Factors associated with acquisition of @entity1 XXXX in domestic livestock in Western Kenya.

@entity7246 @entity1 @entity1707 @entity417 @entity3177 @entity281 @entity291 @entity25
BACKGROUND: @entity7246 is regarded as a constraint on livestock production in Western Kenya where the responsibility for tsetse and @entity7246 control has increasingly shifted from the state to the individual livestock owner. To assess the sustainability of these localised control efforts, this study investigates biological and management risk factors associated with trypanosome infections detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in a range of domestic livestock at the local scale in Busia, Kenya. Busia District also remains endemic for @entity1 @entity25 with sporadic cases of @entity25 reported. RESULTS: In total, trypanosome infections were detected in 11.9% (329) out of the 2773 livestock sampled in Busia District. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that host species and @entity291 age affected overall trypanosome @entity281 , with significantly increased odds of @entity281 for @entity291 older than 18 months, and significantly lower odds of @entity281 in @entity1707 and small ruminants. Different grazing and watering management practices did not affect the odds of trypanosome @entity281 , adjusted by host species. Neither @entity417 nor condition score significantly affected the odds of trypanosome @entity281 in @entity291 . @entity1 infective @entity3177 rhodesiense were detected in 21.5% of animals infected with @entity3177 s.l. (29/135) amounting to 1% (29/2773) of all sampled livestock, with significantly higher odds of @entity3177 rhodesiense infections in @entity3177 s.l. infected @entity1707 (OR= 4.3, 95%CI 1.5-12.0) than in @entity3177 s.l. infected @entity291 or small ruminants. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity291 are the dominant reservoir of trypanosome @entity281 it is unlikely that targeted treatment of only visibly diseased @entity291 will achieve sustainable interruption of transmission for either animal infective or zoonotic @entity1 infective @entity7246 , since most infections were detected in @entity291 that did not exhibit classical clinical signs of @entity7246 . @entity1707 were also found to be reservoirs of @entity281 for T. b. rhodesiense and present a risk to local communities.
