Detection and diversity of various XXXX species in Danish poultry.

@entity4186 @entity1 @entity233 @entity1573 @entity45128 @entity8177 @entity71984
The prevalence and diversity of different @entity8177 spp. in various poultry species in Denmark were investigated using cultural and multiplex PCR methods. A pool of three fresh droppings obtained at the production site from 70 broiler @entity1573 flocks aged 4-5 weeks was examined. In addition, pools of 10 cloacal swabs taken at the abattoir prior to stunning from each of 15, and 37 @entity4186 and @entity233 flocks, respectively, were analyzed. Thirty fresh broiler @entity1573 carcasses and 29 cloacal swabs from the respective viscera were also examined at the abattoir. Finally, 10 caecal and 10 cloacal swabs from @entity4186 at the abattoir were analyzed individually. In total, 85 @entity8177 isolates were obtained. Of these 45, 20 and 7 were identified as @entity8177 , @entity8177 cryaerophilus and @entity8177 skirrowii, respectively, using a multiplex PCR. Interestingly, some @entity1573 isolates of A. butzleri showed urease activity, and 6 out of seven A. skirrowi isolates were unable to hydrolyse @entity45128 . All @entity1573 carcasses examined were found positive for A. butzleri and/ @entity71984 . cryaerophilus, whereas 21 (72%) of the 29 @entity1573 cloacal swabs were positive for either A. butzleri (13) @entity71984 . cryaerophilus (9). Three (4.3%) out of 70 @entity1573 flocks analyzed were positive only for A. cryaerophilus. Of the ten @entity4186 examined individually, 7 carried A. skirrowii and/ @entity71984 . cryaerophilus in their cloacae. None of the respective caecal samples were positive. Of the remaining 15 @entity4186 flocks, 11 (73%) were positive for A. cryaerophilus (7), A. butzleri (2) @entity71984 . skirrowii (2). Four (11%) of the 37 @entity233 flocks analyzed harboured either A. butzleri @entity71984 . cryaerophilus. The carriage rate of @entity8177 was higher in live @entity4186 than those of live broiler @entity1573 and @entity233 in the present study. In addition, @entity1573 carcasses slaughtered in Denmark were found to be contaminated with @entity8177 . The presence of @entity8177 spp. both on @entity1573 carcasses and in poultry intestine may be of significance to @entity1 health.
