Rate and mechanism of maximal XXXX consumption decline with aging: implications for exercise training.

@entity1 @entity172 @entity410 @entity26 @entity2587 @entity65
Because of the influence of @entity410 on functional independence, quality of life, and @entity65 and all-cause mortality, tremendous interest has been directed towards describing the age-related change in maximal @entity26 consumption (VO(2max)). Current evidence supports a 10% per decade decline in VO(2max) in @entity1 and @entity1 regardless of activity level. High-intensity exercise may reduce this loss by up to 50% in young and middle-aged @entity1 , but not older @entity1 , if maintained long term. Middle-aged and older @entity1 do not appear to be able to reduce loss rates in VO(2max) to less than 10% per decade, which may be related to @entity172 status. However, maintaining high-intensity training seems limited to approximately one decade at best and to a select few individuals. While the factors limiting the ability to maintain high-intensity training are not completely known, aging most likely plays a role as studies have demonstrated that training maintenance becomes more difficult with advancing age. Age-related loss of VO(2max) seems to occur in a non-linear fashion in association with declines in physical activity. In sedentary individuals, this non-linear decline generally occurs during the twenties and thirties whereas @entity2587 individuals demonstrate a non-linear decline upon decreasing or ceasing training. Non-linear loss rates are also demonstrated in individuals over the age of 70 years. The decline in VO(2max) seems to be due to both central and peripheral adaptations, primarily reductions in maximal heart rate (HR(max)) and lean body mass (LBM). Exercise training does not influence declines in HR(max), while LBM can be maintained to some degree by exercise. Recommendations for exercise training should include aerobic activities utilising guidelines established by the American College of Sports Medicine for improving CV fitness and health, as well as strength training activities for enhancing LBM.
