The utilization of rye by growing chicks as influenced by @entity460 , XXXX , and fat type and level.

@entity308 @entity3875 @entity114 @entity1573 @entity460 @entity1460 @entity3505 @entity560
Four experiments were conducted with growing chicks to study the effects of feeding rye and @entity3505 diets supplemented with different @entity460 levels, two types and two levels of fat, and increasing levels of @entity3875 and to study the interrelationships of these dietary ingredients on @entity1573 performance. In Experiment 1, feed conversion efficiency was reduced to a much greater extend (10% vs. 1%) when tallow replaced @entity1460 oil in a rye-based diet containing only .6% @entity460 compared to a @entity3505 -based diet. When the dietary @entity460 was increased to 1.1% the replacement of tallow by @entity1460 oil resulted in only a small reduction in feed efficiency for chicks fed either the rye-(3%) or @entity3505 - (1%) based diets. The retention of fat, particularly tallow, was @entity308 in rye as compared to @entity3505 -fed birds. Fat retention was also influenced by @entity460 levels. Increasing the dietary @entity460 from .6 to 1.1% improved tallow (16%) and @entity308 (7%) @entity1460 oil retention in rye-based diets, whereas in @entity3505 -based diets the retention for both fats was slightly decreased. Experiment 2 showed that the efficiency of utilization of rye diets containing 7.5% tallow was improved by 10% when the level of dietary @entity460 was increased from .6 to 1.1% while the corresponding improvement in similarly formulated @entity3505 diets was only 1%. The improvement of 2.5% fat, however, was only about 3% for both @entity3505 and rye diets. The results from Experiment 3 showed that in the presence of a large excess of @entity3875 , the @entity308 in the efficiency of utilization of the @entity3505 diet was 13% but was less than 1% for the rye diet. This indicates that rye contains a factor that depresses @entity3875 absorption. In Experiment 4, when dietary @entity460 was increased from .80 to 2.00% or when @entity114 (200 mg/kg) was added, the improvement in efficiency of feed utilization was greater in chicks fed a rye diet (7%) compared to those fed a @entity3505 diet (1%). The rye diets, however, were always less efficiently utilized than the corresponding @entity3505 diets. @entity560 supplementation, in contrast, did not affect @entity1573 performance. These results show that the performance of chicks fed rye diets is markedly influenced by type and level of dietary fat and the level of dietary @entity460 .
