Race and XXXX : role of social and environmental factors.

@entity1 @entity8 @entity101 @entity6 @entity5 @entity1252 @entity465 @entity65 @entity454
Numerous studies have documented the presence of racial disparities among Americans in health outcomes with respect to @entity65 , @entity1 mortality, @entity5 , and @entity8 . With @entity8 , these disparities are more dramatic. African, Hispanic, and Native Americans have the highest risks of @entity454 ( @entity454 ). The incidence of @entity454 is four times higher in African Americans than in whites. Diseases causing @entity454 , such as @entity6 , @entity101 , @entity1252 , and @entity1 @entity465 virus-associated @entity8 , are particularly prevalent among African-American @entity1 . In addition to the higher prevalence, the morbidity associated with kidney complications of these diseases appears worse in African-American @entity1 . African Americans also have worse outcomes and a relatively reduced access to kidney transplantation--the best therapy for @entity454 . It is highly likely that social and environmental factors play a very significant role in the persistence of these disparities. A detailed understanding of these socioeconomic and environmental factors will be critical in formulating rational public health strategies to redress these disparities. This paper reviews the social, economic and environmental factors that impact on the incidence of @entity454 in minority groups.
