Effects of XXXX on mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation during chondrogenesis on limb development.

@entity154 @entity137 @entity71938 @entity1255 @entity45873 @entity46935 @entity4218 @entity8377 @entity5784 @entity1573
UNASSIGNED: High levels of @entity1255 (Hcy) are related to an increased risk of the occurrence of @entity154 , including @entity4218 . However, few evaluations about how toxic levels of Hcy affect limb development have been reported. We investigated whether Hcy can affect the cell cycle proteins and proteins involved in mesenchymal cell differentiation during limb development, in a @entity1573 embryo model. Embryos were treated with 20   mol d-l Hcy/50   l saline at embryonic day 2 and analyzed at embryonic day 6. Untreated control embryos received exclusively 50   l saline solution. To identify cells in proliferation and cell cycle proteins, as well as @entity46935 and @entity8377 proteins, we performed immunolocalization and flow cytometry analyses using the antibodies anti-phosphohistone H3, anti-p53, anti-p21, anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen, anti- @entity45873 , anti- @entity71938 and anti- @entity8377 . No significant differences in cell proliferation were observed between @entity5784 -treated and untreated embryos. We observed a decrease of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21 proteins, both involved in the G1 phase of cell cycle progression. On the other hand, in mesenchymal cells of the limbs, Hcy induces an increase of p53 protein, which can be activated by DNA damage. In cell differentiation, Hcy induced an increase mainly of @entity71938 and @entity8377 proteins. Our data indicate that the treatment with Hcy changes the mesenchymal cell dynamics during limb development, but does not change the morphology of the cartilage molds. These findings provide information to understand better the cellular basis of the @entity137 of Hcy on chondrogenesis during limb development. Copyright    2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.
