Uptake from water, biotransformation, and biliary excretion of pharmaceuticals by XXXX .

@entity5660 @entity3522 @entity5018 @entity1623 @entity27224 @entity2049 @entity2179
An urgent need exists to assess the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to assess the uptake and metabolism of waterborne pharmaceuticals in @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ). A further objective was to determine the possibility of monitoring exposure to low levels of pharmaceuticals by bile assays. @entity5660 were exposed for 10 d under flow-through conditions to mixtures of five pharmaceuticals ( @entity3522 , @entity1623 , @entity5018 , @entity2179 , and @entity2049 ) at high and low concentrations. The low concentration was used to mimic the conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants. The uptake and the bioconcentration were determined by blood plasma and bile analyses. The average bioconcentration factor in plasma ranged from below 0.1 for @entity2179 to 4.9 for @entity3522 , the values being approximately similar at low and high ambient concentrations. The biotransformation of @entity3522 , @entity1623 , and @entity5018 was considered efficient, because several metabolites could be detected in concentrations clearly exceeding those of the unmetabolized compounds. The @entity27224 were the dominant metabolites for all three pharmaceuticals. The total bioconcentration in the bile was two to four orders of magnitude higher than in the plasma. The results of this work show that the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals in environmentally relevant concentrations may be monitored by blood plasma and bile analyses, the latter allowing detection at markedly lower ambient concentration.
