Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing XXXX from Nonhuman Sources and Strain Typing.

@entity1 @entity548 @entity8670 @entity1381 @entity526
Shiga toxin-producing @entity526 (STEC) strains are commonly found in the intestine of ruminant species of wild and domestic animals. Excretion of STEC with animal feces results in a broad contamination of food and the environment. @entity1 get infected with STEC through ingestion of contaminated food, by contact with the environment, and from STEC-excreting animals and @entity1 . STEC strains can behave as @entity1 pathogens, and some of them, called enterohemorrhagic @entity526 (EHEC), may cause @entity548 ( @entity548 ) and @entity1381 ( @entity1381 ). Because of the diversity of STEC types, detection strategies for STEC and EHEC are based on the identification of Shiga toxins or the underlying genes. Cultural enrichment of STEC from test samples is needed for identification, and different protocols were developed for this purpose. Multiplex real-time PCR protocols ( @entity8670 /CEN TS13136 and USDA/FSIS MLG5B.01) have been developed to specifically identify EHEC by targeting the LEE (locus of enterocyte effacement)-encoded eae gene and genes for EHEC-associated O groups. The employment of more genetic markers (nle and CRISPR) is a future challenge for better identification of EHEC from any kinds of samples. The isolation of STEC or EHEC from a sample is required for confirmation, and different cultivation protocols and media for this purpose have been developed. Most STEC strains present in food, animals, and the environment are eae negative, but some of these strains can cause @entity548 and @entity1381 in @entity1 as well. Phenotypic assays and molecular tools for typing EHEC and STEC strains are used to detect and characterize @entity1 pathogenic strains among members of the STEC group.
