Are Modular Activations Altered in Lower Limb Muscles of XXXX with @entity15 during Walking? Evidence from Muscle Synergies and Biomechanical Analysis.

@entity1 @entity121 @entity73 @entity425 @entity392 @entity717 @entity15
UNASSIGNED: Background: @entity1 with @entity15 frequently have gait deficits that lead to diminished activities of daily living. Identification of motoneuron activity patterns may elucidate new insight into @entity717 and underlying neural systems. The aim of the present study was to investigate @entity121 , identified by motor modules and their activation profiles, in @entity1 with @entity15 (PwMS) during walking compared to those of @entity392 ( @entity392 ), as well as, exploring relationship of @entity121 with walking ability of PwMS. Methods: Seventeen PwMS walked at their natural speed while 12 @entity392 walked at slower than their natural speeds in order to provide normative gait values at matched speeds (spatio-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters and electromyography signals). Non-negative matrix factorization was used to identify @entity121 from eight muscles. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the similarity of motor modules between PwMS and @entity392 . To assess differences in module activations, each module's activation timing was integrated over 100% of gait cycle and the activation percentage was computed in six phases. Results: Fifty-nine% of PwMS and 58% of @entity392 had 4 modules while the remaining of both populations had 3 modules. Module 2 (related to soleus, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius primarily involved in mid and terminal stance) and Module 3 (related to tibialis anterior and rectus femoris primarily involved in early stance, and early and late swing) were comparable across all subjects regardless of synergies number. PwMS had shorter stride length, longer double support phase and push off deficit with respect to @entity392 (p < 0.05). The alterations of activation timing profiles of specific modules in PwMS were associated with their walking deficits (e.g., the reduction of Module 2 activation percentage index in terminal stance, PwMS 35.55    13.23 vs. @entity392 50.51    9.13% p < 0.05, and the push off deficit, PwMS 0.181    0.136 vs. @entity392 0.291    0.062 w/kg p < 0.05). Conclusion: During gait PwMS have synergies numbers similar to healthy @entity1 . Their neurological deficit alters modular control through modifications of the timing activation profiles rather than module composition. These changes were associated with their main @entity73 , @entity425 , and prolonged double support.
