Nuclear origins of brainstem reticulocortical systems in the XXXX .

@entity3505 @entity750 @entity528 @entity35
Stereotaxic injections of 5% Fast Blue or 1% horseradish peroxidase- @entity3505 germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) were made into various cytoarchitectonic or functional regions of the cerebral cortex of anesthetized adult albino or hooded @entity35 . Sections through the brainstems of these animals were then scrutinized for the presence of retrogradely labeled neurons. The data generated by this study indicate that at least 33 distinct nuclei or subnuclei within the brainstem reticular formation of the @entity35 project directly to the cerebral cortex. More than half of these ascending reticulocortical systems are probably aminergic. The strongest reticulocortical projections emanate from presumed aminergic reticular-cell groups located at isthmic levels: specifically, the rostral @entity750 -containing cell groups, as well as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. However, relatively strong direct reticulocortical projections also originate from lower medullary cell groups which are probably catecholaminergic. Moderately strong reticulocortical projections emanate from cholinergic cell groups located at isthmic levels (the pars compacta of the pedunculopontine nucleus and the X area of Sakai). The most surprising finding in this study was that the classic isodendritic, nonaminergic central core of the brainstem gives rise to direct reticulocortical projections. The ventromedial areas of the medullary brainstem reticular formation give rise to the strongest nonaminergic ascending reticular projections, but all levels of the classic isodendritic reticular core give rise to direct reticulocortical projections. As a whole, cortically projecting reticular neurons are mostly small (10-25 microns in greatest diameter) or medium sized (26-35 microns in greatest diameter) neurons. Previous studies have shown that many of the cortically projecting reticular nuclei also project to the spinal cord, and within these nuclei, @entity528 often strongly resemble their reticulospinal counterparts with respect to details of neuronal morphology. This in turn suggests that some @entity528 may also project to spinal levels.
