Expression of growth factors, growth inhibiting factors, and their receptors in invasive XXXX . I: An inventory in search of autocrine and paracrine loops.

@entity7382 @entity0 @entity6006 @entity7 @entity310 @entity470 @entity2534 @entity7790 @entity5 @entity319 @entity540 @entity2533 @entity6474 @entity6758
The aim of the present study was to investigate which growth factors, receptors, and growth inhibiting factors are expressed in invasive @entity0 . Five (angiogenic) growth factors and their receptors: platelet-derived growth factor A chain (PDGF-AA) and PDGF receptor alpha (PDGF alpha R), PDGF-BB and @entity6006 receptor, @entity310 ( @entity7790 ) and its receptor @entity470 ( @entity470 ), and @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and its receptors @entity7 receptor I ( @entity6758 ) and @entity7 receptor II ( @entity319 ( @entity2533 ) and ( @entity6474 ) and their receptor couple transforming growth factor beta receptor I ( @entity7382 ) and @entity2534 ; and @entity540 ( @entity540 ) were stained by standard immunohistochemistry on frozen sections in 45 cases of invasive @entity0 . Staining was scored as negative or positive in @entity5 epithelium, stroma, and blood vessels. @entity2533 and @entity6474 were expressed in the @entity5 cells in 67 per cent and 76 per cent of cases, respectively, whereas PDG beta R and @entity2534 were expressed in 0 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively. The other factors showed variable expression in @entity5 cells. All factors were expressed in the stroma in most cases, except @entity6758 , @entity319 / @entity319 , @entity6474 , and @entity2534 , which showed variable expression, and @entity470 , which showed no expression. The endothelium was in most cases positive for @entity540 , PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, @entity7 , PDGF alpha R, @entity6006 R, and @entity2533 but @entity2533 / was negative in most cases and @entity7790 , @entity470 , @entity6758 , @entity319 / @entity319 , @entity7382 , and @entity2534 were variably expressed. The most interesting possible auto/paracrine loops, as demonstrated on serial sections and by fluorescence double staining, were the @entity7790 / @entity470 , @entity2533 s/ @entity2533 R, @entity7 / @entity6758 , and the @entity7 / @entity319 combinations. In conclusion, growth factors, growth inhibiting factors, and their receptors are frequently expressed in invasive @entity0 . Indications for some possible auto- and paracrine loops have been found, which should encourage further study on the role of these factors in @entity0 proliferation and angiogenesis.
