@entity854 in XXXX and importance of neural crest as a possible pathogenetic factor.

@entity1 @entity154 @entity20427 @entity215 @entity1757 @entity854 @entity2418
One hundred sixty-one cases of @entity2418 (111 previously reported in which details concerning individual @entity1 were given and 50 observed) were analyzed for occurrence and type of @entity854 . Only 5 @entity1 had a normal heart. Interrupted aortic arch type B was the @entity154 in 48 @entity1 and persistent truncus arteriosus in 37. Therefore, in about half of the @entity1 with @entity2418 the @entity154 was one that is rare. Conversely, of those @entity1 with interrupted aortic arch, 68% had @entity2418 , as did 33% of all @entity1 with truncus arteriosus. Although @entity215 was also seen often in @entity2418 (10 @entity1 ), these cases represented less than 2% of the total number of cases of @entity215 . Similarly, less than 1% of @entity1 with isolated @entity1757 had @entity2418 . The @entity854 always involved the aortic arch system or the arterial pole of the heart. Recent studies show that neural crest cells play a crucial role in development of pharyngeal (bronchial) pouch derivatives, e.g., thymus and parathyroid glands, as well as the aortic arches and the truncoconal part of the heart. These studies and present observations support the view that @entity2418 and the associated @entity854 are due to an abnormal developmental process involving the neural crest. Curiously, no instances of @entity20427 or anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta (hemitruncus) have been associated with @entity2418 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
