XXXX and emotion recognition: A case-control study.

@entity1 @entity395 @entity131 @entity308 @entity146 @entity22056 @entity148 @entity4838 @entity1168
@entity1 with @entity4838 are not able to detect volatile chemicals signaling the presence of infectious and non-infectious environmental hazards, which typically elicit disgust and fear, respectively. Social animals may compensate a loss of olfaction by taking advantage of signals of threat that are produced by their conspecifics. Among @entity1 and other primates, body postures and facial expressions are powerful cues conveying emotional information, including fear and disgust. The aim of the present study was to examine whether @entity1 with agenesis of the olfactory bulb, a @entity395 characterized by @entity22056 , would be more accurate in recognizing facial expressions of fear and disgust. A total of 90 @entity1 with no history of @entity146 or @entity131 were recruited, including 17 @entity1 with @entity22056 (10 @entity1 , mean age  standard deviation: 36.5  14.8 years), 34 @entity1 with acquired @entity4838 (18 @entity1 , mean age  standard deviation: 57.2  11.8 years) and 39 healthy subjects (22 @entity1 , mean age  standard deviation: 36.7  13.2 years). For each @entity1 with @entity22056 , the agenesis of the olfactory bulb was ascertained through magnetic resonance imaging. Emotion recognition abilities were examined with a dynamic paradigm in which a morphing technique allowed displaying emotional facial expressions increasing in intensity over time. Adjusting for age, education, @entity308 and @entity148 , @entity1 with @entity22056 required similar levels of intensity to correctly recognize fear and disgust than healthy subjects while they displayed @entity1168 for both fear (mean difference [95% confidence interval]=-28.3% [-46.3%, -10.2%], P=0.003) and disgust (mean difference [95% confidence interval]=-15.8% [-31.5%, -0.2%], P=0.048). Furthermore, among @entity1 with acquired @entity4838 , there was a negative correlation between duration of @entity4838 and the rate of errors for fearful (Spearman's   =-0.531, P=0.001) or disgust (Spearman's   =-0.719, P<0.001) faces recognition. No significant difference was observed for the other primary emotions. Overall, these results suggest that @entity1 with @entity22056 and long-lasting acquired @entity4838 may compensate their inability to detect environmental hazards through olfaction by an increased ability to detect fear or disgust as facially expressed by others.
