Doublet electrical stimulation enhances torque production in XXXX with @entity1566 .

@entity1566 @entity1 @entity1295 @entity912
BACKGROUND: Muscle @entity1295 prevents repetitive use of paralyzed muscle after @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). OBJECTIVE: This study compared the effects of hybrid patterns of muscle stimulation in individuals with acute and chronic @entity1566 . METHODS: Individuals with chronic (n = 11) or acute @entity912 (n = 3) underwent soleus muscle activation with a constant (CT) or doublet (DT) stimulation train before and at various times after a @entity1295 protocol. RESULTS: The chronically paralyzed soleus was highly fatigable with a @entity1295 index (FI) of 19%    6%, whereas the acutely paralyzed soleus was @entity1295 resistant (FI = 89%    8%). For the chronically paralyzed group, the DT protocol caused less than 5% improvement in peak and mean force relative to the CT protocol before @entity1295 ; however, after @entity1295 the DT protocol caused an increase in peak and mean force (>10%), compared with the CT protocol (P < .05). As the chronically paralyzed muscle developed low-frequency @entity1295 , the DT protocol became more effective than the CT protocol (P < .05). The DT protocol increased the rate of torque development before @entity1295 (42%    78%), after @entity1295 (62%    52%), and during recovery (87%    54% to 101%    56%; P < .05). The acutely paralyzed group showed minimal change in peak and mean torque with the DT protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic reduced activity is associated with muscle adaptations (slow to fast) that render the muscle more amenable to force enhancement through doublet train activation after @entity1295 . These findings are applicable to @entity1 using neuromuscular stimulation.
