Genotoxic effects of XXXX and @entity15093 on @entity1 oral and intestinal cells.

@entity1 @entity25469 @entity15093 @entity73190 @entity26 @entity2041 @entity6172 @entity14 @entity24580 @entity7641
OBJECTIVE: Released components of oral biomaterials can leach into the oral cavity and may subsequently reach the gastrointestinal tract. @entity7641 (CQ) is the most common used photoinitiator in resinous restorative materials and is often combined with the co-initiator @entity73190 ( @entity15093 ). It has been shown that CQ exerts cytotoxic effects, at least partially due to the generation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS). Objective of this study was to examine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of CQ in @entity1 oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT2) and immortalized epithelial @entity14 cells (Caco-2). Furthermore, the effects of visible-light irradiation and the co-initiator @entity15093 were investigated as well as the generation of ROS, the potential protective effect of @entity2041 ( @entity6172 ) and a recovery period of CQ-treated Caco-2 cells. METHODS: The alkaline comet assay was used to determine DNA damage. Additionally, an enzyme modified comet assay was applied, which detects @entity24580 ( @entity25469 ), a reliable marker for oxidative stress. RESULTS: Our data revealed that high concentrations of CQ induced DNA lesions in OKF6/TERT2 cells. This DNA damage is at least partly caused by the generation of @entity25469 . In addition, CQ and @entity15093 increased ROS formation and induced DNA damage in Caco-2 cells. CQ-treatment resulted in generation of @entity25469 . The antioxidant @entity6172 efficiently prevented CQ-associated DNA damage. Furthermore, a recovery following CQ-treatment significantly reduced DNA damage. SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that CQ-induced DNA damage is caused by oxidative stress in oral and intestinal cells. These lesions can be prevented and possibly repaired by @entity6172 -treatment and recovery of cells after the photoinitiator is removed from cultures.
