Male Gender is independently associated with pulmonary tuberculosis among sputum and non-sputum producers @entity1 with presumptive XXXX in Southwestern Uganda.

@entity1 @entity645 @entity281 @entity1906 @entity378
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between gender and risk of @entity281 . We sought to assess the impact of gender on @entity1906 prevalence among @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 at a regional referral hospital in a high @entity1906 and @entity645 prevalence setting. METHODS: We analyzed data from two diagnostic @entity1906 studies conducted in rural, southwestern Uganda. @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 were evaluated by chest X-ray, fluorescence microscopy, @entity1906 culture, and @entity645 testing. Our primary outcome of interest was @entity281 , as defined by a positive @entity1906 culture. Our primary explanatory variable of interest was gender. We fit univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations between @entity281 and gender, before and after adjusting or possible confounding factors, including ability to produce sputum, age and residence. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and September 2012, 863 @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 (PWPTB) were enrolled in the two studies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Among them 664 (76.9%) were able to produce sputum. X-ray was suggestive of @entity1906 for 258 (66.5%) of males and 175 (44.8%) of female (p   <   0.001). using microscopy 84 (20%) of males and 48 (10.9%) of females were diagnosed with @entity1906 (p   <   0.001) while 122 (30.3%) of males and 76 (18.4%) of females were diagnosed with @entity1906 (p   <   0.001) using @entity1906 culture. In multivariable logistic regression models, the odds of having @entity1906 was higher in males than females (AOR 2.2 (1.56-3.18 95% CI  , P   <   0.001), after adjustment for age, @entity645 status, ability to produce sputum, and residence. CONCLUSION: In Southwestern Uganda, @entity1906 prevalence is higher among male than female @entity1 with presumptive @entity1906 . The increased risk of @entity1906 among males is independent of other @entity1906 risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for gender-focused interventions aimed at reducing @entity1906 transmission.
