Resistance to XXXX and Dissemination of sul Genes Among Salmonella spp. Isolated from Food in Poland.

@entity1 @entity18142 @entity13135 @entity11682
Antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella spp., is an emerging problem of food safety. Antimicrobial use can result in selection of resistant organisms. The food chain is considered a route of transmission of resistant pathogens to @entity1 . In many European countries, @entity13135 are one of the most commonly used antimicrobials. The aim of our investigation was to assess the prevalence of sul genes and plasmid occurrence among @entity11682 -resistant Salmonella spp. Eighty-four @entity11682 -resistant isolates were collected in 2008 and 2013 from retail products in Poland. Minimal inhibitory concentration of all of these isolates was >= 1024    g/mL. Resistant isolates were tested for the presence of sul1, sul2, sul3, and @entity18142 genes by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. In total, 44.0% (37/84) isolates carried the sul1 gene, 46.4% (39/84) were sul2 positive, while the sul3 gene was not detected in any of the @entity11682 -resistant isolates tested. It was found that 3.6% (3/84) of resistant Salmonella spp. contained sul1, sul2, and intI genes. All 33 intI-positive isolates carried the sul1 gene. Eleven of the @entity11682 -resistant isolates were negative for all the sul genes. Most of the @entity11682 -resistant Salmonella spp. harbored plasmids; only in eight isolates were no plasmids detected. Generally, the size of the plasmids ranged from approximately 2   kb to >= 90   kb. Our results revealed a relatively a high prevalence of @entity13135 -resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from retail food. Additionally, we have detected a high dissemination of plasmids and class 1 integrons that may enhance the spread of resistance genes in the food chain.
