Effects of XXXX supplementation on inflammatory and thrombogenic markers in chronic smokers. A randomised controlled trial.

@entity1501 @entity32 @entity2002 @entity1255 @entity1003 @entity2881 @entity715 @entity2880 @entity1851
INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking may induce pro-inflammatory and pro- @entity715 changes. It is not known whether these abnormalities are caused at least partly by increased @entity1255 levels. We investigated whether lowering @entity1255 by @entity1501 supplementation might reduce the plasma concentration of inflammatory and thrombogenic markers in chronic smokers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four healthy cigarette smokers (age 37.8+/-2.5 years, mean+/-SEM) were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of @entity1501 5 mg/day or placebo. The following parameters were measured before and after treatment: (1) markers of @entity32 ( @entity1851 , CRP, and white cell count, WCC); (2) @entity1003 screen (Activated Partial Thromboplastin time Ratio, APTR, and International Normalized Ratio, INR); (3) pro- @entity715 markers ( @entity2002 , factor VIII coagulant activity, VIII:C, @entity2880 factor, @entity2881 , and D-dimer). RESULTS: @entity1501 induced a significant reduction in @entity1255 (10.8+/-0.6 vs. 8.2+/-0.5 micromol/l, p<0.001), plasma @entity2002 (3.15+/-0.14 vs. 2.87+/-0.14 g/l, p<0.05), and D-dimer (102+/-44 vs. 80+/-26 microg/l, p<0.05) concentrations. By contrast, no significant changes were observed in CRP (2.2+/-0.7 vs. 1.7+/-0.7 mg/l), WCC (7.2+/-0.5 vs. 6.8+/-0.5 10(9) cells/l), APTR (0.91+/-0.02 vs. 0.93+/-0.02), INR (0.92+/-0.01 vs. 0.91+/-0.01), @entity2881 (103+/-8 vs. 102+/-9 U/dl), and VIII:C (120+/-8 vs. 107+/-8 U/dl) levels. Changes in @entity1501 plasma concentrations were significantly and negatively correlated with changes in @entity2002 (r=-0.48, p=0.01) but not with changes in D-dimer (r=-0.15, p=0.5) levels. Changes in plasma @entity1255 concentrations did not correlate with changes in either @entity2002 or D-dimer. No significant changes in @entity1255 , inflammatory and thrombogenic markers were observed in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term @entity1501 supplementation had no significant effects on inflammatory markers but induced a significant reduction in plasma @entity2002 and D-dimer concentrations in healthy chronic smokers. Thus, @entity1501 might have an anti- @entity715 effect in this high-risk group independent of the @entity1255 lowering effect.
