Modern treatment of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity32 @entity1239 @entity3885 @entity1030 @entity752 @entity288
@entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is a major cause of ill health and medical expenditure worldwide. Despite recent increases in the knowledge about the nature of the disease process and recognition of cytokine-mediated pathways of @entity32 , current management is focussed on @entity1 outcomes that relate to physiological measures of dysfunction. The new Global initiative in @entity3885 (GOLD) management guidelines are evidence-based and stress both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy. Effective drug therapy can help smoking cessation in motivated @entity1 ( @entity1239 replacement, @entity752 ). Bronchodilator therapy is best given by inhaler, can use either beta-agonists or anticholinergics and is more effective if long acting. Health status and exercise performance can improve without parallel changes in forced expiratory volume in one second. Inhaled @entity288 are indicated if there is a significant bronchodilator response or the @entity1 has more severe disease with frequent exacerbations. Antioxidant therapy remains controversial but may reduce exacerbation number. Acute exacerbations require higher doses of bronchodilators and short courses of oral @entity288 . New drug treatment is a major priority for @entity1030 research.
