Hazard Ratio of Smoking on XXXX in Korea According to Histological Type and Gender.

@entity1 @entity5 @entity2 @entity189 @entity420
PURPOSE: Using nationwide @entity5 incidence data, we examined whether the strength of the association of cigarette smoking with @entity2 risk differs according to major histological type and gender, taking account of other risk factors in the Korean population. METHODS: The study population derived from government employees and teachers aged 20  years and over who participated in a national health examination program in 1998 or 1999. Total study subjects were 1,357,447. After excluding 1556 subjects who were treated with @entity2 during 1998-2000, we restricted our analysis to 1,355,891 cases. We followed up those 1,355,891 subjects who were @entity5 -free at baseline until December 31, 2010. The incident @entity5 cases were identified from the Korea Central Cancer Registry, which is a nationwide hospital-based @entity5 registry system that includes 94  % of the university hospitals and 96  % of the resident training hospitals of the country. RESULTS: A higher risk for having ever smoked was observed for squamous-cell and small-cell @entity189 in both @entity1 and @entity1 . Heavy and long-term smokers were at higher risk for these @entity189 . Significant associations with quantity and duration-related factors were observed mainly among @entity1 . These findings indicate that smoking is closely related to the risk of squamous-cell and small-cell @entity189 among @entity1 as well as @entity1 . However, the magnitude of smoking-related @entity2 risk is likely to differ between @entity1 and @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The hazard ratios for all types of @entity2 were significantly higher in male current smokers than in male never smokers. In case of @entity1 , the hazard ratios for @entity420 were not different between current smokers and never smokers. The hazard ratios we found, however, were lower than those reported in Western countries and in Korea, but consistent with those reported in North-eastern Asian countries.
