Nuance and behavioral cogency: How the Visible Burrow System inspired the Stress-Alternatives Model and conceptualization of the continuum of XXXX .

@entity3160 @entity558 @entity24448 @entity2819 @entity2611 @entity1316 @entity148 @entity2252 @entity11989 @entity1642 @entity31085
UNASSIGNED: By creating the Visible Burrow System (VBS) @entity24448 Blanchard found a way to study the interaction of genetics, physiology, environment, and adaptive significance in a model with @entity2611 . The VBS changed the way we think about @entity148 and @entity1316 by allowing the mechanisms which control them to be observed in a dynamic setting. Critically, Blanchard used the VBS and other models to show how behavioral systems like defense are dependent upon context and behavioral elements unique to the individual. Inspired by the VBS, we developed a @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ) to further explore the multifaceted dynamics of the stress response with a @entity558 . Like the VBS, the @entity1642 is a naturalistic model built upon risk-assessment and defensive behavior, but with a choice of response: escape or submission to a large conspecific aggressor. The @entity148 of novelty during the first escape must be weighed against fear of the aggressor, and a decision must be made. Both outcomes are adaptively significant, evidenced by a 50/50 split in outcome across several study systems. By manipulating the variables of the @entity1642 , we show that a gradient of @entity148 exists that spans the contextual settings of escaping an open field, escaping from aggression, and submitting to aggression. These findings correspond with increasing levels of @entity2819 and increasing levels of @entity11989 and @entity2252 in the central amygdala as the context changes. Whereas some anxiolytics were able to reduce the latency to escape for some animals, only with the potent anxiolytic drug @entity31085 (CRF1R-blocker) and the anxiogenic drug @entity3160 (a2 antagonist) were we able to reverse the outcome for a substantial proportion of individuals. Our findings promote a novel method for modeling @entity148 , offering a distinction between low-and-high levels, and accounting for individual variability. The translational value of the VBS is immeasurable, and it guided us and many other researchers to seek potential clinical solutions through a deeper understanding of regional neurochemistry and gene expression in concert with an ecological behavioral model.
