Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products system in XXXX with @entity1468 .

@entity1 @entity101 @entity3624 @entity1468 @entity4283
CONTEXT: Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products ( @entity4283 ) mediates cellular injury. Soluble forms of @entity4283 [soluble @entity4283 (sRAGE), endogenous secretory (esRAGE)] bind @entity4283 ligands, thereby preventing downstream signaling and damage. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to characterize the changes in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and cord blood soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) during physiological gestation and to provide insight into mechanisms responsible for @entity4283 activation in @entity1468 . DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This was a cross-sectional study at a tertiary university hospital. @entity1 : We studied 135 @entity1 in the following groups: nonpregnant controls (n = 16), healthy pregnant controls (n = 68), pregnant @entity1 with chronic @entity101 (n = 13), or pregnant @entity1 with @entity1468 ( @entity1468 ; n = 38). INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: sRAGE and esRAGE levels were evaluated in vivo by ELISA in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and cord blood and in vitro after stimulation of the amniochorion and placental explants with lipopolysaccharide or @entity3624 / @entity3624 oxidase. Placenta and amniochorion were immunostained for @entity4283 . Real-time quantitative PCR measured @entity4283 mRNA. RESULTS: Pregnant @entity1 had significantly decreased serum sRAGE compared with nonpregnant subjects (P < 0.001). @entity1468 @entity1 had higher serum and amniotic fluid sRAGE and esRAGE relative to those expected for gestational age (P < 0.001). Cord blood sRAGE remained unaffected by @entity1468 . @entity4283 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression appeared elevated in the amniochorion of @entity1468 @entity1 . @entity3624 / @entity3624 oxidase (but not lipopolysaccharide) significantly up-regulated the release of sRAGE (P < 0.001) in the amniochorion explant system. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal membranes are a rich source of sRAGE. Elevated maternal serum and amniotic fluid sRAGE and esRAGE, paralleled by increased @entity4283 expression in the amniochorion, suggest activation of this system in @entity1468 .
