Risks of XXXX , chronic @entity3617 , @entity299 , and @entity64 in relation to type of cigarette smoked.

@entity3617 @entity1 @entity64 @entity66 @entity2 @entity299
In a case control study of over 12 000 inpatients aged 35-74, risk of @entity2 , chronic @entity3617 , and, particularly in those aged 35-54, @entity299 was positively associated with the number of manufactured cigarettes smoked daily and was negatively associated with long term giving up. Risk of @entity64 was not clearly related to smoking. Among manufactured cigarette smokers, @entity2 risk tended to be lowest in those who had always smoked filter cigarettes. This pattern was, however, evident only in @entity1 who additionally smoked pipes, cigars or handrolled cigarettes and in @entity1 , not being seen in @entity1 who smoked only manufactured cigarettes. @entity2 was not clearly related to time of switch to filter cigarettes. A markedly lower risk of chronic @entity3617 was seen in @entity1 , but not @entity1 , who smoked filter rather than plain cigarettes. @entity299 risk did not vary by type of cigarette smoked 10 years before admission, but, compared with those who had never smoked filter cigarettes, those who had ever smoked filter cigarettes had a higher risk in @entity1 and a lower risk in younger @entity1 . Compared with the general population, markedly more controls were ex-smokers, suggesting @entity66 , whether or not smoking related, may alter smoking habits, thus affecting the interpretability of the findings. Control smokers were also relatively much more likely to report smoking plain cigarettes than expected. This comparison, not made in other studies relating risk to type of cigarette smoked, indicates that great care must be taken in verifying validity of reported smoking habits. While our findings are compatible with other evidence that risk of @entity2 and chronic @entity3617 is probably reduced by switching from plain to filter cigarettes, they underline the difficulties in obtaining valid evidence from epidemiological studies.
