Ultrastructural and clinicopathological studies on the toxicity of cationic @entity3323 -based flocculant to XXXX .

@entity5660 @entity39 @entity26 @entity1372 @entity3157 @entity3323 @entity2865 @entity551 @entity413
@entity5660 ( @entity5660 ) of two age groups were exposed to a cationic @entity3323 -based flocculant at various concentrations in static bioassay chambers. At lethal concentrations the flocculant produced severe gill alterations in all fish. The principal alterations were @entity39 and separation of the respiratory epithelial cells covering secondary lamellae. Many @entity39 @entity2865 cells were also seen, their apical plasma membrane was destroyed, and mitochondria were swollen with separated cristae. An influx of a large amount of fluid into the interstitial spaces caused partial or complete separation of subepithelial spaces from the covering epithelial cells and basement membranes of underlying blood vessels. Clinicopathological alterations included marked @entity551 , partial pressure of @entity26 , @entity3157 and plasma @entity1372 , and @entity2865 concentrations. Hematocrit, total protein, and blood @entity413 were increased. Fish exposed to sublethal concentrations had gill alterations characterized by hypercellularity and thickening of the secondary lamellae. These were due to undifferentiated cell proliferation and macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration between the covering epithelial cells and the underlying blood vessels. Macrophages and undifferentiated cells had large phagolysosomes containing cytoplasmic organelles, an indication of cell injury and increased turnover.
