How estrogenic is nonylphenol? A transgenerational study using @entity5660 ( XXXX ) as a test organism.

@entity172 @entity251 @entity5660 @entity38901 @entity53 @entity134
The aim of the present study was to evaluate both estrogenic effects in directly NP-exposed sexually mature @entity5660 and possible transgenerational effects in the offspring of exposed fish. Four months prior to spawning, adult @entity5660 of both sexes were exposed intermittently to NP concentrations of 1 and 10 microg/l. At the end of the exposure period, which coincided with the beginning of spawning time, @entity38901 levels in the plasma of adult male rainbow showed a significant increase compared to the control group. After exposure to 10 microg NP/l reproduction was impaired as indicated by significantly reduced hatching rates. Histological examination of the testicular tissue of NP-exposed individuals revealed no morphological differences from the controls. In the offspring, @entity38901 levels of male individuals were not affected, whereas in females they were significantly higher than in the control progeny. The histological examination revealed no alteration in sex ratios. In single cases, intersex occurred in both male and female offspring of exposed fish. The analysis of sex @entity134 levels revealed a two-fold increase of @entity53 in the plasma of male offspring and a 13-fold elevation of @entity251 in the plasma of female progeny. The present findings indicate that NP, in an environmentally relevant concentration range, acts as a weak @entity172 in directly exposed adult male @entity5660 as indicated by elevated plasma @entity38901 levels. Reproduction success was reduced as indicated by decreased hatching rates. Hormonal imbalances detected in the offspring of exposed fish indicate a transgenerational effect mediated by the endocrine system.
