Non-invasive imaging to monitor @entity1988 and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity32 @entity8 @entity82 @entity66 @entity149 @entity1252 @entity1933 @entity1988 @entity12319
@entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple different organs, including the @entity149 (CNS). Conventional radiological examinations in @entity1252 @entity1 include volumetric/ anatomical computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US). The utility of these modalities is limited, however, due to the @entity66 . Furthermore, CT and MRI contrast agents are contraindicated in @entity1 with @entity8 . Various radiologic methods are currently being developed to improve disease characterization in @entity1 with @entity1252 beyond simple anatomical endpoints. Physiological non-contrast MRI protocols have been developed to assess tissue oxygenation, glomerular filtration, renal perfusion, interstitial diffusion, and @entity32 -driven @entity82 in @entity1988 ( @entity1988 ) @entity1 . For neurological symptoms, vessel size imaging (VSI, an MRI approach utilizing T2-relaxing @entity1933 nanoparticles) has shown promise as a diagnostic tool. Molecular imaging probes (mostly for MRI and nuclear medicine imaging) have also been developed for diagnosing @entity1252 with high sensitivity, and for monitoring disease activity. This paper reviews the challenges in evaluating disease activity in @entity1 with @entity1988 and @entity12319 ( @entity12319 ). We describe novel MRI and positron-emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging protocols using targeted @entity1933 nanoparticles and radioactive ligands, respectively, for detection of @entity1252 -associated @entity32 .
