Can the gateway hypothesis, the @entity7577 model and/or, the route of administration model predict initiation of XXXX use during adolescence? A survival analysis--the TRAILS study.

@entity167 @entity286 @entity7577 @entity835
PURPOSE: There is substantial research linking @entity286 and @entity167 use to subsequent @entity835 use, yet the specificity of this relationship is still under debate. The aim of this study was to examine which substance use model--the gateway hypothesis, the @entity7577 ( @entity7577 ) model and/or the route of administration model--best explains the relationship between early onset of @entity286 and @entity167 use and subsequent @entity835 use initiation. METHODS: We used data from 2,113 (51% female) Dutch adolescents who participated in three consecutive assessment waves (mean age: 11.09, 13.56, and 16.27 years, respectively) of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study. (Pre)adolescent @entity835 , @entity286 and @entity167 use was assessed using the Youth Self-Report and a TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey developed questionnaire. RESULTS: We found that, during adolescence, early onset of @entity286 use does not pose a significantly higher risk of initiating @entity835 use than early onset @entity167 use. Therefore, we can rule out the route of administration model. Moreover, we found that adolescents who reported early onset comorbid use of both @entity286 and @entity167 have a higher likelihood to initiate @entity835 use than adolescents who have tried either @entity286 or @entity167 . The gateway hypothesis is not broad enough to explain this finding. Therefore, the @entity7577 model best predicts our findings. CONCLUSION: Future research on adolescent @entity835 initiation should focus on testing the robustness of the @entity7577 model. Furthermore, identifying adolescents who use both @entity286 and @entity167 , before the age of 13, may help to curtail the onset of @entity835 use.
