The impact of early life stress on risk of XXXX smoking initiation by adolescents.

@entity1 @entity286 @entity285
AIMS: Our study aimed to examine the association between early life stress and early initiation of @entity285 and @entity286 use. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study of @entity1 and @entity1 belongs to the Ukrainian component of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. SETTING: Dniprodzerzhynsk, a city of some 250,000 inhabitants in south central Ukraine. @entity1 : All 4398 @entity1 who visited antenatal clinics between December 25, 1992 and July 23, 1994, planned to continue their pregnancy, and were permanent residents of the city were invited to participate. Of the 4398 invitees, 2148 agreed and 1020 of the mother- @entity1 pairs were available for complete follow-up until the @entity1 were 16years old. MEASUREMENTS: When study @entity1 reached ages 3 and 7, their mothers completed questionnaires about their @entity1 's exposure to and impact from a standard list of recent stressful life events. From the data on event prevalence and severity, we assigned each @entity1 to low, medium, or high early life stress. When the @entity1 became age 16, they completed questionnaires about their history of smoking and drinking. FINDINGS: In multivariate analysis that controlled for current level of family income, current family type, current school type, year of @entity1 's birth, lifetime smoking and current drinking by mother, and education of mother and father, @entity1 with high stress at age 3 had 2.2 times (95% confidence interval: 1.23-4.08) higher odds than @entity1 with low stress to start smoking early. CONCLUSIONS: Our study may be the first to use a longitudinal study design to examine early life stress as a risk factor for early smoking initiation in adolescence.
