Cyanosis by XXXX in tadpoles of Cochranella granulosa (Anura: Centrolenidae).

@entity1568 @entity3961 @entity26 @entity3542 @entity1507 @entity519 @entity3104 @entity12757
Tadpoles inhabit generally well oxygenated rivers and streams, nevertheless they were found in areas with limited @entity26 availability inside the rivers. To assess this feature, I examined factors that influence centrolenid tadpole behaviour using Cochranella granulosa. The tadpoles were reared in well-oxygenated and @entity519 environments and their development, survivorship and growth were compared. The tadpoles in oxygenated water acquired a pale color, while tadpoles in @entity519 water grew faster and were bright red and more active. In the oxygenated water, the @entity3104 , which had its origin in the tadpoles' urine and feces, was oxidized to @entity1507 . In contrast, in the @entity519 treatment, the @entity1568 compounds remained mainly as @entity3104 . Presumably, the @entity1507 in oxygenated water was secondarily reduced to @entity3542 inside the long intestine coils, because all symptoms in the tadpoles point to @entity12757 , which can occur when the @entity3542 passes through the intestine wall into the bloodstream, transforming the hemoglobin into @entity3961 . This could be checked by a blood test where the percentage of @entity3961 was 2.3% in the blood of tadpoles reared in @entity519 , while there was a 19.3% level of @entity3961 in the blood of tadpoles reared in oxygenated water. Together with the elevated content of @entity3961 , the growth of the tadpoles was delayed in oxygenated water, which had high @entity1507 content. The study about quantitative food-uptake showed that the tadpoles benefit more from the food in @entity519 water, although they spent there more energy moving around than the tadpoles living in oxygenated but @entity1507 -charged water.
