A systematic, realist review of zooprophylaxis for XXXX control.

@entity1 @entity311 @entity281
BACKGROUND: Integrated vector management (IVM) is recommended as a sustainable approach to @entity311 control. IVM consists of combining vector control methods based on scientific evidence to maximize efficacy and cost-effectiveness while minimizing negative impacts, such as insecticide resistance and environmental damage. Zooprophylaxis has been identified as a possible component of IVM as livestock may draw mosquitoes away from @entity1 , decreasing @entity1 -vector contact and @entity311 transmission. It is possible, however, that livestock may actually draw mosquitoes to @entity1 , increasing @entity311 transmission (zoopotentiation). The goal of this paper is to take a realist approach to a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature to understand the contexts under which zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation occur. METHODS: Three electronic databases were searched using the keywords 'zooprophylaxis' and 'zoopotentiation', and forward and backward citation tracking employed, to identify relevant articles. Only empirical, peer-reviewed articles were included. Critical appraisal was applied to articles retained for full review. RESULTS: Twenty empirical studies met inclusion criteria after critical appraisal. A range of experimental and observational study designs were reported. Outcome measures included @entity1 @entity281 and mosquito feeding behaviour. Two key factors were consistently associated with zooprophylaxis and zoopotentiation: the characteristics of the local mosquito vector, and the location of livestock relative to @entity1 sleeping quarters. These associations were modified by the use of bed nets and socio-economic factors. DISCUSSION: This review suggests that @entity311 risk is reduced (zooprophylaxis) in areas where predominant mosquito species do not prefer @entity1 hosts, where livestock are kept at a distance from @entity1 sleeping quarters at night, and where mosquito nets or other protective measures are used. Zoopotentiation occurs where livestock are housed within or near @entity1 sleeping quarters at night and where mosquito species prefer @entity1 hosts. CONCLUSION: The evidence suggests that zooprophylaxis could be part of an effective strategy to reduce @entity311 transmission under specific ecological and geographical conditions. The current scientific evidence base is inconclusive on understanding the role of socio-economic factors, optimal distance between livestock and @entity1 sleeping quarters, and the effect of animal species and number on zooprophylaxis.
