Assessing XXXX behavior of @entity5157 unicolor (Hymenoptera: Apidae), the endemic @entity5157 from Madagascar.

@entity66 @entity146 @entity10281 @entity5157 @entity31860
UNASSIGNED: @entity146 ( @entity146 ) is one of the natural mechanisms of @entity5157 for limiting the spread of @entity66 and @entity31860 parasitic mite. Objective of our study was to measure @entity146 of @entity5157 unicolor colonies (N = 403) from three geographic regions (one infested and two free of @entity31860 ) in Madagascar. The pin-killing method was used for evaluation of the @entity146 . Responses were measured from 3 h 30 min to 7 h after perforation of the cells. Colonies were very effective in detecting perforated cells. In the first 4 h, on average, they detected at least 50% of the pin-killed brood. Six hours after cell perforation, colonies tested (N = 91) showed a wide range of uncapped (0 to 100%) and cleaned cells (0 to 82%). Global distribution of the rate of cleaned cells at 6 h was multimodal and @entity10281 responses could be split in three classes. Colonies from the three regions showed a significant difference in @entity146 responses. Three hypotheses (geographic, genetic traits, presence of @entity31860 ) are further discussed to explain variability of @entity146 responses among the regions. Levels of @entity146 efficiency of A. mellifera unicolor colonies are among the greatest levels reported for A. mellifera subspecies. Presence of highly @entity10281 colonies is a great opportunity for future breeding program in selection for @entity146 .
