Trigeminal and occipital peripheral nerve stimulation for XXXX : a single-institution experience and review of the literature.

@entity1 @entity281 @entity158 @entity9 @entity19534
OBJECT: Treatment of chronic @entity9 in the region of the head and face presents a challenge for @entity158 specialists; @entity1 who do not respond to conventional treatment modalities usually continue to suffer from @entity158 due to the lack of reliable medical and surgical approaches. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used to treat @entity9 for many decades, but only recently has it been applied systematically to the craniofacial region. To advance the study of this treatment option, the authors present their initial experience with this approach, summarize published data on the use of PNS in treatment of @entity19534 , and discuss some technical details of the craniofacial PNS procedure. METHODS: A review of prospectively collected data in 30 @entity1 who underwent PNS surgery for @entity19534 was performed. The @entity158 location, duration, cause, and previous treatments were analyzed, along with the surgical details, initial and long-term results, complications, and repeated operations. Stimulated nerves in this group included supraorbital (seven @entity1 ), infraorbital (six), and occipital (21); in 19 @entity1 more than one nerve was stimulated. Twenty-two @entity1 proceeded with implantation of a permanent system after the trial. Of these, at the time of the latest evaluation (mean follow-up duration 35 months), in two @entity1 the devices had been removed because of @entity158 improvement over time, in three the devices were removed due to loss of effectiveness (two cases) or late @entity281 (one), and the rest are enjoying either complete (15 @entity1 ) or partial (two @entity1 ) @entity158 relief. Three @entity1 underwent repeated operation due to lead erosion, @entity281 , or migration. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral nerve stimulation appears to be a safe and effective approach in the treatment of craniofacial @entity9 . The growing body of literature supports a wider acceptance of this approach in the field of @entity158 surgery.
