XXXX hormone regulation of angiogenesis in the primate endometrium.

@entity1 @entity172 @entity249 @entity1420 @entity7 @entity3658 @entity134 @entity877 @entity23876
The @entity1 endometrium develops new capillaries from existing microvessels, i.e. angiogenesis, which then undergo maturation and remodeling, i.e. investment of microvessels with periendothelial mural cells, into a new vascular network during each menstrual cycle. Improper vascularization of the endometrium may cause implantation failure and @entity249 . @entity172 and @entity1420 have pivotal roles in establishing this vascular bed, but the cellular sites and mechanisms of action of these @entity134 hormones are incompletely understood. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity3658 , and @entity877 and their receptors are expressed in the @entity1 and nonhuman primate endometrium and interact to control vascular development and remodeling. @entity7 synthesis within and neovascularization of the endometrium seem to be sustained and ongoing processes designed to progressively promote growth and development of the endometrium with advancing stages of the menstrual cycle. However, @entity172 rapidly upregulates @entity7 expression by endometrial glandular epithelial and stromal cells in vivo in the nonhuman primate and in vitro in the @entity1 . Reports of the effects of @entity1420 on endometrial @entity7 formation, however, are inconsistent and may reflect regulatory actions on particular isoforms of @entity7 . In addition, @entity172 has effects on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which may be direct or mediated by @entity7 . Very little is known, however, about the @entity134 hormone regulation of other angiostimulatory and angioinhibitory factors, e.g. @entity23876 , in the endometrium. Moreover, the role of @entity134 hormones acting directly, or indirectly via @entity7 and other angiogenic factors, on expression of integrins, cell adhesion and other molecules required for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions important for angiogenesis in the @entity1 and nonhuman primate endometrium is largely unknown. Finally, further study is needed of cell-specific responsivity and function in the @entity1 endometrium with respect to @entity134 hormone regulation of angiogenesis.
