Cervical XXXX for @entity2806 .

@entity1 @entity410 @entity64 @entity943 @entity2806 @entity75 @entity16 @entity3574 @entity1163 @entity9085 @entity432 @entity583 @entity472 @entity204
Fifty-eight @entity1 underwent unilateral vertebral arterial reconstructions over a 16-year period. Thirty-four underwent carotid operations as well. The first 18 @entity1 underwent vertebral arterial reconstructions in conjunction with carotid endarterectomy as mandated in the Joint Study of Extracranial @entity432 as a Cause of Stoke. The next 40 underwent vertebral procedures for either brain stem symptoms alone, or for combined cerebral cortical and stem symptoms for specific indications after @entity75 had been corrected, but symptoms failed to subside. The surgical procedure consisted of subclavian- @entity3574 except in one @entity1 who underwent a subclavian distal-vertebral bypass graft to the level of the second cervical vertebral body. @entity1163 occurred as a major symptom in 16 and was controlled by either carotid and vertebral or vertebral artery operation alone except in four who also required cardiac pacemakers and one who needed correction of @entity472 . The long-term follow-up reveals that the @entity64 rate per average year for the first 14 years of follow-up was 1.2% per @entity1 year with only five @entity64 having occurred in 410 @entity1 years of follow-up and 70% of the @entity1 having sustained no new @entity16 at the fourteenth year. Survival, however, was 45% at the fourteenth year with most @entity204 caused by @entity583 . The surgical procedure of @entity3574 is indicated when bilateral vertebral arterial flow-obstructing lesions are found in @entity1 with @entity2806 including @entity1163 and @entity1163 if @entity75 have been corrected and symptoms persist. The surgical procedure can be performed with a high degree of safety. The differential diagnosis of @entity1163 and @entity1163 in this age group should include, in @entity9085 , transient @entity943 , @entity472 , and @entity410 .
