T-cell checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic XXXX .

@entity1 @entity137 @entity5 @entity1358 @entity4386
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The advent of checkpoint inhibitors has fostered great expectations for long-term outcome in @entity5 @entity1 . Inhibitors of programmed death -1, programmed @entity4386 are targets of contemporary @entity5 immunotherapy. Current phase III studies are ongoing and may define a novel treatment paradigm in metastatic @entity1358 (mRCC). This review focuses on current clinical data in mRCC. RECENT FINDINGS: Nivolumab and ipilimumab are the most advanced checkpoint inhibitors in the field of mRCC. Current available data include phase I and randomized phase II trials, investigating single agent or combination therapies in mRCC, with objective responses in 20-52% of @entity1 and 19-26 months overall survival in previously treated @entity1 . SUMMARY: Immunotherapies have fostered great expectations on long-term overall survival in mRCC. As seen with previous cytokine treatment, long-term response is a key clinical outcome. Phase III data for previously treated @entity1 are expected later this year and may define a novel standard for treatment. Combinational therapies have generated promising response data, indicating a potential role in treatment intensification in mRCC. Combination treatment is associated with ample @entity137 , which might restrict this approach to selected @entity1 . The major task for the future is to tailor immunotherapy for individual @entity1 .
