An open air research study of blast-induced XXXX to @entity1237 .

@entity131 @entity548 @entity510 @entity384 @entity72763 @entity51224 @entity72764 @entity1237
PURPOSE: We once reported blast-induced @entity131 (bTBI) in confined space. Here, bTBI was studied again on @entity1237 in the open air using 3.0 kg @entity51224 . METHODS: The @entity1237 were placed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 m far from explosion center. @entity51224 ( @entity51224 ) was used as the source of the blast wave and the pressure at each distance was recorded. The systemic physiology, electroencephalogram, serum level of @entity72763 , and @entity72764 ( @entity72764 ) were determined pre and post the exposure. Neuroanatomy and neuropathology were observed 4 h after the exposure. RESULTS: Simple blast waveforms were recorded with parameters of 702.8 kPa-0.442 ms, 148.4 kPa-2.503 ms, 73.9 kPa-3.233 ms, and 41.9 kPa-5.898 ms at 2, 4, 6 and 8 m respectively. Encephalic blast overpressure was on the first time recorded in the literature by us at 104.2 kPa-0.60 ms at 2 m, where mortality and burn rate were 44% and 44%. Gross examination showed that bTBI was mainly manifested as congestive expansion of blood vessels and @entity510 , which had a total incidence of 25% and 19% in 36 @entity1237 . Microscopical observation found that the main pathohistological changes were enlarged perivascular space (21/36, 58%), small @entity548 (9/36, 25%), @entity384 and congestion (8/36, 22%), and less @entity510 (2/36, 6%). After explosion, serum levels of @entity72763 and @entity72764 were elevated, and EEG changed into slow frequency with declined amplitude. The results indicated that severity and incidence of bTBI is related to the intensity of blast overpressure. CONCLUSION: Blast wave can pass through the skull to directly injure brain tissue.
