Population attributable risk of XXXX in Minnesota.

@entity1 @entity8 @entity101 @entity5 @entity281 @entity1358
A population-based case-control study of @entity1358 was conducted in Minnesota between 1988 and 1990. It included 690 histologically confirmed incident cases identified through the state @entity5 surveillance system, and 707 age and sex frequency-matched controls. In this paper, the authors present estimates of the proportion of @entity1358 cases attributable (or population attributable risk (PAR)) to 1) well-established risk factors, namely smoking, excess weight, and @entity101 , and 2) more speculative risk factors, namely elevated protein intake, history of @entity8 (i.e., stone, injury, or @entity281 ) and high parity among @entity1 . These estimates were based on information obtained from directly interviewed subjects (65% of cases and 100% of controls). The PARs for the three main risk factors were 21% for @entity101 (defined by a reported personal history of @entity101 or of treatment with antihypertensive or diuretic drugs), 21% for excess weight (defined by an elevation of the usual body mass index above the first quartile), and 18% for smoking (past and current). Overall, these three factors accounted for 49% of cases. The proportion increased to 60% when the three more speculative risk factors were considered as well. Sex-specific analyses revealed a greater impact of smoking among @entity1 mainly due to a higher prevalence of past smoking. In contrast, the impact of @entity101 and excess weight was greater among @entity1 due to higher relative risks. These results suggest that 1) intervention measures aimed at reducing smoking, excess weight, and @entity101 could substantially lower the overall incidence of @entity1358 , and 2) intervention measures may have to be sex-specific. Conversely, because at least 40% of cases remain unexplained by the risk factors under study, further etiologic research is needed into @entity1358 , an increasingly common form of @entity5 .
