Developmental changes in XXXX and autophagic marker levels in normal and growth-restricted fetal @entity1707 .

@entity1 @entity1707 @entity1592 @entity5173 @entity4663 @entity4664 @entity11667
@entity4663 are essential for embryonic and fetal survival, growth, and development. Additionally, @entity4663 may induce autophagy in @entity1 cells. However, little is known about the availability of @entity4663 or autophagy in the porcine conceptus with @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ). The present study was performed to evaluate the developmental changes of @entity4664 concentrations in @entity1592 and normal porcine fetuses as well as autophagic marker levels in the fetal intestinal mucosa during the second half of gestation when most fetal growth occurs. @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ), amniotic fluid (AMF), umbilical vein, and the small-intestinal mucosa were obtained from both @entity1592 and normal fetal @entity1707 at d 60, 90, and 110 of gestation. Concentrations of @entity4663 in fetal fluids as well as protein abundances of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), an autophagic marker, in the fetal small-intestinal mucosa were determined. Concentrations of @entity4663 varied greatly in different fetal compartments and changed substantially with advancing gestation. Concentrations of @entity4663 in @entity1592 fetal fluids and the small-intestinal mucosa were markedly different from those in their normal counterparts at d 60 and 90 of gestation, whereas most of the differences were not detected by late (d 110) gestation. Specifically, @entity4664 levels were lower in the umbilical vein plasma but higher in @entity5173 and AMF from @entity1592 fetuses. Furthermore, enhanced levels of an autophagic marker were observed in the small-intestinal mucosa of @entity1592 fetuses throughout mid and late gestation in association with abnormal @entity11667 levels in fetal plasma. These findings support the notion that enhanced autophagy may be an important survival mechanism in @entity1592 fetuses. Collectively, our findings provide a new framework for future studies to define the roles for @entity4663 in the prevention and treatment of @entity1592 in both @entity1 medicine and animal production.
