Routinely obtained diagnostic material as a source of RNA for personalized medicine in XXXX @entity1 .

@entity1 @entity217 @entity11833 @entity4736 @entity5 @entity2
INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic approaches to @entity2 are evolving, with personalized therapy, based on "molecular analysis" of @entity5 being developed. Given that approximately 90% of @entity1 will not undergo surgery for their disease, an ability to apply these tests to small samples obtained at the time of initial pathological diagnosis is desirable. Studies in this area have produced variable results, and the minimum area of @entity5 tissue required for analysis has not been defined. Furthermore, such assays have not been widely applied to cytology specimens, which may be the only source of diagnostic material in many cases. METHODS: Routinely processed biopsy and cytology specimens were microdissected to enrich for @entity5 cells, followed by RNA extraction using QIAGEN RNeasy kit and cDNA synthesis/reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for genes including @entity217 , @entity11833 , and @entity4736 , according to standard laboratory protocols. Paired biopsy and resection specimens were similarly analyzed. RESULTS: As little as 1 mm   of @entity5 tissue, from a 10- m-thick section, may be used to produce RNA suitable for analysis. RNA of adequate quality and quantity for analysis may be obtained from residual, routinely processed biopsy and cytology specimens. There is good correlation between the result obtained on the @entity5 biopsy specimen and paired blocks from the surgical resection with respect to clinical decision making. CONCLUSION: Routinely processed clinical diagnostic samples provide a suitable source of RNA for polymerase chain reaction-based molecular analyses, potentially providing personalized medicine to all @entity2 @entity1 .
