The epidemiology and management of XXXX : a viewpoint from Brazil.

@entity1 @entity174 @entity170 @entity102 @entity65 @entity130
UNASSIGNED: Brazil has an aging population, with an associated increase in the prevalence of @entity102 . @entity170 is of particular concern because it leads to an increased risk of @entity174 , with subsequent negative impacts on health in older @entity1 . In recent years, efforts have been made to better understand the epidemiology of @entity170 in Brazil, and to manage both direct and indirect costs to the Brazilian health care system. The reported prevalence of @entity170 among postmenopausal @entity1 in Brazil varies from 15% to 33%, depending on the study methodology and the use of bone densitometry data or self-reporting by @entity1 . A diagnosis of @entity170 can be made on the basis of @entity174 occurring without significant @entity130 or on the basis of low bone mineral density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. To reduce the risk of @entity170 , all postmenopausal @entity1 should be encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle, which includes physical activity and a balanced diet. Smoking and alcohol use should also be addressed. Special attention should be given to interventions to reduce the risk of falls, especially among older @entity1 . Calcium intake should be encouraged, preferably through diet. The decision to recommend calcium supplementation should be made individually because there is concern about a possible increased risk of @entity65 associated with this treatment. Brazilian @entity1 obtain a minimal amount of vitamin D from their diet, and supplementation is warranted in @entity1 with little exposure to solar ultraviolet-B radiation. For @entity1 diagnosed with @entity170 , some form of pharmacologic therapy should be initiated. Compliance with treatment should be monitored, and the treatment period should be individualized for each @entity1 . The Brazilian government provides medication for @entity170 through the public health system free of charge, but without proper epidemiological knowledge, the implementation of public health programs is impaired.
