Rural, Urban and Migrant Differences in Non-Communicable Disease Risk-Factors in Middle Income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study of WHO- XXXX Data.

@entity1 @entity6 @entity28 @entity167 @entity166 @entity12337
BACKGROUND: Understanding how urbanisation and rural-urban migration influence risk-factors for @entity166 ( @entity166 ) is crucial for developing effective preventative strategies globally. This study compares @entity166 risk-factor prevalence in urban, rural and migrant populations in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. METHODS: Study @entity1 were 39,436 adults within the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health ( @entity12337 ), surveyed 2007-2010. Risk ratios (RR) for each risk-factor were calculated using logistic regression in country-specific and all country pooled analyses, adjusted for age, sex and survey design. Fully adjusted models included income quintile, marital status and education. RESULTS: Regular @entity167 consumption was lower in migrant and urban groups than in rural groups (pooled RR and 95%CI: 0.47 (0.31-0.68); 0.58, (0.46-0.72), respectively). Occupational physical activity was lower (0.86 (0.72-0.98); 0.76 (0.65-0.85)) while active travel and recreational physical activity were higher (pooled RRs for urban groups; 1.05 (1.00-1.09), 2.36 (1.95-2.83), respectively; for migrant groups: 1.07 (1.0 -1.12), 1.71 (1.11-2.53), respectively). Overweight, raised waist circumference and diagnosed @entity6 were higher in urban groups (1.19 (1.04-1.35), 1.24 (1.07-1.42), 1.69 (1.15-2.47), respectively). Exceptions to these trends exist: @entity28 indicators were higher in rural Russia; active travel was lower in urban groups in Ghana and India; and in South Africa, urban groups had the highest @entity167 consumption. CONCLUSION: Migrants and urban dwellers had similar @entity166 risk-factor profiles. These were not consistently worse than those seen in rural dwellers. The variable impact of urbanisation on @entity166 risk must be considered in the design and evaluation of strategies to reduce the growing burden of NCDs globally.
