A trend analysis of antimicrobial resistance in commensal XXXX from several livestock species in Belgium (2011-2014).

@entity1707 @entity2177 @entity1573 @entity802 @entity207 @entity869 @entity803 @entity291 @entity526
UNASSIGNED: A temporal trend analysis was performed on antimicrobial resistance data collected over 4 consecutive years (2011-2014) in the official Belgian antimicrobial resistance monitoring programme. Commensal @entity526 strains were isolated from faecal samples of four livestock categories (veal @entity291 , young beef @entity291 , broiler @entity1573 and slaughter @entity1707 ) and the trends of resistance profiles were analysed. The resistance prevalence remained high (>50%) during the study period for @entity869 in veal @entity291 and @entity1573 , for @entity2177 and @entity802 in @entity1573 , for @entity207 in veal @entity291 , @entity1573 and @entity1707 and for @entity803 in veal @entity291 . Using logistic regression and Generalized Estimating Equation and after p value adjustment for multiple testing (Linear step-up method), statistically significant decreasing temporal trends were observed for several of the 11 tested antimicrobials in several livestock categories: in veal @entity291 (10/11), in @entity1573 (6/11) and in @entity1707 (5/11). A significant increasing trend was observed for the prevalence of resistance to @entity2177 in @entity1573 . Multi-resistance, considered as the resistance to at least three antimicrobials of different antibiotic classes, was observed in the four livestock categories but was significantly decreasing in veal @entity291 , @entity1573 and @entity1707 . Overall, the prevalence of resistance and of multi-resistance was lowest in the beef @entity291 livestock category and highest in broiler @entity1573 . These decreasing temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance might be due to a decrease of the total antimicrobial consumption for veterinary use in Belgium which was reported for the period between 2010 and 2013. The methodology and statistical tools developed in this study provide outputs which can detect shifts in resistance levels or resistance trends associated with particular antimicrobial classes and livestock categories. Such outputs can be used as objective evidence to evaluate the possible efficacy of measures taken by animal health authorities and stakeholders in the livestock sector to limit antimicrobial resistance occurrence.
