Exposure to traffic noise and markers of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity1144 @entity28
OBJECTIVES: Limited evidence suggests adverse effects of traffic noise exposure on the metabolic system. This study investigates the association between road traffic noise and @entity28 markers as well as the role of combined exposure to multiple sources of traffic noise. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study performed in 2002-2006, we assessed exposure to noise from road traffic, railways and aircraft at the residences of 5075 Swedish @entity1 and @entity1 , primarily from suburban and semirural areas of Stockholm County. A detailed questionnaire and medical examination provided information on markers of @entity28 and potential confounders. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between traffic noise and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-hip ratio using WHO definitions of @entity28 . RESULTS: Road traffic noise was significantly related to waist circumference with a 0.21   cm (95% CI 0.01 to 0.41) increase per 5   dB(A) rise in Lden. The OR for @entity1144 among those exposed to road traffic noise >= 45   dB(A) was 1.18 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.34) in comparison to those exposed below this level. Similar results were seen for waist-hip ratio (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.45) but not for BMI (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.04). @entity1144 was also associated with exposure to railway and aircraft noise, and a particularly high risk was seen for combined exposure to all three sources of traffic noise (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.24 to 3.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that traffic noise exposure can increase the risk of @entity1144 . Combined exposure to different sources of traffic noise may convey a particularly high risk.
