@entity1717 in the conscious XXXX .

@entity2175 @entity1717 @entity1017 @entity35 @entity413
@entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, @entity2175 results in elevated blood @entity413 levels. The "gold-standard" in assessing insulin sensitivity is a @entity1717 or insulin clamp. In this procedure, insulin is infused at a constant rate resulting in a drop in blood @entity413 . To maintain blood @entity413 at a constant level, exogenous @entity413 (D50) is infused into the venous circulation. The amount of @entity413 infused to maintain homeostasis is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here, we show the basic clamp procedure in the chronically catheterized, unrestrained, conscious @entity35 . This model allows blood to be collected with minimal stress to the animal. Following the induction of anesthesia, a midline incision is made and the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein are catheterized. Inserted catheters are flushed with heparinized saline, then exteriorized and secured. Animals are allowed to recover for 4-5 days prior to experiments, with @entity1017 monitored daily. Only those animals who regain weight to pre-surgery levels are used for experiments. On the day of the experiment, @entity35 are fasted and connected to pumps containing insulin and D50. Baseline @entity413 is assessed from the arterial line and used a benchmark throughout the experiment (euglycemia). Following this, insulin is infused at a constant rate into the venous circulation. To match the drop in blood @entity413 , D50 is infused. If the rate of D50 infusion is greater than the rate of uptake, a rise in @entity413 will occur. Similarly, if the rate is insufficient to match whole body @entity413 uptake, a drop will occur. Titration of @entity413 continues until stable @entity413 readings are achieved. @entity413 levels and @entity413 infusion rates during this stable period are recorded and reported. Results provide an index of whole body insulin sensitivity. The technique can be refined to meet specific experimental requirements. It is further enhanced by the use of radioactive tracers that can determine tissue specific insulin-stimulated @entity413 uptake as well as whole body @entity413 turnover.
