Chemical quality of maternal drinking water and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity349 @entity4259 @entity1498 @entity299 @entity3494
We undertook a case-control study to investigate the association between chemicals in maternal drinking water consumed during pregnancy and @entity299 in the offspring. Two hundred and seventy affected @entity1 and 665 healthy @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Information on contaminant levels in maternal drinking water was available from records of routine water analysis of samples taken from public taps in the communities where the mothers resided during pregnancy. Mothers provided information during a telephone interview on their health, pregnancy management, and demographic characteristics. Nine inorganic metals were analysed for detection of an association with @entity299 . The chemical exposures of particular interest were @entity3494 , lead, @entity349 and @entity4259 . None of the chemicals was associated materially with an increase in the frequency of @entity299 overall. @entity3494 exposure at any detectable level was associated with a threefold increase in occurrence of @entity1498 (prevalence odds ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-8.9). Detectable traces of @entity4259 in drinking water were associated with a lower frequency of any @entity299 than was observed among @entity1 exposed to drinking water not containing detectable levels of @entity4259 (prevalence odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence limits = 0.40-0.97). A dose-response effect was observed over four levels of @entity4259 exposure. Non-differential errors in the measurement and classification of exposure to contaminants routinely monitored in drinking water could account for lack of positive findings. In addition, most of the contaminant levels were below the maximum levels set by the Environmental Protection Agency, so that lack of evidence of effect may have been due to the low exposure levels in this population.
