Motorcycle exhaust particles induce airway XXXX and @entity1224 in BALB/C @entity19 .

@entity32 @entity64 @entity59 @entity55 @entity19 @entity27026 @entity60 @entity7935 @entity56 @entity58 @entity18683 @entity2710 @entity1224
A number of large studies have reported that environmental pollutants from fossil fuel combustion can cause deleterious effects to the immune system, resulting in an @entity56 leading to respiratory tract damage. In this study, we investigated the effect of motorcycle exhaust particles ( @entity27026 ), a major pollutant in the Taiwan urban area, on airway @entity32 and @entity1224 in laboratory animals. BALB/c @entity19 were instilled intratracheally (i.t.) with 1.2 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg of @entity27026 , which was collected from two- @entity64 motorcycle engines. The @entity19 were exposed 3 times i.t. with @entity27026 , and various parameters for airway @entity32 and hyperresponsiveness were sequentially analyzed. We found that @entity27026 would induce airway and @entity55 characterized by infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung. In addition, @entity27026 treatment enhanced BALF @entity58 ( @entity58 ), @entity59 , and @entity60 ( @entity60 ) cytokine levels and serum IgE production. Bronchial response measured by unrestrained plethysmography with @entity2710 challenge showed that @entity27026 treatment induced @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ) in BALB/c @entity19 . The chemical components in @entity27026 were further fractionated with organic solvents, and we found that the @entity7935 -extracted fraction exerts a similar biological effect as seen with @entity27026 , including airway @entity32 , increased BALF @entity58 , serum IgE production, and induction of @entity1224 . In conclusion, we present evidence showing that the filter-trapped particles emitted from the unleaded- @entity18683 -fueled two- @entity64 motorcycle engine may induce proinflammatory and proallergic response profiles in the absence of exposure to allergen.
