Patulin triggers XXXX -mediated survival mechanisms in kidney cells.

@entity34268 @entity1 @entity13792 @entity137 @entity4723 @entity13791 @entity2196 @entity6217
Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin contaminant of apples and apple products, has been implicated in nephrotoxicity. PAT depletes glutathione (GSH) and elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antioxidant (AO) response is activated by Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor ( @entity13791 ) and enhanced by @entity34268 ( @entity34268 ). The effects of PAT on these molecules have yet to be examined. We investigated the effects of PAT on AO response survival pathways in @entity1 embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). PAT @entity137 on HEK293 cells was evaluated (MTT assay; 24  h; [0-100   M]) to determine an IC50. GSH levels were measured using luminometry. Intracellular ROS was evaluated by flow cytometry. Protein expression of @entity13792 , @entity13791 , @entity34268 and @entity6217 was quantified by western blotting and gene expression of @entity4723 , @entity2196 was evaluated by qPCR. PAT caused a dose dependent decrease in HEK293 cell viability and a significant increase in levels of intracellular ROS (p  =  0.0006). A significant increase in protein expression (p  =  0.029) was observed. PAT increased gene expression of @entity4723 and @entity2196 (p  =  0.0043), however, gene expression of GPx was significantly reduced (p  =  0.0043). These results show the up-regulation of @entity13791 mediated AO mechanisms in response to PAT @entity137 .
