Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis and XXXX in broilers: a review.

@entity6995 @entity1273 @entity14116 @entity39 @entity2348 @entity71055 @entity1573 @entity2419 @entity14951
UNASSIGNED: This review focuses on a specific cause of @entity1273 known as @entity2348 ( @entity71055 : ) in broilers. Rapid increases in body weight impose excessive torque and shear stress on structurally immature epiphyseal and physeal cartilage, primarily in the proximal femora, proximal tibiae, and flexible thoracic vertebrae. Excessive mechanical stress creates @entity2419 among the chondrocytes of susceptible growth plates. These wound sites are colonized by hematogenously distributed opportunistic bacteria, culminating in the gross @entity39 that are pathognomonic for terminal @entity71055 . Lameness attributable to characteristic @entity71055 lesions can be reproduced by rearing broilers on wire flooring to create persistent footing instability and physiological stress, without the need to inoculate the birds with pathogenic bacteria that presumably are present but quiescent within the bird's microbial communities or in the environment. Experiments using the wire-flooring model revealed innate differences in the susceptibility of broiler lines to @entity71055 , and demonstrated that @entity71055 incidences can be reduced by prophylactically providing probiotics in the feed, by prophylactically adding @entity14951 to the drinking water, or by therapeutically adding the antibiotic @entity14116 to the drinking water. Hatchery and @entity1573 quality issues clearly influence the susceptibility of broilers to @entity71055 . When broilers remain in a sitting posture for prolonged periods, the major arteries supplying their legs may be compressed. These episodes of inadequate blood flow may prevent chondrocyte maturation and trigger focal @entity39 , thereby making the epiphyseal and physeal cartilage highly susceptible to @entity6995 and @entity71055 . Much remains to be revealed regarding the pathogenesis of @entity71055 . Further revelations will be facilitated by the availability of the now-validated wire-flooring models that consistently trigger high incidences of @entity71055 in experimental flocks.
