Use of the Greenfield filter in adolescents for XXXX and @entity1151 .

@entity1 @entity1151 @entity1150 @entity887 @entity1211
@entity1211 is now recognized more frequently in the pediatric age group. Caval interruption is indicated most commonly for prophylaxis against life-threatening or recurrent @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ) when anticoagulation is ineffective or contraindicated. Greenfield vena caval filters have been utilized locally in 415 adult @entity1 with 97% long-term patency and 5% recurrent embolization. Its application in adolescents is reported herein. Standard adult (30-mm) vena caval filters were placed in ten @entity1 , ages 13 to 18. Four filters were required following @entity1151 , six were used for @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) when anticoagulation was contraindicated, and one was inserted prophylactically. In eight @entity1 , filter insertion was accomplished with local anesthesia, while two underwent filter placement under general anesthesia administered for other procedures. One filter was misplaced into the right renal vein, requiring a second filter insertion. All @entity1 have been followed from 1 to 11 years with yearly vascular duplex imaging and radionuclide venograms documenting caval patency without clinical @entity887 . This duplicates the adult experience in safety and efficacy. As recognition of @entity1211 becomes more frequent in the pediatric age group, safe caval interruption may be necessary for those excluded from or not responsive to anticoagulation. This technique may be extended to smaller @entity1 with miniaturization of both filter and carrier.
