The generation of macrophages with anti-inflammatory activity in the absence of XXXX signaling.

@entity5694 @entity19 @entity1421 @entity635 @entity1618 @entity9094 @entity777 @entity58
UNASSIGNED: Macrophages readily change their phenotype in response to exogenous stimuli. In this work, macrophages were stimulated under a variety of experimental conditions, and phenotypic alterations were correlated with changes in gene expression. We identified 3 transcriptionally related populations of macrophages with immunoregulatory activity. They were generated by stimulating cells with TLR ligands in the presence of 3 different "reprogramming" signals: high-density ICs, @entity1421 , or Ado. All 3 of these cell populations produced high levels of transcripts for @entity1618 and growth and angiogenic factors. They also secreted reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines @entity635 , @entity777 , and IL-12. All 3 macrophage phenotypes could partially rescue @entity19 from lethal @entity5694 , and therefore, we consider each to have anti-inflammatory activity. This ability to regulate innate-immune responses occurred equally well in macrophages from @entity9094 -deficient @entity19 . The lack of @entity9094 did not affect the ability of macrophages to change cytokine production reciprocally or to rescue @entity19 from lethal @entity5694 . Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with @entity58 failed to induce similar phenotypic or transcriptional alterations. This work demonstrates that there are multiple ways to generate macrophages with immunoregulatory activity. These anti-inflammatory macrophages are transcriptionally and functionally related to each other and are quite distinct from macrophages treated with @entity58 .
