Genetic susceptibility and dietary patterns in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity14498 @entity5 @entity2 @entity1735 @entity4191 @entity9164 @entity3363
Cigarette smoking is the dominant risk factor for @entity2 , but only a minority of smokers ever develops @entity5 . Though genetic susceptibility is likely to explain some of the variability in risk, results from previous studies of genetic polymorphisms have been inconclusive. As diet may also affect the risk of @entity2 , it is possible that the degree of risk produced by smoking and genetic susceptibility varies, depending on diet. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted a case-control study to examine the effect of cigarette smoking, dietary patterns and variation in genes involved in phase II metabolism. A total of 254 individuals with @entity2 and 184 healthy controls were recruited for the study. To identify @entity1 with similar dietary patterns, cluster analysis was performed using nutrient densities of four major dietary constituents: protein, @entity1735 , animal fat, and dietary fiber. Two groups of individuals were identified with distinct dietary patterns: (1) a group (n=241) with a high intake of animal fat and protein and a low intake of @entity3363 and dietary fiber (the 'unhealthy' pattern) and (2) a group (n=197) with a high intake of fiber and @entity1735 and a low intake of protein and animal fat (the 'healthy' pattern) [corrected]. On stratified analysis, several genotype/dietary pattern combinations were found to affect risk of @entity2 . Smokers who were not homozygous for the most common @entity4191 allele and had a healthy dietary pattern were at significantly lower risk than smokers who were homozygous for the @entity4191 common allele and who had an unhealthy dietary pattern (OR=0.16, 95%CI: 0.04-0.57). Among smokers who were @entity9164 null, @entity1 with a healthy dietary pattern were at lower risk than @entity1 with an unhealthy dietary pattern (OR: 0.46, 95%CI: 0.21-1.01). Among smokers with an unhealthy dietary patterns, @entity1 with a His/His genotype in the exon 3 polymorphism of @entity14498 were at significantly lower risk that @entity1 who were not homozygous. These data suggest that dietary factors may affect the risk imposed by genetic susceptibility at detoxification loci. Adjustments using dietary pattern may be useful in elucidating the effects of polymorphisms in genes responsible for carcinogen metabolism.
