"Humanized Models of XXXX Immunology in the 21(st) Century: Convergence of @entity5 Research and Tissue Engineering"

@entity1 @entity19 @entity5
UNASSIGNED: Despite positive testing in animal studies, more than 80% of novel drug candidates fail to proof their efficacy when tested in @entity1 . This is primarily due to the use of preclinical models that are not able to recapitulate the physiological or pathological processes in @entity1 . Hence, one of the key challenges in the field of translational medicine is to "make the model organism @entity19 more @entity1 ". To get answers to questions that would be prognostic of outcomes in @entity1 medicine, the @entity19 's genome can be altered in order to create a more permissive host that allows the engraftment of @entity1 cell systems. It has been shown in the past that these strategies can improve our understanding of @entity5 immunology. However, the translational benefits of these platforms have still to be proven. In the 21(st) century, several research groups and consortia around the world take up the challenge to improve our understanding of how to humanize the animal's genetic code, its cells and, based on tissue engineering principles, its extracellular microenvironment, its tissues or entire organs with the ultimate goal to foster the translation of new therapeutic strategies from bench to bedside. The present article provides an overview of the state of the art of humanized models of @entity5 immunology and highlights future developments in the field such as the application of tissue engineering _ regenerative medicine (TE_RM) strategies to further enhance humanized @entity19 model systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
