XXXX : Updates on treatment options.

@entity1 @entity137 @entity868 @entity66 @entity548 @entity417 @entity5 @entity294 @entity26 @entity5418 @entity530
UNASSIGNED: @entity5 are among the most frequently diagnosed @entity5 and radiotherapy represents one of the main treatment options. The irradiation field usually encompasses healthy intestinal tissue, especially of distal large bowel, thus inducing gastrointestinal (GI) radiation-induced @entity137 . Indeed, up to half of radiation-treated @entity1 say that their quality of life is affected by GI symptoms (e.g., @entity548 , @entity294 ). The constellation of GI symptoms - from transient to long-term, from mild to very severe - experienced by @entity1 who underwent radiation treatment for a @entity530 have been comprised in the @entity66 ( @entity66 ). A correct and evidence-based therapeutic approach of @entity1 experiencing GI radiation-induced @entity137 is mandatory. Therapeutic non-surgical strategies for @entity66 can be summarized in two broad categories, i.e., medical and endoscopic. Of note, most of the studies have investigated the management of radiation-induced @entity548 . @entity1 with clinically significant @entity548 (i.e., causing @entity417 ) should firstly be considered for medical management (i.e., @entity5418 enemas, @entity868 and hyperbaric @entity26 ); in case of failure, endoscopic treatment should be implemented. This latter should be considered the first choice in case of acute, transfusion requiring, @entity548 . More well-performed, high quality studies should be performed, especially the role of medical treatments should be better investigated as well as the comparative studies between endoscopic and hyperbaric @entity26 treatments.
