Altered structure of cortical sulci in XXXX : Further support for abnormal brain development.

@entity1 @entity245 @entity92 @entity717 @entity3119 @entity4676
UNASSIGNED: @entity4676 is a @entity245 characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics. We hypothesized that @entity1 with this syndrome would present an aberrant pattern of cortical formation, which could potentially reflect global alterations of brain development. Using 3 Tesla structural neuroimaging, we compared sulcal depth, opening, and length and thickness of sulcal gray matter in 52 adult @entity1 and 52 matched controls. Cortical sulci were automatically reconstructed and identified over the whole brain, using BrainVisa software. We focused on frontal, parietal, and temporal cortical regions, in which abnormal structure and functional activity were identified in previous neuroimaging studies. Partial correlation analysis with age, sex, and treatment as covariables of noninterest was performed amongst relevant clinical and neuroimaging variables in @entity1 . @entity1 with @entity4676 showed @entity92 and reduced thickness of gray matter in the pre- and post-central as well as superior, inferior, and internal frontal sulci. In @entity1 with associated @entity3119 , additional structural changes were found in temporal, insular, and olfactory sulci. Crucially, severity of tics and of @entity3119 measured by Yale Global Tic severity scale and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale, respectively, correlated with structural sulcal changes in sensorimotor, temporal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and middle cingulate cortical areas. @entity1 with @entity4676 displayed an abnormal structural pattern of cortical sulci, which correlated with severity of clinical symptoms. Our results provide further evidence of abnormal brain development in GTS.    2015 International Parkinson and @entity717 Society.
