XXXX and the ' @entity299 '.

@entity1164 @entity583 @entity944 @entity301 @entity1614 @entity4346 @entity453 @entity299 @entity731 @entity67 @entity1121
OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature pertaining to the cardiovascular adaptations to exercise and the impact on the physical examination, the electrocardiogram, and the echocardiogram, and to distinguish those physiologic changes from pathologic conditions associated with @entity1164 in athletes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Specific cardiovascular adaptations occur in response to regular physical exercise. The extent of these changes depend on the type and duration of exercise as well as the gender of the athlete. These cardiac adaptations are morphologically different from those conditions associated with @entity1164 . In the athlete younger than 35 years, @entity1121 is the most common @entity299 associated with @entity944 . Right @entity67 , idiopathic @entity4346 , @entity301 , @entity731 , and @entity1614 compose the majority of the remaining causes of @entity1164 in athletes. In the athlete older than 35 years, @entity453 is the leading cause of @entity944 followed by those conditions responsible for @entity944 in the younger athlete. Despite this, regular exercise before or following a @entity583 provides a protective effect with respect to overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and fatal reinfarction rates. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular adaptation to regular physical exercise leads to morphologic changes in the myocardium that influence the cardiac examination, the electrocardiogram, and the echocardiogram. Knowledge and recognition of those changes can allow the clinician to distinguish normal physiologic changes from @entity299 . Proper detection of athletes at high risk for @entity1164 and abstention from vigorous physical activity in these athletes may prevent @entity944 .
