Cigarette smoking and genetic alterations in sporadic XXXX .

@entity124 @entity984 @entity5 @entity876 @entity1412 @entity694
Cigarette smoking has been inconsistently associated with @entity694 risk. To evaluate the hypothesis that smoking is primarily linked to a specific @entity694 subgroup(s), we assessed associations between smoking and the occurrence of mutations in the @entity1412 , @entity984 and @entity876 genes, @entity876 overexpression, and @entity124 ( @entity124 ) in a Dutch population-based case-control study on sporadic @entity694 . The study population consisted of 176 cases and 249 controls. Smoking status (never, ever), number of cigarettes smoked per day (never, <15, > or =15), total years of smoking (never, < or =30, >30), and years since first started smoking (never, < or =35, >35) were all evaluated. Cigarette smoking status was significantly differently related to @entity876 overexpression-positive ( @entity876 (pos)) @entity5 compared with @entity876 overexpression-negative ( @entity876 (neg)) @entity5 ( @entity876 (pos) versus @entity876 (neg), OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9), as well as to @entity5 with transversion mutations in @entity1412 , @entity984 or @entity876 (transv(+)) compared with @entity5 without transversion mutations in one of these genes (transv(-)) (transv(+) versus transv(-), OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-5.9). Positive associations were observed with @entity876 (neg) @entity5 and transv(+) @entity5 when compared with the population-based controls (ever versus transv(-), OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.9-2.8 and OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.9-5.6, respectively), inverse associations with @entity876 (pos) @entity5 and transv(-) @entity5 (ever versus never, OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-1.0 and OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5-1.3, respectively). Similar patterns of association were observed for the other smoking variables evaluated. In addition, although statistically non-significant, smoking was more notably positively associated with @entity5 that exhibit @entity984 mutations, especially @entity984 transversion mutations, than with @entity5 without @entity984 mutations. An inverse relationship between smoking and the occurrence of @entity1412 mutations was suggested, whereas no clear associations were observed with @entity124 . Our data suggest that smoking-related @entity694 develop through a @entity876 (neg) pathway and that smoking particularly results in @entity694 with transversion mutations.
