Pathogenesis of @entity4481 -Induced @entity4218 in XXXX Embryos.

@entity11974 @entity19 @entity4218 @entity85 @entity4481
PURPOSE: It is known that antiepileptic drugs might adversely affect neuronal function and thus influence brain development. However, we have reported that @entity4218 are one of the most prominent disturbances caused by @entity4481 ( @entity11974 ) in the developing embryo. The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of possible molecular mechanisms behind the @entity85 and @entity4218 associated with @entity11974 . METHODS: Pregnant @entity19 divided into four groups. Each @entity19 received an intraperitoneal injection (IP) of 0, 20 (group I), 40 (group II) or 80 (group III) mg/kg/day of @entity11974 during the organogenesis period. On gestational day 18, embryos were separated and their limbs were dissected. Levels of apoptotic proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. To establish whether apoptosis is present in the limbs, the specimens were examined by TUNEL. Pathological findings were also reported as a score ranging from 1 to 3 based on the level of differentiation. RESULTS: Western blot analysis demonstrated that @entity11974 in all @entity11974 -treated groups significantly upregulated the levels of cleaved caspase-3, 8 and 9. Also, the results showed that @entity11974 exposure increased the percentage of TUNEL positive cells in different limb tissues especially the mesenchymal tissue. The histopathological findings revealed that @entity11974 administration to pregnant @entity19 inhibited limb tissue differentiation, albeit to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The result of our study revealed that apoptosis and inhibition of limb tissue differentiation play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity11974 -induced @entity4218 . Both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways of cell death are important in mediating the abnormal limb development triggered by insult with the @entity11974 . Evaluating the effect of @entity11974 on molecules involved in the cross-talk between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation during embryonic development can further help to identify and clarify the involved mechanisms.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
