Efficacy of XXXX and/or @entity219 supplementation on cognitive performance of lead-exposed Mexican schoolchildren: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

@entity1 @entity227 @entity73 @entity219 @entity3147 @entity68
OBJECTIVE: Lead exposure in @entity1 has been associated with both global and specific @entity73 . Although chelation therapy is advised for @entity1 with blood lead concentrations of >44 microg/dL, treatment options for @entity1 with lower blood lead values are limited. Because lead absorption is related to @entity1 's nutritional status, micronutrient supplements may be 1 strategy for combating low-level, chronic lead exposure. This study was designed to test the efficacy of @entity68 and @entity219 supplementation for lowering blood lead concentrations and improving cognitive performance in schoolchildren who live in a lead-contaminated city. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial was conducted in public elementary schools in Torre  n, an industrialized city in northern Mexico. A metal foundry, located close to the city center and within 3.5 km of 9 schools, was the main source of lead exposure. A total of 602 @entity1 who were aged 6 to 8 years and regularly attending first grade in the study schools were enrolled. @entity1 were given 30 mg of @entity68 , 30 mg of @entity219 , both, or a placebo daily for 6 months. A total of 527 completed the treatment, and 515 were available for long-term follow-up, after another 6 months without supplementation. Eleven cognitive tests of memory, attention, @entity227 , and learning were administered at baseline and each follow-up. RESULTS: There were no consistent or lasting differences in cognitive performance among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Daily supplementation with @entity68 and/or @entity219 may be of limited usefulness for improving cognition in lead-exposed schoolchildren. However, these treatments may be effective in settings with higher prevalence of @entity3147 or in younger @entity1 .
