@entity3488 peptides in aging and XXXX .

@entity398 @entity5461 @entity1831 @entity1386 @entity179 @entity195 @entity369 @entity3488
The @entity3488 hormones @entity369 -vasopressin (AVP) and @entity398 (OT) are produced in the neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic ( @entity5461 ) and paraventricular (PVN) nucleus and in the much smaller cells of the suprachiasmatic (SCN) nucleus. The @entity5461 is the main source of plasma @entity1831 . Part of the AVP and OT neurons of the PVN join the hypothalamo- @entity3488 tract, whereas others send projections to the median eminence or various brain areas, where AVP and OT are involved in a number of central functions as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. AVP and OT from the PVN can also regulate via the @entity1386 . OT is produced for a major part in the PVN but some OT neurons are present in the @entity5461 . Moreover, both AVP and OT containing neurons are observed in the "accessory nuclei", i.e. islands situated between the @entity5461 and PVN. The SCN is the biological clock, and the number of AVP expressing neurons in the SCN shows both diurnal and seasonal rhythms. In addition to these hypothalamic areas, AVP and OT may be found to a lesser extent in some other brain areas, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis of Meynert, lateral septal nucleus, globus pallidus and the anterior amygdaloid nucleus, as well as in the peripheral tissues. The AVP and OT containing neurons should not be considered as one system. Prominent functional differences exist between the different nuclei. The heterogeneity also becomes clear from the marked differences in the @entity3488 peptides containing neurons of the @entity5461 , PVN and SCN during aging, and in the most prevalent age-related @entity179 , i.e. @entity195 ( @entity195 ). For those reasons, we will discuss the @entity5461 , PVN and SCN separately.
