Management of severe XXXX following hyperbaric exposure.

@entity1 @entity1545 @entity4 @entity26 @entity602 @entity5663 @entity51 @entity1566 @entity130
UNASSIGNED: There is an increasing body of evidence that drainage of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) improves functional neurological outcome after reperfusion injury to the spinal cord that occasionally follows aortic reconstructive surgery. This beneficial effect is considered owing to lowering of the CSF pressure thereby normalising spinal cord blood flow and reducing the 'secondary' @entity1566 caused by vascular congestion and @entity4 in the relatively confined spinal canal. Whilst lacking definitive proof, there are convincing randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort data and systematic reviews supporting this intervention. The therapeutic window for lumbar CSF drainage requires further elucidation; however, it appears to be days rather than hours post insult. We contend that the same benefit is likely to be achieved following other primary @entity1566 that cause @entity4 and elicit the 'secondary' injury. Traditionally the concept of CSF drainage has been considered more applicable to the brain as contained in a 'closed box' by lowering intracranial pressure (ICP) to improve cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The control of CPP is intended to limit 'secondary' @entity1545 and is a key concept of @entity1545 management. Using microdialysis in the spinal cords of @entity130 @entity1 , it has been shown that intraspinal pressure (ISP) needs to be kept below 20 mmHg and spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) above 70 mmHg to avoid biochemical evidence of secondary @entity602 . Vasopressor have also been used in @entity1566 to improve perfusion, however complications are common, typically cardiac in nature, and require very careful monitoring; the evidence supporting this approach is notably less convincing. @entity5663 ( @entity5663 ) of the spinal cord is treated with recompression, hyperbaric @entity26 , various medications designed to reduce the inflammatory response and fluid administration to normalise blood pressure and haematocrit. These management protocols are based largely on anecdote and transferred evidence from conventional cord @entity130 , as the low numbers and sporadic nature of @entity5663 in divers makes RCTs nigh on impossible. Unfortunately even with best management, some @entity1 are left with significant @entity51 . The 'iceberg phenomenon', occurs when @entity1 with @entity5663 of the cord make a good neurological recovery but actually have profound @entity602 as revealed in one case some four years later at post mortem and another example in a diver who developed late functional deterioration due to loss of neuronal reserve. This clinical evidence, together with animal study data, support the notion that even a modest preservation of spinal cord axons is associated with significant improvement in neurological outcome. In the light of the positive level two evidence in the vascular literature that CSF drainage limits 'secondary' injury thereby improving neurological outcome, we propose that centres with appropriate clinical experience consider using lumbar CSF drainage to normalise SCPP, as an adjunct to the conventional treatment of severe spinal cord @entity5663 . Divers with severe spinal cord @entity5663 are generally in the most productive years of their lives and, given the potentially devastating impact of this condition, should be given the benefit of any possible adjuvant treatment that may serve to improve long-term outcome.
