Volume Transmission in Central XXXX and @entity1063 Neurons and Its Astroglial Targets.

@entity5733 @entity146 @entity935 @entity1579 @entity460 @entity2661 @entity1063
UNASSIGNED: Already in the 1960s the architecture and pharmacology of the brainstem @entity935 (DA) and @entity1063 (NA) neurons with formation of vast numbers of DA and NA terminal plexa of the central nervous system (CNS) indicated that they may not only communicate via synaptic transmission. In the 1980s the theory of @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) was introduced as a major communication together with synaptic transmission in the CNS. @entity1579 is an extracellular and cerebrospinal fluid transmission of chemical signals like transmitters, modulators etc. moving along energy gradients making diffusion and flow of @entity1579 signals possible. @entity1579 interacts with synaptic transmission mainly through direct receptor-receptor interactions in synaptic and extrasynaptic heteroreceptor complexes and their signaling cascades. The DA and NA neurons are specialized for extrasynaptic @entity1579 at the soma-dendrtitic and terminal level. The @entity2661 released target multiple DA and adrenergic subtypes on nerve cells, astroglia and microglia which are the major cell components of the trophic units building up the neural-glial networks of the CNS. DA and NA @entity1579 can modulate not only the strength of synaptic transmission but also the @entity1579 signaling of the astroglia and microglia of high relevance for neuron-glia interactions. The @entity5733 @entity1579 targeting astroglia can modulate the fundamental functions of astroglia observed in neuroenergetics, in the Glymphatic system, in the central renin-angiotensin system and in the production of long-distance @entity460 waves. Also the astrocytic and microglial DA and adrenergic receptor subtypes mediating DA and NA @entity1579 can be significant drug targets in neurological and @entity146 .
