Thermogenesis and related metabolic targets in anti- XXXX therapy.

@entity1 @entity844 @entity6 @entity28 @entity12721 @entity1017 @entity1254 @entity164 @entity860 @entity1720
Exercise, together with a low-energy diet, is the first-line treatment for @entity164 2 @entity6 . Exercise improves @entity1720 by increasing the number or function of muscle mitochondria mitochondria and the capacity for aerobic metabolism, all of which are low in many insulin-resistant subjects. Cannabinoid 1-receptor antagonists and b-adrenoceptor agonists improve insulin sensitivity in @entity1 and promote fat oxidation in rodents independently of reduced food intake. Current drugs for the treatment of @entity6 are not, however, noted for their ability to increase fat oxidation, although the @entity12721 increase the capacity for fat oxidation in skeletal muscle, whilst paradoxically increasing @entity1017 .There are a number of targets for anti- @entity6 drugs that may improve @entity1720 by increasing the capacity for fat oxidation. Their mechanisms of action are linked, notably through @entity860 -activated protein kinase, @entity1254 , and the sympathetic nervous system. If ligands for these targets have obvious acute thermogenic activity, it is often because they increase sympathetic activity. This promotes fuel mobilisation, as well as fuel oxidation. When thermogenesis thermogenesis is not obvious, researchers often argue that it has occurred by using the inappropriate device of treating animals for days or weeks until there is weight (mainly fat) loss and then expressing energy expenditure energy expenditure relative to body weight. In reality, thermogenesis may have occurred, but it is too small to detect, and this device distracts us from really appreciating why insulin sensitivity has improved. This is that by increasing @entity844 oxidation @entity844 oxidation more than @entity844 supply, drugs lower the concentrations of @entity844 metabolites that cause insulin resistance. Insulin sensitivity improves long before any anti- @entity28 effect can be detected.
