XXXX in obstetrics.

@entity1 @entity882 @entity117 @entity1701 @entity1592 @entity4555 @entity1468 @entity2431
@entity1701 ( @entity1701 ) in pregnancy is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies in association with recurrent fetal loss and severe complications such as @entity1468 , @entity1592 , or @entity2431 . The most clinically important serologic markers are @entity4555 , anticardiolipin antibodies, and recently anti-beta-2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies. At present, standardization does not exist and a definitive association between specific clinical manifestation and antibody level is not yet known. Experimental data gave evidence that passive transfer of antiphospholipid antibodies result in clinical manifestation of @entity1701 , that is, fetal loss and @entity882 . Treatment with heparin, @entity117 , or intravenous immunoglobulins decreased the fetal loss rate. Treatment regimens in @entity1 are very difficult to interpret. Evidence from two prospective studies supported treatment with heparin and @entity117 to improve pregnancy outcome. The risk of @entity1468 and @entity2431 was substantial and occurred in 50% of @entity1 . The general failure rate of heparin/ @entity117 treatment is approximately 30%. In such cases intravenous immunoglobulin in combination with heparin and @entity117 has been used to treat @entity1701 .
