Development of intelligence 4 to 11  years after XXXX .

@entity1 @entity410 @entity302
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the long-term intellectual outcomes following @entity302 . Change is not likely within the first 2  years following surgery, and the few studies of longer term outcomes have yielded inconsistent results. This study addressed this issue by examining a large group of surgical and non-surgical @entity1 at baseline and after 4-11  years. METHODS: @entity1 were 97 @entity1 (mean age 20.08 [SD: 4.44]  years) with childhood-onset intractable @entity302 ; 61 had undergone resective @entity302 surgery. @entity1 underwent neuropsychological testing with the age-appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scale, generating Full Scale, Performance and Verbal IQs, and Working Memory and Processing Speed indices. RESULTS: In total 54% of the surgical and 39% of the non-surgical @entity1 were @entity410 free in the preceding 12  months (p  >  .05); however, surgical @entity1 did achieve @entity410 freedom sooner and used fewer medications at follow-up. Surgical status was not associated with any cognitive domain. However, with the exception of processing speed, significant @entity410 status  *  time interaction effects were evident and @entity410 -free @entity1 had higher scores at follow-up. Regression analyses additionally showed that low pre-operative scores were predictive of improvement overtime, whereas high pre-operative scores were predictive of high scores at follow-up. INTERPRETATION: The results show similar intellectual outcomes for surgical and non-surgical paediatric @entity1 . Four to 11  years after @entity302 , @entity410 freedom, whether attained through @entity302 surgery or other means, was found to be associated with intellectual improvements. @entity410 status and baseline scores were the most consistent predictors.
