Annual Research Review: The promise of stem cell research for XXXX .

@entity1 @entity146 @entity71 @entity245 @entity3002 @entity72 @entity3119
The study of the developing brain has begun to shed light on the underpinnings of both early and adult onset @entity146 . Neuroimaging of the @entity1 brain across developmental time points and the use of model animal systems have combined to reveal brain systems and gene products that may play a role in @entity72 , @entity71 , @entity3119 and many other @entity245 . However, precisely how genes may function in @entity1 brain development and how they interact with each other leading to @entity146 is unknown. Because of an increasing understanding of neural stem cells and how the nervous system subsequently develops from these cells, we have now the ability to study @entity3002 in a new way - by rewinding and reviewing the development of @entity1 neural cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), developed from mature somatic cells, have allowed the development of specific cells in @entity1 to be observed in real time. Moreover, they have allowed some neuronal-specific abnormalities to be corrected with pharmacological intervention in tissue culture. These exciting advances based on the use of iPSCs hold great promise for understanding, diagnosing and, possibly, treating @entity146 . Specifically, examination of iPSCs from typically developing individuals will reveal how basic cellular processes and genetic differences contribute to individually unique nervous systems. Moreover, by comparing iPSCs from typically developing individuals and @entity1 , differences at stem cell stages, through neural differentiation, and into the development of functional neurons may be identified that will reveal opportunities for intervention. The application of such techniques to early onset @entity146 is still on the horizon but has become a reality of current research efforts as a consequence of the revelations of many years of @entity245 .
