Glucosensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) and XXXX ( @entity11460 ).

@entity11460 @entity413 @entity4053
@entity4053 is a profound threat to the brain since @entity413 is its preferred fuel. Thus, decreases in plasma @entity413 must be sensed and appropriate hormonal and neuroendocrine responses generated to restore @entity413 to safe levels (i.e. counterregulatory responses (CRR) to @entity4053 ). Recurrent @entity4053 impairs these protective mechanisms, resulting in a potentially life-threatening condition known as @entity11460 ( @entity11460 ). During @entity11460 , the glycemic threshold is reset so that @entity413 levels must fall further before the CRR is initiated. The brain plays a critical role in sensing @entity4053 and initiating the CRR. Additionally, many neurons may sense changes in plasma and extracellular @entity413 . However, the way in which central @entity413 sensing is integrated to lead to effective initiation of the CRR is unknown. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which this system becomes impaired during @entity11460 are also unknown. Glucosensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) are poised to serve an integrative function in @entity413 homeostasis. First, they sense @entity413 . Second, the VMN receives input from other @entity413 -sensing areas. Finally, the VMN projects to areas linked to the regulation of the sympathoadrenal system that mediates the CRR. This review discusses VMN glucosensing neurons relative to their capacity to play a role in the regulation of the CRR and the generation of @entity11460 . Glucosensing neurons in the hindbrain as well as peripheral glucosensors are also considered.
