XXXX reduces adipocyte @entity1184 and @entity32 in diet-induced @entity28 @entity19 in an @entity1386 -independent manner.

@entity32 @entity8393 @entity7784 @entity844 @entity28 @entity19 @entity1184 @entity26 @entity715 @entity1386
BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with an overexpansion of adipose tissue, along with increases in blood pressure, glycemia, @entity32 , and @entity715 . Research to develop nutritional interventions to prevent or treat @entity28 and its associated diseases is greatly needed. Previously, we demonstrated the ability of @entity7784 ( @entity8393 ) to prevent high-fat (HF) diet-induced @entity28 , insulin resistance, and @entity32 in @entity19 . OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to determine the mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatory and antilipogenic actions of @entity8393 . METHODS: In a previous study, male C57BL/6J @entity19 were fed a low-fat diet (10% of energy from fat), an HF diet (45% of energy from fat), or an HF diet supplemented with @entity8393 (45% of energy from fat; 36 g/kg @entity8393 ; HF+ @entity8393 ) for 11 wk or an HF diet for 6 wk and then switched to the HF+ @entity8393 diet for 5 wk. In this study, we used histology/immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and metabolomic analyses of white adipose tissue from these @entity19 . In addition, cultured @entity19 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 100  M @entity8393 for 48 h and then used for extracellular flux assays with untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes used as a control. RESULTS: Compared with the HF diet, the HF+ @entity8393 diet significantly reduced body weight, @entity1386 , adipocyte size, and macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue. No significant differences in overall body weight or fat pad weights were observed between HF-fed @entity19 vs. those fed the HF+ @entity8393 diet for a short time after first inducing @entity28 with the HF diet. Interestingly, both histology and immunohistochemistry results showed a significantly lower mean adipocyte size and macrophage infiltration in @entity19 fed the HF diet and then switched to the HF+ @entity8393 diet vs. those fed HF diets only. This indicated that @entity8393 was able to prevent as well as reverse HF-diet-induced adipocyte @entity32 and @entity1184 and that some of the metabolic effects of @entity8393 were independent of body weight or @entity1386 . In addition, adipose tissue metabolomic data and cultured adipocyte extracellular flux bioenergetic assays indicated that @entity8393 also regulated mitochondrial function by increasing @entity844 oxidation and @entity26 consumption, respectively. CONCLUSION: With the use of @entity19 and cultured adipocytes, we showed that @entity8393 ameliorates HF-diet effects at least in part by increasing @entity26 consumption and @entity844 oxidation and reducing adipocyte size, adipogenesis, and adipose tissue @entity32 , independent of @entity28 .
