XXXX Safety in Medication Nomenclature: Orthographic and Semantic Properties of International Nonproprietary Names.

@entity1 @entity8488 @entity4446 @entity911 @entity5545
BACKGROUND: Confusion between look-alike and sound-alike (LASA) medication names (such as @entity8488 and @entity4446 ) accounts for up to one in four medication errors, threatening @entity1 safety. Error reduction strategies include computerized physician order entry interventions, and 'Tall @entity1 ' lettering. The purpose of this study is to explore the medication name designation process, to elucidate properties that may prime the risk of @entity911 . METHODS AND FINDINGS: We analysed the formal and semantic properties of 7,987 International Non-proprietary Names (INNs), in relation to naming guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) INN programme, and have identified potential for errors. We explored: their linguistic properties, the underlying taxonomy of stems to indicate pharmacological interrelationships, and similarities between INNs. We used Microsoft Excel for analysis, including calculation of Levenshtein edit distance (LED). Compliance with WHO naming guidelines was inconsistent. Since the 1970s there has been a trend towards compliance in formal properties, such as @entity5545 , but longer names published in the 1950s and 1960s are still in use. The stems used to show pharmacological interrelationships are not spelled consistently and the guidelines do not impose an unequivocal order on them, making the meanings of INNs difficult to understand. Pairs of INNs sharing a stem (appropriately or not) often have high levels of similarity (<5 LED), and thus have greater potential for @entity911 . CONCLUSIONS: We have revealed a tension between WHO guidelines stipulating use of stems to denote meaning, and the aim of reducing similarities in nomenclature. To mitigate this tension and reduce the risk of @entity911 , the stem system should be made clear and well ordered, so as to avoid compounding the risk of @entity911 at the clinical level. The interplay between the different WHO INN naming principles should be further examined, to better understand their implications for the problem of LASA errors.
