A temperature shock can lead to trans-generational immune priming in the XXXX , @entity5399 .

@entity5399 @entity1457 @entity11137 @entity2348 @entity1200
@entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) describes the transfer of immune stimulation to the next generation. As stress and immunity are closely connected, we here address the question whether trans-generational effects on immunity and resistance can also be elicited by a nonpathogen stress treatment of parents. General stressors have been shown to induce immunity to pathogens within individuals. However, to our knowledge, it is as of yet unknown whether stress can also induce trans-generational effects on immunity and resistance. We exposed a parental generation (mothers, fathers, or both parents) of the @entity5399 @entity5399 , a species where @entity1200 has been previously been demonstrated, to either a brief heat or @entity1457 and examined offspring survival after @entity2348 with the entomopathogen @entity11137 . We also studied phenoloxidase activity, a key enzyme of the insect innate immune system that has previously been demonstrated to be up-regulated upon @entity1200 . We quantified parental fecundity and offspring developmental time to evaluate whether trans-generational priming might have costs. Offspring resistance was found to be significantly increased when both parents received a @entity1457 . Offspring phenoloxidase activity was also higher when mothers or both parents were cold-shocked. By contrast, parental @entity1457 reduced offspring phenoloxidase activity. Moreover, parental cold or @entity1457 delayed offspring development. In sum, we conclude that trans-generational priming for resistance could not only be elicited by pathogens or pathogen-derived components, but also by more general cues that are indicative of a stressful environment. The interaction between stress responses and the immune system might play an important role also for trans-generational effects.
