Altered ultrastructure, density and @entity35364 expression in bone of female muscarinic @entity934 receptor M3 knockout XXXX .

@entity1 @entity35364 @entity3604 @entity174 @entity19 @entity604 @entity170 @entity79 @entity74 @entity164 @entity934
UNASSIGNED: High frequency of @entity170 is found in postmenopausal @entity1 where several molecular components were identified to be involved in @entity604 that subsequently leads to an increased @entity174 risk. @entity604 has already been determined in male @entity19 with @entity74 of muscarinic @entity934 receptor M3 (M3R-KO). Here we asked whether bone properties of female 16-week old M3R-KO present similarities to osteoporotic @entity604 by means of biomechanical, radiological, electron microscopic, cell- and molecular biological methods. Reduced biomechanical strength of M3R-KO correlated with cortical thickness and decreased @entity79 ( @entity79 ). Femur and vertebrae of M3R-KO demonstrated a declined trabecular bone volume, surface, and a higher trabecular pattern factor and structure model index (SMI) compared to @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 . In M3R-KO, the number of osteoclasts as well as the @entity35364 mRNA expression was increased. Osteoclasts of M3R-KO showed an estimated increase in cytoplasmic vesicles. Further, histomorphometrical analysis revealed up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase. Osteoblasts and osteocytes showed a swollen cytoplasm with an estimated increase in the amount of rough endoplasmatic reticulum and in case of osteocytes a reduced pericellular space. Thus, current results on bone properties of 16-week old female M3R-KO are related to @entity3604 phenotype. Stimulation and up-regulation of muscarinic @entity934 receptor subtype M3 expression in osteoblasts might be a possible new option for prevention and therapy of @entity3604 . Pharmacological interventions and the risk of side effects have to be determined in upcoming studies.
