[ XXXX and @entity179 ].

@entity1 @entity1643 @entity625 @entity5040 @entity1109 @entity16 @entity425 @entity179 @entity158 @entity6038 @entity614
INTRODUCTION: Various clinical conditions can cause @entity1643 , and in most cases it is of a degenerative origin. @entity179 is a common condition which affects young to middle-aged @entity1 and @entity1 equally. Changes in the mechanical properties of the disc lead to degenerative @entity625 in the intervertebral joints, @entity5040 , and narrowing the intervertebral foramen or the spinal canal. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degenerative cascade, described by @entity6038 , is the widely accepted pathophysiologic model describing the degenerative process as it affects the lumbar spine in 3 phases. DIAGNOSIS: There are two forms of @entity1643 secondary to @entity179 : a) lumbalgia and b) @entity614 . Limitation of movement, problems with balance, @entity158 , loss of reflexes in the extremities, @entity425 , @entity1109 or other signs of @entity16 can be found on physical examination. For accurate diagnosis, it is often necessary to combine clinical examination and sophisticated technology. TREATMENT: Coservative treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, pharmacological therapy and injection therapy. Physical rehabilitation with active @entity1 participation is a key approach to treatment of @entity1 with @entity158 . Physical therapy, occupational therapy and kinesitherapy are important for improving muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility. Disc surgery is performed if surgical intervention is required.
