Field cancerization: from molecular basis to selective field-directed management of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity3522 @entity2517 @entity1489 @entity957 @entity32990 @entity553 @entity1487 @entity1490 @entity1491
The incidence of @entity1489 ( @entity1489 ), including @entity2517 ( @entity2517 ), @entity957 ( @entity957 ), @entity1490 ( @entity1490 ) and @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ), is increasing. UVA and UVB radiation lead to genetic alterations in keratinocytes, which eventually result in @entity1489 . In the concept of field cancerization of the skin, genetically altered keratinocytes accumulate over an area exposed to UV radiation. Field treatment not only clears clinically visible @entity1489 lesions but also potentially targets subclinical 'sleeping' cell patches and fields. Topical treatments are available for the field-directed management of @entity1489 . They are either self-administered by the @entity1 ( @entity32990 , @entity3522 , @entity553 or @entity1487 ) or administered by the dermatologist (photodynamic therapy (PDT)). This article discusses the treatment options with respect to their efficacy, tolerability and selectivity. Selective treatment options for atypic keratinocytes include imiquimod, @entity32990 , @entity3522 and PDT. PDT yields 100% treatment compliance because it is always administered by the treating dermatologist. The efficacy rates achieved with PDT significantly exceed those of the @entity1 -administered topicals. The first clinical trials assessing the effects of PDT on field cancerization clinically, histologically and immunochemically have been conducted and have yielded promising results. Preventive effects and a delay in the re-occurrence of @entity1489 have been observed in animal experiments of @entity32990 and PDT, whereas for the latter, clinical data are already available.    2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
