Alternaria toxin-induced resistance in rose plants against rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosivorum): effect of XXXX .

@entity44929 @entity1041
Many different types of toxins are produced by the fungus, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Little is known, however, regarding the influence of these toxins on insects. In this study, we investigated the toxin-induced inhibitory effects of the toxin produced by A. alternata on the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosivorum, when the toxin was applied to leaves of the rose, Rosa chinensis. The results demonstrated that the purified crude toxin was non-harmful to rose plants and rose aphids, but had an intensive inhibitory effect on the multiplication of aphids. The inhibitory index against rose aphids reached 87.99% when rose plants were sprayed with the toxin solution at a low concentration. Further results from bioassays with aphids and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses demonstrated that @entity44929 ( @entity1041 ) was one of the most important resistance-related active components in the crude toxin. The content of @entity1041 was 0.1199% in the crude toxin under the HPLC method. Similar to the crude toxin, the inhibitory index of pure @entity1041 reached 83.60% 15 d after the rose plants were sprayed with pure @entity1041 solution at the lower concentration of 0.060  g/ml, while the contents of residual @entity1041 on the surface and in the inner portion of the rose plants were only 0.04 and 0.00 ng/g fresh weight of @entity1041 -treated rose twigs, respectively, 7 d after the treatment. Our results show that @entity1041 , an active component in the A. alternata toxin, can induce the indirect plant-mediated responses in rose plants to intensively enhance the plant's resistances against rose aphids, and the results are very helpful to understand the plant-mediated interaction between fungi and insects on their shared host plants.
