The role of nonpharmaceutic conservative interventions in the treatment and secondary prevention of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity410 @entity167 @entity5516 @entity302 @entity3762 @entity734 @entity25
Nonpharmacologic conservative treatments receive too little attention. Depending on the clinical condition of the @entity1 , they may be used alone or in conjunction with other therapies. Their target is the single @entity410 rather than the @entity302 as such. They belong mainly to one of three domains. NONSPECIFIC PREVENTION OF SEIZURES: The first step is the identification of factors facilitating the occurrence of @entity410 . In the second step, strategies to control these factors are developed. Most common are disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle, especially @entity25 . @entity1 should follow a regular sleep schedule with deviations of not >2 h. Sometimes a sleep calendar is helpful. Night shifts are not compatible with @entity410 prevention in these cases. Sleep disturbances as a facilitating factor of @entity410 are particularly common in juvenile @entity3762 , in which their avoidance is in many cases an indispensable part of the therapeutic regimen, along with appropriate drug treatment. They are the most common precipitating factor in adolescents and adults with a first @entity302 [mostly generalized tonic-clonic (GTC)] @entity410 . In these instances, their avoidance is central to the secondary prevention of @entity302 developing from the single @entity410 , whereas the prescription of @entity734 ( @entity734 ) is rarely effective. Other nonspecific facilitators of @entity410 include uncontrolled use of @entity167 and extraordinary stress. @entity1 must learn how to cope with stressful events. SPECIFIC PREVENTION OF SEIZURES: In @entity5516 , specific precipitants of @entity410 are the targets of interventions. Thus, most @entity1 with primary @entity5516 begin to have, with prolonged reading, perioral @entity5516 , which enable them to stop reading and thus to avoid a GTC @entity410 . In photosensitive @entity1 , @entity410 are often precipitated by television. These can be avoided by viewing from a distance and using a remote control, small screens in a well-lit room, and preferably with a 100-Hz line shift. Environmental flicker stimulation often comes unexpectedly, and it is advisable that the @entity1 always wear sunglasses in brightly lighted surroundings. Polarized glasses seem to be more protective than plain sunglasses. If the @entity1 has only photically induced @entity410 , treatment by specific prevention alone may be sufficient, but if spontaneous @entity410 also occur, drugs must be given in addition. ARREST OF SEIZURES: Focal @entity410 that develop sufficiently slowly to leave the @entity1 time to react may be interrupted by "countermeasures." These, again, may be nonspecific (acting by relaxation, concentration, or a combination of both) or specific. The latter are individually tailored, based either on spontaneous experiences of the @entity1 or on the anatomy of ictogenesis. @entity410 propagation is blocked when a major part of the neurons involved is activated and not recruitable for spread of the @entity302 discharge. @entity410 arrest rarely is used alone but usually in combination with partially successful pharmacotherapy.
