Trends in XXXX intake by education and marital status in urban population in Russia between the mid 1980s and the mid 1990s.

@entity167 @entity1 @entity1068
AIMS: We investigated changes in the distribution of @entity167 consumption by education and marital status in Russia during the period of societal transformation after 1990. Such changes would indicate the potential role of @entity167 in the rising social inequalities in mortality. METHODS: We analysed data from three surveys in random population samples conducted in Novosibirsk as part of the WHO MONICA project in 1985/86 (1533 @entity1 , 1292 @entity1 ), 1988/89 (1700 @entity1 , no @entity1 ) and 1994/95 (1526 @entity1 , 1510 @entity1 ), coinciding with the period of societal transformation. Four measures of drinking were examined in relation to education and marital status: prevalence of drinking at least twice a week; the mean intake in the last week; the mean intake per drinking occasion; and the prevalence of binge drinking (>80 g @entity1068 for @entity1 and >60 g for @entity1 ) at least once a month. RESULTS: Among @entity1 , those with university education had the lowest levels of all measures of drinking. Drinking indices increased over time in all educational groups but most sharply in @entity1 with high education, thus leading to a smaller education-related difference in the last survey. With respect to marital status, divorced and widowed @entity1 tended to drink most, but the pattern was inconsistent, and the difference between divorced and married @entity1 also narrowed over time. Among @entity1 , @entity167 intake increased between the first and last survey. Differences by education and marital status in @entity1 were smaller than in @entity1 , and binge drinking was inversely related to education. CONCLUSIONS: All indices of @entity167 consumption in @entity1 increased between the mid 1980s and the mid 1990s. The increase in @entity167 intake among @entity1 was proportionally similar across categories of education and marital status but the absolute differences increased. The contribution of @entity167 to the increase in social differentials in mortality in the 1990s was probably modest.
