The Representation of Inflammatory Signals in the Brain - A Model for Subjective Fatigue in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity32 @entity146 @entity1295 @entity62 @entity15
UNASSIGNED: In @entity15 ( @entity15 ) @entity1 , @entity1295 is rated as one of the most common and disabling symptoms. However, the pathophysiology underlying this @entity1295 is not yet clear. Several lines of evidence suggest that immunological factors, such as elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, may contribute to subjective @entity1295 in @entity15 @entity1 . Pro-inflammatory cytokines represent primary mediators of immune-to-brain-communication, modulating changes in the neurophysiology of the central nervous system. Recently, we proposed a model arguing that @entity1295 in @entity15 @entity1 is a subjective feeling, which is related to @entity32 . Moreover, it implies that @entity1295 can be measured behaviorally only by applying specific cognitive tasks related to alertness and vigilance. In the present review, we focus on the subjective feeling of @entity15 -related @entity1295 . We examine the hypothesis that the subjective feeling of @entity15 -related @entity1295 may be a variant of @entity32 -induced @entity146 , resulting from cytokine-mediated activity changes within brain areas involved in interoception and homeostasis including the insula, the anterior cingulate, and the hypothalamus. We first present studies demonstrating a relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and subjective @entity1295 in healthy individuals, in @entity1 with @entity32 , and particularly in @entity15 @entity1 . Subsequently, we discuss studies analyzing the impact of anti-inflammatory treatment on @entity1295 . In the next part of this review, we present studies on the transmission and neural representation of inflammatory signals, with a special focus on possible neural concomitants of @entity32 -induced @entity1295 . We also present two of our studies on the relationship between local gray and @entity62 and @entity1295 in @entity15 @entity1 . Finally, we discuss some implications of our findings and future perspectives.
