European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other XXXX . Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions.

@entity1 @entity1765
This clinical guideline provides recommendations for the behavioural and psychosocial interventions (BPI) of @entity1 and adolescents with @entity1765 prepared by a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS). A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an update on the efficacy of BPI for tics. Relevant studies were identified using computerised searches of the Medline and PsycINFO databases and the Cochrane Library for the years 1950-2010. The search identified no meta-analyses, yet twelve (systematic) reviews and eight randomised controlled trials provided evidence for the current review. Most evidence was found for habit reversal training (HRT) and the available but smaller evidence also supports the efficacy of exposure with response prevention (ERP). Both interventions are considered first line behavioural treatments for tics for both @entity1 and adults and should be offered to a @entity1 , taking into account his preference. Treatments that are considered second line or add-on behavioural treatments are contingency management, function based interventions and relaxation training. Neurofeedback is still experimental. Almost no research was identified that examined the efficacy of psychosocial interventions, e.g., psychoeducation and group work. Based on clinical practice, this guideline recommends behavioural treatment as first line offer to @entity1 in most cases. It should be embedded within a psychoeducational and supportive context and can be combined with drug treatment.
