Glyoxalase system in XXXX : structure, function, and physiology.

@entity14625 @entity73137 @entity462 @entity43540 @entity2041 @entity28165 @entity653 @entity70941 @entity18385 @entity23599 @entity73136 @entity23763 @entity73135 @entity53178 @entity375 @entity264
The glyoxalase system consists of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of @entity14625 ( @entity73135 ), a metabolite derived from glycolysis, with @entity2041 to @entity53178 , while glyoxalase II hydrolyses this @entity2041 thiolester to @entity23599 and @entity2041 . Since @entity14625 is toxic due to its high reactivity, the glyoxalase system is crucial to warrant the efficient metabolic flux of this reactive @entity264 . The budding @entity375 @entity375 has the sole gene ( @entity70941 ) encoding the structural gene for glyoxalase I. Meanwhile, this @entity375 has two isoforms of glyoxalase II encoded by @entity73136 and @entity73137 . The expression of @entity70941 is regulated by @entity18385 mitogen-activated protein kinase and @entity23763 / @entity28165 transcription factors under highly osmotic stress conditions. The physiological significance of @entity70941 expression in response to osmotic stress is to combat the increase in the levels of @entity14625 in cells during the production of @entity653 as a compatible osmolyte. Deficiency in @entity70941 in @entity375 causes pleiotropic phenotypes in terms of stress response, because the steady state level of @entity14625 increases in @entity70941 /\ cells thereby constitutively activating @entity43540 transcription factor. @entity43540 is crucial for oxidative stress response, although @entity14625 per se does not enhance the intracellular oxidation level in @entity375 , but it directly modifies @entity462 residues of @entity43540 that are critical for the nucleocytoplasmic localization of this b-ZIP transcription factor. Consequently, glyoxalase I can be defined as a negative regulator of @entity43540 through modulating the intracellular @entity14625 level.
