Repeated Heart Rate Measurement and Cardiovascular Outcomes in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity712 @entity301 @entity583 @entity15726 @entity1002
BACKGROUND: Elevated resting heart rate is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, particularly in @entity1 with @entity1002 . Heart rate is not monitored routinely in these @entity1 . We hypothesized that routine monitoring of heart rate would increase its prognostic value in @entity1 with @entity1002 . METHODS: We analyzed the relationship between heart rate measurements and a range of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including hospitalization for worsening @entity712 , in the pooled placebo-treated @entity1 from the morBidity-mortality EvAlUaTion of the If inhibitor @entity15726 in @entity1 with @entity301 and @entity1002 (BEAUTIFUL) trial and @entity712 treatment with the If inhibitor @entity15726 (SHIFT) Trial, using standard and time-varying covariate Cox proportional hazards models. By adjusting for other prognostic factors, models were fitted for baseline heart rate alone or for time-updated heart rate (latest heart rate) alone or corrected for baseline heart rate or for immediate previous time-updated heart rate. RESULTS: Baseline heart rate was strongly associated with all outcomes apart from hospitalization for @entity583 . Time-updated heart rate increased the strengths of associations for all outcomes. Adjustment for baseline heart rate or immediate previous time-updated heart rate modestly reduced the prognostic importance of time-updated heart rate. For hospitalization for worsening @entity712 , each 5 beats/min increase in baseline heart rate and time-updated heart rate was associated with a 15% (95% confidence interval, 12-18) and 22% (confidence interval, 19-40) increase in risk, respectively. Even after correction, the prognostic value of time-updated heart rate remained greater. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity1002 , time-updated heart rate is more strongly related with adverse cardiovascular outcomes than baseline heart rate. Heart rate should be measured to assess cardiovascular risk at all assessments of @entity1 with @entity1002 .
