Cissus quadrangularis inhibits XXXX induced inflammatory responses on chondrocytes and alleviates bone deterioration in osteotomized @entity35 via @entity12220 MAPK signaling.

@entity1 @entity137 @entity627 @entity571 @entity174 @entity1356 @entity79 @entity3426 @entity35 @entity12220 @entity130
INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory mediators are key players in the pathogenesis of @entity571 ( @entity571 ) and @entity79 . Conventional drugs suppress symptomatic activity and have no therapeutic influence on disease. Cissus quadrangularis and Withania somnifera are widely used for the treatment of @entity174 and @entity130 ; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulated by these herbals are still unclear. METHODS: We established an in vitro @entity571 culture model by exposing @entity1 chondrocytes to proinflammatory cytokine and @entity1356 for 36 hours prior to treatment with the herbals: C. quadrangularis, W. somnifera, and the combination of the two herbals. Cell viability, @entity137 , and gene expression of @entity571 modifying agents were examined. In addition, expression of survivin, which is crucial for cell growth, was analyzed. In vivo work on osteotomized @entity35 studied the bone and cartilage regenerative effects of C. quadrangularis, W. somnifera, and the combination therapy. RESULTS: Exposure of chondrocytes to @entity3426 induced significant @entity137 and cell death. However, herbal treatment alleviated @entity3426 induced cell @entity137 and upregulated cell growth and proliferation. C. quadrangularis inhibited gene expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, known to aggravate cartilage and @entity79 , and augmented expression of survivin by inhibiting @entity12220 MAPK. Interestingly, osteotomized @entity35 treated with C. quadrangularis drastically enhanced alkaline phosphatase and cartilage tissue formation as compared to untreated, W. somnifera only, or the combination of both herbals. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate for the first time the signaling mechanisms regulated by C. quadrangularis and W. somnifera in @entity571 and osteogenesis. We suggest that the chondroprotective effects and regenerative ability of these herbals are via the upregulation of survivin that exerts inhibitory effects on the @entity12220 MAPK signaling pathway. These findings thus validate C. quadrangularis as a potential therapeutic for @entity627 .
