Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: treatments for @entity73 in the XXXX ?

@entity1 @entity308 @entity146 @entity303 @entity73 @entity1294 @entity191 @entity1832 @entity179 @entity195 @entity4943
INTRODUCTION: Two methods of non-invasive brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have demonstrable positive effects on cognition and can ameliorate @entity146 such as @entity308 . Less is known about the efficacy of these approaches in common @entity179 . In this review, we evaluate the effects of TMS and tDCS upon @entity73 in the major @entity303 , including @entity195 ( @entity195 ), @entity1294 ( @entity1294 ), @entity1832 ( @entity1832 ), @entity191 ( @entity191 ), and @entity4943 ( @entity4943 ), as well as the potential pre- @entity303 states of @entity73 ( @entity73 ) and @entity191 ( @entity191 ). METHODS: PubMed (until 7 February 2014) and PsycINFO (from 1967 to January Week 3 2014) databases were searched in a semi-systematic manner in order to identify relevant treatment studies. A total of 762 studies were identified and 32 studies (18 in the @entity303 and 14 in @entity191 populations) were included. RESULTS: No studies were identified in @entity1 with @entity191 , @entity4943 or @entity1294 . Of the @entity303 , 13 studies were conducted in @entity1 with @entity195 , one in @entity1832 , and four in @entity73 . A total of 16 of the 18 studies showed improvements in at least one cognitive or neuropsychiatric outcome measure. Cognitive or neuropsychiatric improvements were observed in 12 of the 14 studies conducted in @entity1 with @entity191 . CONCLUSIONS: Both TMS and tDCS may have potential as interventions for the treatment of symptoms associated with @entity303 and @entity191 . These results are promising; however, available data were limited, particularly within @entity1294 , @entity191 and @entity4943 , and major challenges exist in order to maximise the efficacy and clinical utility of both techniques. In particular, stimulation parameters vary considerably between studies and are likely to subsequently impact upon treatment efficacy.
