Immunological and @entity2100 of risk status and illness development in high-risk youth: understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of XXXX .

@entity650 @entity162 @entity71380 @entity1356 @entity310 @entity146 @entity2100 @entity2252
@entity162 is a highly heritable illness that onsets in adolescence and young adulthood. We examined gene expression (mRNA) and protein levels of candidate immune and @entity2100 in well-characterized offspring of @entity162 in order to identify reliable indicators of illness risk status and the early clinical stages of illness development. We measured mRNA expression and protein levels in candidate immune ( @entity310 , @entity1356 , @entity71380 ( @entity2252 ( @entity2252 )) markers from plasma. High-risk offspring were identified from families in which one parent had confirmed @entity162 . Control offspring were identified from families in which neither parent met lifetime criteria for a major @entity146 . All parental Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses were based on Schedule for Affective Disorders - Lifetime Version (SADS-L) interviews and blind consensus review. As part of an ongoing study, all offspring were prospectively assessed using KSADS-PL format interviews and diagnoses confirmed on blind consensus review. High-risk offspring had significantly increased @entity650 (p   =   0.050) and @entity2252 (p   =   0.006) protein levels compared to controls. Those high-risk offspring in earlier compared to later clinical stages of illness development had higher @entity650 (p   =   0.050) and @entity2252 (p   =   0.045) protein levels. After adjustments, only differences in @entity2252 protein levels remained significant. There was a moderating effect of the @entity2252 genotype on both gene expression and protein levels in high-risk compared to control offspring. The @entity2252 genotype also moderated the association between clinical stage and gene expression levels in high-risk offspring. These findings provide support for detectable differences in candidate immune and @entity2100 in individuals at high risk of developing @entity162 and for detectable changes over the clinical stages of illness development. These associations appear to be moderated by genetic variants.
