The Primary Resistance of XXXX in Taiwan after the National Policy to Restrict Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relation to Virulence Factors-A Nationwide Study.

@entity1 @entity868 @entity115 @entity9110 @entity4581 @entity5553 @entity2887 @entity7187 @entity2794 @entity1534 @entity803
OBJECTIVE: The Taiwan Government issued a policy to restrict antimicrobial usage since 2001. We aimed to assess the changes in the antibiotic consumption and the primary resistance of @entity1534 after this policy and the impact of virulence factors on resistance. METHODS: The @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) of antibiotics was analyzed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) research database. @entity1534 strains isolated from treatment na  ve (N=1395) and failure from prior eradication therapies (N=360) from 9 hospitals between 2000 and 2012 were used for analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution test. Genotyping for CagA and VacA was determined by PCR method. RESULTS: The @entity2794 per 1000 @entity1 per day of macrolides reduced from 1.12 in 1997 to 0.19 in 2008, whereas that of @entity2887 increased from 0.12 in 1997 to 0.35 in 2008. The primary resistance of @entity115 , @entity4581 , @entity868 , and @entity803 remained as low as 2.2%, 7.9%, 23.7%, and 1.9% respectively. However, the primary @entity5553 resistance rose from 4.9% in 2000-2007 to 8.3% in 2008-2010 and 13.4% in 2011-2012 (p=0.001). The primary resistance of @entity868 was higher in females than males (33.1% vs. 18.8%, p<0.001), which was probably attributed to the higher consumption of @entity9110 . Neither CagA nor VacA was associated with antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The low primary @entity4581 and @entity868 resistance of @entity1534 in Taiwan might be attributed to the reduced consumption of @entity7187 and @entity9110 after the national policy to restrict antimicrobial usage. Yet, further strategies are needed to restrict the consumption of @entity2887 in the face of rising @entity5553 resistance.
