Apathy in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity308 @entity571 @entity146 @entity73 @entity191 @entity148
OBJECTIVE: To assess apathy in @entity1 with @entity191 and its relation to disability, mood, personality, and cognition. METHODS: Levels of apathy in 45 @entity1 with @entity191 were compared with a group of 17 similarly disabled @entity1 with @entity571 . Additional neuropsychiatric data were collected concerning levels of @entity308 , @entity148 , and hedonic tone. Personality was assessed with the tridimensional personality questionnaire. Cognitive testing included the mini-mental state examination, the Cambridge examination of cognition in the elderly, and specific tests of executive functioning. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity191 had significantly higher levels of apathy than equally disabled osteoarthritic @entity1 . Furthermore, within the Parkinson sample, levels of apathy appear to be unrelated to disease progression. The @entity1 with @entity191 with the highest levels of apathy where not more likely to be @entity308 or anxious than those with the lowest levels of apathy, though they did show reduced hedonic tone. No differences in personality traits were detected in comparisons between @entity1 with @entity191 and @entity571 , or between @entity1 in the Parkinson group with high or low levels of apathy. As a group, the @entity1 with @entity191 tended not to differ significantly from the osteoarthritic group in @entity73 . However, within the @entity191 sample, the high apathy @entity1 performed significantly below the level of the low apathy @entity1 . This was particularly evident on tests of executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Apathy in @entity191 is more likely to be a direct consequence of disease related physiological changes than a psychological reaction or adaptation to disability. Apathy in @entity191 can be distinguished from other @entity146 and personality features that are associated with the disease, and it is closely associated with @entity73 . These findings point to a possible role of cognitive mechanisms in the expression of apathy.
