Treatment of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity5254 @entity292 @entity5576
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) @entity5254 is a rare entity that can arise from a variety of causes. Successful management has been reported using a variety of repair techniques. The goal of this study is to make recommendations on intraoperative and postoperative management of CSF fistulas across all causes. RECENT FINDINGS: Pooled analysis of case series reveals that free graft repairs are successful in closing most traumatic and iatrogenic CSF leaks. In contrast, multilayered, vascularized repairs are often required for large defects with high-flow leaks that communicate with a cistern and/or ventricles. Spontaneous CSF leaks are associated with @entity5576 in the vast majority of cases, and when present, postoperative medical management is necessary for long-term success. SUMMARY: @entity1 with @entity5254 require surgical repair to prevent life-threatening complications. Many techniques and materials are effective at achieving closure of CSF @entity292 across causes. Evidence suggests that @entity1 with high-flow CSF fistulas have improved outcomes with multilayered, vascularized repairs to decrease the risk of postoperative CSF leaks. @entity1 with @entity5576 need long-term management of the underlying disease process.
