Academic Achievement in Primary School in Offspring Born to Mothers With Type 1 XXXX (the EPICOM Study): A Register-Based Prospective Cohort Study.

@entity1 @entity4051 @entity6 @entity164 @entity4854
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of maternal pregestational @entity164 1 @entity6 on offspring primary school performance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a prospective combined clinical and register-based cohort study comparing primary school performance in offspring (n = 707) of @entity1 with pregestational @entity164 1 @entity6 with matched control offspring (n = 60,341). We also examined the association between HbA1c levels during pregnancy and later school performance among offspring born to @entity1 with pregestational @entity164 1 @entity6 . RESULTS: Offspring of mothers with pregestational @entity164 1 @entity6 obtained similar school grades as control offspring when finishing primary school (regression coefficient [b] = -0.13; 95% CI = -0.30 to 0.03; P = 0.12). Adjusting for parental education also resulted in an insignificant difference between the two groups (b = -0.07; 95% CI = -0.23 to 0.09; P = 0.37). Among offspring of @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 , increasing maternal @entity4051 c pregestationally and throughout the pregnancy was associated with lower average school grades. Offspring born to mothers with good glycemic control in the third trimester obtained higher average school grades compared with control offspring. The opposite applied to offspring born to mothers with inadequate glycemic control, who obtained significantly lower average school grades compared with control offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Offspring of mothers with pregestational @entity164 1 @entity6 obtained similar average grades when finishing primary school compared with matched control offspring. Among offspring of @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 , we found a consistent negative association between maternal HbA1c in pregnancy and primary school grades. However, whether this association reflects a direct causal influence of intrauterine @entity4854 is uncertain.
