XXXX and daily energy and nutrient intakes in US adults.

@entity1372 @entity1386 @entity165 @entity1907
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Calorie intake and diet quality are influenced by the source of food and the place of consumption. This study examines the impacts of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on daily energy and nutrient intakes in US adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Nationally representative data of 18,098 adults 18 years of age and above from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010 waves were analyzed. Outcomes included daily intake of total calories and 24 nutrients of public health concern. The key predictors were any food/beverage consumption in a day from fast-food or full-service restaurant, differentiated by consumption at home versus away from home. First-difference estimator addressed confounding bias from time-invariant unobservables such as personal food/beverage preferences by using within-individual variations in diet and restaurant consumption status between two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS: @entity1907 , respectively, were associated with a net increase in daily total @entity1386 .61 and 9.58   g, saturated fat of 3.49 and 2.46   g, @entity165 of 10.34 and 57.90   mg, and @entity1372 of 297.47 and 411.92   mg. The impact of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on energy and nutrient intakes differed by sex, race/ethnicity, education, income and weight status. Increased total energy, total fat, saturated fat, @entity165 and @entity1372 intake were substantially larger when full-service restaurant food was consumed away from home than at home. CONCLUSIONS: A holistic policy intervention is warranted to target the American's overall dining-out behavior rather than fast-food consumption alone.
