@entity31983 , XXXX and Non-Genetic Factors in the Etiology of @entity981 : The ESCALE Study.

@entity1 @entity981 @entity68477 @entity281 @entity31983 @entity71333 @entity6763
UNASSIGNED: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified that frequent polymorphisms in @entity31983 and @entity6763 , two genes involved in lymphoid differentiation, increase the risk of childhood @entity981 ( @entity981 ). These findings markedly modified the current field of research on the etiology of @entity981 . In this new context, the present exploratory study investigated the possible interactions between these at-risk alleles and the non-genetic suspected @entity981 risk factors that were of sufficient prevalence in the French ESCALE study: maternal use of home insecticides during pregnancy, preconception paternal smoking, and some proxies for early immune modulation, i.e. breastfeeding, history of common @entity281 before age one year, and birth order. The analyses were based on 434 @entity981 cases and 442 controls of European origin, drawn from the nationwide population-based case-control study ESCALE. Information on non-genetic factors was obtained by standardized telephone interview. Interactions between @entity71333 in @entity31983 or @entity68477 in @entity6763 and each of the suspected non-genetic factors were tested, with the SNPs coded as counts of minor alleles (trend variable). Statistical interactions were observed between @entity68477 and maternal insecticide use (p = 0.012), breastfeeding p = 0.017) and repeated early common @entity281 (p = 0.0070), with allelic odds ratios (OR) which were only increased among the @entity1 not exposed to insecticides (OR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.3, 2.4), those who had been breastfed (OR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.3, 2.5) and those who had had repeated early common @entity281 (OR = 2.4, 95%CI: 1.5, 3.8). The allelic ORs were close to one among @entity1 exposed to insecticides, who had not been breastfed and who had had no or few common @entity281 . Repeated early common @entity281 interacted with @entity71333 (p = 0.018) in the case-only design. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether these observations of a modification of the effect of the at-risk alleles by non-genetic factors are chance findings or reflect true underlying mechanisms.
