Blood volume: importance and adaptations to exercise training, environmental stresses, and XXXX /sickness.

@entity1 @entity8 @entity2700 @entity417 @entity548 @entity102 @entity8450 @entity1308 @entity130
This paper reviews the influence of several perturbations (physical exercise, heat stress, terrestrial altitude, microgravity, and @entity130 /sickness) on adaptations of blood volume (BV), @entity1308 ( @entity1308 ), and @entity8450 ( @entity8450 ). Exercise training can induce BV expansion: @entity8450 expansion usually occurs immediately, but @entity1308 expansion takes weeks. @entity1308 and @entity8450 expansion contribute to aerobic power improvements associated with exercise training. Repeated heat exposure induces @entity8450 expansion but does not alter @entity1308 . @entity8450 expansion does not improve thermoregulation, but @entity1308 expansion improves thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. @entity2700 (and increases plasma tonicity) which elevates heat strain and reduces exercise performance. High altitude exposure causes rapid (hours) plasma loss. During initial weeks at altitude, @entity1308 is unaffected, but a gradual expansion occurs with extended acclimatization. BV adjustments contribute, but are not key, to altitude acclimatization. Microgravity decreases @entity8450 and @entity1308 which contribute to orthostatic intolerance and decreased exercise capacity in astronauts. @entity8450 decreases may result from lower set points for total body water and central venous pressure, while @entity1308 decreases may result from increased erythrocyte destruction. @entity130 , @entity8 , and @entity102 cause @entity417 from @entity548 and immune activation which suppresses erythropoiesis. The re-establishment of @entity1308 is associated with healing, improved life quality, and exercise capabilities for these injured/sick @entity1 .
