Intracellular calcium levels as screening tool for nanoparticle XXXX .

@entity852 @entity131 @entity137 @entity49406 @entity1503 @entity3440 @entity141 @entity4976
UNASSIGNED: The use of engineered nano-sized materials led to revolutionary developments in many industrial applications and in the medical field. These materials, however, also may cause @entity137 . In addition to size, surface properties and shape were identified as relevant parameters for cell damage. @entity131 may occur as disruption of membrane integrity, induction of apoptosis and by organelle damage. Generation of oxidative stress may serve as an indicator for @entity137 . Effects occurring upon short contact of particles with cells, for instance in the @entity1503 , could be identified according to increases of intracellular [ @entity141 ] levels, which are caused by variety of toxic stimuli. Negatively charged, neutral and positively charged @entity852 particles of different sizes were used to study the role of size and surface properties on viability, membrane disruption, apoptosis, lysosome function, intracellular [ @entity141 ] levels and generation of oxidative stress. @entity3440 particles served to test this hypothesis. Twenty nm @entity852 particles as well as 12 nm and 40 nm @entity3440 particles caused membrane damage and apoptosis with no preference of the surface charge. Only 20 nm plain and @entity4976 functionalized @entity852 particles cause oxidative stress and only the plain particles lysosomal damage. A potential role of surface charge was identified for 200 nm @entity852 particles, where only the @entity49406 particles caused lysosomal damage. Increases in intracellular [ @entity141 ] levels and @entity137 after 24 h was often linked but determination of intracellular [ @entity141 ] levels could serve to characterize further the type of membrane damage.    2015 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley _ Sons Ltd.
