XXXX and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette.

@entity1223 @entity66 @entity566 @entity1576 @entity13414
OBJECTIVES: Studies have correlated @entity13414 ( @entity13414 ) with @entity66 , especially respiratory effects. The goal of this study was to measure the impact of @entity13414 on the respiratory symptoms and exhaled @entity1223 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 50 young workers in restaurants serving waterpipes, 48 university students who sit frequently in the university cafeteria where cigarette smoking is allowed and 49 university students spending time in places where smoking is not allowed. Subjects completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms and exposure to @entity13414 . Exhaled @entity1223 levels were measured. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used when applicable as well as linear and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Exposure to cigarette smoke in university (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 6.06) and occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (ORa = 7.08) were predictors of chronic cough. Being married (ORa = 6.40), living near a heavy traffic road (ORa = 9.49) or near a local power generator (ORa = 7.54) appeared responsible for chronic sputum production. Moreover, predictors of chronic @entity566 were: being male (ORa = 7.81), living near a local power generator (ORa = 5.52) and having a family history of chronic @entity1576 (ORa = 17.01). @entity1223 levels were augmented by the number of weekly hours of occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (b = 1.46) and the number of daily hours of exposure to cigarette smoke (b = 1.14). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, young non-smoker subjects demonstrated more chronic cough and elevated @entity1223 levels when exposed to @entity13414 while the effect of waterpipe was even more evident.
