Early life exposure to @entity22038 results in delayed mortality and growth impairment in the XXXX larvae.

@entity137 @entity1494 @entity22038 @entity393 @entity3392
UNASSIGNED: The occurrence of chronic or delayed @entity137 resulting from the exposure to sublethal chemical concentrations is an increasing concern in environmental risk assessment. The Fish Embryo @entity137 (FET) test with @entity3392 provides a reliable prediction of acute @entity137 in adult fish, but it cannot yet be applied to predict the occurrence of chronic or delayed @entity137 . Identification of sublethal FET endpoints that can assist in predicting the occurrence of chronic or delayed @entity137 would be advantageous. The present study characterized the occurrence of delayed @entity137 in @entity3392 larvae following early exposure to @entity22038 , previously described to cause delayed effects in the common sole. The first aim was to investigate the occurrence and temporal profiles of delayed @entity137 during @entity3392 larval development and compare them to those previously described for sole to evaluate the suitability of @entity3392 as a model fish species for delayed @entity137 assessment. The second aim was to examine the correlation between the sublethal endpoints assessed during embryonal and early larval development and the delayed effects observed during later larval development. After exposure to @entity22038 (3-3000ng/L) until 5 days post fertilization (dpf), larvae were reared in clean water until 14 or 28 dpf. Mortality and sublethal morphological and behavioural endpoints were recorded daily, and growth was assessed at 28 dpf. Early life exposure to @entity22038 caused delayed mortality (300ng/L and 3000ng/L) as well as growth impairment and delayed development (100ng/L) during the clean water period. Effects on swim @entity1494 and cartilaginous tissues within 5 dpf were the most promising for predicting delayed mortality and sublethal effects, such as @entity393 , delayed metamorphosis, reduced inflation of swim bladder and column malformations. The EC50 value for swim @entity1494 at 5 dpf (169ng/L) was similar to the LC50 value at 8 dpf (188 and 202ng/L in two experiments). Interestingly, the patterns of delayed mortality and delayed effects on growth and development were similar between sole and @entity3392 . This indicates the comparability of critical developmental stages across divergent fish species such as a cold water marine flatfish and a tropical freshwater cyprinid. Additionally, sublethal effects in early embryo-larval stages were found promising for predicting delayed lethal and sublethal effects of @entity22038 . Therefore, the proposed method with @entity3392 is expected to provide valuable information on delayed mortality and delayed sublethal effects of chemicals and environmental samples that may be extrapolated to other species.
