Incidence of XXXX and @entity432 following upper extremity PICC and port placement.

@entity1 @entity2994 @entity149 @entity740 @entity432 @entity850 @entity454
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of @entity850 and @entity432 following upper extremity placement of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) and venous ports. One hundred fifty-four @entity1 who underwent venography of the ipsilateral central veins prior to initial and subsequent venous access device insertion were retrospectively identified. All follow-up venograms were interpreted at the time of catheter placement by one interventional radiologist over a 5-year period and compared to the findings on initial venography. For @entity1 with @entity149 , hospital and home infusion service records and radiology reports were reviewed to determine catheter dwell time and potential alternative etiologies of @entity850 or @entity432 . The effect of catheter caliber and dwell time on development of @entity149 was evaluated. Venography performed prior to initial catheter placement showed that 150 @entity1 had normal central veins. Three @entity1 had @entity850 , and one had central @entity2994 . Subsequent venograms (n = 154) at the time of additional venous access device placement demonstrated 8 @entity1 with occlusions and 10 with stenoses. Three of the 18 @entity1 with abnormal follow-up venograms were found to have potential alternative causes of @entity149 . Excluding these 3 @entity1 and the 4 @entity1 with abnormal initial venograms, a 7% incidence of @entity850 or @entity432 was found in @entity1 with prior indwelling catheters and normal initial venograms. Catheter caliber showed no effect on the subsequent development of @entity149 . @entity1 who developed new or worsened @entity850 or @entity432 had significantly (p = 0.03) longer catheter dwell times than @entity1 without @entity149 . New @entity850 or @entity432 occurred in 7% of @entity1 following upper arm placement of venous access devices. @entity1 with longer catheter dwell time were more likely to develop @entity149 . In order to preserve vascular access for dialysis fistulae and grafts and adhere to Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines, alternative venous access sites should be considered for @entity1 with @entity740 and @entity454 .
