Epigenetic imprinting during assisted reproductive technologies: The effect of temporal and cumulative fluctuations in XXXX cycling on the DNA methylation state.

@entity1501 @entity1 @entity5427 @entity11123 @entity1853 @entity15046 @entity5100 @entity15045
UNASSIGNED: Assisted reproductive technology (ART) exposes gametes and embryos to an artificial environment that does not resemble the conditions of natural conception, and therefore might change epigenetic regulation of genes that are imprinted during development. In the present review, we discuss the relationship between susceptibility of specific genes to receive an altered epigenetic composition during ART processes, possibly via alterations in the biochemical @entity1501 and @entity1853 cycle. We provide a comprehensive view of the current state of epigenetic patterning in ART-conceived healthy @entity1 and in @entity5427 ( @entity5427 ) and @entity11123 ( @entity11123 ) @entity1 . We illustrate that similar genes-that is, @entity15046 , @entity15045 , and @entity5100 -possess an altered DNA methylation profile in animal models, ART-conceived healthy @entity1 , and @entity5427 and @entity11123 @entity1 . The developmental stage at which these genes receive their epigenetic imprint appears to coincide with the specific moment that ART takes place. We highlight that ART procedures affect physiological levels of enzymes and substrates involved in the @entity1501 and @entity1853 cycle thereby altering the DNA methylation state. Moreover, although the DNA methylation rate appears to be robust: (i) temporal imbalances coinciding with defined moments of epigenetic imprinting of specific genes affect the eventual DNA methylation state of those genes and (ii) cumulative ART effects on @entity1853 and @entity1501 cycling can alter DNA methylation rates. These observations underscore the necessity to further investigate consequences of ART treatments on the epigenetic profile. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 94-107, 2016.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
