Femoroacetabular impingement in XXXX and adolescents.

@entity1 @entity572 @entity571 @entity158
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in the pediatric population, including etiologic and diagnostic controversies, management options, and outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: New evidence demonstrates conflicting results regarding how and when primary FAI develops in relation to skeletal maturity. Recent studies also discuss the effects of sex, race, and sports on FAI development and radiographic considerations in the pediatric population. Recent literature demonstrates good to excellent outcomes in the operative management of FAI in @entity1 and adolescents. SUMMARY: FAI is a source of pediatric @entity158 and can occur primarily or secondarily. It is characterized by anterior @entity158 , made worse with flexion activities, decreased hip internal rotation, and a positive impingement sign. Pathologic values for radiographic measures of FAI are not clearly defined in the pediatric population. As FAI is a risk factor for @entity571 , early intervention in specific @entity1 may be indicated. Hip arthroscopy, surgical @entity572 , or combined mini-open and arthroscopic approaches are utilized, with good to excellent short, and mid-term functional results. Further study is required in the pediatric population to identify potential preventive strategies, to delineate the pathologic radiographic values of FAI, to define specific indications for operative management, and to examine long-term outcomes to determine optimal management.
