The role of cytokines in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity32 @entity558 @entity12131 @entity1353 @entity565 @entity1426 @entity56 @entity112 @entity288
@entity12131 results from @entity32 triggered by an environmental allergen. Symptoms include wheezing, @entity1353 and cough, airway narrowing and/or hyperresponsiveness to several inhaled stimuli. Inflammation develops in a two-phase fashion. The first phase after exposure to the allergen consists of degranulation and release of both @entity112 and other stored preformed inflammatory mediators as well as newly synthesized ones, including cytokines, all of which increase mucus secretion and smooth muscle contraction. The second phase occurs later and lasts longer; it is due to different molecules: several cytokines and chemokines, @entity1426 derivatives, enzymes such as metalloproteinases and cell adhesion molecules. Cytokines are key players in the @entity32 in @entity565 @entity1 , but details on their role and interactions still remain undetermined. Recent evidence suggests that @entity56 is a multifaceted @entity558 actively controlled by effector as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs). T helper (Th) 2 cells and Th17 cells increase @entity32 , while Tregs are anti- inflammatory. Cytokines are involved in the development and activation of all T cell subpopulations. They are also involved directly or indirectly in most approaches to @entity565 treatment. Several cytokines have been tested as therapeutic targets and some of the currently used therapies like @entity288 , beta agonists and allergen immunotherapy affect cytokine production. The increased knowledge on cytokine interplay and lymphocyte subsets should generate new therapeutic strategies in the near future.
