The surgical treatment of XXXX . With emphasis on recent contributions from cranio-maxillo-facial surgery.

@entity1 @entity1018 @entity82 @entity75 @entity2319 @entity281 @entity2118 @entity3677 @entity892 @entity85 @entity6349
@entity82 is a congenital, metabolic, nonfamilial disturbance that occurs in one or more bones, at times in association with @entity2118 . The authors report on a large personal series of 23 @entity1 with @entity82 involving the craniofacial skeleton. The etiology, clinical findings, pathology, and differential diagnosis of this condition are reviewed and a working hypothesis is offered for the pathophysiology of this disorder. Approximately one-third of @entity1 with @entity82 have involvement of the cranial or facial bones. The authors describe how new techniques in craniofacial surgery have opened up additional options for this group of @entity1 . @entity85 , @entity892 , proptosis, @entity281 , @entity2319 , and @entity1018 , are some of the clinical features that may require early surgical management. Evidence is given to support more complete resection of @entity75 with immediate reconstruction by several techniques. The removal, remodeling, and replacement of the @entity6349 bone is advanced as a promising new method for the management of these complex problems. Successful use of this technique in four @entity1 is reported. In a separate group of @entity1 , continuing good experience is reported with cranio-orbital reconstruction by means of large @entity3677 implants. Both of these surgical approaches eliminate donor site morbidity that results from the grafting of large amounts of autogenous bone. Both techniques also avoid the problems associated with postoperative absorption of bone grafting. Several @entity1 are reported in whom serious disturbances in visual function appear to have been prevented or reversed by early treatment. Factors leading to malignant change in @entity1 with @entity82 are reviewed.
