Prenatal and postnatal XXXX smoke exposure and respiratory health in Russian @entity1 .

@entity1 @entity286 @entity3617 @entity565 @entity566 @entity1729 @entity1576
BACKGROUND: Only few studies have assessed the relative impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to @entity286 smoke on the @entity1 's later @entity565 or chronic @entity1576 and to our knowledge no studies have elaborated @entity1729 and @entity566 in this context. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to @entity286 smoke on respiratory health of Russian school @entity1 . METHODS: We studied a population of 5951 @entity1 (8 to 12 years old) from 9 Russian cities, whose parents answered a questionnaire on their @entity1 's respiratory health, home environment, and housing characteristics. The main health outcomes were @entity565 , @entity566 , chronic @entity1576 , chronic @entity3617 , and @entity1729 . We used adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from logistic regression analyses as measures of effect. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure due to maternal smoking had the strongest effects on @entity565 (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.19-5.08), chronic @entity3617 (adjusted OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.96) and @entity1576 , such as wheezing (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.90-1.89). The associations were weaker for exposure during early-life (adjusted ORs 1.38/1.27/1.15 respectively) and after 2 years of age (adjusted ORs 1.45/1.34/1.18) compared to prenatal exposure and the weakest or non-existent for current exposure (adjusted ORs 1.05/1.09/1.06). @entity1729 were associated more strongly with early-life exposure (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.42) than with prenatal (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54-1.01) or current exposure (adjusted OR1.05, 95% CI 0.92-1.20). The risk of @entity566 was also related to early life exposure to @entity286 smoke (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.42). CONCLUSION: Adverse effects of @entity286 smoke on @entity565 , chronic @entity3617 , and chronic @entity1576 are strongest when smoking takes place during pregnancy. The relations are weaker for exposure during early-life and after 2 years of age and weakest or non-existent for current exposure.
