Alternative activation of macrophages in @entity1 peritoneum: implications for peritoneal XXXX .

@entity11602 @entity1 @entity82 @entity14452 @entity2976 @entity177 @entity11772 @entity2533 @entity1495 @entity1011 @entity298
BACKGROUND: Depending on the cytokine microenvironment, macrophages (M  ) can adopt a proinflammatory (M1) or a profibrotic (M2) phenotype characterized by the expression of cell surface proteins such as @entity14452 and @entity11772 and soluble factors such as @entity11602 ( @entity11602 ). A key role for M   in @entity82 has been observed in diverse organ settings. We studied the M   population in a @entity1 model of peritoneal dialysis in which continuous stress due to dialysis fluids and recurrent @entity298 represent a risk for peritoneal membrane dysfunction reflected as ultrafiltration failure (UFF) and peritoneal @entity82 . METHODS: We used flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to analyse the phenotype of peritoneal effluent M   and tested their ability to stimulate the proliferation of @entity1 fibroblasts. M   from non-infected @entity1 were compared with those from @entity1 with active @entity298 . Cytokine production was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in spent dialysates and cell culture supernatants. RESULTS: @entity14452 (+) and @entity11772 (+) M2 were found within peritoneal effluents by flow cytometry analysis, with increased frequencies of @entity11772 (+) cells during @entity298 (P = 0.003). @entity2533 , @entity1495 and @entity11602 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in peritoneal macrophages (pM  ) were similar to those found in M2 cells differentiated in vitro. The ability of pM   to stimulate fibroblast proliferation correlated with @entity11602 mRNA levels (r = 0.924, P = 0.016). @entity11602 production by pM   was confirmed by immunostaining of cytospin samples and ELISA. Moreover, @entity11602 effluent concentrations correlated with decreased peritoneal function, which was evaluated as dialysate to plasma ratio of @entity1011 (r = 0.724, P < 0.0001), and were significantly higher in @entity1 with UFF (P = 0.0025) and in those who later developed @entity2976 (P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: M2 may participate in @entity1 peritoneal @entity82 through the stimulation of fibroblast cell growth and @entity11602 production as high concentrations of @entity11602 are associated with @entity177 and @entity82 of the peritoneal membrane.
