Pain assessment strategies in older XXXX .

@entity1 @entity158
The prevalence of @entity158 and @entity158 undertreatment in older @entity1 , along with the many potential detrimental consequences of undertreated @entity158 , pose a substantial burden to the individual, their family, and society. An accurate @entity158 assessment is the foundation for treating @entity158 ; yet, thorough @entity158 assessments and regular reassessments are too often neglected. Older adults typically present with multiple @entity158 etiologies, making it all the more imperative that a comprehensive assessment is conducted. Comprehensive assessments should include a detailed investigation of a @entity1 's @entity158 and medical history, a physical examination, and diagnostic testing, if needed. Both the impact of @entity158 and its severity should be established by questioning about the presence of @entity158 and using @entity158 assessment instruments. Tools for @entity158 assessment should be tested in older adult populations to establish reliability, validity, and sensitivity to changes from treatment. Self-report is the gold standard for assessing @entity158 ; however, in many clinical circumstances with older adults, the @entity1 's verbal report is unobtainable. Following an unsuccessful attempt at self-report from a nonverbal older adult, the potential causes of @entity158 should be explored. Direct observation can then be used to identify behaviors suggestive of @entity158 , and the @entity1 's response to an analgesic trial can be observed. A @entity158 behavior tool can also provide useful information suggesting the presence of @entity158 .
