Interaction between cigarette, @entity167 and betel nut use on XXXX risk in Taiwan.

@entity1 @entity5 @entity167 @entity1721 @entity418 @entity105 @entity204
OBJECTIVE: In 2003 @entity418 was the sixth leading cause of @entity204 among @entity1 in Taiwan, but it is the fastest increasing (70%) alimentary tract @entity5 . The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different habits of betel nut chewing on @entity1721 (SCC) and its interaction with cigarette use and @entity167 consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All 165 cases were pathologically proven esophageal SCC @entity1 (all male, mean age = 56.0, range = 35-92 years) diagnosed by biopsy during gastroendoscopic examinations. The control group comprised 255 subjects (all male, mean age = 54.8, range = 40-92 years) selected from @entity1 who had visited the Otolaryngology Outpatient or Inpatient Department of KMUH owing to a benign lesion over this field. All were interviewed to collect demographic and substance use information by a trained interviewer using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: Smoking (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.4-12.9, PAR = 72%), alcoholic beverage drinking (aOR = 17.6, 95% CI = 9.3-35.2, PAR = 76%) and low education level are independent risk factors for @entity418 . Although betel nut chewers only had a borderline significant higher risk than nonchewers (aOR = 1.7; 95% CI = 0.8-3.1), those who chewed with a piece of betel inflorescence (aOR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.4-16.0) and swallow betel-quid juice (aOR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.3-9.3) had a significant higher risk. Significant dose-response effects were found in daily quantity of drinking and smoking. There is a synergistic effect of these three substances on the development of @entity418 . CONCLUSION: Betel nut chewing plays a relevant role in the development of esophageal SCC but adds to the carcinogenetic effect of smoking and @entity167 drinking. Direct mucosal contact of betel juice may contribute to its @entity105 .
