Recent developments in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity340 @entity712 @entity944 @entity1163 @entity730 @entity951 @entity661 @entity453 @entity472
There have been several recent advances in our understanding of @entity472 and in its diagnosis and treatment. @entity472 is now most commonly due to a bicuspid valve. @entity472 has become much less common and @entity730 stenosis of valves in the elderly is a rapidly increasing cause. The prognosis of @entity1 with @entity472 can be largely determined by their symptoms, with a mean length of survival of 3 to 5 years for @entity1 with @entity951 , 3 years for @entity1 with @entity1163 , and only 12 to 24 months for @entity1 with @entity712 . Virtually all symptomatic @entity1 should be operated on, even those with reduced left ventricular function. The risk of @entity944 in asymptomatic adults is low, and thus surgery is generally not needed in these cases. Recently, the noninvasive diagnosis of @entity472 has improved dramatically with the advent of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. These techniques provide information on the pressure gradient and can even allow accurate estimates of @entity340 . Cardiac catheterization is still required, however, to determine the anatomy of the coronary arteries prior to surgery since many @entity1 will have concomitant @entity453 . The newest development in the treatment of @entity472 is @entity661 , which is relatively safe and has shown early promise in reducing the pressure gradient across not increased to the normal range and is significantly less than that following aortic valve replacement. The long-term results of balloon valvuloplasty are still being evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
