Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma in XXXX : An overview of experimental evidences.

@entity3725 @entity844 @entity3724 @entity32 @entity35 @entity12098 @entity1066 @entity12578 @entity1474 @entity17544 @entity10569 @entity1813 @entity6170 @entity2275
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Three subtypes, @entity3725 , @entity12578 /  , and PPARy, have been identified so far. @entity3725 is expressed in the liver, kidney, small intestine, heart, and muscle, where it activates the @entity844 catabolism and control lipoprotein assembly in response to long-chain @entity1474 , @entity1813 , and hypolipidemic drugs (e.g., @entity3724 ). @entity12578 /   is more broadly expressed and is implicated in @entity844 oxidation, keratinocyte differentiation, wound healing, and macrophage response to very low density lipoprotein metabolism. This isoform has been implicated in transcriptional-repression functions and has been shown to repress the activity of @entity3725 or PPARy target genes. PPARy1 and y2 are generated from a single-gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma by differential promoter usage and alternative splicing. PPARy1 is expressed in colon, immune system (e.g., monocytes and macrophages), and other tissues where it participates in the modulation of @entity32 , cell proliferation, and differentiation. PPARs regulate gene expression through distinct mechanisms: Ligand-dependent transactivation, ligand-independent repression, and ligand-dependent transrepression. Studies in animals have demonstrated the gastric antisecretory activity of @entity3725 agonists like @entity17544 , @entity10569 and clofibrate. Study by Pathak et al also demonstrated the effect of @entity3725 agonist, @entity10569 , on gastric secretion and gastric cytoprotection in various @entity2275 models in @entity35 . The majority of the experimental studies is on @entity12098 and @entity6170 , which are PPARy activators. In all the studies, both the PPARy activators showed protection against the @entity2275 and also accelerate the @entity1066 in @entity2275 model in @entity35 . Therefore, @entity3725 and PPARy may be a target for @entity2275 therapy. Finally, more studies are also needed to confirm the involvement of PPARs a and y in @entity2275 .
