Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for childhood XXXX .

@entity1 @entity8 @entity101 @entity5 @entity26 @entity3052 @entity1778 @entity1467 @entity1763
BACKGROUND: Because the incidence of childhood @entity3052 peaks between 2 and 4 years of age, the risk factors may exert their influence during the prenatal and/or the neonatal periods. Results of previous studies of perinatal risk factors have been contradictory, perhaps because most studies either have been hospital based or have been restricted to limited geographical areas. PURPOSE: A nationwide case-control study was carried out to identify maternal and perinatal risk factors for this disease. METHODS: The case-control study was nested in cohorts defined by all live births in Sweden recorded in the nationwide Medical Birth Register. Since 1973, this register has routinely collected information on all hospital births in regard to maternal demographic data, reproductive history, pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period. From the Swedish National @entity5 Register, 613 case subjects were identified in successive birth cohorts from 1973 through 1989. Five control subjects per case subject were randomly selected from the pool of @entity1 matched by sex and month and year of birth. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for potential risk factors and to estimate their effects after adjustment for possible confounders. RESULTS: Risk of childhood @entity1778 at all ages increased with @entity1467 (OR = 20.0; 95% CI = 4.2-94.2), @entity8 (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.6-12.1), use of supplementary @entity26 (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.5-3.6), postpartum @entity1763 (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2-2.6), birth weight of more than 4500 g (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1-2.7), and @entity101 disease during pregnancy (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0-1.9). @entity1467 affected risk mostly in @entity1 younger than 5 years, whereas other factors affected those @entity1 5 years old or older. Being one of a multiple birth also increased risk among older @entity1 (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.0-6.0). Use of supplementary @entity26 may act as a causal intermediate (surrogate) for postpartum @entity1763 and its causes, as would high birth weight for its causes. CONCLUSIONS: Several maternal and perinatal risk factors were found to be associated with childhood @entity1778 , but they showed age-specific differences. Overall, only a few risk factors were identified, and these accounted for a small proportion of cases. We concluded that most risk factors for childhood @entity1778 remain unidentified in very young @entity1 .
