Trends in the selection of insecticide resistance in XXXX s.l. mosquitoes in northwest Tanzania during a community randomized trial of longlasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying.

@entity39804 @entity312 @entity318 @entity21095 @entity20333 @entity14025 @entity2961 @entity311 @entity313 @entity33638
UNASSIGNED: @entity313 s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Muleba, Tanzania has developed high levels of resistance to most insecticides currently advocated for @entity311 control. The kdr mutation has almost reached fixation in An.   gambiae s.s. in Muleba. This change has the potential to jeopardize @entity311 control interventions carried out in the region. Trends in insecticide resistance were monitored in two intervention villages using World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test kits. Additional mechanisms contributing to observed phenotypic resistance were investigated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) bottle bioassays with @entity33638 ( @entity20333 ) and @entity39804 ( @entity39804 ) synergists. Resistance genotyping for kdr and Ace-1 alleles was conducted using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In both study villages, high phenotypic resistance to several @entity312 and @entity318 was observed, with mortality in the range of 12-23%. There was a sharp decrease in mortality in An.   gambiae s.l. exposed to @entity14025 ( @entity2961 ) from 84% in November 2011 to 31% in December 2012 after two rounds of bendiocarb-based indoor residual spraying (IRS). @entity313 s.l. remained susceptible to @entity21095 (organophosphate). Bendiocarb-based IRS did not lead to the reversion of pyrethroid resistance. There was no evidence for selection for Ace-1 resistance alleles. The need to investigate the operational impact of the observed resistance selection on the effectiveness of longlasting insecticidal nets and IRS for @entity311 control is urgent.
