Global income-related inequalities in XXXX testing.

@entity1 @entity283 @entity645 @entity3006 @entity2798
BACKGROUND: @entity2798 ( @entity2798 ) is an important prevention initiative in reducing @entity645 /AIDS transmission. Despite current global prevention efforts, many low- and middle-income countries continue reporting low @entity2798 levels. Little is known about the association of within- and between-country socioeconomic inequalities and @entity2798 . Based on the 'inverse equity hypothesis,' this study examines the degree to which low socioeconomic groups in developing countries are disadvantaged in @entity2798 . METHODS: Using recently released data from the 2002 to 2003 @entity283 ( @entity283 ) for 106 705 individuals in 49 countries, this study used multilevel logistic regression to examine the association of individual- and national-level factors with @entity2798 , and whether national economic development moderated the association between individual income and @entity2798 . Individual income was based on country-specific income quintiles. National economic development was based on national gross domestic product per capita ( @entity3006 /c). Effect modification was evaluated with the likelihood ratio test (G(2)). Individuals eligible for the @entity2798 question of the @entity283 were adults between the ages of 18-49 years; @entity1 who had given birth in the last 2 years were excluded from this question. RESULTS: @entity2798 was more likely among higher income quintiles and in countries with higher @entity3006 /c. @entity3006 /c moderated the association between individual income and @entity2798 whereby relative income differences in @entity2798 were greater in countries with lower @entity3006 /c (G(2)= 9.21; P= 0.002). Individual socio-demographic characteristics were also associated with the likelihood of a @entity1 having @entity2798 . CONCLUSIONS: Relative socioeconomic inequalities in @entity2798 coverage appear to decline when higher SES groups reach a certain level of coverage. These findings suggest that changes to international @entity2798 programs may be necessary to moderate the relative @entity2798 differences between high- and low-income individuals in lower @entity3006 /c nations.
