XXXX : a review and its dental implications.

@entity1 @entity172 @entity171 @entity174 @entity1420 @entity2520 @entity604 @entity170 @entity79 @entity1871 @entity2524 @entity299 @entity2521
@entity170 is a disease that affects primarily @entity1 , but can also occur in @entity1 . It is characterized by a loss of @entity79 ( @entity79 ), and often culminates in a @entity174 of the hip, wrist, and/or vertebrae. The diagnosis of @entity170 is often made by using bone density measurements. They are often expressed in relative terms (T-scores and Z-scores); the Z-score is the number of standard deviations from the age-matched average value of healthy @entity1 . A low Z-score indicates the bone density is lower than it should be for a @entity1 's age and sex. @entity170 is defined as a @entity604 .5 standard deviations or more below the established mean. @entity170 can be treated by a variety of methods, the most common being the use of @entity172 , with or without @entity1871 or @entity1420 . The use of @entity172 alone is referred to as @entity172 replacement therapy (ERT), and the combination hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Other drugs used in the treatment of @entity170 are the selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs) and the @entity171 . The SERMs appear to offer many of the positive benefits of @entity172 with fewer adverse effects on the breast or uterus. Recently, a randomized, double blind study of nearly 3,000 @entity1 found no overall benefit in reducing @entity299 for those taking @entity172 . In fact, in the first year of @entity172 use, @entity299 was higher in this group than in those taking placebo. The relationship between systemic @entity79 and periodontal status has been investigated. In some @entity1 , there is a correlation between a decrease of mandibular bone mass and @entity2524 . In others, there is no such correlation. Those postmenopausal @entity1 taking HRT had greater tooth retention and a reduced likelihood of edentulism. A recent study has found no correlation between clinical attachment levels and the @entity79 of the lumbar spine. Many possible factors contribute to the development of @entity170 and @entity2520 . It is difficult to establish a direct correlation between @entity2524 , @entity604 , and loss of attachment resulting from @entity2521 and decreased @entity79 associated with @entity170 , but studies are ongoing.
