XXXX Extended Release: A New Pharmacological Treatment Option in Europe.

@entity1 @entity5733 @entity75 @entity935 @entity71 @entity1765 @entity4678 @entity952 @entity1774 @entity1063 @entity2383
UNASSIGNED: @entity1 /adolescents with @entity71 ( @entity71 ) may have a poor or inadequate response to psychostimulants or be unable to tolerate their side-effects; furthermore, stimulants may be inappropriate because of co-existing conditions. Only one non-stimulant @entity71 pharmacotherapy, the @entity1063 transporter inhibitor @entity4678 , is currently approved for use in Europe. We review recent advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of @entity71 with a focus on the roles of @entity5733 receptors in context of the a2A-adrenergic receptor agonist @entity1774 extended release (GXR), a new non-stimulant treatment option in Europe. Neuroimaging studies of @entity1 /adolescents with @entity71 show @entity75 , and @entity2383 in brain regions and networks. Neurobiological studies in @entity71 and medication response patterns support involvement of monoaminergic neurotransmitters (primarily @entity935 and @entity1063 ). @entity1774 is a selective a2A-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been shown to improve prefrontal cortical cognitive function, including working memory. The hypothesized mode of action of @entity1774 centres on direct stimulation of post-synaptic a2A-adrenergic receptors to enhance @entity1063 neurotransmission. Preclinical data suggest that @entity1774 also influences dendritic spine growth and maturation. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of GXR in @entity71 , and it is approved as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy to stimulants in Canada and the USA (for @entity1 and adolescents). GXR was approved recently in Europe for the treatment of @entity71 in @entity1 and adolescents for whom stimulants are not suitable, not tolerated or have been shown to be ineffective. GXR may provide particular benefit for @entity1 /adolescents who have specific co-morbidities such as chronic @entity1765 or @entity952 (or oppositional symptoms) that have failed to respond to first-line treatment options.
