Carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity and protective effect of betaine in XXXX .

@entity35 @entity8 @entity41746
OBJECTIVES: To observe the changes in the antioxidative defense enzymes and to detect the alterations of renal microscopy after carbon tetrachloride ( @entity41746 ) administration in @entity35 and to investigate the possible protective effects of betaine against @entity41746 -induced @entity8 . METHODS: Thirty-two adult @entity35 were divided into four groups as follows: control group, betaine group, @entity41746 group, and @entity41746 + betaine group. @entity41746 was given subcutaneously at 1 mL/kg. In the @entity41746 + betaine group, @entity35 were pretreated with betaine, then exposed to @entity41746 at the same dose. Betaine group @entity35 received concentrated betaine solution. The @entity35 were killed and the kidneys taken for enzyme analyses and histologic examination. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were measured in right kidney homogenates. Left kidneys were processed for light microscopic evaluation. RESULTS: In the @entity41746 -treated group, significant increases in kidney superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity were observed (P <0.01). These changes were found to be normalized in the @entity41746 + betaine group. Betaine did not change the enzyme activities. Exposure to @entity41746 resulted in glomerular and tubular alterations in the renal cortex. These alterations were found to be prevented by betaine pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that exposure to @entity41746 leads to @entity8 in @entity35 and betaine exerts an improvement on nephrotoxic effects of @entity41746 .
