Review: Tumor Microenvironment Versus Cancer Stem Cells in XXXX : Synergistic Effects?

@entity5960 @entity5439 @entity146 @entity5 @entity11707 @entity1759 @entity201 @entity3
UNASSIGNED: @entity201 (CCAs) may be defined as @entity5 that derived from the biliary tree with the differentiation in the biliary epithelial cells. This @entity5 is @entity146 with a poor prognosis. It can be treated surgically and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The @entity5 microenvironment (TME) is a very important factor in the regulation of @entity5 angiogenesis, invasion, and @entity3 . Besides @entity5 stem cells (CSCs) can modulate @entity5 growth, stroma formation and migratory capability. The initial stage of tumorigenesis is characterized by genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations due to intrinsic factors which lead to the generation of oncogenes thus inducing tumorigenesis. CSCs may result from precancerous stem cells, cell de-differentiation, normal stem cells or an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CSCs have been found in the @entity5 niche, and EMT may occur early within the @entity5 microenvironment. Previous studies have demonstrated evidence of @entity201 stem cells ( @entity5439 , @entity11707 , @entity5960 , @entity1759 , and others) and the presence of these markers has been associated with malignant potential. The interaction between TME and @entity201 stem cells via signaling mediators may create an environment that accommodates @entity5 growth, yielding resistance to cytotoxic insults (chemotherarapeutic). While progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms, the interactions in the tumorigenic process still remain a major challenge. Our review, addresses recent concepts of TME-CSCs interaction and will emphasize the importance of early detection with the use of novel diagnostic mechanisms such as CCA-CSC biomarkers and the importance of @entity5 stroma to define new treatments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
