3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in @entity1 and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity66 @entity1276 @entity303 @entity4 @entity19
The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional units of the ventricles are ciliated epithelial cells termed ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and through ciliary action are capable of generating laminar flow of CSF at the ventricle surface. This monolayer of ependymal cells also provides barrier and filtration functions that promote exchange between brain interstitial fluids (ISF) and circulating CSF. Biochemical changes in the brain are thereby reflected in the composition of the CSF and destruction of the ependyma can disrupt the delicate balance of CSF and ISF exchange. In @entity1 there is a strong correlation between lateral ventricle expansion and aging. Age-associated @entity1276 can occur even in the absence of @entity303 or obstruction of CSF flow. The exact cause and progression of @entity1276 is often unknown; however, enlarged ventricles can show regional and, often, extensive loss of ependymal cell coverage with ventricle surface astrogliosis and associated periventricular @entity4 replacing the functional ependymal cell monolayer. Using MRI scans together with postmortem @entity1 brain tissue, we describe how to prepare, image and compile 3D renderings of lateral ventricle volumes, calculate lateral ventricle volumes, and characterize periventricular tissue through immunohistochemical analysis of en face lateral ventricle wall tissue preparations. Corresponding analyses of @entity19 brain tissue are also presented supporting the use of @entity19 models as a means to evaluate changes to the lateral ventricles and periventricular tissue found in @entity1 @entity66 . Together, these protocols allow investigations into the cause and effect of @entity1276 and highlight techniques to study ventricular system health and its important barrier and filtration functions within the brain.
