Contemporary diagnosis and management of XXXX .

@entity1 @entity8 @entity548 @entity2695 @entity5 @entity2916 @entity158 @entity359 @entity703
PURPOSE: We present a comprehensive resource that summarizes contemporary advances relevant to the clinical management of @entity8 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A MEDLINE search was done using the key words @entity359 , @entity2695 or @entity703 , and therapeutic embolization. References from these articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant source material. We identified 13 series published since 1986 comprising 336 @entity1 as well as 24 reports of therapeutic embolization for @entity359 , comprising 76 @entity1 . To our knowledge we report the largest compilation series to date. RESULTS: @entity359 is generally benign, although an uncommon subtype (epithelioid @entity359 ) may behave more aggressively. @entity2916 associated @entity359 tends to be larger, multiple and more likely to cause spontaneous @entity548 than the sporadic entity. Tumors that @entity548 tend to be larger. Computerized tomography or magnetic resonance is usually sufficient for diagnosis. Biopsy is rarely useful. Primary indications for intervention include symptoms such as @entity158 or @entity548 or suspicion of @entity5 . Prophylactic intervention is justifiable for large @entity5 , in females of childbearing age or in @entity1 in whom followup or access to emergency care may be inadequate. Recent advances that have affected management include improved understanding of @entity2916 complex and @entity359 genetics, the identification of molecular markers that facilitate histopathological diagnosis, and the refinement of embolization and partial nephrectomy techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Although some cases of @entity359 may require complete nephrectomy, most can be managed by conservative nephron sparing approaches. Ongoing research into the molecular biology and clinical behavior of @entity359 may improve our ability to manage these lesions.
