Epidemiologic studies of vitamins and XXXX , esophagus, and cervix.

@entity1 @entity1501 @entity2066 @entity5 @entity620 @entity2 @entity904 @entity15854 @entity3799 @entity418 @entity105 @entity8728
Epidemiologic studies of the relationships between vitamins and 3 types of @entity5 are reviewed. First, the widely reported association between @entity904 and @entity2066 and risk of @entity2 is considered. In a large population-based case-control study of @entity2 among white males in New Jersey, increased intake of vegetables, dark green vegetables, dark yellow-orange vegetables, and carotenoids were each associated with reduced risk, but intake of @entity904 or total @entity904 was not related. The protective effect of vegetables was limited to current and recent cigarette smokers, which suggests that vegetable intake prevents a late-stage event in @entity105 . Consumption of dark yellow-orange vegetables was consistently more predictive of reduced risk than either the total carotenoid index or consumption of any other food group, possible because of the high content of @entity2066 in this food group. The results and limitations of other epidemiologic studies of diet and @entity2 are reviewed. Second, the evolving relationship between multiple micronutrient @entity418 is discussed. In a death certificate-based case-control study of @entity418 in black males in Washington, D.C., several indicators of general nutritional status, including consumption of fresh or frozen meat and fish, dairy products and eggs, and fruit and vegetables, and the number of meals eaten per day, were inversely and independently correlated with the risk of @entity418 . Estimates of intake of micronutrients, such as carotenoids, @entity620 , @entity15854 , and @entity8728 , were less strongly associated with reduced risk than were the broad food groups that provide most of each micronutrient. Thus no single micronutrient deficiency was identified. Other studies suggest that generally poor nutrition may partially explain the susceptibility of urban black @entity1 to @entity418 . Finally, the postulated association between low @entity1501 levels and risk of @entity5 is examined. Among @entity1 who use oral contraceptives, serum and red blood cell folacin levels were reported to be lower among those with @entity3799 . In a clinical trial involving oral contraceptive users, @entity3799 gradually decreased in the group supplemented with oral @entity1501 but remained unchanged in the group given the placebo. Other epidemiologic studies of diet and @entity5 are discussed.
