Bilateral XXXX and @entity1781 : a variant of the crowded disk syndrome?

@entity1 @entity1952 @entity6810 @entity6437 @entity3467 @entity1781 @entity3193 @entity1829
PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features of the syndrome that includes bilateral @entity3193 and @entity1781 and to propose a novel etiology to explain this presentation. DESIGN: Observational small case series. @entity1 : Three @entity1 . METHODS: Three @entity1 received an extensive clinical work-up including complete ocular examination, A and B scan ultrasonography, Humphrey visual field analysis, and imaging of the brain and orbit. Neurological consultation was obtained in each @entity1 two of whom underwent lumbar puncture. The findings of this detailed investigation are reported. RESULTS: Each @entity1 demonstrated bilateral @entity3193 with optic disk congestion and leakage in one eye and @entity1952 in the fellow eye. Extensive ocular and extraocular investigation failed to uncover a specific etiology. @entity6437 cerebri, a well-documented cause of @entity1829 and @entity3193 , was ruled out in each case. Each @entity1 did demonstrate variable degrees of @entity3467 and shortened axial lengths. CONCLUSIONS: The syndrome of bilateral @entity3193 and @entity1781 may have various etiologies. @entity6437 cerebri needs to be definitively ruled out. Normal neuro-ophthalmological investigation including lumbar puncture may indicate an alternative cause. Idiopathic acquired @entity3467 in middle-aged @entity1 who are hyperopic with shortened axial lengths may be associated with @entity3193 and a constricted scleral canal causing optic disk congestion and complicated by @entity6810 due to a crowded disk.
