Gammaherpesvirus XXXX with @entity311 Suppresses Anti-parasitic Humoral Immunity.

@entity1 @entity697 @entity66 @entity19 @entity2025 @entity21525 @entity281 @entity9653 @entity325 @entity501 @entity3964 @entity311
UNASSIGNED: Immunity to non-cerebral severe @entity311 is estimated to occur within 1-2 infections in areas of endemic transmission for @entity3964 . Yet, nearly 20% of infected @entity1 die annually as a result of severe @entity311 . Multiple risk factors are postulated to exacerbate @entity66 , one being @entity325 with other pathogens. @entity1 living in Sub-Saharan Africa are seropositive for @entity9653 ) by the age of 6 months. This timing overlaps with the waning of protective maternal antibodies and susceptibility to primary @entity3964 @entity281 . However, the impact of acute @entity2025 on the generation of anti-malarial immunity is unknown. Using well established @entity19 models of @entity281 , we show here that acute, but not latent @entity21525 (MHV68) @entity281 suppresses the anti-malarial humoral response to a secondary @entity281 . Importantly, this resulted in the transformation of a non-lethal @entity501 XNL @entity281 into a lethal one; an outcome that is correlated with a defect in the maintenance of germinal center B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the spleen. Furthermore, we have identified the MHV68 M2 protein as an important virus encoded protein that can: (i) suppress anti-MHV68 humoral responses during acute MHV68 @entity281 ; and (ii) plays a critical role in the observed suppression of anti-malarial humoral responses in the setting of @entity325 . Notably, @entity325 with an M2-null mutant MHV68 eliminates lethality of @entity501 XNL. Collectively, our data demonstrates that an acute gammaherpesvirus @entity281 can negatively impact the development of an anti-malarial immune response. This suggests that @entity697 with EBV should be investigated as a risk factor for non-cerebral severe @entity311 in young @entity1 living in areas endemic for @entity3964 transmission.
