Effects of exercise in the whole spectrum of XXXX : a systematic review.

@entity1 @entity102 @entity740
UNASSIGNED: @entity740 ( @entity740 ) is a public health problem. Although physical activity is essential for the prevention and treatment of most @entity102 , exercise is rarely prescribed for @entity740 @entity1 . The objective of the study was to search for and appraise evidence on the effectiveness of exercise interventions on health endpoints in @entity740 @entity1 . A systematic review was performed of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) designed to compare exercise with usual care regarding effects on the health of @entity740 @entity1 . MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Clinical Trials registry, and proceedings of major nephrology conference databases were searched, using terms defined according to the PICO ( @entity1 , Intervention, Comparison and Outcome) methodology. RCTs were independently evaluated by two reviewers. A total of 5489 studies were assessed for eligibility, of which 59 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Most of them included small samples, lasted from 8 to 24 weeks and applied aerobic exercises. Three studies included only kidney transplant @entity1 , and nine included pre-dialysis @entity1 . The remaining RCTs allocated hemodialysis @entity1 . The outcome measures included quality of life, physical fitness, muscular strength, heart rate variability, inflammatory and nutritional markers and progression of @entity740 . Most of the trials had high risk of bias. The strongest evidence is for the effects of aerobic exercise on improving physical fitness, muscular strength and quality of life in dialysis @entity1 . The benefits of exercise in dialysis @entity1 are well established, supporting the prescription of physical activity in their regular treatment. RCTs including @entity1 in earlier stages of @entity740 and after kidney transplantation are urgently required, as well as studies assessing long-term outcomes. The best exercise protocol for @entity740 @entity1 also remains to be established.
