Efficacy of Needle, Ultrasonic, and Endoactivator Irrigation and Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming in Removing XXXX from the Main Canal and Isthmus: An In Vitro Micro-Computed Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy Study.

@entity15383 @entity6086 @entity4653
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to use high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) to compare the efficacy of four irrigation techniques [needle, ultrasonic, EndoActivator, and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS)] in removing @entity6086 ( @entity15383 ) from the root canal and isthmus of maxillary premolars. METHODS: Twenty-four maxillary first premolars were selected based on the presence of isthmus regions on micro-CT scans. Root canals were instrumented with an F2 file using ProTaper rotary instruments and filled with @entity15383 paste. Samples were stored at 37  C and 100% humidity for 1 week and randomly divided into four groups (n=6 each), according to irrigation technique. Samples were scanned with micro-CT before instrumentation, after @entity15383 filling, and after irrigation. @entity15383 reduction in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds and in the isthmus were assessed with three-dimensional image analysis. Next, specimens were split longitudinally, and canal walls were examined with @entity4653 for @entity15383 residues. Data were statistically evaluated with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p=0.05). RESULTS: The PIPS and ultrasonic groups showed greater @entity15383 reduction in the apical third and higher cleanliness of the isthmus than the EndoActivator and needle irrigation groups (p<0.05). @entity15383 residue scores in the PIPS and ultrasonic groups were significantly lower than those in the EndoActivator and needle groups in all regions of the root canals (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between PIPS and ultrasonic groups (p>0.05), or between EndoActivator and needle groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PIPS and ultrasonic irrigation more effectively removed @entity15383 from the main canal and isthmus in maxillary premolars than did EndoActivator or needle irrigation.
