@entity32 and XXXX in Pregnancy Complications: Implications for Risk Assessment and Clinical Management.

@entity1 @entity32 @entity249 @entity39 @entity5 @entity409 @entity1003 @entity1198 @entity49 @entity1031 @entity1211 @entity715 @entity393 @entity688
UNASSIGNED: In Italy, each year 500000 couples refer to specialized centers due to reproductive problems. Among them, recurrent @entity393 (RPL) represents a problem of great importance, given that it affects up to 5% of @entity1 of childbearing age. Infertility, on the other hand, is a condition that currently covers 10-20% of couples of reproductive age, being idiopathic in 20% of cases. Accumulating evidence support the concept that changes of @entity1003 , generically defined as the presence of a thrombophilic state (congenital or acquired), are the basis of 40-70% of cases of multiple abortions or @entity249 . Several evidences support the hypothesis that @entity409 , a hallmark of a condition of low-grade @entity32 , is one of the earliest manifestations of @entity715 phenomena. To date, it's believed that, while the antiinflammatory Th2 cytokines (i.e. @entity688 ) can exert a protective role in pregnancy, the pro-inflammatory @entity1198 ones (i.e. interferon-y, @entity5 @entity39 factor-a,) have deleterious effects on pregnancy outcome, including fertilization and implantation failure. Moreover, development of many pregnancy complications, first and foremost @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ), recognizes similar mechanism(s). As @entity1211 is the main preventable cause of mortality during pregnancy, thromboprophylaxis is mandatory according to individual @entity1211 risk, influenced by the presence of thrombophilic conditions. In this review, we will analyze the relationship between @entity49 and pregnancy complications, with particular focus on the role of @entity32 . Subsequently, we will consider some issues related to the @entity1031 risk in pregnancy. Finally, the role of thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy will be discussed.
