Gene therapy and targeted toxins for XXXX .

@entity1 @entity1313 @entity5 @entity11 @entity204 @entity463
The most common primary @entity1313 in adults is @entity463 . These @entity5 are highly invasive and aggressive with a mean survival time of 15-18 months from diagnosis to @entity204 . Current treatment modalities are unable to significantly prolong survival in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity463 . As such, @entity11 is an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches utilizing gene therapy. This review will examine the available preclinical models for @entity11 including xenographs, syngeneic and genetic models. Several promising therapeutic targets are currently being pursued in pre-clinical investigations. These targets will be reviewed by mechanism of action, i.e., conditional cytotoxic, targeted toxins, oncolytic viruses, @entity5 suppressors/oncogenes, and immune stimulatory approaches. Preclinical gene therapy paradigms aim to determine which strategies will provide rapid @entity5 regression and long-term protection from recurrence. While a wide range of potential targets are being investigated preclinically, only the most efficacious are further transitioned into clinical trial paradigms. Clinical trials reported to date are summarized including results from conditionally cytotoxic, targeted toxins, oncolytic viruses and oncogene targeting approaches. Clinical trial results have not been as robust as preclinical models predicted; this could be due to the limitations of the GBM models employed. Once this is addressed, and we develop effective gene therapies in models that better replicate the clinical scenario, gene therapy will provide a powerful approach to treat and manage @entity1313 .
