Daily rhythms of XXXX and effectiveness of anesthetics ( @entity38230 and @entity4744 ) in @entity3392 ( @entity3392 ).

@entity4744 @entity137 @entity38230 @entity601 @entity3392
Although the chronotoxicity of xenobiotics is relatively well known in mammals, the existence of daily rhythms of @entity137 and effectiveness in fish has been neglected to date. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of the time (middle of the light phase [ML] versus middle of the dark phase [ @entity601 ]) of exposure to two anesthetic substances ( @entity38230 or clove oil) commonly used with fish on the median lethal concentration (LC(50)) and swimming activity of @entity3392 ( @entity3392 ). To this end, adult @entity3392 were kept under a 12 h:12 h light-dark (LD) cycle and exposed to different concentrations of the anesthetics for 15 min at ML or @entity601 . LC(50) calculations were performed using the Spearman-Karber program, whereas swimming activity was video-recorded and analyzed with specialized software. @entity3392 exhibited a mostly diurnal activity pattern (77.9% of activity occurring during daytime). The acute @entity137 and mortality caused by @entity38230 and @entity4744 varied with the time of exposure. For @entity38230 , the LC(50) was 170.6    7.4 mg/L in fish exposed at ML and 215.6    3.9 mg/L at @entity601 , whereas for @entity4744 the LC(50) was 70.3    3.1 mg/L at ML and 104.9    5.4 mg/L at @entity601 . Exposure to sublethal concentrations of @entity38230 and @entity4744 altered the swimming patterns of @entity3392 in a different manner depending on the time of exposure. Thus, the time required for decreasing swimming activity during exposure to anesthetics was shorter at ML than at @entity601 , whereas the recovery period was longer during the day. In conclusion, these results revealed that the @entity137 and effectiveness of both anesthetic substances is highest during daytime, the active phase of fish, thus suggesting a link between the daily rhythms of behavior and @entity137 .
