Angiogenesis in benign, pre-malignant and XXXX .

@entity3854 @entity1 @entity7 @entity5 @entity957 @entity1373 @entity2622 @entity189 @entity4261 @entity1015 @entity3 @entity1014 @entity105 @entity6068 @entity5436
@entity957 (SCC) accounts for about 4% of all gynaecological @entity5 . It has an incidence of about 1.8 per 100,000. However, after the age of 75 the incidence of @entity189 peaks at approximately 20 per 100,000, making it as common as @entity2622 . Benign and pre- @entity5 can be broadly divided into non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva (NNEDV), @entity5436 ( @entity5436 ) and @entity4261 ( @entity4261 ). NNEDV lesions include @entity3854 ( @entity3854 ) and @entity1373 ( @entity1373 ). To date no solid prognostic tools are available to predict which pre- @entity5 will progress to SCC. About 4.5% of @entity1 develop SCC following a history of @entity3854 and ca. 4% of treated @entity6068 go on to become vulvar SCC. In @entity4261 , 28% of @entity1 have an underlying @entity5 . Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, is an essential component of solid @entity5 growth and @entity3 . Several angiogenic factors are expressed by many @entity5 , suggesting that @entity5 promote their own vascularisation by activating the host endothelium. This review follows the progress of research in angiogenesis in @entity6068 as assessed by a variety of methods, such as in situ hybridisation (ISH), microvessel density measurements (MVD), immunohistochemically-detected angiogenic growth factor expression, including @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/ @entity1014 phosphorylase ( @entity1015 /TP), and serum concentrations of @entity7 . Thus, the potential of angiogenesis as a prognostic and predictive tool for identifying which pre-malignant lesions could progress to SCC is discussed. A relatively high MVD and strong @entity7 expression may serve as prognostic indicators of survival in invasive SCC. MVD and @entity7 expression are also predictive factors in identifying which @entity6068 are more likely to become invasive. However @entity7 is not a predictive marker in cases of @entity3854 likely to progress to @entity189 . The expression of @entity1015 /TP in all types of lesions tested prevents its use as a prognostic tool, unlike @entity7 . However, @entity1015 /TP is involved in @entity4261 pathogenesis, but is not a marker of the malignant progression of @entity4261 . In @entity4261 , @entity7 was not expressed even in those cases associated with invasive disease. Serum concentrations of @entity7 play a functional role in @entity105 . Although associated with impaired disease-free and overall survival, pre-treatment serum concentrations of @entity7 are not an independent predictor of outcome in @entity1 with @entity5 . These studies suggest that further angiogenic research will be important in both the therapy and prognosis of malignant and pre-malignant @entity6068 .
