Turbulence and circulating XXXX detectable at Doppler ultrasonography: a differentiation study in a stenotic middle cerebral artery model.

@entity1 @entity850 @entity999 @entity2791
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Blood flow within the middle cerebral artery can be monitored by transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography. @entity2791 can produce turbulent flow, but controversy remains regarding the @entity850 needed to cause TCD-detectable turbulence. Furthermore, @entity999 and turbulent flow may coexist in the same @entity1 . The current study was designed to study the relationship between stenotic degree and TCD-detectable turbulent flow and its differentiation from @entity999 . METHODS: A stenotic middle cerebral artery model was constructed to allow the study of different degrees of @entity850 . TCD was used to detect the turbulent flow and embolic materials in the circulation model, and signal intensities were analyzed. RESULTS: Turbulent flow was generated with a series of short, asymmetric stenoses in this test. Transition of turbulence from laminar flow began to occur at a moderate @entity850 (55% reduction of cross-sectional area) but became dampened at the high degrees of stenoses (>/=75%). Turbulence caused a notable increase in average Doppler signal intensity. However, the @entity850 was not associated with signal intensity at the region where turbulence existed, but rather was related to the mean flow velocity measured at the narrowed region. Embolic materials such as air bubbles (30 micro m) and platelet-rich clots (100 micro m) had notably higher Doppler signal intensity than that produced by turbulence. CONCLUSION: TCD-detectable turbulence predominantly developed at a moderate @entity2791 and its acoustic signature with TCD is different from that caused by air bubbles and platelet-rich clots.
