XXXX and A. rhizogenes use different proteins to transport bacterial DNA into the plant cell nucleus.

@entity3261 @entity5 @entity60767 @entity66611 @entity855
@entity3261 and A. rhizogenes transport single-stranded DNA (ssDNA; T-strands) and virulence proteins into plant cells through a type IV secretion system. DNA transfer initiates when @entity66611 nicks border sequences in the @entity5 -inducing plasmid, attaches to the 5' end, and pilots T-strands into plant cells. @entity3261 translocates ssDNA-binding protein @entity60767 into plant cells where it targets T-strands into the nucleus. Some A. rhizogenes strains lack @entity60767 but transfer T-strands efficiently due to the GALLS gene, which complements an A. tumefaciens @entity60767 mutant. @entity60767 and full-length GALLS (GALLS-FL) contain nuclear localization sequences that target these proteins to the plant cell nucleus. @entity60767 binds cooperatively to T-strands allowing it to move ssDNA without @entity855 hydrolysis. Unlike @entity60767 , GALLS-FL contains @entity855 -binding and helicase motifs similar to those in TraA, a strand transferase involved in conjugation. @entity60767 may accumulate in the nucleus and pull T-strands into the nucleus using the force generated by cooperative DNA binding. GALLS-FL accumulates inside the nucleus where its predicted @entity855 -dependent strand transferase may pull T-strands into the nucleus. These different mechanisms for nuclear import of T-strands may affect the efficiency and quality of transgenic events in plant biotechnology applications.
