Thyroid Regulation and Dysfunction in the Pregnant XXXX

@entity1 @entity1375 @entity1496 @entity6751 @entity1378 @entity1374
During the past 3-4 decades there has been a major expansion of our knowledge regarding @entity1374 associated with pregnancy    @entity1374 are common. The prevalence of @entity1378 is around 5 per 1000 and @entity1375 about 3     10 per 1000 in @entity1 . As the conditions are generally much more common in the female it is to be expected that they will appear during pregnancy. Developments in our understanding of thyroid physiology (1,2) and immunology (3) in pregnancy as well as improvements in thyroid function testing (4) have highlighted the importance of recognizing and providing appropriate therapy to @entity1 with @entity1374 (5). There has been much discussion and many publications on the optimal management of pregnant @entity1 who are hyper or @entity1375 . In addition. the impact of @entity1496 deficiency on the mother and developing fetus, the adverse effects of @entity1375 on mental development in their offspring, the clinical importance of @entity6751 have all been intensively investigated. and reviewed (6-8,8a). The field has advanced rapidly so that the evidence based guidelines on thyroid and pregnancy published in 2007 (9) are now being replaced with 2 further updated documents ; one from The American Thyroid Association and the other from The American Endocrine society, both with continuing international representation. (10,11)
