Astrocyte response and transforming growth factor-beta localization in acute XXXX .

@entity1 @entity35 @entity2850 @entity40 @entity1810 @entity1566 @entity130
STUDY DESIGN: An experimental histologic and immunohistological investigation of acute @entity1566 was performed in a @entity35 model. OBJECTIVE: This study determined (1) the immediate cellular and molecular responses within the spinal cord that result from a clinically relevant @entity2850 , (2) the acute astrocytic response to injury using the astrocyte specific @entity40 antibody, and (3) the temporal pattern of cellular and extracellular localization of @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) within the @entity1566 zone immediately after injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Ultimate neurologic outcome from @entity1566 results from both the primary mechanical @entity130 and a subsequent cascade of cellular and molecular events that are termed the @entity130 . Efforts aimed at improving neurologic outcome may depend on the manipulation of cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for propagating this @entity130 cascade. Astrocytes and @entity1810 are two potentially key components of this @entity130 . METHODS: Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley adult @entity35 underwent open thoracic @entity1566 using the Allen weight-drop technique. Spinal cord specimens were harvested at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 72 hours after injury for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Harvesting of injured and surrounding uninjured cord was performed before sectioning in sagittal and transverse planes. These paraffin-embedded sections were stained with polyclonal antibodies against @entity40 ( @entity40 , an astrocytic cytoskeleton marker) and @entity1810 . RESULTS: A complex astrocytic response to the @entity1566 was found within 24 hours of injury. Both the geographic and temporal patterns of astrocyte localization suggest a role in the regulation of @entity1566 propagation. High concentrations of extracellular @entity1810 were seen immediately after @entity130 at the zone of impact. Subsequently, intracellular @entity1810 was seen in astrocytic nuclei and cytoplasm, intramedullary and extramedullary capillary endothelial cells, and in motor neurons. CONCLUSIONS: The neurologic outcome in @entity1 with SCI results in part from a @entity130 whose cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. This study suggests that both astrocytes and @entity1810 are involved in the regulation of spinal cord @entity130 . An improved understanding of their specific roles may result in novel treatments to improve the outcome from SCI.
