Breathing Inhibited When XXXX Spread to the Amygdala and upon Amygdala Stimulation.

@entity1 @entity410 @entity944 @entity1353 @entity73 @entity26 @entity302 @entity3316 @entity3612 @entity204 @entity386
@entity944 ( @entity944 ) is increasingly recognized as a common and devastating problem. Because @entity73 breathing is thought to play a critical role in these deaths, we sought to identify forebrain sites underlying @entity410 -evoked @entity3316 in @entity1 . We took advantage of an extraordinary clinical opportunity to study a research @entity1 with medically intractable @entity302 who had extensive bilateral frontotemporal electrode coverage while breathing was monitored during @entity410 recorded by intracranial electrodes and mapped by high-resolution brain imaging. We found that central @entity386 and @entity3612 desaturation occurred when @entity410 spread to the amygdala. In the same @entity1 , localized electrical stimulation of the amygdala reproduced the @entity386 and O2 desaturation. Similar effects of amygdala stimulation were observed in two additional subjects, including one without a @entity302 . The @entity1 were completely unaware of the @entity386 evoked by stimulation and expressed no @entity1353 , despite being awake and vigilant. In contrast, @entity1353 holding of similar duration caused severe @entity1353 . These findings suggest a functional connection between the amygdala and medullary respiratory network in @entity1 . Moreover, they suggest that @entity410 spread to the amygdala may cause loss of spontaneous breathing of which @entity1 are unaware, and thus has potential to contribute to @entity944 . SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: @entity944 ( @entity944 ) is the most common cause of @entity204 in @entity1 with chronic @entity302 . Impaired breathing during and after @entity410 is common and suspected to play a role in @entity944 . Understanding the cause of this peri-ictal @entity3316 may lead to preventative strategies. In @entity302 @entity1 , we found that @entity410 invasion of the amygdala co-occurred with @entity386 and @entity26 desaturation, and electrical stimulation of the amygdala reproduced these respiratory findings. Strikingly, the subjects were unaware of the @entity386 . These findings indicate a functional connection between the amygdala and brainstem respiratory network in @entity1 and suggest that amygdala @entity410 may cause loss of spontaneous breathing of which @entity1 are unaware-a combination that could be deadly.
