Abuse Potential of XXXX : A Systematic Review.

@entity1 @entity3264 @entity1246 @entity4481 @entity734
BACKGROUND: Several case reports and epidemiological studies have raised concern about the @entity734 potential of @entity4481 , the use of which has increased substantially over the last decade. @entity4481 is, in some cases, used for recreational purposes and it has incurred attention among drug abusers for causing euphoric and dissociative effects when taken in doses exceeding normal therapeutic dosages or used by alternative routes of administration, such as nasal insufflation or venous injection. The magnitude of the @entity734 potential and the mechanism behind it are not fully known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present a systematic review of the data concerning the @entity734 potential of @entity4481 . METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search and reviewed the preclinical, clinical and epidemiological data on the @entity734 potential of @entity4481 . RESULTS: We included preclinical (n  =  17), clinical (n  =  19) and epidemiological (n  =  13) studies addressing the @entity734 potential of @entity4481 . We also reviewed case reports (n  =  9) concerning @entity734 of @entity4481 . The preclinical studies indicated that @entity4481 possesses modulatory effects on the @entity1246 and @entity3264 systems, leaving room for an @entity734 potential. Further, clinical studies reported euphoria as a frequent side effect in @entity1 treated with @entity4481 . The majority of case reports concerning @entity734 of @entity4481 involved @entity1 with a history of @entity734 and, similarly, epidemiological studies found evidence of @entity734 , especially among opiate abusers. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the available literature suggests an important clinical @entity734 potential of @entity4481 and prescribers should pay attention to signs of @entity734 , especially in @entity1 with a history of @entity734 .
