Selective modulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways by XXXX in BV2 microglial cells.

@entity268 @entity650 @entity1435 @entity1356 @entity310 @entity3963 @entity1919 @entity2533 @entity4675 @entity1639 @entity8279 @entity9501 @entity688 @entity5393
@entity1919 is a very important regulator in a wide range of biological processes, including inflammatory reactions. To investigate the role of @entity268 in microglia, we examined the effect of @entity8279 ( @entity5393 ) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine expression and signaling pathways in murine BV2 microglial cells. @entity5393 strongly suppressed LPS-induced @entity310 expression, without affecting NO, @entity650 or @entity2533 expression. In contrast, LPS-induced @entity1356 or @entity688 expressions were dramatically increased by @entity5393 . We further examined the effect of elevated @entity268 on signaling molecules such as MAP kinases ( @entity1435 MAPK, @entity3963 and @entity4675 ), NF-kappaB and @entity1639 , which are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. @entity5393 decreased the LPS-induced phosphorylation of @entity1435 MAPK, while it modestly enhanced the @entity3963 activity. @entity4675 phosphorylation was slightly reduced by @entity5393 only at the later time point. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the elevated @entity268 potentiated AP-1 binding activity by enhancing @entity1639 binding. On the other hand, @entity5393 repressed NF-kappaB-mediated transcription without affecting NF-kappaB binding. Treatment with @entity9501 , a selective inhibitor of protein kinase A, completely reversed @entity268 -induced @entity688 and @entity1356 upregulation but only partially reversed the @entity268 -induced repression of @entity310 . Thus, the effect of @entity5393 in BV2 cells appears to be mediated through both protein kinase A-dependent and -independent pathways. Taken together, our results demonstrate that @entity268 modulates microglia activation in a diverse and complex manner.
