Smoking as a risk factor for wound healing and infection in XXXX surgery.

@entity1 @entity0 @entity6 @entity39 @entity28 @entity2640 @entity2737
AIM: Clinical studies suggest that smoking is associated with wound @entity39 after @entity0 surgery. However, the significance of smoking as a risk factor for @entity2737 , @entity39 , and @entity2640 when adjusting for other potential risk factors remains to be studied. METHODS: From June 1994 through August 1996, 425 @entity1 underwent @entity0 surgery as simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, or breast conserving surgery. The @entity1 were evaluated postoperatively for @entity2737 , @entity39 , and @entity2640 . Association between these complications and 17 @entity1 , operative, and postoperative variables were analysed by three separate multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: When compared to non-smoking, smoking was significantly associated with @entity2737 after all types of surgery (light smoking (1-14 grams per day): [odds ratio (OR)=2.95, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.07-8.16], and heavy smoking (>/=15 grams per day): OR=3.46 (1.52-7.85). A similar significant association was found as regards @entity39 and @entity2640 after simple mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy: both light and heavy smoking were predictive for @entity39 : light smoking: OR=6.85 (1.96-23.90), heavy smoking: OR=9.22 (2.91-29.25) and for @entity2640 : light smoking: OR=3.98 (1.52-10.43) and heavy smoking: OR=4.28 (1.81-10.13). No significant dose-response relation was disclosed. Other risk factors and confounders associated with complicated wound healing were adjusted for in the analysis: @entity6 , @entity28 , alcohol, NSAIDs, duration of surgery, and surgical experience. CONCLUSION: Independent of other risk factors, smoking is predictive for post-mastectomy @entity2737 , @entity39 , and @entity2640 .
