XXXX channel antagonists. Part IV: Side effects and contraindications drug interactions and combinations.

@entity1 @entity308 @entity712 @entity66 @entity101 @entity19346 @entity1855 @entity4 @entity472 @entity3988 @entity5126 @entity7306 @entity460 @entity594 @entity10 @entity1142 @entity50
With the correct selection of drug and @entity1 , the @entity460 antagonists as a group can be remarkably effective at relatively low cost of serious side effects. Almost all side effects are dose related. Minor side effects include those caused by vasodilation (flushing and @entity10 ), @entity1142 ( @entity1855 ), and ankle @entity4 . Serious side effects are rare and result from improper use of these agents, as when intravenous @entity1855 (or @entity3988 ) is given to @entity1 with @entity50 or @entity308 from @entity66 , or @entity594 to @entity1 with @entity472 . The potential of a marked negative inotropic effect is usually offset by afterload reduction, especially in the case of @entity594 which actually has the most marked negative inotropic effect. Yet caution is required when even @entity460 antagonists, especially @entity1855 , are given to @entity1 with @entity712 unless caused by @entity101 . Drug interactions of @entity460 antagonists occur with other cardiovascular agents such as alpha-adrenergic blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, digoxin, @entity5126 , and @entity7306 . The most marked interaction with digoxin is that with @entity1855 , which may raise digoxin levels by over 50%. Combination therapy of @entity460 antagonists with beta-blockers is increasingly common, and is probably safest in the case of @entity19346 . Other combinations being explored are those with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics.
