@entity2 and XXXX : selected current issues.

@entity1 @entity66 @entity5 @entity2 @entity2615 @entity3620 @entity1355
@entity66 persist, because millions of workers have had prior exposure and many industrializing countries continue to use @entity1355 . Globally, an estimated 107,000 @entity1 die annually from @entity2 , @entity3620 , and @entity1355 due to occupational @entity1355 exposure. @entity3620 and @entity2 are caused by all major types of @entity1355 . Asbestos causes more @entity2 deaths than @entity3620 ; most cases of the latter are due to @entity1355 exposure. The @entity5 risk increases with cumulative @entity1355 exposure, with increased risk even at low levels of exposure to @entity1355 . Based on empirical studies, an estimated cumulative occupational exposure to @entity1355 of 1 fiber/mL-year substantially raises @entity3620 risk. No safe threshold for @entity1355 exposure has been established for @entity2 and @entity2615 . The validity of fiber-type risk assessments depends critically on the quality of exposure assessments, which vary considerably, leading to a high degree of uncertainty. @entity1355 without @entity1355 and smoking increases the risk of @entity2 . The joint effect of @entity1355 and smoking is supra-additive, which may depend in part on the presence of @entity1355 . Asbestos workers who cease smoking experience a dramatic drop in @entity2 risk, which approaches that of nonsmokers after 30 years. Studies to date show that longer, thinner fibers have a stronger association with @entity2 than shorter, less thin fibers, but the latter nonetheless also show an association with @entity2 and @entity2615 . Low-dose chest computed tomographic scanning offers an unprecedented opportunity to detect early-stage @entity2 in @entity1355 -exposed workers.
