XXXX -mitochondria Interplay in Health and Disease.

@entity4094 @entity1568 @entity3884 @entity26 @entity2493 @entity842 @entity6710 @entity224 @entity204 @entity855 @entity2383
Although two main hypotheses of mitochondrial origin have been proposed, i.e., the autogenous and the endosymbiotic, only the second is being seriously considered currently. The ' @entity3884 hypothesis' invokes metabolic symbiosis as the driving force for a symbiotic association between an anaerobic, strictly @entity3884 -dependent (the host) and an eubacterium (the symbiont) that was able to respire, but which generated molecular @entity3884 as an end product of anaerobic metabolism. The resulting proto-eukaryotic cell would have acquired the essentials of eukaryotic energy metabolism, evolving not only aerobic respiration, but also the physiological cost of the @entity26 consumption, i.e., generation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) and the associated oxidative damage. This is not the only price to pay for respiring @entity26 : mitochondria possess @entity842 (NO  ) for regulatory purposes but, in some instances it may react with @entity224 anion radical to produce the toxic reactive @entity1568 species (RNS), i.e. @entity6710 anion, and the subsequent nitrosative damage. New mitochondria contain their own genome with a modified genetic code that is highly conserved among mammals. The transcription of certain mitochondrial genes may depend on the redox potential of the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are related to the life and @entity204 of cells. They are involved in energy production and conservation, having an uncoupling mechanism to produce heat instead of @entity855 , but they are also involved in programmed cell @entity204 . Increasing evidence suggest the participation of @entity4094 involving alterations in both nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) DNA. @entity2493 is a known powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and increasing experimental and clinical evidence shows its beneficial effects against oxidative/nitrosative stress status, including that involving @entity2383 . This review summarizes the data and mechanisms of action of @entity2493 in relation to mitochondrial pathologies.
