Microglial self-defence mediated through @entity9320 and XXXX .

@entity778 @entity2227 @entity1160 @entity63 @entity310 @entity2041 @entity9320 @entity1434 @entity6485
@entity2227 is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neurons. It is released into the synaptic cleft to provide signalling to postsynaptic neurons. Normally, the astroglial @entity2227 transporters @entity9320 and @entity6485 take up @entity2227 to mediate a high signal-to-noise ratio in the synaptic signalling, and also to prevent excitotoxic effects by @entity2227 . In astrocytes, @entity2227 is transformed into @entity1160 , which is safely transported back to neurons. However, in pathological conditions, such as an @entity63 or @entity778 , astroglial transporters are down-regulated which could lead to excitotoxicity. Lately, it was shown that even microglia can express @entity2227 transporters during pathological events. Microglia have two systems for @entity2227 transport: @entity9320 for transport into the cells and the x (c) (-) system for transport out of the cells. We here review results from our work and others, which demonstrate that microglia in culture express @entity9320 , but not @entity6485 , and transport @entity2227 from the extracellular space. We also show that @entity310 can induce increased microglial @entity9320 expression, possibly associating the expression with inflammatory systems. Furthermore, @entity2227 taken up through @entity9320 may be used for direct incorporation into @entity2041 and to fuel the intracellular @entity2227 pool to allow @entity1434 uptake through the x (c) (-) system. This can lead to a defence against oxidative stress and have an antiviral function.
