Bladder @entity5 following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for XXXX : a case-control study.

@entity1 @entity43 @entity5 @entity786 @entity150
A collaborative group of @entity5 registries and hospitals carried out a case-control study of @entity5 of the bladder in @entity1 who had previously been treated for @entity43 . A total of 63 cases of @entity150 were identified, and 188 controls were selected matching for age, year of @entity43 diagnosis and survival time. Full details of the treatment for @entity43 were sought for both cases and for controls. The risk of @entity150 was increased for @entity1 who had been treated by radiotherapy alone (1.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-4.9), by chemotherapy alone (3.2; 0.97-10), and by chemotherapy and radiotherapy (5.2; 1.6-16), when comparison was made with @entity1 treated only by surgery. @entity1 treated by chemotherapy were separated into 2 groups according to whether they had received @entity786 . Among those who had, there was a clear increase in risk (approximately 4-fold) regardless of whether or not they had also received radiotherapy. For those who received only other drugs, risk was increased substantially among @entity1 who had also been treated by radiation, as compared with @entity1 treated by surgery alone, and those who had received radiotherapy only. Both melphalan and thiotepa were implicated as potential bladder carcinogens on the basis of these results. The estimated risk of @entity150 due to @entity786 was more than twice the risk following radiation to the bladder, and it appeared substantially earlier. For both agents, the risk continued to increase more than 10 years after treatment began.
