Patients requiring emergent cesarean birth
Patients allergic to lidocaine or adhesive
Patients who have already received an epidural during this admission or requiring general anesthesia for cesarean birth
Patients using chronic oral neuromodulators
Patients with cardiac disease or using anti-arrhythmic agents
Patients with fibromyalgia or chronic pain syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or lupus.
Daily narcotic or opiate use for greater than the 2 months prior to enrollment in the study.

NCT03500211_exc_T1
Procedure
emergent cesarean birth
NCT03500211_exc_T2
Condition
allergic
NCT03500211_exc_T3
Drug
lidocaine
NCT03500211_exc_T4
Drug
adhesive
NCT03500211_exc_T5
Scope
lidocaine or adhesive
NCT03500211_exc_T6
Procedure
epidural
NCT03500211_exc_T7
Temporal
during this admission
NCT03500211_exc_T8
Mood
requiring
NCT03500211_exc_T9
Procedure
general anesthesia
NCT03500211_exc_T10
Procedure
cesarean birth
NCT03500211_exc_T11
Drug
chronic oral neuromodulators
NCT03500211_exc_T12
Drug
anti-arrhythmic agents
NCT03500211_exc_T13
Condition
cardiac disease
NCT03500211_exc_T14
Condition
fibromyalgia
NCT03500211_exc_T15
Condition
chronic pain syndromes
NCT03500211_exc_T16
Condition
rheumatoid arthritis
NCT03500211_exc_T17
Condition
osteoarthritis
NCT03500211_exc_T18
Condition
lupus
NCT03500211_exc_T19
Scope
rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or lupus
NCT03500211_exc_T20
Drug
narcotic
NCT03500211_exc_T21
Multiplier
Daily
NCT03500211_exc_T22
Drug
opiate
NCT03500211_exc_T23
Temporal
for greater than the 2 months prior to enrollment in the study
NCT03500211_exc_T24
Reference_point
enrollment in the study
NCT03500211_exc_T25
Scope
narcotic or opiate