Contribution of NK, NK T, gamma delta T, and alpha beta T cells to the gamma interferon response required for liver protection against XXXX .

@entity32 @entity1527 @entity19 @entity60 @entity11386 @entity281 @entity1961
In the present work, we show that intracellular @entity1527 is rarely found in the livers of acutely infected @entity19 , but @entity32 is commonly observed. The presence of numerous intrahepatic amastigotes in infected @entity60 )-deficient @entity19 corroborates the notion that the liver is protected by an efficient local immunity. The contribution of different cell populations was suggested by data showing that @entity1961 - and CD8-deficient @entity19 were able to restrain liver parasite growth. Therefore, we have characterized the liver-infiltrating lymphocytes and determined the sources of @entity60 during acute @entity1527 @entity281 . We observed that natural killer (NK) cells increased by day 7, while T and B cells increased by day 14. Among CD3+ cells, @entity1961 +, CD8+, and @entity1961 - CD8- cell populations were greatly expanded. A large fraction of CD3+ cells were positive for PanNK, a beta1 integrin expressed by NK and NK T cells. However, these lymphocytes were not classic NK T cells because they did not express @entity11386 and showed no preferential usage of Vbeta8. Otherwise, liver NK T (CD3+ @entity11386 +) cells were not increased in acutely infected @entity19 . The majority of PanNK+ @entity1961 + and PanNK+ CD8+ cells expressed T-cell receptor alphabeta (TCRalphabeta), whereas PanNK+ @entity1961 - CD8- cells were positive for TCRgammadelta. In fact, gammadelta T cells showed the most remarkable increase (40- to 100-fold) among liver lymphocytes. Most importantly, intracellular analysis revealed high levels of @entity60 production at day 7 by NK cells and at day 14 by @entity1961 +, CD8+, and @entity1961 - CD8- TCRgammadelta+ cells. We concluded that NK cells are a precocious source of @entity60 in the livers of acutely infected @entity19 , and, as the disease progresses, conventional @entity1961 + and CD8+ T cells and gammadelta T cells, but not classic NK-T cells, may provide the @entity60 required for liver protection against @entity1527 .
