[Gender Aspects in XXXX and Their Prognosis in Regard to Multimodal Treatment Concepts].

@entity1 @entity2931 @entity5 @entity344 @entity1783 @entity14 @entity694 @entity1487
UNASSIGNED: Systematic analyses of gender effects in @entity344 are currently lacking, partly because sex and gender have not been used as stratification criteria in major studies on the topic. It is, however, indisputable that @entity5 differ in risk factors, incidence and prognosis between the genders. This review summarises the most important findings on differences related to biological sex and sociocultural gender and discusses anatomic specifics with immediate significance for surgical interventions. Epidemiological differences in upper @entity344 are most prominent in regard to histological subtypes, directly affecting diagnostics, therapy, and prognosis. @entity1 have a better prognosis in many of these @entity5 subtypes. For @entity14 , sex hormones, specifically oestrogens, appear to play a distinct role in tumourigenesis. Histopathological analysis of the expression of @entity2931 receptor beta ( @entity1783 ) in the @entity5 tissue has attracted interest since it was shown that @entity1 with low @entity1783 expression have a better prognosis than @entity1 with comparable @entity1783 status. Data on the higher incidence of right-sided @entity694 and @entity5 in @entity1 could lead to improved screening programmes. @entity1 and @entity1 cite differing reasons for avoidance of screening colonoscopies, thus gender specific approaches could improve @entity694 prevention programmes. Data on differing bioavailability of @entity1487 between the genders are useful to minimise adverse effects of chemotherapy and should be accounted for in dosage. Further systematic analysis of gender effects on @entity5 is warranted and would be a substantial step towards personalised oncological surgery.
