more Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00244-00203851-00203994 water Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00245-00204699-00204848 had Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00246-00205535-00205684 how Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00247-00206405-00206565 find Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00248-00207244-00207406 one Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00249-00208044-00208192 him Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00250-00208777-00208921 he Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00251-00209541-00209684 like Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00252-00210337-00210488 so Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00253-00211063-00211209 see Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00254-00211818-00211964 were Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00255-00212686-00212842 thing Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00256-00213632-00213785 know Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00257-00214529-00214665 all Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00258-00215308-00215467 use Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00259-00216205-00216355 number Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00260-00217112-00217264 time Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00261-00217952-00218100 most Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00262-00218871-00219020 from Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00263-00219809-00219955 will Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00264-00220669-00220814 by Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00265-00221502-00221640 each Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00266-00222354-00222510 now Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00267-00223181-00223320 go Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00268-00223982-00224124 two Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00269-00224768-00224921 are Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00270-00225555-00225694 this Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00271-00226270-00226425 a Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00272-00227019-00227167 may Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00273-00227855-00227990 hot Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00274-00228626-00228774 on Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00275-00229495-00229641 about Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00276-00230404-00230558 these Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00277-00231167-00231305 in Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00278-00232035-00232180 could Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00279-00232936-00233066 the Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00280-00233633-00233784 be Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00281-00234384-00234539 was Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00282-00235149-00235276 if Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00283-00235987-00236127 which Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00284-00236909-00237055 make Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00285-00237716-00237851 or Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00286-00238468-00238601 her Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00287-00239184-00239340 as Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00288-00239923-00240066 do Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00289-00240633-00240759 it Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00290-00241412-00241545 other Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00291-00242326-00242491 first Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00292-00243212-00243366 can Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00293-00244027-00244171 then Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00294-00244900-00245045 long Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00295-00245800-00245928 with Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00296-00246643-00246806 for Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00297-00247528-00247684 some Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00298-00248371-00248525 side Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00299-00249153-00249306 no Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00300-00249924-00250074 has Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00301-00250712-00250874 one Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00302-00251467-00251623 as Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00303-00252251-00252394 like Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00304-00253107-00253246 each Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00305-00254027-00254188 sound Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00306-00254875-00255014 in Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00307-00255676-00255823 down Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00308-00256571-00256712 day Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00309-00257444-00257587 water Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00310-00258308-00258457 said Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00311-00259108-00259240 her Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00312-00259823-00259964 we Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00313-00260564-00260714 had Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00314-00261470-00261610 which Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00315-00262440-00262584 word Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00316-00263281-00263425 to Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00317-00264045-00264191 by Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00318-00264853-00264998 that Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00319-00265735-00265881 long Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00320-00266558-00266709 an Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00321-00267284-00267435 so Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00322-00268097-00268261 for Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00323-00268963-00269118 these Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00324-00269820-00269980 find Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00325-00270693-00270836 there Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00326-00271497-00271633 or Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00327-00272268-00272411 then Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00328-00273124-00273289 first Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00329-00274045-00274198 more Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00330-00274928-00275071 what Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00331-00275673-00275828 a Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00332-00276422-00276578 now Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00333-00277266-00277419 can Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00334-00278115-00278250 their Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00335-00278946-00279086 out Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00336-00279754-00279898 them Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00337-00280653-00280784 your Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00338-00281506-00281659 no Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00339-00282286-00282440 side Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00340-00283204-00283354 number Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00341-00284160-00284307 most Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00342-00284985-00285128 do Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00343-00285744-00285896 his Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00344-00286558-00286705 may Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00345-00287402-00287544 two Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00346-00288161-00288307 see Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00347-00288941-00289075 who Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00348-00289823-00289966 many Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00349-00290826-00290974 people Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00350-00291766-00291914 and Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00351-00292568-00292714 were Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00352-00293427-00293568 over Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00353-00294341-00294474 other Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00354-00295222-00295368 make Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00355-00296184-00296329 could Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00356-00297100-00297238 up Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00357-00297865-00298004 go Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00358-00298624-00298772 she Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00359-00299347-00299498 be Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00360-00300093-00300245 time Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00361-00300847-00300974 if Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00362-00301659-00301804 call Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00363-00302508-00302661 are Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00364-00303289-00303437 been Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00365-00304091-00304231 but Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00366-00304919-00305064 way Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00367-00305777-00305903 have Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00368-00306609-00306762 when Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00369-00307435-00307585 my Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00370-00308137-00308286 I Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00371-00308784-00308928 is Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00372-00309536-00309683 than Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00373-00310412-00310558 will Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00374-00311264-00311412 did Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00375-00312025-00312154 the Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00376-00312766-00312914 him Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00377-00313637-00313789 know Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00378-00314570-00314719 you Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00379-00315433-00315568 hot Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00380-00316170-00316310 at Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00381-00316878-00317026 on Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00382-00317668-00317805 all Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00383-00318505-00318643 they Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00384-00319269-00319414 he Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00385-00320005-00320161 was Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00386-00320915-00321057 look Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00387-00321940-00322081 would Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00388-00322956-00323102 about Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00389-00323781-00323907 it Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00390-00324485-00324638 of Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00391-00325310-00325438 with Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00392-00326149-00326300 how Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00393-00327021-00327177 some Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00394-00327925-00328076 come Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00395-00328796-00328935 this Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00396-00329657-00329813 thing Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00397-00330501-00330659 use Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00398-00331363-00331511 from Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00399-00332281-00332425 write Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00400-00333181-00333332 come Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00401-00334027-00334165 up Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00402-00334834-00334990 some Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00403-00335670-00335819 him Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00404-00336479-00336628 said Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00405-00337264-00337393 the Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00406-00338040-00338180 day Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00407-00338799-00338943 he Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00408-00339612-00339758 long Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00409-00340461-00340612 so Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00410-00341333-00341495 sound Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00411-00342236-00342388 time Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00412-00342982-00343133 an Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00413-00343715-00343851 or Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00414-00344461-00344619 use Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00415-00345221-00345374 are Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00416-00345994-00346142 did Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00417-00346814-00346962 may Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00418-00347676-00347819 what Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00419-00348654-00348801 people Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00420-00349600-00349744 then Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00421-00350458-00350604 will Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00422-00351392-00351536 word Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00423-00352317-00352466 you Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00424-00353164-00353326 one Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00425-00353988-00354130 two Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00426-00354780-00354932 his Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00427-00355620-00355760 over Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00428-00356406-00356546 at Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00429-00357216-00357364 from Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00430-00358102-00358242 out Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00431-00358851-00358997 see Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00432-00359708-00359859 number Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00433-00360656-00360792 they Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00434-00361479-00361625 by Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00435-00362293-00362440 than Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00436-00363116-00363260 them Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00437-00363948-00364104 now Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00438-00364792-00364945 can Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00439-00365683-00365828 call Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00440-00366599-00366748 most Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00441-00367450-00367589 this Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00442-00368258-00368404 were Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00443-00369166-00369308 look Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00444-00370038-00370185 on Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00445-00370794-00370927 her Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00446-00371468-00371617 I Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00447-00372175-00372330 was Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00448-00373017-00373163 way Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00449-00373851-00373991 but Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00450-00374619-00374772 no Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00451-00375426-00375569 like Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00452-00376281-00376431 how Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00453-00377152-00377291 each Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00454-00378011-00378171 find Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00455-00378891-00379025 who Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00456-00379720-00379856 hot Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00457-00380456-00380600 is Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00458-00381150-00381277 if Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00459-00381887-00382034 been Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00460-00382703-00382839 all Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00461-00383550-00383703 more Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00462-00384425-00384579 when Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00463-00385395-00385540 could Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00464-00386397-00386530 other Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00465-00387320-00387468 down Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00466-00388129-00388267 in Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00467-00388809-00388964 as Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00468-00389591-00389717 have Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00469-00390449-00390592 water Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00470-00391358-00391501 many Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00471-00392230-00392384 these Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00472-00393147-00393278 your Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00473-00394085-00394249 first Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00474-00395004-00395148 write Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00475-00395791-00395932 we Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00476-00396593-00396749 thing Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00477-00397471-00397616 that Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00478-00398271-00398424 of Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00479-00399096-00399241 make Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00480-00399955-00400090 their Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00481-00400776-00400926 had Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00482-00401571-00401710 go Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00483-00402348-00402499 my Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00484-00403247-00403387 which Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00485-00404117-00404265 she Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00486-00404985-00405132 about Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00487-00405879-00406033 side Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00488-00406668-00406811 do Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00489-00407523-00407676 know Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00490-00408337-00408462 it Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00491-00409074-00409202 with Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00492-00409829-00409980 be Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00493-00410616-00410780 for Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00494-00411493-00411636 there Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00495-00412308-00412457 and Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00496-00413016-00413172 a Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00497-00413730-00413880 has Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00498-00414653-00414794 would Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00499-00415543-00415688 to Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00500-00416282-00416435 no Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00501-00417089-00417229 day Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00502-00417901-00418054 of Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00503-00418716-00418864 said Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00504-00419542-00419682 out Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00505-00420291-00420442 be Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00506-00421070-00421215 make Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00507-00421989-00422135 about Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00508-00422951-00423099 down Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00509-00423853-00424003 how Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00510-00424751-00424901 come Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00511-00425622-00425758 hot Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00512-00426420-00426560 but Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00513-00427206-00427357 my Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00514-00428130-00428271 would Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00515-00429079-00429235 now Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00516-00429974-00430139 first Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00517-00430834-00430977 do Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00518-00431605-00431753 and Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00519-00432459-00432605 will Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00520-00433465-00433613 people Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00521-00434393-00434546 his Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00522-00435172-00435321 has Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00523-00436061-00436223 sound Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00524-00436969-00437124 was Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00525-00437793-00437947 these Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00526-00438651-00438814 for Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00527-00439553-00439694 over Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00528-00440427-00440570 like Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00529-00441316-00441450 other Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00530-00442172-00442320 been Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00531-00443050-00443195 call Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00532-00443965-00444109 write Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00533-00444838-00444974 they Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00534-00445688-00445841 when Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00535-00446572-00446721 you Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00536-00447504-00447656 know Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00537-00448317-00448443 it Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00538-00449037-00449182 that Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00539-00449818-00449966 on Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00540-00450568-00450716 she Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00541-00451453-00451604 number Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00542-00452468-00452609 look Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00543-00453312-00453464 an Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00544-00454082-00454224 two Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00545-00454968-00455114 long Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00546-00455836-00455984 him Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00547-00456622-00456771 did Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00548-00457373-00457499 if Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00549-00458102-00458254 time Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00550-00458953-00459096 water Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00551-00459877-00460020 word Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00552-00460697-00460853 as Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00553-00461429-00461583 are Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00554-00462244-00462387 what Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00555-00463100-00463225 have Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00556-00463853-00463993 we Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00557-00464542-00464688 see Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00558-00465332-00465480 most Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00559-00466176-00466321 by Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00560-00466914-00467058 he Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00561-00467685-00467831 way Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00562-00468458-00468601 is Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00563-00469135-00469275 at Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00564-00469971-00470111 which Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00565-00470881-00471028 than Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00566-00471712-00471849 all Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00567-00472654-00472800 could Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00568-00473570-00473706 or Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00569-00474348-00474487 this Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00570-00475191-00475344 more Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00571-00476031-00476193 one Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00572-00476753-00476908 a Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00573-00477476-00477629 side Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00574-00478317-00478452 their Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00575-00479233-00479364 your Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00576-00480093-00480231 up Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00577-00480848-00480981 her Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00578-00481615-00481765 had Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00579-00482452-00482590 each Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00580-00483310-00483444 who Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00581-00484099-00484243 to Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00582-00484770-00484917 I Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00583-00485484-00485628 them Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00584-00486350-00486506 thing Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00585-00487280-00487423 many Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00586-00488144-00488298 can Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00587-00488967-00489113 were Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00588-00489800-00489943 there Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00589-00490590-00490719 the Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00590-00491373-00491529 some Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00591-00492243-00492391 may Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00592-00493045-00493203 use Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00593-00493805-00493956 so Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00594-00494575-00494713 go Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00595-00495385-00495513 with Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00596-00496132-00496270 in Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00597-00496897-00497057 find Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00598-00497820-00497968 from Tp_kn4dE8Jo-00599-00498697-00498841 then TpGu3T-RQkM-00000-00000219-00000777 As per the World Economic Forum, more than one billion people will need to be reskilled TpGu3T-RQkM-00001-00000777-00001038 and upskilled by 2030 TpGu3T-RQkM-00002-00001038-00001487 Driven by the digital transition of the fourth industrial revolution TpGu3T-RQkM-00003-00001487-00002170 Together with Dell Technologies Literacy India has taken up the initiative toprovide technology-aided TpGu3T-RQkM-00004-00002170-00003015 education to the youth and Empower India's young Workforce with skillsof the future. TpGu3T-RQkM-00005-00003015-00003607 Under the future skill program,students are equipped with skills like coding, computation, TpGu3T-RQkM-00006-00003607-00004198 web designing and digital marketing to make them Future Ready. Technology has TpGu3T-RQkM-00007-00004198-00004766 tremendouspossibilities for the future generation which theunderserved population of India TpGu3T-RQkM-00008-00004766-00005310 are often left devoid of. With the support of an international organisation like TpGu3T-RQkM-00009-00005310-00005925 Dell Technologies, Literacy India has been able to accelerate by multifold the delivery of TpGu3T-RQkM-00010-00005925-00006684 quality education to children the program has directly impacted over 62 000 children TpGu3T-RQkM-00011-00006684-00007429 across 15 states of India since 2007. Literacy India takes immense pride in the increasing TpGu3T-RQkM-00012-00007429-00008077 number of coders, entrepreneurs and women in stem enrolled under this project. TpGu3T-RQkM-00013-00008077-00008940 In Literacy India's journey of mapping the impact produced by the project, several stories of change & growth unfolded. TpGu3T-RQkM-00014-00009097-00009688 Mahadev a resident of Bokaro, Jharkhand used his newfound skills TpGu3T-RQkM-00015-00009688-00010314 to become a full-time entrepreneur he now runs a local CSC Center through which he helps TpGu3T-RQkM-00016-00010314-00010636 people from his village avail online services TpGu3T-RQkM-00017-00010712-00011070 Students like us don’t have a strong educational background TpGu3T-RQkM-00018-00011070-00011636 When students like me enter programmes by Literacy India, it helps us gain confidence TpGu3T-RQkM-00019-00011636-00012217 that we’ll end up learning something that can help us build our future. TpGu3T-RQkM-00020-00012217-00012840 Earlier I had to think twice about earning even Rs 30. But now, I earn enough to sustain TpGu3T-RQkM-00021-00012840-00013132 myself and my family. TpGu3T-RQkM-00022-00013166-00013697 Literacy India is focused on ensuring that its efforts contribute on increasing gender TpGu3T-RQkM-00023-00013697-00014116 equality and that girls and women are not left behind. TpGu3T-RQkM-00024-00014116-00014487 When it comes to attaining crucial skills, for the future TpGu3T-RQkM-00025-00014487-00015000 Over 50 per cent of the Future Skills project beneficiaries have been women and TpGu3T-RQkM-00026-00015000-00015656 Literacy India hopes to continue its efforts of empowering women with digital skills TpGu3T-RQkM-00027-00015656-00016283 Pallavi Varma from Haryana's Gurgaon wanted to start her own centre however soon after TpGu3T-RQkM-00028-00016283-00016964 her centre launched lockdown was enforced but Pallavi didn't give up on her aspirations TpGu3T-RQkM-00029-00016964-00017567 she adapted her skill set and delivered online classes to her students after a lot of ups TpGu3T-RQkM-00030-00017567-00018228 and downs she is now running her Institute independently imparting education and skills TpGu3T-RQkM-00031-00018228-00018426 to over 250 students TpGu3T-RQkM-00032-00018516-00018899 Initially I had joined Literacy India as a teacher but then in a meeting I shared that TpGu3T-RQkM-00033-00018899-00019619 I wish to run an institute and Indraani Ma’am supported me in my aspiration and helped set-up a lab. TpGu3T-RQkM-00034-00019619-00019901 I started my institute with 10 students, and faced many challenges. TpGu3T-RQkM-00035-00019901-00020281 In the beginning, students weren’t interested in joining classes. TpGu3T-RQkM-00036-00020281-00020502 I started my institute during the lockdown. TpGu3T-RQkM-00037-00020502-00020954 I inaugurated my institute on 13th March and the lockdown was announced on 22nd March. TpGu3T-RQkM-00038-00020954-00021367 I discussed this with the Literacy India team and they motivated me following which I began TpGu3T-RQkM-00039-00021367-00021926 online classes for my students. We started grouping students and created new groups to TpGu3T-RQkM-00040-00021926-00022433 connect students with us and then transitioned to offline classes after the lockdown ended. TpGu3T-RQkM-00041-00022433-00023400 Now after 2021, I am running my institute independently and I now have over 250 students TpGu3T-RQkM-00042-00023458-00023750 and I wish to keep expanding my institute like this. TpGu3T-RQkM-00043-00023951-00024603 Faruk, a young mind from Village Chandankyari, Bokaro District, has now found wings to his dreams. TpGu3T-RQkM-00044-00024603-00025269 He is now a budding content creator on YouTube with an eagerness to learn more and earn more. TpGu3T-RQkM-00045-00025283-00025734 I had never thought about learning all these skills and that too free-of-cost. TpGu3T-RQkM-00046-00025734-00026099 It’s a big deal for me, because anywhere that I go to learn a skill, they charge at least TpGu3T-RQkM-00047-00026100-00026390 Rs 1,000 - Rs 2,000, at times even Rs. 10,000, which my family can’t afford. TpGu3T-RQkM-00048-00026390-00026943 But with Literacy India, I’m able to practice daily and work on projects. TpGu3T-RQkM-00049-00026943-00027356 I’ve learned a lot through Literacy India and I’m thankful to their team for teaching me due to which TpGu3T-RQkM-00050-00027356-00027514 I’m able to do a lot. TpGu3T-RQkM-00051-00027514-00028067 Skills have empowered me with many changes, like my oration, my vision for my future and TpGu3T-RQkM-00052-00028067-00028619 many more. Like making my dream of learning coding a reality, which is now fulfilled. TpGu3T-RQkM-00053-00028728-00029126 I’m still learning more about coding and making videos. I’m willing to learn a lot TpGu3T-RQkM-00054-00029126-00029524 more because there are many children like me who want to learn, who want do something TpGu3T-RQkM-00055-00029524-00029714 in their life but they’re not aware of the possibilities . TpGu3T-RQkM-00056-00029714-00030287 So, I want to learn and then teach students in our local dialect, and I am glad that I’m TpGu3T-RQkM-00057-00030287-00030522 able to do something big in my life . TpGu3T-RQkM-00058-00030955-00031520 Purulia is surrounded by large forest land and has a large population of tribals TpGu3T-RQkM-00059-00031520-00031905 wherein Literacy India has been working since 2009. TpGu3T-RQkM-00060-00031962-00032603 Suchan is a unique tribal youth from Village Lowakui, Purulia District, Bengal. TpGu3T-RQkM-00061-00032603-00032931 He now runs a shop that supports his family and is helping TpGu3T-RQkM-00062-00032931-00033109 him sustain his livelihood TpGu3T-RQkM-00063-00033335-00033700 After the Madhayamik exam in 2016, I met Ganesh Sir from Literacy India. Ganesh Sir motivated TpGu3T-RQkM-00064-00033700-00034412 me to join the CCA course. I completed 6 months Course of CCA and then completed college. TpGu3T-RQkM-00065-00034412-00035318 Meanwhile, I talked with Ganesh Sir, and he suggested opening a CSC Center TpGu3T-RQkM-00066-00035318-00036335 I completed the registration and started the CSC SHOP, for which I got a loan of Rs. 5000/- TpGu3T-RQkM-00067-00036335-00037011 from Literacy India and a handful of money from my parents. Now, I can earn Rs.6000 to TpGu3T-RQkM-00068-00037011-00037256 support my family. TpGu3T-RQkM-00069-00037448-00038127 Tribal youth are amongst the first generation youth who are coming forward and becoming digitally empowered. TpGu3T-RQkM-00070-00038127-00038658 Bikas Mahato yet another tribal youth from Bokaro, Jharkhand has started TpGu3T-RQkM-00071-00038658-00039375 his own service center following his completion of the CCA course he has now gained the confidence TpGu3T-RQkM-00072-00039375-00039992 and the requisite skills to run his own Center full time helping people from his village TpGu3T-RQkM-00073-00039992-00040158 with online services TpGu3T-RQkM-00074-00040243-00040733 When he came to the centre, we started training him with the computer which slowly increased TpGu3T-RQkM-00075-00040733-00041234 his confidence and he completed all the official work that is taught in the course. TpGu3T-RQkM-00076-00041234-00041909 Initially he started with the CCA course and after completing his syllabus TpGu3T-RQkM-00077-00041909-00042534 he gradually grew confident in his skills with the computer. TpGu3T-RQkM-00078-00042534-00043025 When a student like him who belongs to a poor family is now able to provide service to his TpGu3T-RQkM-00079-00043025-00043582 whole village and even people from nearby villages reach out to him, TpGu3T-RQkM-00080-00043582-00044037 it’s all because of Literacy India. TpGu3T-RQkM-00081-00044037-00044754 It is an organisation which reaches out to underserved, underprivileged regions TpGu3T-RQkM-00082-00044754-00045250 and brings out talented individuals, also helping in development of those regions. TpGu3T-RQkM-00083-00045413-00046112 Thousands of such stories, of dreams and aspirations, are now a reality. TpGu3T-RQkM-00084-00046112-00046668 These stories really motivate and inspire the Literacy India team to further increase TpGu3T-RQkM-00085-00046668-00047268 impact and achieve the organization's goal of future-proofing the youth by preparing TpGu3T-RQkM-00086-00047268-00047967 them with the future skills needed in this rapidly evolving technological age.  TpbYjEc9Iwu-00000-00001056-00001416 Hello, my name is Alexandre Baril. I am a French-canadian scholar TpbYjEc9Iwu-00001-00001416-00001900 specializing intrans and disability studies and criticalsuicidology. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00002-00001900-00002600 This video is for the IndependentChair of Trans Studies at the University of BuenosAires. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00003-00002600-00003200 I am an associate professor at the School ofSocial Work at the University of Ottawa. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00004-00003200-00003920 I got aninterdisciplinary training combining 10 years inphilosophy and ethics, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00005-00003920-00004224 a PhD in women's studies, and two postdoctoral fellowships. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00006-00004224-00004832 The first one in feminist, gender, and sexuality studiesat Wesleyan University. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00007-00004832-00005200 And the second onein political science at Dallas University. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00008-00005200-00005820 Myintersectional research places gender, queer, trans,disability and mad studies TpbYjEc9Iwu-00009-00005820-00006376 in dialogue with thesociology of the body, health and social movements. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00010-00006376-00006900 My recent research examines discourseson suicide and assisted suicide TpbYjEc9Iwu-00011-00006900-00007304 withinantioppressive studies and movements. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00012-00007304-00007656 I´ve beenworking on gender and sexuality issues for TpbYjEc9Iwu-00013-00007656-00008260 over 15 years and I have been working in the fieldof trans studies for over a decade. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00014-00008260-00009088 As surprising as it sounds, I am the first self-identifiedtrans person specializing in trans issues to hold TpbYjEc9Iwu-00015-00009088-00009700 a tenure-track position as a professor in aFrench or bilingual university in Canada. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00016-00009700-00010312 Although there have been trans people before me who havebeen hired to teach in francophone university, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00017-00010312-00010724 they are not openly trans nor are they specialistsin trans studies. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00018-00010724-00011294 Alternatively, some are trans andspecialized in trans studies, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00019-00011294-00011680 but they are hired in anglophone Canadian universities. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00020-00011680-00012200 My work in the last 10 years in the field of transstudies has been dedicated to building the field TpbYjEc9Iwu-00021-00012200-00012748 of trans studies in French in collaboration withFrench colleagues from other countries. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00022-00012748-00013400 I often see my work as building bridges between French andEnglish-speaking communities that unfortunately, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00023-00013400-00013796 to this day, still speak very little with oneanother. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00024-00013796-00014396 The relevance and originality of thework on some topics in French, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00025-00014396-00015068 such as linguisticpower relations is often ignored in trans studiesin English TpbYjEc9Iwu-00026-00015068-00015688 and crucial conceptual tools developedby our trans colleagues in English in the last 30years TpbYjEc9Iwu-00027-00015688-00016228 have yet to find much eco or theoretical equivalent in the French language. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00028-00016228-00016588 I'm thereforetrying, through my contributions, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00029-00016588-00017093 to make thevoices and concerns of trans francophone scholarsheard TpbYjEc9Iwu-00030-00017093-00017828 in English and to culturally translateEnglish voices and trans studies in the Frenchspeaking world. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00031-00017828-00018532 I'm also trying to build bridges between various fields of study, such as trans and disability studies. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00032-00018532-00019120 For example, in one ofmy research projects I seek to understand the TpbYjEc9Iwu-00033-00019120-00019606 wide variety of discourses surrounding the complexintersections TpbYjEc9Iwu-00034-00019606-00020100 between transness and disability andcisgenderism and ableism. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00035-00020100-00020576 My main question is: howare the links between transness and disability TpbYjEc9Iwu-00036-00020576-00021168 portrayed when these two elements are addressedtogether? And my research aims to provide TpbYjEc9Iwu-00037-00021168-00021888 a detailed socio-historical portrait as well as afirst typology over 50 years of the discourses TpbYjEc9Iwu-00038-00021888-00022200 on the links between transness and disability. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00039-00022200-00022800 In my most recent research project, I apply withinthe field of critical suicidology TpbYjEc9Iwu-00040-00022800-00023356 theoreticaland conceptual tools developing disabilityand crip studies, TpbYjEc9Iwu-00041-00023356-00023676 as well as those created intrincities. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00042-00023676-00024276 I coined the neologism "suicidism" toprovide a theoretical framework TpbYjEc9Iwu-00043-00024276-00025000 to conceptualizethe oppressive system at multiple levels in whichsuicidal people TpbYjEc9Iwu-00044-00025000-00025368 experience forms of injustice andviolence. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00045-00025368-00025568 And the thesis I propose is that suicidalpeople suffer TpbYjEc9Iwu-00046-00025568-00026264 both individually and collectivelyfrom suicidist violence and oppression that remain TpbYjEc9Iwu-00047-00026264-00026680 unproblematized in all current interpretationsof suicide TpbYjEc9Iwu-00048-00026680-00027136 including those taken up byanti-oppressive scholars and activists TpbYjEc9Iwu-00049-00027136-00027564 includingin trans queer and disability studies. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00050-00027564-00028300 So I work ona monograph on the topic of suicide and assistedsuicide. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00051-00028300-00028864 Thank you for watching that video. Pleasedon't hesitate to get in touch with me if youhave any questions TpbYjEc9Iwu-00052-00028864-00029112 or if we share mutual researchinterests. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00053-00029112-00029600 My publications are all accessible forfree online on my academia page TpbYjEc9Iwu-00054-00029600-00030200 so if you wouldlike to learn a little bit more about me or mywork you can consult that page. TpbYjEc9Iwu-00055-00030200-00030339 Thank you very much TO2XsNl1FQ0-00000-00000019-00000252 Is this 1938 East Germany? TO2XsNl1FQ0-00001-00000252-00000463 Politicians are starting World War 3 TO2XsNl1FQ0-00002-00000463-00000969 They tell us we’re free and call it democracy but all I see is an aristocracy riddled with hypocrisy TO2XsNl1FQ0-00003-00000969-00001240 They pardon Hillary for broken confidentiality TO2XsNl1FQ0-00004-00001240-00001619 while invading OUR privacy and ignoring OUR calls for ANY kind of transparency TO2XsNl1FQ0-00005-00001619-00001748 Freeze! TO2XsNl1FQ0-00006-00001748-00001848 On your knees! TO2XsNl1FQ0-00007-00001848-00001976 They caught ya smokin trees! TO2XsNl1FQ0-00008-00001976-00002510 Now take the plea, pay the fee, go directly to penitentiary, forever branded in their registry TO2XsNl1FQ0-00009-00002518-00002953 Meanwhile the commander-in-chief drone bombs schools and hospitals indiscriminately TO2XsNl1FQ0-00010-00002953-00003259 They claim it’s for our safety but it forces blind conformity TO2XsNl1FQ0-00011-00003259-00003480 When did WE become THEIR property? TO2XsNl1FQ0-00012-00003480-00003719 Since when did liberty come with conditions like these? TO2XsNl1FQ0-00013-00003719-00004014 What gives them the authority to cause such atrocities? TO2XsNl1FQ0-00014-00004014-00004292 Why do whistleblowers have to seek amnesties in other country’s embassies TO2XsNl1FQ0-00015-00004292-00004639 when they reveal it's the U.S. committing terrorist activities? TO2XsNl1FQ0-00016-00004639-00004996 Did we all develop some mental disease … Stockholm Syndrome with unhealthy co-dependencies? TO2XsNl1FQ0-00017-00004996-00005570 Well, I'm speaking out for the world to see: This isn’t the land of the free; it’s just pretending to be. TO2XsNl1FQ0-00018-00005576-00005952 What makes me passionate about liberty is knowing anything less is tyranny and slavery. TOzMSkSbULc-00000-00000150-00000400 G’Day there, Nick Bowditch here, today. TOzMSkSbULc-00001-00000400-00001230 I would like to talk about the difference, I believe, between forgiveness and acceptance. TOzMSkSbULc-00002-00001769-00002050 So depending on how you've been brought up TOzMSkSbULc-00003-00002050-00002460 what community you were brought up within maybe TOzMSkSbULc-00004-00002460-00003150 what church you were brought up within, you’ll have different ideas about forgiveness TOzMSkSbULc-00005-00003150-00004029 as a concept and it's requirement in our life to be somehow, TOzMSkSbULc-00006-00004029-00004550 you know, a better version of ourselves. Somehow more Christ-like version of ourselves. TOzMSkSbULc-00007-00004550-00004820 If you grew up in the Catholic Church as I did, TOzMSkSbULc-00008-00004820-00005239 you were taught, you know, turn the other cheek Christ turned the other cheek and you know, TOzMSkSbULc-00009-00005239-00005629 I just think that's good to a certain point, TOzMSkSbULc-00010-00005629-00005960 but I also think that eventually you've got to stop being slapped, TOzMSkSbULc-00011-00005960-00006250 you know. And you have to stand up for yourself. TOzMSkSbULc-00012-00006250-00006700 You have to own your space. You have to start telling your story to the world TOzMSkSbULc-00013-00006700-00007329 and make sure that the other bit players, the other actors in the story know their role in your life TOzMSkSbULc-00014-00007329-00007759 as well, the role that you've given them in your life. TOzMSkSbULc-00015-00007759-00008709 So I'm a big believer in acceptance as opposed to forgiveness. TOzMSkSbULc-00016-00008709-00009329 I think forgiveness is a bit of a a construct of a society born TOzMSkSbULc-00017-00009329-00009740 from a church’s influence over society TOzMSkSbULc-00018-00009740-00010129 that you know somehow if you forgive someone you're a better person TOzMSkSbULc-00019-00010129-00010629 then they are somehow that everybody who errs TOzMSkSbULc-00020-00010629-00011159 or wrongs you deserves to be forgiven by you TOzMSkSbULc-00021-00011159-00011590 and that forgiveness is something you don't give someone else you give to yourself right? TOzMSkSbULc-00022-00011590-00012000 We're probably all heard these things in different variations. TOzMSkSbULc-00023-00012000-00012869 but that's kind of a teaching that comes from mostly. I kind of disagree with that. TOzMSkSbULc-00024-00012869-00013959 There’s people who have hurt me in my life and they don't deserve my forgiveness. TOzMSkSbULc-00025-00013959-00014350 I can't forgive them. I don't want to forgive them. TOzMSkSbULc-00026-00014350-00014700 I can accept that it happened. TOzMSkSbULc-00027-00014700-00014959 I can accept that they hurt me that their situation. TOzMSkSbULc-00028-00014959-00015209 I can even accept that what was going on TOzMSkSbULc-00029-00015209-00015580 for them in their life was an important factor in why then hurt me, TOzMSkSbULc-00030-00015580-00016019 right? I can accept all of those things, but I don't need to forgive them. TOzMSkSbULc-00031-00016019-00016559 You know, I survived some pretty ordinary trauma as a kid. TOzMSkSbULc-00032-00016559-00017309 As a teenager and a kid growing up and the person who hurt me doesn't deserve my forgiveness. TOzMSkSbULc-00033-00017309-00017650 They're not sorry for a start. TOzMSkSbULc-00034-00017650-00018159 And you know, you're a monster. I'm not I'm not forgiving that TOzMSkSbULc-00035-00018159-00018580 I'm not giving some of my heart up to make TOzMSkSbULc-00036-00018580-00019040 myself feel better about somebody else who's an absolute monster who's not TOzMSkSbULc-00037-00019040-00019150 sorry or remorseful. TOzMSkSbULc-00038-00019150-00019369 anyway, who isn’t seeking my forgiveness, TOzMSkSbULc-00039-00019369-00020230 by the way, right? And so I just I'm not giving that up to them and look I'll also owned this. TOzMSkSbULc-00040-00020230-00020550 I've I've done some pretty ordinary shit in my life to other people TOzMSkSbULc-00041-00020550-00021009 as well and some of that doesn't deserve to be forgiven either. TOzMSkSbULc-00042-00021009-00021619 I'd love it to be because I would love it to you know to have that feel good stuff happening to me, TOzMSkSbULc-00043-00021619-00022140 but I know that I don't deserve it. So I wonder if this might help you today, TOzMSkSbULc-00044-00022140-00022280 if you're struggling with something TOzMSkSbULc-00045-00022280-00022909 or someone in your life and maybe other people in your life are telling you that you must TOzMSkSbULc-00046-00022909-00023290 forgive them in order to be happy in order to be peaceful TOzMSkSbULc-00047-00023290-00023490 or whatever else. TOzMSkSbULc-00048-00023490-00023619 Maybe there's an opportunity TOzMSkSbULc-00049-00023619-00024130 for you to accept what happened. Maybe acceptance in this role in this TOzMSkSbULc-00050-00024130-00024480 part of your life with this person in your life. TOzMSkSbULc-00051-00024480-00024940 Is more important than forgiveness maybe forgiveness TOzMSkSbULc-00052-00024940-00025280 is too and I'm certainly not going to talk you out of being forgiving TOzMSkSbULc-00053-00025280-00025719 or out of forgiving someone or something more power to you. TOzMSkSbULc-00054-00025719-00026719 But if you really struggling to forgive, maybe it's an easy first step at least to accept TOzMSkSbULc-00055-00026719-00026939 what happened to accept their role TOzMSkSbULc-00056-00026939-00027080 in what happened to accept your role in TOzMSkSbULc-00057-00027080-00027780 what happened and to accept that you're not going to let that happen again, TOzMSkSbULc-00058-00027780-00028180 or at least not so easily. Forgiveness or acceptance. TOzMSkSbULc-00059-00028180-00028389 I'd love to hear what you have to say on this TOzMSkSbULc-00060-00028389-00028510 whether you think I'm completely TOzMSkSbULc-00061-00028510-00029050 wrong and forgiveness is the only answer or whether you think forgiveness is never the answer. TOzMSkSbULc-00062-00029050-00029469 I would love to get your feedback on the in the comments on this video. TOzMSkSbULc-00063-00029469-00029760 Thanks so much for watching as well. But yeah, TOzMSkSbULc-00064-00029760-00030239 I'd love to hear what you what you think about forgiveness vs acceptance. TOzMSkSbULc-00065-00030239-00030519 Are they both required? Are neither required? TOzMSkSbULc-00066-00030519-00030900 Are they both as important and equitable in our lives moving forward. TOzMSkSbULc-00067-00030900-00031200 Hoping to be the best version of ourselves. TOzMSkSbULc-00068-00031200-00031530 However you think of that and whatever's happening for you today. TOzMSkSbULc-00069-00031530-00032030 Have a great Tuesday, wherever you are find some forgiveness. TOzMSkSbULc-00070-00032030-00032469 If you're going to find it at least see if you can aim some of it at yourself TOzMSkSbULc-00071-00032469-00032689 for your own wrongdoings. TOzMSkSbULc-00072-00032689-00033030 All right. Seeya. TPBNakBPcPu-00000-00001349-00001549 Can I ask you a question? TPBNakBPcPu-00001-00001618-00001852 What have you done in your life? TPBNakBPcPu-00002-00001917-00002364 Earning money, expenses for shopping, join many parties, TPBNakBPcPu-00003-00002388-00002671 By land & build apartment...!!!! TPBNakBPcPu-00004-00002800-00002867 Yeah, TPBNakBPcPu-00005-00002912-00003062 you are so rich. TPBNakBPcPu-00006-00003154-00003204 Bro, TPBNakBPcPu-00007-00003264-00003475 can I ask you another question? TPBNakBPcPu-00008-00003581-00003753 When you feel sad, TPBNakBPcPu-00009-00003763-00003853 What do you do? TPBNakBPcPu-00010-00003926-00004166 Smoking, drinking, crying TPBNakBPcPu-00011-00004189-00004284 Blah, blah, blah TPBNakBPcPu-00012-00004377-00004545 You are Muslim, right? TPBNakBPcPu-00013-00004600-00004811 Have you ever read Quran? TPBNakBPcPu-00014-00004866-00004979 Yes? TPBNakBPcPu-00015-00004988-00005277 Then I have a simple question for you, TPBNakBPcPu-00016-00005388-00005624 Do you think Allah created us For, TPBNakBPcPu-00017-00005649-00005770 What we do? TPBNakBPcPu-00018-00005873-00006179 (Surah Fatiha:04); You (Alone) we worship, and you (Alone) we ask for help (for each and everything) TPBNakBPcPu-00019-00006209-00006278 Do you know TPBNakBPcPu-00020-00006294-00006403 what that means? TPBNakBPcPu-00021-00006500-00006718 We are the servant of Allah, TPBNakBPcPu-00022-00006745-00006864 We are not rich. TPBNakBPcPu-00023-00006993-00007368 Do you think, Allah gives us oxygen Without any cost? TPBNakBPcPu-00024-00007436-00007511 Bro! TPBNakBPcPu-00025-00007539-00007665 never think like that, TPBNakBPcPu-00026-00007699-00007899 otherwise after the qayamat, TPBNakBPcPu-00027-00007912-00008078 You will be lost. TPBNakBPcPu-00028-00008148-00008317 Forget about past, TPBNakBPcPu-00029-00008319-00008471 Think about your future, TPBNakBPcPu-00030-00008485-00008657 Keep praying, keep learning. TPBNakBPcPu-00031-00008662-00008843 Don’t make yourself TPBNakBPcPu-00032-00008843-00008960 looser. TPBNakBPcPu-00033-00009052-00009162 I’m the boy, TPBNakBPcPu-00034-00009181-00009306 Who don’t know anything TPBNakBPcPu-00035-00009316-00009429 But I’m trying, TPBNakBPcPu-00036-00009437-00009617 to learn something. TPBNakBPcPu-00037-00009716-00009964 (Surah Fatiha: 05); Guide us to the Straight Way TPBNakBPcPu-00038-00009984-00010093 This is the reason, TPBNakBPcPu-00039-00010110-00010253 I found my road. TPBNakBPcPu-00040-00010299-00010396 & Jannat is my TPBNakBPcPu-00041-00010400-00010632 Only one Goal. TPBNakBPcPu-00042-00010781-00010987 Now it is time to conclusion, TPBNakBPcPu-00043-00010994-00011248 I just want to open your imagination. TPBNakBPcPu-00044-00011259-00011380 This is the reason, TPBNakBPcPu-00045-00011410-00011549 I made this rap. TPBNakBPcPu-00046-00011609-00011723 I’m sorry, TPBNakBPcPu-00047-00011761-00011868 if I say TPBNakBPcPu-00048-00011888-00012023 Any bad! TPBNakBPcPu-00049-00012119-00012254 !…...Assalamualaikum…...! TSI0KD9jR7y-00000-00000019-00000500 Your Natchez History Minute is brought to you by Natchez National Historical Park. TSI0KD9jR7y-00001-00000583-00001246 American artist John James Audubon was born on this day, April 26, 1785. He is perhaps TSI0KD9jR7y-00002-00001246-00001653 best known for his extensive and detailed studies documenting all types of American TSI0KD9jR7y-00003-00001653-00002079 birds in their natural habitats. His major work is entitled The Birds of America and TSI0KD9jR7y-00004-00002079-00002590 is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. Indeed, in his work, TSI0KD9jR7y-00005-00002590-00003144 Audubon identified 25 new species of American birds. In October, 1820, Audubon traveled TSI0KD9jR7y-00006-00003144-00003587 into Mississippi, Alabama and Florida in search of new specimens and by the following summer, TSI0KD9jR7y-00007-00003587-00004094 he was teaching painting at Oakley Plantation near St. Francisville, Louisiana. In 1822, TSI0KD9jR7y-00008-00004094-00004474 Audubon worked as a drawing instructor at the Elizabeth Female Institute near Washington, TSI0KD9jR7y-00009-00004474-00004980 Mississippi and in the spring of 1823, he painted his famous landscape view of Natchez. TSI0KD9jR7y-00010-00004980-00005447 Commissioned by a Mrs. Griffith, the painting was later owned by Natchez silversmith, Emile TSI0KD9jR7y-00011-00005447-00005978 Profilet, who sent it to France, as a gift for his father. In 1881, George Malin Davis TSI0KD9jR7y-00012-00005978-00006420 purchased the painting for Melrose. Today, Audubon’s original landscape of Natchez TSI0KD9jR7y-00013-00006420-00006933 is in the collection of the Greenville County Museum of Art in South Carolina. TSI0KD9jR7y-00014-00007150-00007508 I’m Carmen Serio, a junior at Cathedral High School and this has been your Natchez TSI0KD9jR7y-00015-00007508-00007558 History Minute. TVwiCVvXTBQ-00000-00000704-00001066 you know i have given blood for a long time TVwiCVvXTBQ-00001-00001066-00001411 what prompts me is knowing the need out there is so great. TVwiCVvXTBQ-00002-00001411-00001563 there's so many people TVwiCVvXTBQ-00003-00001563-00002166 I've known people who've lost their lives because there wasn't blood there for them TVwiCVvXTBQ-00004-00002251-00002821 We're at the donor central at our central site in saint paul and at the center we collect TVwiCVvXTBQ-00005-00002821-00002940 whole blood. TVwiCVvXTBQ-00006-00002940-00003200 We need five hundred units of blood TVwiCVvXTBQ-00007-00003200-00003597 every day to support the patients in our community. TVwiCVvXTBQ-00008-00003597-00003961 "put some pressure there, arm straight up in the air" TVwiCVvXTBQ-00009-00003961-00004511 During the school year the students at high schools and colleges hold blood TVwiCVvXTBQ-00010-00004511-00004763 drives that their institutions TVwiCVvXTBQ-00011-00004763-00004969 so in the summers TVwiCVvXTBQ-00012-00004969-00005394 those drives don't exist so we're down TVwiCVvXTBQ-00013-00005394-00005695 about eleven percent TVwiCVvXTBQ-00014-00005695-00006011 I believe I started my 64th gallon today TVwiCVvXTBQ-00015-00006011-00006238 and as time goes on we TVwiCVvXTBQ-00016-00006238-00006622 we take on things that we'd rather not have, like diseases and things that would TVwiCVvXTBQ-00017-00006622-00006884 would preclude us and i would hope that TVwiCVvXTBQ-00018-00006884-00007208 indeed i would need blood someday TVwiCVvXTBQ-00019-00007208-00007473 that there'd be a plint out there for me. TVwiCVvXTBQ-00020-00007473-00007681 you will see us TVwiCVvXTBQ-00021-00007681-00007781 really asking for help TVwiCVvXTBQ-00022-00007781-00008065 for help particularly around the holidays TVwiCVvXTBQ-00023-00008065-00008489 uh... thanksgiving and christmas new year's TVwiCVvXTBQ-00024-00008489-00008971 the fourth of july memorial day labor day and that's when our TVUHscMFo5k-00000-00000218-00000476 (Ruby and Sapphire) *laughing* TVUHscMFo5k-00001-00000822-00000994 (Garnet) Ha ha ha! TVUHscMFo5k-00002-00000994-00001106 I'm gay. TXYHI1QM74c-00000-00000350-00000616 When I was first working as a reporter for The Associated Press TXYHI1QM74c-00001-00000638-00001026 I used to call into the bureau with updates during breaking news events. TXYHI1QM74c-00002-00001106-00001612 And one day an editor said something to me that I've thought about pretty much every day since. TXYHI1QM74c-00003-00001660-00001994 And he said, "if you don't know, it's okay." TXYHI1QM74c-00004-00002088-00002226 And I'm here to tell you... TXYHI1QM74c-00005-00002261-00002994 Today, if you don't know, it's okay. It really is. But you're gonna have a ton of fun figuring it out TXYHI1QM74c-00006-00003071-00003390 Congratulations class of 2020. On, Wisconsin! TZj2EdhjjrI-00000-00000047-00001281 Good afternoon. Hi. I'm Elizabeth Sacker and I would like to welcome you the Elizabeth TZj2EdhjjrI-00001-00001281-00002906 A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art. We opened in 2007 and our mission is to raise awareness TZj2EdhjjrI-00002-00002906-00004569 of the impact of feminist thinking, of feminist art on the larger culture and on the art world. TZj2EdhjjrI-00003-00004569-00005737 In addition to that, we have this wonderful space, the forum, so we can have dialogs and TZj2EdhjjrI-00004-00005737-00006416 panel discussions about issues that relate either to art or to the social agenda or political TZj2EdhjjrI-00005-00006416-00006516 landscape that we're facing. TZj2EdhjjrI-00006-00006516-00007038 Last September 28, Courtney Martin accepted by invitation to come and moderate a panel TZj2EdhjjrI-00007-00007038-00007853 at that time, which she did. It focused on political events. It was called the "American TZj2EdhjjrI-00008-00007853-00008858 Hero" and I said She-ro and she agreed with the change. "The American She-ro and American TZj2EdhjjrI-00009-00008858-00009245 Dream: Reflections on Our Contemporary Political Narrative." TZj2EdhjjrI-00010-00009245-00009987 It addressed the dominate narratives of this past election perpetuated by both the presidential TZj2EdhjjrI-00011-00009987-00011066 candidates and the media and the ways in which the two candidates and their vice presidents TZj2EdhjjrI-00012-00011066-00012171 were marketed by the media. There was much discussion about the questions of race, gender TZj2EdhjjrI-00013-00012171-00012972 and class. I also brought up from my point of view that we were looking at business as TZj2EdhjjrI-00014-00012972-00013072 usual in politics. TZj2EdhjjrI-00015-00013072-00013588 At the close of that panel discussion, I asked Courtney if she would come back after the TZj2EdhjjrI-00016-00013588-00014026 election, after the inauguration so we could have a post-election and post-inaugural debriefer. TZj2EdhjjrI-00017-00014026-00014669 Courtney said, "Yes" and I'm delighted that she's here. As far as I'm concerned, one of TZj2EdhjjrI-00018-00014669-00015337 the high points of the whole thing in addition to all the other high points was Aretha Franklin TZj2EdhjjrI-00019-00015337-00015836 singing, "My Country 'Tis of Thee." I thought that was just the best. TZj2EdhjjrI-00020-00015836-00016918 This Sunday's panel is titled "A Politics Changed Forever". It will be interesting actually, TZj2EdhjjrI-00021-00016918-00017897 now since we're a few weeks into this new administration whether or not you would put TZj2EdhjjrI-00022-00017897-00018552 a colon to that and add something or whether or not... Well, I'm interested, wonderfully, TZj2EdhjjrI-00023-00018552-00019461 to hear your discussions. June Cross has joined us. Andrew Golis and Daniel May, and of course TZj2EdhjjrI-00024-00019461-00019777 Courtney will be introducing them to you. TZj2EdhjjrI-00025-00019777-00020278 Courtney is an award-winning freelance journalist and author, senior correspondent for the American TZj2EdhjjrI-00026-00020278-00021601 Prospect Online. She's editor at Feministing.com. Her work has appeared in the Washington Post, TZj2EdhjjrI-00027-00021601-00022264 Newsweek, and the Christian Science Monitor amongst others. Courtney is author of the TZj2EdhjjrI-00028-00022264-00022883 critically-acclaimed book, "Perfect Girls Starving Daughters: How the Quest for Perfection TZj2EdhjjrI-00029-00022883-00024521 is Harming Young Women". She's co-writer of the life story of aids activist Marvelyn Brown TZj2EdhjjrI-00030-00024521-00025514 called "The Naked Truth: Young, Brave and HIV Positive." Currently, she's working on TZj2EdhjjrI-00031-00025514-00026604 a book for Beacon Press. She has essays and anthologies of 21st Century Ethical Toolbox TZj2EdhjjrI-00032-00026604-00027777 which was published by Oxford Press and "Declare Yourself 50 American..." I have here "50 American". TZj2EdhjjrI-00033-00027777-00028773 It must be "Americans". Yes? "50 Americans Talk About Why Voting Matters" and that's TZj2EdhjjrI-00034-00028773-00028873 Harper Collins. TZj2EdhjjrI-00035-00028873-00029702 She's a recipient of the Elie Wiesel Prize in Ethics. She's a Woodhull fellow, Director TZj2EdhjjrI-00036-00029702-00030436 of Undergraduate Programs at Op-Ed Project, Alum of Progressive Women's Voice's Project TZj2EdhjjrI-00037-00030436-00031652 at the Women's Media Center. She speaks on air, on college's campuses and the like. I TZj2EdhjjrI-00038-00031652-00033409 always say, if you feel like you've done a lot in your life, after you've heard that TZj2EdhjjrI-00039-00033409-00034274 we can all think again. TZj2EdhjjrI-00040-00034274-00035594 I don't know how many of you might be aware that in addition to having been before on TZj2EdhjjrI-00041-00035594-00036550 the Today Show and the O'Reilly Factor, that after President Obama's first news conference TZj2EdhjjrI-00042-00036550-00037630 and the fallout over O'Reilly's abuse of the journalist Telling Thomas, the Women's Media TZj2EdhjjrI-00043-00037630-00038995 Center put up on their site a request for people to object and to go right into the TZj2EdhjjrI-00044-00038995-00040309 link to O'Reilly. And as a result of that, O'Reilly got riled and Courtney got chosen. TZj2EdhjjrI-00045-00040309-00041475 You'll have to tell me by whom, Courtney, because I don't really have that happened. TZj2EdhjjrI-00046-00041475-00043737 But in any event, I got an email from Women's media center that Courtney was going to be TZj2EdhjjrI-00047-00043737-00045700 on the O'Reilly Factor. She had, as I wrote here, fabulous calm in the face of sputtering TZj2EdhjjrI-00048-00045700-00047656 ass, lucid in the response to hot air and, I'm hoping, has the ammunition to get to net TZj2EdhjjrI-00049-00047656-00049694 an apology out of the man which she does have and he hasn't given. TZj2EdhjjrI-00050-00049694-00051166 So please join me in welcoming Courtney Martin and today's panel. Thank you very much. TZj2EdhjjrI-00051-00051166-00053904 Thank you very much. I think I was chosen because they thought it would be pretty cool TZj2EdhjjrI-00052-00053904-00056351 to have a younger women defending an older woman. That it would be kind of an inter-generational TZj2EdhjjrI-00053-00056351-00058054 play and that maybe it would disarm Mr. O'Reilly just TZj2EdhjjrI-00054-00058054-00059576 a little bit. So I think that we were pretty successful on those accounts. TZj2EdhjjrI-00055-00059576-00061297 Thanks everyone for being here. Thank you so much, Elizabeth, for the opportunity. This TZj2EdhjjrI-00056-00061297-00062845 is just such a cool space and a lot of the panelists here have connections to Brooklyn TZj2EdhjjrI-00057-00062845-00065216 and I know a lot of you do and it's so awesome to have a place within walking distance of TZj2EdhjjrI-00058-00065216-00068168 my house where I can have these kind of interactions with art and politics and all these questions TZj2EdhjjrI-00059-00068168-00069882 of the day. So thank you for creating this really vibrant, incredible center for all TZj2EdhjjrI-00060-00069882-00070013 of us. TZj2EdhjjrI-00061-00070013-00071655 So as Elizabeth Sacker referenced, I wrote the title of the panel pre, sort of, the last... TZj2EdhjjrI-00062-00071655-00073812 I think it was probably three months ago in order for it to be in the program. So I thought TZj2EdhjjrI-00063-00073812-00074860 that I could safely say that I thought that politics would be forever changed, and now TZj2EdhjjrI-00064-00074860-00075724 I stand beside the title. We'll see if my fellow panelists fell comfortable standing TZj2EdhjjrI-00065-00075724-00076872 beside the title. But I do fell like that I'd like to add sort of a parenthetical paragraph TZj2EdhjjrI-00066-00076872-00078074 or two about the ways in which it possibly had not been changed as much we hoped it might TZj2EdhjjrI-00067-00078074-00078263 have been. TZj2EdhjjrI-00068-00078263-00079143 I did want to sort of revisit some of the really important things that have undeniably TZj2EdhjjrI-00069-00079143-00080710 been changed. We had the longest, and some could argue, most followed presidential primary TZj2EdhjjrI-00070-00080710-00082180 season in American history, right? The gross number of ballots cast in 2008 was the highest TZj2EdhjjrI-00071-00082180-00083161 ever. We had unprecedented conversations about race and gender, some of which it felt like TZj2EdhjjrI-00072-00083161-00084075 it was opposite day like we used to say in third grade. Conservative pundits were suddenly TZj2EdhjjrI-00073-00084075-00085323 calling sexism with regards to Sarah Palin and the right was suddenly scared of religion TZj2EdhjjrI-00074-00085323-00085955 when it came in the form of Jeremiah Wright. TZj2EdhjjrI-00075-00085955-00086992 We had a totally new coordination of the Internet, grassroots organizing and old-fashioned electoral TZj2EdhjjrI-00076-00086992-00087693 politics in the form of Obama's campaign and we have some great insight on the panel about TZj2EdhjjrI-00077-00087693-00088235 some of those things. Young people voted at three, four and sometimes five times the rate TZj2EdhjjrI-00078-00088235-00088794 of previous years in the primaries, and got involved in record numbers in canvassing and TZj2EdhjjrI-00079-00088794-00088979 other political activity. TZj2EdhjjrI-00080-00088979-00089941 Excuse me if you are already aware of this, but we have a bi-racial President, a black TZj2EdhjjrI-00081-00089941-00090692 First Lady, cabinet full of people of color and women. So some things have changed. Let's TZj2EdhjjrI-00082-00090692-00090874 just admit that. OK? TZj2EdhjjrI-00083-00090874-00091991 Now, there are lots of things that obviously haven't. Now we have this really undeniable TZj2EdhjjrI-00084-00091991-00092949 and always present backdrop of an economic crisis on our hands. We have enduring violence TZj2EdhjjrI-00085-00092949-00094104 in Iraq and Afghanistan. The party's over, right? We know that bi-partisanship raging TZj2EdhjjrI-00086-00094104-00094920 with the stimulus package. There are all these reasons not to be particularly hopeful at TZj2EdhjjrI-00087-00094920-00095020 this moment. TZj2EdhjjrI-00088-00095020-00096093 In addition to which, I have to make the point because it's so important to me, that Obama's TZj2EdhjjrI-00089-00096093-00097675 campaign alone cost over one billion dollars, and the election as a whole totaled an unprecedented TZj2EdhjjrI-00090-00097675-00099027 5.3 billion. So in terms of campaign finance reform, this is not a politics forever changed. TZj2EdhjjrI-00091-00099027-00100549 Right? Hope came at a very, very steep price which is important for us to keep in mind. TZj2EdhjjrI-00092-00100549-00102186 Today is not so much about debating the nitty-gritty of the stimulus package or getting weighted TZj2EdhjjrI-00093-00102186-00103185 down in all of the very specific things that are going on or even specifically what Obama TZj2EdhjjrI-00094-00103185-00104474 has done in the last month, but it's more to take a big picture view, to look back and TZj2EdhjjrI-00095-00104474-00106677 take that bird's eye view and say, what has changed and what hasn't, and what is the work TZj2EdhjjrI-00096-00106677-00107860 ahead and what are things that we can actually really feel good about and celebrate. TZj2EdhjjrI-00097-00107860-00109625 I've convinced to that point these three brilliant human beings, all of which- you know, I've TZj2EdhjjrI-00098-00109625-00111221 had these conversations with offline and out of the public eye and so I know how much insight TZj2EdhjjrI-00099-00111221-00112132 they have and what a fresh perspective they bring to come and start that conversation TZj2EdhjjrI-00100-00112132-00112849 that I really hope it will be a discussion for all of us. TZj2EdhjjrI-00101-00112849-00114765 So without further or do, who wants to go first? Anyone? We didn't even talk about order. TZj2EdhjjrI-00102-00114765-00115161 All right, Andrew. TZj2EdhjjrI-00103-00115161-00115425 All right. TZj2EdhjjrI-00104-00115425-00116550 Let me introduce Andrew to you. He is a deputy publisher of TalkingPointsMemo.com and all TZj2EdhjjrI-00105-00116550-00117382 the TPM Media blogs. TPM blogs are widely regarded as among the most innovative and TZj2EdhjjrI-00106-00117382-00118503 influential political blogs in the country. He's worked in Democratic politics as a staff TZj2EdhjjrI-00107-00118503-00119983 organizer for Howard Dean's campaign for the presidency and as the assistant training director TZj2EdhjjrI-00108-00119983-00121001 for the Democratic National Committee. He also played an advisory role in designing TZj2EdhjjrI-00109-00121001-00121438 and launching the Causes Application for facebook.com. TZj2EdhjjrI-00110-00121438-00122274 studied Social Theory in American Political History at Harvard College, where he ran a TZj2EdhjjrI-00111-00122274-00123767 variety of campus campaigns and founded the Harvard Progressive Advocacy Group and the TZj2EdhjjrI-00112-00123767-00125247 campus progressive political blog cambridgecommons.com. He was born and raised in Santa Rosa, California. TZj2EdhjjrI-00113-00125247-00127245 He lives in Astoria, Queens, with his wife-to-be and their cat and dog. Andrew's going to explain TZj2EdhjjrI-00114-00127245-00127758 the way... TZj2EdhjjrI-00115-00127758-00127939 We moved to Sunnyside but... TZj2EdhjjrI-00116-00127939-00128039 Oh, old... TZj2EdhjjrI-00117-00128039-00128332 It's still the Queens. Still the Queens. TZj2EdhjjrI-00118-00128332-00129377 They have a very nice house in Sunnyside. I've actually played ping pong there before. TZj2EdhjjrI-00119-00129377-00130539 So Andrew's going to talk specifically about new media, that whole blog world, and how TZj2EdhjjrI-00120-00130539-00131474 Obama used that to influence major mainstream narratives and mobilize constituents. Andrew, TZj2EdhjjrI-00121-00131474-00131728 take it away. TZj2EdhjjrI-00122-00131728-00132709 Thank you. So yeah, I'm going to talk about- I'm specifically going to focus on the way TZj2EdhjjrI-00123-00132709-00133530 in which the '08 election kind of was the conclusion of what I think is completely new TZj2EdhjjrI-00124-00133530-00134260 media ecosystem's birth. And TPM is one node of this ecosystem and just to give people TZj2EdhjjrI-00125-00134260-00134913 background who don't know anything about it. It's a combination of news and reporting. TZj2EdhjjrI-00126-00134913-00136138 We have about two or three million readers a month and it's focused on national political. TZj2EdhjjrI-00127-00136138-00136935 So that's a short story of what we do. TZj2EdhjjrI-00128-00136935-00138387 Tons and tons of people have already talked about the ways in which the Internet radically TZj2EdhjjrI-00129-00138387-00140707 drove Obama's run. And a couple of the things that Courtney mentioned in her introduction TZj2EdhjjrI-00130-00140707-00142559 were a part of that. The two things that TZj2EdhjjrI-00131-00142559-00144380 I think are most often focused on and rightly so, are his ability to use the Internet to TZj2EdhjjrI-00132-00144380-00145977 organize, which means his ability to bring people together, allow them to find each other, TZj2EdhjjrI-00133-00145977-00147732 turn people out to events, and empower them to go and knock on their neighbor's door and TZj2EdhjjrI-00134-00147732-00148515 really move people; and his ability to fundraise. TZj2EdhjjrI-00135-00148515-00149809 As Courtney mentioned, he raised more money than anyone in the history of anything to TZj2EdhjjrI-00136-00149809-00151159 get elected. And was able to do that because of the fact that he was able to get tons of TZj2EdhjjrI-00137-00151159-00152217 small dollar donations from tons of people and that is simply impossible without the TZj2EdhjjrI-00138-00152217-00152317 Internet. TZj2EdhjjrI-00139-00152317-00153357 But I guess I'm going to argue today that those were necessary but not sufficient changes TZj2EdhjjrI-00140-00153357-00154144 to getting him elected. He could have been as well funded and his people could have been TZj2EdhjjrI-00141-00154144-00154841 as well mobilized as possible, but without dramatic changes in the way in which Americans TZj2EdhjjrI-00142-00154841-00155017 consume and share information. TZj2EdhjjrI-00143-00155017-00155795 We still would have been trying to get a men named, Barrack Hussein Obama, who is black, TZj2EdhjjrI-00144-00155795-00156595 elected president. And that, in the face of a media infrastructure that had previously TZj2EdhjjrI-00145-00156595-00157944 taken down 40 year established senatorial, John Kerry, and people much less offensive TZj2EdhjjrI-00146-00157944-00158702 to preconceived notions of what a president should and would be than Barrack Hussein Obama. TZj2EdhjjrI-00147-00158702-00159588 So what I'm going to argue is that without these changes, we would have seen all of these TZj2EdhjjrI-00148-00159588-00160287 different conservative archetypes take hold. So what are the different things that people TZj2EdhjjrI-00149-00160287-00160584 said about Obama on the Conservative side? TZj2EdhjjrI-00150-00160584-00161101 Well, there was Obama, the Manchurian candidate for Al Qaeda. There was Obama, the socialist, TZj2EdhjjrI-00151-00161101-00161515 sharing the wealth and hanging out with Bill Ayres in Chicago. There was Obama, the corrupt TZj2EdhjjrI-00152-00161515-00161889 Chicago City pol, hanging out with Tony Rezko. TZj2EdhjjrI-00153-00161889-00162975 There were all of these early opportunities to swift boat him, in the traditional sense. TZj2EdhjjrI-00154-00162975-00163592 There was good reason that the Clinton people really were saying, during the primaries, TZj2EdhjjrI-00155-00163592-00163812 "This man is simply unelectable." TZj2EdhjjrI-00156-00163812-00164523 I mean, in the traditional paradigm, he really was. I mean, there was many, many reasons TZj2EdhjjrI-00157-00164523-00165071 to think that the conservative machine could do to him what it had done to much easier TZj2EdhjjrI-00158-00165071-00166321 targets, in the past. And so, what was required was pretty dramatic shifts in the way in which TZj2EdhjjrI-00159-00166321-00166421 we consumed information. TZj2EdhjjrI-00160-00166421-00166934 Now, the first thing was that, Obama, himself, was able to build a media organization in TZj2EdhjjrI-00161-00166934-00167436 his own campaign that was as big as many outlets we could discuss. He had a YouTube channel TZj2EdhjjrI-00162-00167436-00168384 that put up videos that had millions and millions of views. His famous speech on race was viewed TZj2EdhjjrI-00163-00168384-00169579 eight million times on YouTube. That's a forty minute speech, and the view only counts, if TZj2EdhjjrI-00164-00169579-00170765 it goes all the way to the end. Right? That means more people watched it on YouTube than TZj2EdhjjrI-00165-00170765-00171149 combined watched it live on CNN, MSNBC, and Fox. TZj2EdhjjrI-00166-00171149-00172147 And, it also means that, as opposed to that clip being a 20 or 30 second package, thrown TZj2EdhjjrI-00167-00172147-00172987 onto ABC's nightly news, as opposed to that clip being condensed and sound-bitten, that TZj2EdhjjrI-00168-00172987-00174061 nuanced and kind of profound speech was viewed that many times, by that many people and kind TZj2EdhjjrI-00169-00174061-00174161 of existed permanently. TZj2EdhjjrI-00170-00174161-00174764 So, Obama was able to build his own media operation. Now, the YouTube channel was part TZj2EdhjjrI-00171-00174764-00175902 of that. He had an email list of 12 million people, TZj2EdhjjrI-00172-00175902-00177386 and that email list they'd hit multiple times a week. And, they would tell a story of where TZj2EdhjjrI-00173-00177386-00177837 the campaign was and where it was going. TZj2EdhjjrI-00174-00177837-00178647 Now, that's not really a media outlet, in a traditional sense, but you're telling people TZj2EdhjjrI-00175-00178647-00179394 a story, over a course of a period of time and keeping them motivated and activated. TZj2EdhjjrI-00176-00179394-00179975 And, the last piece of that is the Obama campaign rolled out a series of micro-sites. They had TZj2EdhjjrI-00177-00179975-00180824 a site called Fightthesmears.com, and they very directly engaged all of these different TZj2EdhjjrI-00178-00180824-00181357 critiques and were able to fact check and put to rest, at least in the eyes of anyone TZj2EdhjjrI-00179-00181357-00182529 with any sort of good faith, who would have been the arbiters of what gets talked about, TZj2EdhjjrI-00180-00182529-00182702 in any of these rumors. TZj2EdhjjrI-00181-00182702-00183628 So, the first thing then is that Obama was able to build this massive media machine in TZj2EdhjjrI-00182-00183628-00184257 his own campaign, as opposed to waging a campaign based on thirty second advertisements and TZj2EdhjjrI-00183-00184257-00185349 speeches that are kind of chopped and not consumed by any mass media, he was able to TZj2EdhjjrI-00184-00185349-00185449 build that. TZj2EdhjjrI-00185-00185449-00186336 And, secondarily, you had the kind of conclusion (I would say) of the rise of the liberal blogosphere. TZj2EdhjjrI-00186-00186336-00186913 Now, we existed in 2004, but we really didn't have the audience or the capabilities that TZj2EdhjjrI-00187-00186913-00188144 we had in 2008. I think you have to look back at the history of media, starting with the TZj2EdhjjrI-00188-00188144-00188571 kind of Walter Cronkite, mainstream, kind of trusted newsman, starting with the advent TZj2EdhjjrI-00189-00188571-00188671 of television. TZj2EdhjjrI-00190-00188671-00188930 You first had these kind of corporate national broadcast media that dominated the narratives, TZj2EdhjjrI-00191-00188930-00189491 and they decided what the story was. They decided what was important and what was not TZj2EdhjjrI-00192-00189491-00189927 important. And, that was sometimes good, when Cronkite turns against the Vietnam War and TZj2EdhjjrI-00193-00189927-00190677 LBJ famously says, "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America." But, a lot of times, TZj2EdhjjrI-00194-00190677-00191660 that's not good, for a whole variety of reasons we can talk about. TZj2EdhjjrI-00195-00191660-00192728 In the 80s, with the rise of conservative media, with the rise of Rush Limbaugh, we're TZj2EdhjjrI-00196-00192728-00193399 talking about 15 to 20 million people, every week, listening to Rush Limbaugh. And, this TZj2EdhjjrI-00197-00193399-00194271 kind of undercurrent of conservative narrative, pressuring mainstream media and mobilizing TZj2EdhjjrI-00198-00194271-00195215 their own, had no counterpoint on the left, much less in any other broader sense. TZj2EdhjjrI-00199-00195215-00196117 The result of that is Willie Horton, White Water, swift boat, because there was nothing TZj2EdhjjrI-00200-00196117-00196911 to defeat that, and the pressure, on the mainstream, and the ability to kind of make trouble in TZj2EdhjjrI-00201-00196911-00197639 the media, continued. So, on the left, the biggest outlets are talking about are maybe TZj2EdhjjrI-00202-00197639-00198213 The Nation, before 2004. They're at 150/200 thousand subscribers a week. TZj2EdhjjrI-00203-00198213-00199011 That's to Rush Limbaugh's 15 to 20 million. So the rise of Huffington Post, Talking Points TZj2EdhjjrI-00204-00199011-00199778 Memo to some extent, Daily Kos, and outlets like Think Progress that are doing active TZj2EdhjjrI-00205-00199778-00200224 fact checking, have a huge counter weight pressure. TZj2EdhjjrI-00206-00200224-00201635 Now, directly the result of that was that they were able to do a couple of things. One, TZj2EdhjjrI-00207-00201635-00202404 they were able to call out, and surface in the national conversation, the explicit racism TZj2EdhjjrI-00208-00202404-00202823 that was floating around in conservative media. TZj2EdhjjrI-00209-00202823-00203555 My friend Matt Corley, who is like this scruffy guy who just sits there and listens to Rush TZj2EdhjjrI-00210-00203555-00204277 Limbaugh everyday, takes the audio clip, puts it online, and sends it to every reporter TZj2EdhjjrI-00211-00204277-00205158 in America. Limbaugh does not get to getaway with doing the things he was able to getaway TZj2EdhjjrI-00212-00205158-00205713 with doing, and he is called out and taken to task. TZj2EdhjjrI-00213-00205713-00206323 Two, they are able to directly attack conservative politicians, and create mainstream narratives TZj2EdhjjrI-00214-00206323-00207494 that hurt them. I would argue that without a lot of these publications, Sarah Palin would TZj2EdhjjrI-00215-00207494-00207938 not have become the joke she became. TZj2EdhjjrI-00216-00207938-00209133 On TPM's YouTube channel, which has got like 60 million views up to date, I think eight TZj2EdhjjrI-00217-00209133-00210034 of our top 10 most watched videos are Sarah Palin, because we were able to clip her most TZj2EdhjjrI-00218-00210034-00210836 ridiculous things, and say, "How can you seriously tell me that this woman should be president TZj2EdhjjrI-00219-00210836-00211759 of the United States? She has no idea what she's doing." And people got fascinated, and TZj2EdhjjrI-00220-00211759-00211955 they went viral. TZj2EdhjjrI-00221-00211955-00212557 The last thing they would do, similar to Obama himself, being able to tell his supporters TZj2EdhjjrI-00222-00212557-00213709 on his email list. This was a community that was able to calm and keep mobilized the general TZj2EdhjjrI-00223-00213709-00213809 left. TZj2EdhjjrI-00224-00213809-00214566 There's a famous Flickr photo that floated around, that's just Obama talking, and it TZj2EdhjjrI-00225-00214566-00215373 just says, "Everyone chill the fuck out, I got this." And that floated around, and in TZj2EdhjjrI-00226-00215373-00216186 a moment, in the media sphere where everyone is saying, "Oh, Obama is losing it." So there TZj2EdhjjrI-00227-00216186-00217017 is a calming and mobilizing effect that that community has. TZj2EdhjjrI-00228-00217017-00218054 And so I think, because of that infrastructure, you have pretty dramatic changes that are TZj2EdhjjrI-00229-00218054-00218803 able to push back on other things. TZj2EdhjjrI-00230-00218803-00219644 So three points to conclude. What I think this means is three things. First, I think TZj2EdhjjrI-00231-00219644-00221019 it's the end of Nixonian politics. By which I mean that, starting in 1968 with Nixon's TZj2EdhjjrI-00232-00221019-00221985 appeal to the silent majority, and his ability to play on subtle race, resentment politics, TZj2EdhjjrI-00233-00221985-00222961 of saying these lawless black people in urban America rioting, or these crazy radicals, TZj2EdhjjrI-00234-00222961-00223203 they don't represent us. TZj2EdhjjrI-00235-00223203-00223981 That went underground to some extent but has always been the major political thrust of TZj2EdhjjrI-00236-00223981-00224456 the conservative movement. I don't think that that has been able to stand up when surfaced TZj2EdhjjrI-00237-00224456-00224911 into the national conversation. I think that Obama dramatically ended that paradigm. Maybe TZj2EdhjjrI-00238-00224911-00225607 it will fight back. But that's my hope and my belief. TZj2EdhjjrI-00239-00225607-00226736 The second thing is, I think there is some real concerns about this. Obama, because of TZj2EdhjjrI-00240-00226736-00227331 the fact that I basically agree with his campaign, wasn't that dangerous of a person to be able TZj2EdhjjrI-00241-00227331-00228007 to put together the massive propaganda machine he was able to put together. But the filter TZj2EdhjjrI-00242-00228007-00228107 of the media is valuable. TZj2EdhjjrI-00243-00228107-00229258 And having politicians and people who are not concerned primarily with truth, have as TZj2EdhjjrI-00244-00229258-00231005 much access to as much audience as they do, is dangerous. So it's going to be incumbent TZj2EdhjjrI-00245-00231005-00233188 on journalists to very actively make the argument for why, what you're hearing from me is filtered TZj2EdhjjrI-00246-00233188-00234760 and true, in a way that you are not getting from these other people. So there could be TZj2EdhjjrI-00247-00234760-00236390 a really dramatic rise in propaganda that we have to be aware of. TZj2EdhjjrI-00248-00236390-00238021 And the third thing I would say is that the end of a lot of these niche conversations, TZj2EdhjjrI-00249-00238021-00239191 the kind of surfacing of not just the Limbaugh's conversation, but the Jeremiah Wright thing TZj2EdhjjrI-00250-00239191-00240559 was very largely about a conversation that had been going on in the black church for TZj2EdhjjrI-00251-00240559-00241306 a long time, getting surfaced into national conversation, and people saying, "What the TZj2EdhjjrI-00252-00241306-00241508 hell is this?" TZj2EdhjjrI-00253-00241508-00243161 There is going to have to be a lot more cultural translation as people see each others underlying TZj2EdhjjrI-00254-00243161-00244756 conversations for the first time, or we might see a lot of culture clash, unless we have TZj2EdhjjrI-00255-00244756-00245810 Obama to give that big race speech, and explain white people to black people, and vice-versa. TZj2EdhjjrI-00256-00245810-00247071 I think those are the three things that I'm both concerned and hopeful about. It's obviously TZj2EdhjjrI-00257-00247071-00248148 valuable to end Nixonian politics. But there's a big moment of upheaval that we have to start TZj2EdhjjrI-00258-00248148-00248325 to make sense of. TZj2EdhjjrI-00259-00248325-00249003 Awesome. Thank you very much Andrew. June, are you up for going next? TZj2EdhjjrI-00260-00249003-00250063 I could. I was sort of hoping to go after Daniel. TZj2EdhjjrI-00261-00250063-00251765 You can go after Daniel. That's fine. We'll save the lady until the end. So Daniel May, TZj2EdhjjrI-00262-00251765-00252782 to my left, began organizing in 2000 in the South Bronx with Acorn, where he directed TZj2EdhjjrI-00263-00252782-00253694 the organizing of tenant organizations and block clubs in Mt. Haven, one of the poorest TZj2EdhjjrI-00264-00253694-00254278 congressional districts in America. Those neighborhood associations wanted improvements TZj2EdhjjrI-00265-00254278-00255107 of plumbing, heating, refrigeration, and building wide renovations, as well as increased police TZj2EdhjjrI-00266-00255107-00255207 presence. TZj2EdhjjrI-00267-00255207-00256371 In 2003, Daniel moved to Los Angeles to work with the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), TZj2EdhjjrI-00268-00256371-00256913 the nation's oldest community organizing network. TZj2EdhjjrI-00269-00256913-00258476 Through his time in Los Angeles, Daniel worked with immigrant congregations in order to build TZj2EdhjjrI-00270-00258476-00259615 political power for non-voting undocumented immigrants. His organizing led to the transfer TZj2EdhjjrI-00272-00262823-00264978 profiling of undocumented immigrants, and a near doubling of voter turnout in the municipal TZj2EdhjjrI-00273-00264978-00266681 elections of Maywood, California, leading to an entirely new city council. TZj2EdhjjrI-00274-00266681-00267759 Isn't it nice to hear a bio that has actual real accomplishments in it? I love this. TZj2EdhjjrI-00275-00267759-00268951 Over the past several years, Daniel has worked to engage Jewish synagogues and community TZj2EdhjjrI-00276-00268951-00270078 organizing efforts, as well as to bring congregations into alliance with organized labor. He has TZj2EdhjjrI-00277-00270078-00272317 written on organizing for the Nation, Conservative Judaism and Reform, the magazine of TZj2EdhjjrI-00278-00272317-00272771 the Jewish Reform Movement. TZj2EdhjjrI-00279-00272771-00274518 And he is currently a candidate for a Master's at Harvard Divinity School, where he is studying TZj2EdhjjrI-00280-00274518-00275691 religion and public life. Probably not to your surprise, he will be talking about the TZj2EdhjjrI-00281-00275691-00276958 grassroots organizing, and community organizing ethic of the Obama campaign. TZj2EdhjjrI-00282-00276958-00278816 All right. Thanks. And thank you all for being here. So, this election was, as we've been TZj2EdhjjrI-00283-00278816-00280297 talking about, an election of many firsts. But it was also the election of our first TZj2EdhjjrI-00284-00280297-00281548 organizer president. So the question I want to explore a little bit over the next 10 minutes TZj2EdhjjrI-00285-00281548-00282521 is to what extent does Obama's background as an organizer shape his politics? And then, TZj2EdhjjrI-00286-00282521-00283140 to what extent is that shaping our politics together? TZj2EdhjjrI-00287-00283140-00284688 Obama's three years, from the age of 24 to 27, in the course of a lifetime, he was at TZj2EdhjjrI-00288-00284688-00285797 law school longer than he was an organizer. He was a state senator for many, many, more TZj2EdhjjrI-00289-00285797-00286704 years than he was an organizer. He was a U.S. senator for longer than he was an organizer. TZj2EdhjjrI-00290-00286704-00288390 But his time organizing is a central transformative event in TZj2EdhjjrI-00291-00288390-00288948 the creation story that he told throughout the campaign. TZj2EdhjjrI-00292-00288948-00289734 And for those that have read his first book, it's 150 pages of the book. He talked about TZj2EdhjjrI-00293-00289734-00291105 organizing as the best education he ever received, better than what he got from professors at TZj2EdhjjrI-00294-00291105-00291205 Harvard. TZj2EdhjjrI-00295-00291205-00292375 Many of the main people, central characters of his life, were relationships that began TZj2EdhjjrI-00296-00292375-00293852 in organizing. He of course, moved to Chicago because of an organizing job. So I don't think TZj2EdhjjrI-00297-00293852-00295431 you can think about Obama without understanding the way in which organizing shaped him. But TZj2EdhjjrI-00298-00295431-00297298 this is tricky because organizing is sort of TZj2EdhjjrI-00299-00297298-00298660 a slippery term. It can be used to describe organizing for the NRA. The City Council members TZj2EdhjjrI-00300-00298660-00299328 in Los Angeles have organizers on staff. TZj2EdhjjrI-00301-00299328-00300618 But Obama comes from a very particular organizing tradition. And it was founded by this guy TZj2EdhjjrI-00302-00300618-00301661 Saul Alinsky in the 1940s, who founded an organization called Industrial Areas Foundation. TZj2EdhjjrI-00303-00301661-00302184 That then spun off a number of different groups including a network called Gamaliel, which TZj2EdhjjrI-00304-00302184-00302644 is the group that Obama worked for. TZj2EdhjjrI-00305-00302644-00304316 And there are some very explicit principles to this kind of organizing. As far as I know, TZj2EdhjjrI-00306-00304316-00305752 the first published article that Obama ever wrote, he wrote when he was in law school, TZj2EdhjjrI-00307-00305752-00306605 aside from the stuff that he wrote for the Columbia paper when he was an undergrad, but TZj2EdhjjrI-00308-00306605-00307011 we all know now from Gawker, thankfully. TZj2EdhjjrI-00309-00307011-00308668 So he wrote this article called "Why Organize?" when he was like 28. I am just going to read TZj2EdhjjrI-00310-00308668-00310263 the intro. So he says, "Over the past five years, I often have had a difficult time explaining TZj2EdhjjrI-00311-00310263-00310740 my profession to folks. TZj2EdhjjrI-00312-00310740-00312695 A typical loser remark a public school administrative aid made to me one bleak January morning while TZj2EdhjjrI-00313-00312695-00314751 I waited to deliver some flyers to a group of confused and angry parents who had discovered TZj2EdhjjrI-00314-00314751-00315647 the presence of asbestos in their school. TZj2EdhjjrI-00315-00315647-00317663 'Listen Obama,' she began. 'You're a bright young man. You went to college didn't you?' TZj2EdhjjrI-00316-00317663-00319848 I nodded. 'I just can't understand why a bright young man like you would go to college, get TZj2EdhjjrI-00317-00319848-00320549 that degree, and become a community organizer.'" TZj2EdhjjrI-00318-00320549-00321817 Sounds like Sarah Palin, right? "'Why's that? Because the pay is low, the hours is long, TZj2EdhjjrI-00319-00321817-00323020 and don't nobody appreciate you.' I've thought back on that conversation more than once during TZj2EdhjjrI-00320-00323020-00323454 the time I've organized with the developing communities project." TZj2EdhjjrI-00321-00323454-00325030 That was the name of the group that Obama worked for that was part of The Gamaliel project, TZj2EdhjjrI-00322-00325030-00326413 based in Chicago's far south side. "Unfortunately the answers that come to mind haven't been TZj2EdhjjrI-00323-00326413-00328540 as simple as their question. Probably the shortest one is this: It needs to be done TZj2EdhjjrI-00324-00328540-00329351 and not enough folks are doing it." TZj2EdhjjrI-00325-00329351-00331897 So what is it that Obama thought needed to be done? The sort of central aspect... There's TZj2EdhjjrI-00326-00331897-00332925 a couple really key principles to the way the IF thinks about organizing. And the first TZj2EdhjjrI-00327-00332925-00334307 is that you don't organize around an issue, you organize for power. TZj2EdhjjrI-00328-00334307-00335315 So this is sort of the central radicalism of the kind of organizing that shaped Obama. TZj2EdhjjrI-00329-00335315-00336660 So, this is what makes it different than the Civil Rights tradition, for example. Or what TZj2EdhjjrI-00330-00336660-00337582 makes it different from the labor organizing tradition. Although its closer to that which TZj2EdhjjrI-00331-00337582-00338106 I'll talk about in a little bit. TZj2EdhjjrI-00332-00338106-00339294 For those who have read "Dreams from My Father" the process of organizing begins with a series TZj2EdhjjrI-00333-00339294-00341021 of conversations where he, Obama, goes out and does these interviews with people to find TZj2EdhjjrI-00334-00341021-00342018 out what is in their self interest. And then through those conversations he begins to figure TZj2EdhjjrI-00335-00342018-00343646 out what is the agenda that we're going to work on. But he doesn't start with the issue. TZj2EdhjjrI-00336-00343646-00346372 So he comes to figuring out we're going to work on asbestos by a series of conversations TZj2EdhjjrI-00337-00346372-00348920 he does in these churches in the south side. He comes to think about job training because TZj2EdhjjrI-00338-00348920-00350311 the conversations he's had with people who are not employed. So the work did not start TZj2EdhjjrI-00339-00350311-00351092 because he was going to do job training. TZj2EdhjjrI-00340-00351092-00353596 So this is from "Dreams from My Father" how he describes it. Marty is sort of this inventive TZj2EdhjjrI-00342-00359802-00361081 My Father" the character he created is called Marty. TZj2EdhjjrI-00343-00361081-00363963 "So, Marty decided it was time for me to do some real work, and he handed me a long list TZj2EdhjjrI-00345-00367483-00369164 organizing. Because, they think they'll get something out of it. Once he found an issue TZj2EdhjjrI-00346-00369164-00370984 people cared enough about I could take them into action. With enough actions I could start TZj2EdhjjrI-00347-00370984-00371971 to build power. Issues, action, power, self-interest. TZj2EdhjjrI-00348-00371971-00374082 I like these concepts that spoke a certain hard headedness, a worldly lack of sentiment- TZj2EdhjjrI-00349-00374082-00374434 politics not religion." TZj2EdhjjrI-00351-00377495-00380450 prophetic radicalism that's part of his politics. And there is that aspect to organizing, but TZj2EdhjjrI-00352-00380450-00381417 the particular kind of organizing that Obama comes out of is radically non-ideological. TZj2EdhjjrI-00353-00381417-00383467 Its not about justice. I mean it is about justice, but you know its not like the training TZj2EdhjjrI-00354-00383467-00384544 that the IF does and he did wasn't training around, "What does justice mean? What does TZj2EdhjjrI-00355-00384544-00385502 equality mean?" It was training around, "What is power and how do we build it?" And the TZj2EdhjjrI-00356-00385502-00386479 issues that emerged were concrete, very specific, sort of bread-and-butter issues. How do we TZj2EdhjjrI-00357-00386479-00388528 get a job training center in our neighborhood? How do we get asbestos cleaned out of our TZj2EdhjjrI-00358-00388528-00388649 school? TZj2EdhjjrI-00359-00388649-00391027 I think you can see this in the campaign and certainly over the past few weeks in his election. TZj2EdhjjrI-00360-00391027-00393089 The focus on individual stories as being the center of the engine of the organizing process TZj2EdhjjrI-00361-00393089-00395406 is something that Obama used all through the campaign. Now other folks have done this, TZj2EdhjjrI-00362-00395406-00395754 but I don't think in the same way that Obama did. TZj2EdhjjrI-00363-00395754-00397643 So at the convention, for those whose you know saw before he spoke, he had these four TZj2EdhjjrI-00364-00397643-00398911 people give these seven or eight minute speeches. And they were just folks who had stories to TZj2EdhjjrI-00365-00398911-00399038 tell about what was going on in their lives. TZj2EdhjjrI-00366-00399038-00399372 And the infomercial. Did folks see this infomercial? Its half an hour. I mean, the majority of TZj2EdhjjrI-00367-00399372-00400091 the infomercial isn't even Obama talking. Its these everyday folks who are telling their TZj2EdhjjrI-00368-00400091-00400900 stories. Last week in Indiana, he has this guy give a seven, eight minute introduction TZj2EdhjjrI-00369-00400900-00402801 and the guy says can you believe that I'm introducing the President of the United States? TZj2EdhjjrI-00370-00402801-00404623 I think that all of that stuff is very much sort of part of the practices that were ingrained TZj2EdhjjrI-00371-00404623-00405417 in him as a young organizer. TZj2EdhjjrI-00373-00410898-00413125 said organizing is a... the kind that Obama was trained in was founded by this guy Alinsky. TZj2EdhjjrI-00374-00413125-00414534 So I just want read a quote from Alinsky from his second book called "Rules for Radicals." TZj2EdhjjrI-00379-00432375-00434571 act, in the long run they will, most of the time, and reach the right decision." TZj2EdhjjrI-00380-00434571-00435318 So, I think that there is an aspect of Obama's post-partisan politics that is very much connected TZj2EdhjjrI-00381-00435318-00436338 to the organizing tradition that he comes out of. Which is you know Alinsky has all TZj2EdhjjrI-00382-00436338-00439322 this writing about curiosity and that you know not settling through easy answers. And TZj2EdhjjrI-00383-00439322-00440518 Obama sort of talks about this. TZj2EdhjjrI-00385-00443717-00446402 we're going to get ideas from? I'm not just going to get ideas from my own party. We're TZj2EdhjjrI-00386-00446402-00449045 seeing the limitations from this obviously over the last few weeks. But none the less TZj2EdhjjrI-00387-00449045-00449484 its there. TZj2EdhjjrI-00389-00455085-00457691 in the particular slogans that became the centerpiece of the campaign. And I just want TZj2EdhjjrI-00390-00457691-00459255 to point out one which is, "Yes we can". TZj2EdhjjrI-00391-00459255-00461268 So "Yes we can" was based on the, "Si, se puede". So si, se puede was the mantra of TZj2EdhjjrI-00392-00461268-00463188 the farmworkers. Caesar Chavez spent ten years before the United Farmworkers working for TZj2EdhjjrI-00393-00463188-00466055 Saul Alinsky and the CSO. And Obama you know he knows this history. He knows this tradition. TZj2EdhjjrI-00394-00466055-00468825 But the interesting thing about "Yes we can" is that it sort of embodies that idea that TZj2EdhjjrI-00395-00468825-00471739 what we're going to do is build power that can then act on all sorts of issues. TZj2EdhjjrI-00396-00471739-00474000 Right? Its not like yes we can do blank. Right? Yes we can implies there is all these things TZj2EdhjjrI-00397-00474000-00474877 we can do. But the particular irony in the way that Obama used it was that it had a very TZj2EdhjjrI-00398-00474877-00476000 specific sort of unstated conclusion to the phrase. Yes, we can elect a black man whose TZj2EdhjjrI-00399-00476000-00476871 name Barack Hussein Obama. And that is a very almost sort of blasphemous- could be read TZj2EdhjjrI-00400-00476871-00478018 by people sort of schooled in the rigidity of Alinsky styled politics as an almost blasphemous TZj2EdhjjrI-00401-00478018-00478306 use of the phrase. TZj2EdhjjrI-00402-00478306-00479383 Because Alinsky had this idea. This is where his labor training- Alinsky's great hero is TZj2EdhjjrI-00403-00479383-00481428 this guy John L. Lewis. And he's a labor the head of the CIO And so Alinsky thought about TZj2EdhjjrI-00404-00481428-00482693 organizing the way that Lewis thought about organizing, which is that you organize people TZj2EdhjjrI-00405-00482693-00483791 in a workplace to get power so that you can get concessions from management. TZj2EdhjjrI-00406-00483791-00484892 So the way that Alinsky thought about organizing is you organize people to get concessions TZj2EdhjjrI-00407-00484892-00485245 from government. So its this very oppositional approach to organizing. Where you do not organize TZj2EdhjjrI-00408-00485245-00486264 to move the agenda of somebody in office. You organize to pressure that person whose TZj2EdhjjrI-00409-00486264-00487397 in office. So throughout "Dreams from My Father" you see Obama wrestling with these sort of TZj2EdhjjrI-00410-00487397-00487518 two models. TZj2EdhjjrI-00411-00487518-00488041 One being the organizing tradition that holds government accountable. And the other being TZj2EdhjjrI-00412-00488041-00488585 the sort of hope in the electoral process. And he kind of has this really interesting TZj2EdhjjrI-00413-00488585-00489427 relationship with Harold Washington who represents the sort of pinnacle to him of African American TZj2EdhjjrI-00414-00489427-00489614 electoral power. TZj2EdhjjrI-00415-00489614-00491108 So, he has this wonderful passage in Dreams from my Father that I wanted to, as a way TZj2EdhjjrI-00416-00491108-00493738 of wrapping up, where he says, "I wanted Harold to succeed. His achievements seemed to mark TZj2EdhjjrI-00417-00493738-00495372 out what is possible. His gifts his power measured by my own hopes. And yet in listening TZj2EdhjjrI-00419-00498985-00500247 At the margins, Harold can make city services more equitable. Black professionals now got TZj2EdhjjrI-00420-00500247-00501689 a bigger share of city business. We had a black school superintendent, a black CHA director. TZj2EdhjjrI-00421-00501689-00502407 But beneath the radiance of Harold's victory, nothing seemed to change. TZj2EdhjjrI-00422-00502407-00503192 I wondered whether away from the spotlight Harold thought about those same constraints, TZj2EdhjjrI-00423-00503192-00504307 whether he felt as trapped as those he served- an inheritor of a sad history, part of a closed TZj2EdhjjrI-00424-00504307-00505072 system of few moving parts. I wondered whether he too felt a prisoner of fate." TZj2EdhjjrI-00425-00505072-00505875 I'm regretting using all this language of Obama makes me feel so profoundly inarticulate. TZj2EdhjjrI-00426-00505875-00507146 Its all so wonderful that we have a President who wrote that. So, obviously Obama chose TZj2EdhjjrI-00427-00507146-00508834 Harold Washington. I mean he talked about the fact that all organizing heroes were Robert TZj2EdhjjrI-00428-00508834-00510121 Moses, Ella Baker, these organizers of the Civil Rights movement. TZj2EdhjjrI-00429-00510121-00512146 But he ultimately decided that he wasn't going to be able to make the kind of changes that TZj2EdhjjrI-00430-00512146-00512252 he imagined through that model. He was going to make them through the model of Harold Washington. TZj2EdhjjrI-00431-00512252-00514897 And many folks said that when he went to law school his ambition was to be mayor of Chicago. TZj2EdhjjrI-00432-00514897-00516005 So, there is this tension I think in Obama and in his election. TZj2EdhjjrI-00433-00516005-00516393 And I think its a real mistake.. And some folks have pointed this out, but I think that TZj2EdhjjrI-00434-00516393-00517910 its a real mistake to see him as the conclusion and the pinnacle of the organizing tradition. TZj2EdhjjrI-00435-00517910-00518428 So when we think about Obama as in the narrative of Martin Luther King. TZj2EdhjjrI-00436-00518428-00518542 Glenn Loury, a professor at Brown, recently ranted about this on the New York Times site. TZj2EdhjjrI-00437-00518542-00520927 It both weakens the prophetic tradition that King represented and it passed something from TZj2EdhjjrI-00438-00520927-00522164 Obama that an elected official just we cannot do. And you see here in Obama's own writing, TZj2EdhjjrI-00439-00522164-00522559 his skepticism about that avenue, about the avenue of elected politics. TZj2EdhjjrI-00440-00522559-00523574 What's particularly interesting to me is how does his election change the tradition that TZj2EdhjjrI-00441-00523574-00524025 he came out of? Because I have no doubt that we are going to have thousands of 26 year TZj2EdhjjrI-00442-00524025-00524486 old Obama's as a result of the 48 year old Obama. There's going to be so many people TZj2EdhjjrI-00443-00524486-00524708 who are getting exposed to this profession that's been largely under the radar for the TZj2EdhjjrI-00444-00524708-00524808 last 40 to 50 years. TZj2EdhjjrI-00445-00524808-00524908 But the question is how does his elections challenge some of the skepticism that is necessary TZj2EdhjjrI-00446-00524908-00525135 for organizing? And the skepticism that you see in his own writing. I'm not all that worried TZj2EdhjjrI-00447-00525135-00525581 about it because I think that organizing sort of has its own transformative impact, that TZj2EdhjjrI-00448-00525581-00526285 people who do it can't help but begin to wrestle with some of the questions that he wrestles TZj2EdhjjrI-00449-00526285-00526385 with. TZj2EdhjjrI-00450-00526385-00526745 And just to close, I'll close with the passage that he closes this article that he writes TZj2EdhjjrI-00451-00526745-00527390 when he's 28 in law school where he says, "Organizing teaches us nothing else the beauty TZj2EdhjjrI-00452-00527390-00527622 and strength of everyday people. Through the songs of the church and the talk on the stoops TZj2EdhjjrI-00453-00527622-00528160 through the hundreds of individual stories of coming up from the south and finding any TZj2EdhjjrI-00454-00528160-00528412 job that would pay, of raising families on threadbare budgets, of losing some children TZj2EdhjjrI-00455-00528412-00528756 to drugs and watching some earn degrees and landing jobs that parents could never aspire TZj2EdhjjrI-00456-00528756-00528856 to. TZj2EdhjjrI-00457-00528856-00528956 It is through these stories and songs of dashed hopes and powers of endurance, of ugliness TZj2EdhjjrI-00458-00528956-00529056 and strife, subtlety and laughter that organizers can shape a community not only for others TZj2EdhjjrI-00459-00529056-00529156 but for themselves." TZj2EdhjjrI-00460-00529156-00529256 I hope that that transformation for many, many, many people will be inspired by his TZj2EdhjjrI-00461-00529256-00529356 election. TZj2EdhjjrI-00462-00529356-00529979 Awesome. Thank you. And last but not least, we have June Cross who is a professor at Columbia TZj2EdhjjrI-00463-00529979-00530496 University's Graduate school of Journalism and a broadcaster with over 30 years of experience. TZj2EdhjjrI-00464-00530496-00530924 She is executive producer for This Far by Faith in 2004- a multi-part PBS series on TZj2EdhjjrI-00465-00530924-00531515 the role that religious faith and conviction it played in the empowerment of African Americans. TZj2EdhjjrI-00466-00531515-00531735 From 1991 to '99 she served as the sole staff producer for Frontline creating numerous award TZj2EdhjjrI-00467-00531735-00531949 winning documentaries such as Secret Daughter, A Kid Kills and A Showdown in Haiti. TZj2EdhjjrI-00468-00531949-00532599 Cross has also worked as a producer for CBS Evening News with Dan Rather and the Neil TZj2EdhjjrI-00469-00532599-00533315 Lehrer News Hour. She has received research grants from the Ford Foundation, Kaiser Family TZj2EdhjjrI-00470-00533315-00533468 Foundation, National Black Programming Consortium, National Endowment for the Humanities, and TZj2EdhjjrI-00471-00533468-00533763 the Hartley Foundation. She is the recipient of two DuPont Columbia Journalism Awards, TZj2EdhjjrI-00472-00533763-00533939 two Emmy Awards, and the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award. TZj2EdhjjrI-00473-00533939-00534210 Her most recent Frontline documentary, The Old Man and the Storm, is about the failures TZj2EdhjjrI-00474-00534210-00534942 of public policy through the experiences of one extended family from New Orleans. If you TZj2EdhjjrI-00475-00534942-00536164 haven't seen it you can watch it online. It's totally incredible. I know so much good journalism TZj2EdhjjrI-00476-00536164-00537548 has been done on New Orleans but I really feel like this is one of the best, most impactful TZj2EdhjjrI-00477-00537548-00537837 pieces that I certainly have seen. TZj2EdhjjrI-00478-00537837-00538276 June will be our resident cynic. She is going to speak to the vigilance required to sustain TZj2EdhjjrI-00479-00538276-00538791 any movement. And her suspicion that some of these folks who are active, the 12 million TZj2EdhjjrI-00480-00538791-00539099 on the email list that Andrew was talking about might have the old American habit of TZj2EdhjjrI-00481-00539099-00539199 going back to sleep now that we've elected Obama. So take it away June. TZj2EdhjjrI-00482-00539199-00539299 I hate being introduced as the resident cynic, but I guess I'm the oldest person here so TZj2EdhjjrI-00483-00539299-00539399 I guess... TZj2EdhjjrI-00484-00539399-00539499 You did describe yourself that way. I didn't ... TZj2EdhjjrI-00485-00539499-00539599 I did define myself that way, in part because it's like every generation that does something TZj2EdhjjrI-00486-00539599-00539699 new experiences the breakthrough that Obama's election represented thinks of themselves TZj2EdhjjrI-00487-00539699-00539799 as the ones that, "We changed it, it's now going to be changed forever." And sort of TZj2EdhjjrI-00488-00539799-00539899 as the baby boomers who thought that we got the civil rights act passed and we got the TZj2EdhjjrI-00489-00539899-00539999 voting act passed, and we ended a war in Vietnam thought that the world was going to be changed TZj2EdhjjrI-00490-00539999-00540099 forever because we made those accomplishments. Then along came the 70's and 80's when we TZj2EdhjjrI-00491-00540099-00540199 all got lulled into dreams of economic prosperity, might be the best way to describe it given TZj2EdhjjrI-00492-00540199-00540299 what's going on now. We spent all the money, we smoked all the drugs and now we have like TZj2EdhjjrI-00493-00540299-00540399 AIDS and the recession. TZj2EdhjjrI-00494-00540399-00540499 Resident cynic. I told you. TZj2EdhjjrI-00495-00540499-00540659 I'm a journalist, it comes naturally. It goes with the thing. I'm as happy as anybody to TZj2EdhjjrI-00496-00540659-00541104 see a black president elected and I was crying from the moment Aretha came out with that TZj2EdhjjrI-00497-00541104-00541227 church hat on January 20th. TZj2EdhjjrI-00498-00541227-00541499 But I also see Obama as sort of part of a legacy that doesn't even begin with the baby TZj2EdhjjrI-00499-00541499-00541599 boomer generation but really goes back to... Well, if you wanted to go all the way back, TZj2EdhjjrI-00500-00541599-00541699 we could go all the way back to the 19th century. I won't go that far back. But let's say that TZj2EdhjjrI-00501-00541699-00541799 the dreams that come out of the group of World War II black men who tried to fight for this TZj2EdhjjrI-00502-00541799-00541899 country in World War II and came home and found themselves unable to participate in TZj2EdhjjrI-00503-00541899-00541999 society fully. TZj2EdhjjrI-00504-00541999-00542099 Of whom his dad really, even though his dad isn't a US citizen, his dad is part of that TZj2EdhjjrI-00505-00542099-00542199 generation of men who sort of see themselves as being able to offer much more than their TZj2EdhjjrI-00506-00542199-00542299 country can accept, either in Africa or here. And when I look at the sort of progression TZj2EdhjjrI-00507-00542299-00542399 of that generation, from '45 to the present, I also see like sort of my generation of reporters TZj2EdhjjrI-00508-00542399-00542499 and politicians. TZj2EdhjjrI-00509-00542499-00543009 I mean, I found it interesting that Daniel was citing Harold Washington, whose also the TZj2EdhjjrI-00510-00543009-00543109 sons of that generation. Harold is probably the first mainstream American black politician TZj2EdhjjrI-00511-00543109-00543209 that gets elected playing politics the way white Americans have always played them. And TZj2EdhjjrI-00512-00543209-00543309 it's really instructive. TZj2EdhjjrI-00513-00543309-00543409 There's a really good documentary on NPR. It's on This American Life, actually. It does TZj2EdhjjrI-00514-00543409-00544066 sort of Harold. And if you listen to it you'll hear a lot of resonance with the rules that TZj2EdhjjrI-00515-00544066-00544235 Obama played by both as a politician and as an organizer as he was working to get elected. TZj2EdhjjrI-00516-00544235-00544335 So I say this to say that Obama's not the first... He's the first black man to break TZj2EdhjjrI-00517-00544335-00544435 through. And I'll still think of him as black, even though you can call him biracial. TZj2EdhjjrI-00518-00544435-00544535 But, you know, I think everybody in the United States is multiracial, so I try not to get TZj2EdhjjrI-00519-00544535-00544635 caught in that thing. TZj2EdhjjrI-00520-00544635-00544735 He's not the first, he's the latest of a long line of people who have worked in this system TZj2EdhjjrI-00521-00544735-00544839 to try to figure out how to change. And then I'd like to dissect a little bit this idea TZj2EdhjjrI-00522-00544839-00544939 of change. He's a graduate of Harvard Law School, Columbia College, accidental. He went TZj2EdhjjrI-00523-00544939-00545039 for two years? TZj2EdhjjrI-00524-00545039-00545139 But basically, I mean, this is a guy who is forged in the mainstream of the American political TZj2EdhjjrI-00525-00545139-00545239 elite. So even though he looks different and he's brought in a lot of people who look different, TZj2EdhjjrI-00526-00545239-00545339 I want to make a distinction between looking different and being different. And even though TZj2EdhjjrI-00527-00545339-00545439 I'm hopeful that we're going to get change that we can believe in, so far what I've seen TZj2EdhjjrI-00528-00545439-00545539 in the last month hasn't been giving me a lot of hope around that question. TZj2EdhjjrI-00529-00545539-00545639 I'm watching the political elite that got us into this mess try to figure out how to TZj2EdhjjrI-00530-00545639-00545805 get us out of this mess. There aren't the sort of new ideas that I'd really like to TZj2EdhjjrI-00531-00545805-00545943 see happening. One of the things that I thought... I was sort of hopeful last week when he went TZj2EdhjjrI-00532-00545943-00546297 out, when he left Washington and went to Fort Myer that he might begin to activate this TZj2EdhjjrI-00533-00546297-00546616 group of 12 million on the email list. I had heard it was 30. Is it only 12? TZj2EdhjjrI-00534-00546616-00546717 I think it's only 12. TZj2EdhjjrI-00535-00546717-00546817 Is it only 12? OK. TZj2EdhjjrI-00536-00546817-00546917 It's still huge. TZj2EdhjjrI-00537-00546917-00547017 It's huge. TZj2EdhjjrI-00538-00547017-00547117 But I think there's a... You know, Axelrod has talked about the 12 million, send it out TZj2EdhjjrI-00539-00547117-00547217 to three other people so it gets multiplied, because each person who gets the list is supposed TZj2EdhjjrI-00540-00547217-00547317 to send it out. But what's happening is in this sort of new media world that Andy talked TZj2EdhjjrI-00541-00547317-00547417 about, we've now got a thing where you have niche groups and compartmentalized groups TZj2EdhjjrI-00542-00547417-00547517 who are all talking within their own little bubbles and nobody's talking across the lines. TZj2EdhjjrI-00543-00547517-00547617 And sort of what you saw in Washington the last couple of weeks has been demonstration TZj2EdhjjrI-00544-00547617-00547717 of how this happens, even just within the beltway of Washington. I mean, somebody in TZj2EdhjjrI-00545-00547717-00547817 DC never got the bipartisanship memo. And obviously the Republicans are trying to make TZj2EdhjjrI-00546-00547817-00547917 us draw a marginal line in the stand and say, "You're not coming over to our side and we TZj2EdhjjrI-00547-00547917-00548017 don't care how much you talk. All your lovely words are not going to change our minds. We're TZj2EdhjjrI-00548-00548017-00548117 going to..." This is about power. TZj2EdhjjrI-00549-00548117-00548217 The power hasn't... That message hasn't made its way inside the beltway yet. And the Republicans TZj2EdhjjrI-00550-00548217-00548317 are really drawing the line there and trying to see how far they can circumvent him. TZj2EdhjjrI-00551-00548317-00548417 And whether or not the 12 million can really stay motivated and stay activated. I mean, TZj2EdhjjrI-00552-00548417-00548517 I think this is the challenge of every good organizer, is once you've won that first major TZj2EdhjjrI-00553-00548517-00548617 battle folks get tired. They sort of wear out. They need some time to recharge. And TZj2EdhjjrI-00554-00548617-00548717 yet, we're at a moment in time where you need those people to come out of the woodwork and TZj2EdhjjrI-00555-00548717-00548817 you need them to keep applying the pressure. Now, even more than getting Obama elected. TZj2EdhjjrI-00556-00548817-00548917 Because, now they've got to figure out a way to get pressure on the Republicans, who really TZj2EdhjjrI-00557-00548917-00549017 don't want to share. TZj2EdhjjrI-00558-00549017-00549117 I was reading this website, fivethirtyeight.com, this morning, which was pointing out that TZj2EdhjjrI-00559-00549117-00549217 Arlen Specter who's one of the three Republicans who crossed the aisle to vote for this stimulus, TZj2EdhjjrI-00560-00549217-00549317 is actually looking at bad... He's getting backlash from his constituents in Pennsylvania. TZj2EdhjjrI-00561-00549317-00549417 Who, one would think, since Pennsylvania's going to be a beneficiary of the stimulus TZj2EdhjjrI-00562-00549417-00549517 bill, that he would be getting support. He's not. He's getting backlash, in part, according TZj2EdhjjrI-00563-00549517-00549617 to ... Oh, God I can't remember the guys name. TZj2EdhjjrI-00564-00549617-00549717 Nate Silver. TZj2EdhjjrI-00565-00549717-00549817 Nate Silver, who writes that website. Because, the Republicans have been ... The Democrats TZj2EdhjjrI-00566-00549817-00549917 aren't giving him credit for coming over to their side and the Republicans are sort of TZj2EdhjjrI-00567-00549917-00550017 lashing out at him because he did go over. Obama is one guy in the middle of a very entrenched TZj2EdhjjrI-00568-00550017-00550117 and ossified political culture in Washington. There's a lot of people in Washington who TZj2EdhjjrI-00569-00550117-00550217 can give a good speech. And, the question is, how do you change? What's the transformational TZj2EdhjjrI-00570-00550217-00550317 thing that you can do, once you're inside there? And get inside that echo chamber where TZj2EdhjjrI-00571-00550317-00550417 it's this feedback loop that begins with the Sunday morning talk shows, which I actually TZj2EdhjjrI-00572-00550417-00550517 didn't hear this morning. So, maybe you guys can enlighten me what happened. But, it sort TZj2EdhjjrI-00573-00550517-00550617 of begins with the Sunday morning talk shows and then it's like this drum beat. It's like TZj2EdhjjrI-00574-00550617-00550717 all week. And, it's like every time I look on the TV, I'm looking at another Republican. TZj2EdhjjrI-00575-00550717-00550817 I'm like, where are the Democrats? TZj2EdhjjrI-00576-00550817-00550917 You know, I'm not hearing. The Democrats still aren't making their case. Obama's making a TZj2EdhjjrI-00577-00550917-00551017 case, but it's not being reinforced by the rest of the folks. TZj2EdhjjrI-00578-00551017-00551117 So, I'm really worried. And, in the lack of a sort of unified message by the Democrats, TZj2EdhjjrI-00579-00551117-00551217 in the same way that we're getting a unified message from the Republicans who have basically TZj2EdhjjrI-00580-00551217-00551317 decided that they're willing to all go down together in order to stop this spending. As TZj2EdhjjrI-00581-00551317-00551417 if the last 100 billion dollars is going to stop after we already gave the banks a trillion TZj2EdhjjrI-00582-00551417-00551517 dollars. I'm not quite sure where that thinking comes from, but whatever. TZj2EdhjjrI-00583-00551517-00551617 In the absence of a cohesive message, if they keep putting all the weight on Obama, what TZj2EdhjjrI-00584-00551617-00551717 I'm fearful of is that all of the fault lines that began to emerge and much more demonstrated TZj2EdhjjrI-00585-00551717-00551817 through the campaign, the sort of different ways that Obama can be dissected, can begin TZj2EdhjjrI-00586-00551817-00551917 to become a liability. Unless, he figures out some way to sort of mainstream his message TZj2EdhjjrI-00587-00551917-00552017 in a much broader way. TZj2EdhjjrI-00588-00552017-00552117 There's just this differentiation and compartmentalization of everybody's opinion into little silos on TZj2EdhjjrI-00589-00552117-00552217 the Internet. And, we just read the ones that we agree with and we all get reinforced. And, TZj2EdhjjrI-00590-00552217-00552317 we think, "Oh, yeah. We're winning, we're winning, we're winning." Well, go read some TZj2EdhjjrI-00591-00552317-00552417 of the red state newspapers one day if you want to check back into reality. I mean I TZj2EdhjjrI-00592-00552417-00552517 check in with the Times Picayune and Louisiana was a red state. The Times Picayune is a supposedly TZj2EdhjjrI-00593-00552517-00552617 a liberal newspaper, in a red state. It's scary. They have a totally different take TZj2EdhjjrI-00594-00552617-00552717 on everything that's going on here. TZj2EdhjjrI-00595-00552717-00552817 And, those people are all talking to themselves. So, if we have all these silos talking to TZj2EdhjjrI-00596-00552817-00552917 themselves where's the place where we all begin to talk to each other? And, actually TZj2EdhjjrI-00597-00552917-00553017 try to figure out how to reach this bipartisan agreement. In the absence of a ... There needs TZj2EdhjjrI-00598-00553017-00553117 to be more leaders in Washington than just Obama, I think is what I'm saying. Somehow, TZj2EdhjjrI-00599-00553117-00553217 Cantor and Pelosi need to figure out how to get in the room and talk to each other. TZj2EdhjjrI-00600-00553217-00553317 That said. What I guess what I'm trying to say is that it takes more than one guy. When TZj2EdhjjrI-00601-00553317-00553417 Jesse Jackson first ran for president in 1984 and, arguably Jesse Jackson proved that a TZj2EdhjjrI-00602-00553417-00553517 black man good win a white state before Obama won Ohio, Iowa rather. Jesse came in second TZj2EdhjjrI-00603-00553517-00553617 in Iowa, won Wisconsin, won West Virginia when he ran in 1984. And, one of Jesse's lines TZj2EdhjjrI-00604-00553617-00553717 used to be, "It's not the man, it's the plan. It's not the rap, it's the map." TZj2EdhjjrI-00605-00553717-00553817 So, I don't know where I am on the ten minutes but I'm going to stop here. TZj2EdhjjrI-00606-00553817-00553917 Yeah, you're good. TZj2EdhjjrI-00607-00553917-00554017 And, you can all comment. TZj2EdhjjrI-00608-00554017-00554117 Great. Thank you so much, June. Also, a little known fact. June Cross is Daniel May's aunt, TZj2EdhjjrI-00609-00554117-00554217 so you can imagine the kind of family conversations that go on. I was basically trying to recreate TZj2EdhjjrI-00610-00554217-00554317 the holiday dinner table here for all of you. TZj2EdhjjrI-00611-00554317-00554417 I feel left out of the family... adopt me. TZj2EdhjjrI-00612-00554417-00554517 Yeah, exactly. And that's not even counting Elaine Tyler May, Daniel's mother, who's a TZj2EdhjjrI-00613-00554517-00554617 feminist historian. So it's like, it's pretty awesome. So I have some questions, but I'd TZj2EdhjjrI-00614-00554617-00554717 actually love to open it up to the audience immediately, because I think we heard some TZj2EdhjjrI-00615-00554717-00554817 pretty amazing...and all sorts of great intersections among with what the three folks are saying. TZj2EdhjjrI-00616-00554817-00554917 I think clearly one of the things that's rising to the top for everybody is this notion of TZj2EdhjjrI-00617-00554917-00555017 power. And I'm thinking about is there a way for Obama to use his community organizing TZj2EdhjjrI-00618-00555017-00555117 background to organize congresspeople and create some sort of bipartisanship? Figure TZj2EdhjjrI-00619-00555117-00555217 out how to align the interests of people of different sides of the political spectrum. TZj2EdhjjrI-00620-00555217-00555317 Is there something that community organizing can do in the halls of power to create more TZj2EdhjjrI-00621-00555317-00555417 effectiveness? TZj2EdhjjrI-00622-00555417-00555517 I'm also thinking a lot about this difference between...you were talking about, June, the TZj2EdhjjrI-00623-00555517-00555617 elite political grooming that went on with Obama, and kind of the rest of America, and TZj2EdhjjrI-00624-00555617-00555717 wondering if the 12 million people on that email list are actually more informed about TZj2EdhjjrI-00625-00555717-00555817 politics, or just got really excited about a particularly charismatic man? TZj2EdhjjrI-00626-00555817-00555917 Because the stimulus package has put into great contrast the difference between being TZj2EdhjjrI-00627-00555917-00556017 excited about Obama and actually understanding what the hell is in the stimulus package and TZj2EdhjjrI-00628-00556017-00556117 who's interests are being met, and how to even as a regular citizen kind of untangle TZj2EdhjjrI-00629-00556117-00556217 that. TZj2EdhjjrI-00630-00556217-00556317 So I think there is this tendency to just read the blogs that you think agree with your TZj2EdhjjrI-00631-00556317-00556417 position, because it's so hard to understand all of it, even for those of us who had the TZj2EdhjjrI-00632-00556417-00556517 elite educational grooming. TZj2EdhjjrI-00633-00556517-00556617 So those are some of the things that are swimming around in my head, but I'm sure you all have TZj2EdhjjrI-00634-00556617-00556717 a lot of things swimming, so I wanted to open it up to the audience and then I'll jump in TZj2EdhjjrI-00635-00556717-00556817 with more questions, or if you three have questions for each other... TZj2EdhjjrI-00636-00556817-00556917 Can I just talk about the stimulus package, because both of you guys were extremely skeptical TZj2EdhjjrI-00637-00556917-00557017 or disappointed. If a Democrat proposed two years ago that the federal government is going TZj2EdhjjrI-00638-00557017-00557117 to spend $800 billion, the Democrats would have laughed him out of the room as a socialist. TZj2EdhjjrI-00639-00557117-00557217 Obviously, Democrats are upset that they didn't get a bigger package. But Obama two months TZj2EdhjjrI-00640-00557217-00557317 ago, people were talking about $300 billion. And Obama said, I want $775 billion, and I TZj2EdhjjrI-00641-00557317-00557417 want it to be about 33% tax cuts. We ended up with a package that's about $779 billion TZj2EdhjjrI-00642-00557417-00557517 dollars and about 36% tax cuts. TZj2EdhjjrI-00643-00557517-00557617 So we can talk about "Maybe it's not a big enough plan," from a kind of purely economic TZj2EdhjjrI-00644-00557617-00557717 standpoint. Maybe it's not. Certainly liberals were hoping that they could lay a lot more TZj2EdhjjrI-00645-00557717-00557817 groundwork for good government to come. TZj2EdhjjrI-00646-00557817-00557917 But Obama got what he asked for, and it's a huge, it's literally it's the biggest federal TZj2EdhjjrI-00647-00557917-00558017 spending bill in the history of the United States. So, I guess just to kind of step back TZj2EdhjjrI-00648-00558017-00558117 and put in that perspective. TZj2EdhjjrI-00649-00558117-00558217 That's a totally important perspective for us to have. I guess I was talking more about TZj2EdhjjrI-00650-00558217-00558317 the lack of bipartisan collaboration, that it such a clear example of, "Wow, even Obama's TZj2EdhjjrI-00651-00558317-00558417 not going to be able to..." TZj2EdhjjrI-00652-00558417-00558517 But there's no incentives for the Republicans to get on board. If they get on board and TZj2EdhjjrI-00653-00558517-00558617 it works, then Obama gets the credit. If they get on board and it doesn't work, then they TZj2EdhjjrI-00654-00558617-00558717 can't say anything about how they were right that it wouldn't work. Obviously, it's deeply TZj2EdhjjrI-00655-00558717-00558817 cynical of them, but this is politics and they're deeply cynical people. TZj2EdhjjrI-00656-00558817-00558917 Did anyone watch Saturday Night Live last night? Does anyone still watch Saturday Night TZj2EdhjjrI-00657-00558917-00559017 Live? No, it's only Nick and I. There was a great intro skit that was a bunch of Republican TZj2EdhjjrI-00658-00559017-00559117 politicians sitting in a room talking about how they weren't going to be involved at all, TZj2EdhjjrI-00659-00559117-00559217 like they weren't going to touch it because they knew that the second it was a disaster TZj2EdhjjrI-00660-00559217-00559317 they could say they had no part in it. Which was exactly your point. TZj2EdhjjrI-00661-00559317-00559417 They also don't believe in government. That's actually just their ideology, so... TZj2EdhjjrI-00662-00559417-00559517 The ideology is small government, is non-government. I guess what I would have liked to have seen TZj2EdhjjrI-00663-00559517-00559617 was a bolder vision from the outset. So yes, Obama got what he asked for, but... TZj2EdhjjrI-00664-00559617-00559717 You would have liked him to ask for more. TZj2EdhjjrI-00665-00559717-00559817 It was a small vision, not a big dream. TZj2EdhjjrI-00666-00559817-00559917 I think that there's two sort of process questions that I find really interesting. One is, does TZj2EdhjjrI-00667-00559917-00560017 all this in the first few weeks to sort of reach out to Republicans, so there's all these TZj2EdhjjrI-00668-00560017-00560117 stories about the cocktail hours, and "Oh, Obama came and he just listened to me. The TZj2EdhjjrI-00669-00560117-00560217 President just listened to me." TZj2EdhjjrI-00670-00560217-00560317 And so we're seeing in just the rigidity of lines around the vote, the limitations of TZj2EdhjjrI-00671-00560317-00560417 that kind of, whether you call that organizing principles, or whether you call that just TZj2EdhjjrI-00672-00560417-00560517 Obama's natural gifts- sort of trying to do what Regan did with Tip O'Neil. TZj2EdhjjrI-00673-00560517-00560617 But we're in a different climate. This is more from an organizing perspective. The real TZj2EdhjjrI-00674-00560617-00560717 question is what Obama's trying to do is invent a new, a new style of organizing which is TZj2EdhjjrI-00675-00560717-00560817 a massive organizing project that is connected to an elected official that can pressure other TZj2EdhjjrI-00676-00560817-00560917 elected officials. And that's never been done. TZj2EdhjjrI-00677-00560917-00561017 Its like a Move-On... This is sort of what all the folks who, you know, came out of the TZj2EdhjjrI-00678-00561017-00561117 campaign trying to figure out how do to with Organizing for America. And its just a real, TZj2EdhjjrI-00679-00561117-00561217 its a real open ended question as to whether that is possible. And, I think the way in TZj2EdhjjrI-00680-00561217-00561317 which the story of Specter and just all of the stuff around the stimulus package. The TZj2EdhjjrI-00681-00561317-00561417 number of calls opposed versus the number of calls for. TZj2EdhjjrI-00682-00561417-00561517 I mean the grassroots on the right were just so much more mobilized. So that's a real question TZj2EdhjjrI-00683-00561517-00561617 as to what... Is it possible to take this sort of new idea and have some real muscle TZj2EdhjjrI-00684-00561617-00561717 and strength and maybe its just fatigue after the election and people sort of want a break. TZj2EdhjjrI-00685-00561717-00561817 Or maybe... What he is trying to do is just brand new. TZj2EdhjjrI-00686-00561817-00561917 Yeah. And Andrew on that point the grassroots of the right. Can you talk about the netroots TZj2EdhjjrI-00687-00561917-00562017 of the right? I mean can you give us a little bit of the landscape of what's going on? TZj2EdhjjrI-00688-00562017-00562117 Yeah. There's a whole... The Republican base is kind of in upheaval and struggling to kind TZj2EdhjjrI-00689-00562117-00562217 of... It was comical watching them elect the new Chairman of the Party, because each of TZj2EdhjjrI-00690-00562217-00562317 them would get up and say we need to use YouTube and Twitter. TZj2EdhjjrI-00691-00562317-00562417 And it was not clear what they were going to say on YouTube. But they knew... TZj2EdhjjrI-00692-00562417-00562517 The world wide web! Yeah. TZj2EdhjjrI-00693-00562517-00562617 So there's a lot of... The medium is not sufficient. They have to have something to say. And their TZj2EdhjjrI-00694-00562617-00562717 politics doesn't exist anymore and their answers don't make sense for where we live. So, they TZj2EdhjjrI-00695-00562717-00562817 can embrace these tools, but unless they have something to do with them... Obama's team TZj2EdhjjrI-00696-00562817-00562917 could have been incredibly good at a technical abilities. But without Obama's ability to TZj2EdhjjrI-00697-00562917-00563017 draw people in to use those tools its kind of, what's the point? So they're still struggling TZj2EdhjjrI-00698-00563017-00563117 to come up with something to mobilize or organize around. The stimulus helped them a little TZj2EdhjjrI-00699-00563117-00563217 bit and they have some energy there, but they don't have the votes. It doesn't matter how TZj2EdhjjrI-00700-00563217-00563317 activated the Republican base is. They simply don't have the votes. TZj2EdhjjrI-00701-00563317-00563417 Olympia Snowe and Arlen Specter and the other very moderate Republicans don't need the Republican TZj2EdhjjrI-00702-00563417-00563517 base to get elected. So they're happy to sign on to a bill and be a part of the governing TZj2EdhjjrI-00703-00563517-00563617 coalition. I'm sorry, the last point on this- its true that Obama attempts at bipartisanship TZj2EdhjjrI-00704-00563617-00563717 failed. But by virtue of the fact that he nominally tried and made a big kind of song TZj2EdhjjrI-00705-00563717-00563817 and dance out of it. TZj2EdhjjrI-00706-00563817-00563917 It made it so that you know basically this is a bill that would pass without any Republican TZj2EdhjjrI-00707-00563917-00564017 votes in the House, without any real Republican support in the Senate- three votes in the TZj2EdhjjrI-00708-00564017-00564117 Senate. If he'd done that without doing the song and dance about bipartisanship it would TZj2EdhjjrI-00709-00564117-00564217 have been the chattering class would have been taking him to task. TZj2EdhjjrI-00710-00564217-00564317 They would have been, "Oh the Democrats have been elected and they're doing exactly what TZj2EdhjjrI-00711-00564317-00564417 Bush did. They're ramming it down everyone's throats and they're completely ignoring the TZj2EdhjjrI-00712-00564417-00564517 Republican Party. And so we've just traded one partisan tyrant for another." And so I TZj2EdhjjrI-00713-00564517-00564617 think there's tactical value in seeming to attempt bipartisanship. TZj2EdhjjrI-00714-00564617-00564717 OK. I really am going to open it up to you now. Any questions? For anyone in particular TZj2EdhjjrI-00715-00564717-00564817 or generally. Yeah. TZj2EdhjjrI-00716-00564817-00564917 This is for Andrew. TZj2EdhjjrI-00717-00564917-00565017 Hi Al. Al and I worked together. TZj2EdhjjrI-00718-00565017-00565117 Oh-oh. This might get personal. TZj2EdhjjrI-00719-00565117-00565217 You talk a lot about how Obama basically started this whole alternate media stream, nd how TZj2EdhjjrI-00720-00565217-00565317 he was able to kind of bypass the traditional media talk-radio supporters. I guess I wanted TZj2EdhjjrI-00721-00565317-00565417 to ask I guess- what you felt about the future of this kind of alternate channel and what TZj2EdhjjrI-00722-00565417-00565517 Obama... Do you think he's going to keep using it? How he is going to engage with traditional TZj2EdhjjrI-00723-00565517-00565617 press now? Also, what significance is of the media ecology in an era where Sam Stein from TZj2EdhjjrI-00724-00565617-00565717 the Huffington Post can be one of 10 people called on at a Presidential press conference, TZj2EdhjjrI-00725-00565717-00565817 with CNN and NBC. TZj2EdhjjrI-00726-00565817-00565917 I have to say I know a lot of the people who did his new media stuff, and not very many TZj2EdhjjrI-00727-00565917-00566017 of them went to the White House. Which I take to mean that Obama draws a bright line between TZj2EdhjjrI-00728-00566017-00566117 the way he will behave in governing and the way he behaves in running for office. I basically TZj2EdhjjrI-00729-00566117-00566217 think that Obama thinks he has gained a ton of political capital and is going to spend TZj2EdhjjrI-00730-00566217-00566317 it inside the Beltway. And I think he thinks that's where the game is now. He's doing the TZj2EdhjjrI-00731-00566317-00566417 Presidential weekly radio things; he's now doing them on YouTube. I know that they're TZj2EdhjjrI-00732-00566417-00566517 doing a lot of different things to kind of open up government and put things online, TZj2EdhjjrI-00733-00566517-00566617 but I don't think that any of it is that radical. I mean I guess In the context of what's existed TZj2EdhjjrI-00734-00566617-00566717 before its pretty amazing, but its not that dramatic in terms of the kind of new media TZj2EdhjjrI-00735-00566717-00566817 ambition of it. TZj2EdhjjrI-00736-00566817-00566917 Beyond that I'm not sure. Did I...? TZj2EdhjjrI-00737-00566917-00567017 ...this can be taken antagonistic, you know... TZj2EdhjjrI-00738-00567017-00567117 Sure. I mean... TZj2EdhjjrI-00739-00567117-00567217 Antagonistic tone in the briefings and the fact that Obama seems to say, "This is a big TZj2EdhjjrI-00740-00567217-00567317 event. We're going to do something big and if you guys don't all show at our prime-time TZj2EdhjjrI-00741-00567317-00567417 then you're missing out." TZj2EdhjjrI-00742-00567417-00567517 Yeah. I guess it doesn't suppress me at all. That's just being President. And I guess that TZj2EdhjjrI-00743-00567517-00567617 I think that there's sometimes too hopeful to expect Presidents to do things that are TZj2EdhjjrI-00744-00567617-00567717 in the general interest . Like their job is to govern and get things done that they think TZj2EdhjjrI-00745-00567717-00567817 need to be done. TZj2EdhjjrI-00746-00567817-00567917 I actually think the Internet bloggers and the new media presence is going to increase. TZj2EdhjjrI-00747-00567917-00568017 The newspapers are dying and local news is tanking. So, you know, so I really don't see... TZj2EdhjjrI-00748-00568017-00568117 I think that's going to trend up not trend down. TZj2EdhjjrI-00749-00568117-00568217 But Obama's people themselves may not be as active in participating in it as they have TZj2EdhjjrI-00750-00568217-00568317 been, I guess my thinking. TZj2EdhjjrI-00751-00568317-00568417 Well maybe not. But you know there are so many folks that are working in that campaign TZj2EdhjjrI-00752-00568417-00568517 that are still outside the campaign that are still outside of DC. And I don't see a shutout. TZj2EdhjjrI-00753-00568517-00568617 I don't see that shutout happening. There are too many economic forces that make new TZj2EdhjjrI-00754-00568617-00568717 media outlets more than just spokes through this, in a way that it sort has out done Republicans. TZj2EdhjjrI-00755-00568717-00568817 The only thing they can't say is small government. They sound like an echo chamber from 1980. TZj2EdhjjrI-00756-00568817-00568917 Its just sort of sad on one level. TZj2EdhjjrI-00757-00568917-00569017 Yeah. TZj2EdhjjrI-00758-00569017-00569117 That they've got enough numbers that sort of make things difficult. TZj2EdhjjrI-00759-00569117-00569217 Yeah. I fell like this hits what you were talking about Daniel, that he's building this TZj2EdhjjrI-00760-00569217-00569317 new model which would include those people inside and outside. Creating this like... TZj2EdhjjrI-00761-00569317-00569417 Right? TZj2EdhjjrI-00762-00569417-00569517 Yeah, I mean I think that the... Part of the question is- I mean I think Andrew touched TZj2EdhjjrI-00763-00569517-00569617 on this- the way that the House districts are set up. I'm not sure, like you're always TZj2EdhjjrI-00764-00569617-00569717 going to have a very active mobilized base on the extremes that carry an inordinate amount TZj2EdhjjrI-00765-00569717-00569817 of power or influence. And they sort of create this chattering. If they don't represent the TZj2EdhjjrI-00766-00569817-00569917 majority of folks. It sort of just pushes.. I think this is what you've seen over the TZj2EdhjjrI-00767-00569917-00570017 last couple of years I mean... It pushes the Republican Party so far out of the mainstream. TZj2EdhjjrI-00768-00570017-00570117 I mean I remember watching the Republican convention this year and I was like these... TZj2EdhjjrI-00769-00570117-00570217 Where did they get these people? TZj2EdhjjrI-00770-00570217-00570317 Well just like they... There's no way these guys are going to win because you look out TZj2EdhjjrI-00771-00570317-00570417 at the delegates and they don't look like the country. And I think that that's part TZj2EdhjjrI-00772-00570417-00570517 of the phenomenon that you're describing. TZj2EdhjjrI-00773-00570517-00570617 90% of the country isn't white male? TZj2EdhjjrI-00774-00570617-00570717 Well as the resident feminist, and we are at the Feminist Art Center, I want to bring TZj2EdhjjrI-00775-00570717-00570817 in this question of gender. I find one of the most interesting, ongoing, how much has TZj2EdhjjrI-00776-00570817-00570917 politics changed sort of figures, is Michelle Obama. TZj2EdhjjrI-00777-00570917-00571017 And these questions about what she's going to do with the power she has, and the way TZj2EdhjjrI-00778-00571017-00571117 that she is framing herself in the media. I was wondering if anyone on the panel wants TZj2EdhjjrI-00779-00571117-00571217 to address thoughts about Michelle Obama and how she's altering perceptions of gender and TZj2EdhjjrI-00780-00571217-00571317 power in politics? TZj2EdhjjrI-00781-00571317-00571417 Well she's certainly altering perceptions of black women, that's for sure. To that degree, TZj2EdhjjrI-00782-00571417-00571517 I actually think she is a more revolutionary figure than even Obama. The whole idea that TZj2EdhjjrI-00783-00571517-00571617 nobody that looks like Michelle Obama was ever on the cover of Vogue until Michelle TZj2EdhjjrI-00784-00571617-00571717 Obama became the First Lady. When Oprah made the cover of Vogue, she was like a size eight. TZj2EdhjjrI-00785-00571717-00571817 Michelle Obama is not a size eight. And she's smart. This whole thing she that did during TZj2EdhjjrI-00786-00571817-00571917 the campaign as selling herself as first mom, sort of like the anti-first mom actually. TZj2EdhjjrI-00787-00571917-00572017 She's been a very, I don't want to say power hungry, but certainly power driven woman who TZj2EdhjjrI-00788-00572017-00572117 runs the Community Services department in Chicago. TZj2EdhjjrI-00789-00572117-00572217 It is going to be interesting to see how she takes that and figures out how to do what TZj2EdhjjrI-00790-00572217-00572317 Hillary began to do, but never quite got. The country wasn't quite there yet. TZj2EdhjjrI-00791-00572317-00572417 I think that the door that Hillary and Sarah Palin frankly both opened during the campaign TZj2EdhjjrI-00792-00572417-00572517 has also created a huge archway through which she can walk, and really define who she is, TZj2EdhjjrI-00793-00572517-00572617 because nobody has ever seen a black woman like that in that job before. She can mold TZj2EdhjjrI-00794-00572617-00572717 it however she wants as long as she doesn't screw up. TZj2EdhjjrI-00795-00572717-00572817 That's mostly just keeping the lip buttoned a little bit, and becoming a little more diplomatic. TZj2EdhjjrI-00796-00572817-00572917 But haven't the early signs been that she... Her sheer presence is obviously kind of dramatic. TZj2EdhjjrI-00797-00572917-00573017 But haven't the early signs been that she's not going to be, and that she's actively trying TZj2EdhjjrI-00798-00573017-00573117 to move against the Hillary Clinton model? That she keeps talking about, that she's going TZj2EdhjjrI-00799-00573117-00573217 to host cultural events at the White House, and that she's not going to do any policy TZj2EdhjjrI-00800-00573217-00573317 work. It seems to me that maybe because there's so many other things that are already radical TZj2EdhjjrI-00801-00573317-00573417 just about her sheer presence, that she's not going to push it too far in terms of being TZj2EdhjjrI-00802-00573417-00573517 who she actually is. TZj2EdhjjrI-00803-00573517-00573617 And that she's trying to set herself up as I'm on the cover of Vogue, I'm kind of glamorous TZj2EdhjjrI-00804-00573617-00573717 Jackie O. character. TZj2EdhjjrI-00805-00573717-00573817 I think she's using that as a... What is it? There's a line from Invisible Mind. Override TZj2EdhjjrI-00806-00573817-00573917 them with the S's and undermine them with grids. I sort of feel like that's what... TZj2EdhjjrI-00807-00573917-00574017 It's just sort of setting. Frankly what's been going on with her husband in the last TZj2EdhjjrI-00808-00574017-00574117 six weeks has been so intense, I don't think anybody's really, none of us really know what's TZj2EdhjjrI-00809-00574117-00574217 she's going to do. TZj2EdhjjrI-00810-00574217-00574317 I'm not quite sure when you said she was the anti-Hillary. I was thinking of Hillary during TZj2EdhjjrI-00811-00574317-00574417 the first two years of Clinton 1, rather than probably the last of it. And certainly more TZj2EdhjjrI-00812-00574417-00574517 so as Hillary as the candidate, than Hillary as First Lady. Anyway, that's just my two TZj2EdhjjrI-00813-00574517-00574617 cents. TZj2EdhjjrI-00814-00574617-00574717 Daniel, did you have something on that? TZj2EdhjjrI-00815-00574717-00574817 Well just that I think they're really smart. I think they know that the first narrative TZj2EdhjjrI-00816-00574817-00574917 has to be a very, very, traditional story. But I will be shocked if four years from now TZj2EdhjjrI-00817-00574917-00575017 all she's doing, and all we know her for, is hosting the library on the lawn or whatever, TZj2EdhjjrI-00818-00575017-00575117 what Barbara Bush has been doing for the last eight years. TZj2EdhjjrI-00819-00575117-00575217 Gonna be a Saturday night fish fry on that day. TZj2EdhjjrI-00820-00575217-00575317 Whoa! That would be a politics forever changed. One thing that you remind me though, Elaine, TZj2EdhjjrI-00821-00575317-00575417 that I wanted to talk about with the panel is, did that beautiful story you just told, TZj2EdhjjrI-00822-00575417-00575517 for example of Michelle's grandfather father, and that trajectory. TZj2EdhjjrI-00823-00575517-00575617 I'm really worried about the way that that story is going to be used, both in mainstream TZj2EdhjjrI-00824-00575617-00575717 media, but also in funding circles and just in the way people think about poverty, and TZj2EdhjjrI-00825-00575717-00575817 race, and intersections in the American dream story that we always hear over and over. TZj2EdhjjrI-00826-00575817-00575917 Are the panelists worried about this post-racial America, that there will be this backlash, TZj2EdhjjrI-00827-00575917-00576017 that we have a black president, so things are better now, and it will give that reinforcement TZj2EdhjjrI-00828-00576017-00576117 to all those people who have so long touted this unrealistic American dream idea and defund TZj2EdhjjrI-00829-00576117-00576217 some of the great work that's going on the ground in terms of anti-racism and poverty TZj2EdhjjrI-00830-00576217-00576317 elimination stuff? Any worries there? TZj2EdhjjrI-00831-00576317-00576417 I don't know. I guess I don't have enough direct experience with people who are doing TZj2EdhjjrI-00832-00576417-00576517 the grassroots work to want to speak to it. I think I'm sure some people will say racism TZj2EdhjjrI-00833-00576517-00576617 doesn't exist anymore. But I do think the campaign may have simultaneously given fodder TZj2EdhjjrI-00834-00576617-00576717 to people who think racism doesn't exist, and given tons of fodder to people who want TZj2EdhjjrI-00835-00576717-00576817 to talk about it. TZj2EdhjjrI-00836-00576817-00576917 I mean there was very obvious explicit racism constantly throughout the campaign to talk TZj2EdhjjrI-00837-00576917-00577017 about. So to me it's like, just became he overcame it doesn't mean it wasn't there and TZj2EdhjjrI-00838-00577017-00577117 we didn't all see it. I am sure some people will make that argument, but I think that TZj2EdhjjrI-00839-00577117-00577217 it's easy to counteract. TZj2EdhjjrI-00840-00577217-00577317 Any other thoughts? TZj2EdhjjrI-00841-00577317-00577417 Yeah, I get really cynical about those post racial. I was listening to Tupac Shakur's TZj2EdhjjrI-00842-00577417-00577517 Letter to the President, on the train on the way over here. TZj2EdhjjrI-00843-00577517-00577617 Prep work, right? Prep work. TZj2EdhjjrI-00844-00577617-00577717 Good prep. Yeah, I like that. TZj2EdhjjrI-00845-00577717-00577817 Nothing has changed. I mean he can sing that now, it's the same issues. I mean, we are TZj2EdhjjrI-00846-00577817-00577917 still dealing with all of those issues of racism and classism on the grassroots level. TZj2EdhjjrI-00847-00577917-00578017 I mean, yeah, it certainly means something. It means a lot that a black man or a man who TZj2EdhjjrI-00848-00578017-00578117 is at least not as white or not as white as all the rest of them, have managed to get TZj2EdhjjrI-00849-00578117-00578217 up there to the big house. But there's a lot that he needs to address. And it's huge for...symbolically TZj2EdhjjrI-00850-00578217-00578317 it's huge. Symbolically it's huge. But you just need to make a distinction between... TZj2EdhjjrI-00851-00578317-00578417 There's limits to how much symbolism will get you. TZj2EdhjjrI-00852-00578417-00578517 Yeah. Very well put. TZj2EdhjjrI-00853-00578517-00578617 You have a thought. I see your mouth moving. TZj2EdhjjrI-00854-00578617-00578717 I have a thought. I think that Obama's written the in past very eloquently about one of the TZj2EdhjjrI-00855-00578717-00578817 challenges of being an African-American politician around how much anger to express. He does TZj2EdhjjrI-00856-00578817-00578917 this great little exchange where somebody asks him, he's on the floor of the state senate, TZj2EdhjjrI-00857-00578917-00579017 "Why aren't you getting more fired up about this?" It was another African-American politician. TZj2EdhjjrI-00858-00579017-00579117 And he's like, "Well you have your style and I have mine," Obama says in response. I think TZj2EdhjjrI-00859-00579117-00579217 that I guess part of the question for me... It's hard to read something like "Dreams for TZj2EdhjjrI-00860-00579217-00579317 My Father" and not see how incredibly tied Obama sees himself to a particular historical TZj2EdhjjrI-00861-00579317-00579417 tradition around organizing for poor people. TZj2EdhjjrI-00862-00579417-00579517 And that that's what his political identity is about and connected to. I guess that's TZj2EdhjjrI-00863-00579517-00579617 my hope for the stuff like Organizing for America. I mean, is there going to be the TZj2EdhjjrI-00864-00579617-00579717 political space, and ideally, is there going to be a movement that is going to allow him TZj2EdhjjrI-00865-00579717-00579817 to be a president who really talks about those issues? TZj2EdhjjrI-00866-00579817-00579917 This is where, I think June's point is so important, that one person on their own can't TZj2EdhjjrI-00867-00579917-00580017 do it. Because he's not going to do it unless there is the political space to do it. Because TZj2EdhjjrI-00868-00580017-00580117 he's not going to be labeled as an African-American politician in that prophetic tradition that TZj2EdhjjrI-00869-00580117-00580217 I think Jessie Jackson embodies. TZj2EdhjjrI-00870-00580217-00580317 I think that what is going to prevent some of that, well we've overcome this stuff, is TZj2EdhjjrI-00871-00580317-00580417 if there is the space for him to really shine a light and a mirror to the incredible inequality, TZj2EdhjjrI-00872-00580417-00580517 and all the institutional racism that I think he's very much committed to addressing. The TZj2EdhjjrI-00873-00580517-00580617 question is can we create the space for him to be able to do it? TZj2EdhjjrI-00874-00580617-00580717 Other questions? TZj2EdhjjrI-00875-00580717-00580817 Sorry. Can I jump in? TZj2EdhjjrI-00876-00580817-00580917 Yeah. Go for it. TZj2EdhjjrI-00877-00580917-00581017 I think OFA can be a really powerful. Organizing for America, which is basically the people TZj2EdhjjrI-00878-00581017-00581117 who work in the DNC, they're funded by the Democratic Party who have taken over his email TZj2EdhjjrI-00879-00581117-00581217 list and that infrastructure, and they are going to try and use it as a tool for him TZj2EdhjjrI-00880-00581217-00581317 to get things passed. So, Obama wants health care. They're going to say, "I have 14 organizers TZj2EdhjjrI-00881-00581317-00581417 in your neighborhood, so, Congressman, if you don't vote for this, we'll turn on you, TZj2EdhjjrI-00882-00581417-00581517 " kind of a tool. TZj2EdhjjrI-00883-00581517-00581617 I think that that will probably be an effective tool for doing those kinds of things, but TZj2EdhjjrI-00884-00581617-00581717 I also think that those social networks- not in the technical sense, but in the literal TZj2EdhjjrI-00885-00581717-00581817 sense of the social capital that was built around those, need to be activated for a lot TZj2EdhjjrI-00886-00581817-00581917 more than just supporting Obama's legislative agenda. TZj2EdhjjrI-00887-00581917-00582017 The age of the New Deal was also the age of the CIO. There is not the Internet. And Obama's TZj2EdhjjrI-00888-00582017-00582117 infrastructure aside, there is not an organized mass left in America. There are attempts and TZj2EdhjjrI-00889-00582117-00582217 fragments, and new tools that are extremely promising. But we have to, we're in the position TZj2EdhjjrI-00890-00582217-00582317 of now having to simply come up with a new way to organize the American economy. TZj2EdhjjrI-00891-00582317-00582417 We have a $2 trillion dollar hole in our economy. And the major thing that's driven GDP growth TZj2EdhjjrI-00892-00582417-00582517 in the last 20 years, the financial institutions, just don't exist anymore. They've collapsed. TZj2EdhjjrI-00893-00582517-00582617 So, where we have to be, we have to be; we're structurally about to undertake a massive TZj2EdhjjrI-00894-00582617-00582717 thing that Obama will not be able to do from the top. He will not be able to say provocative TZj2EdhjjrI-00895-00582717-00582817 enough things through OFA from the bottom. TZj2EdhjjrI-00896-00582817-00582917 People need to activate, and go out and build what enabled Roosevelt to do the things that TZj2EdhjjrI-00897-00582917-00583017 he did in the '30s and early '40s. TZj2EdhjjrI-00898-00583017-00583117 Yeah. I was looking at the front page of the Times today. They had the article about the TZj2EdhjjrI-00899-00583117-00583217 unemployment and the strikes all over Europe. What's it going to take for Americans, for TZj2EdhjjrI-00900-00583217-00583317 grassroots Americans, to begin to do this, to actually exert? That would be the pressure TZj2EdhjjrI-00901-00583317-00583417 that is... TZj2EdhjjrI-00902-00583417-00583517 Well, the problem is that the right has just been so successful over the last 40 years TZj2EdhjjrI-00903-00583517-00583617 at killing the labor movement. That's what moved Roosevelt. That's what made the New TZj2EdhjjrI-00904-00583617-00583717 Deal possible. So, figuring out how do we create, is it possible to create that kind TZj2EdhjjrI-00905-00583717-00583817 of a massive, mobilized infrastructure? That's not the labor movement; that's a serious project. TZj2EdhjjrI-00906-00583817-00583917 And also, in the New Deal, if you didn't get organized, you didn't have food on the table. TZj2EdhjjrI-00907-00583917-00584017 We don't live in a mass scarcity situation anymore, so we have to come up with new tools TZj2EdhjjrI-00908-00584017-00584117 to mobilize people beyond... I was talking to a friend of mine who said that when people TZj2EdhjjrI-00909-00584117-00584217 went to the White House to strike and say, "We need you to pay back our veterans benefits TZj2EdhjjrI-00910-00584217-00584317 promises," if they didn't get those, they didn't eat, period. And we don't really exist TZj2EdhjjrI-00911-00584317-00584417 with that amount of scarcity like we did then, so we have to come up with new tools to mobilize TZj2EdhjjrI-00912-00584417-00584517 people. And we have to come up with new tools to communicate how dramatic the situation TZj2EdhjjrI-00913-00584517-00584617 is. TZj2EdhjjrI-00914-00584617-00584717 I also think that we've established, we've trained ourselves to be entitled to be free TZj2EdhjjrI-00915-00584717-00584817 of discrimination. Around identity politics issues, I think we've generally brought up TZj2EdhjjrI-00916-00584817-00584917 this next generation to feel entitled to protest against Jena Six. But the idea of actually TZj2EdhjjrI-00917-00584917-00585017 being entitled to economic security is something that I think, because of all the fear around TZj2EdhjjrI-00918-00585017-00585117 socialist and communism, all these claims, that we haven't raised this generation to TZj2EdhjjrI-00919-00585117-00585217 think that they're actually entitled to economic security. TZj2EdhjjrI-00920-00585217-00585317 So, the idea that they would get outraged about not having it is hard to even imagine, TZj2EdhjjrI-00921-00585317-00585417 in the way that they know that they can get outraged if a racist or sexist comment is TZj2EdhjjrI-00922-00585417-00585517 made. TZj2EdhjjrI-00923-00585517-00585617 The political elite that got us into this mess has now been charged with figuring out TZj2EdhjjrI-00924-00585617-00585717 a way to get us out of it, and it's not possible. It needs some kind of outside force. It needs TZj2EdhjjrI-00925-00585717-00585817 to lever something. There needs to be some external something. I don't know whether it's TZj2EdhjjrI-00926-00585817-00585917 foreclosures just going crazy, or when people figure out that the banks get... It already TZj2EdhjjrI-00927-00585917-00586017 is true that the banks have gotten all the help and homeowners are left out here in the TZj2EdhjjrI-00928-00586017-00586117 cold. Will enough homeowners get upset about it to go marching down the streets, which TZj2EdhjjrI-00929-00586117-00586217 would be the alternative to the union thing? TZj2EdhjjrI-00930-00586217-00586317 We marched to try to stop the war in Iraq. Why couldn't people get out and march on that TZj2EdhjjrI-00931-00586317-00586417 issue? I don't know. TZj2EdhjjrI-00932-00586417-00586517 Do we have...? I don't, certainly, feel capable of explaining how I want to organize the kind TZj2EdhjjrI-00933-00586517-00586617 of post financial bubble American economy. I don't think we have a lot of people who TZj2EdhjjrI-00934-00586617-00586717 do. I don't think we have a movement to sustain them. I agree with what you said completely. TZj2EdhjjrI-00935-00586717-00586817 I just don't have the... I mean, does anyone have answer? TZj2EdhjjrI-00936-00586817-00586917 Just no infrastructure. TZj2EdhjjrI-00937-00586917-00587017 Yeah, there's not an infrastructure or an answer. I think, to a large degree, the reason TZj2EdhjjrI-00938-00587017-00587117 that we have to bail out the banks is because of the last 30 years. We've built an economy TZj2EdhjjrI-00939-00587117-00587217 in which literary the banks are too big to fail. I understand that there's populist anger TZj2EdhjjrI-00940-00587217-00587317 about it, and I understand it, but it's a structural problem. If we don't put money TZj2EdhjjrI-00941-00587317-00587417 back into financial system, no one will able to get money back out to lend and borrow and TZj2EdhjjrI-00942-00587417-00587517 do all the things that everyone needs to do. TZj2EdhjjrI-00943-00587517-00587617 And we need to figure out how to build a new system that is not reliant on people who are TZj2EdhjjrI-00944-00587617-00587717 essentially profiting not with that from the top. And, I don't know how to do that. Maybe TZj2EdhjjrI-00945-00587717-00587817 someone... I am sure there are some economists who have some answers. TZj2EdhjjrI-00946-00587817-00587917 I didn't ask any economist to be on the panel, so pass the buck on that one. TZj2EdhjjrI-00947-00587917-00588017 I mean maybe we talk to Jamie Galbraith or we talk to Dean Baker or Joseph Stiglitz. TZj2EdhjjrI-00948-00588017-00588117 But, I don't know. TZj2EdhjjrI-00949-00588117-00588217 Yeah. One thing I heard someone say that I thought was so wise, and I hope this can be TZj2EdhjjrI-00950-00588217-00588317 embodied somehow in Obama's presidency once he has, again, the room to do it, once we TZj2EdhjjrI-00951-00588317-00588417 all like create that space for him, is his speech on race. Imagine if he had done a speech TZj2EdhjjrI-00952-00588417-00588517 on gender? TZj2EdhjjrI-00953-00588517-00588617 What would it look it for Obama to really take responsibility for bringing forth what TZj2EdhjjrI-00954-00588617-00588717 he actually embodies in a lot ways, which is a non-traditional sort of gender norm? TZj2EdhjjrI-00955-00588717-00588817 You know, in certain ways, their marriage is very traditional, and they clearly very TZj2EdhjjrI-00956-00588817-00588917 conscientiously present it that way to the media. But in a lot of ways his leadership TZj2EdhjjrI-00957-00588917-00589017 has been described even as feminized, in my opinion in a positive way but, of course, TZj2EdhjjrI-00958-00589017-00589117 in a negative way by a lot of the right. TZj2EdhjjrI-00959-00589117-00589217 So I don't think sexism is over, of course- all right, be it out a job, a lot of jobs. TZj2EdhjjrI-00960-00589217-00589317 But I do think there's room, or I hope we'll create room for him to take sexism and sort TZj2EdhjjrI-00961-00589317-00589417 of these traditional gender roles on as a man, and that, in itself, will have a really TZj2EdhjjrI-00962-00589417-00589517 interesting power or could. I don't know if he'll have the space to do it, again, but TZj2EdhjjrI-00963-00589517-00589617 that's one of my thoughts. Anyone else have thoughts on that? TZj2EdhjjrI-00964-00589617-00589717 Yeah. Well, it's interesting because it's a paradox in some ways. It's totally traditional TZj2EdhjjrI-00965-00589717-00589817 in a certain sense, but because you add sort of the racial intersection to it, all of a TZj2EdhjjrI-00966-00589817-00589917 sudden it's totally radical. And it's also radical in a sense that I think Obama claims TZj2EdhjjrI-00967-00589917-00590017 a fatherhood role in a very complex way. Right? TZj2EdhjjrI-00968-00590017-00590117 Its not a "father knows best father". This is a father who like knows that his daughters TZj2EdhjjrI-00969-00590117-00590217 have a crush on the Jonas Brothers and like can talk about it and, obviously, like has TZj2EdhjjrI-00970-00590217-00590317 a real complex relationship with his daughters. So in that sense I think it's pretty radical. TZj2EdhjjrI-00971-00590317-00590417 I don't if anyone wants to... TZj2EdhjjrI-00972-00590417-00590517 Isn't there something kind of- I am trying to figure out a good way to put this- racially TZj2EdhjjrI-00973-00590517-00590617 condensing about how much they have to perform their normalness? I find there to be something TZj2EdhjjrI-00974-00590617-00590717 just so infuriating about the fact that everyone's constantly like, "Oh, look at them, they are TZj2EdhjjrI-00975-00590717-00590817 like normal people, taking their children to school." I mean it's like... TZj2EdhjjrI-00976-00590817-00590917 How abnormal it is to be African American in the United States. TZj2EdhjjrI-00977-00590917-00591017 Well, right. Exactly, exactly. And also it's funny. A blogger in Tennessee Quotes, who TZj2EdhjjrI-00978-00591017-00591117 writes for the Atlantic, wrote a really funny post recently. Everyone's talking about Obama TZj2EdhjjrI-00979-00591117-00591217 and their normal family. And, the only people who they come up to compare them to is the TZj2EdhjjrI-00980-00591217-00591317 Cosby Family, a fictional family that is 20 years old. There is simply no other image TZj2EdhjjrI-00981-00591317-00591417 of normal black family life in America, despite the fact that a vast majority of black people TZj2EdhjjrI-00982-00591417-00591517 in this country are middle class. Obviously there's all kinds of other things to talk TZj2EdhjjrI-00983-00591517-00591617 about here. But I just that find like their needs to perform their normalness really obnoxious. TZj2EdhjjrI-00984-00591617-00591717 I don't think it's their fault, but... TZj2EdhjjrI-00985-00591717-00591817 But do think it's authentic? TZj2EdhjjrI-00986-00591817-00591917 No, not at all. TZj2EdhjjrI-00987-00591917-00592017 You're just saying... Because I don't think they are performing. TZj2EdhjjrI-00988-00592017-00592117 Oh, they are performing in the sense that, you know, they are photo-op in the school. TZj2EdhjjrI-00989-00592117-00592217 They are calling the media. They are telling them to go. TZj2EdhjjrI-00990-00592217-00592317 Yeah, I think he's very image conscious. TZj2EdhjjrI-00991-00592317-00592417 Yeah, on the cover of Us Magazine- "I am a cool dad." TZj2EdhjjrI-00992-00592417-00592517 Right. But I guess I am... TZj2EdhjjrI-00993-00592517-00592617 My girlfriends and I were talking about how the two little girls always seem so...like TZj2EdhjjrI-00994-00592617-00592717 they never had a meltdown in public. They are just like totally perfect. And, I was TZj2EdhjjrI-00995-00592717-00592817 like: "Yeah, they remind of me when I was about that age. Its like, 'Shut up. Look perfect TZj2EdhjjrI-00996-00592817-00592917 in your little dress, and don't you dare say anything or else I am going to have you skinned TZj2EdhjjrI-00997-00592917-00593017 when you come off of the stage.'" Then I got to be a teenager and I totally went with hog TZj2EdhjjrI-00998-00593017-00593117 wild. TZj2EdhjjrI-00999-00593117-00593217 He has eight years, so we will see.... TZj2EdhjjrI-01000-00593217-00593317 ...eight years. They're too young to know any better. TZj2EdhjjrI-01001-00593317-00593417 Right. We'll take one more question. TZj2EdhjjrI-01002-00593417-00593517 What would an organizer's politics look like as President and how would that sort of thing...? TZj2EdhjjrI-01003-00593517-00593617 How would be possible to make that feel as the President of the United States? TZj2EdhjjrI-01004-00593617-00593717 Great question. TZj2EdhjjrI-01005-00593717-00593817 Well I think under the surface of what I was trying to say is that I'm not sure that it TZj2EdhjjrI-01006-00593817-00593917 is possible. I think the tradition he comes out of is distinctly oppositional in its relation TZj2EdhjjrI-01007-00593917-00594017 to government. He's going to do something that will be shaped by that tradition. But TZj2EdhjjrI-01008-00594017-00594117 I don't think that makes sense to ask of the President to be an organizer. TZj2EdhjjrI-01009-00594117-00594217 I do think that there... I think that one of the big things is the way that he talks. TZj2EdhjjrI-01010-00594217-00594317 When I was thinking about what to say today, I went back and I read the speech that he TZj2EdhjjrI-01011-00594317-00594417 gave in New Hampshire. TZj2EdhjjrI-01012-00594417-00594517 There's this beautiful piece at the end about- this was the Yes We Can speech after the New TZj2EdhjjrI-01013-00594517-00594617 Hampshire loss. He does this beautiful weaving together. When we see that the stories of TZj2EdhjjrI-01014-00594617-00594717 the kid in South Central Los Angeles is the same as the story of a child in Nebraska whose TZj2EdhjjrI-01015-00594717-00594817 father just got laid off. When we see the story of in New York is the same. TZj2EdhjjrI-01016-00594817-00594917 He picks all these different stories and weaves them together to talk about what he's trying TZj2EdhjjrI-01017-00594917-00595017 to create. I think to the extent that just his rhetoric and his language is shaped by TZj2EdhjjrI-01018-00595017-00595117 this idea of trying to figure out how to bring together these disparate realities, these TZj2EdhjjrI-01019-00595117-00595217 disparate stories. TZj2EdhjjrI-01020-00595217-00595317 I think that's the mark that his organizing is going to make on the country. Because what TZj2EdhjjrI-01021-00595317-00595417 we're going to talk about in 40 years is maybe the policies. But we're going to talk about TZj2EdhjjrI-01022-00595417-00595517 the stuff that he said in the same way we talk about the stuff that Kennedy said and TZj2EdhjjrI-01023-00595517-00595617 the stuff that Lincoln said. So, I think that's where his mark in terms of his legacy and TZj2EdhjjrI-01024-00595617-00595717 history as an organizer is going to be made. TZj2EdhjjrI-01025-00595717-00595817 I think the more concrete answers are just to be written. I think they are trying to TZj2EdhjjrI-01026-00595817-00595917 figure out what does that look like? What does it look like to take this focus on individual TZj2EdhjjrI-01027-00595917-00596017 stories and bring it to the national stage? TZj2EdhjjrI-01028-00596017-00596117 Take these practices of house meetings and individual conversations that are the building TZj2EdhjjrI-01029-00596117-00596217 blocks of organizing and do that nationally. What's in my inbox? Come to a house meeting TZj2EdhjjrI-01030-00596217-00596317 and talk about your economic crisis story. That's them just trying to figure out, "Can TZj2EdhjjrI-01031-00596317-00596417 we organize on a national scale?" And I'm skeptical about it. So, I don't know. That's TZj2EdhjjrI-01032-00596417-00596517 a half answer. TZj2EdhjjrI-01033-00596517-00596617 I don't have an answer for it as a organizer; I don't begin to have Daniel's experience TZj2EdhjjrI-01034-00596617-00596717 as an organizer. But the one thing I know about being biracial is that you learn to TZj2EdhjjrI-01035-00596717-00596817 compartmentalize and become fluent in cultural languages in ways that most Americans aren't. TZj2EdhjjrI-01036-00596817-00596917 And Obama's had a really unique... We talked about his experiences as an organizer and TZj2EdhjjrI-01037-00596917-00597017 as a politician. He's also lived outside of the United States. TZj2EdhjjrI-01038-00597017-00597117 He brings a remarkable set, probably more than any other man that's held the office, TZj2EdhjjrI-01039-00597117-00597217 a remarkable set of life experiences to this job. And it might just be, giving the fact TZj2EdhjjrI-01040-00597217-00597317 that he's hanging on to the Blackberry so he can still communicate with the outside TZj2EdhjjrI-01041-00597317-00597417 world, he's beginning to leave the White House. TZj2EdhjjrI-01042-00597417-00597517 A lot is going to depend on his ability to keep leaving Washington, either virtually TZj2EdhjjrI-01043-00597517-00597617 or literally, and engage with those different communities that he's got an understanding TZj2EdhjjrI-01044-00597617-00597717 of. So, in large part is going to depend on his being able to retain that chameleon like TZj2EdhjjrI-01045-00597717-00597817 persona that he perfected during the campaign. TZj2EdhjjrI-01046-00597817-00597917 Yeah, I agree with Daniel. I don't think that its possible. I think Daniel's exactly right, TZj2EdhjjrI-01047-00597917-00598017 that the narrative, that his ability to weave narratives come directly from organizing. TZj2EdhjjrI-01048-00598017-00598117 The rest of it, as soon as you get to the position of elected office, is not really TZj2EdhjjrI-01049-00598117-00598217 useful. I think paradoxically, just like Daniel was explaining in his talk, Obama's narrative, TZj2EdhjjrI-01050-00598217-00598317 even though he uses community organizing in his creation story. His career is actually TZj2EdhjjrI-01051-00598317-00598417 paradoxically a rejection of that as a real tool for progress. He basically became a very TZj2EdhjjrI-01052-00598417-00598517 savvy, cynical politician because he understood the other stuff didn't work. TZj2EdhjjrI-01053-00598517-00598617 I know a lot of people don't like hearing that Obama is a cynical politician, but this TZj2EdhjjrI-01054-00598617-00598717 is a man who redistricted his own state senate district in Chicago so that it would have TZj2EdhjjrI-01055-00598717-00598817 on the one hand rich white people and on the other hand poor black people. Because he knew TZj2EdhjjrI-01056-00598817-00598917 that the black people could be his voting base and the white people could be his funding TZj2EdhjjrI-01057-00598917-00599017 base. He specifically redistricted his district because he understood that he had an appeal TZj2EdhjjrI-01058-00599017-00599117 to upper class educated white people like us who would buy into his shtick. TZj2EdhjjrI-01059-00599117-00599217 And so I think in an interesting way we have to look at his story as rejection of organizing. TZj2EdhjjrI-01060-00599217-00599317 Now, he's going to create a lot of organizers and they are going to do something. So someone's TZj2EdhjjrI-01061-00599317-00599417 got to get out there and talk about what they should be doing and have some answers. I don't TZj2EdhjjrI-01062-00599417-00599517 know what that looks like yet. TZj2EdhjjrI-01063-00599517-00599617 I think we have to move away from thinking Obama in the context of Obama's machine and TZj2EdhjjrI-01064-00599617-00599717 start thinking about what do states do? What do cities do? How are we organizing...? TZj2EdhjjrI-01065-00599717-00599817 What do regions do? TZj2EdhjjrI-01066-00599817-00599917 How are we organizing against local governments? Because the Federal Government has had its TZj2EdhjjrI-01067-00599917-00600017 say now when it comes to the economic crisis. For the next year the stimulus package is TZj2EdhjjrI-01068-00600017-00600117 going be its say. Maybe they will come back and do more. But the real organizing in terms TZj2EdhjjrI-01069-00600117-00600217 of saving jobs, in terms of recreating economies has to be done on the local level. And Barrack TZj2EdhjjrI-01070-00600217-00600317 Obama to some extent won't have much power over that. TZj2EdhjjrI-01071-00600317-00600417 And I would bring that even more local. Again as the resident feminist, the person is the TZj2EdhjjrI-01072-00600417-00600517 political. Right? That its not about what should Obama do. What should the nation do? TZj2EdhjjrI-01073-00600517-00600617 What should the state do? What should the region do? But what are we each doing? How TZj2EdhjjrI-01074-00600617-00600717 did this election forever change you, or not? TZj2EdhjjrI-01075-00600717-00600817 And how is that going to be continually contextualized into your life and made real and daily actions. TZj2EdhjjrI-01076-00600817-00600917 Whether it is in a really formal community organizing sense or whether its this approach TZj2EdhjjrI-01077-00600917-00601017 to people stories in telling your own and gathering others. For me, really reaching TZj2EdhjjrI-01078-00601017-00601117 across class boundaries and reaching across race boundaries. Which is what we still in TZj2EdhjjrI-01079-00601117-00601217 this country live in these totally segregated worlds in so many ways. TZj2EdhjjrI-01080-00601217-00601317 So, I guess I'll leave by encouraging you to really think about what is your politics TZj2EdhjjrI-01081-00601317-00601417 forever changed through this transformative experience? What is that going to mean in TZj2EdhjjrI-01082-00601417-00601517 your daily life and the way your operating? And how you can support some of these larger TZj2EdhjjrI-01083-00601517-00601617 levels. But really the piece we have control over is what we do in our own lives. So think TZj2EdhjjrI-01084-00601617-00601717 about that. TZj2EdhjjrI-01085-00601717-00601817 Thank you so much for coming. Thank you to my panelists. A bit round of applause. TZj2EdhjjrI-01086-00601817-00601917 Thank you very much Courtney. Thank you June, Andrew, Daniel. And I'd like to remind you TZj2EdhjjrI-01087-00601917-00602017 that we have panel discussions and lectures here every weekend. And that March is not TZj2EdhjjrI-01088-00602017-00602117 only Women's History Month but its also going to be the second anniversary of the opening TZj2EdhjjrI-01089-00602117-00602217 of the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Arts. TZj2EdhjjrI-01090-00602217-00602317 So we're going to have a lot of interesting and wonderful programming. In particularly TZj2EdhjjrI-01091-00602317-00602417 on March 21 we're going to have a speak out which is going to be in the auditorium on TZj2EdhjjrI-01092-00602417-00602517 the third floor. And its been put together by a group of us. There are 12 of us called TZj2EdhjjrI-01093-00602517-00602617 Unfinished Business. TZj2EdhjjrI-01094-00602617-00602717 Its going to be a "Women's Vision for the Nation: What's It Going to Take?" And Laura TZj2EdhjjrI-01095-00602717-00602817 Flanders, the host of GRITtv is going to be the moderator and C. Nicole Mason whose the TZj2EdhjjrI-01096-00602817-00602917 Executive Director of the Women of Color Policy Network is going to be giving the keynote TZj2EdhjjrI-01097-00602917-00603017 address. Its going to be very interesting. TZj2EdhjjrI-01098-00603017-00603117 I think it will be very enjoyable because its going to open up, its going to be a complete TZj2EdhjjrI-01099-00603117-00603217 audience active participation. TZj2EdhjjrI-01100-00603217-00603317 For those of us who are, and I don't see that many who look like they might be, who remember TZj2EdhjjrI-01101-00603317-00603417 Hair, originally. Actually as of yesterday the Moon is in the seventh house. TZj2EdhjjrI-01102-00603417-00603517 And, Jupiter has, in fact, aligned with Mars. TZj2EdhjjrI-01103-00603517-00603617 So hopefully peace will rule our planet. TZj2EdhjjrI-01104-00603617-00603717 And love will steer the starts. TZj2EdhjjrI-01105-00603717-00603717 Thank you for coming. Bye-bye. TZBh3nNCzpQ-00000-00000227-00000228 [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00001-00000228-00000351 [Music] [Applause] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00002-00000351-00000352 [Applause] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00003-00000352-00000518 [Applause] who is she TZBh3nNCzpQ-00004-00000518-00000519 who is she TZBh3nNCzpQ-00005-00000519-00001639 who is she [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00006-00001639-00001639 [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00007-00001639-00001895 [Music] we went worldwide to look for TZBh3nNCzpQ-00008-00001895-00001896 we went worldwide to look for TZBh3nNCzpQ-00009-00001896-00002151 we went worldwide to look for our maya lopez and we really wanted to TZBh3nNCzpQ-00010-00002151-00002152 our maya lopez and we really wanted to TZBh3nNCzpQ-00011-00002152-00002342 our maya lopez and we really wanted to stay true to the characters in the TZBh3nNCzpQ-00012-00002342-00002343 stay true to the characters in the TZBh3nNCzpQ-00013-00002343-00002392 stay true to the characters in the comics TZBh3nNCzpQ-00014-00002392-00002393 comics TZBh3nNCzpQ-00015-00002393-00002607 comics [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00016-00002607-00002608 [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00017-00002608-00002879 [Music] maybe i rip out your throat or maybe she TZBh3nNCzpQ-00018-00002879-00002880 maybe i rip out your throat or maybe she TZBh3nNCzpQ-00019-00002880-00003066 maybe i rip out your throat or maybe she will TZBh3nNCzpQ-00020-00003066-00003067 will TZBh3nNCzpQ-00021-00003067-00003156 will [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00022-00003156-00003157 [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00023-00003157-00003354 [Music] [Applause] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00024-00003354-00003354 [Applause] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00025-00003354-00004247 [Applause] [Music] TZBh3nNCzpQ-00026-00004438-00004439 she's brand new to this whole thing TZBh3nNCzpQ-00027-00004439-00004679 she's brand new to this whole thing something that happens with some actors TZBh3nNCzpQ-00028-00004679-00004680 something that happens with some actors TZBh3nNCzpQ-00029-00004680-00004815 something that happens with some actors that when they step in front of the TZBh3nNCzpQ-00030-00004815-00004816 that when they step in front of the TZBh3nNCzpQ-00031-00004816-00004991 that when they step in front of the camera there was this kind of like TZBh3nNCzpQ-00032-00004991-00004992 camera there was this kind of like TZBh3nNCzpQ-00033-00004992-00005151 camera there was this kind of like collective inhale of breath and TZBh3nNCzpQ-00034-00005151-00005152 collective inhale of breath and TZBh3nNCzpQ-00035-00005152-00005279 collective inhale of breath and everyone's like TZBh3nNCzpQ-00036-00005279-00005280 everyone's like TZBh3nNCzpQ-00037-00005280-00005767 everyone's like she's just got this star quality to her TZBh3nNCzpQ-00038-00006015-00006016 lochwa is amazing she's really just wide TZBh3nNCzpQ-00039-00006016-00006238 lochwa is amazing she's really just wide open emotionally and and was able to TZBh3nNCzpQ-00040-00006238-00006239 open emotionally and and was able to TZBh3nNCzpQ-00041-00006239-00006983 open emotionally and and was able to contribute a lot she's a natural TZBh3nNCzpQ-00042-00007198-00007200 he's an amazing character to have set up TZBh3nNCzpQ-00043-00007200-00007439 he's an amazing character to have set up and with the new actress like eloqua is TZBh3nNCzpQ-00044-00007439-00007440 and with the new actress like eloqua is TZBh3nNCzpQ-00045-00007440-00007723 and with the new actress like eloqua is that's been such a gift for us TZBh3nNCzpQ-00046-00007723-00007723 that's been such a gift for us TZBh3nNCzpQ-00047-00007723-00008204 that's been such a gift for us [Applause] TdjGzNZKW4M-00000-00000310-00001041 Let's sing a song full of hope, full of pain Why don't you sing along my friend, for it's TdjGzNZKW4M-00001-00001041-00001236 our last refrain Forever young, ever strong, ever brave TdjGzNZKW4M-00002-00001236-00001453 Memories like this never end, no, they don't fade away TdjGzNZKW4M-00003-00001453-00001696 So when I'm gone, oh when I'm gone I'll be right there, close to the sun TdjGzNZKW4M-00004-00001696-00002935 Keep holdin' on, keep holdin' on And I'll be right there, close to the sun TdjGzNZKW4M-00006-00007852-00008252 Here's to the one to let shine through the rain TdjGzNZKW4M-00007-00008252-00008756 The ones who stood for something more We won't forget your names TdjGzNZKW4M-00008-00008756-00009402 The tide is high, say goodbye, we're settin' sail TdjGzNZKW4M-00009-00009402-00010936 And all those midnight secrets told we'll take 'em to the graves TeW1tn3-1C8-00000-00000000-00000220 Showcase of Mix Armor from ModelColle Mod TeW1tn3-1C8-00001-00000390-00000950 Take on Golden Helmet TeW1tn3-1C8-00002-00001106-00001530 Take on Demon Horn from ModelColle Mod TeW1tn3-1C8-00003-00001802-00002030 Hold Mix Helmet and right click to open GUI TeW1tn3-1C8-00004-00002030-00002200 Put Golden Helmet and Demon Horn into its inventory TeW1tn3-1C8-00005-00002200-00002790 Take on Mix Helmet TeW1tn3-1C8-00006-00002790-00003294 Both Golden Helmet and Demon Horn are shown TeW1tn3-1C8-00007-00003896-00005050 Use Cosmetic Armor Reworked to use Mix Helmet for display, and Diamond Helmet for function TeW1tn3-1C8-00008-00005412-00007470 Multiple Mixed armor from ModelColle, Thaumcraft, and Botania TlEYci31Fmy-00000-00000567-00001288 Charlotte, two and George, three, looked sleepy after Queen's festive lunch TlEYci31Fmy-00001-00001405-00002045 The adorable youngsters were joined in the car by their nanny Maria Borrallo TlEYci31Fmy-00002-00002162-00002823 Royals also partied with distant cousins Isla Phillips and Maud Windsor today TlEYci31Fmy-00003-00002940-00003979 After a family lunch at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Queen herself, it's no wonder Princess Charlotte was feeling a little sleepy today. TlEYci31Fmy-00004-00004097-00005039 The two-year-old royal looked all partied out as she left her great-grandmother's festive get-together at Buckingham Palace this afternoon. TlEYci31Fmy-00005-00005156-00006088 The adorable youngster joined her parents, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and brother Prince George in leading the departures. TlEYci31Fmy-00006-00006205-00007017 George, four, also looked visibly overwhelmed as the family drove away from the Christmas party. TlEYci31Fmy-00007-00007134-00008318 Scroll down for video The toddlers were joined in the back seat by 'super nanny' Maria Borrallo who is also believed to have been on hand during the meal to keep them entertained. TlEYci31Fmy-00008-00008435-00009461 Charlotte was dressed in an adorable burgundy cardigan over a floral frock, while her older brother donned an £85 knit from Amaia. TlEYci31Fmy-00009-00009578-00010534 The tot hasn't been seen in public since July, when she and George accompanied their parents on a royal tour of Germany and Poland TlEYci31Fmy-00010-00010651-00012068 Today's lunch offered a chance for Meghan Markle to meet some of her future in-laws for the first time as she rubbed shoulders with the likes of Prince Edward, Sophie Wessex, and Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie TlEYci31Fmy-00011-00012185-00013605 But George and Charlotte weren't the only youngsters invited today, with Isla Phillips, five, and Maud Windsor - who goes to the same school as George - also spotted arriving at the palace. TlEYci31Fmy-00012-00013722-00014210 Be a style superhero in a Zara cape like Kate TlEYci31Fmy-00013-00014327-00015072 The Cambridges were spotted at Buckingham Palace today for the Queen's traditional Christmas lunch TlEYci31Fmy-00014-00015188-00016044 With William driving his family, Kate sat upfront, whilst George and Charlotte were in the back with their nanny TlEYci31Fmy-00015-00016162-00017310 Kate is a pro when it comes to dressing her bump and has even found the perfect outerwear solution in this Zara cape which is great choice thanks to its roomy silhouette TlEYci31Fmy-00016-00017427-00018086 We're also loving how Kate added a little furry collar giving her look a glam edge TlEYci31Fmy-00017-00018203-00019003 The good news is this cape is still available to buy and can be yours for $149 TlEYci31Fmy-00018-00019120-00019995 Follow the link on the right to get your hands on it now, or for more choice check out our roundup of alternatives below. TlEYci31Fmy-00019-00020112-00020694 * PRICES MAY NOT BE AS ADVERTISED ...NOW GET ONE LIKE IT TlEYci31Fmy-00020-00020811-00021580 It was announced this week that Charlotte will begin attending an exclusive London nursery from next month. TlEYci31Fmy-00021-00021697-00022872 William and Kate, who is pregnant with the couple's third child, will send the two-year-old to Willcocks Nursery School, located close to their Kensington Palace home. TlEYci31Fmy-00022-00022989-00024188 Charlotte will enjoy pottery and poetry classes at the sought-after nursery, which is rated 'outstanding' by Ofsted and located next to the Royal Albert Hall TlEYci31Fmy-00023-00024305-00025271 Fees are £9,150 a year for morning sessions and £5,400 for afternoons U1r3nahO2Ho-00000-00000136-00000927 1 Potato, 2 Cheongyang peppers, 2 Tteokbokki rice cakes, 1/4 Onion, 1 Tbsp flour, 1Tbsp chopped pork, Salt, Pepper U1r3nahO2Ho-00001-00001104-00001258 The start of this mission is potato pancake. U1r3nahO2Ho-00002-00001348-00001596 Grind potatoes first. Need time to separate the water from the potatoes. U1r3nahO2Ho-00003-00001752-00002106 Grind the onion about a quarter of the potatoes size. U1r3nahO2Ho-00004-00002314-00002428 Law of inertia U1r3nahO2Ho-00005-00002594-00002942 Cut Tteokbokki ricecake into coin thickness. U1r3nahO2Ho-00006-00003328-00003934 One cheongyang pepper is sliced for decoration, and the other one is chopped. U1r3nahO2Ho-00007-00004130-00004458 Don't touch your face with your hands touching Cheongyang pepper. U1r3nahO2Ho-00008-00004650-00005002 Season the pork with salt and pepper. U1r3nahO2Ho-00009-00005438-00005720 The potatoes are all drained. Left the only one water and potato starch. U1r3nahO2Ho-00010-00005924-00006794 Add the prepared ingredients to the potatoes and mix. U1r3nahO2Ho-00011-00007450-00007909 Let the fry pen hot enough and pour plenty of oil. U1r3nahO2Ho-00012-00008398-00008718 I separated the amount of dough into three pieces. U1r3nahO2Ho-00013-00009332-00010070 Decorate it with Cheongyang pepper and flip. U1r3nahO2Ho-00014-00011088-00011580 Looks delicious. Seriously U1r3nahO2Ho-00015-00012194-00012512 Place dishes on paper towels to remove oil. U1r3nahO2Ho-00016-00012554-00012866 I also make bibim noodles. U1r3nahO2Ho-00017-00012958-00013458 One potato came out with three slices of potato pencake. Lucky U1r3nahO2Ho-00018-00013940-00014176 Together~! U4N2ITZcuoY-00000-00000586-00001072 Juli: Hello and welcome to the Offspring Magazine the Podcast! I'm Juli and I will U4N2ITZcuoY-00001-00001072-00001648 be hosting today's episode. Ten years ago, physicists around the world rejoiced when two U4N2ITZcuoY-00002-00001648-00002096 experiments at the large hadron collider, the ATLAS and the cms collaborations, U4N2ITZcuoY-00003-00002096-00002656 announced the discovery of the Higgs boson. It was the latest, long-awaited addition to the standard U4N2ITZcuoY-00004-00002656-00003160 model of particle physics, the theory that describes all the elementary particles and their U4N2ITZcuoY-00005-00003160-00003752 interactions with each other. To celebrate the anniversary of this important discovery, today, U4N2ITZcuoY-00006-00003752-00004288 I will talk to Dominik Duda. He is a postdoc at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich, U4N2ITZcuoY-00007-00004288-00004672 a member of the ATLAS collaboration, and he does his research on the Higgs boson. U4N2ITZcuoY-00008-00004728-00005176 We will talk about the role of the Higgs boson in a standard model, how it was discovered, U4N2ITZcuoY-00009-00005176-00005784 and what has happened since. So stick around. I hope you'll enjoy this episode! U4N2ITZcuoY-00010-00008052-00008152 J: U4N2ITZcuoY-00011-00008152-00008680 Hello, Dominik! Thank you for joining this episode of this podcast. U4N2ITZcuoY-00012-00008680-00009160 And why don't we start by you telling us a little bit about yourself and introducing yourself? U4N2ITZcuoY-00013-00009160-00009584 Dominik Duda: Hi! First of all, let me say, that I'm very happy to be here, U4N2ITZcuoY-00014-00009584-00009960 so I'm looking very much forward to this podcast. U4N2ITZcuoY-00015-00009960-00010600 And so, I'm Dominik Duda, I'm postdoc here, at the Max Planck Institute, U4N2ITZcuoY-00016-00010656-00011420 and I'm doing research on Higgs boson property studies and searches for new heavy exposures. U4N2ITZcuoY-00017-00011420-00011992 J: Okay, well, yeah, so the Higgs boson is what we're going to talk U4N2ITZcuoY-00018-00011992-00012248 about. So first of all, happy birthday to the Higgs boson! U4N2ITZcuoY-00019-00012316-00012856 DD: Well, I mean to be precise, Higgs boson is not having its birthday. It's, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00020-00012952-00013263 we're celebrating the discovery of the Higgs boson. Of course, U4N2ITZcuoY-00021-00013263-00013839 the Higgs boson has the same age than the universe or, like almost the same age. U4N2ITZcuoY-00022-00013839-00014608 J: True, very true. So yes, physicists are celebrating the anniversary of the detection, U4N2ITZcuoY-00023-00014672-00015344 which, of course, was very exciting back then. So yes, today, we kind of want to cover U4N2ITZcuoY-00024-00015344-00015968 why this was such a big deal in particle physics. And I think we should start by kind of explaining U4N2ITZcuoY-00025-00015968-00016456 what the Higgs boson actually is. What is a boson? What are the other types of particles U4N2ITZcuoY-00026-00016456-00016815 that we know? How does it fit into this picture? So maybe you can start with this. U4N2ITZcuoY-00027-00016815-00017312 DD: Okay, so the Higgs boson has actually, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00028-00017312-00017960 a special role in the standard model of particle physics. It is the only fundamental U4N2ITZcuoY-00029-00018104-00018976 spin 0 particle that we know. So like, the only scalar particle that we know so far, right. U4N2ITZcuoY-00030-00019064-00019776 And it is related to the process of electroweak symmetry breaking, which is, basically, U4N2ITZcuoY-00031-00019776-00020424 the process where, like, the massive particles in the standard model acquire their mass. U4N2ITZcuoY-00032-00020424-00020984 J: Okay, so maybe quickly explain what a spin is? U4N2ITZcuoY-00033-00021052-00021568 DD: So basically, it's a little bit difficult in the context of U4N2ITZcuoY-00034-00021568-00022000 quantum mechanics, you could, kind of, imagine U4N2ITZcuoY-00035-00022000-00022648 the spin to be basically the self-rotation of the particles, of a particle around itself. U4N2ITZcuoY-00036-00022648-00022936 J: Okay, and then the Higgs boson has been zero? U4N2ITZcuoY-00037-00022936-00022984 DD: Yeah. U4N2ITZcuoY-00038-00022984-00023176 J: And all the other particles that we… U4N2ITZcuoY-00039-00023176-00023648 DD: …have either, like… all the other fundamental particles that we know have either U4N2ITZcuoY-00040-00023808-00024136 half spin: these are the so-called fermions U4N2ITZcuoY-00041-00024136-00024728 or, better known, as metaparticles. So they're building basically the world around us. U4N2ITZcuoY-00042-00024848-00025864 And the other particles that we know are bosons. And these are the so-called mediator particles U4N2ITZcuoY-00043-00025864-00026872 for the fundamental interactions, such as the weak interactions, which are responsible, for example, U4N2ITZcuoY-00044-00027008-00027624 for better decays that people, hopefully, know, like, at least the physicists will know. U4N2ITZcuoY-00045-00027624-00028037 J: Radioactive decays.On part of radioactive decays. U4N2ITZcuoY-00046-00028037-00028448 DD: Exactly. And then we have, of course, the photon, which is connected to U4N2ITZcuoY-00047-00028520-00028727 electromagnetic interactions. U4N2ITZcuoY-00048-00028727-00029208 J: Okay, so spin 1/2 particles are fermions, they make out the U4N2ITZcuoY-00049-00029208-00029788 matter that we know. And then the bosons are exchanging forces between those particles. U4N2ITZcuoY-00050-00029788-00029876 DD: Exactly, exactly. U4N2ITZcuoY-00051-00029876-00030127 J: And then the Higgs boson is a special kind of boson. U4N2ITZcuoY-00052-00030127-00031192 DD: Yes. As it is connected to the process through which the fermions and bosons obtain their masses. U4N2ITZcuoY-00053-00031192-00031720 J: Okay, so how does this work? Like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00054-00031720-00032191 how do the particles get their masses with the Higgs boson? Like, how can you imagine it? U4N2ITZcuoY-00055-00032191-00032840 DD: So it is not actually the Higgs boson, it's the Higgs field, which is like a background field, U4N2ITZcuoY-00056-00032896-00033480 which is like everywhere in the universe. And particles couple with this, or like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00057-00033480-00033944 coupled to this field, or like, some particles do, because we actually also have, like, massless U4N2ITZcuoY-00058-00034080-00034528 elementary particles, which do not couple to the field, and U4N2ITZcuoY-00059-00034528-00034976 through decoupling to this field the particles obtain their mass. U4N2ITZcuoY-00060-00034976-00035432 J: Okay. And then the Higgs boson itself… U4N2ITZcuoY-00061-00035432-00035936 DD: …is like a quantum mechanic excitation of the Higgs field. U4N2ITZcuoY-00062-00035936-00036656 J: Okay. And this Higgs field is just everywhere in the universe all the time? U4N2ITZcuoY-00063-00036656-00036710 DD: Yeah. U4N2ITZcuoY-00064-00036710-00037744 J: Universal. So I was wondering because, when people think about masses and the field that is U4N2ITZcuoY-00065-00037744-00038192 acting on masses in the universe, I think most of the minds will probably go to gravity and the U4N2ITZcuoY-00066-00038192-00038824 gravitational force. Could you maybe explain if that's the same or something different? Or how…? U4N2ITZcuoY-00067-00038824-00039184 DD: So gravity is… so this is actually, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00068-00039184-00039512 it sounds like an easy question but it's a very complicated one. U4N2ITZcuoY-00069-00039664-00040208 Because gravity is actually not described by the standard model of particle physics. So we don't U4N2ITZcuoY-00070-00040208-00041024 really know yet or we can't really prove yet how this, basically, falls in. So gravity is a force U4N2ITZcuoY-00071-00041024-00041792 that we actually do know. It's the like the main force we are, like, confronted on a daily basis, U4N2ITZcuoY-00072-00041792-00042624 right. And unfortunately, we, particle physicists, are not really sure how this fits in yet. So this U4N2ITZcuoY-00073-00042624-00043136 is, basically, one of the major problems of the standard model of particle physics. U4N2ITZcuoY-00074-00043136-00043688 J: And the big dream of all physicists is to, at some point, you know, unify it, right? U4N2ITZcuoY-00075-00043688-00044256 DD: Exactly. So one thing that we maybe should, like, mention here is that the U4N2ITZcuoY-00076-00044328-00044888 Higgs boson and the process of giving, like, mass to the other particles make only, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00077-00044888-00045520 a very small fraction of the mass. Most mass is actually coming from U4N2ITZcuoY-00078-00045656-00046540 binding energy. Basically, like nuclear forces between the fundamental components of matter. U4N2ITZcuoY-00079-00046540-00047384 J: Right. So maybe let's quickly mention here that basically for us, physicists, U4N2ITZcuoY-00080-00047384-00047784 mass and energy is the same thing. So then, the Higgs field is actually only U4N2ITZcuoY-00081-00047896-00048256 the field that gives mass to these single particles. U4N2ITZcuoY-00082-00048256-00048672 DD: Exactly, to the all the elementary particles. But U4N2ITZcuoY-00083-00048736-00049392 like, in the end, so I just read somewhere that, basically, the Higgs field is responsible for 1% U4N2ITZcuoY-00084-00049480-00050000 of all the mars, everything else is coming from binding states. U4N2ITZcuoY-00085-00050000-00050704 J: Okay. So it's actually not a big part of what we deal with U4N2ITZcuoY-00086-00050704-00051080 on a daily basis but still was a super important discovery? Why? U4N2ITZcuoY-00087-00051080-00051616 DD: It is. So like, the point is that it confirms, U4N2ITZcuoY-00088-00051808-00052584 like, the assumptions that people made. So we needed to have, like, a U4N2ITZcuoY-00089-00052584-00053079 process to explain where the masses of the elementary particles are coming from, U4N2ITZcuoY-00090-00053167-00054016 right. And so, like, finding, like, discovering the Higgs boson was, therefore, like, a very big U4N2ITZcuoY-00091-00054016-00054784 deal, right, confirming this process. Otherwise, we would have been confronted with yet another, U4N2ITZcuoY-00092-00054984-00055304 like, phenomena that the standard model cannot explain, U4N2ITZcuoY-00093-00055440-00056196 right. And we do not want to rely everything on a theory that is, like, deeply flawed. U4N2ITZcuoY-00094-00056196-00056872 J: True. That makes sense. So then how long has this theory of the Higgs boson been around? U4N2ITZcuoY-00095-00056984-00057072 Who came up with it? U4N2ITZcuoY-00096-00057072-00058224 DD: So the theory was, basically, published in the 1960s, almost simultaneously by peter Higgs and U4N2ITZcuoY-00097-00058224-00059128 François Englert and some other people that worked on it. And it's like a theory that, like, heavily U4N2ITZcuoY-00098-00059128-00059952 borrowed in other effects that are already seen in nature. So the Higgs mechanism is basically, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00099-00060120-00060664 generalization of the so-called Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect, U4N2ITZcuoY-00100-00060664-00061248 which gives an effective mass to photons inside of superconductors. U4N2ITZcuoY-00101-00061248-00061816 J: Okay, so these people then found a way to generalize U4N2ITZcuoY-00102-00061816-00062357 that and make it work in such a way that it fits into this standard model of particle…? U4N2ITZcuoY-00103-00062357-00062476 DD: Exactly, exactly. U4N2ITZcuoY-00104-00062476-00062591 J: And U4N2ITZcuoY-00105-00062744-00063400 you mentioned it was proposed in the 1960s. So why did it take so long to find the Higgs boson? U4N2ITZcuoY-00106-00063400-00064072 DD: So, like, one very crucial part there is, of course, that you need, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00107-00064160-00065200 particle colliders that are, first of all, well, can go to high enough energies. So we just found U4N2ITZcuoY-00108-00065255-00066104 that the Higgs boson, like, 10 years ago, we found that the Higgs boson has a mass of 125 GeV - it's U4N2ITZcuoY-00109-00066104-00066792 one of the highest mass elementary particles, only the top quark is more heavy. Of course, U4N2ITZcuoY-00110-00066792-00067648 this means that you need, as you previously said, like, energy and mass is basically the same, U4N2ITZcuoY-00111-00067712-00068472 so you need now an accelerator, particle accelerator that can reach such a high energy. U4N2ITZcuoY-00112-00068624-00069544 And so this, of course, means that you need, like, the proper technology. But like, energy is not the U4N2ITZcuoY-00113-00069544-00070184 only measure that is important in this context. The other measure is the so-called luminosity. U4N2ITZcuoY-00114-00070240-00071408 So basically, the amount of Higgs bosons that you can produce. So like, luminosity is, basically, U4N2ITZcuoY-00115-00071408-00072464 like a quantity that is equivalent to some kind of data volume. So because, in the end, particles are U4N2ITZcuoY-00116-00072464-00073296 produced more often the larger their cross-section is, right. So not all particles, in the standard U4N2ITZcuoY-00117-00073296-00074048 model, are produced equally often. The Higgs boson itself actually has a relative small cross-section U4N2ITZcuoY-00118-00074048-00075016 to other processes, right, so, and this means you need to perform complicated statistical analysis U4N2ITZcuoY-00119-00075152-00076032 in order to, like, separate Higgs boson events in the detector from other processes. U4N2ITZcuoY-00120-00076144-00076752 So since this is not, lik,e very simple, you need to have actually a relative large amount U4N2ITZcuoY-00121-00076752-00077584 of fixed boson events, right. So we had previous experiments, before the large hadron collider, U4N2ITZcuoY-00122-00077584-00078288 that actually got close to discovering the Higgs boson, but they either U4N2ITZcuoY-00123-00078288-00079168 lacked enough energy so, for example, for the large electron-positron collider, which is the U4N2ITZcuoY-00124-00079240-00080008 predecessor experiment or, like, the predecessor accelerator to the large hadron collider, or U4N2ITZcuoY-00125-00080136-00080912 a lack of luminosity as it was the case for the Tevatron at Fermilab in the U.S, U4N2ITZcuoY-00126-00080912-00081656 which is another accelerator that is, like, colliding protons and anti-protons. U4N2ITZcuoY-00127-00081656-00081992 J: Okay. So you could probably think that the U4N2ITZcuoY-00128-00081992-00082560 Higgs boson was produced or might have been produced in the Tevatron… U4N2ITZcuoY-00129-00082560-00082606 no, the Tevatron didn't have the luminosity? So maybe it was produced but not often enough. U4N2ITZcuoY-00130-00082606-00083151 DD: Exactly. Exactly, there were definitely Higgs boson produced at the Tevatron U4N2ITZcuoY-00131-00083152-00083856 but not with enough statistics, actually, to have a discovery. U4N2ITZcuoY-00132-00083856-00083928 J: Okay. U4N2ITZcuoY-00133-00083928-00084712 DD: And at LEP, there were, of course, some signs but, so this was not U4N2ITZcuoY-00134-00084776-00085416 sufficient for a discovery as well. So if the large hadron, sorry, if the lep collider U4N2ITZcuoY-00135-00085656-00086248 would have been run with slightly higher energies, actually, a discovery could have been possible. U4N2ITZcuoY-00136-00086248-00086984 J: Cool, okay. But then, from the theory that Peter Higgs and his colleagues U4N2ITZcuoY-00137-00087056-00087360 came up with, you didn't know the energy of the Higgs boson? U4N2ITZcuoY-00138-00087360-00088144 DD: Yeah, exactly. This is, unfortunately, the Higgs boson mass is another free parameter in U4N2ITZcuoY-00139-00088144-00088984 the theory. So there's nothing, in the standard model, that would have given, like, a hint what U4N2ITZcuoY-00140-00088984-00089896 mass it is. There are… well, it's not entirely true, there are some mass ranges for which the U4N2ITZcuoY-00141-00089896-00090664 theory would not have been valid. So there were, like, basically, upper thresholds but they were U4N2ITZcuoY-00142-00090720-00091480 quite high. So in the end, it's still a very large mass range that had to be covered by experiments. U4N2ITZcuoY-00143-00091480-00092144 J: Okay. Okay, so then maybe let's talk a bit about the large hadron collider U4N2ITZcuoY-00144-00092144-00092584 and yeah, how does it work? U4N2ITZcuoY-00145-00092584-00093128 DD: So to keep it simple, the large hadron collider is like a particle U4N2ITZcuoY-00146-00093128-00093984 accelerator and collider, which accelerates particles to almost the speed of light. U4N2ITZcuoY-00147-00094064-00094648 And you basically have two different… so this acceleration is based on U4N2ITZcuoY-00148-00094816-00095400 cavities where you have, like, electromagnetic fields that basically give, like, particles U4N2ITZcuoY-00149-00095400-00096216 passing these cavities, lik,e with each passing like a kick, right, to increase their velocity, U4N2ITZcuoY-00150-00096312-00097352 right. And with like sufficient circling time of the beams of particles that are inside U4N2ITZcuoY-00151-00097416-00098112 of these accelerators, you reach then, like, a final energy. So in addition then to the cavities, U4N2ITZcuoY-00152-00098176-00099064 which I said, like, provides the acceleration of the particles, you have then strong magnets, U4N2ITZcuoY-00153-00099064-00099856 which keep the particles on track. So the large hadron collider is a circular collider U4N2ITZcuoY-00154-00099856-00101008 with a circumference of 27 kilometers and, in order to keep the beam of protons U4N2ITZcuoY-00155-00101008-00101968 on this circular track, you need them magnets that, like, bend their trajectories, right. U4N2ITZcuoY-00156-00101968-00102704 J: Okay. And so okay, and then these protons, they go around several times in this ring, U4N2ITZcuoY-00157-00102840-00103088 and then what happens when they reach the final energy? U4N2ITZcuoY-00158-00103088-00103824 DD: So once they reach the final energy, we are bringing them to collision at four distinct U4N2ITZcuoY-00159-00103824-00104576 points. And at these points, there are, like, huge detectors, which are basically like huge cameras, U4N2ITZcuoY-00160-00104672-00105696 right. And they, these cameras detect then the collision of the protons. And basically, detect U4N2ITZcuoY-00161-00105752-00106432 the decay products of whatever is produced in these collisions. U4N2ITZcuoY-00162-00106432-00106668 J: So what does it produce there? U4N2ITZcuoY-00163-00106668-00107448 DD: So mainly it's, like, standard model particles that we already know since, like, a long time ago. U4N2ITZcuoY-00164-00107559-00108200 So most of the particles produced there are just some, U4N2ITZcuoY-00165-00108320-00109304 like, matter particles that are not, like, very interesting. So finding the interesting U4N2ITZcuoY-00166-00109304-00110120 collisions from the… yeah, let's say boring ones is actually a very important task for the U4N2ITZcuoY-00167-00110328-00110672 collaborations that are working with these detectors. U4N2ITZcuoY-00168-00110672-00110728 J: Okay. U4N2ITZcuoY-00169-00110728-00111632 DD: So then with less… then, like, the higher the mass of the particles that are produced, U4N2ITZcuoY-00170-00111632-00112192 the less likely it is that these particles are produced, right. So the Higgs boson that has a U4N2ITZcuoY-00171-00112192-00113032 relative high mass is significantly less likely to be produced than, now, these matter particles. U4N2ITZcuoY-00172-00113032-00113672 J: Okay. So then, basicall,y you have a huge amount of background of a lot of boring U4N2ITZcuoY-00173-00113672-00113896 particles and from that you have to somehow… U4N2ITZcuoY-00174-00113956-00114272 DD: Find the needle in the haystack. Exactly. U4N2ITZcuoY-00175-00114272-00114692 J: Okay. So I guess that is a challenging task for data analysis. U4N2ITZcuoY-00176-00114692-00115528 DD: It partly is, yes. Luckily, in some cases, the Higgs boson or other heavy particles give U4N2ITZcuoY-00177-00115528-00116359 very distinct signatures in the detector. So they look very different or, like, at least U4N2ITZcuoY-00178-00116359-00117128 in some cases, they can look very different than these processes that we already know U4N2ITZcuoY-00179-00117128-00117904 since, like, decades. And based on that, we can then separate them relatively U4N2ITZcuoY-00180-00117904-00118568 well, right. But as I said, like, in particular, these signatures that are so clean in the detector U4N2ITZcuoY-00181-00118632-00119511 are relative unlikely to occur, right, so you need to run the accelerator for quite some time U4N2ITZcuoY-00182-00119792-00120752 to collect sufficient data to reach a sensitivity where you can finally claim the discovery or, U4N2ITZcuoY-00183-00121032-00121352 as now, measure the properties of the particle. U4N2ITZcuoY-00184-00121352-00121792 J: Okay, could you explain a bit more how the signature looks like of the Higgs boson? U4N2ITZcuoY-00185-00121792-00122928 DD: So, for example, one particular… well, so-called one of the golden channels of the Higgs U4N2ITZcuoY-00186-00122928-00123720 boson, where the discovery happened, is a decay of the Higgs boson into two photons. That are, U4N2ITZcuoY-00187-00123720-00124608 like, back to back because it's, like, a two-body decay. And then the invariant mass or the mass U4N2ITZcuoY-00188-00124608-00125288 of this diphoton system is equivalent with the Higgs boson mass. So basically, you see U4N2ITZcuoY-00189-00125352-00125968 an enhancement in the dye photon spectrum around the mass of the Higgs boson. U4N2ITZcuoY-00190-00125968-00126335 J: Okay, so then in your detector, you look for U4N2ITZcuoY-00191-00126400-00127081 specifically signatures of photons that decayed basically 180 degrees of each other? U4N2ITZcuoY-00192-00127081-00127664 DD: Exactly. This is one of the so-called golden channels of the Higgs boson. The other one is U4N2ITZcuoY-00193-00127664-00128696 a decay into two z bosons, which can further decay into leptons, like, electrons or muons, U4N2ITZcuoY-00194-00128759-00129368 right, so we would then have events in the detector with two electrons and two muons, U4N2ITZcuoY-00195-00129368-00129976 or four electrons, or four muons right. And also these kind of events are very well, U4N2ITZcuoY-00196-00130088-00130544 are relatively easy to separate from all relevant backgrounds. U4N2ITZcuoY-00197-00130544-00130904 J: Okay, because other particles don't produce this kind of signatures? U4N2ITZcuoY-00198-00130904-00131568 DD: I mean, we can have a non-resonant production of z bosons but they will U4N2ITZcuoY-00199-00131624-00132352 not… their mass, like, the mass of that system will not be U4N2ITZcuoY-00200-00132352-00132796 distributed around the Higgs mass but it will be, like, a spectrum. U4N2ITZcuoY-00201-00132796-00133256 J: Ah, okay. So then you might get a spectrum with, like, a bump somewhere? U4N2ITZcuoY-00202-00133256-00133728 DD: Exactly. And the bump corresponds to Higgs boson. And basically, to measure then other U4N2ITZcuoY-00203-00133728-00134368 Higgs boson properties, you can concentrate yourself on the events that are in this bump. U4N2ITZcuoY-00204-00134368-00135456 J: Okay, okay. So how does this detector look like that you use for that? Like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00205-00135456-00135776 how can you distinguish within this detector all these different kind of particles? U4N2ITZcuoY-00206-00135776-00136456 DD: So these are very highly complicated devices that are built with different U4N2ITZcuoY-00207-00136680-00137584 technologies, right. Let me maybe use the ATLAS detector as an example, since I'm working with U4N2ITZcuoY-00208-00137584-00138400 this detector. The most inner part is a silicon tracking detector - you have, basically, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00209-00138456-00139008 several layers of silicon surrounding the interaction point. U4N2ITZcuoY-00210-00139176-00139944 And a charged particle intersecting the silicon layers will create electron-hole pairs, U4N2ITZcuoY-00211-00140064-00141096 right. So these are, like, yeah, working as all kind of semiconductors do, right. And like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00212-00141152-00141728 once these electron-hole pairs are created, of course, they are like drifting to anodes and U4N2ITZcuoY-00213-00141728-00142464 cathodes, which will give you, like, an electric signal in the end. So the fact that they are now… U4N2ITZcuoY-00214-00142800-00143832 that you have now several layers of these silicon semiconductors after each other, U4N2ITZcuoY-00215-00143832-00144872 you can, basically, you obtain an ensemble of, basically, space points. Which you can then, U4N2ITZcuoY-00216-00144872-00145784 with statistical procedures, connect in order to reconstruct the flight path of a charged particle. U4N2ITZcuoY-00217-00145784-00146256 J: Okay. So basically the particle leaves a trace in this? U4N2ITZcuoY-00218-00146256-00147072 DD: Exactly. So you, per silicon layer, you obtain one space point, right, U4N2ITZcuoY-00219-00147072-00147536 because you know, basically, which kind of element U4N2ITZcuoY-00220-00147744-00148280 got, like, an energy deposit, right, or like, a charge deposit. And U4N2ITZcuoY-00221-00148552-00149248 you know, of course, the position of this active element. And, I said, this gives you then a space U4N2ITZcuoY-00222-00149248-00150120 point that you can connect with other space points in the subsequent layers of the silicon detector. U4N2ITZcuoY-00223-00150120-00150208 J: Okay. U4N2ITZcuoY-00224-00150292-00151496 DD: So then, we have … tubes, where you, again, obtain, like, an ionization or like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00225-00151496-00152224 sorry, where you obtain an ionization of this gas whenever, like, charged particles fly through. And U4N2ITZcuoY-00226-00152224-00153056 these tubes are additional measurements of space points, right. So you can have, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00227-00153160-00153848 large amount of tubes after each other to obtain, like, a large amount of space points. And this U4N2ITZcuoY-00228-00153848-00154768 will actually increase the precision with which you can determine the flight path. So U4N2ITZcuoY-00229-00154768-00155320 yeah, this is the inner, so-called inner, detector, which is responsible for the U4N2ITZcuoY-00230-00155392-00156192 reconstruction, or with which we can reconstruct the flight path of charged particles. But so this U4N2ITZcuoY-00231-00156192-00156856 is only one of the components. The following ones are calorimeters, which are responsible or with U4N2ITZcuoY-00232-00156856-00157904 which we measure the energies of particles. So depending on what kind of particles are incoming, U4N2ITZcuoY-00233-00157904-00158648 you will, of course, have different interactions between matter and these particles, right. So you U4N2ITZcuoY-00234-00158648-00159352 have electromagnetic interacting particles, like the electron or photons, or you have a hadronic U4N2ITZcuoY-00235-00159432-00160272 interacting particles, which are hadrons, such, basically, everything built by quarks. U4N2ITZcuoY-00236-00160272-00160616 J: So, for example, also protons would be hadrons? U4N2ITZcuoY-00237-00160616-00161264 DD: For example, protons. If, like, protons are produced in the interactions, then there will U4N2ITZcuoY-00238-00161264-00161968 be protons going through the detector. Neutrons are, like, other examples right. Pions keons, U4N2ITZcuoY-00239-00161968-00162792 other examples. So it is mainly pions that are produced in the interactions. And for the purpose U4N2ITZcuoY-00240-00162856-00163432 of, basically, having energy measurements both for electromagnetic interacting particles as well U4N2ITZcuoY-00241-00163432-00164216 as hadronically interacting particles, we have two types of calorimeters. First directly after U4N2ITZcuoY-00242-00164216-00164760 the electromagnetic, sorry, directly after the inner detector, we have the electromagnetic U4N2ITZcuoY-00243-00164760-00165592 calorimeter. And hadronic particles, pions, neutrons, protons will, like, pass through the U4N2ITZcuoY-00244-00165592-00166168 electromagnetic calorimeter without depositing much of the energy. But they will eventually U4N2ITZcuoY-00245-00166168-00166880 be stopped in the hadronic calorimeter. And I mean, the stopping of the particle is important U4N2ITZcuoY-00246-00166880-00167776 in order to ensure that the entire energy was deposited, such that we can actually also measure U4N2ITZcuoY-00247-00167776-00168304 the total energy of the particle that was going through the calorimeter. U4N2ITZcuoY-00248-00168304-00168776 J: Okay. Yeah, so then putting that into context with the signal that we were looking for earlier, U4N2ITZcuoY-00249-00168776-00169192 that means that this inner detector, where you reconstruct the path, that U4N2ITZcuoY-00250-00169192-00169664 is how you get this directional information, for example, the two photons with 180 degree U4N2ITZcuoY-00251-00169728-00169912 separation? Or the photons maybe not. U4N2ITZcuoY-00252-00169912-00170128 DD: Photons not because they are not U4N2ITZcuoY-00253-00170128-00170792 charged. Only charged particles leave tracks in a detector. But we will find the photons then U4N2ITZcuoY-00254-00170792-00171312 based on their energy and their shower shapes in the electromagnetic calorimeter. U4N2ITZcuoY-00255-00171312-00171624 J: Okay, and there you also have some directional information, so then… U4N2ITZcuoY-00256-00171624-00172288 DD: I mean we know… well, yeah, basically, we have directional information. I mean, U4N2ITZcuoY-00257-00172288-00173352 the ATLAS detector is, basically, like a cylinder, right, so we will have the photon going in, sorry, U4N2ITZcuoY-00258-00173352-00173800 we will have the two different photons going in two different directions. And then, basically, U4N2ITZcuoY-00259-00173800-00174312 the energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeters, we can still determine the U4N2ITZcuoY-00260-00174312-00174812 angle between them, right. So they will still have like an angle of 180 degrees between. U4N2ITZcuoY-00261-00174812-00175704 J: Okay, cool, that sounds all very challenging to build, with a lot of technology. U4N2ITZcuoY-00262-00175704-00176536 DD: So there is more to the detector: the most outer parts are muon chambers these are, again, U4N2ITZcuoY-00263-00176536-00177264 like tubes filled with gas, and the gases then, again, are ionized by muons flying through them, U4N2ITZcuoY-00264-00177336-00178064 right. So muons are a minimal ionizing particles, which will, basically, almost, will not leave any U4N2ITZcuoY-00265-00178064-00178584 energy in the kilometers, right, so they will, basically, pass right through them. U4N2ITZcuoY-00266-00178584-00179496 So we need again then some tracking detector to show where the muons went, right. So in it, U4N2ITZcuoY-00267-00179496-00180384 last but not least, we have, like, magnets inside of the ATLAS detector to bend the flight U4N2ITZcuoY-00268-00180384-00181112 path of charged particles, which is important because, in order to measure the momentum of U4N2ITZcuoY-00269-00181312-00181928 particles based on the track, we need a deflection, right. So the curvature of the track U4N2ITZcuoY-00270-00181984-00182576 will tell you what is the momentum of the particles that pass through the detector. U4N2ITZcuoY-00271-00182576-00183381 J: Okay. So basically, it's like a big onion of different detectors. That’s what it sounds like. U4N2ITZcuoY-00272-00183381-00184064 DD: Yeah, exactly. This picture of an onion is, like, used as an analogy all the time. U4N2ITZcuoY-00273-00184064-00184520 J: Okay. And every particle uses trace… but then you have U4N2ITZcuoY-00274-00184600-00185160 not only one collision at a time of protons, so how many particles are produced in, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00275-00185160-00185510 I don't know, what you… how do you describe it, like, per second? U4N2ITZcuoY-00276-00185510-00186176 DD: Oh, there's, like, a large multiplicity of particles. I mean, they're like two different U4N2ITZcuoY-00277-00186176-00186800 things here. Like, first of all, there is a large number of particles produced every time U4N2ITZcuoY-00278-00186800-00187640 two protons collide. Or, basically, what really collides are the constituents of the proton: so U4N2ITZcuoY-00279-00187640-00188936 the quarks and the gluons inside of the proton are what are colliding, right. So every time, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00280-00188936-00189720 now, you have such a collision there's a large multiplicity of particles being produced. But then U4N2ITZcuoY-00281-00189720-00190392 again, you also have, like, not only one proton colliding at the same time but you have, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00282-00190472-00191208 up to 30 collisions every time that the bunches meet each other in the center of the detector. U4N2ITZcuoY-00283-00191208-00191296 J: Okay. U4N2ITZcuoY-00284-00191296-00191736 DD: So you really speak about, like, hundreds of particles. U4N2ITZcuoY-00285-00191736-00191771 J: Per? U4N2ITZcuoY-00286-00191771-00192012 DD: Per collision, yeah. U4N2ITZcuoY-00287-00192012-00193168 J: Wow. You mentioned that you are working with the ATLAS detector, right. So could you tell us U4N2ITZcuoY-00288-00193168-00193864 a bit, like, how you or, like, how your group or your colleagues contributed to this endeavor? U4N2ITZcuoY-00289-00194180-00195224 DD: So, like, the work is, like, mainly split .So there are people that work on the detector,r that U4N2ITZcuoY-00290-00195224-00195856 work on maintaining the detector, that work on upgrading this detector to make it, like, better. U4N2ITZcuoY-00291-00196040-00196688 And I mean, there is, of course, radiation damage over the time, right. So components need to be U4N2ITZcuoY-00292-00196688-00197664 replaced. But we are also trying to improve the detector. For example, adding tracking chambers U4N2ITZcuoY-00293-00197664-00198240 to the forward region of the detector, right. So there's only, like, at the moment, a certain U4N2ITZcuoY-00294-00198600-00199224 angle that we can cover with the tracking detector. And, like, there are people working, U4N2ITZcuoY-00295-00199224-00199768 also here at the Max Planck institute, to add further components to the tracking detector U4N2ITZcuoY-00296-00199768-00200568 to, basically, also cover more, larger range in the very forward direction, right. That is, U4N2ITZcuoY-00297-00200568-00201496 like, relative parallel to the beam axis, right, so this is what I mean with “forward” direction. U4N2ITZcuoY-00298-00201496-00201600 J: Oh, okay. U4N2ITZcuoY-00299-00201600-00202480 DD: So, in addition then, there are, like, people working on the analyzation of the data that is U4N2ITZcuoY-00300-00202480-00203352 collected with this detector. And this is what I'm mainly working on. So, like, since the last U4N2ITZcuoY-00301-00203352-00204344 10 years, I have been working on the analysis of data, where I contributed to several activities. U4N2ITZcuoY-00302-00204344-00205064 So Higgs boson property measurements is one big field, but also searches for new heavy particles U4N2ITZcuoY-00303-00205064-00206000 that are predicted and theories that extend the standard model. So one big example are, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00304-00206000-00206892 heavy brothers or sisters of the Higgs boson, or completely different particles. U4N2ITZcuoY-00305-00206892-00207432 J: Okay, so you now just mentioned, started to mention, kind of, U4N2ITZcuoY-00306-00207432-00207784 what has been going on since the discovery of the Higgs boson. Because, I guess, U4N2ITZcuoY-00307-00207784-00208112 for centuries, people were just looking for that particle? But now that we have it, U4N2ITZcuoY-00308-00208112-00208440 I guess, there's a whole lot of new science that can be done with it? U4N2ITZcuoY-00309-00208440-00209280 DD: Exactly. So I mean, in, like, the discovery was in 2012, right, back then, what was important U4N2ITZcuoY-00310-00209280-00210080 is to measure the cross-section, was to prove that the Higgs boson exists, and now, or, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00311-00210080-00210736 since then, we have been concentrating on trying to understand the properties of this particle U4N2ITZcuoY-00312-00210736-00211632 better and better. And like, one important milestone is, for example, to determine the spin, U4N2ITZcuoY-00313-00211728-00212384 right, to make sure that it is, actually, it's spin 0 particle. Because, if we would have found U4N2ITZcuoY-00314-00212384-00212832 that the spin is different, right, then it would be obvious that this is actually not, U4N2ITZcuoY-00315-00212896-00213384 like, a Higgs boson but this is something completely different. Which would be exciting, U4N2ITZcuoY-00316-00213448-00214071 right, but it wouldn't would not have helped with, like, finding out whether U4N2ITZcuoY-00317-00214071-00214919 there's a Higgs boson or whether this process of electric symmetry breaking does exist or not. U4N2ITZcuoY-00318-00214919-00215584 J: Okay. So do people in particle physics think in “before the Higgs”, U4N2ITZcuoY-00319-00215584-00216448 “after the Higgs”? Is it, like, yeah, “era before the Higgs”, “after the Higgs”? U4N2ITZcuoY-00320-00216448-00217240 DD: This is difficult to answer. But I mean, I guess, so maybe not like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00321-00217480-00218271 maybe not directly, but, like, the field has changed since the discovery, right. So I mean, U4N2ITZcuoY-00322-00218496-00219128 there was, of course, not a guarantee that the Higgs exists, right. So the LHC U4N2ITZcuoY-00323-00219232-00220088 was like designed to be a discovery machine, right. So yeah. So a large fraction U4N2ITZcuoY-00324-00220319-00221104 of the person power inside of the ATLAS collaboration has changed their focus U4N2ITZcuoY-00325-00221104-00221736 since then, right. So before it was like a search for the Higgs boson and now that it's found, U4N2ITZcuoY-00326-00221800-00222432 like, the approach to dealing with it is different. And U4N2ITZcuoY-00327-00222576-00223296 with the discovery of the Higgs boson, there have been, of course, like many new opportunities, U4N2ITZcuoY-00328-00223440-00224296 now, to, like, conduct research. So like, there are, of course, a lot of assumptions by, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00329-00224296-00225000 theorists, a lot of ideas and, like, a lot of these ideas, basically, are based on the fact U4N2ITZcuoY-00330-00225000-00225488 that this Higgs boson has a special role in the standard model. And so people are thinking, “okay, U4N2ITZcuoY-00331-00225488-00226319 if the Higgs boson has a special role in the standard motor, then it probably also U4N2ITZcuoY-00332-00226319-00227136 has a special role in like theories that go beyond the standard model”, right. Saying, I mean, so, U4N2ITZcuoY-00333-00227136-00227744 like, the point here is that the standard model doesn't describe all phenomena seen in nature, U4N2ITZcuoY-00334-00227808-00228328 right. So we know that the standard model, although it's a great theory, that predicts, that U4N2ITZcuoY-00335-00228328-00229016 gives, like, very precise prediction, it doesn't describe everything in nature, right. So like, one U4N2ITZcuoY-00336-00229016-00229976 thing that we already covered is gravity. Others are, like, dark matter, right, from astrophysics, U4N2ITZcuoY-00337-00229976-00230616 we know that there are strong indications for the existence of dark matter and so, U4N2ITZcuoY-00338-00230832-00231504 now, we need to understand: does dark matter exist and if so what what is the exact nature of the U4N2ITZcuoY-00339-00231567-00232271 dark matter? Other things is that we, in our universe, there's significantly more U4N2ITZcuoY-00340-00232271-00233480 matter than anti-matter. And the question is: how did this happen? Because we assume, we U4N2ITZcuoY-00341-00233560-00234192 think we're pretty sure that matter and antimatter was, should have been produced U4N2ITZcuoY-00342-00234319-00234896 in the early universe with the exact same rate, unless there's actually, like, a mechanism that, U4N2ITZcuoY-00343-00234967-00235704 like, suppresses the production of antimatter, right. And so now, these, beyond the standard U4N2ITZcuoY-00344-00235704-00236448 model theories attempt to explain these phenomena that we see. And a lot of people think that the U4N2ITZcuoY-00345-00236448-00237016 Higgs boson actually plays an important role in these, beyond this standard model, U4N2ITZcuoY-00346-00237016-00237471 or in these processes that would explain these open questions of the standard model, U4N2ITZcuoY-00347-00237584-00238208 right. So the Higgs boson could be, for example, a portal to dark matter. Basically, like, Higgs U4N2ITZcuoY-00348-00238208-00238919 boson could decay also to dark matter, while other particles would not interact with dark matter. U4N2ITZcuoY-00349-00238919-00239367 J: Yeah, that kind of makes sense, right, because we know about dark matter that it has some mass. U4N2ITZcuoY-00350-00239464-00239944 But it doesn't really interact with anything else, otherwise, we probably would have found it, or U4N2ITZcuoY-00351-00239944-00240416 rarely interacts with… makes sense to look for it in that, kind of, channel, U4N2ITZcuoY-00352-00240416-00240984 like, connected to the Higgs field and Higgs boson… yeah, that sounds logical. U4N2ITZcuoY-00353-00240984-00241823 DD: So there are then extensions of the Higgs sector. So, I mean, the Higgs mechanism, as it is, U4N2ITZcuoY-00354-00241888-00242552 was, like, introduced as, like, a minimalistic mathematical approach, basically. U4N2ITZcuoY-00355-00242608-00243240 But I mean, in fact, we see in nature, that not necessarily everything is, like, minimalistic, U4N2ITZcuoY-00356-00243296-00244071 right. So matter, for example, is, exists in different so-called generations, right. U4N2ITZcuoY-00357-00244071-00244728 We have the electron with the muon, which is, basically, like a heavy version of the electron, U4N2ITZcuoY-00358-00244728-00245304 and we have a tau lepton, which is then, like, even more heavy than the electron and the muon, U4N2ITZcuoY-00359-00245367-00245688 right. And so it could be that they are also, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00360-00245832-00246671 yeah, heavy versions of fixed bosons, right, and a non-minimalistic approach of this Higgs mechanism, U4N2ITZcuoY-00361-00246760-00247519 right. And in these, kind of, non-minimalistic approaches, we have good candidates to explain U4N2ITZcuoY-00362-00247671-00248240 where these sources for the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter are coming from. U4N2ITZcuoY-00363-00248240-00249080 J: Okay. So then, you now, you mentioned that that is part of your work to look for these heavy U4N2ITZcuoY-00364-00249136-00249384 Higgs boson brothers or sisters? U4N2ITZcuoY-00365-00249648-00250480 So is it that you only look for new particles that are proposed by some theorists or do you U4N2ITZcuoY-00366-00250480-00250940 also just, like, blindly look at your data and look for signatures that you cannot explain? U4N2ITZcuoY-00367-00250940-00251623 DD: Both is done. And I think this is the right approach - that we do both. So we follow, U4N2ITZcuoY-00368-00251680-00252423 relative strongly, with some analysis efforts, what theorists predict, what theorists tell us to U4N2ITZcuoY-00369-00252423-00253432 look for. But there are also, like, search efforts that, basically, do model independent searches, U4N2ITZcuoY-00370-00253432-00254240 just searching for exotic signatures, like signatures with, like, a large number of leptons, U4N2ITZcuoY-00371-00254400-00255392 signatures with a large number of hadronic activity, or, like, combining those. U4N2ITZcuoY-00372-00255564-00256684 J: Okay. So what are the plans for the future? For the LHC and, like, what are the next steps? U4N2ITZcuoY-00373-00256684-00257519 DD: so the, I mean, we will of course continue, like, the searches for new heavy particles, U4N2ITZcuoY-00374-00257519-00258344 right. The more statistics we collect, the more sensitive we get to higher and higher masses, U4N2ITZcuoY-00375-00258344-00259128 right. So there is a quite large kinematic range that we need to cover and we are only getting now U4N2ITZcuoY-00376-00259128-00259728 or, like, we get gradually more and more sensitive to higher and higher masses, right. So U4N2ITZcuoY-00377-00259967-00260448 yeah, I mean, of course, we don't know where the new physics is hiding and U4N2ITZcuoY-00378-00260544-00261112 we need to keep looking for the needle in the haystack. At the same time, there will be U4N2ITZcuoY-00379-00261304-00262080 measurements of fixed boson properties that we are not sensitive to yet but that we will be sensitive U4N2ITZcuoY-00380-00262080-00262984 to later. Like, one important aspect is the coupling strength of the Higgs boson to itself. U4N2ITZcuoY-00381-00263184-00264200 And so we will be sensitive to these, to this parameter, this property of the Higgs boson U4N2ITZcuoY-00382-00264320-00265464 only by the end of the LHC runtime, so at some point in 2030-2040. So still a long way to go. U4N2ITZcuoY-00383-00265464-00265896 J: Yeah, so what does this self coupling exactly mean? U4N2ITZcuoY-00384-00265896-00266616 DD: So, basically, the strength with the with which the Higgs boson coupled to itself, U4N2ITZcuoY-00385-00266680-00267024 so basically, the rate with which you produce U4N2ITZcuoY-00386-00267168-00267952 Higgs boson events, where you have, like, two Higgs bosons being produced at the same time. U4N2ITZcuoY-00387-00267952-00268320 J: Okay. And that U4N2ITZcuoY-00388-00268464-00268930 is another, just an information that you need about the Higgs boson to understand it better? U4N2ITZcuoY-00389-00268930-00269768 DD: So actually, yeah, I think the question is, of course, how technical we should we should get here U4N2ITZcuoY-00390-00269768-00270768 with our discussions, how deep we want to dive into the math. So the point is that, like, for the U4N2ITZcuoY-00391-00270768-00271784 Higgs mechanism, in order to explain that, you also need to, like, formulate a lagrangian U4N2ITZcuoY-00392-00272088-00272536 to describe the kinematics of the Higgs boson and, basically, also the potential U4N2ITZcuoY-00393-00272688-00273464 of the Higgs boson. Now, the potential is, like, very important in this context, in this process. U4N2ITZcuoY-00394-00273664-00274600 Because in order to obtain or to describe the spontaneous symmetry breaking that is U4N2ITZcuoY-00395-00274600-00275288 important for the Higgs mechanism, for the process of electronic symmetry breaking, you U4N2ITZcuoY-00396-00275288-00276000 kind of need the so-called mexican head structure. The only way to confirm the shape U4N2ITZcuoY-00397-00276000-00276696 of the Higgs boson potential is by measuring the self-coupling strength of the Higgs boson. U4N2ITZcuoY-00398-00276696-00276932 J: Okay, okay. U4N2ITZcuoY-00399-00276932-00277712 DD: So in order to verify, really, the process of electroweak symmetry breaking, like, U4N2ITZcuoY-00400-00277712-00278432 in order to verify the Higgs mechanism itself, you need to measure this self-coupling strength. U4N2ITZcuoY-00401-00278432-00279032 J: Okay, so it's still part of the theory that is not confirmed yet? U4N2ITZcuoY-00402-00279032-00279136 DD: Exactly, yeah. U4N2ITZcuoY-00403-00279136-00279624 J: And you will only get there in 10 years or so, 10 to 20 years? U4N2ITZcuoY-00404-00279624-00280016 DD: Yeah. And with, like, lots and lots of more data. U4N2ITZcuoY-00405-00280016-00280248 J: Yeah. So that's a long way to go. U4N2ITZcuoY-00406-00280248-00280364 DD: Yeah. U4N2ITZcuoY-00407-00280364-00281480 J: But also good to have a plan, I guess. So what would be your wish would be the next particle U4N2ITZcuoY-00408-00281480-00281824 that you could find, at least? If you could wish it for it? U4N2ITZcuoY-00409-00281824-00282552 DD: I want heavy additional Higgs bosons. That I think would be the most exciting thing to find. U4N2ITZcuoY-00410-00282552-00282856 J: To explain this antimatter-matter imbalance? U4N2ITZcuoY-00411-00282976-00283528 DD: Yeah, but actually it would explain quite other things as well. U4N2ITZcuoY-00412-00283584-00283996 This is one of the examples that could be explained by additional Higgs bosons. U4N2ITZcuoY-00413-00283996-00284504 J: Okay, well then, fingers crossed. I wish you all the best U4N2ITZcuoY-00414-00284568-00285056 for finding that and yes, thank you so much for taking the time for this episode! U4N2ITZcuoY-00415-00285056-00285200 DD: Thanks, it was my pleasure! U4N2ITZcuoY-00416-00285644-00285744 J: U4N2ITZcuoY-00417-00285744-00286160 That's it, thank you so much for listening. If you want to learn more about the Higgs boson, U4N2ITZcuoY-00418-00286160-00286408 the ATLAS detector, or the large hadron collider, U4N2ITZcuoY-00419-00286408-00287184 feel free to check out the website of the max black institute for physics. Until next time, bye! U4N2ITZcuoY-00420-00287280-00287664 Offspring Magazine the Podcast is brought to you by the Max Planck PhDnet Science U4N2ITZcuoY-00421-00287664-00288096 Communication Group, known as the Offspring magazine. The intro-, outro- music is composed U4N2ITZcuoY-00422-00288096-00288480 by Srinath Rankumar. And the pre-intro jingle is composed by Gustavo Carrizo. U4N2ITZcuoY-00423-00288536-00288808 Give any feedback, comments, or suggestions, please feel free to U4N2ITZcuoY-00424-00288808-00290536 write us at Offspring.podcast@phdnet.mpg.de. Until next week! Stay safe, stay healthy, bye! U4TxpUEAYDc-00000-00000600-00001040 welcome in this lesson we're going to go through the fly me to the moon guitar chords specifically U4TxpUEAYDc-00001-00001040-00001704 with walking bass lines so this is a jazz guitar walking bass plus chords arrangement tutorial of U4TxpUEAYDc-00002-00001704-00002128 fly me to the moon this is the third lesson in a little series that i'm doing about how to play U4TxpUEAYDc-00003-00002128-00002568 jazz guitar walking bass lines and chords at the same time there's a link in the description U4TxpUEAYDc-00004-00002568-00002952 if you want to go to a playlist where all the videos are in one place for this whole series U4TxpUEAYDc-00005-00002952-00003336 in the first two lessons we just went over some of the basics for how to get started with this stuff U4TxpUEAYDc-00006-00003336-00003752 how to do it with certain types of progressions and how to do it with vamping on a single chord U4TxpUEAYDc-00007-00003752-00004072 so if you're interested in the topic in general check those out but you don't have U4TxpUEAYDc-00008-00004072-00004536 to have seen those to benefit from this lesson because we're just specifically going through U4TxpUEAYDc-00009-00004536-00005000 exactly an arrangement of how to play walking bass lines with chords for fly me to the moon i'm going U4TxpUEAYDc-00010-00005000-00005440 to walk you through note for note exactly what i'm doing with the bass line exactly what chord shapes U4TxpUEAYDc-00011-00005440-00005944 to use when and where and how and so if you just want that arrangement you're in the right place U4TxpUEAYDc-00012-00006608-00007016 first we're going to go through exactly the notes that i want you to use just for the walking bass U4TxpUEAYDc-00013-00007016-00007528 line over the whole tune of fly me to the moon then we're gonna add a root position chord shape U4TxpUEAYDc-00014-00007528-00007984 to throw in every time a chord changes every time you're playing the root with the bass line U4TxpUEAYDc-00015-00007984-00008408 and there's a new chord we're gonna play a chord shape on top of playing the bass line then we're U4TxpUEAYDc-00016-00008408-00008864 gonna add a second chord shape that we can add on beat three of every measure when the bass U4TxpUEAYDc-00017-00008864-00009432 line isn't necessarily on the root so we'll talk about why and how and what exact shapes to use and U4TxpUEAYDc-00018-00009432-00009848 then we'll have the whole walking bass line plus a chord shape to play on beat one and a chord shape U4TxpUEAYDc-00019-00009848-00010296 to play on beat three of every measure throughout the arrangement and lastly i will then demonstrate U4TxpUEAYDc-00020-00010296-00010736 the whole arrangement while singing the melody and the lyrics just so you can hear how this U4TxpUEAYDc-00021-00010736-00011200 all comes together in the context of the actual song if you want to skip straight to that example U4TxpUEAYDc-00022-00011200-00011616 to see how it sounds you can go to the timestamp that is listed on the screen here or just go down U4TxpUEAYDc-00023-00011616-00012784 to the description and click on the link with the timestamp is listed in the outline of the lesson U4TxpUEAYDc-00024-00012856-00013296 i'm jared borkowski from soundguitarlessons.com on this channel i talk a ton about music theory U4TxpUEAYDc-00025-00013296-00013847 and mapping out the fretboard and creating guitar arrangements and some jazz guitar some solo guitar U4TxpUEAYDc-00026-00013847-00014360 some practice strategies all designed to help us get more creative control over music so we U4TxpUEAYDc-00027-00014360-00014816 can express ourselves more freely if you're new here welcome and please subscribe and hit the U4TxpUEAYDc-00028-00014816-00015240 bell so you don't miss new lessons okay first let's just go over the exact bass line that i U4TxpUEAYDc-00029-00015240-00015736 want you to play what i have here is the chords on the screen just a lead sheet of the chords U4TxpUEAYDc-00030-00015736-00016440 that i just created from the ireal pro app and i wrote the numbers underneath each U4TxpUEAYDc-00031-00016440-00016840 measure there the scale degree numbers or you can think of them as chord tone numbers U4TxpUEAYDc-00032-00016920-00017352 based off of the root of each chord those are the notes i want you to play for the bass line so U4TxpUEAYDc-00033-00017352-00017680 this is just an arrangement there's going to be many options one could play for U4TxpUEAYDc-00034-00017680-00018104 a bass line just in the same way that if someone played a solo there's many many ways you can U4TxpUEAYDc-00035-00018104-00018520 create different melodies over a certain chord from a certain scale but this is just a really U4TxpUEAYDc-00036-00018520-00018888 straightforward way that i want you to think of it and i'm doing this very much on purpose for U4TxpUEAYDc-00037-00018888-00019424 you because if i just gave you tab of this if i just told you here's exactly what notes to play U4TxpUEAYDc-00038-00019504-00019936 what frets to play and you just kind of learn it physically on the fretboard you're going to miss U4TxpUEAYDc-00039-00019992-00020624 the whole massive benefit a huge point that i want to get across with this lesson one is U4TxpUEAYDc-00040-00020624-00021032 yes it'd be cool to just be able to play it so that's one thing but i very much want you to U4TxpUEAYDc-00041-00021032-00021688 think of be able to um and have to have to work your way through this theory information so does U4TxpUEAYDc-00042-00021688-00022168 it take a little longer to learn maybe if you don't know that stuff but it is so worth it i U4TxpUEAYDc-00043-00022168-00022912 promise you so one two flat three five we want to say okay from a minor from the root of a where's U4TxpUEAYDc-00044-00022912-00023368 1 where's 2 where's flat 3 where's 5. i'm not telling you what frets to play them because you U4TxpUEAYDc-00045-00023368-00023760 can really play them anywhere as long as you're playing that correct scale degree or that correct U4TxpUEAYDc-00046-00023824-00024312 chord tone the lines are just what direction you go the line above two above three above five or U4TxpUEAYDc-00047-00024312-00024944 below it's do you go up or down from where you were before so we start on one which is just a and U4TxpUEAYDc-00048-00024944-00025512 then you're going to go up to two up to flat three up to five from there and then if we kept going to U4TxpUEAYDc-00049-00025512-00026064 d minor there you're gonna go down the line is below you go down to one you're gonna go down U4TxpUEAYDc-00050-00026064-00026783 to flat seven of d down to six of d down to five of d so if you don't know your theory in that way U4TxpUEAYDc-00051-00026880-00027639 this is a huge kind of indicator of how valuable that can be and how and really just want to tell U4TxpUEAYDc-00052-00027639-00028208 you it's so worth working on that right i highly highly recommend taking however long it takes to U4TxpUEAYDc-00053-00028208-00028600 start to understand that stuff that's when you're going to really have that freedom U4TxpUEAYDc-00054-00028600-00029127 over music in the way that we want to rather than just like i don't know i learned this arrangement U4TxpUEAYDc-00055-00029127-00029592 and it sounds good but i'm not really sure what's going on within within the music so then we go to U4TxpUEAYDc-00056-00029592-00030127 g and the root and then we go to two three five okay now we're on c major seven one U4TxpUEAYDc-00057-00030127-00030600 goes down to one goes up to two goes up to three goes up to five now again it doesn't matter where U4TxpUEAYDc-00058-00030600-00031095 you play this but i want you to i want you to only play on the sixth and fifth string for now U4TxpUEAYDc-00059-00031168-00031527 and really for this whole arrangement just play bass lines on the sixth and fifth string U4TxpUEAYDc-00060-00031527-00032048 and then when we add chord shapes in later that'll force you to play to land on certain U4TxpUEAYDc-00061-00032048-00032336 places to play the chord shapes when you're just doing the bass line do them anywhere and if you U4TxpUEAYDc-00062-00032336-00032784 have to change that later for the arrangement with the chord shapes totally fine okay so we just did U4TxpUEAYDc-00063-00032784-00033488 c major we're on the five we're going down to one of f seven of f six of f five of f etc so i U4TxpUEAYDc-00064-00033488-00034496 have one of b half diminished flat three flat five back to flat three one of e flat seven five down U4TxpUEAYDc-00065-00034496-00035080 to three one you can hear it really connecting all right one two one three one flat seven six U4TxpUEAYDc-00066-00035568-00036352 this spot is really cool one of c three of c one of f flat seven of f one of e minor uh e minor U4TxpUEAYDc-00067-00036352-00036792 seven flat five of e minor seven even though flat five isn't in the chord that's okay we're using it U4TxpUEAYDc-00068-00036792-00037568 as an approach tone to a seven and then three of a seven so and then just to make it a little cleaner U4TxpUEAYDc-00069-00037568-00038056 and easier to look at i put just put those little quotation marks to say play what was previously U4TxpUEAYDc-00070-00038056-00038544 you know already done so the d minor seven to g you can just look above and say oh one flat seven U4TxpUEAYDc-00071-00038544-00039312 six five one two three five it's just saying play what was um done already one seven one uh U4TxpUEAYDc-00072-00039584-00039928 now i'm just kind of um i'm just going to demonstrate through it now U4TxpUEAYDc-00073-00040000-00040560 uh and i do want to say no everything's pretty clear here i guess i was going to U4TxpUEAYDc-00074-00040560-00041040 say the d minor and the d minor 7 and the g7 at the very bottom the very bottom line the first U4TxpUEAYDc-00075-00041040-00041560 two measures of that bottom line that d minor 7 and g7 the quotes there i should probably U4TxpUEAYDc-00076-00041560-00042112 write in the notes those should mimic the d minor 7 and g7 on the third line otherwise U4TxpUEAYDc-00077-00042112-00042456 everything is totally straightforward you can just think of it the way i talked about U4TxpUEAYDc-00078-00042456-00042920 it you know when you go back to the b section and it's showing the quotes it's just saying U4TxpUEAYDc-00079-00042920-00043408 we already played this stuff those eight measures are the same as the first state measures okay so i U4TxpUEAYDc-00080-00043408-00043776 hope that makes sense just didn't want it to be too crowded with all those numbers you can just U4TxpUEAYDc-00081-00043776-00044096 start to get familiar with playing the same thing again so if i just kind of demonstrate through U4TxpUEAYDc-00082-00044448-00044984 one two three U4TxpUEAYDc-00083-00046280-00046624 okay so i already played that stuff um i i don't demonstrate the whole thing U4TxpUEAYDc-00084-00046624-00046928 through you get the idea you totally get how this works now U4TxpUEAYDc-00085-00046928-00047448 so let's go on to the second phase and just to reiterate one more time if to get to that point U4TxpUEAYDc-00086-00047448-00047992 to play them through you have to go through a whole process of figuring out whoa how do i even U4TxpUEAYDc-00087-00048056-00048536 find those numbers then that's good that's the place that i want you to be that's what's going to U4TxpUEAYDc-00088-00048536-00048944 rocket you forward in your knowledge and your skill level and kind of a gap that U4TxpUEAYDc-00089-00048944-00049384 we we want to fill in to be able to do this stuff if you don't know where to start to learn that U4TxpUEAYDc-00090-00049384-00049920 stuff check out my music theory series it's like a chord and harmony theories on the guitar super U4TxpUEAYDc-00091-00049920-00050552 thorough and deep 26 lessons long i put a ton of work into it totally just a free youtube playlist U4TxpUEAYDc-00092-00050552-00050984 i'll put a link to that in that playlist in the description so if you need to study your theory U4TxpUEAYDc-00093-00050984-00051455 and figure out how do i find those numbers on chords everything will be there for you in that U4TxpUEAYDc-00094-00051455-00051991 series okay phase two i have another version here where now we added chord shapes in and U4TxpUEAYDc-00095-00051991-00052391 you see the little blue highlight on beat one of every measure that just means where that beat is U4TxpUEAYDc-00096-00052391-00052791 that's when we're playing the chord shape that is listed so i'm giving you the exact chord shape and U4TxpUEAYDc-00097-00052791-00053272 it shows you know what fret position to be on for that chord shape so that chord shape is what we U4TxpUEAYDc-00098-00053272-00053784 need for each chord change so every time a chord changes on the beat that it changes we're gonna U4TxpUEAYDc-00099-00053784-00054312 play that chord shape and the bass line remains the same as it was before so again you might have U4TxpUEAYDc-00100-00054312-00054767 to change where you play the bassline because you need that note to be lined up with the spot that U4TxpUEAYDc-00101-00054767-00055384 the chord shape is is um listed on the fretboard so you'll be fine figuring that out i'm sure just U4TxpUEAYDc-00102-00055384-00055864 let me know if you have questions in the comments but let me address that we want to add the chords U4TxpUEAYDc-00103-00055920-00056240 in the end we want to add them in a few ways you can play the chord right on the beat U4TxpUEAYDc-00104-00056776-00057079 that kind of thing you can add the chord as the upbeat U4TxpUEAYDc-00105-00057079-00057696 this is stuff i went over in the this stuff i went over in the first two lessons in this series but U4TxpUEAYDc-00106-00057976-00058279 you don't have to watch those to kind of get this down U4TxpUEAYDc-00107-00058367-00058696 so i'm doing kind of an up punch of the chord on the upbeat right after the chord U4TxpUEAYDc-00108-00058696-00059079 changes and the other one is combining those two i call that a double punch U4TxpUEAYDc-00109-00059424-00059784 and then just i just do a combination of those at however i feel it how U4TxpUEAYDc-00110-00059784-00060144 however i want to just that's the variety that we're going through so U4TxpUEAYDc-00111-00060224-00060855 i'm gonna just kind of play through this slowly we have that shape and then two three five d minor U4TxpUEAYDc-00112-00060855-00061936 shape flat seven six five one shape two three five one two three five one shape seven six uh U4TxpUEAYDc-00113-00062000-00063184 five shape flat three flat five flat three one it's hard to say it while i'm doing it two U4TxpUEAYDc-00114-00064055-00064584 okay so that's the idea U4TxpUEAYDc-00115-00065224-00065808 pretty cool right it's pretty full sounding but we still are going to do a third phase here that's U4TxpUEAYDc-00116-00065808-00066328 what i want you to kind of understand you can jump straight to the third phase once you understand U4TxpUEAYDc-00117-00066328-00066728 this stuff but i'm building it up one by one to say just let's make sure we understand what the U4TxpUEAYDc-00118-00066728-00067248 baseline is let's understand how to add the chords that just have the root position the root position U4TxpUEAYDc-00119-00067248-00067648 chords and then we're going to add another voicing of a chord on beat three on those measures where U4TxpUEAYDc-00120-00067704-00068216 there's not a chord change every two beats and that's where it really gets kind of bigger and U4TxpUEAYDc-00121-00068216-00068648 more advanced sounding so here it is here's that arrangement now you see the highlighted blue U4TxpUEAYDc-00122-00068728-00069216 notes on the exact chord tones that we want to play those chords so it's just every beat one and U4TxpUEAYDc-00123-00069216-00069688 every beat three right so you see one flat three um on the first measure there where the chords U4TxpUEAYDc-00124-00069688-00070104 happen and the one and the six on the second measure there where the chords happen and then U4TxpUEAYDc-00125-00070104-00070784 the shapes themselves just the exact shapes that i want you to play let me describe let me explain U4TxpUEAYDc-00126-00070784-00071240 these shapes real quick um you have that first shape and then you have two and you have flat U4TxpUEAYDc-00127-00071240-00071688 three and then you have this chord shape off of flat three so that's how you want to let's say you U4TxpUEAYDc-00128-00071688-00072104 want to think of if you're like okay i know that i'm playing flat three and then okay that chord U4TxpUEAYDc-00129-00072104-00072584 shape there and it shows also that it's seventh fret position lined up with the seventh fret there U4TxpUEAYDc-00130-00072584-00073208 i'm like that's the shape i wanna play uh if you want to know the theory of that um check out the U4TxpUEAYDc-00131-00073208-00073632 video the previous video in this series but you don't have to know that to just get this down but U4TxpUEAYDc-00132-00073632-00074104 i will just explain that it's either an inversion like this is the flat three on the bottom U4TxpUEAYDc-00133-00074104-00074592 of a voicing of a minor so it's a first inversion a minor triad that this particular shape is U4TxpUEAYDc-00134-00074592-00075024 the second shape on the sheet so it's either going to be that or it's going to be something U4TxpUEAYDc-00135-00075120-00075616 where it's looks like a chord shape let's go ahead and go to that d minor flat 7 6. U4TxpUEAYDc-00136-00075752-00076248 it looks like a chord shape that if you know some of your seventh chord voicings this fourth chord U4TxpUEAYDc-00137-00076248-00076880 on the sheet here where it says second fret off of the six of d minor that looks like a root position U4TxpUEAYDc-00138-00076880-00077360 half diminished chord because that shape is a root position half diminished chord but i'm using U4TxpUEAYDc-00139-00077360-00077832 it because the six is the note in the bass line and then above that those three notes are just U4TxpUEAYDc-00140-00077832-00078496 a d minor triad so really if we wanted to label it kind of theoretically and be super specific U4TxpUEAYDc-00141-00078496-00079040 this is a an inversion of d minor six it has a minor triad and then a six on the bottom you U4TxpUEAYDc-00142-00079040-00079520 do not have to understand all that stuff for this but it's great to um if you want to make U4TxpUEAYDc-00143-00079520-00079872 your own bass lines it's great to start going down the road of understanding that stuff again U4TxpUEAYDc-00144-00079872-00080512 check out the other video the other two videos in the series um so i'll go to g7 two three U4TxpUEAYDc-00145-00080512-00081216 oh interesting that same voicing on beat three of the g7 measure it's that half diminished U4TxpUEAYDc-00146-00081216-00081776 shape again but now it's functioning as the um a rootless nine voicing U4TxpUEAYDc-00147-00081872-00082576 of g7 and that's the third in the base then this is the flat seven and this is the nine this is the U4TxpUEAYDc-00148-00082576-00083144 five so um lots of stuff if you're overwhelmed by that um just take it in as like okay that's U4TxpUEAYDc-00149-00083144-00083576 a direction to go if you're interested in it that theory series that i did will fill in a lot of it U4TxpUEAYDc-00150-00083576-00084032 and then the the other videos in this series will fill in some of that too um i specifically have U4TxpUEAYDc-00151-00084032-00084552 a rootless chords voicings uh video i'll link to that specifically in the description if you want U4TxpUEAYDc-00152-00084552-00085144 to know more about that let's just kind of move on just know that every voicing is voicing really U4TxpUEAYDc-00153-00085144-00085624 of each chord just with without the root on the bottom and maybe with an extension or something so U4TxpUEAYDc-00154-00085624-00086112 this is another example of that we have c major seven and we're going one two three this is just U4TxpUEAYDc-00155-00086112-00086624 the fourth measure of the page one two three and then that voicing there is this is just a typical U4TxpUEAYDc-00156-00086624-00087280 root position minor seven voicing but i'm using it as c major seven with a nine so if you broke U4TxpUEAYDc-00157-00087280-00087664 down the theory of that you would see that this is the three of c major seven this is U4TxpUEAYDc-00158-00087664-00088344 the s the major seven of c major seven this is the nine of c major seven this is the five right U4TxpUEAYDc-00159-00088344-00089224 so it's a handy just simple way we're playing the chord shape that's just a third up in the key uh U4TxpUEAYDc-00160-00089296-00089600 if c major is the key for a moment or even if it's the U4TxpUEAYDc-00161-00089712-00090032 fourth chord in the key or the first chord in the key what is the chord that's U4TxpUEAYDc-00162-00090032-00090400 three notes up is it one way to think of it there's a lot of ways to think of it so U4TxpUEAYDc-00163-00090472-00090952 now i'll just kind of go through a little more just for physically what to be playing so we're U4TxpUEAYDc-00164-00090952-00091712 going five off of c major seven then we land on one of f major seven seven six great example of U4TxpUEAYDc-00165-00091712-00092200 just that's the six in the bass and then the top three notes are just an f major triad that's why U4TxpUEAYDc-00166-00092200-00093128 that works okay then we're going down to five of f and now b half diminished flat three voicing off U4TxpUEAYDc-00167-00093128-00093680 of the flat five of b half diminished etc you get the idea so now it's really just a matter U4TxpUEAYDc-00168-00093904-00094504 of getting the feel and the technique down and practicing U4TxpUEAYDc-00169-00094504-00094928 it this way so again if you wanted to play this arrangement exactly awesome go for it U4TxpUEAYDc-00170-00095040-00095552 but um i it's going to be great to have to study it from this sheet instead of just tabs U4TxpUEAYDc-00171-00095552-00095912 where your hands learn it because then you're really thinking what what number am i on why U4TxpUEAYDc-00172-00095912-00096784 is it that shape you know that kind of thing so two three i'm on g75 see i love this part U4TxpUEAYDc-00173-00097992-00098184 because it's repeating U4TxpUEAYDc-00174-00099536-00099952 this is my favorite part here this d minor seven i just love this U4TxpUEAYDc-00175-00100800-00101160 ah awesome and then we're finishing it off here U4TxpUEAYDc-00176-00101528-00102000 so i wrote in a c69 voicing as kind of an ending chord i like to play that voicing U4TxpUEAYDc-00177-00102216-00102704 off these three different places c69 there c69 there if you take away the U4TxpUEAYDc-00178-00102704-00103240 bottom notes also a voicing of c69 and then that same shape an octave up i got U4TxpUEAYDc-00179-00103240-00103783 that from a chet atkins arrangement um a long time ago he ends the song like that U4TxpUEAYDc-00180-00104008-00104208 okay just to demonstrate now i'm just going to go ahead and play U4TxpUEAYDc-00181-00104208-00104559 the exact arrangement as i kind of walked through and explained U4TxpUEAYDc-00182-00104559-00105183 and i'm going to sing the melody over it so we can hear it in the context of the real tune U4TxpUEAYDc-00183-00105728-00106583 let me see what spring is U4TxpUEAYDc-00184-00107848-00108328 fill my heart with song and let me see forevermore U4TxpUEAYDc-00185-00108544-00109383 you are all i long for all i worship and adore another word U4TxpUEAYDc-00186-00110640-00110920 if you want to go deeper with fly me to the moon and also learn how to play the melody U4TxpUEAYDc-00187-00110920-00111335 on the guitar with chords at the same time with a chord melody arrangement i have a free arrangement U4TxpUEAYDc-00188-00111335-00111792 of that that you can grab by using the link in the description and get a pdf of it question for U4TxpUEAYDc-00189-00111792-00112264 you what in this lesson helped fill in a little gap that you might be looking to work towards U4TxpUEAYDc-00190-00112264-00112792 in your playing was it maybe needing to understand the theory information of the bass lines with the U4TxpUEAYDc-00191-00112792-00113376 numbers uh following those scale degrees and chord tones or maybe it was how to add a chord in on the U4TxpUEAYDc-00192-00113376-00113800 third beat without the root on the bottom or any aspect of it let me know in the comments and if U4TxpUEAYDc-00193-00113800-00114200 you genuinely liked this lesson please hit that like button it really helps out the channel and U4TxpUEAYDc-00194-00114200-00114583 helps other people find the material that they're looking for so they can keep progressing on the U4TxpUEAYDc-00195-00114583-00115000 guitar i post a new lesson video every week next week i'm going to continue this walking bass U4TxpUEAYDc-00196-00115000-00115504 lines series and we're just going to have some fun i'm going to take the song no scrubs by tlc U4TxpUEAYDc-00197-00115504-00115935 kind of a hit r b song from the 90s and we're going to add walking bass lines to it and make a U4TxpUEAYDc-00198-00115935-00116328 little arrangement of it because now that we have this technique this idea of walking bass lines and U4TxpUEAYDc-00199-00116328-00116735 chords at the same time i don't want us to think that we have to kind of be in the box of jazz or U4TxpUEAYDc-00200-00116735-00117128 jazz repertoire just standards or jazz tunes like if we just have fun with it you can really do it U4TxpUEAYDc-00201-00117128-00117632 on any song so we're going to take that song and show how we can kind of make it our own do U4TxpUEAYDc-00202-00117632-00118080 something super unique that maybe has never been done before with that song and play around with U4TxpUEAYDc-00203-00118080-00118535 it that way it's going to be fun hope to see you there thanks so much take care happy practicing