Newer developments in the therapeutics of the transitional cell XXXX .

@entity1 @entity8 @entity5 @entity189 @entity150 @entity74 @entity902 @entity703
Many of the risk factors and pathogenesis of urothelial @entity703 are similar to the ones of the more common urothelial @entity150 . In addition, two endemic @entity8 and two @entity74 have been linked with the development of upper @entity5 . Multiple synchronous or metachronous lesions throughout urinary tract are rather common and should always be sought in the management of this entity. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in early-stage @entity5 . The role of adjuvant radiation and chemoradiation for @entity703 remains to be redefined, given the advent of conformal approaches and intensity modulation. In non-surgical candidates, chemotherapy remains the mainstay. Metastatic urothelial renal @entity5 is usually treated with combination @entity902 -based chemotherapy. Definitive radiation therapy should be considered in @entity1 with locally advanced/unresectable disease, multiple comorbidities, and/or severely compromised performance status. Recently, the antifolate agent pemetrexed has demonstrated an overall response rate of circa 30% in @entity189 . New targeted agents, alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs, are currently being tested in clinical trials and may lead to new and exciting avenues for the therapy of this disease.
