XXXX and @entity3976 : diagnosis and management.

@entity1 @entity3976 @entity66 @entity9467 @entity693 @entity11 @entity5173
OBJECTIVE: To review the biology of @entity11 and @entity3976 and to present an algorithm for preoperative evaluation and surgical management. DESIGN: Retrospective review and analysis. SETTING: Tertiary care medical center: 1970 to 2002. @entity1 : Sixteen @entity1 with @entity11 (n = 10) and @entity3976 (n = 6). OUTCOME: Age at the time of presentation, sex, signs and symptoms, imaging findings, surgical approach, pathology, complications, rate of recurrence, and follow-up were recorded. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 presented with @entity11 with a mean age of 9 months. All @entity1 underwent surgical excision. No complication was encountered with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. Six @entity1 presented with encephaloceles with a mean age of 15.5 months. All @entity1 underwent surgical excision. Complications included @entity5173 (n = 1) and @entity9467 (n = 1). Follow-up was 1 to 14 years (mean, 4 years). CONCLUSION: @entity11 and @entity3976 are rare, benign, @entity66 with a potential for intracranial extension. Evaluation should include a complete rhinologic and neurologic examination. Preoperative imaging with a thin-cut axial and coronal computed tomography scan and/or multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging is essential. Surgical intervention should be performed soon after diagnosis to alleviate the increased risk of @entity693 . A frontal craniotomy approach is recommended if intracranial extension is identified based on preoperative evaluation, followed by an extracranial resection. If there is no evidence of intracranial extension, a conservative extracranial approach is recommended.
