@entity4754 and autoantibody production induced by vaccination in farmed XXXX .

@entity1252 @entity12178 @entity7705 @entity7294 @entity281 @entity4754 @entity715 @entity85 @entity631 @entity792
The introduction of oil-adjuvanted vaccines in salmon aquaculture made large-scale production feasible by reducing the impact of @entity281 . Vaccines given intraperitoneally (ip) contain oil adjuvant such as mineral oil. However, in rodents, a single ip injection of adjuvant @entity7294 oil induces @entity1252 . We have recently reported that @entity792 in farmed salmon, characterized by production of various autoantibodies, immune complex @entity631 , liver @entity715 , and @entity85 , are previously unrecognized side effects of vaccination. In the present study, we examined whether vaccination-induced autoantibody production in farmed @entity12178 is a mere result of polyclonal B-cell activation. Sera were collected from 205 vaccinated and unvaccinated @entity12178 (experimental, 7 farms) and wild salmon. Total IgM levels and autoantibodies to salmon blood cell (SBC) extract in sera were measured by ELISA and the relationship between @entity4754 and autoantibody production was analyzed. Comparison of endpoint titers vs levels/units using a single dilution of sera in detection of autoantibodies to SBC showed near perfect correlation, justifying the use of the latter for screening. Both total IgM and anti-SBC antibodies are increased in vaccinated salmon compared with unvaccinated controls, however, they do not always correlate well when compared between groups or between individuals, suggesting the involvement of antigen-specific mechanisms in the production of anti-SBC autoantibodies. The primary considerations of successful vaccine for aquaculture are cost-effectiveness and safety. Vaccination-induced @entity792 in farmed @entity12178 may have consequences on future vaccine development and salmon farming strategy. Evaluation for @entity7705 and @entity792 should be included as an important trait when vaccine efficacy and safety are evaluated in future.
