Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and @entity165 metabolism in XXXX : a randomized study.

@entity1 @entity9542 @entity844 @entity3363 @entity12492 @entity755 @entity10194 @entity412 @entity1675 @entity460 @entity37793 @entity1718 @entity65 @entity165 @entity9543
BACKGROUND: Butter is rich in saturated fat [ @entity1718 ( @entity10194 )] and can increase plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 , which is a major risk factor for @entity65 . However, compared with other dairy foods, butter is low in milk fat globule membrane ( @entity12492 ) content, which encloses the fat. We hypothesized that different dairy foods may have distinct effects on plasma lipids because of a varying content of @entity12492 . OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate whether the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids and cardiometabolic risk markers are modulated by the @entity12492 content. DESIGN: The study was an 8-wk, single-blind, randomized, controlled isocaloric trial with 2 parallel groups including overweight @entity1 and @entity1 (n = 57 randomly assigned). For the intervention, subjects consumed 40 g milk fat/d as either whipping cream ( @entity12492 diet) or butter oil (control diet). Intervention foods were matched for total fat, protein, @entity3363 , and @entity460 . Subjects were discouraged from consuming any other dairy products during the study. Plasma markers of @entity165 absorption and hepatic @entity165 metabolism were assessed together with global gene-expression analyses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: As expected, the control diet increased plasma lipids, whereas the @entity12492 diet did not [total @entity165 (  SD): +0.30    0.49 compared with -0.04    0.49 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); LDL @entity165 : +0.36    0.50 compared with +0.04    0.36 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); @entity755 : @entity1675 ratio: +0.03    0.09 compared with -0.05    0.10 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.007); and non-HDL @entity165 : +0.24    0.49 compared with -0.14    0.51 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.013)]. HDL- @entity165 , @entity412 , @entity9542 , @entity37793 , @entity9543 , and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 plasma concentrations and @entity844 compositions did not differ between groups. Nineteen genes were differentially regulated between groups, and these genes were mostly correlated with lipid changes. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to milk fat without @entity12492 , milk fat enclosed by @entity12492 does not impair the lipoprotein profile. The mechanism is not clear although suppressed gene expression by @entity12492 correlated inversely with plasma lipids. The food matrix should be considered when evaluating cardiovascular aspects of different dairy foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01767077.
