Effects of artificial light at night on XXXX health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment.

@entity1 @entity0 @entity25 @entity2493 @entity65
UNASSIGNED: It has frequently been reported that exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) may cause negative health effects, such as @entity0 , circadian phase disruption and @entity25 . Here, we reviewed the literature assessing the effects of @entity1 exposure to ALAN in order to list the health effects of various aspects of ALAN. Several electronic databases were searched for articles, published through August 2014, related to assessing the effects of exposure to ALAN on @entity1 health; these also included the details of experiments on such exposure. A total of 85 articles were included in the review. Several observational studies showed that outdoor ALAN levels are a risk factor for @entity0 and reported that indoor light intensity and individual lighting habits were relevant to this risk. Exposure to artificial bright light during the nighttime suppresses @entity2493 secretion, increases sleep onset latency (SOL) and increases alertness. Circadian misalignment caused by chronic ALAN exposure may have negative effects on the @entity65 and/or metabolic functions. ALAN also causes circadian phase disruption, which increases with longer duration of exposure and with exposure later in the evening. It has also been reported that shorter wavelengths of light preferentially disturb @entity2493 secretion and cause circadian phase shifts, even if the light is not bright. This literature review may be helpful to understand the health effects of ALAN exposure and suggests that it is necessary to consider various characteristics of artificial light, beyond mere intensity.
