An update on the evaluation and treatment of XXXX .

@entity625 @entity174 @entity3681 @entity8213 @entity177 @entity6877 @entity155 @entity2736 @entity130
INTRODUCTION: Injuries to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis are frequent and continue to generate controversy. METHODS: The majority of purely ligamentous @entity130 ("high @entity3681 ") is not sassociated with a latent or frank tibiofibular @entity6877 and may be treated with an extended protocol of physical therapy. Relevant instability of the syndesmosis with @entity6877 results from rupture of two or more ligaments that require surgical stabilization. Syndesmosis disruptions are commonly associated with bony @entity155 or @entity174 . Treatment consists in anatomic reduction of the distal fibula into the corresponding incisura of the distal tibia and stable fixation. Proposed means of fixation are refixation of bony syndesmotic @entity155 , one or two tibiofibular screws and suture button. There is no consensus on how long to maintain fixation. Both syndesmotic screws and suture buttons need to be removed if symptomatic. RESULTS/COMPLICATIONS: The most frequent complication is syndesmotic malreduction and may be minimized with open reduction and intraoperative 3D scanning. Other complications include @entity177 , @entity2736 , tibiofibular @entity8213 , chronic instability and posttraumatic @entity625 . CONCLUSION: The single most important prognostic factor is anatomic reduction of the distal fibula into the tibial incisura.
