XXXX and @entity3756 exposure compromises embryonic bone development.

@entity1 @entity9618 @entity410 @entity308 @entity18060 @entity101 @entity174 @entity8087 @entity853 @entity622 @entity600 @entity3756 @entity837 @entity1096 @entity750 @entity91 @entity3392
Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed treatments for @entity308 and, as a class of drugs, are among the most used medications in the world. Concern regarding possible effects of SSRI treatment on fetal development has arisen recently as studies have suggested a link between maternal SSRI use and an increase in @entity600 such as persistent pulmonary @entity101 , @entity410 and @entity91 . Furthermore, SSRI exposure in adults is associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased @entity174 risk, and @entity750 receptors are expressed in @entity1 osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To determine possible effects of @entity18060 exposure on developing bone, we treated both @entity3392 , during embryonic development, and @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), during differentiation into osteoblasts, with the two most prescribed SSRIs, @entity837 and @entity3756 . SSRI treatment in @entity3392 decreased bone mineralization, visualized by @entity622 staining and decreased the expression of mature osteoblast-specific markers during embryogenesis. Furthermore, we showed that this inhibition was not associated with increased apoptosis. In differentiating @entity1 MSCs, we observed a decrease in osteoblast activity that was associated with a decrease in expression of the osteoblast-specific genes @entity8087 , @entity9618 and @entity1096 , measured with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Similar to the developing @entity3392 , no increase in expression of the apoptotic marker Caspase 3 was observed. Therefore, we propose that SSRIs inhibit bone development by affecting osteoblast maturation during embryonic development and MSC differentiation. These results highlight the need to further investigate the risks of SSRI use during pregnancy in exposing unborn babies to @entity853 .
