Fish oil supplementation of @entity35 during pregnancy reduces XXXX risks in their offspring.

@entity1501 @entity66 @entity1255 @entity24344 @entity10697 @entity3147 @entity35 @entity413 @entity165
Metabolic programming in utero due to maternal undernutrition is considered to increase the risk of @entity66 in offspring. It is therefore of relevance to investigate how dietary supplementation of specific nutrients can ameliorate the negative effects of maternal @entity3147 . We examined the effects of supplementing fish oil or @entity1501 , both of which are conventional supplements in maternal intervention, on risk factors in the offspring as adults. Pregnant female @entity35 from 4 groups (n = 6/group) were fed casein diets with 18 g/100 g protein (control diet), 12 g/100 g protein supplemented with 8 mg @entity1501 /kg diet (0.08 mg/kg diet) ( @entity24344 ), 12 g/100 g protein without @entity1501 ( @entity10697 ) or 12 g/100 g protein supplemented with 7 g/100 g fish oil (FOIL). Pups were weaned to a standard laboratory diet with 18 g/100 g protein. Serum @entity413 , insulin and @entity165 and plasma @entity1255 levels were measured in the offspring at 6 and 11 mo of age. Serum @entity413 in 11-mo-old male and female pups was greater (P < 0.05) in both the @entity24344 (males 2.46 +/- 0.51, females 2.49 +/- 0.29 mmol/L) and @entity10697 groups (2.48 +/- 0.28 and 2.67 +/- 0.41 mmol/L) than in controls (2.03 +/- 0.15 and 2.02 +/- 0.18 mmol/L). Serum insulin concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in the @entity10697 group (males 1476 +/- 317, females 1441 +/- 220 pmol/L) but were lower in males from the @entity24344 group (483 +/- 165 pmol/L) compared with controls (males 917 +/- 373, females 981 +/- 264 pmol/L). @entity413 and insulin concentrations did not differ between the control and FOIL groups. Plasma @entity1255 levels were lower (P < 0.05) only in 11-mo-old @entity1501 -deficient males; none of the other groups differed from the controls. Maternal supplementation of fish oil to a diet containing marginal protein was beneficial in maintaining circulating @entity413 , insulin, @entity165 and @entity1255 levels in the offspring as adults.
