Current and state of the art on the electrophysiologic characteristics and catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic right XXXX / @entity296 .

@entity4128 @entity1164 @entity1 @entity296 @entity712 @entity1560 @entity1165 @entity2643 @entity1212 @entity1163 @entity74 @entity2224 @entity299 @entity5707 @entity67
@entity4128 @entity67 / @entity296 ( @entity4128 /C) is an @entity74 caused by defective desmosomal proteins, and it has typical histopathological features characterized by predominantly progressive @entity1560 of the right ventricle. Clinical presentations of @entity4128 /C vary from @entity1163 , progressive @entity712 ( @entity712 ), @entity1165 , and @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ). The 2010 modified Task Force criteria were established to facilitate the recognition and diagnosis of @entity4128 /C. An @entity299 ( @entity299 ) remains to be the cornerstone in prevention of @entity1164 in @entity1 fulfilling the diagnosis of definite @entity4128 /C, especially among @entity4128 /C @entity1 with @entity1163 , hemodynamically unstable @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ), @entity2224 , and aborted @entity1164 . Further risk stratification is clinically valuable in the management of @entity1 with borderline or possible @entity4128 /C and mutation carriers of family members. However, given the entity of heterogeneous penetrance and non-uniform phenotypes, the standardization of clinical practice guidelines for at-risk individuals will be the next frontier to breakthrough. Antiarrhythmic drugs are prescribed frequently to @entity1 experiencing frequent @entity5707 . @entity2643 is the recommended drug of choice. @entity1212 ( @entity1212 ) has been demonstrated to effectively eliminate the drug-refractory @entity1165 in @entity1 with @entity4128 /C. However, the efficacy and clinical prognosis of @entity1212 via endocardial approach alone was disappointing prior to the era of epicardial approach. In recent years, it has been proven that the integration of endocardial and epicardial ablation by targeting the critical isthmus or eliminating abnormal electrograms within the diseased substrates could yield higher acute success and lower recurrence of @entity1165 during long-term follow-up. Heart transplantation is the final option for @entity1 with extensive disease, biventricular @entity712 with uncontrollable hemodynamic compromise, and refractory @entity1165 despite aggressive medical and ablation therapies.
