Exploring self-image during hot flushes using a semantic differential scale: associations between poor self-image, @entity308 , XXXX .

@entity1671 @entity1 @entity308
OBJECTIVES: This study developed a semantic differential scale for assessing self-image during hot flushes, based on a previously published scale (Nursing Res. 35 (1986) 81). The objectives were to explore the sensitivity and validity of this scale, and to examine whether poor self-image during hot flushes is linked to @entity1671 , perceived control, flush frequency, flush chronicity, self-esteem and @entity308 . METHOD: Two community samples of @entity1 with current experience of hot flushes completed a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: The semantic differential scale was sensitive to individual differences in self-image, and was validated through its association with measured self-esteem using a standardised scale. Defining the self in negative ways during flushes was highly predictive of @entity1671 . Poor self-image was also closely associated with @entity308 . Correlations with perceived control, and flush frequency were weaker and did not reach significance in the second, smaller sample. CONCLUSION: The study extends previous findings that @entity1 low in self-esteem have more difficulty coping with menopausal changes, by showing that negative self-appraisal during flushes (e.g. defining self as unattractive or dirty) are highly demoralising and associated with distress. The findings suggest that cognitive behavioural strategies of challenging and re-interpreting thoughts about self could be helpful in moderating the discomfort and stressfulness of hot flushes for @entity1 not taking HRT. However, the findings are based on relatively small, volunteer samples and require further replication.
