Glial dysfunction in the @entity19 habenula causes XXXX and @entity25 .

@entity1 @entity308 @entity2227 @entity146 @entity19 @entity15368 @entity9830 @entity2915 @entity11755 @entity25
The lateral habenula (LHb) regulates the activity of monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem. This area has recently attracted a surge of interest in psychiatry because studies have reported the pathological activation of the habenula in @entity1 with @entity308 and in animal models. The LHb plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of @entity308 ; however, how habenular neurons are activated to cause various @entity308 symptoms, such as reduced motivation and @entity25 , remain unclear. We hypothesized that dysfunctional astrocytes may cause @entity2915 due to the defective uptake activity of extracellular @entity2227 , which induces @entity146 . We examined the activity of neurons in habenular pathways and performed behavioral and sleep analyses in @entity19 with pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the activity of the glial @entity2227 transporter @entity15368 in the LHb. The habenula-specific inhibition of @entity15368 increased the neuronal firing rate and the level of @entity9830 expression in the LHb. @entity19 with reduced @entity15368 activity in the habenula exhibited a @entity308 -like phenotype in the tail suspension and novelty-suppressed feeding tests. These animals also displayed increased susceptibility to chronic stress, displaying more frequent avoidant behavior without affecting locomotor activity in the open-field test. Intriguingly, the @entity19 showed @entity11755 , which is a characteristic sleep pattern in @entity1 with @entity308 . These results provide evidence that disrupting @entity2227 clearance in habenular astrocytes increases neuronal excitability and @entity308 -like phenotypes in behaviors and sleep.
