Experimental XXXX processing in individuals with @entity73 : current state of the science.

@entity1 @entity558 @entity73 @entity16 @entity56 @entity158
UNASSIGNED: @entity73 ( @entity558 ) can develop during the course of ageing and is a feature of many @entity16 . Many individuals with @entity558 have substantial, sustained, and complex health care needs, which frequently include @entity158 . However, individuals with @entity558 can have difficulty communicating the features of their @entity158 to others, which in turn presents a significant challenge for effective diagnosis and treatment of their @entity158 . Herein, we review the literature on responsivity of individuals with @entity558 to experimental @entity158 stimuli. We discuss @entity158 responding across a large number of @entity16 in which @entity558 is typically present. Overall, the existing data suggest that @entity158 processing is altered in most individuals with @entity558 compared with cognitively intact matched controls. The precise nature of these alterations varies with the type of @entity558 (or associated clinical @entity558 ) and may also depend on the type of @entity158 stimulation used and the type of @entity158 responses assessed. Nevertheless, it is clear that regardless of the etiology of @entity558 , @entity1 do feel noxious stimuli, with more evidence for @entity56 than hyposensitivity to these stimuli compared with cognitively unimpaired individuals. Our current understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these alterations is limited but may be enhanced through the use of animal models of @entity558 , which also exhibit alterations in nociceptive responding. Further research using additional behavioural indices of @entity158 is warranted. Increased understanding of altered experimental @entity158 processing in @entity558 will facilitate the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for @entity158 in individuals with @entity558 .
