Chronic anosmia induces depressive behavior and reduced @entity148 via dysregulation of glucocorticoid receptor and @entity8740 in a XXXX model.

@entity308 @entity19 @entity8740 @entity1316 @entity415 @entity148 @entity5937
BACKGROUND: Olfactory loss is highly prevalent, and comorbid @entity1316 are common. Considering olfactory input is highly interconnected with the limbic system, and that the limbic system manages mood, it is predictable that impairments in the sense of smell may result in mood changes. METHODOLOGY: Chronic olfactory deficits were induced by repeated intranasal irrigation of @entity5937 for 12 weeks in BALB/c @entity19 . H_E staining, OMP staining, and @entity415 chip finding test were performed to confirm olfactory loss. Tail suspension, forced swim, and splash tests were performed to evaluate @entity308 , as well as open field, elevated plus maze tests were applied to assess @entity148 . The mRNA levels of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and corticotropin releasing hormone ( @entity8740 ) were measured by real-time PCR to confirm relevant molecular changes. RESULTS: Disruption of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory loss was confirmed in histological studies and @entity415 chip finding test. Behavioral tests show that the chronic anosmic state caused increased @entity308 and reduced @entity148 . PCR data showed that mRNA levels of GR in the hypothalamus and @entity8740 in the amygdala were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: These results propose that @entity5937 -induced chronic anosmia can cause a @entity308 and anxiolytic state via decreased hypothalamic GR and amygdalar @entity8740 .
