Smoking during pregnancy and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity286 @entity227 @entity1239 @entity4934 @entity4874 @entity4372 @entity2359
OBJECTIVE: This was a prospective study of the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on @entity4934 , including dose-response relationships using self-report and a bioassay of @entity1239 exposure. METHODS: The sample included 27 @entity1239 exposed and 29 unexposed full-term newborn @entity1 with no medical problems from comparable social class backgrounds. Mothers were excluded for using illegal drugs during pregnancy, using antidepressant medication, or if they consumed >3 alcoholic drinks per month. @entity1239 exposure was determined by maternal self-report and @entity4874 in maternal saliva. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was administered by masked examiners in hospital to measure neurobehavioral function. NNNS scores were compared between @entity1239 -exposed and -unexposed groups including adjustment for covariates. Dose-response relationships with NNNS scores were computed for maternal salivary cotinine and maternal report of number of cigarettes per day during pregnancy. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates, the @entity286 -exposed @entity1 were more excitable and @entity4372 , required more handling and showed more stress/abstinence signs, specifically in the central nervous system (CNS), @entity227 . Dose-response relationships showed higher maternal salivary cotinine values related to more stress/abstinence signs (r =.530) including CNS (r =.532) and visual stress (r =.688) and higher excitability scores (r =.617). Cigarettes per day during pregnancy was related to more stress/abstinence signs (r =.582) including CNS (r =.561) and visual stress (r =.640). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest @entity2359 effects of prenatal @entity286 exposure on @entity4934 . Dose-response relationships could indicate neonatal withdrawal from @entity1239 . Research directed at understanding the effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on @entity1 can lead to improved public health outcome.
