Effects of using a different kind of smokeless XXXX on cardiac parameters: "Mara   Powder".

@entity1 @entity286 @entity233 @entity412 @entity165
OBJECTIVE: A plant powder called "Mara   Powder" has been used widely instead of cigarette in the South-Eastern region of @entity233 . It was confirmed that this powder has been made of @entity286 N. rustica L. Our aim was to investigate whether the use of Mara   Powder is as harmful as cigarette smoking or not. METHODS: Forty-five Mara   Powder users (Group I), 32 @entity1 who smoked cigarette (control-Group II) and 30 healthy @entity1 neither smoking nor using Mara   Powder (Group III) were included into the study. Laboratory investigations, electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed in all @entity1 of the study. For evaluation of the ventricular repolarization parameters, 50 mm/sec ECG recordings were used. Echocardiographic investigation was performed for assessment systolic and diastolic function. RESULTS: No differences were found by means of ventricular repolarization parameters among the three groups (p>0.05). Echocardiographic investigation revealed similar systolic function results in all of the three groups. There was reduced early filling velocity of the left ventricle (p=0.03, p=0.02) and increased filling velocity of the atrial component (p=0.02, p=0.02) in group I and group II. When they were compared to group III, deceleration time was also increased (p<0.01, p<0.01). Isovolumetric relaxation time was higher in group I and group II than that of group III (p=0.02, p=0.03). In group I and group II, total @entity165 (p=0.03, p=0.02), LDL- @entity165 (p<0.01, p<0.01) and @entity412 levels (p<0.01, p<0.01) were found to be higher than those of group III, whereas HDL levels were lower (p=0.02, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: As a result, we thought that Mara   Powder is as harmful as cigarette smoking and it has similar negative effects on cardiovascular system. In our opinion, "Mara   Powder" is a smokeless @entity286 use.
