Influence of age, risk factors, and cardiovascular and XXXX on @entity432 : clinical applications.

@entity1 @entity286 @entity8 @entity712 @entity101 @entity2299 @entity1723 @entity432 @entity2333 @entity731 @entity65 @entity454
Age is the main clinical determinant of large artery stiffness. Central arteries stiffen progressively with age, whereas peripheral muscular arteries change little with age. A number of clinical studies have analyzed the effects of age on @entity2333 . Increase of central artery stiffness with age is responsible for earlier wave reflections and changes in pressure wave contours. The stiffening of aorta and other central arteries is a potential risk factor for increased @entity65 and mortality. Arterial stiffening with aging is accompanied by an elevation in systolic blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure (PP). Although arterial stiffening with age is a common situation, it has now been confirmed that older subjects with increased @entity432 and elevated PP have higher @entity65 and mortality. Increase in @entity2333 with age occurs gradually and continuously, similarly for @entity1 and @entity1 . Cross-sectional studies have shown that aortic and carotid stiffness (evaluated by the pulse wave velocity) increase with age by approximately 10% to 15% during a period of 10 years. @entity1 always have 5% to 10% lower stiffness than @entity1 of the same age. Although large artery stiffness increases with age independently of the presence of cardiovascular risk factors or other associated conditions, the extent of this increase may depend on several environmental or genetic factors. @entity101 may increase @entity432 , especially in older subjects. Among other cardiovascular risk factors, @entity1723 and 2 accelerates @entity432 , whereas the role of @entity2299 and @entity286 smoking is unclear. Arterial stiffness is also present in several cardiovascular and @entity8 . @entity1 with @entity712 , @entity454 , and those with @entity731 often develop central artery stiffness. Decreased carotid distensibility, increased arterial thickness, and presence of calcifications and plaques often coexist in the same subject. However, relationships between these three alterations of the arterial wall remain to be explored.
