XXXX , @entity4697 : an overview.

@entity308 @entity4697 @entity913 @entity8396 @entity148 @entity74 @entity3119
This paper reviews @entity148 , @entity4697 , and @entity913 as they were described in landmark works, along with more recent epidemiologic studies of the disorders. The author discusses clinical syndromes of @entity148 as outlined in the DSM-III: @entity8396 , social @entity913 , generalized @entity148 , @entity4697 , simple phobic states, and @entity3119 , relating them to Phobic @entity148 and to earlier descriptions by Westphal and Benedict. The paper addresses the problem of delineating @entity148 and phobic states from @entity308 , with regard to diagnosis and treatment outcome. Various etiological bases of @entity8396 , @entity4697 , and @entity148 are suggested: heredity, life events and circumstances, family background and developmental history, the premorbid personality, and some psychological aspects. Several questions are explored on the relationships of @entity8396 , @entity148 and @entity4697 attacks. For example, is @entity8396 a new disease or one stage in the development of severe chronic @entity148 ? Are the @entity913 of @entity8396 acquired by conditioning or learning? Are "panics" spontaneous or physiological? Are @entity4697 attacks the first event in the primary cause of @entity8396 ? For future work the authors propose a reassessment of the prevalence of @entity8396 and related disorders, a more careful definition of the @entity74 , and thorough clinical investigation of the various treatment modalities in well-defined populations. The past twenty years' achievements in behavioural and pharmacological treatments for @entity8396 are briefly recapitulated.
