High Fiber and Low Starch Intakes Are Associated with Circulating Intermediate Biomarkers of Type 2 XXXX among @entity1 .

@entity2175 @entity1 @entity6 @entity1735 @entity1254
BACKGROUND: @entity1735 quality has been consistently related to the risk of @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ). However, limited information is available about the effect of @entity1735 quality on biomarkers related to @entity2175 . OBJECTIVE: We examined the associations of @entity1735 quality measures (CQMs) including @entity1735 intake; starch intake; glycemic index; glycemic load; total, cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intakes; and different combinations of these nutrients with plasma concentrations of @entity1254 , C-reactive protein (CRP), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of 2458 @entity6 -free @entity1 , ages 43-70 y, in the Nurses Health Study. CQMs were estimated from food-frequency questionnaires, and averages from 1984, 1986, and 1990 were used. Plasma biomarkers were collected in 1990. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations between CQMs and biomarkers. RESULTS: After age, body mass index, lifestyle, and dietary variables were adjusted, 1) total fiber intake was positively associated with @entity1254 (P-trend = 0.004); 2) cereal fiber intake was positively associated with @entity1254 and inversely associated with CRP, and fruit fiber intake was negatively associated with HbA1c concentrations (all P-trend < 0.03); 3) starch intake was inversely associated with @entity1254 (P-trend = 0.02); 4) a higher glycemic index was associated with lower @entity1254 and higher HbA1c (both P-trend < 0.05); 5) a higher @entity1735 -to-total fiber intake ratio was associated with lower @entity1254 (P-trend = 0.005); 6) a higher starch-to-total fiber intake ratio was associated with lower @entity1254 and higher HbA1c (both P-trend < 0.05); and 7) a higher starch-to-cereal fiber intake ratio was associated with lower @entity1254 (P-trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A greater fiber intake and a lower starch-to-fiber intake ratio are favorably associated with @entity1254 and HbA1c, but only cereal fiber intake was associated with CRP in @entity1 . Further research is warranted to understand the potential mechanism of these associations in early progression of @entity2175 .
