Rhythmic diurnal gene expression in XXXX adipose tissue from individuals who are lean, overweight, and @entity164 2 @entity6 .

@entity1 @entity5394 @entity19344 @entity34592 @entity28 @entity6 @entity8713 @entity5395 @entity6217 @entity164 @entity13520 @entity1386 @entity307
OBJECTIVE: Previous animal studies suggest a functional relationship between metabolism, @entity164 2 @entity6 , and the amplitude of daily rhythms in @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ). However, data interpretation is confounded by differences in genetic background and diet or limited sampling points. We have taken the novel approach of analyzing serial @entity1 @entity1386 biopsies across a 24-h cycle in controlled laboratory conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Lean (n = 8), overweight/ @entity28 (n = 11), or overweight/ @entity28 @entity164 2 @entity6 (n = 8) volunteers followed a strict sleep-wake and dietary regimen for 1 week prior to the laboratory study. They were then maintained in controlled light-dark conditions in a semirecumbent posture and fed hourly during wake periods. Subcutaneous @entity1386 biopsies were collected every 6 h over 24 h, and gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Lean individuals exhibited significant (P < 0.05) temporal changes of core clock ( @entity307 , @entity5394 , @entity5395 , @entity19344 , @entity8713 , and @entity13520 ) and metabolic (REVERBa, @entity34592 , and @entity6217 ) genes. The @entity8713 rhythm was in approximate antiphase with the other clock genes. It is noteworthy that there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of increased body weight or @entity164 2 @entity6 on rhythmic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: The robust nature of these rhythms and their relative phasing indicate that @entity1386 now can be considered as a peripheral tissue suitable for the study of in vivo @entity1 rhythms. Comparison of data between subject groups clearly indicates that @entity28 and @entity164 2 @entity6 are not related to the amplitude of rhythmic @entity1386 gene expression in @entity1 maintained under controlled conditions.
