Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UV-radiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling in XXXX epidermal keratinocytes.

@entity16377 @entity1 @entity9135 @entity274 @entity620 @entity4284 @entity3963 @entity2041 @entity3089 @entity9601 @entity898 @entity3787 @entity273 @entity2196 @entity18159 @entity4675 @entity272 @entity224 @entity1366
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced oxidative stress has been implicated in various @entity272 . Here, we report the photoprotective effect of grape seed @entity16377 (GSPs) on UV-induced oxidative stress and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB signaling pathways using normal @entity1 epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Treatment of NHEK with GSPs inhibited UVB-induced @entity273 ( @entity274 ), lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage in NHEK and scavenged @entity3787 radicals and @entity224 anions in a cell-free system. GSPs also inhibited UVB-induced depletion of antioxidant defense components, such as @entity2041 peroxidase, @entity2196 , @entity224 dismutase, and @entity2041 . As UV-induced oxidative stress mediates activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways, we determined the effects of GSPs on these pathways. Treatment of NHEK with GSPs inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation of @entity1366 , @entity4675 , and @entity3963 proteins of the MAPK family at the various time points studied. As UV-induced @entity274 plays a major role in activation of MAPK proteins, NHEK were treated with @entity274 with or without GSPs and other known antioxidants, viz. @entity3089 , @entity9601 , @entity620 , and @entity898 . It was observed that @entity274 -induced phosphorylation of @entity1366 , @entity4675 , and @entity3963 was decreased by these antioxidants. Under identical conditions, GSPs also inhibited UVB-induced activation of NF-kappaB/ @entity9135 , which was mediated through inhibition of degradation and activation of @entity4284 and @entity18159 , respectively. Together, these results suggest that GSPs could be useful in the attenuation of UV-radiation-induced oxidative stress-mediated @entity272 in @entity1 skin.
