Bone morphogenetic proteins in inflammation, XXXX homeostasis and adipose tissue energy metabolism.

@entity82 @entity455 @entity417 @entity6 @entity28 @entity9595 @entity29 @entity1511 @entity413 @entity309 @entity68 @entity6861
UNASSIGNED: Bore morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-b superfamily, a group of secreted proteins that regulate embryonic development. This review summarizes the effects of BMPs on physiological processes not exclusively linked to the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of BMPs in inflammatory disorders, e.g. @entity82 , @entity29 , @entity1511 , @entity309 . Moreover, we discuss the role of BMPs in the context of @entity455 , and explore the role of these signalling proteins in @entity68 homeostasis ( @entity417 , @entity9595 ) and oxidative damage. The second and third parts of this review focus on BMPs in the development of metabolic pathologies such as @entity6 and @entity28 . The pancreatic beta cells are the sole source of the hormone insulin and BMPs have recently been implicated in pancreas development as well as control of adult @entity413 homeostasis. Lastly, we review the recently recognized role of BMPs in brown adipose tissue formation and their consequences for energy expenditure and adiposity. In summary, BMPs play a pivotal role in metabolism beyond their role in skeletal homeostasis. However, increased understanding of these pleiotropic functions also highlights the necessity of tissue-specific strategies when harnessing @entity6861 action as a therapeutic target.
