Memory in language-impaired @entity1 with and without XXXX .

@entity1 @entity73 @entity2438 @entity10870 @entity72
BACKGROUND: A subgroup of young @entity1 with @entity72 ( @entity72 ) have significant @entity73 (phonology, grammar, vocabulary), although such impairments are not considered to be core symptoms of and are not unique to @entity72 . @entity1 with @entity10870 ( @entity10870 ) display similar @entity73 . Given evidence for phenotypic and possibly etiologic overlap between @entity10870 and @entity72 , it has been suggested that @entity73 @entity1 with @entity72 ( @entity72   +   @entity73 , ALI) may be characterized as having both @entity72 and @entity10870 . However, the extent to which the language phenotypes in @entity10870 and ALI can be viewed as similar or different depends in part upon the age of the individuals studied. The purpose of the current study is to examine differences in memory abilities, specifically those that are key "markers" of heritable @entity10870 , among young school-age @entity1 with @entity10870 , ALI, and @entity2438 ( @entity72   +   language normal). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, three groups of @entity1 between ages 5 and 8 years participated: @entity10870 (n   =   18), ALI (n   =   22), and @entity2438 (n   =   20). A battery of cognitive, language, and @entity72 assessments was administered as well as a nonword repetition (NWR) test and measures of verbal memory, visual memory, and processing speed. RESULTS: NWR difficulties were more severe in @entity10870 than in ALI, with the largest effect sizes in response to nonwords with the shortest syllable lengths. Among @entity1 with @entity72 , NWR difficulties were not associated with the presence of impairments in multiple @entity72 domains, as reported previously. Verbal memory difficulties were present in both @entity10870 and ALI groups relative to @entity1 with @entity2438 . Performance on measures related to verbal but not visual memory or processing speed were significantly associated with the relative degree of @entity73 in @entity1 with @entity72 , supporting the role of verbal memory difficulties in @entity73 among early school-age @entity1 with @entity72 . CONCLUSIONS: The primary difference between @entity1 with @entity10870 and ALI was in NWR performance, particularly in repeating two- and three-syllable nonwords, suggesting that shared difficulties in early language learning found in previous studies do not necessarily reflect the same underlying mechanisms.
