Neuroanatomical circuits modulating fear and XXXX .

@entity6542 @entity1 @entity308 @entity1246 @entity4697 @entity146 @entity535 @entity1005 @entity148 @entity8586 @entity750 @entity1063
OBJECTIVE: Our understanding of the neurobiology of @entity148 , although not complete, has advanced significantly with the development and application of genetic, neuroimaging and neurochemical approaches. METHOD: The neuroanatomical basis of @entity148 is reviewed with particular focus on the amygdala and the temporal and prefrontal cortex. The functional anatomical correlates of @entity148 such as @entity4697 , @entity6542 and @entity1005 are also discussed. RESULTS: Functional neuroimaging studies in @entity1 with @entity148 have shown neurophysiological abnormalities during symptom provocation tests, implicating the limbic, paralimbic and sensory association regions. The involvement of neurotransmitters such as @entity750 and @entity1063 in @entity308 is well established. Antidepressants that affect these neurotransmitter systems have also been shown to be useful in the treatment and management of @entity1 with @entity148 . The role of @entity750 and @entity1063 in the pathophysiology of @entity148 is reviewed. In addition, the involvement of the stress hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone, the peptide @entity8586 and the @entity535 transmitter @entity1246 in @entity148 is reviewed. CONCLUSION: The inconsistency in the results of biologic investigations of @entity148 highlights the importance of addressing the neurobiologic heterogeneity inherent within criteria-based, @entity146 diagnoses. Understanding of this heterogeneity will be facilitated by the continued development and application of genetic, neuroimaging and neurochemical approaches that can refine @entity148 phenotypes and elucidate the genotypes associated with these disorders. Application of these experimental approaches will also facilitate research aimed at clarifying the mechanisms of anti- @entity148 therapies.
