Regulation of neuronal cytoskeleton by XXXX : role of GSK-3.

@entity4990 @entity179 @entity4991
Neurite retraction is a crucial process during nervous system development and @entity179 . This process implies reorganization of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Some bioactive lipids such as @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ) induce neurite retraction. The reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during neurite retraction is one of the best-characterized effects of @entity4991 . However, less information is available regarding the reorganization of the microtubule (MT) network in response to @entity4991 in neuronal cells. Here, we first give an overview of the roles of cytoskeleton during neurite outgrowth, and subsequently, we review some of the data from different laboratories concerning @entity4991 -induced cytoskeletal rearrangement in neuronal cells. We also summarize our own recent results about modifications of MTs during @entity4991 -induced neurite retraction. We have shown that @entity4991 induces changes in tubulin pools and increases in the phosphorylation levels of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), such as Tau. Tau hyperphosphorylation in response to @entity4991 is mediated by the activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). The upregulation of GSK-3 activity by @entity4991 seems to be a general process as it occurs in diverse neuronal cells of different species in correlation with the neurite retraction process.
