Smoking habits are an independent prognostic factor in @entity1 with XXXX .

@entity1 @entity286 @entity2 @entity1349
OBJECTIVES: The role of @entity286 in the pathogenesis of @entity2 ( @entity2 ) has been clearly established. Based on the epidemiological evidence that smoking may influence @entity2 progression, we investigated the idea that smoking behavior could be associated with @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) in this group of @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 351 @entity1 with @entity2 (311 @entity1 and 40 @entity1 ) were reviewed. Smoking status was assessed as @entity286 users or non-users. To calculate pack-years of smoking, the average of number of cigarettes smoked per day was divided by 20 to give packs per day, and then multiplied by the total number of years of smoking. @entity1349 was the main outcome measure. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 3.3        1.2 years. Kaplan-Meier plots of @entity1349 by use of @entity286 revealed significant differences by smoking status (log-rank   =   5.44, P   <   0.01), indicating a reduced survival rate in @entity286 users. The effect on @entity1349 of the amount of cigarette smoking was also evident when we subdivided the former and current smokers into    <=7 (mean value) pack-years and >7 pack-years groups (log-rank   =   4.27, P   <   0.05). After adjusting for all potential confounders, @entity286 smoking retained its independent prognostic significance for @entity1349 (hazard ratio   =   1.53, 95% confidence interval   =   1.19-2.17, P   =   0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that cigarette smoking is significantly associated with a poor prognosis among @entity1 diagnosed with @entity2 in a dose-dependent manner.
