Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall in XXXX .

@entity662 @entity12391 @entity2587 @entity158 @entity2720 @entity6696 @entity1642 @entity17339 @entity2383
@entity662 in the athlete has a wide differential diagnosis. @entity158 may originate from structures within the thorax, such as the heart, lungs or oesophagus. However, musculoskeletal causes of @entity662 must be considered. The aim of this review is to help the clinician to diagnose chest wall @entity158 in @entity2587 by identifying the possible causes, as reported in the literature. Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall can occur in the ribs, sternum, articulations or @entity2383 . The cause is usually evident in the case of direct trauma. Additionally, @entity2587 ' bodies may be subjected to sudden large indirect forces or overuse, and stress fractures of the ribs caused by sporting activity have been extensively reported. These have been associated with golf, rowing and baseball pitching in particular. @entity1642 of the sternum reported in wrestlers cause @entity158 and tenderness of the sternum, as expected. Diagnosis is by bone scan and limitation of activity usually allows healing to occur. The @entity17339 causes intermittent @entity158 related to posture or movement, and may be diagnosed by the 'hooking manoeuvre', which reproduces @entity158 and sometimes a click. If reassurance and postural advice fail, good results are possible with resection of the mobile rib. The @entity158 is a rare condition that causes @entity158 and tenderness of the xiphoid and is self-limiting. Costochondritis is a self-limiting condition of unknown aetiology that typically presents with @entity158 around the second to fifth @entity2720 . It can be differentiated from @entity12391 in which there is swelling and @entity158 . Both conditions eventually settle spontaneously although a corticosteroid injection may be useful in particularly troublesome cases. The intercostal muscles may be injured causing tenderness between the ribs. Other conditions that should be considered include @entity6696 , precordial catch syndrome and @entity158 from the thoracic spine.
