Effects of dietary XXXX -rich grape products on intestinal microflora and gut morphology in broiler chicks.

@entity35298 @entity3978 @entity2722 @entity3971 @entity1017 @entity526
Grapes have high amounts of phenolic compounds, which can modulate the gut activity as well as modify the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract. The microbiological activity of @entity35298 , grape pomace concentrate, and @entity2722 was evaluated in an in vitro study. An in vivo experiment was also conducted to study the effect of the inclusion of grape pomace concentrate and @entity2722 in the diet of broiler chicks on performance, intestinal microflora (by cultured and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology), and gut morphology at 21 d of age. Dietary treatments included an antibiotic-free diet (CON), a positive control (AVP; 50 mg/kg of @entity35298 ), and antibiotic-free diets containing grape pomace concentrate (GPC; 60 g/kg) or @entity2722 ( @entity2722 ; 7.2 g/kg). Performance was not affected by dietary treatment except in the case of birds fed the @entity2722 diet, which showed decreased @entity1017 . In the ileal content, birds fed CON and @entity2722 diets had the highest populations of Lactobacillus. Compared with the CON diet, the AVP, GPC, and @entity2722 diets increased the populations of Enterococcus and decreased the counts of Clostridium in the ileal content. In the cecal digesta, birds fed GPC and @entity2722 diets had higher populations of @entity526 , Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium than birds in any other treatment group. Animals fed GPC and @entity2722 diets showed a higher biodiversity degree than those fed control diets. The frequency of detection of several potential @entity3971 -degrading bacteria as well as unidentified and uncultured organisms was increased in animals fed GPC and @entity2722 diets. Birds fed the CON diet had longer villi and deeper crypt depth than birds in any other treatment group. The highest villi height:crypt depth ratio corresponded to birds fed GPC and AVP diets and the lowest to those fed CON and @entity2722 diets. In conclusion, dietary @entity3978 -rich grape products modify the gut morphology and intestinal microflora and increase the biodiversity degree of intestinal bacteria in broiler chicks.
