High-Definition and Non-invasive Brain Modulation of Pain and  Motor Dysfunction in Chronic XXXX .

@entity1 @entity2956 @entity409 @entity2531 @entity158 @entity1118
BACKGROUND: @entity2956 ( @entity2956 ) have a high prevalence and in many @entity1 @entity158 and @entity409 persist despite a range of treatments. Non-invasive brain neuromodulatory methods, namely transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can provide relatively long-lasting @entity158 relief in @entity1118 @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To define the neuromodulatory effect of five daily 2x2 motor cortex high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) sessions on clinical @entity158 and motor measures in chronic @entity2956 @entity1 . It is predicted that M1 HD-tDCS will selectively modulate clinical measures, by showing greater analgesic after-effects compared to placebo, and active treatment will increase @entity158 more than placebo. METHODS: Twenty-four females with chronic myofascial @entity2531 underwent five daily, 20-min sessions of active or sham 2 milliamps (mA) HD-tDCS. Measurable outcomes included @entity158 opening, visual analog scale (VAS), sectional sensory-discriminative @entity158 measures tracked by a mobile application, short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Follow-up occurred at one-week and four-weeks post-treatment. RESULTS: There were significant improvements for clinical @entity158 and motor measurements in the active HD-tDCS group compared to the placebo group for: responders with @entity158 relief above 50% in the VAS at four-week follow-up (P  =  0.04); @entity158 opening at one-week follow-up (P  <  0.01); and sectional @entity158 area, intensity and their sum measures contralateral to putative M1 stimulation during the treatment week (P  <  0.01). No changes in emotional values were shown between groups. CONCLUSION: Putative M1 stimulation by HD-tDCS selectively improved meaningful clinical sensory-discriminative @entity158 and motor measures during stimulation, and up to four-weeks post-treatment in chronic myofascial @entity2531 @entity1 .
