XXXX : From Epidemiology to Therapy.

@entity1 @entity5 @entity2 @entity152 @entity151 @entity902
Lung @entity5 are a heterogeneous subtype of @entity2 representing approximately 20% of all @entity2 , including @entity151 ( @entity151 ) and @entity152 ( @entity152 ). The frequency appears to be approximately 3% for @entity152 . Diagnosis of @entity152 requires attention to neuroendocrine features by light microscopy and confirmation by immunohistochemical staining for neuroendocrine markers. Both @entity151 and pulmonary @entity152 are high-grade and @entity5 , with higher incidence in males and smokers and peripheral localization. @entity152 is very rare, and the precise diagnosis on small specimens is very difficult, so we have still too few data to define a standard of treatment for pulmonary LCNECs. Data of literature, most based on retrospective analysis, indicated a poor 5-year overall survival, with a high incidence of recurrence after surgery, even in stage I disease. Primary surgery should be the first option in all operable @entity1 because there is no validate therapeutic approach for @entity152 due to lack of clinical trials in this setting. Neoadjuvant @entity902 -based regimens remain only an option for potentially resectable @entity5 . In advanced stages, @entity151 -like chemotherapy seems the best option of treatment, with a good response rate but a poor overall survival (from 8 to 16 months in different case series). New agents are under clinical investigation to improve @entity152 @entity1 ' outcome. We reviewed all data on treatment options feasible for pulmonary @entity152 , both for localized and extensive disease.
