Anatomy, physiology, and neuropharmacology of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity4215 @entity5 @entity3825 @entity158 @entity3 @entity10145
The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of nociception and its modification by analgesic drugs have been studied extensively in the past decade. Although the neural mechanisms of nociceptors and the stimuli that activate them are much better understood, it must be emphasized that the perception of @entity158 , as well as the meaning of @entity158 to the individual, is a complex behavioral phenomenon and involves psychologic and emotional processes in addition to activation of nociceptive pathways. @entity158 related to @entity5 can be classified as somatic, visceral, and deafferentation in type. Somatic @entity158 involve direct activation of nociceptors and are often a complication of @entity5 infiltration of tissues or injury of tissues as a consequence of @entity5 therapy. The management of this type of @entity158 is typically accomplished by treating the @entity5 (with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy) and by using the appropriate non-narcotic, narcotic, and adjuvant analgesic agents. Neuroablative therapies may be helpful in specific circumstances. For example, cordotomy may be helpful for @entity158 below the waist in @entity1 with somatic and @entity3825 . This procedure may also be helpful for early deafferentiation @entity158 (i.e., @entity10145 ) in which peripheral nerves are compressed but not infiltrated or destroyed by @entity3 growth. Deafferentiation @entity158 may be a complication of @entity5 infiltration of peripheral nerve or of @entity5 therapy that injures neural tissue. This type of @entity158 is often poorly tolerated and difficult to control, particularly if not treated early and aggressively. Although incompletely understood, the pathophysiology of @entity158 appears to be different from that of somatic or @entity3825 , and the treatment approaches may be different. Management approaches to @entity158 usually emphasize treatment of the @entity158 , because @entity4215 may be difficult to reverse, even if one can successfully treat the underlying @entity5 , and many @entity158 syndromes occur as a complication of @entity5 therapy. The role of narcotic analgesics in the management of @entity158 is not clear, although the published experience suggests that they are less useful than in somatic or @entity3825 .
