Antimicrobial responses in the male reproductive tract of lipopolysaccharide challenged XXXX .

@entity251 @entity2953 @entity281 @entity72067 @entity35
PROBLEM: Innate immune machinery including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) confers the first line of defense mechanisms to counter pathogenic microorganisms that enter the body. The male reproductive tract is vulnerable to infection and the role of TLRs and the antimicrobial responses that operate to counter @entity281 in this organ system are poorly understood. METHOD OF STUDY: Caput and cauda epididymides, testes and seminal vesicles were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 24 h from @entity35 injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of LPS. Plasma @entity251 was measured using ELISA. Expression pattern of defensins and @entity72067 isoforms were analysed using RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical analyses was performed to determine SPAG11E protein expression following LPS treatment. RESULTS: We provide the first line of evidence that the male reproductive tract induces the expression of @entity72067 ( @entity72067 ) mRNA variants and defensins when challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a concomitant increase in protein expression. However, there was an inverse relationship between induction of antimicrobial gene expression and plasma @entity251 . An increase in the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines was observed parallel to the induction of @entity72067 variants and majority of defensin expression in the male reproductive tract. CONCLUSION: The increase in @entity72067 and defensin mRNA in response to LPS administration demonstrates their importance in protecting the male reproductive tract during infection. Results of this study help to understand male reproductive tract innate immune defense mechanisms and to design novel peptide antibiotics to prevent @entity2953 .
