[The adverse effects of smoking on healing of open XXXX ].

@entity1 @entity281 @entity4421 @entity174
OBJECTIVE: Survey of the influence of smoking on the healing of open @entity174 . DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: During the period 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2000, 168 @entity1 were treated at the Department of Surgery (University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands) due to an open @entity174 ; 118 @entity1 with 125 @entity174 were included in the study. On the basis of their smoking behaviour, @entity1 were classified as 'non-smokers' or 'smokers'. For all of the @entity1 it was ascertained whether or not complications had occurred during treatment. Whether the @entity174 had consolidated was determined on the basis of clinical and radiological criteria. RESULTS: Seventy-two (61%) @entity1 were non-smokers and 46 were smokers. The non-smokers had 77 open @entity174 and the smokers 48. Initial therapy was identical and wound @entity281 occurred with similar incidences in both groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of @entity4421 between both groups: 7 (9%) times in the non-smokers and 13 (27%) times in smokers (p = 0.04). The mean time to consolidation was 26 weeks for non-smokers and 33 weeks for smokers (p = 0.04). Smokers remained longer in hospital and underwent more re-operations. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was negatively associated with the healing of open @entity174 . In smoking @entity1 , the time to consolidation was on average statistically significantly longer and they suffered more from @entity4421 .
