Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for XXXX in the United States.

@entity1 @entity32 @entity2002 @entity1255 @entity4874 @entity731 @entity3562 @entity65 @entity1851
BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for @entity65 in a general population or have included a biochemical marker of current smoking. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and serum @entity1851 , @entity2002 , and @entity1255 levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The U.S. general population. @entity1 : 4187 current smokers, 4791 former smokers, and 8375 never-smokers 18 years of age or older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1988 and 1994. MEASUREMENTS: Serum @entity1851 levels were categorized as detectable (2.2 to 9.9 mg/L) or clinically elevated (> or =10 mg/L), and @entity2002 and @entity1255 levels were defined as elevated if in the 85th percentile or greater (11.1 micromol/L and 12.7 mmol/L, respectively). RESULTS: After adjustment for traditional @entity65 risk factors, cigarette smoking was related to elevated levels of @entity1851 , @entity2002 , and @entity1255 . Compared with never smoking cigarettes, self-reported current cigarette smoking was associated with a @entity1851 level in the detectable (odds ratio, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.40 to 1.97]; P < 0.001) or clinically elevated (odds ratio, 1.98 [CI, 1.57 to 2.51]; P < 0.001) ranges, with elevated levels of @entity2002 (odds ratio, 2.15 [CI, 1.65 to 2.80]; P < 0.001) and @entity1255 (odds ratio, 2.10 [CI, 1.62 to 2.74]; P < 0.001). There were positive and significant dose-response relationships between measures of cigarette smoking (cigarettes per day, pack-years, and serum @entity4874 levels) and elevated levels of novel risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that @entity32 and @entity3562 may be important mechanisms by which smoking promotes @entity731 .
