The effects of exercise withdrawal on mood and inflammatory cytokine responses in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity650 @entity39 @entity5 @entity1193 @entity688
Mechanisms underlying the relationship between exercise and mood are not well understood. This study sought to investigate the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and autonomic balance in determining the impact of exercise withdrawal on negative mood. Healthy @entity1 and @entity1 who regularly exercised (N  =  26, mean age  =  25.5 years, SD  =  4.5 years) were randomised to exercise withdrawal or exercise maintenance for 2 weeks. Protocol adherence was monitored using accelerometers. Inflammatory markers from plasma ( @entity650 , @entity650 ; @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha; @entity688 ; and @entity1193 ), heart-rate variability (HRV) and measures of mood (General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS)) were assessed at study entry and at 2-week follow-up. Exercise withdrawal resulted in significant increases in negative mood over time on both the GHQ (p  =  0.028) and the POMS (p  =  0.005). Following the intervention, @entity650 concentration was lower in the exercise withdrawal than exercise maintenance condition (p  =  0.05). No intervention effects were observed for other cytokines or HRV. The mood changes were significantly related to changes in @entity650 concentration (b  =  -  0.50, p  =  0.011), indicating that reduction in @entity650 was related to increased negative mood. Our results are consistent with positive effects of exercise on mental health, but further research on inflammatory pathways is warranted.
