Assessment and treatment of short-term and working XXXX in @entity64 : a practical tutorial.

@entity1 @entity64 @entity73 @entity2026 @entity2414
BACKGROUND: @entity2026 following @entity64 refers to impairments that affect the comprehension and expression of spoken and/or written language, and co-occurring @entity73 are common. In this paper we focus on short-term and working @entity2414 that impact on the ability to retain and manipulate auditory-verbal information. Evidence from diverse paradigms (large group studies, case studies) report close links between short-term/working memory and language functioning in @entity2026 . This evidence leads to the hypothesis that treating such @entity2414 would improve language functioning. This link has only recently been acknowledged in @entity2026 treatment but has not been embraced widely by clinicians. AIMS: To examine the association between language, and short-term and working @entity2414 in @entity2026 . To describe practical ways of assessing short-term and working memory functioning that could be used in clinical practice. To discuss and critically appraise treatments of short-term and working memory reported in the literature. METHODS _ PROCEDURES: Taking a translational research approach, this paper provides clinicians with current evidence from the literature and practical information on how to assess and treat short-term and working @entity2414 in @entity1 with @entity2026 . Published treatments of short-term and/or working memory in post- @entity64 are discussed through a narrative review. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS: This paper provides the following. A theoretical rationale for adopting short-term and working memory treatments in @entity2026 . It highlights issues in differentially diagnosing between short-term, working @entity2414 and other @entity73 , e.g. apraxia of speech. It describes short-term and working memory assessments with practical considerations for use with @entity1 with @entity2026 . It also offers a description of published treatments in terms of @entity1 , treatments and outcomes. Finally, it critically appraises the current evidence base relating to the treatment of short-term and working memory treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The links between short-term/working memory functioning and language in @entity2026 are generally acknowledged. These strongly indicate the need to incorporate assessment of short-term/working memory functioning for @entity1 with @entity2026 . While the supportive evidence for treatment is growing and appears to highlight the benefits of including short-term/working memory in @entity2026 treatment, the quality of the evidence in its current state is poor. However, because of the clinical needs of @entity1 with @entity2026 and the prevalence of short-term/working @entity2414 , incorporating related treatments through practice-based evidence is advocated.
