Review article: the current treatment of non-cardiac XXXX .

@entity662 @entity1 @entity3362 @entity594 @entity344 @entity3988 @entity7855 @entity354 @entity460 @entity158 @entity4423 @entity1319
BACKGROUND: Non-cardiac @entity662 is one of the most common functional @entity344 . By recognising that @entity354 ( @entity354 ), @entity4423 and oesophageal hypersensitivity are the main underlying mechanisms of NCCP, a more directed therapeutic approach has been developed. AIM: To determine the value of the current therapeutic modalities for NCCP. METHODS: Electronic (Pubmed/Medline/Cochrane central) and manual search. RESULTS: Double-dose PPI treatment for two months is a reasonable first choice approach in @entity1 with NCCP because @entity354 is the most common aetiology. Studies evaluating the role of medical therapy in NCCP @entity1 with @entity1319 suggest a limited value to muscle relaxants like @entity460 channel blockers ( @entity594 , @entity3988 ), @entity3362 and @entity7855 . While most trials evaluating @entity158 modulators are small and many are not placebo-controlled, these type of medications appear efficacious in both @entity1 with NCCP due to @entity4423 and those with functional @entity662 . Cognitive behavioural therapy has been extensively studied in @entity1 with functional @entity662 with good results. Other psychological techniques such as hypnotherapy, group therapy or coping skills have been scarcely studied but appear to be effective in NCCP @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Medical, endoscopic and surgical therapeutic options are available for the treating physician, although some @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 may require a multimodal therapeutic approach.
