Mosquito larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent properties of botanical extracts against Anopheles stephensi, @entity4224 , and XXXX (Diptera: Culicidae).

@entity1 @entity4002 @entity137 @entity4224 @entity1046 @entity998 @entity7935 @entity2957 @entity56
Mosquito-borne diseases have an economic impact, including @entity998 , particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates; however, no part of the world is free from @entity4002 . In mosquito control programs, botanical origin may have the potential to be used successfully as eggs, larvae, and adult. The larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of crude @entity7935 and @entity1046 extracts of leaf of Ervatamia coronaria and Caesalpinia pulcherrima were assayed for their @entity137 against three important vector mosquitoes, viz., Anopheles stephensi, @entity4224 , and @entity2957 (Diptera: Culicidae). The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in @entity7935 extract of E. coronaria against the larvae of Anopheles Stephensi, @entity4224 , and @entity2957 with the LC(50) and LC(90) values were 79.08, 89.59, and 96.15 ppm and 150.47, 166.04, and 174.10 ppm, respectively. Mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 48 h posttreatment. The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to the eggs. The leaf extract of E. coronaria was found to be most effective than Caesalpinia pulcherrima against eggs/egg rafts of three vector mosquitoes. For E. coronaria, the @entity7935 extract exerted 300, 250, and 200 ppm against Anopheles stephensi, @entity4224 , and @entity2957 , respectively. The results of the repellent activity of @entity7935 and @entity1046 extract of E. coronaria and Caesalpinia pulcherrima plants at three different concentrations of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/cm(2) were applied on skin of fore arm in @entity1 and exposed against adult female mosquitoes. In this observation, these two plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any @entity56 to the test @entity1 , and also, the repellent activity is dependent on the strength of the plant extracts. These results suggest that the leaf solvent plant extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of mosquitoes. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of the reported E. coronaria and Caesalpinia pulcherrima plants.
