Pharmacogenetics of b2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms, long-acting b-agonists and XXXX .

@entity1 @entity565 @entity2162 @entity70699
@entity2162 ( @entity2162 ) agonists are widely used in @entity565 . Approximately 10% of @entity1 have severe, poorly controlled disease despite extensive use of @entity2162 agonists. Variations in responses to @entity2162 agonists can, in part, be attributed to genetic variation, with 49 different polymorphisms having been identified for the @entity2162 gene. Although clear associations exist between @entity2162 gene polymorphisms, such as @entity70699 , and @entity1 response, the importance of these polymorphisms remains controversial. @entity1 selection, the number of polymorphisms analysed, differences in the type/dose of @entity2162 agonist, use of inhaled corticosteroids and population sizes have all varied. Most studies were limited to mild or moderate asthmatics using @entity2162 agonists sparingly. It is difficult to extrapolate from these studies to individual @entity1 who have severe @entity565 , use a variety of @entity2162 agonists and do so frequently. The extent to which @entity2162 gene polymorphisms are relevant to @entity565 management needs further review, both clinically and at the molecular level. In vitro studies have helped to define the functional changes induced by specific @entity2162 gene polymorphisms, including 3'-untranslated region poly-C repeat. The resulting @entity2162 gene haplotypes (rather than genotypes), the interactions among @entity2162 gene haplotypes and variations in the chemistry of different agonists deserve more detailed assessment. Responses to @entity2162 agonists depend on effective downstream signalling following @entity2162 activation and also on receptor regulation. Studies on other regulators of @entity2162 receptor signalling and trafficking may be equally important in understanding the functional role of @entity2162 gene polymorphisms. The role of @entity2162 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis and management of severe @entity565 cannot be clearly defined until more specific and targeted research studies are performed.
