@entity11097 , a secondary metabolite of XXXX , alters expression of immunomodulatory proteins by @entity1 airway epithelial cells.

@entity1 @entity5737 @entity796 @entity24206 @entity11097 @entity1110 @entity11098 @entity2842 @entity358 @entity4577 @entity4901 @entity2071
@entity796 is a gram-negative bacterium that causes both @entity358 in susceptible @entity1 populations. @entity796 secretes numerous proteins and secondary metabolites, many of which have biological effects that likely contribute to disease pathogenesis. An unidentified small-molecular-weight factor was previously reported to increase IL-8 release both in vitro and in vivo. To identify this factor, we subjected the <3-kDa fraction from @entity796 -conditioned medium to HPLC analysis. A peak fraction that stimulated IL-8 release was found by mass spectrometry to have a molecular mass (MM) of 224 Da. On the basis of this MM and other biochemical properties, we hypothesized that the factor was @entity11097 ( @entity4901 ). Subsequent studies and comparison with purified @entity4901 confirmed this hypothesis. Purified @entity4901 exhibited a number of biological effects in @entity1 airway epithelial cells, including increasing IL-8 release and @entity2071 expression, as well as decreasing @entity5737 and @entity2842 ( @entity2842 ) release. @entity4901 also increased intracellular oxidant formation as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and by an intracellular oxidant-sensitive probe. Antioxidants inhibited @entity4901 -dependent increases in IL-8 and @entity2071 , suggesting that oxidants contributed to these effects. However, in contrast to the related @entity11098 compound @entity24206 , @entity4901 did not oxidize @entity1110 at physiologically relevant pH, providing preliminary evidence that @entity4901 and @entity24206 may have distinct redox chemistries within the cell. Thus @entity4901 is a biologically active factor secreted by @entity796 that has several activities that could alter the host immune and inflammatory response and thereby contribute to @entity4577 pathogenesis.
