The effect of cigarette smoking on radiographic XXXX after elective foot surgery.

@entity1 @entity1239 @entity4874 @entity79 @entity734
This study aims to compare radiographic healing rates of Austin bunionectomies in smokers, nonsmokers, and secondhand smokers. Delayed @entity79 has been linked to cigarette smoking previously, but no study is known to have examined smoking in relation to elective foot surgery. We hypothesized that smoking will delay @entity79 after elective foot surgery. Surgical @entity1 were placed into 1 of 3 cigarette smoking-related groups. @entity1239 @entity734 was measured by the standardized modified Fagerstr  m est and a urine @entity4874 test. Bone healing was determined via examination of postsurgical radiographs. Outcomes were assessed with 1-way analyses of variance. Forty-six @entity1 were prospectively evaluated. There were 17 smokers, 12 secondhand smokers, and 17 nonsmokers. Healing time after Austin bunionectomy was 69 days (SD = 26.0), 120 days (SD = 55.3), and 78 days (SD = 19.1) in nonsmokers, smokers, and secondhand smokers, respectively. It was noted that as urine @entity4874 number increased, the healing time also increased (Pearson correlation = -.314, P < .01). The same was noted with the score associated with the Fagerstr  m questionnaire, showing an increase in healing time with an increase in score (Pearson correlation = -.128, P < .05). The osteotomy of a smoker took 1.73 times longer to reach radiographic bone consolidation than that of a nonsmoker. This equates to a 42% increase in time to @entity79 in the smoking @entity1 . Increased healing time was also correlated to increased urine @entity4874 and a higher Fagerstr  m number. Smoking is shown to delay radiographic healing. LEVEL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE: 2.
