Immunotherapies in Early and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity4634 @entity5 @entity3470 @entity1358 @entity8395 @entity4386 @entity4149 @entity320
The development of new immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies targeting the @entity4386 or @entity8395 axis has led to a revival of research on immunotherapies in solid @entity5 including @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). The initial results observed with these monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of advanced @entity320 have resulted in considerable interest in this treatment strategy in all @entity5 types. Preliminary data of these new antibodies in advanced @entity1358 are promising and they have good safety profiles. Response rates are low but durable @entity5 control has been observed in some @entity1 . However, at the moment there is no evidence that targeting the @entity4386 or @entity8395 axis provides a substantial clinical benefit compared to established treatment with @entity4149 kinase or @entity3470 inhibitors. There are also no reliable predictive markers. At the moment, several randomised trials have been initiated to investigate the new immunomodulatory antibodies either as single agents or in combination with anti-VEGF targeted therapy. Vaccines have continued to be investigated in advanced and adjuvant settings. No trial has so far established vaccines as a standard treatment in either situation. There are still large randomised trials ongoing investigating the potential benefit of a vaccine in combination with standard @entity4149 kinase inhibitor therapy. In this chapter we will summarise selected studies on immunotherapy in advanced @entity1358 with a focus on anti- @entity8395 , anti- @entity4634 , and anti- @entity4386 antibodies. We will also touch briefly on the adjuvant situation and @entity5 vaccines.
