RAS testing in metastatic XXXX : advances in Europe.

@entity1 @entity137 @entity5 @entity984 @entity470 @entity14 @entity8497
UNASSIGNED: Personalized medicine shows promise for maximizing efficacy and minimizing @entity137 of anti- @entity5 treatment. @entity984 exon 2 mutations are predictive of resistance to @entity470 -directed monoclonal antibodies in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 . Recent studies have shown that broader RAS testing ( @entity984 and @entity8497 ) is needed to select @entity1 for treatment. While Sanger sequencing is still used, approaches based on various methodologies are available. Few CE-approved kits, however, detect the full spectrum of RAS mutations. More recently, "next-generation" sequencing has been developed for research use, including parallel semiconductor sequencing and reversible termination. These techniques have high technical sensitivities for detecting mutations, although the ideal threshold is currently unknown. Finally, liquid biopsy has the potential to become an additional tool to assess @entity5 -derived DNA. For accurate and timely RAS testing, appropriate sampling and prompt delivery of material is critical. Processes to ensure efficient turnaround from sample request to RAS evaluation must be implemented so that @entity1 receive the most appropriate treatment. Given the variety of methodologies, external quality assurance programs are important to ensure a high standard of RAS testing. Here, we review technical and practical aspects of RAS testing for pathologists working with metastatic @entity14 samples. The extension of markers from @entity984 to RAS testing is the new paradigm for biomarker testing in @entity14 .
