XXXX of the sternoclavicular joint.

@entity1 @entity404 @entity405 @entity733 @entity158 @entity378 @entity221
PURPOSE: To review the diagnosis and treatment of @entity378 of the sternoclavicular joint in 13 @entity1 . METHODS: Records of 9 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 aged 26 to 47 (mean, 36.5) years who presented with @entity378 of the right (n=8) or left (n=5) sternoclavicular joint were reviewed. RESULTS: All 13 @entity1 had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate at presentation. Nine @entity1 presented with systemic symptoms including malaise, @entity221 , or loss of weight/appetite. Local symptoms included @entity733 (n=5), tenderness and non-fluctuant swelling (n=4), and discharging sinus (n=4). The mean duration of symptoms was 2.7 (range, 1-7) months. Four @entity1 had multifocal involvement of the proximal ulna (n=1), lung (n=2), and meninges (n=1). Aspiration (n=3), fine needle aspiration cytology (n=4), drainage (n=2), or curettage (n=4) of the swelling, @entity733 , or sinus was performed, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology (n=8), polymerase chain reaction (n=5), or culture (n=1). Two @entity1 were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion. 11 @entity1 responded to antituberculous therapy (ATT), and symptoms resolved after 6 to 8 weeks. Two @entity1 did not respond to ATT after 3 months and were screened for immunocompromising disorders or drug resistance. Their @entity404 count and @entity404 : @entity405 ratio was low, and an immunomodulation regimen was prescribed as an adjunct to ATT. CONCLUSION: A high level of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose @entity378 of the sternoclavicular joint in @entity1 with @entity158 /tenderness, discharging sinus, or @entity733 . A combination of histopathological and microbiological tests, and PCR can confirm the diagnosis.
