Mustard gas exposure and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity5745 @entity5 @entity984 @entity2 @entity876 @entity982 @entity599 @entity105
@entity599 mustard (SM), also known as @entity5745 , is an alkylating compound used as a chemical weapon in World War I and by Iraqi forces against Iranians and indigenous Iraqi Kurds during the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s. Although SM is a proven carcinogen there are conflicting views regarding the carcinogenicity of a single exposure. The present study characterizes @entity2 formed in @entity5745 victims from the Iran-Iraq War. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Demographic information and @entity5 specimens were collected from 20 Iranian @entity2 @entity1 with single high-dose SM exposures during the Iran-Iraq War. Formalin-fixed, @entity982 -embedded @entity2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for @entity876 protein. In addition, DNA was extracted from the tissues, PCR amplified and sequenced to identify mutations in the @entity876 and @entity984 genes associated with SM exposure. RESULTS: A relatively early @entity2 onset (ranging from 28 to 73 with a mean of 48) in @entity5745 victims, particularly those in the non-smoking population (mean age of 40.7), may be an indication of a unique etiology for these @entity5 . Seven of the 20 @entity1 developed @entity2 before the age of 40. Five of 16 @entity5 from which DNA sequence data was obtainable provided information on eight @entity876 mutations (within exons 5-8). These mutations were predominately G to A transitions; a mutation consistent with the DNA lesion caused by SM. Two of the @entity2 had multiple @entity876 point mutations, similar to results obtained from factory workers chronically exposed to mustard agent. No mutations were detected in the @entity984 gene. DISCUSSION: The distinguishing characteristics of @entity105 in these @entity5745 victims suggest that a single exposure may increase the risk of @entity2 development in some individuals.
