The Protective Role of Autophagy in @entity1 Vocal Fold Fibroblasts under Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure: A New Insight into the Study of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity4 @entity26 @entity1981
BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity4 ( @entity4 ), one of the most common benign lesions of the @entity1 vocal folds, has been associated with cigarette smoking. We have observed an abundant number of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts in the lamina propria of @entity1 vocal folds under transmission electron microscopy in @entity4 tissue. Thus, we conducted a study about autophagy induced by @entity1981 ( @entity1981 ) exposure in cultured @entity1 vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs). METHODS: Sampled tissues were cultured and exposed to varying levels of @entity1981 . Immunochemistry staining and Western blot analyses were then performed on the cultures. RESULTS: We demonstrated that @entity1981 significantly promoted intracellular reactive @entity26 species accumulation and reduced the viability of hVFFs in a concentration-dependent manner. Both immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis showed increased expression of the autophagy marker type II-membrane-associated light chain 3 in fibroblasts following 24 h of @entity1981 exposure, indicating the upregulation of autophagy activity. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the induction of autophagy played a protective role in hVFFs exposed to @entity1981 . CONCLUSION: Autophagy can be induced by @entity1981 in hVFFs, and it is a protective response of hVFFs to the exposure of @entity1981 . This study provides a new insight into the process involved in the development of @entity4 .
