Smoking and XXXX in a non-Western population: a prospective cohort study in Japan.

@entity1 @entity694 @entity5 @entity14
BACKGROUND: The risk of @entity14 in relation to smoking habits has been examined mostly in Caucasians, and evidence for other ethnic groups is still scarce. METHODS: Our data came from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. From 1988 through 1990, 25,260 @entity1 and 34,619 @entity1 aged 40-79 years completed a questionnaire on cigarette smoking and other lifestyle factors. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by fitting proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 7.6 years through December 1997, we documented 408 incident @entity5 . We found a non-significant increase in @entity694 risk in male current smokers compared with never smokers. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios were 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-1.59) for ex-smokers and 1.23 (95% CI: 0.85-1.78) for current smokers. We however failed to observe a clear dose-response relationship between smoking intensity or duration and @entity694 risk. The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.71-1.61) even for 40+ years of smoking. Almost no increase in @entity694 risk was detected for female smokers, and male smokers were not at an enhanced risk of @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking was not a strong risk factor for @entity14 even after a long-term exposure, although a weak association remains open to discussion.
