Sacral nerve stimulation for XXXX : its role in the treatment algorithm.

@entity1 @entity1690 @entity322 @entity75
AIM: Indications for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for @entity322 have expanded over the last decade. This report aims to determine the clinical outcome of the current use of SNS in the treatment of @entity322 . Its objective is also to review the most recent role of SNS in @entity1 with anal sphincter lesions. METHOD: The literature was searched using Medline and Cochrane databases. The search was restricted to publications in English. For the analysis, studies with <25 @entity1 were excluded. For SNS in @entity1 with @entity1690 , all papers were included. RESULTS: Thirteen publications on the clinical outcome of SNS were included. Nine papers were identified reporting the application of SNS in @entity1 with a morphological @entity75 . The most common outcome measures of clinical efficacy were frequency of incontinence using the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. All studies demonstrated highly improved function across all outcome measures and improvement was statistically significant in all. Outcomes remain stable at long-term follow up. In @entity1 with sphincteric gaps ranging from 17 to 180  , SNS was clinically effective at short-term follow up. The size of the gap appears to have no impact on outcome. CONCLUSION: SNS has evolved to become a clinical efficient therapy applicable across a wide spectrum of causes of @entity322 with reproducible results. SNS can be considered to be an essential part of the current surgical treatment algorithm for @entity322 .
