Compartmentalized Cytokine Responses in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity1751 @entity1356 @entity310 @entity3354 @entity4155
BACKGROUND: Favorable treatment outcomes with @entity310 blockade led us to explore cytokine responses in @entity1751 ( @entity1751 ). METHODS: Blood monocytes of 120 @entity1 and 24 healthy volunteers were subtyped by flow cytometry. Isolated blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated for cytokine production; this was repeated in 13 severe @entity1 during treatment with etanercept. Cytokines in pus were measured. RESULTS: CD14brightCD16dim inflammatory monocytes and patrolling monocytes were increased in @entity3354 @entity1 . Cytokine production by stimulated PBMCs was low compared to controls but the cytokine gene copies did not differ, indicating post-translational inhibition. The low production of @entity4155 was restored, when cells were incubated with adalimumab. In pus, high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected. Based on the patterns, six different cytokine profiles were discerned, which are potentially relevant for the choice of treatment. Clinical improvement with etanercept was predicted by increased production of @entity1356 and @entity4155 by PBMCs at week 8. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate compartmentalized cytokine expression in @entity1751 ; high in pus but suppressed in PBMCs. This is modulated through blockade of @entity310 .
