The role of XXXX and other hormones in the regulation of amino acid and protein metabolism in humans.

@entity1522 @entity1425 @entity442 @entity2690 @entity177 @entity230
While realizing the difficulties with the various methods used to study hormonal control of protein metabolism, there appear to be clear effects of both rapid-acting and slower-acting hormones. Moreover, some of these hormones affect protein metabolism in a dose dependent manner. @entity2690 and @entity442 appear to have differing effects at lower doses, with @entity2690 primarily inhibiting protein degradation and @entity442 stimulating protein synthesis. At higher doses, infusions of @entity2690 and @entity442 both seem to inhibit protein degradation and stimulate protein synthesis. @entity1425 primarily inhibits protein degradation whereas growth hormone primarily increases protein synthesis. Infusion of @entity1522 themselves can also increase protein synthesis. Thyroid hormone excess increases protein synthesis and protein degradation, with the latter effect predominating. Sex @entity230 appear to increase protein synthesis. To date, most interventions studying the metabolic effects of these hormones on protein metabolism have involved varying the concentration of one hormone at a time. In the complex milieu of many pathologic states (e.g. sepsis, @entity177 or even the transition from fasting to feeding) multiple hormones change simultaneously. How interactions among these factors determine the overall response of body and muscle protein remains to be defined.
