Decreased eccentric exercise-induced macrophage infiltration in skeletal muscle after supplementation with a class of XXXX -derived steroids.

@entity6837 @entity32 @entity39 @entity13358 @entity568 @entity1505 @entity2041 @entity14185 @entity22519 @entity35 @entity9052 @entity121
Dammarane steroids (DS) are a class of chemical compounds present in @entity9052 . Here, we evaluated the effect of 10 weeks of DS supplementation on inflammatory modulation in the soleus muscle following eccentric exercise (EE)-induced @entity121 (downhill running). Eighty @entity35 were randomized into 4 groups of DS supplementation (saline, 20, 60, 120 mg/kg body weight). Inflammatory markers were measured at rest and again 1 h after EE. At rest, @entity14185 signaling, @entity1505 and @entity568 mRNAs, @entity6837 , @entity2041 peroxidase, and GCS (glutamylcysteine synthetase) levels were significantly elevated in the skeletal muscle of DS-treated @entity35 in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, there were no detectable increases in the number of @entity39 muscle fibers or @entity22519 + M1 macrophages. However, muscle strength, centronucleation, @entity13358 mRNA expression, and the number of CD163+ M2 macrophages increased significantly over controls with DS treatment in @entity35 soleus muscle. Under EE-challenged conditions, significant increases in muscle fiber @entity39 , @entity22519 + M1 macrophage distribution, and @entity6837 were absent in @entity35 that received low and medium doses (20 and 60 mg/kg) of DS treatment, suggesting that DS possess anti-inflammatory action protecting against a muscle-damaging challenge. However, this protective activity was diminished when a high dose of DS (120 mg/kg) was administered, suggesting that DS possess hormetic properties. In conclusion, our study provides new evidence suggesting that DS is an ergogenic component of @entity9052 that potentiate @entity32 at baseline but that produce anti-inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle following muscle-damaging exercise. Furthermore, high doses should be avoided in formulating @entity9052 -based products.
