Baseline cognitive deficits sufficient to make objective pain self-assessments unreliable in the estimation of the Study Investigators.
Immunocompromised subject
Coagulopathy
Severe liver and renal dysfunction
Preoperative neurological deficits
The dura damage during surgery
Inability to follow directions or comprehend the English language.
Females who are pregnant as determined by positive pregnancy test on or before the day of surgery.
Prisoners.
Patient refusal to provide informed consent.
Allergy to amide local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine) or opioid (fentanyl).

NCT03115151_exc_T2
Condition
Immunocompromised
NCT03115151_exc_T3
Condition
Coagulopathy
NCT03115151_exc_T4
Condition
er an function
Pr
NCT03115151_exc_T5
Condition
renal dysfunction
NCT03115151_exc_T6
Qualifier
Severe
NCT03115151_exc_T7
Scope
liver and renal dysfunction
NCT03115151_exc_T8
Condition
neurological deficits
NCT03115151_exc_T9
Qualifier
Preoperative
NCT03115151_exc_T10
Observation
dura damage
NCT03115151_exc_T11
Procedure
surgery
NCT03115151_exc_T14
Person
Prisoners
NCT03115151_exc_T16
Condition
Allergy
NCT03115151_exc_T17
Drug
amide local anesthetics
NCT03115151_exc_T18
Drug
lidocaine
NCT03115151_exc_T19
Drug
bupivacaine
NCT03115151_exc_T20
Drug
ropivacaine
NCT03115151_exc_T21
Drug
opioid
NCT03115151_exc_T22
Drug
fentanyl
NCT03115151_exc_T23
Scope
lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine
NCT03115151_exc_T24
Scope
amide local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine) or opioid (fentanyl).