A selective review of volumetric and morphometric imaging in XXXX .

@entity75 @entity1 @entity62 @entity161
Brain imaging studies have long supported that @entity161 is a @entity75 , involving many discrete and widely spread regions. Generally, studies have shown decreases in cortical @entity62 ( @entity62 ) volume. Here, we selectively review recent papers studying @entity62 volume changes in @entity161 subjects, both first-episode (FE) and chronic, in an attempt to quantify and better understand differences between healthy and @entity1 groups. We focused on the cortical @entity62 of the prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic structures, temporal lobe, and one subcortical structure (the caudate nucleus). We performed a search of the electronic journal database PsycINFO using the keywords " @entity161 " and "MRI," and selected for papers published between 2001 and 2008. We then screened for only those studies utilizing manual or manually edited tracing methodologies for determining regions of interest (ROIs). Each region of interest was indexed independently; thus, one paper might yield results for numerous brain regions. Our review found that in almost all ROIs, cortical @entity62 volume was decreased in the @entity1 populations. The only exception was the caudate nucleus - most studies reviewed showed no change, while one study showed an increase in volume; this region, however, is particularly sensitive to medication effects. The reductions were seen in both FE and chronic @entity161 . These results clearly support that @entity161 is an anatomical @entity75 , and specifically that @entity161 @entity1 tend to have decreased cortical @entity62 in regions involved in higher cognition and emotional processing. That these reductions were found in both FE and chronic subjects supports that @entity75 are present at the onset of illness, and are not simply a consequence of chronicity. Additional studies assessing morphometry at different phases of the illness, including prodromal stages, together with longitudinal studies will elucidate further the role of progression in this disorder.
