Effects of @entity1068 addition on micellar solubilization and plume migration during surfactant enhanced recovery of XXXX .

@entity167 @entity3321 @entity11240 @entity37977 @entity9266 @entity1068 @entity968
@entity167 addition has been suggested for use in combination with surfactant flushing to enhance solubilization kinetics and permit density control of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL)-laden surfactant plumes. This study examined the effects of adding @entity1068 ( @entity167 ) to a 4% @entity9266 ( @entity968 (20) @entity37977 ) solution used to flush @entity3321 ( @entity11240 )-contaminated porous media. The influence of @entity167 concentration, subsurface layering and scale on flushing solution delivery and PCE recovery was investigated through a combination of experimental and mathematical modeling studies. Results of batch experiments demonstrated that the addition of 2.5%, 5% and 10% (wt.) @entity167 incrementally increased the PCE solubilization capacity and viscosity of the surfactant solution, while reducing solution density from 1.002 to 0.986 g/cm3. Effluent concentration data obtained from one-dimensional (1-D) column experiments were used to characterize rate-limited micellar solubilization of residual PCE, which was strongly dependent upon flow velocity and weakly dependent upon @entity167 concentration. Two-dimensional (2-D) box studies illustrated that minor differences (0.008 g/cm3) between flushing and resident solution density can strongly influence surfactant front propagation. A two-dimensional multiphase simulator, MISER, was used to model the influence of @entity167 composition on the aqueous flow field and PCE mass recovery. The ability of the numerical simulator to predict effluent concentrations and front propagation was demonstrated for both 1-D columns and 2-D boxes flushed with @entity167 -amended @entity9266 solutions. Results of this study quantify the potential influence of @entity167 addition on surfactant solution properties and solubilization capacity, and demonstrate the importance of considering small density variations in remedial design.
