Maternal transfer and reproductive effects of @entity6596 in @entity7021 ( XXXX ) under acute and chronic exposures.

@entity8818 @entity9492 @entity6596 @entity26 @entity3407 @entity6172 @entity1146 @entity7021
UNASSIGNED: Maternal transfer of metals can be an important exposure route for animals. The maternal transfer of @entity8818 and its effects on reproduction in fish are still largely unknown. In this study, @entity7021 were exposed to a sublethal @entity6596 concentration for 6 days (acute) and for 3 months (chronic). @entity3407 accumulation in the gonads, maternal transfer of @entity8818 , and effects of @entity8818 on the reproduction, histopathology and expressions of antioxidants in the gonads were evaluated. Both acute and chronic exposures resulted in significant @entity8818 accumulation in gonads, eggs and larvae. In chronic @entity8818 -exposed fish, approximately 61% of the @entity8818 accumulated in the ovary was depurated by spawning during the first 3 days after exposure, suggesting that maternal transfer is a very important pathway for accumulation in offspring. The chronic exposure caused decreases in body weight, standard length, gonad weight, gonad-somatic index (GSI) and fecundity. The last of these was most severely affected: the total number of broods and eggs per female decreased by 57.1% and 75.9%, respectively. Moreover, egg weight and fertilization rate were also reduced (by approximately 20%) following chronic @entity6596 exposure. Histopathological analyses showed that the @entity8818 exposure resulted in the onset of follicular @entity1146 and a reduction in the number of mature oocytes, along with a reduction in abundance of mature spermatozoa in testes. The @entity6172 / @entity9492 ratio was greatly elevated after chronic @entity6596 exposure, implying that @entity6172 played a role in scavenging the reactive @entity26 species generated by the reduction of @entity6596 inside cells. This study provides evidence for the maternal transfer of @entity8818 , highlights the importance of spawning in @entity8818 depuration from the ovary, and demonstrates that chronic @entity6596 exposure has serious impacts on reproduction in the @entity7021 . Our results suggest that the issue of chronic @entity8818 pollution deserves more attention than it has received to date.
