Tetraphasic actions of local anesthetics on central nervous system electrical activities in XXXX .

@entity17388 @entity5403 @entity410 @entity11233 @entity10541 @entity8162 @entity1341 @entity6513 @entity3303 @entity39205 @entity302 @entity2224 @entity468
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effects of seven local anesthetics, @entity10541 , @entity1341 , @entity39205 , @entity17388 , @entity5403 , @entity8162 , and @entity6513 , on the central nervous system (CNS) electrical activities were studied in five @entity468 with each agent. METHODS: Brain electrodes were implanted chronically in the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and midbrain reticular formation. The cortical, amygdala, and hippocampus electroencephalograms (EEGs), reticular multiunit activity (R-MUA), and heart rate were recorded. Drugs were administered intravenously with constant rates of equipotent doses until EEG @entity410 appeared. Effects of @entity3303 , 1 mg.kg-1.min-1, were studied for comparison. The rates of infusion were: @entity10541 , 1 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity8162 , 4 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity1341 and @entity6513 , 0.25 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity39205 , 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity17388 , 0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1; and @entity5403 , 3 mg.kg-1.min-1. The effects of 10-15 times higher rates of infusion were also studied in two @entity468 with each drug. RESULTS: During the slow rates of infusion, a tetraphasic sequence of changes, common to all agents, was observed: the initial stage represented by diffuse EEG slowing and a suppression of the R-MUA; the second stage by low voltage fast wave EEG and an activation of the R-MUA; the third stage by reappearance of slow wave EEG and a suppression of the R-MUA; and the fourth stage by an epileptiform EEG and an activation of the R-MUA. These changes in EEG were not typical in some @entity468 administered @entity8162 , @entity1341 , @entity5403 , and @entity17388 . During the high rates of infusion, suppressive stages in the R-MUA were less dominant and activations dominated. High rates of infusion of @entity10541 produced sudden @entity302 activities in EEG. @entity6513 , @entity8162 , @entity39205 , and @entity1341 in the high rates of infusion produced slow waves for a short period, prior to @entity410 activities in the EEG. @entity17388 or @entity5403 in high rates of infusion could not produce @entity410 activities in the EEG, but slow waves and isoelectrical EEG, which were accompanied with @entity11233 followed by @entity2224 . CONCLUSIONS: All local anesthetics have similar tetraphasic CNS actions and whether the expression of CNS intoxication with subconvulsive doses is excitation or suppression may possibly be dependent on the brain drug level and its rate of increase.
