Parenteral nutrition-associated conjugated XXXX in hospitalized @entity1 .

@entity1 @entity66 @entity648 @entity2929 @entity1448 @entity3147 @entity3638
Parenteral nutrition-associated conjugated @entity3638 (PNAC), commonly defined as direct @entity648 >= 2 mg/dL (34.2  mol/L), is primarily a @entity66 with premature @entity1 being the most susceptible. Severe morbidity and increased mortality are associated with @entity648 >10 mg/dL (171.0  mol/L). The lack of knowledge regarding the cause of PNAC has stymied development of prevention and treatment strategies. A systematic search of published reports was conducted to provide data on histopathology of PNAC and to review prospective, randomized, controlled trials in hospitalized @entity1 . In experiments of young animals, @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) with and without soy oil emulsion is directly linked to @entity3638 , and the effects are exaggerated by overfeeding. In @entity1 , the most consistently reported risk factor for PNAC is the duration of @entity3147 . The only known effective modality is the transition to full enteral feeding and discontinuation of @entity3147 . Emerging clinical research is evaluating the role of lipid source (soy vs fish) and motility agents, such as @entity2929 . Different trace element preparations are associated with varying severity of @entity1448 , a finding that also deserves more study. This article reviews the prevalence, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment options for PNAC in neonatal intensive care units.
