Treatment with amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution (ACCS) induces persistent motor improvement and ameliorates neuroinflammation in a @entity35 model of penetrating ballistic-like XXXX .

@entity1545 @entity131 @entity575 @entity16339 @entity179 @entity460 @entity35 @entity1589
UNASSIGNED: Purpose: The present work compared the behavioral outcomes of ACCS therapy delivered either intravenously (i.v.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) after penetrating ballistic-like @entity1545 (PBBI). Histological markers for neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were employed to investigate the potential therapeutic mechanism of ACCS. Methods: Experiment-1, ACCS was administered either i.v. or i.c.v. for 1 week post-PBBI. Outcome metrics included behavioral (rotarod and Morris water maze) and gross morphological assessments. Experiment-2, @entity35 received ACCS i.c.v for either 1 or 2 weeks post-PBBI. The inflammatory response was determined by immunohistochemistry for neutrophils and microglia reactivity. @entity179 was visualized using @entity575 staining. Results: Both i.v. and i.c.v. delivery of ACCS improved motor outcome but failed to improve cognitive outcome or tissue sparing. Importantly, only i.c.v. ACCS treatment produced persistent motor improvements at a later endpoint. The i.c.v. ACCS treatment significantly reduced PBBI-induced increase in @entity1589 ( @entity1589 ) and ionized @entity460 binding adaptor molecule 1 ( @entity16339 ) expression. Concomitant reduction of both @entity16339 and @entity575 staining were detected in corpus callosum with i.c.v. ACCS treatment. Conclusions: ACCS, as a treatment for @entity131 , showed promise with regard to functional (motor) recovery and demonstrated strong capability to modulate neuroinflammatory responses that may underline functional recovery. However, the majority of beneficial effects appear restricted to the i.c.v. route of ACCS delivery, which warrants future studies examining delivery routes (e.g. intranasal delivery) which are more clinically viable for the treatment of @entity131 .
