Anomalies of the distal ureter, bladder, and urethra in XXXX : embryologic, radiologic, and pathologic features.

@entity1 @entity154 @entity5450 @entity600 @entity3025
@entity154 of the lower urinary tract are a significant cause of morbidity in infancy. Radiologic investigation is an important source of clinical information in lower @entity5450 but should not inconvenience the @entity1 , expose the @entity1 to unnecessary radiation, or delay surgical correction. In pediatric @entity1 with suspected underlying @entity5450 , screening ultrasonography is commonly the initial diagnostic study. If dilatation of the urinary tract is confirmed, voiding cystourethrography is performed to determine the presence of @entity3025 ( @entity3025 ) and other causes of upper tract dilatation. If @entity3025 is confirmed, follow-up with nuclear cystography or echo-enhanced cystosonography may be performed. If @entity3025 is excluded, nuclear diuresis renography is the primary test for differentiating between obstructed and nonobstructed megaureter. Intravenous urography can be used to specifically identify an area of obstruction and to determine the presence of duplex collecting systems and a ureterocele. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are unsuitable for general screening but provide superb anatomic detail and added diagnostic specificity. MR imaging is mandatory in the evaluation of associated @entity154 . MR urography can demonstrate ectopic extravesical ureteric insertions, thereby providing a global view of the @entity600 . Familiarity with anomalies of the lower urinary tract is essential for correct diagnosis and appropriate management.
