XXXX in liver disease.

@entity1143 @entity1 @entity66 @entity101 @entity3509 @entity1372 @entity1575
Hepatic hydrothorax is the paradigmatic @entity1143 in @entity1575 . It is defined as a @entity1143 in a @entity1 with @entity101 and no @entity66 . The estimated prevalence of this complication in @entity1 with @entity1575 is 5 to 6%. Its pathophysiology involves movement of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity into the pleural space through diaphragmatic defects. Thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis are necessary for diagnosis. Initial management consists of @entity1372 restriction, diuretics, and therapeutic thoracentesis. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt may provide a bridge prior to liver transplantation. Spontaneous bacterial @entity3509 is the infection of a preexisting hydrothorax. The more frequent bacteria involved are ENTEROBACTERIACEAE and gram-positive cocci. Antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of therapy. This article reviews etiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy of these two complications of @entity1575 and @entity101 .
