Association of immunohistochemical markers with premalignancy in XXXX .

@entity1 @entity4729 @entity5712 @entity2971 @entity5 @entity4997 @entity3546 @entity160 @entity2467 @entity444 @entity10797 @entity5000
BACKGROUND: @entity444 ( @entity444 ) is associated with increased risk of @entity5 . Determining a @entity1 's risk and appropriate timing of gonadectomy is challenging, but immunohistochemical markers (IHM) may help establish the diagnosis of @entity2971 ( @entity2971 ). Our objective was to identify the prevalence of specific IHM expression in @entity1 with @entity444 and determine if the patterns of expression can help identify @entity5 versus pre- @entity5 state. We evaluated the published literature using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to provide recommendations on the predictive role of IHM in the detection of germ cell @entity5 . METHODS: The data for this retrospective study included karyotype, gonadal location, external masculinization score, age at time of gonadectomy or biopsy, microscopic description and diagnosis of gonadal tissue, and immunohistochemical staining, including @entity4729 , @entity10797 ( @entity10797 ), @entity3546 , @entity160 ( @entity160 ), and stem cell factor receptor @entity2467 ( @entity2467 ). @entity1 with complete or partial @entity444 who had undergone gonadectomy or gonadal tissue biopsy were included. RESULTS: The study included 26 @entity1 with @entity444 , 3 of whom had evidence of @entity2971 (11.5  %, @entity5712 , @entity5000 ): 2 had @entity4997 , 1 had 46,XY partial @entity444 . One @entity1 with XY partial @entity444 had @entity5712 -like tissue. All 4 @entity1 (15  %) had strong expressions of 4 @entity5 markers ( @entity4729 , @entity10797 , @entity3546 , @entity2467 ), as did 5 other @entity1 (19  %, ages 2-14 months) without @entity2971 : 4 had XY @entity444 , 1 had 46,XX @entity444 . @entity3546 was expressed in 96  % of @entity1 in a cytoplasmic pattern, @entity2467 in 78  %, @entity4729 in 55  %, @entity10797 in 37  %, and @entity160 in 1 @entity1 (4  %). Tumor marker expression was not specific for ruling out @entity5 in @entity1 <1  year. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 older than 1  year, expression of all three markers ( @entity4729 , @entity10797 , @entity2467 ) may be instrumental in the decision-making process for gonadectomy, even in the absence of overt germ cell @entity5 . Our literature review suggests that @entity4729 expression is most helpful in predicting risk of @entity5 . Additional criteria are needed to stratify risk in @entity1 younger than 1  year of age, as these markers are not reliable in that age group.
