Temporal kinetics of macrophage polarization in the injured XXXX spinal cord.

@entity40679 @entity35 @entity37248 @entity22519 @entity1566 @entity25506
UNASSIGNED: Local activated macrophages derived from infiltrating monocytes play an important role in the damage and repair process of @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). The present study investigates the dynamic change of classically activated proinflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) cells in a @entity35 model with contusive @entity1566 by flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemistry. The macrophage subsets were immunophenotyped by using antibodies against cluster of differentiation (CD)-68, @entity25506 ( @entity25506 ), @entity40679 , and @entity37248 ( @entity37248 ). The @entity22519 (+) @entity40679 (-) and @entity22519 (+) @entity25506 (+) cells were determined to be M1 subsets, whereas the @entity22519 (+) @entity40679 (+) and @entity22519 (+) @entity37248 (+) cell subpopulations represented M2 cells. The subsets of macrophages in the injured spinal cord at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days postinjury (dpi) were examined. In the sham-opened spinal cord, few M1 or M2 cells were found. After @entity1566 , the phenotypes of both M1 and M2 cells were rapidly induced. However, M1 cells were detected and maintained at a high level for up to 28 dpi (the longest time evaluated in this study). In contrast, M2 cells were transiently detected at high levels before 7 dpi and returned to preinjury levels at 14 dpi. These results indicate that M1 cell response is rapidly induced and sustained, whereas M2 induction is transient after @entity1566 in @entity35 . Increasing the fraction of M2 cells and prolonging their residence time in the injured local microenvironment is a promising strategy for the repair of @entity1566 .    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
