Current status of the surgical management of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity323 @entity545 @entity85 @entity291
Surgery is the standard treatment for @entity1 in the chronic phase of @entity545 . Reconstructive surgeries function by either shortening the convex side of the tunica albuginea (Nesbit procedure, Yachia technique and penile plication) or lengthening the concave side by incision of the plaque with subsequent grafting. Tunical shortening procedures are ideal for @entity1 with good erectile capacity, penile curvatures less than 60   and predicted postprocedural length loss of less than 20% of erect penis length. Tunical lengthening procedures with grafting are indicated in @entity1 with severe penile length loss, curvatures greater than 60   and prominent hourglass deformities. Saphenous vein and tunica albuginea are the most commonly used autologous graft materials. Cadaveric or @entity291 pericardium and 4-layer small intestinal submucosa are promising nonautologous tissues. Penile implantation of a prosthesis is the standard procedure in @entity1 with @entity323 who do not respond to conservative treatment. If residual penile curvature is less than 30   after implantation, no further treatment is required. However, residual curve of greater than 30   can be straightened with manual modeling. Additional procedures such as penile plication, the Nesbit procedure, or grafting can be performed if modeling fails to correct the @entity85 .
