Evaluation of the osteogenic potential and vascularization of 3D XXXX scaffolds subcutaneously implanted in nude @entity35 .

@entity1 @entity13099 @entity13100 @entity12912 @entity460 @entity35 @entity597
The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic potential and the vascularization of embroidered, tissue engineered, and cell-seeded 3D @entity13099 ( @entity13100 ) scaffolds in nude @entity35 . Collagen I (coll I)- and collagen I/chondroitin @entity597 (coll I/CS)-coated @entity13100 scaffolds were seeded with @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Proliferation and differentiation were characterized by different biochemical assays in vitro. For animal experiments, the cells were cultivated on coll I- or coll I/CS-coated scaffolds and either expanded or osteogenically differentiated. Scaffolds were piled up to create a 3D scaffold pad and implanted subcutaneously into nude @entity35 . In vitro hMSC showed proliferation and differentiation on @entity13100 scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and @entity460 increased in the differentiation medium and in the presence of coll I/CS. In vivo blood vessels were found in the scaffold-stack. Histological/immunohistological analyses of explanted scaffolds showed osteogenic markers such as osteopontin, @entity12912 , and coll I around the @entity13100 fibers. Coll I/CS-coated scaffolds with expanded hMSC showed higher values of ALP and @entity460 than the other combinations. Embroidered @entity13100 scaffolds, coated with extracellular matrix components, provided an adequate environment and, therefore, a template for hMSC which could be differentiated in osteogenic direction.
