Altered cardiac function and @entity1757 in avian embryos exposed to low-dose XXXX .

@entity4966 @entity1283 @entity73 @entity1757 @entity509 @entity1573 @entity460 @entity4965 @entity4297
@entity4965 ( @entity4966 ) is the most frequently reported organic groundwater contaminant in the United States. It is controversial whether gestational @entity4966 exposure causes @entity4297 . The basis for @entity4966 's proposed cardiac teratogenicity is not well understood. We previously showed that @entity1573 embryos exposed to 8 ppb @entity4966 during cardiac morphogenesis have reduced cardiac output and increased mortality. To further investigate @entity4966 's cardioteratogenic potential, we exposed in ovo @entity1573 embryos to @entity4966 and evaluated the heart thereafter. Significant mortality was observed following @entity4966 exposures of 8-400 ppb during a narrow developmental period (Hamburger-Hamilton [HH] stages 15-20, embryo day ED2.3-3.5) that is characterized by myocardial expansion, secondary heart looping, and endocardial cushion formation. Of the embryos that died, most did so between ED5.5 and ED6.5. Echocardiography of embryos at ED5.5 found that @entity4966 -exposed hearts displayed significant functional and morphological heterogeneity affecting heart rate, left ventricular mass, and wall thickness. Individual embryos were identified with @entity1283 as well as with @entity509 . @entity1573 embryos exposed to 8 ppb @entity4966 at HH17 that survived to hatch exhibited a high incidence (38%, p < 0.01, n = 16) of muscular @entity1757 ( @entity1757 ) as detected by echocardiography and confirmed by gross dissection; no @entity1757 were found in controls (n = 14). The @entity4966 -induced @entity1757 may be @entity73 that alter cardiac hemodynamics and subsequent ventricular foramen closure, an interpretation consistent with recent demonstrations that @entity4966 impairs @entity460 handling in cardiomyocytes. These data demonstrate that @entity4966 is a cardiac teratogen for @entity1573 .
