XXXX and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS).

@entity1 @entity167 @entity2339 @entity701
AIMS: We examined within a prospective longitudinal study whether @entity701 levels were associated with smoking or drinking behaviours, taking parental substance use into account. DESIGN: The influence of parental substance use on @entity701 levels of their adolescent offspring at age 10-12 years was examined. Next, @entity701 levels of adolescents who initiated smoking or drinking at the first data collection (age 10-12) were compared to non-users. Finally, we examined whether @entity701 levels could predict new onset and frequency of smoking and drinking 2 years later. SETTING AND @entity1 : First and second assessment data of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) were used, including 1768 Dutch adolescents aged 10-12 years, who were followed-up across a period of 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: @entity701 was measured in saliva samples at awakening, 30 minutes later, and at 8 p.m. at age 10-12. Self-reported substance use at age 10-12 and 13-14, and parental self-reported substance use were used. FINDINGS: Only maternal substance use was related to slightly lower adolescent @entity701 levels at 8 p.m. Both maternal and paternal substance use were associated with adolescent smoking and drinking at age 13-14, although fathers' use only predicted the amount used and not the chance of ever use. Finally, higher @entity701 levels were related moderately to current smoking and future frequency of smoking, but not to @entity167 use. CONCLUSIONS: In a general population, parental heavy substance use does not seem to affect @entity701 levels consistently in their offspring. We found some evidence for higher, instead of lower, @entity2339 activity as a predictor of smoking in early adolescence.
