Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance ( XXXX ) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review.

@entity1 @entity295 @entity198 @entity6766 @entity5852 @entity5422 @entity5125 @entity1902 @entity693 @entity281 @entity166
UNASSIGNED: Listeriosis is an @entity166 of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and @entity1 . It is an important @entity6766 caused by @entity5125 , an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by @entity295 , @entity198 , @entity693 , @entity5422 , @entity5852 , stillbirth, @entity281 and @entity1902 with the incubation period varying with the form of @entity281 . @entity5125 has been isolated worldwide from @entity1 , animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and @entity281 is mainly transmitted through foods in @entity1 and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
