Mechanism of Action of Nigella sativa on @entity1 XXXX Cells: the Suppression of AP-1 and NF-kB Transcription Factors and the Induction of Cytoprotective Genes.

@entity1 @entity5956 @entity522 @entity589 @entity588 @entity5611 @entity3857 @entity694 @entity517 @entity4910 @entity3544 @entity876 @entity13791 @entity14 @entity9186 @entity204 @entity1366
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: @entity14 is one of the leading causes of @entity204 in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth-suppression potentiality of a crude @entity3857 extract (CSENS) prepared from medicinal herb, Nigella sativa, on @entity1 @entity694 cells, HCT116. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HCT116 cells were subjected to increasing doses of CSENS for 24, 48 and 72 h, and then harvested and assayed for cell viability by WST-1. Flow cytometry analyses, cell @entity204 detection ELISA, fluorescent stains ( @entity5956 and @entity9186 / @entity5611 ), DNA laddering and comet assays were carried out to confirm the apoptogenic effects of CSENS. Luciferase reporter gene assays, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the impact of CAERS and CFEZO on the expression levels of key regulatory proteins in HCT116 cells. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that CSENS inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry analyses, while CSENS-treated cells exhibited morphological hallmarks of apoptosis including cell shrinkage, irregularity in cellular shape, cellular detachment and chromatin condensation. Biochemical signs of apoptosis, such as DNA degradation, were observed by comet assay and gel electrophoresis. The pro-apoptotic effect of CSENS was @entity522 -independent and associated with increase of the @entity589 / @entity588 ratio. CSENS treatment down-regulated transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of NF-kB and AP-1 proteins, associated with down-regulation of their target oncogenes, @entity517 , @entity4910 and survivin. On the other hand, CSENS up-regulated transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of @entity13791 and expression of cytoprotective genes. In addition, CSENS modulated the expression levels of @entity1366 MAPK, @entity876 and @entity3544 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CSENS may be a valuable agent for treatment of @entity694 .
